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Scopus	2-s2.0-84891815451	Statistical evaluations of sugarcane quality, deterioration and the impacts of weekend logistics in a commercial sugarcane supply chain	Sibomana M.S., Bezuidenhout C.N.	2013	Zuckerindustrie	138	1	None	School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Sibomana, M.S., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, C.N., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Crop quality can be used for monitoring the supply chain in agro-industries, although, sugarcane quality also varies naturally and is affected by climate, nutrition, pests and diseases, cane variety and water availability. Harvest-to-crush logistics affect sugarcane quality and present a significant impact on milling efficiency. This research studied commercial sugarcane quality parameters over six years at a large commercial sugar mill in South Africa, f(sucrose content expressed as a percentage of fiber content) was derived as a new parameter that consistently flagged poor quality deliveries during the early part of the week. This is a strong indicator of increased cane deterioration over weekends as a result of logistics inefficiencies. Shewhart quahty control charts (X̄ charts) and a non-para-metric statistic confirmed significantly inferior cane qualities after weekends. Statistical techniques were also able, with 95% significance, to identify growers with systemic deterioration of delivered cane. A large number of growers who were exposed to weekend logistics problems were also experiencing significant systemic deterioration problems. These results may enable the generation of a grower performance index that will allow stakeholders to improve operations. The study shows that, although notorious for its variability, commercial cane quahty data can be used to drive efficiency improvements in the supply chain, if used appropriately.	Post harvest deterioration; Quality control; Sugarcane; Supply chain	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644907191	The impact of green cane production systems on manual and mechanical farming operations	Meyer E., Norris C.P., Jacquin E., Richard C., Scandaliaris J.	2006	Zuckerindustrie	131	2	None	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa; Booker Tate, PO Box 479, Atherton, QLD, Australia; Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius; C Richard and Associates, 129S Cortez Street, New Orleans, 70119, United States; Estación Experimental Obispo Colombres, Casilla de Correo No 9, Las Talitas 4101, Tucumán, Argentina	Meyer, E., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa; Norris, C.P., Booker Tate, PO Box 479, Atherton, QLD, Australia; Jacquin, E., Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit, Mauritius; Richard, C., C Richard and Associates, 129S Cortez Street, New Orleans, 70119, United States; Scandaliaris, J., Estación Experimental Obispo Colombres, Casilla de Correo No 9, Las Talitas 4101, Tucumán, Argentina	Many sugar industries around the globe have moved, or are in the process of moving, to green cane production systems. Some of these industries have done so because of pressure from local communities or because of government legislation regarding environmental pollution, while others have done so for a variety of agronomic and economic reasons. Nevertheless, it is estimated that at present more than 50% of all sugarcane around the world is still burnt prior to harvesting. Burning the cane is seen as an effective way of maintaining high manual cutter and mechanical harvester outputs and to deliver cleaner cane to the mills. However, there are many disadvantages associated with burning, which include atmospheric pollution, and soil and water losses. Cut to crush delays in burnt cane have been recognized as one of the main causes of increased dextran contents in sugar. Many factors need to be considered when moving to a green cane production system, with the main issues involving the changes required to adapt to different agronomic, mechanical and labor regimes. Factory performance and social and economic implications also need to be taken into account. This paper highlights many of the issues that affect the operational, economic and social considerations that need to be evaluated when changing from a burnt to green cane harvesting system. These issues include manual and mechanical harvesting efficiencies and performances, handling of sugarcane residues and machinery availability and suitability. Other areas such as cane quality, and loading and transport of sugarcane are also discussed.	Burnt cane; Economic implications; Green cane; Loading; Manual harvesting; Mechanical harvesting; Social implications; Transport	Saccharum hybrid cultivar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884538372	The impact of flooding on water quality, zooplankton composition, density and biomass in Lake Iyieke, Cross River-Floodplain, Southeastern Nigeria	Nwonumara N.G., Okogwu O.I.	2013	Zoology and Ecology	23	2	10.1080/21658005.2013.805015	Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Nwonumara, N.G., Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Okogwu, O.I., Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	The physico-chemical parameters, zooplankton composition, density and biomass of Lake Iyieke (Cross River- Floodplain, Nigeria) were studied monthly from February to December 2011 during pre-flood (February-May), flood (June-August) and post-flood (September-December) periods. The study was aimed at evaluating the response of zooplankton to seasonal flooding. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that temperature (28-35 C), PO4-P (0.10- 0.16 g/L), pH (6.50-6.80), transparency (0.17-0.98 m), conductivity (18.0-56.00 S/cm) and total dissolved solids (8.50-28.00 mg/L) were the main environmental variables that influenced zooplankton dynamics. Rotifers of the families Collothecidae, Collurellidae and the cladoceran Scapholeberi kingi were recorded in the lake for the first time. Rotifers were dominant in the pre-flood period, while microcrustaceans were dominant in the flood and post-flood periods. Contrary to our expectations, species richness (56 species) and density (527 ind/L) peaked during the pre-flood and flood periods, respectively. Based on our results and previous studies on the lake, we recommend undertaking a comprehensive study on this and other lakes within the Cross River basin in order to gain a clear understanding of the impact anthropogenic activities (dams and dredging) and climatic factors (that could alter the intensity and duration of flood) could have on zooplankton. © 2013 Nature Research Centre.	Biomass; Density; Flood; Lake Iyieke; Water quality; Zooplankton	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928746776	Ecological impact of river impoundment on zooplankton	Alhassan E.H., Ofori-Danson P.K., Samman J.	2015	Zoology and Ecology	25	2	10.1080/21658005.2015.1012322	Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; School of Applied Sciences, Central University College, Accra, Ghana	Alhassan, E.H., Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana; Ofori-Danson, P.K., Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Samman, J., School of Applied Sciences, Central University College, Accra, Ghana	The current study was carried out to assess the ecological impact of impoundment using zooplankton as indicators. Sampling was conducted at two stations Bui and Bamboi that are located upstream and downstream of the dam, respectively. Sixteen species of zooplankton belonging to the order Cladocera (suborder Copepoda) were identified. Cladocerans were dominated by Leptodora sp. while copepods by Cyclops sp. Cladoceran densities increased from 29.67 ind./m3 in the pre-impoundment period to 1179.4 ind./m3 in the immediate post-impoundment period with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between these periods recorded. Hence, the abundance of Cladocerans varied following the Bui dam impoundment on the Black Volta River. The study into seasonal zooplankton distribution showed that zooplankton abundance reached the highest values during the wet season. Abundance of zooplankton groups at the upstream station was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that at the downstream station, indicating the impact of impoundment on zooplankton ecology downstream. Since zooplankton was more abundant during the wet season, factors such as climatic changes and/or dam construction that modify the flooding pattern of the river will also alter zooplankton community structure in the newly created Bui reservoir and may have serious implications for fish production in the entire Black Volta ecosystem. © 2015 Nature Research Centre.	Black Volta; Bui dam; river impoundment; zooplankton and macroinvertebrates	Cladocera; Copepoda; Cyclops (crustacean); Leptodora	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877739095	Evaluation of toxic effects of lambdacyhalothrin on the haematology and selected biochemical parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus	Yekeen T.A., Fawole O.O., Bakare A.A.	2013	Zoology and Ecology	23	1	10.1080/21658005.2013.767613	Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Yekeen, T.A., Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Fawole, O.O., Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Bakare, A.A., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The potential acute and chronic toxic effects of lambdacyhalothrin (LCT) on African catfish Clarias gariepinus were evaluated. Lethal concentrations (LC) were determined using 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 ppm of LCT. Haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated on fish treated with 0.001, 0.005, 0.010 and 0.025 ppm of LCT. Blood samples were collected on the 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day of exposure and 60th day of recovery. Fish treated with LCT showed behavioural abnormalities compared to the control, which included reduced swimming activity, loss of equilibrium, vertical hanging and air gulping. The LC50 values of LCT were 0.571, 0.380, 0.337 and 0.325 ppm at the exposure time of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. Significant reductions (p≤0.05) were observed in the packed cell volume, red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration values in exposed fish. Initial increase in the value of the white blood cell count was observed, which later declined. Serum glucose increased significantly (p≤0.05), while globulin decreased significantly. Albumin did not show any significant difference among tested concentrations. The results revealed that the emulsifiable concentrate form of LCT caused reduction in haematological and biochemical parameters of C. gariepinus. The data obtained in this study provide more information on the potential impacts of LCT on non-target organisms and thus will assist in future ecotoxicological evaluations. Copyright © 2013 Nature Research Centre.	Biochemical; Clarias gariepinus; Haematology; Lambdacyhalothrin; Protein	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924340972	Comparative evaluation of the acute toxicity and behavioural changes in Clarias gariepinus following exposure to dichlorvos and primextra pesticides	Nwani C.D., Ifo C.T., Ejere V.C., Okoye S.O., Onyeke C.C., Ogbonna S.U., Chijioke A., Oluah S.N.	2014	Zoology and Ecology	24	4	10.1080/21658005.2014.939822	Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University o Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology	Nwani, C.D., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University o Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ifo, C.T., Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Ejere, V.C., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University o Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okoye, S.O., Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Onyeke, C.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University o Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ogbonna, S.U., Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Ebonyi State, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Chijioke, A., Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Ebonyi State, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Oluah, S.N., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University o Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria	Dichlorvos is an organophosphate pesticide used for the control of pests in crops and stored products, while primextra is a commercial herbicide formulation generally used in agriculture for weed control. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the acute toxicity of dichlorvos and primextra pesticides and assess their effects on mortality and behavioural changes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 of dichlorvos were 6.06, 4.96, 1.65 and 1.29 mgl-1, while those of primextra were 9.34, 6.50, 5.41 and 4.67 mgl-1, respectively. The safe levels estimated by different methods varied from 1.29 × 10-1 to 1.29×10-5mgl-1 in dichlorvos and from 4.67 × 10-1 to 4.67 × 10-5mgl-1 in primextra. Behavioural changes, such as hyperactivity, gulping of air, skin discoloration, loss of balance, convulsion, erratic swimming and mucous secretions, were observed in fish exposed to both pesticides. Our study indicated that dichlorvos (96 h LC50 = 1.29 mg l-1) was more toxic to C. gariepinus compared with primextra (96 h LC50 = 4.67 mg l -1). The use of these pesticides in both terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic environments should be subject to strict control and monitoring to prevent potential ecotoxicological hazards to aquatic lives. © 2014 Nature Research Centre.	Aquatic environment; Clarias gariepinus; Dichlorvos; Pollution; Primextra; Toxicity test	Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63549102860	Morphology, ornaments and performance in two chameleon ecomorphs: is the casque bigger than the bite?	Measey G.J., Hopkins K., Tolley K.A.	2009	Zoology	112	3	10.1016/j.zool.2008.09.005	Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Measey, G.J., Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Hopkins, K., Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; Tolley, K.A., Applied Biodiversity Research, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont Cape Town, 7735, South Africa	The evolution of ecomorphs within a species may represent either unique evolutionary events or multiple convergent events in similar environments. Functional studies of differing morphological traits of ecomorphs have been important to elucidate their role in adaptive radiations. The Cape dwarf chameleon, Bradypodion pumilum, has two ecomorphs: a large, brightly colored, ornate form found in closed habitats, and a small, dull form with reduced ornamentation found in open vegetation. The typical form is known to use casque size to communicate fighting ability, but it is unknown whether this is an honest signal and whether casque size is related to bite force. We show through a population genetic analysis that these ecomorphs are not separate genetic lineages but the result of multiple transitions between closed and open habitats. From measurements of ornamental and non-ornamental morphological characters and bite force in 105 chameleons, we find that bite force is significantly related to head size and is best predicted by head width. Bite force was reasonably predicted by casque height in ecomorphs from closed habitats, but not in those from open habitats. For size-adjusted data, open habitat males had wider heads, biting harder than closed habitat males. Our data suggest honesty in signaling for closed habitat ecomorphs, but for open habitat ecomorphs communication is different, a finding commensurate with the common framework for species radiations. © 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	Adaptive radiation; Bite force; Bradypodion pumilum; Combat; Conspecific signaling	aggression; animal; animal behavior; article; bites and stings; body size; classification; female; histology; lizard; male; physiology; skull; Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bites and Stings; Body Size; Female; Lizards; Male; Skull; Bradypodion pumilum; Chamaeleonidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50349102618	Trophallactic activities in the honeybee brood nest - Heaters get supplied with high performance fuel	Basile R., Pirk C.W.W., Tautz J.	2008	Zoology	111	6	10.1016/j.zool.2007.11.002	BEEgroup, Department of Zoology II, Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Basile, R., BEEgroup, Department of Zoology II, Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Pirk, C.W.W., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Tautz, J., BEEgroup, Department of Zoology II, Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany	Honeybees actively regulate their brood temperature by heating between 33 and 36 °C if ambient temperatures are lower. Heat is generated by vibrating the flight muscles. Heating rapidly depletes the worker's internal energy; therefore heating performance is limited by the honey that is ingested before the heating process. Stored honey is the predefined fuel for flying and heating, but it is stored at a distance from the broodcomb, causing a potential logistic problem of efficient energy supply in the brood area. Our study focused on the behaviour and the thoracic temperature of the participants in trophallactic food exchanges on the broodcomb. We found that 85.5% of the recipients in a trophallactic food exchange have a higher thoracic temperature during feeding contacts than donors and after the feeding contact the former engage in brood heating more often. The donor bees have lower thoracic temperature and shuttle constantly between honey stores and the broodcomb where they transfer the stored honey to heating bees. Providing heat-emitting workers with small doses of high performance fuel contributes to an economic distribution of resources consistent with physiological conditions of the bees and the ecological requirements of the hive. The trophallaxis-based system is essential to provide the energy-intensive brood warming activity. The emerging independence from ambient temperatures is not only beneficial for brood rearing during times of sudden cold spells, but also enables the honeybees in temperate regions to raise brood in early spring and might be the decisive factor for the occurrence of honeybees in temperate climates in general. © 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	Apis mellifera; Brood heating; Food exchange; Trophallaxis	animal; article; bee; body temperature; feeding behavior; heat; honey; nesting; physiology; social behavior; thermoregulation; Animals; Bees; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Feeding Behavior; Honey; Hot Temperature; Nesting Behavior; Social Behavior; Apis mellifera; Apoidea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960963180	Evaluation of two milk replacers fed to hand-reared cheetah cubs (Acinonyx jubatus): Nutrient composition, apparent total tract digestibility, and comparison to maternal cheetah milk	Bell K.M., Rutherfurd S.M., Cottam Y.H., Hendriks W.H.	2011	Zoo Biology	30	4	10.1002/zoo.20344	Cheetah Outreach Trust, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Ecology Group, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands	Bell, K.M., Cheetah Outreach Trust, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Rutherfurd, S.M., Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Cottam, Y.H., Ecology Group, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Hendriks, W.H., Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands	Commercially prepared milk replacers are frequently used to provide the sole source of nutrition for hand-reared cheetah cubs (Acinonyx jubatus). The nutrient composition of two commonly used milk replacers was determined. Using titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker, nutrient digestibility was calculated from the analyses of fecal samples collected from each cub (n = 4 on formula 1, and n = 2 on formula 2). Mean apparent total tract digestibility for both formulas was &gt;90% for all nutrients analyzed (crude protein, amino acids, crude fat (CF), and dry matter). However, the total CF content and the concentration of the essential fatty acids, such as α-linolenic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid, of both formulas was lower than reported for maternal cheetah milk. Additionally, one formula contained a comparatively high amount of carbohydrate, at the expense of protein. Although data were lacking for cheetah maternal milk, comparison with domestic cat milk revealed high concentrations of a number of minerals (K, Fe, Zn, and Cu), while vitamin D 3 was not detected in one formula. Both formulas were low in the majority of essential amino acids compared with domestic cat maternal milk. Despite their apparently high digestibility, neither formula was complete or balanced in terms of nutrient concentrations and ratios when maternal cheetah milk and/or the requirements established for growth in domestic cats were used as estimates of ideal. On this basis, although all cubs in this study were healthy and maintained good body conditions for the duration of the trial, the results of dietary analyses indicate that these milk replacers may not provide optimal nutrition for growth in cheetah cubs when used for extended periods. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc..	Diet; Felid; Formula; Nutrition	animal; animal disease; animal food; animal husbandry; article; cattle; cheetah; chemistry; diet; digestion; elemental diet; feces; methodology; milk; nutritional value; physiology; zoo animal; Acinonyx; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Cattle; Diet; Digestion; Feces; Food, Formulated; Milk; Nutritive Value; Acinonyx jubatus; Felidae; Felis catus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644830726	On the impact of winter conditions on the dynamics of a population with non-overlapping generations: A model approach	Nedorezov L.V., Volkova E.V.	2005	Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii	66	6	None	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	Nedorezov, L.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Volkova, E.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	The authors propose new type of models with non-overlapping generations. It is assumed that during winter period individuals are not active (as, for example, in insect populations in boreal forests) and some portion of population dyes. However the portion of population, that survives, Q, indirectly depends on feeding conditions in previous growing season. In the formal terms, Q = Q(u) is a decreasing function of the mean population size u (i.e., of the integral) over the growing period, and traditional discrete-time model therefore turns into a discrete-continuous one. Under any constant birth rate Y, the model is reduced to a discrete one in its general form, and a general result consists in global stability of the zero solution for any Y< 1, e.t., in population extinction from any initial state. In particular cases of dependence of Q(u) and different types of population self-limitation during growing season the general model results in a great variety of discrete models (including well known Moran - Ricker and Skellam models). For logistic growth of population during the growing season and exponential decrease in Q(u), the condition is obtained for a non-trivial steady state to exist, and the outcome is presented for bifurcation analysis with regard to parameter Y: cycles with typical period-doubling and chaotic dynamics.	None	animal; article; biological model; cold; population dynamics; season; Animals; Cold; Models, Biological; Population Dynamics; Seasons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51649102055	Evaluation of lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of anacardic acids	Kubo I., Tae J.H., Tsujimoto K., Tocoli F.E., Green I.R.	2008	Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences	63	42559	None	Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	Kubo, I., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tae, J.H., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tsujimoto, K., School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Tocoli, F.E., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa; Green, I.R., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	6-Alkylsalicylic acids inhibit the linoleic acid peroxidation catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase-1 (EC 1.13.11.12, type 1) competitively and without pro-oxidant effects. This activity is largely dependent on the nature of their alkyl side chains. Inhibitory activities of anacardic acids, viz. 6-pentadec(en)ylsalicylic acids, isolated from the cashew Anacardium occidentale, were initially used for comparison because their aromatic head portions are the same. Consequently, the data should be interpreted to mean that changes in the hydrophobic side chain tail portions of the molecules evaluated correlate with the specific activity determined. © 2008 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.	Anacardic acids; Hydrophobicity; Inhibitory activity; Lipoxygenase	anacardic acid; lipoxygenase inhibitor; scavenger; article; chemistry; drug screening; electrospray mass spectrometry; Anacardic Acids; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Anacardium occidentale; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548990259	Poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene palladium complexes: Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation as heck coupling catalysts	Motsoane N.M., Guzei I.A., Darkwa J.	2007	Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section B Journal of Chemical Sciences	62	3	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States	Motsoane, N.M., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Guzei, I.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	The poly(pyrazol-1-ylmefhyl)benzenes L1-L5 react with [PdCl 2(NCMe)2] or [PdClMe(COD)] to form dinuclear palladium complexes [{PdClX(3,5-Me2pzCH2)2-1,2-C 6H4}2] (X = Cl (1), Me (2)), [{PdCl 2(3,5-Me2pzCH2)2-1,3-C 6H4}2] (3), palladium complexes [{Pd 2(μ-Cl)2Me2(3,5Me2pzCH 2)2-1,3-C6H4}] (4), [{Pd 2(μ-Cl)2X2(3,5-Me2pzCH 2)2-1,4-C6H4}] (X = Cl (5), Me (6)), [{Pd2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(3,5-'Bu 2pzCH2)2-1,4-C6H4}] (7), and tetranuclear [{Pd2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(3,5Me 2pzCH2)2}2-1,4-C6H 4] (8). The structures of 1, 2 and 8 were confirmed by X-ray structure analysis. The complexes efficiently catalyse the coupling reaction of iodobenzene and butylacrylate at 80 °C © 2007 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung,.	Catalysts; Crystal structures; Heck coupling; Palladium complexes; Poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene ligands	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919917029	Poverty, inequality and mathematics performance: the case of South Africa’s post-apartheid context	Graven M.H.	2013	ZDM - International Journal on Mathematics Education	46	7	10.1007/s11858-013-0566-7	Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Graven, M.H., Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	South Africa’s recent history of apartheid, its resultant high levels of poverty and extreme social and economic distance between rich and poor continue to play-out in education in complex ways. The country provides a somewhat different context for exploring the relationship between SES and education than other countries. The apartheid era only ended in 1994, after which education became the vehicle for transforming society and a political rhetoric of equity and quality education for all was prioritized. Thus education focused on redressing inequalities; and major curriculum change, with on-going revisions, was attempted. In this sense engagement with SES and education became foregrounded in policy, political discourse and research literature. Yet for all the political will and rhetoric little has been achieved and indicators are that inequality has worsened in mathematics education, where it is particularly pronounced. This paper proposes that continued research confirming poverty–underachievement links, which suggest an inevitability of positive correlations, is unhelpful. Instead we should explore issues of disempowerment and agency, constraints and possibilities, and the complex interplay of factors that create these widely established national statistics while simultaneously defying them in particular local contexts. Such research could shift the focus from a discourse of deficit and helplessness towards a discourse of possibilities in the struggle for equity and quality education for all. © 2013, FIZ Karlsruhe.	Inequality; Performance; Redress; SES	None	DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-70949102148	Preparation and evaluation of colon targeted drug delivery systems for albendazole using kneading, extrusion and compaction technology	Emeje M., Nwabunike P., Isimi Y., Kunle O., Ofoefule S.	2009	Yaoxue Xuebao	44	10	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu St	Emeje, M., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Nwabunike, P., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Isimi, Y., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Kunle, O., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Ofoefule, S., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Albendazole is an orally administered broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic used against helminthiasis, hydatid cyst disease and neurocysticercosis. The objectives of this investigation are to develop a sustained release drug delivery system for albendazole, and to target its delivery to colon. Albendazole matrix tablets containing varying proportions of single and binary blends of four polymers; polyacrylic acid (carbopol 971), ethylcellulose (Etcell), eudragit L100-55 (EUD), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were prepared by a modified wet granulation technique of kneading, extrusion and compaction. In vitro release profiles of albendazole was sequentially determined in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without enzymes and in rat caecal content medium (RCCM) at 37°C. The in vitro drug release from matrix tablets containing CMC and Etcell as single polymers showed initial burst effect in the first 2 h (>20% and 50% respectively), followed by a slow release in SIF. However, matrix tablets containing polymer blends showed that no appreciable drug release occurred up to 5 h. Drug release from tablets containing polymer blends in the dissolution medium containing rat caecal material suddenly increased to ≥30% after 5 h (RCCM), and reaching up to 90% in 24 h. Albendazole matrix tablets containing carbopol 971, Etcell, EUD, and CMC as single polymers and as blends were formulated for oral use. Drug release from the tablet matrices containing carbopol alone, binary blends of carbopol/Etcell, and CMC/EUD were found to be very slow and dependent on polymer concentration. Matrix tablets containing blends of these polymers formulated using kneading, extrusion and compaction technique could provide sustained drug release and can be utilized in the colonic delivery of albendazole.	Albendazole; Colon targeting; In vitro release; Polymer	albendazole; carboxymethylcellulose; ethyl cellulose; eudragit; polyacrylic acid; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; cecum; colon; drug delivery system; drug release; drug synthesis; intestine fluid; male; nonhuman; rat; stomach juice; sustained drug release; tablet compression; tablet formulation; Acrylic Resins; Administration, Oral; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cellulose; Colon; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Male; Rats; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249907525	Family poultry, food security and the impact of HPAI	Sonaiya E.B.	2007	World's Poultry Science Journal	63	1	10.1079/WPS2006135	Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria	Sonaiya, E.B., Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria	Most rural households have poultry cared for by women, children and vulnerable people - the aged and physically challenged. Family poultry generate 19-50% of rural family income, make up about 77% of the national flock and contribute about 98% of poultry products consumed in the villages of developing countries. Households that accept innovation for semi-scavenging poultry production usually increase weekly consumption of eggs and meat. The importance of family poultry in assisting the landless poor and the destitute is reflected in many national poverty reduction strategy programmes which identify family poultry as one of the keys to accomplishing the millennium development goal of reducing the number of poor by half before 2015. There are few other alternatives in the livestock sector that can be used to reach so many poor people in rural areas. Wherever HPAI occurs in family poultry, it will wipe out the contribution of family poultry to family food security and to family income. While compensation and restocking are important, the greatest need of smallholder poultry producers faced with the challenge of HPAI is for information, knowledge and training for HPAI-safe family poultry production.	Avian influenza; Family poultry; Food security	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51349164467	Evaluation of prevalence and seasonality of Newcastle disease in chicken in Kaduna, Nigeria	Nwanta J.A., Egege S.C., Alli-Balogun J.K., Ezema W.S.	2008	World's Poultry Science Journal	64	3	10.1017/S0043933908000147	Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahm	Nwanta, J.A., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Egege, S.C., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Alli-Balogun, J.K., College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria; Ezema, W.S., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Newcastle disease is a major constraint to poultry production in Africa, in both commercial and village rearing systems. A ten-year review (January, 1996-December, 2005) of case reports in respect of Newcastle and other poultry diseases diagnosed at the veterinary clinics in Kaduna, Nigeria was conducted. A total of 3164 outbreaks were documented with 1050 outbreaks diagnosed as ND. There were significant (P>0.05) associations in the distribution of Newcastle disease and age, breed, season, type of bird and management system of poultry in Kaduna. ND outbreaks were most prevalent during the dry season (December March). Poultry kept in confined conditions, broilers, pullets, layers and birds between 3-4 weeks and 13-15 weeks of age were at greatest risk of suffering from ND outbreaks. Single vaccination had a significant effect (P<0.05) on reducing incidence of disease compared to birds that were not vaccinated or had multiple ND vaccinations. These findings have an impact on the correct approach to immunization practices using to control disease under African conditions. © 2008 Copyright World's Poultry Science Association 2008.	Newcastle Disease; Nigeria; Prevalence; Seasonality	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864597329	Avian influenza shock and performance of the chicken markets in Benin	Fousseni Barres N., Mensah-Bonsu A., Sarpong D.B.	2012	World's Poultry Science Journal	68	3	10.1017/S0043933912000621	IFDC Ghana, Labone - Accra, Ghana; Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 68, Legon, Ghana	Fousseni Barres, N., IFDC Ghana, Labone - Accra, Ghana; Mensah-Bonsu, A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 68, Legon, Ghana; Sarpong, D.B., Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 68, Legon, Ghana	Data from a three-year panel (2006-2008) obtained from selected respondents, was used to investigate the impact of the avian influenza (AI) outbreak on the chicken markets in Benin. The trends in sales volume and profit were used as proxy for performance. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regression model was used to examine the factors affecting profit. In general, the AI outbreak adversely affected the performance of the markets during the imposition of restrictions on poultry trade. When AI broke out in Benin and poultry trade restrictions were imposed, the volume of chickens sold per market day per seller declined by 69%. Overall, the AI outbreak did not have an adverse effect on the profit made by the poultry producer/sellers and middlemen. The regression results suggested that the chicken market is more favourable in terms of profit margin for women, literates, young people, middlemen and sellers in Kolokonde regional market. The municipal authority's levy has a negative effect on profitability, while the undersupply of chickens and average volume of sales per market day and provision of market shelters have positive effects. The level of state authority's levy, provision of market infrastructure, women and youth empowerment programmes and behaviour of poultry suppliers have implications for policy measures in the poultry sector. Copyright © 2012 World's Poultry Science Association.	Avian influenza; Benin; chicken market; performance	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951263642	Pollution assessment of the impact of industrial effluents on the qualities of surface water and sediments of River Ona in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Nubi O.A., Nubi A.T.	2010	World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development	7	4	10.1504/WRSTSD.2010.032746	Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B. 12729, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Environmental Laboratories Limited, P.O. Box 15104, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria	Nubi, O.A., Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B. 12729, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Nubi, A.T., Environmental Laboratories Limited, P.O. Box 15104, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria	River Ona, a major river in Ibadan, into which industries discharge their effluents, was studied to assess the impact of the industrial discharge. The mean levels for some parameters gave evidence of pollution. The mean values for DO (4.9 ± 0.3 mg/l), COD (54.5 ± 0.5 mg/l), PO4 3- (0.47 ± 0.09 mg/l), SO4 2- (20.65 ± 0.85 mg/l) were reported for the upstream region, while the downstream mean values for same parameters gave 3.72 ± 0.37 mg/l, 211.20 ± 59.6 mg/l, 1.06 ± 0.20 mg/l and 23.62 ± 3.20 mg/l, respectively. The effluent was also analysed, and the results obtained confirmed that the effluent was not the only source of pollutants in the river. Copyright © 2010 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Anthropogenic; Discharge; Impact; Industrial effluent; Pollution	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64849087786	Effect of replacing maize with a mixture of rumen content and blood meal on the performances of growing rabbits: initial study with mash feed	Togun V.A., Farinu G.O., Ojebiyi O.O., Awotunde A.I.	2009	World Rabbit Science	17	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Togun, V.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Farinu, G.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Ojebiyi, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Awotunde, A.I., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	A total of 24 cross-bred male weaner rabbits, between 6-8 weeks of age, were fed diets which included a mixture (50:50) of rumen content (RC) and blood meal (BM), containing a crude protein content of 37.6% and crude fibre content of 9.0%, at 0 (control), 10 and 20% levels. The mixture replaced maize and maize bran in the control diet. The 3 experimental diets were restricted to 100 g daily in mash form for a period of 8 weeks to the individually housed rabbits. The inclusion of RC+BM mixture in diet 1 at 10% (RB1O) significantly (P<0.05) worsed final live weight, daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed: gain ratio, while its inclusion at 20% (RB2O) only reduced daily feed intake. Weight gain in controls, RB 10 and RB 20 was 483, 273 and 422 g, respectively. Kidney, spleen and lungs, but not the liver, were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatment. Carcass yield followed a similar response pattern as final live weight, since it was a product of the final live weight. However, left thigh muscle components were not affected by the dietary treatments. This preliminary study indicated that more research is necessary to reduce the negative effect on feed intake when RC-BM mixture (50:50 ratio) is included in growing rabbit diets, which was probably due to the presentation form applied. © WRSA, UPV, 2003.	Blood meal; Growing rabbits; Performance; rumen content	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
WoS	WOS:000285998100002	Evaluation of Trauma and Critical Care Training Courses on the Knowledge and Confidence of Participants in Kenya and Zambia	Aphivantrakul, Paul,Labib, Mohammed,Lupasha, Emanual,MacLeod, Jana B. A.,Nthele, Mzaza,Okech, Moses	2011	WORLD JOURNAL OF SURGERY	35	1	10.1007/s00268-010-0810-z	Emory University, University of Zambia, Nakuru Prov Hosp, Univ Teaching Hosp	"Aphivantrakul, Paul: Emory University","Labib, Mohammed: University of Zambia","Lupasha, Emanual: University of Zambia","MacLeod, Jana B. A.: Emory University","Nthele, Mzaza: University of Zambia",	Background Trained health-care personnel are essential for improved outcomes for injured and critically ill patients. The highest injury-related mortality is seen in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is a paucity of skilled personnel. Therefore, the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) along with Emory University provided an acute trauma care (ATC) and fundamental critical care support course (FCCS). This study evaluates the impact of American-derived courses on the knowledge and confidence of participants from resource-limited countries. Methods Courses were held in Lusaka, Zambia, and Nakuru, Kenya. Participants were COSECSA trainees and personnel from local institutions. The evaluation used a pre-/postcourse multiple-choice exam for knowledge acquisition and a pre-/postcourse questionnaire for confidence assessment. Confidence was measured using a 5-point Likert score, with 5 being the highest level of confidence. Confidence or self-reported efficacy is correlated with increased performance of new skills. Results There were 75 participants (median age = 31 years, 67% male). Three-quarters of the participants reported no prior specific training in either trauma or critical care. Knowledge increased from an average of 51 to 63.3% (p = 0.002) overall, with a 21.7% gain for those who scored in the lowest quartile. Confidence increased from pre- to postcourse on all measures tested: 22 clinical situations (10 trauma, 9 critical care, 3 either) and 15 procedures (p &lt; 0.001 for all measures both individually and aggregated, Wilcoxon rank sum test). The strongest absolute increase in confidence, as well as the largest number of participants who reported any increase, were all in the procedures of cricothyroidotomy [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 2-3) to post = 5 (IQR: 4-5)], DPL [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 2-4) to post = 5 (IQR: 4-5)], and needle decompression [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 3-4) to post = 5 (IQR: 5-5)]. Conclusions Participants from resource-limited countries benefit from ATC/FCCS courses as demonstrated by increased knowledge and confidence across all topics presented. However, the strongest increase in confidence was in performing life-saving procedures. Therefore, future courses should emphasize essential procedures, reduce didactics, and link knowledge acquisition to skill-based teaching.	,"BEHAVIORAL CHANGE",COUNTRIES,INTENSIVE-CARE,MEDICINE	None	None
WoS	WOS:000274328200014	Impact of Parallel Anesthesia and Surgical Provider Training in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Model for a Resource-poor Setting	Bird, Peter,Newton, Mark	2010	WORLD JOURNAL OF SURGERY	34	3	10.1007/s00268-009-0195-z	Vanderbilt University, Kijabe Hosp	"Newton, Mark: Vanderbilt University",	The lack of appropriate numbers of anesthesia and surgical care providers in many resource-poor countries around the world, especially in rural populations, prevents adequate care of the large numbers of patients who require surgery in these settings. This article provides a 10-year review of a rural hospital located in East Africa which developed a training program based on parallel training of anesthesia and surgical care providers. We report the process of building the foundational aspects of a customized medical education program that addresses specific concerns related to the work in a rural African context, which may be very different from medical care provided in the urban settings of low income countries (LIC). We analyzed how the parallel training can provide the clinical tools needed to have a practical impact on the surgical burden in rural Africa. The parallel training program combining training of nurse-anesthetists with the training of multiple levels of surgical care providers, from interns to fellows, led to a fourfold increase in the number of surgical cases. Surgical subspecialty training and the development of an anesthesia care team with anesthesia consultant(s) oversight can serve to maintain a high level of complex and expanding surgical case volume in a rural African hospital setting. This model can be applied to other similar situations in LIC, where the anesthesia and surgical care can be coupled and then customized for the unique clinical rural setting.	,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,DEVELOPING-WORLD,DISTRICT,HEALTH,KENYA,NIGERIA,PEDIATRIC-SURGERY,SERVICES,UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879800084	Getting the job done: Analysis of the impact and effectiveness of the SmileTrain program in alleviating the global burden of cleft disease	Poenaru D.	2013	World Journal of Surgery	37	7	10.1007/s00268-012-1876-6	BethanyKids at Kijabe Hospital, Box 20, Kijabe 00220, Kenya; 14-485 Green Road, Stoney Creek, ON L8E 6A7, Canada	Poenaru, D., BethanyKids at Kijabe Hospital, Box 20, Kijabe 00220, Kenya, 14-485 Green Road, Stoney Creek, ON L8E 6A7, Canada	Background: The study measured the success of SmileTrain, the largest cleft charity globally, in alleviating the global burden of disease (GBD). It was done by estimating averted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and delayed averted DALYs because of the global backlog in cleft procedures. Methods: Anonymized data for all procedures in the SmileTrain global database were analyzed by age, sex, country, region, and surgery type. DALYs averted were calculated using life expectancy tables and established and estimated disability weights. The cost-effectiveness analysis used mean SmileTrain procedural disbursement figures. Sensitivity analysis was performed using various cleft incidence rates, life expectancy tables, and disability weights. Results: During 2003-2010 a total of 536,846 operations were performed on 364,467 patients - 86 % in Southeast Asia and the western Pacific region. Procedure numbers increased yearly. Mean age at primary surgery - 6.2 years (9.8 years in Africa) - remained fairly constant over time in each region. Globally, 2.1-4.7 million DALYs were averted through the operations at a total estimated cost of US$196 M. Mean DALYs per patient were 3.8-9.0, and mean cost per DALY was $72-$134. Total delayed GBD due to advanced age at surgery was 191,000-457,000 DALYs. Conclusions: Despite an unparalleled number of surgeries performed and yearly increase by one charity, the unmet and delayed averted cleft GBD remains significant in all regions. Large geographic disparities reflect varied challenges regarding access to surgery. Cleft surgeries are cost-effective interventions to reduce the global burden of disease (GBD). Future challenges include increased collaboration among cleft care providers and a focus on remote global areas by building infrastructure and local training. © 2012 Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	child; cleft palate; cost benefit analysis; cost of illness; economics; evaluation study; female; health; health care delivery; health care disparity; human; infant; international cooperation; life expectancy; life table; male; organization and management; plastic surgery; preschool child; procedures; program evaluation; social welfare; standards; statistics and numerical data; article; cleft palate; methodology; plastic surgery; standard; statistics; Charities; Child; Child, Preschool; Cleft Palate; Cost of Illness; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Global Health; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; International Cooperation; Life Expectancy; Life Tables; Male; Program Evaluation; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures; Charities; Child; Child, Preschool; Cleft Palate; Cost of Illness; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; International Cooperation; Life Expectancy; Life Tables; Male; Program Evaluation; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874108851	Experience with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a developing country: Impact of tracheostomy	Orji F.T., Okorafor I.A., Akpeh J.O.	2013	World Journal of Surgery	37	2	10.1007/s00268-012-1839-y	Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Sunshine Hospital, Umuahia Abia, Nigeria; Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba Abia, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Umuahia Abia, Nigeria	Orji, F.T., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Sunshine Hospital, Umuahia Abia, Nigeria, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba Abia, Nigeria; Okorafor, I.A., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Federal Medical Center, Umuahia Abia, Nigeria; Akpeh, J.O., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: The frequent relapses of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) sometimes demand repeated surgical excision with tracheostomy. This situation plays a vital role in the management of RRP in developing countries such as ours because of late presentation. This study was conducted to evaluate our experience with RRP and to determine the incidence and impact of tracheostomy in the overall management and outcomes of our patients. Methods: The records of 59 patients with histologically confirmed RRP treated between 1994 and 2008 at our tertiary institution were reviewed. We collected data such as age at onset, tracheostomy frequency and duration, number of required surgical excisions, papilloma spread to the lower airways. Patients' characteristics and the course of the disease were compared between a juvenile-onset papillomatosis (JoRRP) group and an adult-onset group (AdRRP). Results: Overall, 68 % of our patients were in the JoRRP group (ages 2-11 years, mean 6 years). The other 32 % were 22-58 years of age (AdRRP group). Two cases of JoRRP continued into adult life. Multiple RRP dominated in the JoRRP group (93 %), whereas solitary papillomas predominated in the AdRRP group (63 %). Tracheostomy was performed because of upper airway obstruction in 42 % of our patients, with children accounting for 72 %. The mean duration of tracheostomy was 3.5 months, with 80 % lasting <4 months. Significantly more JoRRP patients had severe upper airway obstruction, required tracheostomy, and underwent multiple surgical excisions (p = 0.04, 0.02, and 0.009, respectively). Tracheobronchial spread occurred in a patient with prolonged tracheostomy. Conclusions: Multiple laryngeal papillomatosis clearly followed a more severe and less predictable course than the solitary type in both groups. Although there was a high incidence of tracheostomy in this study, short-duration tracheostomies accounted for the low incidence of extralaryngeal spread. © 2012 Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	adult; article; child; developing country; evaluation; female; follow up; human; male; middle aged; Nigeria; onset age; papillomavirus infection; preschool child; recurrent respiratory papillomatosis; reoperation; respiratory tract infection; retrospective study; statistics; tracheostomy; treatment outcome; Adult; Age of Onset; Child; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Papillomavirus Infections; Reoperation; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Tracheostomy; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955467685	The impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on patients with locally advanced breast cancer in a Nigerian semiurban teaching hospital: A single-center descriptive study	Arowolo O.A., Akinkuolie A.A., Lawal O.O., Alatise O.I., Salako A.A., Adisa A.O.	2010	World Journal of Surgery	34	8	10.1007/s00268-010-0617-y	Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria	Arowolo, O.A., Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria; Akinkuolie, A.A., Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria; Lawal, O.O., Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria; Alatise, O.I., Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria; Salako, A.A., Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria; Adisa, A.O., Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria	Background: There is a paucity of data on the response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant c in low-resources developing African countries such as Nigeria. We therefore decided to study the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on breast cancer patients in Nigeria in the light of constrained resources. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective descriptive study. Sixty-two patients with locally advanced breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the last 24 years in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, constituted the study population. The outcome measures were clinical tumor response, disease-free survival, overall survival, and chemotherapy toxicity profile. Results: Patients ranged in age from 30 to 85 years (mean = 49.1 ± SD 12.7 years) and included one male. After three cycles of chemotherapy, complete clinical response was observed in 4 patients (6.5%), partial clinical response in 28 patients (45.2%), no clinically measurable response in 24 patients (38.7%), and progressive disease in 6 patients (9.7%). Forty-one patients completed six cycles, of which 9 patients (22.0%) had complete clinical response and 12 patients (29.3%) had partial clinical response. Four of 30 patients (13.3%) with tumor size of 6-10 cm had complete clinical response, while no patient with a tumor bigger than 10 cm had complete clinical response. Of the 62 patients, 42 were followed up for more than 1 year. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates of this cohort were 66.7, 42.9, and 11.9%, respectively The median follow-up period was 9 months and the disease-free survival and overall survival rates at median follow-up period were 45 and 37%, respectively. Conclusion: There was a poor overall clinical response rate to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the Black population studied. Late presentation with large tumor mass may be accountable for this. © 2010 Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	antineoplastic agent; cyclophosphamide; doxorubicin; fluorouracil; adjuvant chemotherapy; adjuvant therapy; adult; aged; article; breast tumor; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; Nigeria; pathology; retrospective study; survival rate; teaching hospital; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms, Male; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Cyclophosphamide; Doxorubicin; Female; Fluorouracil; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Nigeria; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349332484	The impact of launching surgery at the district level in niger	Sani R., Nameoua B., Yahaya A., Hassane I., Adamou R., Hsia R.Y., Hoekman P., Sako A., Habibou A.	2009	World Journal of Surgery	33	10	10.1007/s00268-009-0160-x	Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger, South Africa; Regional Hospital of Dosso, Dosso, Niger; District Hospital, Dosso Region, Dosso, Niger; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States	Sani, R., Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger, South Africa; Nameoua, B., Regional Hospital of Dosso, Dosso, Niger; Yahaya, A., District Hospital, Dosso Region, Dosso, Niger; Hassane, I., District Hospital, Dosso Region, Dosso, Niger; Adamou, R., District Hospital, Dosso Region, Dosso, Niger; Hsia, R.Y., Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Hoekman, P., Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger, South Africa; Sako, A., Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger, South Africa; Habibou, A., Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger, South Africa	In 2005, the Ministry of Health in association with the Faculty of Medicine of Niamey decided to launch surgery at the district hospital (DH) level as part of the health strategy for the country. Surgical procedures were provided by general practitioners who received 12 months of training in basic surgery. Whereas the initiative was launched nationwide, we chose randomly to study the region of Dosso during a 1-year time period of January 2007 to December 2007 in the three district hospitals as well as the regional hospital of Dosso. During the course of 1 year, 544 patients received operations in the three DHs, of which 37.9% (n = 206) were emergent and 62.1% (n = 338) were elective. The most common emergent interventions were cesarean sections (70%) and uterine ruptures (7.8%). For elective surgeries, hernia repairs comprised 80.8% of the cases. The mortality rate of emergent surgeries was 7.3 and 0% in the cases of elective surgeries. Of note, there was a large reduction in transfers to the regional hospital: 52% compared to 2006 and 82% compared to 2005. In 66.1% of the transfers, the cases consisted of fractures, and in 10.4% of abdominal trauma and critical thoracic emergencies. Further study of this initiative has highlighted other challenges, including that of human resources, equipment maintenance, provision of consumables, and the need for continued training. Results from this governmental initiative to provide surgery in rural district hospitals by general practitioners are promising and encouraging. In the rural district of Dosso, there have been no deaths from elective surgery, and the number of surgical transfers to the regional hospital has drastically diminished. © 2009 The Author(s).	None	abdominal injury; adult; article; cesarean section; elective surgery; emergency surgery; fracture; general practitioner; government; health program; hernioplasty; hospital; human; major clinical study; mortality; Niger; patient transport; resource allocation; surgery; surgical patient; surgical training; thorax surgery; uterus rupture; Emergencies; Family Practice; Hospitals, District; Humans; Niger; Patient Transfer; Rural Population; Surgical Procedures, Elective; Surgical Procedures, Operative	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902121438	Development, implementation, and evaluation of a hybrid electronic medical record system specifically designed for a developing world surgical service	Laing G.L., Bruce J.L., Skinner D.L., Allorto N.L., Clarke D.L., Aldous C.	2014	World Journal of Surgery	38	6	10.1007/s00268-013-2438-2	Department of Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X918, Pietermanitzburg 3200, South Africa; Department of Anesthetics and Critical Care, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermanitzburg, South Africa; School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermanitzburg, South Africa	Laing, G.L., Department of Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X918, Pietermanitzburg 3200, South Africa; Bruce, J.L., Department of Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X918, Pietermanitzburg 3200, South Africa; Skinner, D.L., Department of Anesthetics and Critical Care, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermanitzburg, South Africa; Allorto, N.L., Department of Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X918, Pietermanitzburg 3200, South Africa; Clarke, D.L., Department of Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X918, Pietermanitzburg 3200, South Africa; Aldous, C., School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermanitzburg, South Africa	Background: The Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service previously successfully constructed and implemented an electronic surgical registry (ESR). This study reports on our attempts to expand and develop this concept into a multi-functional hybrid electronic medical record (HEMR) system for use in a tertiary level surgical service. This HEMR system was designed to incorporate the function and benefits of an ESR, an electronic medical record (EMR) system, and a clinical decision support system (CDSS). Methods: Formal ethical approval to maintain the HEMR system was obtained. Appropriate software was sourced to develop the project. The data model was designed as a relational database. Following the design and construction process, the HEMR file was launched on a secure server. This provided the benefits of access security and automated backups. A systematic training program was implemented for client training. The exercise of data capture was integrated into the process of clinical workflow, taking place at multiple points in time. Data were captured at the times of admission, operative intervention, endoscopic intervention, adverse events (morbidity), and the end of patient care (discharge, transfer, or death). Results: A quarterly audit was performed 3 months after implementation of the HEMR system. The data were extracted and audited to assess their quality. A total of 1,114 patient entries were captured in the system. Compliance rates were in the order of 87-100 %, and client satisfaction rates were high. Conclusions: It is possible to construct and implement a unique, simple, cost-effective HEMR system in a developing world surgical service. This information system is unique in that it combines the discrete functions of an EMR system with an ESR and a CDSS. We identified a number of potential limitations and developed interventions to ameliorate them. This HEMR system provides the necessary platform for ongoing quality improvement programs and clinical research. © 2013 Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	developing country; electronic medical record; electronic medical record; general surgery; health care planning; hospital department; human; medical information system; organization and management; program development; program evaluation; South Africa; Developing Countries; Electronic Health Records; General Surgery; Health Information Exchange; Health Plan Implementation; Humans; Medical Records Systems, Computerized; Program Development; Program Evaluation; South Africa; Surgery Department, Hospital	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939881225	Impact of introduction of laparoscopic surgery on management of unresolved intra-abdominal malignancies in a West African hospital	Adisa A.O., Lawal O.O., Adesunkanmi A.-R.K., Adejuyigbe O.	2015	World Journal of Surgery	38	10	10.1007/s00268-014-2618-8	Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adisa, A.O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Lawal, O.O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adesunkanmi, A.-R.K., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adejuyigbe, O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background: Intra-abdominal malignancies often pose diagnostic problems to surgeons in resource-challenged centers such as ours due to limitations in modern imaging and other facilities. This prompted the adoption of laparoscopy in our hospital as an adjunctive tool in diagnosing these conditions. Method: Pre- and per-operative data of consecutive cases of clinically unresolved advanced intra-abdominal tumors subjected to laparoscopy from January 2009 through June 2013 were reviewed. Anatomic diagnosis and tissue biopsies were carried out during the procedures. Results: Of the 152 patients seen with intra-abdominal tumors, 74 (48.7 %) had advanced conditions that could not be resolved clinically. Of these, 33 (44.6 %) were able to afford and had computed tomography (CT), scan while the remaining (N = 41; 55.4 %) less endowed only had an ultrasound scan. This cohort underwent laparoscopic evaluation, and biopsies confirmed the following: 27 (36.5 %) metastatic adenocarcinomas, 12 (16.2 %) primary hepatic malignancies, 11 (14.9 %) cases each of lymphomas and colonic adenocarcinomas, 4 (5.4 %) gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 3 (4.1 %) pancreatic carcinomas, 2 (2.7 %) cases each of carcinoid tumors and abdominal tuberculosis, and one case each of schistosomiasis and HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Additionally, 26 (35.1 %) had ascites, while 29 (39.1 %) had peritoneal surface malignancies. With local adaptations and improvisations, laparoscopy was cheaper than an abdominal CT scan in our setting, with the additional benefit of obtaining tissue diagnosis to institute treatment. Conclusion: Although laparoscopy is commonly used for staging intra-abdominal tumors, we found it useful in complementing clinical diagnosis and attaining histopathological confirmation in a setting where access to and funding of modern imaging is limited. © 2014 Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	Abdominal Neoplasms; adult; adverse effects; aged; cancer staging; carcinoma; computer assisted tomography; developing country; economics; female; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; hospital; human; laparoscopy; lymphoma; male; middle aged; Nigeria; pathology; sarcoma; Abdominal Neoplasms; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Developing Countries; Female; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Hospitals; Humans; Laparoscopy; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Nigeria; Sarcoma; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744758352	Evaluation of trauma care capabilities in four countries using the WHO-IATSIC Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care	Mock C., Nguyen S., Quansah R., Arreola-Risa C., Viradia R., Joshipura M.	2006	World Journal of Surgery	30	6	10.1007/s00268-005-0768-4	Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Hanoi Health Department, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Sistema Estatal de Atencion de Emergencias Medicas, Secretaría de Salud, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Public Health System, Bhavnagar, Gujarat State, India; Academy of Traumatology (India), Ahmedabad, India	Mock, C., Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Nguyen, S., Hanoi Health Department, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Quansah, R., Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Arreola-Risa, C., Sistema Estatal de Atencion de Emergencias Medicas, Secretaría de Salud, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Viradia, R., Public Health System, Bhavnagar, Gujarat State, India; Joshipura, M., Academy of Traumatology (India), Ahmedabad, India	Background: We sought to identify affordable and sustainable methods to strengthen trauma care capabilities globally, especially in developing countries, using the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care. These guidelines were created by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Society of Surgery and provide recommendations on elements of trauma care that should be in place at the range of health facilities globally. Methods: The guidelines were used as a basis for needs assessments in 4 countries selected to represent the world's range of geographic and economic conditions: Mexico (middle income; Latin America); Vietnam (low income; east Asia); India (low income; south Asia); and Ghana (low income; Africa). One hundred sites were assessed, including rural clinics (n = 51), small hospitals (n = 34), and large hospitals (n = 15). Site visits utilized direct inspection and interviews with administrative and clinical staff. Results: Resources were partly adequate or adequate at most large hospitals, but there were gaps that could be improved, especially in low-income settings, such as shortages of airway equipment, chest tubes, and trauma-related medications; and prolonged periods where critical equipment (e.g., X-ray, laboratory) were unavailable while awaiting repairs. Rural clinics everywhere had difficulties with basic supplies for resuscitation even though some received significant trauma volumes. In all settings, there was a dearth of administrative functions to assure quality trauma care, including trauma registries, trauma-related quality improvement programs, and regular in-service training. Conclusions: This study identified several low-cost ways in which to strengthen trauma care globally. It also has demonstrated the usefulness of the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care in providing an internationally applicable, standardized template by which to assess trauma care capabilities. © 2006 by the Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	article; cost benefit analysis; evaluation; Ghana; hospital care; human; India; injury; laboratory test; Mexico; patient care; practice guideline; standardization; Viet Nam; world health organization; X ray analysis; Developing Countries; Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Service, Hospital; Ghana; Guideline Adherence; Health Facility Size; Humans; India; International Cooperation; Mexico; Practice Guidelines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Societies, Medical; Socioeconomic Factors; Traumatology; Vietnam; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856638788	Impact of different malolactic fermentation inoculation scenarios on Riesling wine aroma	Knoll C., Fritsch S., Schnell S., Grossmann M., Krieger-Weber S., du Toit M., Rauhut D.	2012	World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology	28	3	10.1007/s11274-011-0917-x	Department Geisenheim, Hochschule RheinMain, University of Applied Sciences Wiesbaden Rüsselsheim Geisenheim, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Geisenheim Research Center, Von-Lade-Str.1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; Institute for Applied Microbiology Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany; Lallemand, In der Seite 53, 70825 Korntal-Münchingen, Germany; Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Knoll, C., Department Geisenheim, Hochschule RheinMain, University of Applied Sciences Wiesbaden Rüsselsheim Geisenheim, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Geisenheim Research Center, Von-Lade-Str.1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; Fritsch, S., Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Geisenheim Research Center, Von-Lade-Str.1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; Schnell, S., Institute for Applied Microbiology Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany; Grossmann, M., Department Geisenheim, Hochschule RheinMain, University of Applied Sciences Wiesbaden Rüsselsheim Geisenheim, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Geisenheim Research Center, Von-Lade-Str.1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; Krieger-Weber, S., Lallemand, In der Seite 53, 70825 Korntal-Münchingen, Germany; du Toit, M., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Rauhut, D., Department Geisenheim, Hochschule RheinMain, University of Applied Sciences Wiesbaden Rüsselsheim Geisenheim, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Geisenheim Research Center, Von-Lade-Str.1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany	During malolactic fermentation (MLF), lactic acid bacteria influence wine aroma and flavour by the production of volatile metabolites and the modification of aroma compounds derived from grapes and yeasts. The present study investigated the impact of different MLF inoculation strategies with two different Oenococcus oeni strains on cool climate Riesling wines and the volatile wine aroma profile. Four different timings were chosen for inoculation with bacteria to conduct MLF in a Riesling must/wine with a high acidity (pH 2. 9-3. 1). Treatments with simultaneous inoculation showed a reduced total fermentation time (alcoholic and malolactic) compared to the sequential inoculations. No negative impact of simultaneous alcoholic and malolactic fermentation on fermentation success and on the final wine volatile aroma composition was observed. Compared to sequential inoculation, wines with co-inoculation tended to have higher concentrations of ethyl and acetate esters, including acetic acid phenylethylester, acetic acid 3-methylbutylester, butyric acid ethylester, lactic acid ethylester and succinic acid diethylester. Results of this study provide some alternatives to diversify the number of wine styles by safely conducting MLF in low-pH, cool-climate white musts with potential high alcohol content. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Co-inoculation; Low pH wine; Malolactic fermentation; Oenococcus oeni; Volatile aroma	Alcohol contents; Aroma compounds; Co-inoculation; Cool climates; Ethyl esters; Lactic acid bacteria; Malolactic fermentation; Negative impacts; Oenococcus oeni; Succinic acids; Volatile aroma; Wine aromas; Acetic acid; Bacilli; Cobalt compounds; Lactic acid; Magnetic leakage; pH; Wine; Fermentation; malate dehydrogenase; malolactic enzyme; volatile organic compound; article; enzymology; fermentation; growth, development and aging; metabolism; microbiology; Oenococcus; wine; Fermentation; Industrial Microbiology; Malate Dehydrogenase; Oenococcus; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wine; Bacteria (microorganisms); Oenococcus oeni; Vitaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749513576	PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoretic evaluation of changes in the non-methanogenic population of stressed upflow anaerobic sludge blanket granules	Keyser M., Witthuhn R.C., Britz T.J.	2006	World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology	22	10	10.1007/s11274-005-3575-z	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa	Keyser, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa; Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa	The performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactors is influenced by the composition of the substrate and the microbial species present in the granules. The aim of this study was to determine if a change in the structure of the non-methanogenic microbial community takes place when UASB brewery granules are subjected to the sudden addition of different carbon sources at different concentrations. A shift in the microbial community did occur when the granules were subjected to lactate medium. The granules that were stressed with glucose medium did not show changes in the microbial consortium regardless of the increase in the glucose concentrations. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was successfully applied to show changes in the structure of the microbes present in UASB granules that were cultivated under different environmental conditions. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Bacteria; Microbial consortium; PCR-based DGGE; UASB granules	Microbial consortium; PCR-based DGGE; Polymerase chain reaction; UASB granules; Biodiversity; Concentration (process); Electrophoresis; Microorganisms; Molecular structure; Sewage sludge; Bioreactors; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878114883	Improving yield performance of Pleurotus pulmonarius through hyphal anastomosis fusion of dikaryons	Adebayo E.A., Oloke J.K., Yadav A., Barooah M., Bora T.C.	2013	World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology	29	6	10.1007/s11274-013-1266-8	Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Biotechnology Division, North East Institute of Science and Technology, CSIR, Jorhat, 785006 Assam, India; Department of Agricultural Biotech	Adebayo, E.A., Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Oloke, J.K., Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Yadav, A., Biotechnology Division, North East Institute of Science and Technology, CSIR, Jorhat, 785006 Assam, India; Barooah, M., Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 13, India; Bora, T.C., Biotechnology Division, North East Institute of Science and Technology, CSIR, Jorhat, 785006 Assam, India	High production and good quality are always the principal goals for agriculturally important crops, without the exception of mushrooms. P. pulmonarius is one of the commercially important edible mushrooms throughout the world. The yield performance improvement was carried out by cross bred P. pulmonarius with P. sapidus and P. ostreatus. The highest rate of 0.587 mm/days for spawn ramification and 53.33 % for percentage spawn productivity were obtained in hybrids LN LL910. The least day (11 and 12th) of the primodia mushroom sporophore were recorded in LL910 and LN 97 respectively, while longest day of 19th was recorded in wild type (NE 07). The highest biological efficiency (109.30 %) and production rate (3.77 %) obtained by LL910, while the least of 33.0 and 0.79 % were obtained by NE 07 for biological efficiency and production rate respectively. The morphological and molecular characterization of the hybrid strains established their true variation from their wild type. LL 910 (JF68088) is located at seventh subclusters from the root with boostrap value of 32 %, while only one parent (LAU 09: JF736658) out of the two has the close boostrap value of 43 % at the first subcluster to the root, with the other parent LAU 10 (JF736659) shows distance relationship after Blast. LN 97 (JF680992) is located at outgroup, while the parent strains NE 07 (boostrap value: 11 %) and LAU 09 (boostrap value: 44 %) located at tenth and second subclusters respectively. The results obtained from this study have shown the improved performance of the hybrids strain over wild type strains. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Hybridization; Mushroom; Performance; Pleurotus; Yield	Hybridization; Mushroom; Performance; Pleurotus; Yield; Biology; Chemistry; Fungi; fungal DNA; article; biomass; chemistry; chimera; cross breeding; DNA sequence; genetic variability; genetics; growth, development and aging; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; Pleurotus; Biomass; Chimera; Crosses, Genetic; DNA, Fungal; Genetic Variation; Molecular Sequence Data; Pleurotus; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Basidiomycota; Pleurotus; Pleurotus ostreatus; Pleurotus pulmonarius; Pleurotus sapidus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893709135	Epidemiology, public health impact and control methods of the most neglected parasite diseases in Ethiopia: A review	Dawit G., Shishay K.	2014	World Journal of Medical Sciences	10	2	10.5829/idosi.wjms.2014.10.2.81231	Department of Animal Science and Eco-tourism Management, Aksum University, Shire, Ethiopia	Dawit, G., Department of Animal Science and Eco-tourism Management, Aksum University, Shire, Ethiopia; Shishay, K., Department of Animal Science and Eco-tourism Management, Aksum University, Shire, Ethiopia	Toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and hydatidosis are the most neglected, an important public health problem and of economic importance, affecting largely the poorest of the poor, mainly in developing countries. Toxoplasmosis is a problematic zoonosis, particularly in vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and immunodeficient patients. Toxoplasma gondii was first isolated in the early 1900s from an African rodent (i.e. Ctenodactylus gundi). Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, infecting humans and almost all warm-blooded animals. Toxoplasmosis is the most common disease complication, next to tuberculosis, among HIV seropositive admissions and deaths in Ethiopia. Leishmaniasis is a major vector-borne disease caused by obligate intramacrophage protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine female sand flies. Currently, leishmaniasis shows a wider geographic distribution and increased global incidence. Environmental, demographic and human behaviors contribute to the changing landscape for zoonotic cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The primary reservoir hosts of Leishmania are sylvatic mammals such as forest rodents, hyraxes and wild canids and dogs are the most important species among domesticated animals in the epidemiology. HIV/AIDS co-infection in the north-western, visceral leishmaniasis focus in Ethiopia has the highest known HIV co-infection rate in the world. Hydatidosis is a major parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and is characterized by the formation of single or multiple cysts (hydatid cysts) varying in size. Dogs are particularly important in zoonotic transmission due to their close relationships with humans. Ethiopia has been noted for a high prevalence of hydatid disease since 1970s during which it was reported that the disease occurs in all parts of the country. Likewise, studies conducted recently in abattoirs of various locations have indicated that hydatidosis is widespread in Ethiopia with great economic and public health significance. Therefore, it is highly imperative public health education to build up public awareness about the sources of infection, control and prevention method for overcoming neglected tropical diseases. © IDOSI Publications, 2014.	Ethiopia; Hydatidosis; Leishmaniasis; Neglected; Toxoplasmosis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871945216	Evaluation of compliance to radiation safety standard amongst radiographers in radiodiagnostic centres in South West, Nigeria	Adejumo S.B., Irurhe N.K., Olowoyeye O.A., Ibitoye A.Z., Eze C.U., Omiyi O.D.	2012	World Journal of Medical Sciences	7	3	10.5829/idosi.wjms.2012.7.3.6313	Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Adejumo, S.B., Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Irurhe, N.K., Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Olowoyeye, O.A., Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Ibitoye, A.Z., Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Eze, C.U., Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Omiyi, O.D., Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria	The use of ionizing radiation has become very common in medicine since its discovery more than a century ago. Radiation protection has been the concern of national and international bodies because of the potential hazardous effects associated with ionizing radiation if not properly controlled. Radiographers, who are the major dispenser of ionizing radiation, need proper monitoring for safe practice. In Nigeria, Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA) is saddled with the responsibility to regulate and monitor the use of ionizing radiation the country. International Commission on radiation Protection (ICRP), international commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) in conjunction with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had provided series of documents on radiation safety standards. One hundred radiographers from public and private radiodiagnostic centres administered questionnaires on compliance rate of safety standard as described by national and international commission on ionizing radiation. The result reveals high compliance rate in majority of radiodiagnostic centres located in south west Nigeria. Conclusively, this study showed that radiographers working in both private and public establishments in south west, Nigeria were been monitored and they strictly followed the radiation protection standard rules to be within radiation workers dose limits. © IDOSI Publications, 2012.	Compliance; Protection; Radiation; Radiographer; Safety; Standard	adult; article; clinical practice; controlled study; device safety; health personnel attitude; human; ionizing radiation; job satisfaction; Nigeria; occupational exposure; occupational hazard; occupational safety; protective equipment; radiation exposure; radiation protection; radiation safety; radiologist; work environment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859871126	Socio-economic factors that impact the occurrence of malaria in rural Nigerian households	Ajadi K.O., Olaniran H.D., Alabi F.M., Adejumobi D.O.	2012	World Journal of Medical Sciences	7	2	None	Department of Urban and Regional Planning, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria	Ajadi, K.O., Department of Urban and Regional Planning, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria; Olaniran, H.D., Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Alabi, F.M., Department of Urban and Regional Planning, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria; Adejumobi, D.O., Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria	The rural areas of Africa are reported to be the worst malaria infested areas. This study attempts a multi-regression analysis of socio-economic factors underlying incidence of malaria in rural areas taking Akinyele Local Government area in Nigeria as a case study. Three hundred and eighty seven (387) respondents are interviewed through the administration of structured questionnaire. Regression indicated a significant correlation between malaria incidence and socio-economic characteristics of respondents R = 0.211 at P < 0.05. The regression model showed that household size · =0.114 at P < 0.05, gender · =0.101 at P< 0.05 and marital status · = 0.102 at P > 0.05. The study suggested intensification of awareness campaign on reproductive health and family planning and effective rural planning are strategies to keep malaria incidence at the barest minimum. © IDOSI Publications, 2012.	Comprehensive development plan; Malaria; Multi-Linear regression; Rural areas; Socio-economic factors	adult; article; disease association; female; household; human; incidence; major clinical study; malaria; male; marriage; Nigeria; regression analysis; risk factor; rural area; sex difference; socioeconomics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875329055	Rates and impact of hepatitis on human immunodeficiency virus infection in a large African cohort	Gwamzhi Ladep N., Aladi Agaba P., Agbaji O., Muazu A., Ugoagwu P., Imade G., Cooke G., McCormack S., Taylor-Robinson S.D., Idoko J., Kanki P.	2013	World Journal of Gastroenterology	19	10	10.3748/wjg.v19.i10.1602	Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Londo	Gwamzhi Ladep, N., Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Aladi Agaba, P., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Agbaji, O., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Muazu, A., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Ugoagwu, P., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Imade, G., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Cooke, G., Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; McCormack, S., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, London NW1 2DA, United Kingdom; Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Idoko, J., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria, National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Central Business District, Abuja 905001, Nigeria; Kanki, P., Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115-5810, United States	AIM: To determine the rates and impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections on response to long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a large human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population in Nigeria. METHODS: HBV and HCV as well as HIV infections are endemic in sub Saharan Africa. This was a retrospective cohort study of 19 408 adults who were recruited between June 2004 and December 2010 in the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria in Nigeria programme at Jos University Teaching Hospital. Serological assays, including HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody were used to categorise hepatitis status of the patients. HBsAg was determined using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Monolisa HBsAg Ultra3; Bio-Rad). HCV antibody was tested using third generation EIA (DIA.PRO Diagnostic, Bioprobes srl, Milan, Italy). HIV RNA levels were measured using Roche COBAS Amplicor HIV-1 monitor test version 1.5 (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) with a detection limit of 400 copies/mL. Flow cytometry was used to determine CD4+ cell count (Partec, GmbH Munster, Germany). Comparison of categorical and continuous variables were achieved using Pearson's χ 2 and Kruskal Wallis tests respectively, on MedCalc for Windows, version 9.5.0.0 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). RESULTS: With an overall hepatitis screening rate of over 90% for each virus; HBV, HCV and HBV/HCV were detected in 3162 (17.8%), 1983 (11.3%) and 453 (2.5%) HIV infected adults respectively. The rate of liver disease was low, but highest among HIV monoinfected patients (29, 0.11%), followed by HBV coinfected patients (15, 0.08%). Patients with HBV coinfection and triple infection had higher log10 HIV RNA loads (HBV: 4.6 copies/mL vs HIV only: 4.5 copies/mL, P &lt; 0.0001) and more severe immune suppression (HBV: 645, 55.4%; HBV/HCV: 97, 56.7%) prior to initiation of HAART compared to HIV mono-infected patients (1852, 48.6%) (P &lt; 0.0001). Of 3025 patients who were 4.4 years on HAART and whose CD4 cell counts results at baseline and end of follow up were available for analyses, CD4 increase was significantly lower in those with HBV co-infection (HBV: 144 cells/ mm3; HBV/HCV: 105 cells/mm3) than in those with HCV co-infection (165 cells/mm3) and HIV mono-infection (150 cells/mm3) (P = 0.0008). CONCLUSION: High rates of HBV and HCV infections were found in this HIV cohort. CD4 recovery was significantly diminished in patients with HBV co-infection. © 2013 Baishideng. All rights reserved.	Africa; Hepatitis b; Hepatitis c; Human immunodeficiency virus; Liver disease	hepatitis B surface antigen; hepatitis C antibody; virus RNA; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; enzyme immunoassay; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; flow cytometry; follow up; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; liver disease; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; prevalence; retrospective study; screening; serology; virus load; Africa; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Human immunodeficiency virus; Liver disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Biological Markers; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Chi-Square Distribution; Coinfection; Female; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Hepatitis C, Chronic; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; RNA, Viral; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906546160	The impact of gasoline and synthesized ethanol blends on the emissions of a spark ignition engine	Kuburi L.S., Obada D.O., Samotu I.A., Jeremiah M., Kashim Z.A.	2014	World Journal of Engineering	11	4	10.1260/1708-5284.11.4.391	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Kuburi, L.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Obada, D.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Samotu, I.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Jeremiah, M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Kashim, Z.A., Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Considering pollution problems and the energy crisis today, investigations have been concentrated on lowering the concentration of toxic components in combustion products and decreasing fossil fuel consumption by using renewable alternative fuels. In this work, the effect of ethanol addition to gasoline on the exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine at various speeds was established. Ethanol was extracted from groundnut seeds using fermentation method. Gasoline was blended with 20 - 80% of the extracted ethanol in an interval of 20%. Results of the engine test indicated that using ethanol-gasoline blended fuels decreased carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions as a result of the lean- burn effects caused by the ethanol, and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission increased because of a near complete combustion. Finally, the results showed that blending ethanol in a proportion of 40% with gasoline can be used as a supplementary fuel in modern spark ignition engines as it is expected that the engine performs at its optimum in terms of air toxic pollutants reduction, by virtue of that mix.	Ethanol; Gasoline; Green house gases; Spark ignition engine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84951109964	Exergoeconomic analysis and performance assessment of selected gas turbine power plants	Oyedepo S.O., Fagbenle R.O., Adefila S.S., Alam Md.M.	2015	World Journal of Engineering	12	3	None	Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Mechanical Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Chemical Engineering Department, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Institute for Turbulence-Noise-Vibra	Oyedepo, S.O., Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Fagbenle, R.O., Mechanical Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Adefila, S.S., Chemical Engineering Department, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Alam, Md.M., Institute for Turbulence-Noise-Vibration Interaction and Control, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China	In this study, exergoeconomic analysis and performance evaluation of selected gas turbine power plants in Nigeria were carried out. The study was conducted using operating data obtained from the power plants to determine the exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, unit cost of electricity and cost of exergy destruction of the major components of a gas turbine engine in the selected power plants. The results of exergy analysis confirmed that the combustion chamber is the most exergy destructive component compared to other cycle components as expected. The total efficiency defects and overall exergetic efficiency of the selected power plants vary from 38.64 to 69.33% and 15.66 to 30.72% respectively. The exergy analysis further shows that the exergy improvement potential of the selected plants varies from 54.04 MW to 159.88 MW. The component with the highest exergy improvement potential is the combustion chamber and its value varies from 30.21 MW to 88.86 MW. The results of exergoeconomic analysis show that the combustion chamber has the greatest cost of exergy destruction compared to other components. Increasing the gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT), both the exergy destruction and the cost of exergy destruction of this component were found to decrease. The results of this study revealed that an increase in the GTIT of about 200 K can lead to a reduction of about 29% in the cost of exergy destruction. From exergy costing analysis, the unit cost of electricity produced in the selected power plants varies from cents 1.99/kWh (N3.16/kWh) to cents 5.65/kWh (N8.98/kWh).	Electricity; Exergo-economic; Exergy; Exergy cost; Gas turbine; GTIT	None	None
WoS	WOS:000272445000006	The Developmental Impact of Asian Drivers on Ethiopia with Emphasis on Small-scale Footwear Producers	Gebre-Egziabher, Tegegne	2009	WORLD ECONOMY	32	11	10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01252.x	Addis Ababa University	None	(1252) Tegegne Gebre-Egziabher This paper examines the developmental impact of China and India on Ethiopia by examining macro-level trade, investment and aid relation, and micro-level impacts on local micro and small-scale footwear producers. Both secondary and primary data were used. At macro level there are clear evidences of an increase in trade between Ethiopia on the one hand and China and India on the other, though the trade balance disfavours Ethiopia. China has displaced other countries as export destinations for Ethiopia. Similarly, the presence of China and India is also felt in the areas of investment and aid. At local level, Chinese imports of footwear have forced local enterprises to downsize their activity and lose assets and money. At the same time, however, firms have followed both the high road of competition (design and quality improvement, investment in machinery, product specialisation) and the low road of competition (lowering price and profit, reducing raw materials and inputs, and joining the informal sector) to withstand the impact of Chinese imports. The long-term effect of Chinese imports is to crowd out local efforts of using the sector as the basis for industrialisation. Government, non-government organisations and local producers should work together in order to withstand the negative impacts of footwear imports by raising the competitiveness of the local producers.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000272445000005	The Developmental Impact of Asian Drivers on Kenya with Emphasis on Textiles and Clothing Manufacturing	Kamau, Paul,McCormick, Dorothy,Pinaud, Nicolas	2009	WORLD ECONOMY	32	11	10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01251.x	University of Nairobi, OECD Dev Ctr	"Kamau, Paul: University of Nairobi","McCormick, Dorothy: University of Nairobi",	(1251) Paul Kamau with Dorothy McCormick and Nicolas Pinaud Kenya has enjoyed a relatively diversified economy (at least by SSA standards), with light manufacturing industries in particular playing a significant growing role. The rise of Asian competition (locally, regionally and on third-country markets), partly due to the erosion of trade preferences for clothing and footwear, has raised fresh policy challenges. The specific relevance of the clothing industry in the analysis of China's and India's impact on Africa is manifold: this is a low-skilled labour-intensive industry, and hence an avenue for African economies' diversification; the competition from Asian producers vis--vis the SSA clothing industry is felt at the local, regional and global level (on third-country markets): it is therefore direct and indirect; also, the Asian Drivers' impact on African clothing industries has both a trade and investment dimension while being competitive and complementary.	,AFRICA,CHINA	None	None
WoS	WOS:000298527100014	Impact of Farmer Field Schools on Agricultural Productivity and Poverty in East Africa	Davis, K.,Kato, E.,Mekonnen, D. A.,Miiro, R.,Nkonya, E.,Nkuba, J.,Odendo, M.	2012	WORLD DEVELOPMENT	41	3	10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.020	International Food Policy Research Institute, Makerere University, Maruku Agr Res Inst	"Kato, E.: International Food Policy Research Institute","Miiro, R.: Makerere University","Nkonya, E.: International Food Policy Research Institute",	The authors used a longitudinal impact evaluation with quasi-experimental methods to provide evidence on economic and production impact of a farmer field school (FFS) project in East Africa. FFSs were shown to have positive impact on production and income among women, low-literacy, and medium land size farmers. Participation in FFS increased income by 61%. Participation in FFS improved agricultural income and crop productivity overall. This implies that farmer field schools are a useful approach to increase production and income of small-scale farmers in East Africa, and that the approach can be used to target women and producers with limited literacy. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	"EAST AFRICA",EXTENSION,"farmer field schools",CAUSAL,ESTIMATORS,"INTEGRATED PEST-MANAGEMENT",PROPENSITY-SCORE,"SCORE-MATCHING METHODS"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000306771400008	Impacts of Community-driven Development Programs on Income and Asset Acquisition in Africa: The Case of Nigeria	Kato, Edward,Mogues, Tewodaj,Nkonya, Ephraim,Pender, John,Phillip, Day	2012	WORLD DEVELOPMENT	40	9	10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.04.028	International Food Policy Research Institute, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), International Food Policy Research Institute, Int Food Policy Res Inst, Nasarawa State Univ, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)	"Kato, Edward: International Food Policy Research Institute","Mogues, Tewodaj: International Food Policy Research Institute","Nkonya, Ephraim: International Food Policy Research Institute","Pender, John: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)",	This study evaluates the impacts of a community-driven development (CDD) project on household income and acquisition of productive assets in Nigeria. Using recall data, difference-in-differences, and propensity score matching approaches, the study finds that the project succeeded in targeting the poor and women farmers in its productive asset acquisition component. Participation in the project also increased the mean income of beneficiaries by about 40-60% but the impact of the project on income of the poorest beneficiaries was not statistically significant. Additionally, sustainability of this achievement is uncertain since the project did not involve rural credit services. The large cash transfer through its productive asset acquisition component is also unsustainable. Future studies should be undertaken using longer-term panel data to capture the pattern and trend of the impact of this project. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa,assets,"community-driven development","impact evaluation",INCOME,NIGERIA,POVERTY,TARGETING,CAUSAL,"ELITE CAPTURE","GINI COEFFICIENT","NEGATIVE INCOME","PROPENSITY SCORE"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000300869600003	How Can Micro and Small Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa Become More Productive? The Impacts of Experimental Basic Managerial Training	Iddrisu, Alhassan,Mano, Yukichi,Sonobe, Tetsushi,Yoshino, Yutaka	2012	WORLD DEVELOPMENT	40	3	10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.013	The World Bank, FASID, Minist Finance & Econ Planning, Natl Grad Inst Policy Studies GRIPS	"Yoshino, Yutaka: The World Bank",	The vast majority of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in developing countries are located in industrial clusters, and the majority of such clusters have yet to see their growth take off. The performance of MSE clusters is especially low in Sub-Saharan Africa. While existing studies often attribute the poor performance to factors outside firms, problems within firms are seldom scrutinized. In fact, entrepreneurs in these clusters are unfamiliar with standard business practices. Based on a randomized experiment in Ghana, this study demonstrates that basic-level management training improves business practices and performance. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa,GHANA,"INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT","management training","RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT","survival clusters",CLUSTER,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,FAILURE,FIRMS,INDUSTRIALIZATION,INDUSTRY,MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES,PERFORMANCE,VALLEY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000342246100024	Impact of Information and Communication Technology-Based Market Information Services on Smallholder Farm Input Use and Productivity: The Case of Kenya	Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng,Okello, Julius Juma,Otieno, David Jakinda	2014	WORLD DEVELOPMENT	64	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.011	University of Nairobi	"Otieno, David Jakinda: University of Nairobi",	Information asymmetry has traditionally constrained smallholder farmers' access to markets, consequently limiting their adoption of modern technologies and farm productivity. Improved smallholder farmers' access to markets via the recent Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platforms has the potential to reverse this scenario. This study uses Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique to evaluate the impact of an ICT-based market information services (MIS) project on farm input use and productivity in Kenya. It finds a positive and significant impact of the intervention on the use of seeds, fertilizers, land, and labor productivity. However, a negative impact on labor usage is found. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa,ICT,KENYA,"market access",productivity,"propensity score matching",ADOPTION,"PROPENSITY SCORE"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350058701	Kenyan Supermarkets, Emerging Middle-Class Horticultural Farmers, and Employment Impacts on the Rural Poor	Neven D., Odera M.M., Reardon T., Wang H.	2009	World Development	37	11	10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.026	DAI, MD, United States; Food and Agricultural Organization, the United Nations, Kenya; Michigan State University, United States; Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong	Neven, D., DAI, MD, United States; Odera, M.M., Food and Agricultural Organization, the United Nations, Kenya; Reardon, T., Michigan State University, United States; Wang, H., Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong	Are the rural poor excluded from supermarket channels in developing countries? We analyzed the farm-level impact of supermarket growth on Kenya's horticulture sector, which is dominated by smallholders. The analysis reveals a threshold capital vector for entrance in the supermarket channel, which hinders small, rainfed farms. Most of the growers participating as direct suppliers to that channel are a new group of medium-sized, fast-growing commercial farms managed by well-educated farmers and focused on the domestic supermarket market. Their heavy reliance on hired workers benefits small farmers via the labor market. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	farmers; horticulture; Kenya; markets; rural development; rural employment; supermarkets; supply chains	agricultural market; agricultural worker; employment; farm size; horticulture; labor market; marketing; rural development; rural economy; rural population; smallholder; threshold; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644932942	The impact of HIV/AIDS on land rights: Perspectives from Kenya	Aliber M., Walker C.	2006	World Development	34	4	10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.09.010	Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Aliber, M., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Walker, C., University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The study examined the impact of HIV/AIDS on land tenure in rural Kenya. The study found fewer examples of dispossession of widows' and orphans' land rights than had been anticipated in light of the existing literature and anecdotal accounts, and some evidence that Kenya's statutory tenure system, notwithstanding its problems, can protect vulnerable individuals from tenure loss. This is not to diminish the social and economic costs of HIV/AIDS, but to caution against focusing on HIV/AIDS as the major threat to tenure security. Where HIV/AIDS does aggravate tenure insecurity, it is due to the conjunction of population pressure, stigmatization, and gendered power relations. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; AIDS; Kenya; Land tenure	health and disease; human immunodeficiency virus; land use; medical geography; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
None	None	Wildlife Conservation in Zambia: Impacts on Rural Household Welfare	Richardson R.B., Fernandez A., Tschirley D., Tembo G.	2012	World Development	40	5	10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.019	Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; United Nations World Food Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia	Richardson, R.B., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; Fernandez, A., United Nations World Food Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tschirley, D., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; Tembo, G., University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia	We investigate the impact of wildlife conservation policies in Zambia on household welfare in game management areas (GMAs), which are buffer zones around national parks. Analysis of data from a nationwide survey of rural households shows that GMAs are positively associated with household income and crop damage from wildlife conflicts. Gains and damages were greatest among households in GMAs with greater wildlife diversity, with net gains relatively greater for wealthier households. Households in prime (well stocked) GMAs were more likely to participate in off-farm wage and self-employment compared to other rural households, but they were also more likely to suffer crop losses related to wildlife conflicts. The findings suggest that wildlife conservation and tourism development can contribute to pro-poor development, but may be sustainable only if human-wildlife conflicts are minimized or compensated. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Africa; National parks; Rural development; Wildlife conservation; Zambia	buffer zone; conservation management; household survey; national park; nature conservation; rural development; self employment; sustainability; tourism development; wage; welfare impact; wildlife management; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894436876	Impact of improved maize adoption on welfare of farm households in Malawi: A panel data analysis	Bezu S., Kassie G.T., Shiferaw B., Ricker-Gilbert J.	2014	World Development	59	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.023	Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Scarborough, Canada; International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Partnership for Economic Policy, Nairobi, Kenya; Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States	Bezu, S., Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Scarborough, Canada; Kassie, G.T., International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Shiferaw, B., Partnership for Economic Policy, Nairobi, Kenya; Ricker-Gilbert, J., Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States	This paper assesses rural households' decision to use improved maize varieties in Malawi and examines its impact on household welfare using a three-year household panel data. The distributional effect of maize technology adoption is investigated by looking at impacts across wealth and gender groups. We applied control function approach and IV regression to control for possible endogeneity of input subsidy and area under improved maize. We found that area under improved maize varieties is positively correlated with own maize consumption, income and asset holdings. We found evidence that improved maize adoption has a stronger impact on welfare of poorer households. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Africa; Food security; Improved maize; Input subsidy; Malawi; Technology adoption	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956885204	Kenyan Dairy Policy Change: Influence Pathways and Economic Impacts	Kaitibie S., Omore A., Rich K., Kristjanson P.	2010	World Development	38	10	10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.008	Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo, Norway; World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya	Kaitibie, S., Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Omore, A., International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Rich, K., Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo, Norway; Kristjanson, P., World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya	Marketing, transporting, processing, and consuming dairy products contribute significantly to the livelihoods of many poor Kenyan households. This study analyzes the impact of recent research supporting policy changes to liberalize informal milk markets. The study found that behavioral changes in dairy sector participants arising from the research evidence-supported policy and regulatory changes led to an average 9% reduction in milk-marketing margins, and a significant increase in the number of licensed small-scale milk vendors. High welfare benefits arising from the policy change, with a net present value of US$230 million, are captured by consumers, producers, and milk vendors. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Policy-oriented research	agricultural policy; commodity market; consumption behavior; dairy farming; economic impact; low income population; milk; policy reform; regulatory framework; Kenya	None
None	None	The Impact of Income and Non-Income Shocks on Child Labor: Evidence from a Panel Survey of Tanzania	Bandara A., Dehejia R., Lavie-Rouse S.	2015	World Development	67	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.019	United Nations Development Programme, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; New York University, United States; Analysis Group Inc, Boston, United States	Bandara, A., United Nations Development Programme, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Dehejia, R., New York University, United States; Lavie-Rouse, S., Analysis Group Inc, Boston, United States	This paper investigates the impact of income and non-income shocks on child labor using a model in which the household maximizes utility from consumption as well as human capital development of the child. We also investigate if access to credit and household assets act as buffers against transitory shocks. Our results indicate significant effects of agricultural shocks on the child's overall work hours and agricultural work hours, with higher effects for boys. Crop shocks also have significant adverse effects on school attendance, with girls experiencing a more-than 70% increase in the probability of quitting schooling. The results also indicate that access to a bank account has a buffering effect on the impact of shocks on child hunger. Having a bank account reduces both male child labor and household work hours of a girl child. While assets reduce working hours of girls, we do not find it having a significant effect on boys. We also do not see assets to act as a buffer against shocks. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Agricultural shocks; Buffer stocks; Child labor; Consumption smoothing	agricultural worker; banking; child labor; human capital; income; panel data; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925396731	Impacts of Large-scale Land Investments on Income, Prices, and Employment: Empirical Analyses in Ethiopia	Baumgartner P., von Braun J., Abebaw D., Müller M.	2015	World Development	72	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.02.017	University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome; Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Baumgartner, P., University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome; von Braun, J., University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abebaw, D., Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Müller, M., University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	We review the trend and types of large-scale land transaction in Ethiopia since 1992 and assess the impacts of one such investment using four scenarios: (i) a baseline scenario; (ii) the forest loss resulting from the land transfer; (iii) the operation of the investment at full scale and (iv) an alternative scenario of a smaller investment paired with a more inclusive rural development policy. Results showed that forest resources are important for the rural poor, but that losses can be offset by gains from employment generation and business opportunities. The alternative scenario indicated opportunities for better social and environmental sustainability. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Africa; Agricultural labor markets; Ethiopia; Land markets; Land rights; Rural development	agricultural labor; agricultural land; business; employment generation; forest resource; income; investment; labor market; land rights; rural development; rural policy; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68049091124	Infrastructure and Growth in South Africa: Direct and Indirect Productivity Impacts of 19 Infrastructure Measures	Fedderke J.W., Bogetić Z.	2009	World Development	37	9	10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.008	University of Cape Town and ERSA, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; World Bank, Washington, DC, United States	Fedderke, J.W., University of Cape Town and ERSA, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Bogetić, Z., World Bank, Washington, DC, United States	Empirical explorations of the growth and aggregate productivity impacts of infrastructure have been characterized by ambiguous (countervailing signs) results with little robustness. This paper, utilizing panel data for South African manufacturing over the 1970-2000 period, and a range of 19 infrastructure measures, explores the question of infrastructure endogeneity in output equations. The paper develops an instrumentation strategy generalizable to other contexts. Controlling for the possibility of endogeneity in the infrastructure measures renders the impact of infrastructure capital not only positive, but of economically meaningful magnitudes. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; growth; infrastructure; productivity; South Africa	capital; economic growth; infrastructure; manufacturing; productivity; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893077280	The Impact of Aid and Public Investment Volatility on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa	Museru M., Toerien F., Gossel S.	2014	World Development	57	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.001	University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Museru, M., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Toerien, F., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Gossel, S., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	This study investigates the effects of aid inflows and the volatility of public investment on economic growth in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period from 1992 to 2011. Three volatility variables comprising aid, government revenue, and public investment are incorporated into an aid-growth model to test for their effect on economic growth. Using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique and averaged data for five four-year sub-periods, we show that although foreign aid has a positive impact on growth once potential endogeneity has been accounted for, aid effectiveness may have been eroded by volatility in public investment. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Aid; Economic growth; Public investment; Sub-Saharan Africa; Volatility	aid flow; economic growth; international aid; investment; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904544191	The Impact of Common Property Right Forestry: Evidence from Ethiopian Villages	Gelo D., Koch S.F.	2014	World Development	64	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.020	University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa	Gelo, D., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa; Koch, S.F., University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa	We use inverse probability weighting to examine the effects of a unique two-pronged common-property forestry program in the Gimbo district of Ethiopia, which includes Joint Forestry Management and improved non-timber forest product marketing efforts. The program was found to have affected household access to agricultural land, and, thus, reduced livestock holdings, due to program strictures. Furthermore, despite those reductions, there is evidence that the program had economically significant effects on other activities. Households were able to increase their earnings from non-timber forest products, partly due to an increased labor allocation toward non-timber forest product collection. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Community forestry; Matching and Ethiopia; Treatment effects	agricultural land; common property resource; community resource management; forest management; labor supply; nontimber forest product; probability; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867141830	The Impact of Microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence	van Rooyen C., Stewart R., de Wet T.	2012	World Development	40	11	10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.012	University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark, South Africa; Institute of Education, University of London, United Kingdom	van Rooyen, C., University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark, South Africa; Stewart, R., University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark, South Africa; de Wet, T., University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark, South Africa, Institute of Education, University of London, United Kingdom	Microfinance is seen as a key development tool, and despite the current deepening crisis within the industry, it continues to grow in sub-Saharan Africa. We systematically reviewed the evidence of the impacts of micro-credit and micro-savings on poor people in sub-Saharan Africa. We considered impacts on income, savings, expenditure, and the accumulation of assets, as well as non-financial outcomes including health, nutrition, food security, education, child labor, women's empowerment, housing, job creation, and social cohesion. The available evidence shows that microfinance does harm, as well as good, to the livelihoods of the poor. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Impact; Micro-credit; Micro-savings; Microfinance; Poverty; Sub-Saharan Africa	crisis management; economic development; economic growth; low income population; microfinance; poverty; savings; socioeconomic impact; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924567176	The welfare impact of land redistribution: Evidence from a quasi-experimental initiative in Malawi	Mendola M., Simtowe F.	2015	World Development	72	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.02.010	University of Milano Bicocca, Italy; IZA, Germany; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Mendola, M., University of Milano Bicocca, Italy, IZA, Germany; Simtowe, F., International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Land reform may be an effective means of reducing poverty in many developing countries where policy efforts have recently embraced a decentralized market-based approach to land redistribution. We use household panel data combined with a quasi-experimental program to assess the impact of a joint Malawi/World Bank land program on household well-being. Double difference and matching methods are used to address identification sources of bias. Results point to average positive effects on several productive outcomes of beneficiaries, while no effects are found with respect to access to social services. There is also evidence of heterogeneous effects by gender and inheritance systems. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Community-based rural land development program; Land reform; Malawi; Program evaluation	community development; developing world; land reform; poverty alleviation; welfare impact; Malawi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920941114	Lessons from systematic evaluation of land administration systems: The case of amhara national regional state of ethiopia	Shibeshi G.B., Fuchs H., Mansberger R.	2015	World Development	68	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.006	University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Shibeshi, G.B., University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Fuchs, H., University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Mansberger, R., University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria	Lessons from the evaluation of land administration systems are important to facilitate sustainable development. The Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia has designed and is implementing a land administration system since 2003. In the study a systematic evaluation was conducted. During the evaluation process external factors, monitoring, and evaluation functions were considered. Individual landholders, land administration staff, land use committee members, professionals, and representatives of main stakeholder offices were involved in the evaluation process. The study revealed the major strengths and weaknesses of the Amhara region land administration system. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Case study; Ethiopia; Evaluation; Land administration system; Participatory; The Amhara region	administration; land management; land use planning; participatory approach; stakeholder; Amhara; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873456353	The impact of the global food crisis on self-assessed food security	Headey D.D.	2013	World Bank Economic Review	27	1	10.1093/wber/lhs033	International Food Policy Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Headey, D.D., International Food Policy Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	We provide the first large-scale survey-based evidence on the impact of the global food crisis of 2007-08 using an indicator of self-assessed food security from the Gallup World Poll. For the sampled countries as a whole, this subjective indicator of food security remained the same or even improved, seemingly owing to a combination of strong economic growth and limited food inflation in some of the most populous countries, particularly India. However, these favorable global trends mask divergent trends at the national and regional levels, with a number of countries reporting substantial deterioration in food security. The impacts of the global crisis therefore appear to be highly context specific. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. All rights reserved.	None	crisis management; economic growth; food security; trend analysis; India	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939634484	Health risk and insurance: Impact of ethiopia's community based health insurance on household economic welfare	Yilma Z., Mebratie A., Sparrow R., Dekker M., Alemu G., Bedi A.S.	2015	World Bank Economic Review	29	None	10.1093/wber/lhv009	International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands; Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Australia; African Studies Centre, Leiden University, Netherlands; Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, School of Foreign Service-Qatar, Georgetown University, Netherlands	Yilma, Z., International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands; Mebratie, A., International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands; Sparrow, R., Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Australia; Dekker, M., African Studies Centre, Leiden University, Netherlands; Alemu, G., Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Bedi, A.S., International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, School of Foreign Service-Qatar, Georgetown University, Netherlands	In 2011, in an attempt to increase access to health care and reduce household vulnerability to out-of-pocket health expenditure, the Government of Ethiopia launched a Community- Based Health Insurance Scheme (CBHI). This paper uses three rounds of household survey data, collected before and after the introduction of the CBHI pilot, to assess the impact of the scheme on household consumption, income, indebtedness, and livestock holdings.We find that enrollment leads to a 5 percentage point-or 13%-decline in the probability of borrowing and is associated with an increase in household income. There is no evidence that enrolling in the scheme affects consumption or livestock holdings. Our results show that the scheme reduces reliance on potentially harmful coping responses such as borrowing. This paper adds to the relatively small body of work that rigorously evaluates the impact of CBHI schemes on economic welfare. © The Author 2015.	None	health care; health insurance; health risk; household income; welfare economics; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939629823	Causal interaction and external validity: Obstacles to the policy relevance of randomized evaluations	Muller S.M.	2015	World Bank Economic Review	29	None	10.1093/wber/lhv027	Parliamentary Budget Office, Cape Town, South Africa; Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, South Africa	Muller, S.M., Parliamentary Budget Office, Cape Town, South Africa, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, South Africa	The ability to generalize effects estimated from randomized experiments is critical for their relevance to policy. Framing that problem in terms of causal interaction reveals the extent to which the literature to date has failed to adequately address external validity. An analogy with matching estimators illustrates the current inconsistency in approaches to estimating causal relationships and generalizing these estimates to other populations and contexts. Contrary to some claims, atheoretic replication is not a plausible solution. Better knowledge of, and more information on, interacting factors is required for credible, formal extrapolation. In the absence of that, modesty is recommended. © The Author 2015.	None	econometrics; economic policy; numerical model; policy making	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875014784	Impact of effluent of an industrial estate on Oruku River in Southwestern Nigeria	Etim E.U., Onianwa P.C.	2013	World Applied Sciences Journal	21	7	10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.7.1925	Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Etim, E.U., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Onianwa, P.C., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	The impact of industrial effluent on the Oruku River in southwestern region of Nigeria was investigated. Surface water, sediment, ground water and industrial effluent samples were obtained bimonthly for 18 months (March 2005 to September 2006). Effluent characteristics varied widely with averages of DO (4.25±1.3 mg/L), BOD (27.5±43 mg/L), Pb (0.41±0.26 mg/L), Cr (0.26±0.48 mg/L) and Ni (0.19±0.14 mg/L). Average metal concentrations of surface water at effluent discharge point were: Pb (0.065±0.065 mg/L), Cd (0.012±0.023 mg/L), Cr (0.11±0.23mg/L) and Ni (0.114±0.075mg/L). Values decreased to Pb (0.018±0.035 mg/L), Cd (0.004±0.003 mg/L), Cr (0.036±0.081mg/L) and Ni (0.025±0.023mg/L) few kilometres downstream. Contaminant levels were strongly correlated (r = 0.997) between surface water and bottom sediments. Ground water quality was within the permissible limits of the FMENV and WHO. The industrial effluent and surface water were evidently polluted with heavy metals and trace organics. Surface water contamination was related to the discharge of untreated industrial effluent. These could be of health and environmental hazard to settlements along its banks. There is need for regular monitoring of effluent, surface water and ground water quality to comply with regulatory standards. © IDOSI Publications, 2013.	Groundwater; Heavy metals; Industrial effluent; Sediment; Surface water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891313777	Evaluation of agronomic performance and lycopene variation in tomato (lycopersicon esculantum mill.) genotypes in Mizan, Southwestern Ethiopia	Dufera J.T.	2013	World Applied Sciences Journal	27	11	10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.27.11.783	Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mizan-Tepi University, P.O. Box 260, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia	Dufera, J.T., Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mizan-Tepi University, P.O. Box 260, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia	Twenty one tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum Mill.) germplasms were evaluated for agronomic performances, lycopene variability and some quality parameters to identify the genotypes having high yielding and better quality performances. The study was conducted under Mizan agro-ecology (Southwestern Ethiopia) on Mizan-Tepi University trial field during September 2011 to May 2012 using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the genotypes (P<0.0001) for all characters evaluated. The genotypes Roma VF, Cochoro/Pace setter), Pirson, Melkashola/Red pear and Fetan/Picador showed over all superior yield and quality performances to the other genotypes, thus they could be recommended as promising varieties for production in the area. Higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficients variation values were recorded by the characters fruit clusters per plant, nodes on main stem, fruits per plant, yield per plant and lycopene content, indicating the presence of variability among the genotypes and the scope to improve these characters through selection. In general, the result indicates the presence of enough variability among the genotypes to select parents with desirable performances and combine with varieties having better lycopene contents for further genetic improvement. © IDOSI Publications, 2013.	Genotypic variability; Lycopene; Phenotypic variability; Tomato; Yield	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891783179	Does total quality management affect the performance of small and medium enterprises? A case of manufacturing smes in Ghana	Agbola R.M.	2013	World Applied Sciences Journal	28	13	10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.28.efmo.27001	Department of Management Studies, Central University College, P.O. Box: 2305, Tema, Ghana	Agbola, R.M., Department of Management Studies, Central University College, P.O. Box: 2305, Tema, Ghana	The paper examines the relationship between total quality management (TQM) practices of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the performance and profitability of these businesses in Ghana. With the use of a mixed research method consisting of descriptive and inferential statistics the researchers found that differences exist between SMEs in relation to managerial education level, TQM awareness, managerial commitment to TQM principles of continuous improvement, use of new technology, putting the customer first, effective supervision and enforcement of quality practices. The study also shows a statistically significant association between the implementation of TQM and the SMEs' financial and organisational performance. The implication of the findings is that the government of Ghana should pursue policies aimed at encouraging training and improving the managerial skills of SME owner/managers as well as creating the enabling environment for the development of improved modern technologies to transform the business processes of these vital industries. The Ghana Standards Board must also sit up and enforce quality regimes to ensure goods and services produced meet international standards. © IDOSI Publications, 2013.	Ghana; Growth; Performance; Profitability; Small medium enterprises	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897033364	The impact of heavy metals on haematological parameters and enzymatic activies in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Pythonichthys macrurus	Ayoola S.O., Dansu F.M.	2014	World Applied Sciences Journal	31	5	10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.05.1615	Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria	Ayoola, S.O., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria; Dansu, F.M., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria	Human activities have led to the accumulation of toxic metals in the aquatic environment. Heavy metals are serious pollutant in the aquatic environment because of their environmental persistence and ability to be accumulated and cause deleterious impact on aquatic organism. This study was carried out to investigated the levels of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) in two fish species: Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus and Pythonichthys macrurus obtained from Makoko area of the Lagos lagoon between the months of July-September, 2012 and also to determined the effects of these metals on haematological parameters and enzymes activity of the fish species. The mean concentration of heavy metals in mg/l obtained for C. nigrodigitatus were Cd (ND), Cr (0.010±0.001), Cu (0.036±0.022), Fe (0.580±0.137), Pb (0.001±0.001), Zn (0.218±0.346) and P. macrurus; Cd (0.001±0.002), Cr (0.005±0.005), Cu (0.046±0.066), Fe (0.359±0.270), Pb (ND), Zn (0.228±0.376) were below the standards of WHO/FAO/FEPA permissible limit. The mean level of the enzymes recorded in (IU/L) for C. nigrodigitatus were Aspartate aminotransferase AST (71.95 ± 26.76), Alanine Aminotransaminase ALT (22.367±12.83), Alkaline phosphatase ALP (164.61 ± 26.65) and for P. macrurus were AST (115.82±41.04), ALT (37.79± 25.16) and ALP (59.80±21.99) respectively. Statistical significance difference (P &lt;0.05) occurred in serum ALP between the two fish species. There was no statistically significant difference (P&gt;0.05) recorded in all haematological parameters, the values revealed a high Haemoglobin and PCV concentration for both fishes. Results for C. nigrodigitatus were Hb (12.34 ± 2.15g/dl), PCV (37.00±6.45%), RBC (3.57± 0.92106 mm-3), WBC (136.20±59.06104mm-3), MCV (108.06±28.46FL), MCH (35.99 ±9.45Pg), MCHC (33.32 ± 0.03g/l), Neutrophils (35.33±8.76%), Lymphocytes (64.67±8.76 %) and P.macrurus values were Hb (13.84 ±2.65g/dl), PCV (41.50± 7.94%) RBC (4.18±1.04 106mm-3), WBC (115.87 ± 28.04 104mm-3), MCV (101.37± 16.92FL), MCH (33.86±5.62Pg), MCHC (38.87±13.59 g/l), Neutrophils (39.00± 13.87%) and Lymphocytes 60.67±13.60 (%). Deductions from this study revealed an alteration in the haematological parameters and enzymes activity of C. nigrodigitatus and P.macrurus. The result indicated that the concentrations of these heavy metals fall within their respective acceptable permissible limits recommended by the WHO/FAO/FEPA. Hence the consumption of these fish species may not pose any threat to human health. However periodic monitoring of these metals in the fish and water is highly essential to public health due to bioaccumulation. © IDOSI Publications, 2014.	Enzymatic activies; Fish; Haematological parameters; Heavy metals	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864958013	The effect of particle sizes on the performance of filler: A case study of rice husk and wood flour	Omofuma F.E., Adeniye S.A., Adeleke A.E.	2011	World Applied Sciences Journal	14	9	None	Department of Petroleum Engineering, General Abdulsalmi A. Abubakar, College of Engineering, Igbinedion University Okada, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Nigeria	Omofuma, F.E., Department of Petroleum Engineering, General Abdulsalmi A. Abubakar, College of Engineering, Igbinedion University Okada, Nigeria; Adeniye, S.A., Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Nigeria; Adeleke, A.E., Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Nigeria	The essence of this research paper is to gauge the effect of particle size and particle size distribution of filler on rubber compounds. It also involves the comparison of the level of reinforcement and gauge the possibility of utilizing the low cost locally sourced filler [(rice husk and wood flour) with a commercial filler calcium carbonate (CaCO 3)] as an alternative material in rubber compounding. Thus, the use of rice husk and wood flour as filler will in no doubt promote self employment among the teaming unemployed youths thereby reducing poverty and creating wealth for the people. Test like moisture content, pH, ash content, hardness resistance, abrasion resistance, compression set and flex fatigue were subsequently carried out on the vulcanizate. These properties were compared with that of CaCO 3 filled vulcanizate. The result reveals that at 212um, rice husk has hardness resistance of 50 (IRHD) and flex resistance 8690rpm and wood flour has better hardness resistance of 57 (IRHD), flex fatigue resistance of 10955rpm (yet to fail) and abrasion resistance of 21.0122%. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.	Compounding; Curing; Filler; Rice husk; Vulcanizate; Wood flour	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896440668	Evaluation of potential yield and chemical composition of selected indigenous multi-purpose fodder trees in three districts of Wolayta zone, Southern Ethiopia	Geta T., Nigatu L., Animut G.	2014	World Applied Sciences Journal	31	3	10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.03.2023	Jigjiga University, P.O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Geta, T., Jigjiga University, P.O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Nigatu, L., Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Animut, G., Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa and the major limiting factor among others for livestock production is nutrition both in terms of quantity and quality. To curb the problem of feed availability, use of indigenous multipurpose fodder trees would be regarded as good option. In this study, we evaluated the potential yield and chemical composition of selected indigenous multi-purpose fodder trees in three districts of Wolayta zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 28 indigenous MPFT species were identified. The five MPFT species from identified indigenous fodder were important and taken in this study for biomass estimation and laboratory analysis were Erythrina brucei, Vernonia amygalina, Ehertia cymosa, Cordia africana and Dovylas abyssinica. Potential yield of the selected MPFTs ranges from 25 kg for Dovylas abssinica in Humbo district to 959 kg for Erythrina brucei in Sodo Zuria district and vary significantly (P < 0.05) among the selected MPFTs and among the districts. The five selected indigenous MPFT species had chemical composition of 11-21% Crude protein, 8-14% ash, 38-56% Neutral detergent fiber, 33-51% Acid detergent fiber and 9-17% lignin, indicating their wide variability among species (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that the indigenous MPFT species can be considered to be a potential source of CP to supplement poor quality roughages to fill the gap especially in dry season. © IDOSI Publications, 2014.	Chemical Composition; Feeding system; Indigenous; Multipurpose Fodder trees; Potential yield	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897035415	Evaluation of In-vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of selected medicinal plants in Mekelle, Ethiopia	Balcha E., Mengiste B., Gebrelibanos M., Worku A., Ameni G.	2014	World Applied Sciences Journal	31	6	10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.06.517	Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box: 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176, Ethiopia	Balcha, E., Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box: 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mengiste, B., Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box: 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Gebrelibanos, M., Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Worku, A., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176, Ethiopia; Ameni, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176, Ethiopia	In the present study six medicinal plants: Allium ursinum (bulb), Anethum graveolens (areal part), Buddleja polystachia (leaf), Croton macrostachys (leaf), Dodonaea anguistifolia (leaf) and Pterolobium stellatum (leaf), which are traditionally used to treat TB and related symptoms in Northern part of Ethiopia, were selected for the study. Crude extracts were prepared from the selected species by maceration using 80% ethanol. Various concentrations (250 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml and 1000 mg/ml) of the extracts were then screened for anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain using Micro plate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Various concentrations (1, 3, 6, 12.5, 25, 50, 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/ml) of the extracts from the plant species that showed anti-mycobacterial activity were used to determine their respective Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). Only three plants (A. ursinum, D. anguistifolia and P. stellatum) of the screened medicinal plants showed anti-mycobacterial activity. The MIC of A. ursinum and P. Stellatum extract was 250 mg/ml; while that of D. anguistifolia was 12.5 mg/ml. It can be concluded that the present study provided a scientific support for the traditional use of Allium ursinum, Dodonaea anguistifolia and Pterolobium stellatum for treatment of tuberculosis. © IDOSI Publications, 2014.	Anti-mycobacterial; Medicinal Plants; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; Tuberculosis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864947140	Comparative performance of irrigated and rainfed agriculture in Ethiopia	Tilahun H., Teklu E., Michael M., Fitsum H., Awulachew S.B.	2011	World Applied Sciences Journal	14	2	None	Melkasa Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box: 436, Nazareth, Ethiopia; International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Freie University of Berlin, Malteserstr, 74-100, Haus H, Raum H-152, 12249, Berlin, Germany	Tilahun, H., Melkasa Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box: 436, Nazareth, Ethiopia; Teklu, E., International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Michael, M., Freie University of Berlin, Malteserstr, 74-100, Haus H, Raum H-152, 12249, Berlin, Germany; Fitsum, H., International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Awulachew, S.B., International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	With its an estimated human population of 85 million which increases annually at about 2.7 per cent, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) only after Nigeria. Agriculture contributes about 45% and 85% to the GDP and the export earnings, respectively. However, agriculture largely depends on the highly variable rainfall. Accentuated with the rampant land degradation, the seasonal and annual variation in rainfall severely impedes agricultural productivity. In the face of soaring global food prices, importing agricultural products is becoming more challenging. This entails a substantial increase in water and land productivity through investment in both rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Irrigation projects often require huge financial and capital investment. As a result, rain fed agriculture may continue to play a major role in the near future, especially in areas with sufficient rainfall. Therefore, prioritization and resources allocation to the rainfed and irrigated agriculture should ensure the efficient use of the limited resources. This study compared the efficiency of the small-scale irrigation (SSI) and the large-scale irrigated agricultural schemes in different river basins against the rain fed system. The study indicated that irrigated agriculture is more efficient both in terms of water use and economics regardless of the typology or the basins considered. The large-scale schemes are more efficient than the small-scale ones. This may be attributed to the use of other complementary crop management technologies such as fertilizers and the use of improved crop varieties. Although rainfed agriculture remains important for a long period to come, gradual transformation to irrigation particularly to large-scale schemes may lead to efficient use of resources for economic development. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.	Large-scale irrigation; River basins; Small-scale irrigation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876928084	Evaluation of chemical, botanical and cultural managements of termites control	Tasisa J., Gobena T.	2013	World Applied Sciences Journal	22	4	10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.22.04.1220	Mizan-Tepi University, P.O. Box 260, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; West Wollega Zone Agricultural Office, Ghimbi, Ethiopia	Tasisa, J., Mizan-Tepi University, P.O. Box 260, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; Gobena, T., West Wollega Zone Agricultural Office, Ghimbi, Ethiopia	The study was conducted at Bojdi Dirmaji District, Wollega Zone (Western Ethiopia) using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Eight different treatments of chemical, botanical and cultural control methods independently and in combinations were evaluated to identify the most effective method which is environmentally sustainable and economically feasible in controlling the termite problems. The data were collected over 12 weeks and analysis of variance showed significant difference among the treatments for all parameters. Maesa lanceolata 100 gm alone showed lower percent damage between 2-8 weeks (33.3%), later on after 9-12 weeks it become non significant and the destructed mound was recovered. Mound treated with Diazinon 60% EC at the rate of 25 ml and 20 ml alone and Diazinon 60% EC combination with queen removal at rate of 15 ml and 10 ml showed significant control overall the treatment. From the results of the study the lower rate of Diazinon 60% EC (10 ml per mound) and queen removal could be better option to manage the termite problem and could be more sustainable and integrated manner in the study area. © IDOSI Publications, 2013.	Botanical; Isopteran; Maesa lanceolata; Social insects; Termites	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751639457	The impact of HIV/AIDS on micro-enterprise development in kenya: A study of obunga slum in Kisumu	Oloo C.A., Ojwang C.	2010	World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology	67	None	None	Department of Business and Economics, Maseno University, Kenya; Maseno University, Department of Business and Economics, Maseno, Kenya	Oloo, C.A., Department of Business and Economics, Maseno University, Kenya; Ojwang, C., Maseno University, Department of Business and Economics, Maseno, Kenya	The performances of small and medium enterprises have stagnated in the last two decades. This has mainly been due to the emergence of HIV / Aids. The disease has had a detrimental effect on the general economy of the country leading to morbidity and mortality of the Kenyan workforce in their primary age. The present study sought to establish the economic impact of HIV / Aids on the micro-enterprise development in Obunga slum-Kisumu, in terms of production loss, increasing labor related cost and to establish possible strategies to address the impact of HIV / Aids on micro-enterprises. The study was necessitated by the observation that most micro-enterprises in the slum are facing severe economic and social crisis due to the impact of HIV / Aids, they get depleted and close down within a short time due to death of skilled and experience workforce. The study was carried out between June 2008 and June 2009 in Obunga slum. Data was subjected to computer aided statistical analysis that included descriptive statistic, chi-squared and ANOVA techniques. Chi-squared analysis on the micro-enterprise owners opinion on the impact of HIV / Aids on depletion of micro-enterprise compared to other diseases indicated high levels of the negative effects of the disease at significance levels of P<0.01. Analysis of variance on the impact of HIV / Aids on the performance and productivity of micro-enterprises also indicated a negative effect on the general performance of micro-enterprise at significance levels of P<0.01. Therefore reducing the negative impacts of HIV/Aids on micro-enterprise development, there is need to improve the socio-economic environment, mobilize donors and stake holders in training and funding, and review the current strategies for addressing the disease. Further conclusive research should also be conducted on a bigger scale.	Entrepreneurship; HIV-AIDS; Micro-enterprise; Poverty	Chi-Squared; Computer-aided statistical analysis; Descriptive statistics; Detrimental effects; Economic impacts; Enterprise development; Entrepreneurship; General economy; HIV-AIDS; Micro-enterprise; Micro-enterprises; Negative impacts; Poverty; Production loss; Small and medium enterprise; Socio-economic environments; Stake holders; Computer aided analysis; Diseases; Economic analysis; Housing; Planning; Regression analysis; Industry	None
None	None	Improving the shunt active power filter performance using synchronous reference frame PI based controller with anti-windup scheme	Msigwa C.J., Kundy B.J., Mwinyiwiwa B.M.M.	2009	World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology	57	None	None	Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Msigwa, C.J., Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kundy, B.J., Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwinyiwiwa, B.M.M., Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	In this paper the reference current for Voltage Source Converter (VSC) of the Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) is generated using Synchronous Reference Frame method, incorporating the PI controller with anti-windup scheme. The proposed method improves the harmonic filtering by compensating the winding up phenomenon caused by the integral term of the PI controller. Using Reference Frame Transformation, the current is transformed from a - b - c stationery frame to rotating 0 - d - q frame. Using the PI controller, the current in the 0 - d - q frame is controlled to get the desired reference signal. A controller with integral action combined with an actuator that becomes saturated can give some undesirable effects. If the control error is so large that the integrator saturates the actuator, the feedback path becomes ineffective because the actuator will remain saturated even if the process output changes. The integrator being an unstable system may then integrate to a very large value, the phenomenon known as integrator windup. Implementing the integrator anti-windup circuit turns off the integrator action when the actuator saturates, hence improving the performance of the SAPF and dynamically compensating harmonics in the power network. In this paper the system performance is examined with Shunt Active Power Filter simulation model.	Phase locked loop (PLL); PI; Pulse width modulation (PWM); Shunt active power filter (SAPF); Voltage source converter (VSC)	Anti-windup; Anti-windup schemes; Control errors; Feedback paths; Harmonic filtering; Integral action; Integral terms; Integrator windup; PI Controller; Power networks; Process output; Reference currents; Reference frame; Reference signals; Shunt active power filters; Simulation model; Synchronous reference frame; To a very large; Undesirable effects; Unstable system; Voltage source converters; Active filters; Actuators; Controllers; Counting circuits; Phase locked loops; Pulse modulation; Pulse width modulation; Computer simulation; Polyimides; Power converters; Power converters; Actuators	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871165053	Performance of block codes using the eigenstructure of the code correlation matrix and soft-decision decoding of BPSK	Oduol V.K., Ardil C.	2009	World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology	33	None	None	Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; National Academy of Aviation, Baku, Azerbaijan	Oduol, V.K., Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ardil, C., National Academy of Aviation, Baku, Azerbaijan	A method is presented for obtaining the error probability for block codes. The method is based on the eigenvalueeigenvector properties of the code correlation matrix. It is found that under a unary transformation and for an additive white Gaussian noise environment, the performance evaluation of a block code becomes a one-dimensional problem in which only one eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector are needed in the computation. The obtained error rate results show remarkable agreement between simulations and analysis.	Bit error rate; Block codes; Code correlation matrix; Eigenstructure; Soft-decision decoding; Weight vector	Additive White Gaussian noise; Correlation matrix; Eigen-structure; Eigen-value; Error probabilities; Error rate; One-dimensional problem; Performance evaluation; Soft decision decoding; Weight vector; Bit error rate; Block codes; Decoding; Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960756375	Performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl ester of shea butter	Enweremadu C.C., Rutto H.L., Peleowo N.	2011	World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology	79	None	None	Mechanical Engineering Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	Enweremadu, C.C., Mechanical Engineering Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; Rutto, H.L., Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; Peleowo, N., Mechanical Engineering Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines has been developed for some three decades now. While it is gaining wide acceptance in Europe, USA and some parts of Asia, the same cannot be said of Africa. With more than 35 countries in the continent depending on imported crude oil, it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from resources available locally within any country. Hence this study presents performance of single cylinder diesel engine using blends of shea butter biodiesel. Shea butter was transformed into biodiesel by transesterification process. Tests are conducted to compare the biodiesel with baseline diesel fuel in terms of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics. The results obtained showed that the addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel decreases the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and increases the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). These results are expected due to the lower energy content of biodiesel fuel. On the other hand while the NO x emissions increased with increase in biodiesel content in the fuel blends, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and smoke opacity decreased. The engine performance which indicates that the biodiesel has properties and characteristics similar to diesel fuel and the reductions in exhaust emissions make shea butter biodiesel a viable additive or substitute to diesel fuel.	Biodiesel; Diesel engine; Engine performance and emission; Shea butter; Transesterification	Bio-diesel fuel; Brake specific fuel consumption; Brake thermal efficiency; Engine performance; Exhaust emission; Fuel blends; Lower energies; Methyl esters; Performance evaluation; Shea butter; Single-cylinder diesel engine; Smoke opacity; Alternative fuels; Biodiesel; Brakes; Carbon monoxide; Crude oil; Diesel fuels; Engine cylinders; Engines; Fuel consumption; Hydrocarbons; Machine design; Synthetic fuels; Transesterification; Diesel engines	None
None	None	Performance analysis of MC-SS for the indoor BPLC systems	Anatory J.	2011	World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology	51	None	None	School of Virtual education, College of Informatics and Virtual Education, University of Dodoma, Tanzania	Anatory, J., School of Virtual education, College of Informatics and Virtual Education, University of Dodoma, Tanzania	power-line networks are promise infrastructure for broadband services provision to end users. However, the network performance is affected by stochastic channel changing which is due to load impedances, number of branches and branched line lengths. It has been proposed that multi-carrier modulations techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum (MC-SS), wavelet OFDM can be used in such environment. This paper investigates the performance of different indoor topologies of power-line networks that uses MC-SS modulation scheme.It is observed that when a branch is added in the link between sending and receiving end of an indoor channel an average of 2.5dB power loss is found. In additional, when the branch is added at a node an average of 1dB power loss is found. Additionally when the terminal impedances of the branch change from line characteristic impedance to impedance either higher or lower values the channel performances were tremendously improved. For example changing terminal load from characteristic impedance (85 Ω) to 5 Ω the signal to noise ratio (SNR) required to attain the same performances were decreased from 37dB to 24dB respectively. Also, changing the terminal load from channel characteristic impedance (85 Ω) to very higher impedance (1600 Ω) the SNR required to maintain the same performances were decreased from 37dB to 23dB. The result concludes that MC-SS performs better compared with OFDM techniques in all aspects and especially when the channel is terminated in either higher or lower impedances.	Branched network; Broadband power-line communication; Communication channel model; Delay spread; Impulsive noise; Load impedance; MC-SS; OFDM	Branched network; Delay spread; Load impedance; MC-SS; Power line communications (PLC); Impulse noise; Modulation; Network performance; Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing; Signal to noise ratio	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948765529	Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal discomfort and its impact on activity: A survey of beverage factory workers in Eastern Nigeria	Abaraogu U.O., Okafor U.A.C., Ezeukwu A.O., Igwe S.E.	2015	Work	52	3	10.3233/WOR-152100	Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos,	Abaraogu, U.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Okafor, U.A.C., Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ezeukwu, A.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Igwe, S.E., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Bottling workers maintain awkward postures while performing machine paced repetitive motions in many of their job tasks and therefore are predisposed to work related musculoskeletal discomfort (WMSD). There is a paucity of literature on prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal discomfort among this occupational group. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted among Eastern Nigerian beverage factory workers to investigate prevalence of WMSD as a first step towards risk factors investigation and ergonomic future intervention. METHOD: A total of 301 workers (8 workstations) completed a modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire in this cross sectional survey. RESULTS: Twelve month prevalence of WMSD was 91.4% and 65.1% had been prevented from doing activity at home or workplace by WMSD in the past 12 months. Shoulder, neck and upper back in that order were the most common complaints. Prevalence of WMSD in body regions were associated with age but not with gender except for neck, upper back, shoulder, and ankle/foot complaints. CONCLUSION: WMSDs are very high among beverage bottling workers. Investigation into the prevailing risk factors especially the work posture and work organization/work psychosocial factors for possible risk exposure in these workers is essential for ergonomic intervention towards work injury prevention. © 2015 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.	activity limitation; beverage bottling; Bottling tasks; mechanical pain	accident prevention; ankle; beverage; body posture; controlled study; exposure; female; foot; gender; human; human experiment; male; neck; prevalence; questionnaire; risk factor; shoulder; worker; workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447262129	Functional capacity evaluation: An essential component of South African occupational therapy work practice services	Buys T., van Biljon H.	2007	Work	29	1	None	Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Care Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Private Practitioner in Vocational Rehabilitation, Johannesburg, South Africa	Buys, T., Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Care Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; van Biljon, H., Private Practitioner in Vocational Rehabilitation, Johannesburg, South Africa	South African occupational therapists have been involved in the delivery of work practice services since the inception of the profession in this country. Initial development in this area of practice appeared slow but following the acceptance of South Africa's first democratic Constitution in 1996, many opportunities for service delivery were facilitated by the implementation of disability equity legislation. One of the key services offered by practitioners is Functional Capacity Evaluation (FCE). Although the outcomes of FCE are many, the process in essentially the same. This entails: referral, the initial interview, evaluation of performance components and ADL, vocational evaluation, obtaining collateral and the closure interview, the work visit, hypothesis testing and reporting. This article reports on the Functional Capacity Evaluation process as followed by South African occupational therapists in various contexts. © 2007 IOS Press. All rights reserved.	Employment equity legislation; People with disabilities; Work practice services	article; clinical practice; daily life activity; functional status; health care delivery; health service; human; interview; job performance; law; occupational therapist; occupational therapy; physical disability; South Africa; vocational rehabilitation; Humans; Occupational Therapy; South Africa; Work Capacity Evaluation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956107800	Impact of ceiling restriction and lifting barriers on selected physiological and perceptual responses	Christie C.J., Wolfe A.	2011	Work	38	3	10.3233/WOR-2011-1126	Ergonomics Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Christie, C.J., Ergonomics Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Wolfe, A., Ergonomics Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Objective: To compare physiological and perceptual responses while lifting with different combinations of ceiling restriction and horizontal reach. Methods: Four lifting conditions with different combinations of ceiling height ('normal' (N) or reduced (R) to 1460 mm) and reach demands (400 mm (N) and 800 mm (F)) were tested. Participants: Thirty two physically active male participants were recruited. Results: Heart rate and oxygen uptake were significantly lower in the URN condition compared to all other conditions. The RF condition was significantly more taxing than all the other conditions. EE was significantly lower between the URN condition and the RN and URF conditions. Central RPE was significantly higher in the RF condition compared to the URN condition. Local RPE was significantly lower comparing the URN and RF conditions. The effect of reach was perceived to have a significant effect on both cardiovascular and musculoskeletal demands whereas ceiling height only had a significant effect on musculoskeletal demands. The greatest discomfort was experienced in the lower back with the most intense discomfort occurring in the RN condition. Conclusions: The RF condition placed the most strain on the participants and the URN, the least strain. The other two conditions were comparable and placed moderate strain on the participants. © 2011 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.	Manual materials handling; reach; restriction	adult; article; biomechanics; exercise; heart rate; human; male; oxygen consumption; perception; physiology; Adult; Heart Rate; Humans; Lifting; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Perception; Physical Exertion; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946220074	Impact of gender participation in non-farming activities on household income and poverty levels in Pakistan	Ali A., Erenstein O., Rahut D.B.	2015	Work	52	2	10.3233/WOR-152103	International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ali, A., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan; Erenstein, O., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Rahut, D.B., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	BACKGROUND: In the rural areas of Pakistan, the majority of farm households have small landholdings of less than 2 hectares. Both male and females are engaged in farming and non-farming activities. However, in Pakistan the gender-wise participation in farming activities is not much documented. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the current study is to estimate the impact of male and female participation in non-farming activities on a household's income level and poverty status in Pakistan. METHODS: The current study is based on a cross-sectional data set collected from 325 households through a purposive random sampling technique. A detailed comprehensive questionnaire was prepared for data collection. The data were analyzed by employing the propensity score matching approach. RESULTS: The empirical results indicate that both male and female participation in non-farming activities has a positive impact on household welfare in Pakistan by raising income levels and thus contributing to poverty reduction. However, the impact is greater when the males of a household take part in these activities rather than the females. CONCLUSIONS: In the past only a few studies have focused on gender-based participation in non-farming activities. The non-farming sector is an important one in rural areas, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. More opportunities need to be created for both men and women in rural areas of Pakistan to find off-farm work, in order to increase household income and reduce poverty levels.	Non-farming opportunities; propensity score matching; rural areas	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929955236	Performance of bonded boards using lignin-based resins	Oluwasina O.O., Lajide L., Owolabi B.J.	2015	Wood Material Science and Engineering	10	2	10.1080/17480272.2014.923044	Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Oluwasina, O.O., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Lajide, L., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Owolabi, B.J., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Abstract: Lignin was extracted from some underutilized plant materials using soda–anthraquinone and soda–anthraquinone–ethanol pulping chemicals. Soda–anthraquinone–ethanol gave higher lignin yield, ranging from 44.47% to 50.41% versus 39.40% to 47.92% of soda-anthraquinone. The isolated lignin was used as a partial substitution for phenol in preparation of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde. The free formaldehyde of the resins ranges from 0.25% to 0.67% versus 1.23% of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin used as control. The bonding effectiveness of the resin was evaluated when used as glue for board preparation. The density of the board ranges from 333.54 Kg/m3 to 363.84 Kg/m3. The result revealed that Musa sapientum-, Musa parasidiaca- and Tithonia diversifolia- soda–anthraquinone-derived resins, and soda-anthraquinone–ethanol-derived resin of M. parasidiaca and T. diversifolia had boards with better modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than the board obtained using PF resin. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	Board; characterization; lignin; plants; pulping; resin	Aromatic compounds; Characterization; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Ketones; Lignin; Phenols; Board; Bonding effectiveness; Free formaldehydes; Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde; Partial substitution; Phenol formaldehyde; plants; pulping; Resins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053485518	The impact of structured support groups for pregnant South African women recently diagnosed HIV positive	Mundell J.P., Visser M.J., Makin J.D., Kershaw T.S., Forsyth B.W.C., Jeffery B., Sikkema K.J.	2011	Women and Health	51	6	10.1080/03630242.2011.606356	MRC Unit for Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 376, Irene, Pretoria, 0062, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States	Mundell, J.P., MRC Unit for Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 376, Irene, Pretoria, 0062, South Africa; Visser, M.J., Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Makin, J.D., MRC Unit for Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 376, Irene, Pretoria, 0062, South Africa; Kershaw, T.S., School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Forsyth, B.W.C., Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Jeffery, B., MRC Unit for Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 376, Irene, Pretoria, 0062, South Africa; Sikkema, K.J., Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States	The authors of this study evaluated a structured 10-session psy-chosocial support group intervention for newly HIV-diagnosed pregnant South African women. Participants were expected to display increases in HIV disclosure, self-esteem, active coping and positive social support, and decreases in depression, avoidant coping, and negative social support. Three hundred sixty-one pregnant HIV-infected women were recruited from four antenatal clinics in Tshwane townships from April 2005 to September 2006. Using a quasi-experimental design, assessments were conducted at baseline and two and eight months post-intervention. A series of random effects regression analyses were conducted, with the three assessment points treated as a random effect of time. At both follow-ups, the rate of disclosure in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the comparison group (p < 0.001). Compared to the comparison group at the first follow-up, the intervention group displayed higher levels of active coping (t = 2.68, p < 0.05) and lower levels of avoidant coping (t = -2.02, p < 0.05), and those who attended at least half of the intervention sessions exhibited improved self-esteem (t = 2.11, p < 0.05). Group interventions tailored for newly HIV positive pregnant women, implemented in resource-limited settings, may accelerate the process of adjusting to one's HIV status, but may not have sustainable benefits over time. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	HIV/AIDS; Mental health; Pregnancy; Psychosocial; Social support	adaptive behavior; adult; article; avoidance behavior; case control study; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; follow up; health care planning; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; poverty; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; psychological aspect; regression analysis; self concept; self disclosure; self help; social support; South Africa; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Avoidance Learning; Case-Control Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Resources; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Poverty; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Regression Analysis; Self Concept; Self Disclosure; Self-Help Groups; Social Support; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939898267	Performance Analysis of Microwave Radio Refractivity on Radio Field Strength and Radio Horizon Distance Over Akure, Nigeria	Adediji A.T., Ismail M., Mandeep J.S.	2014	Wireless Personal Communications	79	3	10.1007/s11277-014-1963-0	Department of Physics, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia	Adediji, A.T., Department of Physics, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia; Ismail, M., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia; Mandeep, J.S., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia	Surface radio refractivity studies are being carried out in Akure, (formula presented) South-Western Nigeria, by in-situ measurement of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity using Wireless Weather Station (Integrated Sensor Suit, ISS). Five years of measurement (January, 2007–December, 2011) were used to compute the surface radio refractivity and its diurnal, daily, seasonal and yearly variations are analyzed. The results were then used to compute radio horizon distance (formula presented) and examine the field strength (FSV) variability. Results obtained show that the surface radio refractivity, (formula presented), varies with the time of the day as well as the seasons of the year. High values of (formula presented) were recorded in the morning and evening hours while the values were minima around 1,500 h local time. An average value of surface radio refractivity of 364.74 N-units was obtained for this location. The annual maximum mean of FSV is 15.24 dB and the minimum is 2.20 dB. This implies that the output of a receiving antenna in Akure may generally be subject to variations not less than 2 dB in a year, but can be as high as 15 dB. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Field strength; Humidity; Pressure; Radio horizon; Refractivity; Temperature	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942817362	Performance Analysis of Cross QAM with MRC Over Dual Correlated Nakagami-m, -n, and -q Channels	Kamdar M.W., Xu H.	2015	Wireless Personal Communications	84	4	10.1007/s11277-015-2780-9	School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Kamdar, M.W., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Xu, H., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	An approximation of the symbol error probability (SEP) of the cross QAM (XQAM) signal in a single-input multiple-output system over dual correlated Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, Nakagami-n (Rice) and Nakagami-q (Hoyt) fading channels is derived. The maximal-ratio combining is considered as the diversity technique, and the average SEP is obtained by using the moment generating function (MGF). Arbitrarily tight approximations for the Gaussian Q-function and the generalized Gaussian Q-function are obtained from the numerical analysis technique; the trapezoidal rule. The resulting expressions consist of a finite sum of MGF’s which are easily evaluated and accurate enough. In addition, a transformation technique is used to derive independent channels from the correlated channels which are then used in the analysis. The simulation results show excellent agreement with the derived approximation expressions. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Correlated; Cross QAM; Nakagami; Performance analysis	Blind equalization; Fading channels; Probability; Correlated; Maximal ratio combining (MRC); Moment generating function; Nakagami; Performance analysis; Single input multiple output systems; Symbol error probabilities (SEP); Transformation techniques; Channel capacity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906253269	Climate change impacts and adaptation in South Africa	Ziervogel G., New M., Archer van Garderen E., Midgley G., Taylor A., Hamann R., Stuart-Hill S., Myers J., Warburton M.	2014	Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change	5	5	10.1002/wcc.295	Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; CSIR/School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Pretoria, South Africa; South African National Botanical Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School for Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School for Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa	Ziervogel, G., Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; New, M., African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Archer van Garderen, E., CSIR/School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Pretoria, South Africa; Midgley, G., South African National Botanical Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; Taylor, A., African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hamann, R., Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Stuart-Hill, S., School for Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa; Myers, J., School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Warburton, M., School for Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa	In this paper we review current approaches and recent advances in research on climate impacts and adaptation in South Africa. South Africa has a well-developed earth system science research program that underpins the climate change scenarios developed for the southern African region. Established research on the biophysical impacts of climate change on key sectors (water, agriculture, and biodiversity) integrates the climate change scenarios but further research is needed in a number of areas, such as the climate impacts on cities and the built environment. National government has developed a National Climate Change Response White Paper, but this has yet to translate into policy that mainstreams adaptation in everyday practice and longer-term planning in all spheres and levels of government. A national process to scope long-term adaptation scenarios is underway, focusing on cross-sectoral linkages in adaptation responses at a national level. Adaptation responses are emerging in certain sectors. Some notable city-scale and project-based adaptation responses have been implemented, but institutional challenges persist. In addition, a number of knowledge gaps remain in relation to the biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate change. A particular need is to develop South Africa's capacity to undertake integrated assessments of climate change that can support climate-resilient development planning. © 2014 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	adaptive management; climate change; environmental planning; environmental policy; socioeconomic impact; South Africa	None
None	None	Impact of crop cycle on movement patterns of pest rodent species between fields and houses in Africa	Monadjem A., Mahlaba T.A., Dlamini N., Eiseb S.J., Belmain S.R., Mulungu L.S., Massawe A.W., Makundi R.H., Mohr K., Taylor P.J.	2011	Wildlife Research	38	7	10.1071/WR10130	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; National Museum of Namibia, PO Box 1203, Windhoek, Namibia; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Department, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Monadjem, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; Mahlaba, T.A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; Dlamini, N., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; Eiseb, S.J., National Museum of Namibia, PO Box 1203, Windhoek, Namibia; Belmain, S.R., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Mulungu, L.S., Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Massawe, A.W., Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Makundi, R.H., Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mohr, K., Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Department, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Taylor, P.J., Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Context Rodent pests can have severe impacts on crop production in sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis severely damages agricultural crops in southern and eastern Africa, leading to significant losses. Both its population ecology and breeding biology have been studied in agricultural and natural habitats. Population numbers erupt depending on the timing and amount of rainfall and may reach plague proportions, especially in agricultural settings, where it may become a serious pest. However, the ecology of this species, in particular its interactions with other species within the context of human settlement, is poorly understood. It may occasionally enter houses, but the degree to which it does so and the factors influencing this movement are not known. Aims We investigated the relationship between Rattus spp. and M. natalensis entering buildings in an agro-ecological setting. We predicted that M. natalensis would enter houses more readily when food availability was lowest in the surrounding fields, and when the larger Rattus spp. were absent. Methods We followed 40 individuals of M. natalensis in Swaziland and Namibia by radio-telemetry. Mice were captured in maize fields within 50m of a homestead and fitted with radio-transmitters at three different times corresponding to different stages of crop development: pre-harvest, post-harvest and pre-planting. To corroborate the findings of the telemetry study, a non-toxic marker, rhodamine B, was mixed with standard bait and left at bait stations inside houses in 10 homesteads in Swaziland and Tanzania. Key results Mice remained in the fields during the entire period of study in Swaziland, but entered buildings in Namibia during the post-harvest stage, which may represent a period of food shortage for these mice in the field. Rodents captured after baiting with rhodamine B demonstrated that Rattus spp. predominated within the houses. A small number of rhodamine B-marked M. natalensis were captured outside the houses, the proportion declining with distance away from the houses. Conclusions These results suggest that in a typical rural African setting dominated by subsistence agriculture, Rattus spp. (when present) competitively exclude the smaller M. natalensis from entering houses. Implications Interactions between rodent pest species may be important in determining which rodent species enter houses in rural African landscapes. Consideration of such interactions may play an important role when developing pest management strategies. © 2011 CSIRO.	agricultural fields; houses; movement patterns	agricultural land; agroecology; bait; biological control; capture method; crop; crop production; environmental factor; food availability; habitat type; harvesting; human settlement; interspecific interaction; landscape; movement; pest species; population decline; population ecology; rainfall; reproductive biology; rodent; Africa	None
None	None	Evaluation of short-, mid- and long-term effects of toe clipping on a wild rodent	Borremans B., Sluydts V., Makundi R.H., Leirs H.	2015	Wildlife Research	42	2	10.1071/WR14109	University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Unit of Medical Entomology, Antwerpen, Belgium; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Pest Management Center, Morogoro, Tanzania	Borremans, B., University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, Belgium; Sluydts, V., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Unit of Medical Entomology, Antwerpen, Belgium; Makundi, R.H., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Pest Management Center, Morogoro, Tanzania; Leirs, H., University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, Belgium	Context Toe clipping is a widely used method for permanent marking of small mammals, but its effects are not well known, despite the ethical and scientific implications. Most studies do not find any clear effects, but there is some indication that toe clipping can affect survival in specific cases. Although effects on survival are arguably the most important, more subtle effects are also plausible, yet very few studies have included body condition and none has investigated effects on mobility. Aims We analysed the effects of toe clipping on free-living Mastomys natalensis, a common, morphologically and behaviourally intermediate small rodent. Methods Using a 17-year capture-mark-recapture dataset, we compared movement, body weight and survival between newly and previously clipped animals, and tested whether any of these parameters correlated with the number of clipped toes. Key results No evidence for a correlation between total number of clips and any of the variables was found. Newly clipped animals had a slightly smaller weight change and larger travel distance than did those that were already clipped, and we show that this is most likely due to stress caused by being captured, clipped and handled for the first time rather than to the actual clipping. Conclusions The combination of trapping, handling and marking has a detectable effect on multimammate mice; however, there is no evidence for a clear effect of toe clipping. Implications Our study suggests a re-evaluation of ethical guidelines on small-mammal experiments, so as to reach a rational, fact-based decision on which marking method to use. © 2015 CSIRO.	Animal ethics; Animal welfare; Capture-mark-recapture; Individual identification; Mastomys natalensis; Permanent marking; Survival	animal welfare; biological control; body condition; clipping; decision making; mark-recapture method; marking method; mobility; morphology; rodent; survival; trapping; wild population; Animalia; Mammalia; Mastomys natalensis; Mus; Rodentia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746454751	Impact of land use on vegetation composition, diversity, and selected soil properties of wetlands in the southern Drakensberg mountains, South Africa	Walters D.J.J., Kotze D.C., O'Connor T.G.	2006	Wetlands Ecology and Management	14	4	10.1007/s11273-005-4990-5	Mondi Wetlands Project, Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, WWF-South Africa, P.O. Box 493, Merrivale 3291, South Africa; Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits, 2050, South Africa	Walters, D.J.J., Mondi Wetlands Project, Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, WWF-South Africa, P.O. Box 493, Merrivale 3291, South Africa; Kotze, D.C., Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; O'Connor, T.G., Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits, 2050, South Africa	Wetlands provide the ecosystem services of enhancing water quality, attenuating floods, sequestrating carbon and supporting biodiversity. In southern Africa, the pattern and intensity of land use is influenced by whether land tenure is public (state), private (individual ownership), or communal (shared agricultural and grazing resources). The influence of land tenure and its associated use on service provision was compared for communal tenure (grazing, maize production), wildlife conservation, and commercial agriculture (grazing, planted pastures) in the southern Drakensberg. Ordination analyses revealed that oxbow marshes, hill slope seepages and hygrophilous grasslands, the main hydro-geomorphic units, supported distinct plant communities that differed in their response to land use because of wetness or slope. Oxbows, uncultivated because of wetness, were inherently species poor with few exotics. Composition of hill slope seepages, uncultivated because of saturated slopes, varied among tenure types most likely in relation to grazing pressure. Seepages were threatened by the exotic invasive Rubus cuneifolius. Eighty-five percent of hygrophilous grassland had been cultivated by 1953, most of which was subsequently abandoned to secondary grassland. Primary hygrophilous grassland and hill slope seepages were the main repository for indigenous plant diversity, while communal maize fields supported a diverse mixture of mainly exotic species. Soil carbon concentrations decreased from oxbows to pastures, seepages, primary hygrophilous grassland, secondary grassland, and maize on former grassland (7.0, 4.1, 4.0, 3.5, 2.4, and 1.7%, respectively). The pattern for total soil nitrogen and sulphur were the same. Cultivation of hygrophilous grassland was estimated to have reduced soil carbon stocks to 69% of pre-settlement levels by 1953 (∼150 years BP). Stocks then increased by 8% to 2001 following crop abandonment. Cultivation has impaired water quality enhancement and flood attenuation because of greater amounts of bare ground and shorter vegetation. Further improvement of ecosystem services will depend on the influence of socio-economic factors on communal cropping. © Springer 2006.	Carbon; Communal; Cultivation; DCA; Invasives; Oxbows; Plant diversity; South Africa	community composition; grazing pressure; land use; ordination; plant community; soil carbon; soil nitrogen; soil property; vegetation; wetland; Africa; Drakensberg; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Rubus cuneifolius; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744438443	Evaluation of two novel Ziehl-Neelsen methods for tuberculosis diagnosis	Frimpong E.H., Adukpo R., Owusu-Darko K.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	4	None	Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	Frimpong, E.H., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Adukpo, R., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Owusu-Darko, K., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana	Background: Currently, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Ghana relies on direct sputum smear, Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) staining method. This method has low sensitivity and poses some health risks. The study was to compare the, direct sputum smear, (ZN) staining method against two newer ZN methods; 1% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL)-xylene floatation and 1% NaOCL sedimentation methods, to determine the most sensitive and the safest. Study design: A prospective descriptive study involving 150 adult patients attending Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis, using the three ZN microscopy methods: direct sputum smear, 1% NaOCL sedimentation, and 1% NaOCL-xylene floatation, for the detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB). Sputum culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) slopes was used as the gold standard for determining the sensitivity and specificity rates. Results: The sensitivity rates of NaOCL sedimentation, NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear methods were 77.2%, 71.8% and 66.3% respectively. The specificity rate was 95.9% for all three methods. Whereas the difference between the NaOCL sedimentation and the direct smear methods was statistically significant (P= 0.0446), that between the NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear was not (P=0.1788). Conclusion: In spite of the cost of chemicals, the hypochlorite sedimentation method was found to be the most accurate and the safest.	Laboratory infection; Sputum microscopy; Tuberculosis	hypochlorite sodium; xylene; acid fast bacterium; adolescent; adult; aged; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; Ghana; health hazard; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; microscopy; prospective study; school child; sedimentation; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; teaching hospital; tuberculosis; Ziehl Neelsen staining; Adult; Bacteriological Techniques; Coloring Agents; Ghana; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052335530	Malocclusion and its impact on quality of life of school children in Nigeria [La malocclusion dentaire et son impact sur la qualité de vie des enfants scolarisés au Nigéria]	Anosike A.N., Sanu O.O., da Costa O.O.	2010	West African Journal of Medicine	29	6	None	Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Anosike, A.N., Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Sanu, O.O., Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; da Costa, O.O., Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Malocclusion, though not life-threatening, is an important public health issue, which has a large impact on the individual, causing discomfort, social and functional limitations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate objectively orthodontic treatment needs in Nigerian schoolchildren and the impact of malocclusion on their quality of life. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved schoolchildren aged 12 to 16 years from four randomly selected secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. A prestructured questionnaire was administered and a clinical examination was conducted. Occlusal status was assessed for each subject using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was also evaluated. RESULTS: There were 410 (50.9%) females and 395 (49.1%) males aged 12 to 16 years. Mean age was 14.5 ± 1.3 years. Irregularity of teeth was the most prevalent malocclusion. Generalised spacing and midline diastema were seen in 59% and 31% respectively; crowding in 43% of the schoolchildren. Other occlusal anomalies were recorded. There was no statistically significant difference between the sexes. Over one third of the study population did not need treatment, treatment was mandatory in 24.3%, elective in 21% and highly desirable in 17%. More females than males did not need orthodontic treatment. Oral conditions had no effect on the quality of life of 85.3% of the study sample. CONCLUSION: Most Nigerian schoolchildren were found to have a dental appearance that needed orthodontic treatment. However, components of the oral conditions impacted on the quality of life of a few subjects. Psycho-social need is very important in orthodontic diagnosis.	Dental aesthetic; Impact; Malocclusion; Quality of life; School-children; Treatment need	adolescent; article; child; clinical assessment tool; clinical examination; cross-sectional study; Dental Aesthetic Index; diastema; female; human; major clinical study; male; malocclusion; Nigeria; Oral Health Impact Profile 14; orthodontics; prevalence; quality of life; school child; structured questionnaire; dental care; health; malocclusion; needs assessment; Nigeria; pathophysiology; psychological aspect; questionnaire; school; sex ratio; social class; socioeconomics; statistics; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Esthetics, Dental; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Needs Assessment; Nigeria; Oral Health; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Schools; Sex Distribution; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76349120879	Underutilization of vaginal hysterectomy and its impact on residency training	Ocheke A.N., Ekwempu C.C., Musa J.	2009	West African Journal of Medicine	28	5	None	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, P MB 2076, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	Ocheke, A.N., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, P MB 2076, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Ekwempu, C.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, P MB 2076, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Musa, J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, P MB 2076, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: The advantages of vaginal hysterectomy over abdominal hysterectomy include lower morbidity, shorter hospital stay, and reduced cost to the patient. It is, therefore, important to pass the required skill for vaginal hysterectomy unto trainees. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of vaginal hysterectomies done in a residency training institution in Nigeria and its possible impact on the proficiency of future gynaecologists in performing the procedure. METHODS : A chart review was done on all documented cases of hysterectomies for benign gynaecological conditions done in Jos University Teaching Hospital, over a four-year period (January 2002 to December 2005). Case files of patients who had hysterectomy during the study period were retrieved and the relevant information obtained for analysis of frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: A total of 94 hysterectomies for benign gynaecological conditions were done during the study period. Nine (∼10%) vaginal hysterectomies were done. All the vaginal hysterectomies performed were for uterovaginal prolapse by consultants. However, 45 (53%) of the abdominal hysterectomies were performed by consultants and 40 (47%) by residents. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that residents' exposure and training on the act of vaginal hysterectomy is inadequate. This has potential implications on future gynaecologist proficiency to perform this method of surgery that has documented advantages and better outcome for patients.	Abdominal hysterectomy; Hysterectomy; Nigeria; Residency training; Vaginal hysterectomy	abdominal hysterectomy; adult; article; benign tumor; bladder injury; female; fistula; human; intermethod comparison; medical record review; medical student; Nigeria; outcome assessment; patient information; professional competence; residency education; surgical approach; thrombophlebitis; ureter injury; urinary tract infection; uterus prolapse; vaginal hysterectomy; wound infection; Adult; Female; Gynecology; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Hysterectomy; Hysterectomy, Vaginal; Internship and Residency; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Physician's Practice Patterns; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044449510	The ultrastructure of the peri-articular osteophytes - An evaluation by scanning electron microscopy	Alonge T.O., Rooney P., Oni O.O.A.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Unite	Alonge, T.O., Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Rooney, P., Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Oni, O.O.A., University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom	Objective: Osteophytes are intra-articular osteochondral tissues, which are usually found at the margins of degenerating synovial joints. The aetiology or pathogenesis of this tissue has been a subject of protracted debate. The aim of this study was to offer a possible aetiology and or pathogenesis of this expendable yet important osteochondral tissue using the scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the structure of the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the relationship of this mantle with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Methods: Sections of periarticular osteophytes and osteophyte-normal articular cartilage composite tissues were obtained during total knee replacement for osteoarthritis (OA). These sections were routinely processed and examined using the scanning electron microscope with emphasis on the osteophytic cartilage mantle and the merger of the osteophyte and the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Results: The cartilage mantle of osteophytes was found to be thinner but continuous with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. However, a longitudinal bar of acellular tissue was found to separate the subchondral bones of both tissues. The cellular (chondrocyte) arrangement in the osteophytic cartilage was similar to that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. In addition, in the superficial layer, there was looping of collagen fibres between the normal articular cartilage mantle and that of the osteophytic tissues. Conclusion: The continuity between the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the adjoining normal articular cartilage may suggest that in the formation of osteophytes, the chondrocytes from the adjoining normal articular cartilage greatly influence the mesenchymal tissue precursor of osteophyte to differentiate along a chondrocytic pathway initially. With subsequent vascular invasion probably from the periosteum, the neocartilage develops a bony core with a completely separate blood supply from that of the adjoining subchondral bone.	Cartilage mantle; Critical point drying scanning electron microscope; Osteoarthritis; Osteophyte	collagen; article; articular cartilage; cell differentiation; cell proliferation; cell structure; controlled study; histopathology; human; human cell; knee osteoarthritis; osteophyte; pathophysiology; scanning electron microscopy; synovium; total knee replacement; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Cartilage, Articular; Chondrocytes; Femur Head; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Osteoarthritis, Knee	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646825236	Laboratory evaluation of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity. A preliminary study	Aiku A.O., Yates A., Rowland M.	2006	West African Journal of Medicine	25	1	None	Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aiku, A.O., Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Yates, A., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: The study evaluated the effect of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator) has been considered as a possible tool for management of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. There are documentations of the effectiveness of pyriproxifen in controlling larval development when applied directly to breeding site. Considerations have been given to the use of pyriproxyfen on bed nets for sterilizing effect on mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. Method: Groups of mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi - Beech) were exposed to bednet treated with 2% Pyriproxyfen and untreated netting 24 hrs after blood feeding. After oviposition, egg counts were done for each mosquito in the two groups. Larvae emerging from the laid eggs by each mosquito were counted. Three sets of experiments were successful. Results: There was no significant difference in number of eggs laid between the two treatment groups (p=0.177). There was statistically significant difference in the number of laid eggs that hatched between the treatment types (p=0.0061). There was also statistically significant difference in the mean number of eggs that hatched between the experiments (p=0.0013). The mean number of eggs retained in the pyriproxyfen group was higher (70.3) than in the control group (41.6). This difference was not statistically significant with the small sample tested (p=0.08). Conclusion: The results suggest that 2% pyriproxyfen on bed nets has no effect on An. stephensi fecundity. Reduced fertility of eggs laid by mosquitoes exposed to pyriproxyfen treated bed nets was observed.	Fecundity; Fertility; Mosquito; Pyriproxifen	chemosterilant; pyrethroid; pyriproxyfen; Anopheles stephensi; article; bed net; breeding; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; egg laying; female; female fertility; growth regulation; hatching; insect resistance; larval development; malaria control; mosquito; nonhuman; statistical analysis; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Bedding and Linens; Culicidae; Female; Fertility; Insecticides; Oviparity; Pest Control, Biological; Protective Clothing; Pyridines; Reference Values	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044452978	Risk of nosocomial bacteria transmission: Evaluation of cleaning methods of probes used for routine ultrasonography	Bello T.O., Taiwo S.S., Oparinde D.P., Hassan W.O., Amure J.O.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teachin	Bello, T.O., Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Taiwo, S.S., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Oparinde, D.P., Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Hassan, W.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Amure, J.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria	Background: There exists a small but definite risk of nosocomial infection transmission attributable to ultrasonography probes and coupling gels. Objective: Our objective was to ascertain whether the current method of probe disinfection in between patients is adequate to prevent cross infection, and to determine the best and safest method of probe disinfection applicable during routine ultrasonography in our institution. Materials and method: Forty consecutive patients sent for routine ultrasonography at the Radiology Department of our institution in the month of January 2004 were studied. Each patient had a standardized ultrasound scan of the abdomen, after which swabs were taken from the surface of the unclean probe and after probe disinfection by single and double paper wipe cleaning method. The swabs were cultured on Blood agar to determine the characteristics of the colony forming units (CFU). Result: Forty four bacterial isolates were recovered from 37 patients who cultured positive, with MRSA constituting 36.4 %, MRCONS 22.7 %, MSSA 13.6 %, MSCONS 13.6 %, Klebsiella spp 9.1 % and Proteus mirabilis 4.6 %. The average CFU transmitted by the unclean probe was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that transmitted by the probe after single or double paper wipe. Also, the average CFU transmitted following single and double paper wipe, in the inpatients was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the outpatients. Conclusion: Single paper wipe is adequate for outpatients, but for inpatients, especially those with high risk of cross infection, double paper wipe is preferred with probe thoroughly wiped until visibly clean.	Nosocomial infection; US probes	article; bacterial colonization; bacterial infection; bacterium isolate; cleaning; clinical article; clinical protocol; coagulase negative Staphylococcus; colony forming unit; controlled study; culture medium; disease transmission; disinfection; echography; hospital hygiene; hospital infection; human; infection risk; instrument sterilization; Klebsiella; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Proteus mirabilis; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Abdomen; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Disinfection; Equipment Contamination; Gels; Humans; Nigeria; Radiology Department, Hospital; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848846123	Evaluation of male anterior urethral strictures by ultrasonography compared with retrograde urethrography	Akano A.O.	2007	West African Journal of Medicine	26	2	None	Department of Radiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria	Akano, A.O., Department of Radiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria	Background: Abnormality of the male anterior urethra is common and is routinely assessed by contrast X-ray retrograde urethrogram (RUG). There is paucity of knowledge about the efficacy or findings at ultrasound of the anterior urethra in patients with urethral stricture in our setting. Objective: To compare the efficacy of ultrasound to that of RUG in male patients diagnosed as having urethral strictures. Method: In order to compare the efficacy of ultrasound to that of RUG thirteen male patients diagnosed as having urethral strictures were prospectively examined using high resolution sonourethrography (SUG) and X-ray retrograde urethrogram between June and November 2004. Results: The ages of the patients ranged from 32 to 66 years (with a mean of 49.8). All the 13 patients scanned showed abnormalities of the anterior urethra, 11(84.6%) of which had strictures. Ten out of the 11 strictures were detected on both sonourethrograpby and RUG. One patient who was negative on RUG showed a stricture only 2.3 mm thick on SUG. The urethral mucosa, thickness of the urethral wall at the stricture level and the lengths of the strictures were well assessed on sonourethrography SUG. Conclusion: Ultrasound is as efficacious as retrograde urethrogram in the assessment of the male anterior urethra in patients with urethral stricture and may be recommended in the evaluation of this disease, in view of its efficacy, non-invasiveness, ready-availability and lack of exposure to radiation. It may also serve as baseline for other similar studies in our environment.	Male urethra; Retrograde urethrography; Sonourethrograph; Stricture	adult; age distribution; aged; article; clinical article; clinical effectiveness; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; echography; human; image analysis; intermethod comparison; male; non invasive measurement; prospective study; ultrasound scanner; urethra stricture; urethrography; Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Male Urogenital Diseases; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Urethral Diseases; Urethral Stricture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908897402	Ultrasound evaluation of intima-media thickness of carotid arteries in adults with primary hypertension at Ibadan, Nigeria [Evaluation échographique de l’épaisseur de l’intima-media des artères carotides d’adultes avec une hypertension essentielle à Ibada	Umeh E.O., Agunloye, Adekanmi A.J., Adeyinka A.O.	2013	West African Journal of Medicine	32	1	None	Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Umeh, E.O., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Agunloye, Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adekanmi, A.J., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adeyinka, A.O., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Ultrasound measured Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) is a simple and inexpensive tool for assessing the cumulative effects of hypertension on the carotid arterial walls. It is also an independent predictor of future myocardial infarctionand stroke risk. OBJECTIVES: This study compared ultrasound measured CIMT in hypertensive adults with non-smoking normotensive controls. It also documented variations in CIMT with subjects’ age and sex. METHODOLOGY: Hypertensives (120) of both sexes aged 18years and above were recruited from the Hypertension Clinic at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. Normotensive controls (120) were also recruited from the general public. The CIMT was measured on B- mode ultrasound using the technique of ‘Multiple Carotid Sites Measurement’ RESULTS: Mean CIMT values were 0.756mm ± 0.130 and 0.751mm ± 0.129 for the hypertensive group and 0.638mm ± 0.088 and 0.670mm ± 0.107 for the control group on the left and right sides respectively (P=0.000). Higher CIMT values were noted among male hypertensive subjects (P=0.030). CIMT values also showed positive correlation with subjects’ age. CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in CIMT for hypertensives when compared with normotensives in the study area. CIMT also varies with subjects’ age and sex. © 2013, West African Journal of Medicine. All rights reserved.	Carotid; Hypertension; Intima-media thickness; Ultrasound	adult; aged; arterial wall thickness; Article; B scan; case control study; controlled study; correlation coefficient; female; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; middle aged; Nigeria; prospective study; young adult; age; article; carotid artery; cerebrovascular accident; echography; heart infarction; pathology; risk factor; sex difference; very elderly; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Stroke; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049184766	Evaluation of Alvarado score as an admission criterion in patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis	Tade A.O.	2007	West African Journal of Medicine	26	3	None	Department of Surgery, Olabisi Onabanjo, University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; P.O. Box 1303, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Tade, A.O., Department of Surgery, Olabisi Onabanjo, University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, P.O. Box 1303, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Background: Patients with right iliac fossa pain present a diagnostic challenge to emergency room doctors when equivocal signs are present. Objective: To evaluate Alvarado score as an admission criterion in patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methods: This was a prospective study of 100 consecutive patients who presented to the an emergency department with right iliac fossa pain and suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis between January 2004 and December 2004. They were assessed using Alvarado score. Main outcome measures in relation to these scores were, patient's admission, patient's discharge, and whether patient had appendicitis or not. Results: The range of scores was 1-10. Seventy-four patients were admitted while 26 were discharged. Thirty-four patients with confirmed diagnosis of acute appendicitis had scores ranging from 5-10. No patient with score less than 5 had appendicitis. The sensitivity and negative predictive value reached 100% at scores below five, while specificity and positive predictive value reached 100% at the score of 10. Conclusion: The Alvarado score can be used as an objective criterion in selecting for admission patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Patients with scores of 4and below do not require admission since they turn out not to have acute appendicitis.	Admission criterion; Alvarado score; Appendicitis; Diagnosis	abdominal pain; acute appendicitis; adult; Alvarado score; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; emergency ward; female; hospital admission; hospital discharge; human; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; practice guideline; prediction; prospective study; scoring system; sensitivity and specificity; symptom; validation study; Abdomen, Acute; Adult; Appendicitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Male; Pelvic Pain; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857091316	Impact of cypermethrin on selected enzymes in tissues of heterobranchus bidorsalis	Gabriel U.U., Jack I.R., Egobueze E., Edori O.S.	2011	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	18	None	None	Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environment, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, 50001, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, 50001,	Gabriel, U.U., Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environment, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, 50001, Nigeria; Jack, I.R., Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, 50001, Nigeria; Egobueze, E., Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, 50001, Nigeria; Edori, O.S., University of Education, Rivers State Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, 5000001, Nigeria	Heterobranchus bidorsalis (mean total length 31.50 ± 2.32 cm SD; mean weight 241.25 ± 30.39 g SD) was exposed to cypermethrin (0.005, 0.0075, 0.010, 0.125 and 0.0150 p.p.m.) for 23 days to determine the activity of transaminases (alanine transaminase, ALT; aspartate transaminase, AST) the phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, ALP in the gill, kidney, liver and muscle tissue. The activity of ALT in the gill at 0.005 and 0.010 p.p.m. were lower (P > 0.05) than the control, whereas elevated activity above the control were recorded at the other concentrations. AST activity was excited 11.36-220.45% above the control value at all the concentrations. ALP activity was inhibited below the control value with the highest inhibition, 40.46% at 0.010 p.p.m. ALT activities in the kidney at all the exposure concentrations were elevated 33.33% and 66.67% above the control at 0.005-0.010 p.p.m. and 0.0125-0.0150 p.p.m., respectively. Inhibition below the control was recorded in all the exposure concentrations for AST and ALP. ALT and AST activities in the liver were inhibited below their respective control values. ALP activity was inhibited at 0.0075 and 0.0150 p.p.m. (44.12 and 23.53%, respectively, below control value), but excited at the other concentrations with a peak, 33.83% at 0.010 p.p.m. In the muscle, 12.68% and 23.94% elevation above the control were recorded at 0.0125 and 0.0150 p.p.m., respectively, for ALT with a decrease in the lower concentrations. There was excitation of AST activity at 0.0050, 0.010 and 0.015 p.p.m., and inhibition at 0.0075 and 0.0125 p.p.m. relative to the control value. There was general inhibition of ALP activity in the muscle of treated fish below the control except at 0.010 p.p.m. The usefulness of the enzymes as biomarkers of cypermethrin toxicity appeared to be concentration and tissue dependent, and can be effectively used to assess the impact of the agrochemical on the fish.	None	Heterobranchus bidorsalis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349931435	Impact of gold mining on soil and some staple foods collected from selected mining communities in and around tarkwa-prestea area	Hayford E.K., Amin A., Osae E.K., Kutu J.	2009	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	14	None	None	Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Hayford, E.K., Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Amin, A., Department of Environmental Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Osae, E.K., Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Kutu, J., Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	The principle of neutron activation was used to investigate the presence of toxic elements and possible heavy metals in samples of cassava, plantain and soil from the mining communities in and around Tarkwa in the Western Region of Ghana. The results showed that the maximum concentrations of the respective metals in cassava: plantain: soil samples were arsenic (As = 0.7 μg/g:0.25 μg/g:14.35 μg/g), mercury (Hg = 0.25 μg/g:0.52 μg/g:0.09 μg/g), antimony (Sb = 0.03 μg/g: 0.03 μg/g: 2.98 μg/g), chromium (Cr = 0.72 μg/g:3.42 μg/g:40.35 μg/g), vanadium (V = 0.8 μg/g:0.76 μg/g:188.40 μg/g), zinc (Zn = 38.42 μg/g:24.92 μg/g:42.36 μg/g), and copper (Cu = 66.39 μg/g: 8.74 μg/g: 53.46 μg/g). The concentrations in cassava and plantain were higher than the values proposed by the FAO, the Expert Committee on Food Additives of the WHO and the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The concentrations of Hg (0,09 μg/g) in soil at Teberebie and of V (188.40ìg/g) at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) in soil were above the permitted concentrations of 5 μg/g and 90 μg/g, respectively. Samples from communities further away from the centres of mine drainages (mile 81/2, mile 101/2) had smaller values of element concentrations. An enrichment factor (EF) analysis for both cassava and plantain were Zn (7%) and Hg (90%). The remaining elements together add up to 3%. The enrichment factor analysis for plantain is greater than that for cassava. Mercury is the element that is chiefly enriched in both cassava and plantain. The second predominant element enriched in cassava and plantain is zinc.	None	Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884950437	Evaluation of an integrated approach involving chemical and biological processes for the detoxification of gold tailings effluent in Ghana	Osei B.A., Ahmed R.M.	2013	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	21	1	None	Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	Osei, B.A., Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Ahmed, R.M., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	Chemical and bio-remediation measures for the detoxification of pollutants such as cyanide and heavy metals in mine tailings effluent have been developed over the years. The study sought to evaluate the decrease in the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, As and Pb through the integration of the processes involving photo-oxidation, activated carbon, hydrogen peroxide and bacterial degradation to decontaminate wastewater from the gold ore treatment plant until release into the environment in Ghana. The levels of trace metals Cu (0.345 mg l-1), Zn (0.07 mg l-1) and Fe (0.146 mg l-1) in treated effluent released into natural water bodies after bacterial degradation was generally within international and local standards for effluent discharges. Except for As, the levels of Cd and Pb which are hazardous heavy metals that may pose adverse health and environmental effects were within acceptable limits. The toxicity of these metals were in the increasing order Pb &lt; Cd &lt; As. The anthropogenic source of As in the chemically processed arseno-pyritic rock ores of the study area and the marginal 14-49% efficiency of As of the different detoxification processes could have contributed to the high levels of As in the effluent. If optimal conditions are attained for the decontamination processes used, the multi-remediation approach could be an effective solution for the decontamination of mine tailings effluent.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886026763	Impact of land use on river systems in Ghana	Ayivor J.S., Gordon C.	2012	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	20	None	None	Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Ayivor, J.S., Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Gordon, C., Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Rivers play significant roles in the provision of water for domestic and industrial purposes. Nevertheless, land use dynamics continue to impact on river catchments which have negative repercussions for river health. This study focuses on land use change in the Okyeman Traditional Area, which encompasses three major river basins namely, the Densu, the Birim and the Ayensu. The study was aimed at investigating causes and impacts of land use change within the three river catchments and how these impacts could be curtailed to safeguard river health and sustainable water supply. Data for the study was derived from analysis of remotely sensed Landsat 7 ETM satellite imagery, and from questionnaire administration. Additional information was culled from the existing literature on land use, land use change, land cover change and related subjects. One major finding was that most of the river basins have undergone massive transformation over the last three decades as a result of various land use activities. The dominant land use types in the basins presently are agriculture, urban development, grazing, residential and transportation and fishing. The study also revealed that mining, indiscriminate waste disposal, water extraction and deforestation for fuel wood and other domestic uses, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and land degradation due to improper agricultural practices are also major land use activities that impact negatively on the river systems. The study concluded that there is the need to streamline land use activities, conserve vital ecosystems like watershed areas and maintain buffers along stream channels as a matter of policy to ensure adequate protection of aquatic fauna and to ensure sustainable water supply.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84958049125	The impact of harvest frequency on herbage yield and quality of cynodon nlemfuensis	Timpong-Jones E.C., Adjorlolo L.K., Ayizanga R.A.	2015	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	23	2	None	Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Timpong-Jones, E.C., Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Adjorlolo, L.K., Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Ayizanga, R.A., Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Ruminants in Ghana experience feed deficit in the dry season leading to loss of weight and condition. To curb this problem of weight loss, there is the need to raise their plain of nutrition in the critical months of the year when feed is low in quantity and quality. This can be achieved by maximising forage production through appropriate harvest management practices. This study sought to find the effect of repeated harvest on dry matter (DM) yield of Cynodon nlemfuensis (Cynodon) in the coastal savanna of Ghana. It was hypothesised that infrequent repeated harvest will improve DM yield and nutritive value of Cynodon. An area of 7.0 m by 5.5 m was used for a two year study (2013 and 2014). The treatments were harvest of Cynodon at 24 (T1), 12 (T2) and 6 (T3) weeks intervals. The Randomised Complete Block Design was used with four replicates per treatment. Dry matter yield and plant cell wall constituents viz. NDF, ADF and Cellulose contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the order T3<T2<T1, indicating that DM yield and plant cell wall constituents decreased with increasing harvest frequency. Crude protein content (CP) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the order T1<T2<T3, indicating that CP content increased with increasing harvest frequency. The study has shown that repeated harvest of Cynodon provided lower DM yield of better quality, with harvest at six weeks interval exceeding the minimum CP level required for adequate intake and digestibility by ruminant livestock. © 2015, Ecological Laboratory. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884940483	Impact of urban effluents on the macroinvertebrates of a Creek in Accra, Ghana	Baa-Poku J., Asante F., Amakye J.S.	2013	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	21	1	None	P. O. Box Os 943 Osu, Accra, Ghana; Koforidua Polytechnic, P. O. Box KF 981, Koforidua Eastern Region, Ghana; CSIR-Water Research Institute (CSIR), P.O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana	Baa-Poku, J., P. O. Box Os 943 Osu, Accra, Ghana; Asante, F., Koforidua Polytechnic, P. O. Box KF 981, Koforidua Eastern Region, Ghana; Amakye, J.S., CSIR-Water Research Institute (CSIR), P.O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana	The impact of effluents on the macroinvertebrate communities of an urban creek in Accra was studied. Five study stations were selected along the reaches of the creek. Water and benthic samples were collected and analyzed between September 2005 and February 2006. The study showed that the effluent discharges caused a significant increase in BOD, COD and NH3 at the stations that received the effluents. The high levels of total and faecal coli forms at the midstream sections of the creek (626.0 x 104 cfu/100 ml and 75.30 x 104 cfu/100 ml, respectively) indicated increased pollution levels compared to the reference stations (446.0 x 103 cfu/100 ml and 133.0 x 103 cfu/100 ml). The Nima Creek showed characteristics of a disturbed urban creek. A total of 19 macroinvertebrate taxa, comprising a total of 11,613 individuals, were collected. Estimated Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H) was low at the midstream section of the creek, H'= 1.14, where the effluents were concentrated than at the upstream H'=1.44 or downstream H'= 1.38 sections of the creek. Chironomini and Physa were the most abundant taxa within the creek, dominated by the genus Chironomus, which is known to be tolerant to pollution, which confirmed the polluted state of the creek. Rigorous and regular assessment and monitoring of effluents from waste treatment plants and other sources that discharge into the creek, with the aim of complying with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines are some of the mitigative measures suggested to protect life in the creek.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862162307	Calibration and performance testing of sodium iodide, NaI (Tl), detector at the food and environmental laboratory of the radiation protection institute of the Ghana atomic energy commission	Faanu A., Emi-Reynolds G., Darko E.O., Awudu R., Glover E.T., Adukpo O.K., Otoo F., Kpeglo D.O., Lawluvi H.	2012	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	19	1	None	Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana	Faanu, A., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Emi-Reynolds, G., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Darko, E.O., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Awudu, R., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Glover, E.T., National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Adukpo, O.K., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Otoo, F., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Kpeglo, D.O., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Lawluvi, H., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana	The performance testing of a newly acquired sodium iodide detector (NaI), (Tl)) at Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC) was investigated by carrying out energy and efficiency calibration on the detector, as well as validation of its calibration. The energy and efficiency calibrations were performed using mixed radionuclides standard containing 241Am, 109Cd, 57Co, 137Cs and 60Co in the energy range of 60-1333 keV. The energy and efficiency calibration curves obtained compare well with what is available in the literature. Results of the validation of the calibration showed that there were no significance differences between the measured and the calculated activities of the standard radionuclides with activity ratios in the range of 0.90-0.98 and the corresponding percentage deviation in a range of 1.43-10.47%. The average MDA of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs from background counting rates were estimated to be 0.099 ± 0.055 Bq, 0.061 ± 0.037 Bq, 0.727 ± 0.300 Bq and 0.014 ± 0.006 Bq, respectively.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885576797	Evaluation of indigenous fungal pathogens from horse purslane (trianthema portulacastrum) for their relative virulence and host range assessments to select a potential mycoherbicidal agent	Ray P., Vijayachandran L.S.	2013	Weed Science	61	4	10.1614/WS-D-12-00076.1	Amrita Center for Nanomedicine and Molecular Medicine, AIMS, Ponekkara, Kochi, 41, Kerala, India; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Ray, P., Amrita Center for Nanomedicine and Molecular Medicine, AIMS, Ponekkara, Kochi, 41, Kerala, India, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Vijayachandran, L.S., Amrita Center for Nanomedicine and Molecular Medicine, AIMS, Ponekkara, Kochi, 41, Kerala, India, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Periodic surveys were conducted to seek potential indigenous fungal agents for development as mycoherbicides against horse purslane, a major weed of agricultural fields in India. Pathogenic fungal species were isolated and identified from naturally infected horse purslane. The biocontrol potential of these pathogens for horse purslane was evaluated by studying their host range and virulence under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions. Three candidates, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phoma herbarum, were identified as potential candidates for biological control of horse purslane. Preliminary host-range tests and pathogenicity studies, conducted using 45 crop and weed plants belonging to 18 families, demonstrated that P. herbarum provided effective weed control and was safe to most of the plant species tested. Further mycoherbicidal application of P. herbarum as plant spray under field condition caused mortality of horse purslane 60 d after application of the inoculums. Phoma herbarum is a good mycoherbicide candidate against horse purslane. Nomenclature: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., Phoma herbarum Westendorp, horse purslane, Trianthema portulacastrum L. TRTPO.	indigenous fungal pathogen	biological control; dicotyledon; field; fungal disease; fungus; greenhouse ecosystem; host range; infectivity; inoculation; mortality; pathogen; pathogenicity; potential biocontrol agent; virulence; weed control; India	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899056568	Testing the performance of registered herbicides on the control of Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Asteraceae) in South African grasslands	Goodall J.M., Witkowski E.T.F.	2014	Weed Research	54	3	10.1111/wre.12071	Restoration and Conservation Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Hilton, South Africa	Goodall, J.M., Restoration and Conservation Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Hilton, South Africa; Witkowski, E.T.F., Restoration and Conservation Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	We report on the performance of the registered herbicides picloram and metsulfuron-methyl on the control of Campuloclinium macrocephalum (pompom weed) in grasslands. Herbicide trials in hydric and xeric grasslands were treated for three consecutive years in either summer (February) or autumn (April) and monitored for an additional 3 years after spraying ceased. Uncontrolled factors such as a host-specific rust, fire and drought were observed from the second year of the study. Metsulfuron-methyl and picloram did not differ in efficacy according to the timing of applications, but average mortality of marked plants was &lt;80% expected of registered herbicides. Populations of C. macrocephalum in plots were reduced proportionately to the percentage mortality of marked plants. Picloram and metsulfuron-methyl applied at 252 g a.i. ha-1 and 45 g a.i. ha-1, respectively, were not detectable by gas chromatography in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile during any of the sampling intervals from 0 to 56 days after treatment. Three annual applications of registered herbicide did not reduce C. macrocephalum successfully, and it is estimated that between five (summer) to seven (autumn) annual treatments are required to reduce weed density to &lt;1 plant per plot (25 m2). Future research should focus on rust-herbicide interactions, the role of fire in seedbank management and fire as a treatment that could be integrated with chemical control. © 2014 European Weed Research Society.	Disease; Drought; Environmental factors; Fire; Mortality; Pompom weed; Recruitment; Regrowth; Seedlings	chemical control; dicotyledon; disease treatment; drought; environmental factor; fire; gas chromatography; grassland; mortality; performance assessment; regrowth; research work; rust disease; seed bank; soil profile; weed control; South Africa; Asteraceae; Campuloclinium macrocephalum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650440404	Impact of Parthenium hysterophorus on grazing land communities in north-eastern Ethiopia	Nigatu L., Hassen A., Sharma J., Adkins S.W.	2010	Weed Biology and Management	10	3	10.1111/j.1445-6664.2010.00378.x	Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia	Nigatu, L., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Hassen, A., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Sharma, J., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Adkins, S.W., School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia	An investigation into the impact of Parthenium hysterophorus infestation was conducted in 2007 in the north-eastern grazing lands of Ethiopia. Data on the above-ground and seedbank species diversity were collected from five areas, each having sites with low, medium, or high levels of weed infestation. A total of 72 species was found in all areas. They were categorized into grass species (23), other species (48), or P. hysterophorus for ease of interpretation. A regression analysis showed a highly significant, but negative, relationship between the above-ground species diversity and evenness with P. hysterophorus abundance. The mean cover abundance for the three infestation levels was 33.4% for P. hysterophorus, 41.0% for the grass species, and 26.5% for the other species. The most dominant grass species under all infestation levels were Cynodon dactylon, Urochloa panicoides, and Chloris gayana, while Andropogon abyssinicus and Eragrostis spp. were dominant under the low and medium infestation levels, respectively, and Hyparrhenia hirta was dominant under the low infestation level. Among the other species, Solanum nigrum was the most dominant under the low infestation level and Datura stramonium and Xanthium spp. were the most dominant under the medium and high infestation levels, respectively. The above-ground dry biomass of P. hysterophorus increased between the low and high infestation levels, while that of the grass or other species reduced in the high, as compared to the low, infestation level. Although the grass species density decreased significantly with successive increases in the P. hysterophorus infestation level, no such trend could be seen for the other species. Within the soil seed bank, the viable seed density for the grass species, other species, and P. hysterophorus were 25.7, 5.8, and 68.5%, respectively. Similarly, the soil seed bank under the low-, medium-, and high-infestation sites was dominated by P. hysterophorus, which contributed 25.1, 65.4, and 87.4% of the viable seed bank, respectively. Although the overall similarity between the above-ground vegetation composition and the soil seed bank was low, it was similar at the low-infested site. Thus, the invasion by P. hysterophorus was found to critically endanger the biodiversity of the grazing lands, particularly for the different grass and forbs species in the area. These changes might adversely affect not only future agriculture, but also food security, unless appropriate practises are developed and implemented for P. hysterophorus management. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Weed Science Society of Japan.	Biodiversity; Cover abundance; Dry weight; Grazing lands; Parthenium hysterophorus; Species evenness	Andropogon; Chloris gayana; Cynodon dactylon; Datura stramonium; Eragrostis; Hyparrhenia hirta; Parthenium hysterophorus; Solanum nigrum; Urochloa panicoides; Xanthium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904745861	Quantifying the impact of weather extremes on global food security: A spatial bio-economic approach	Gbegbelegbe S., Chung U., Shiferaw B., Msangi S., Tesfaye K.	2014	Weather and Climate Extremes	4	None	10.1016/j.wace.2014.05.005	International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Kenya Office, PO Box 1041, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, CP 06600 Mexico DF, Mexico; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Ethiopia Office, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Gbegbelegbe, S., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Kenya Office, PO Box 1041, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya; Chung, U., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, CP 06600 Mexico DF, Mexico; Shiferaw, B., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Kenya Office, PO Box 1041, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya; Msangi, S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; Tesfaye, K., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Ethiopia Office, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	This study uses a spatial bio-economic modelling framework to estimate the impact of the 2012 weather extreme in the USA on food security in the developing world. The study also quantifies the potential effects of a similar weather extreme occurring in 2050 under climate change. The study results indicate that weather extremes that affect maize productivity in key grain baskets can negatively affect food security in vulnerable countries. The 2012 weather extreme which occurred in the USA reduced US and global maize production by 29% compared to trend; maize consumption in the country decreased by 5% only and this resulted in less surplus maize for exports from the largest maize exporter in the world. Global maize production decreased by 6% compared to trend. The decrease in global maize production coupled with a reduction in the volume of global maize exports worsened food insecurity in eastern Africa, the Caribbean and Central America and India. The effects of the weather extreme on global food security would be worse, if the latter were to occur under climate change in 2050, assuming no climate change adaptation worldwide over the years. In addition, the hardest-hit regions would remain the same, whether the weather extreme occurs in 2012 instead of 2050: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), South Asia and the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region. However, sustained growth in per capita income across world economies between 2000 and 2050 would allow few countries in SSA and the LAC region to virtually eliminate hunger within their borders. In these countries, per capita income would be high enough by 2050 to completely offset the negative effect of the weather extreme. The study results are also consistent with USDA's estimates on US and global maize production and consumption in 2012 after the weather extreme. Some discrepancy is found on the volume of global maize trade; this implies that the bio-economic model likely overestimates the effect of the weather extreme on food insecurity. However, the trends from the analysis are likely to be valid. Further research would involve using a CGE model that can capture the net effects of weather extremes. © 2014 The Authors.	Developing world; Food security; IMPACT; Spatial bio-economic modelling; Weather extreme	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940943140	Impact of soil moisture on extreme maximum temperatures in Europe	Whan K., Zscheischler J., Orth R., Shongwe M., Rahimi M., Asare E.O., Seneviratne S.I.	2015	Weather and Climate Extremes	9	None	10.1016/j.wace.2015.05.001	The Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department for Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany; Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; South African Weather Service, Climate and Environment Research and Monitoring, Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana	Whan, K., The Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Zscheischler, J., Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department for Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany; Orth, R., Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Shongwe, M., South African Weather Service, Climate and Environment Research and Monitoring, Pretoria, South Africa; Rahimi, M., Faculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran; Asare, E.O., Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana; Seneviratne, S.I., Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland	Land-atmosphere interactions play an important role for hot temperature extremes in Europe. Dry soils may amplify such extremes through feedbacks with evapotranspiration. While previous observational studies generally focused on the relationship between precipitation deficits and the number of hot days, we investigate here the influence of soil moisture ( SM) on summer monthly maximum temperatures ( TXx) using water balance model-based SM estimates (driven with observations) and temperature observations. Generalized extreme value distributions are fitted to TXx using SM as a covariate. We identify a negative relationship between SM and TXx, whereby a 100. mm decrease in model-based SM is associated with a 1.6. °C increase in TXx in Southern-Central and Southeastern Europe. Dry SM conditions result in a 2-4. °C increase in the 20-year return value of TXx compared to wet conditions in these two regions. In contrast with SM impacts on the number of hot days (NHD), where low and high surface-moisture conditions lead to different variability, we find a mostly linear dependency of the 20-year return value on surface-moisture conditions. We attribute this difference to the non-linear relationship between TXx and NHD that stems from the threshold-based calculation of NHD. Furthermore the employed SM data and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are only weakly correlated in the investigated regions, highlighting the importance of evapotranspiration and runoff for resulting SM. Finally, in a case study for the hot 2003 summer we illustrate that if 2003 spring conditions in Southern-Central Europe had been as dry as in the more recent 2011 event, temperature extremes in summer would have been higher by about 1. °C, further enhancing the already extreme conditions which prevailed in that year. © 2015.	Extreme temperatures; Extreme value theory; Generalized extreme value; Land-atmosphere interactions; Quantile regression; Soil moisture	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937953954	Effect of laser surface texturing (LST) on tribochemical films dynamics and friction and wear performance	Olofinjana B., Lorenzo-Martin C., Ajayi O.O., Ajayi E.O.	2015	Wear	None	None	10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.050	Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States; Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Olofinjana, B., Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States, Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Lorenzo-Martin, C., Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States; Ajayi, O.O., Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States; Ajayi, E.O., Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Surface texturing or topographical design is one of the primary techniques to control friction and wear performance of surfaces in tribological contact. Laser surface texturing (LST), whereby a laser beam is used to produce regular arrays of dimples on a surface, has been demonstrated to reduce friction in conformal lubricated contacts. Friction and wear behavior under boundary lubrication is also known to be dependent on the formation and durability of the tribochemical film formed from lubricant additives. In this paper, the effects of LST on the formation and durability of tribochemical films and its consequent impacts on friction and wear behavior in various lubrication regimes were evaluated. Friction and wear tests that cycled through different lubrication regimes were conducted with both polished and LST treated surfaces using a synthetic lubricant with and without model additives of ZDDP and MoDTC mixture. In the base oil without additives, LST produced noticeable reduction in friction in all lubrication regimes. However, with low-friction model additives, friction was higher in tests with LST due to significant differences in the tribochemical film formation in the polished and LST surfaces, as well as the sliding counterface. Continuous tribo-films were formed on ball conterface rubbed against polished surfaces while the films were streaky and discontinuous in ball rubbed against LST surfaces. LST produced more wear on the ball counterface in both base and additized oils. No measurable wear was observed in both the polished and LST flat specimens. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Friction; LST; Lubrication regimes; Oil additives; Tribochemical films; Wear	Durability; Friction; Laser beams; Lubrication; Wear of materials; Boundary lubrications; Friction and wear behaviors; Friction and wear performance; Laser surface texturing; LST; Lubrication regimes; Oil additive; Tribological contacts; Tribology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879141616	Performance of diamond inserts in ultra-high precision turning of Cu3Cr3Zr alloy	Abou-El-Hossein K., Olufayo O., Mkoko Z.	2013	Wear	302	42371	10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.062	Precision Engineering Laboratory, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Abou-El-Hossein, K., Precision Engineering Laboratory, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Olufayo, O., Precision Engineering Laboratory, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Mkoko, Z., Precision Engineering Laboratory, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Copper-chrome-zirconium (Cu3Cr3Zr) alloys can be used in the optics industry to make mould inserts for injection of thermoplastic optical parts such as lenses and windows. The fabrication of optical mould inserts is usually achieved by diamond turning in order to obtain necessary optical surface finish and high form accuracy. This study was undertaken to investigate the tool wear characteristics when ultra-high precision machining of Cu3Cr3Zr with mono-crystalline diamond inserts. In this work, standard non-controlled waviness diamond inserts having nose radius of about 1.5. mm, rake angle of negative 5°, clearance angle of 5° and included angle of 60° were used to produce a flat mirror of 50-mm diameter. Wear patterns occurring on the tool flank and rake faces were observed. Diamond tool performance is discussed in terms of possible wear mechanisms. In addition, the tool wear is associated with the acoustic signals emitted during machining. The preliminary results from the SEM analysis show that abrasive wear is a dominant mechanism especially at low feed rates. The study yields some recommendations on the best combination of machining parameters that will result in maximum material removal rates with relatively smallest possible damage to the tool edge. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Cu3Cr3Zr alloy; Diamond tool wear; Ultra-high precision machining	Acoustic signals; Diamond tool wears; Dominant mechanism; Machining parameters; Material removal rate; Optical surface finish; Precision machining; Precision turning; Alloys; Diamond cutting tools; Diamonds; Lenses; Molds; Tribology; Turning; Wear of materials; Cerium alloys	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953128439	Changes in tribological performance of high molecular weight high density polyethylene induced by the addition of molybdenum disulphide particles	Pettarin V., Churruca M.J., Felhös D., Karger-Kocsis J., Frontini P.M.	2010	Wear	269	42371	10.1016/j.wear.2010.03.006	Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA, Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, B7608 FDQ Mar del Plata, Argentina; Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science Engineering, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Hungary; Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Pettarin, V., Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA, Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, B7608 FDQ Mar del Plata, Argentina; Churruca, M.J., Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA, Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, B7608 FDQ Mar del Plata, Argentina; Felhös, D., Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science Engineering, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Hungary; Karger-Kocsis, J., Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Frontini, P.M., Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA, Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, B7608 FDQ Mar del Plata, Argentina	Through this work, the effect of the addition of commercial molybdenum disulphide on the tribological behavior of high molecular weight high density polyethylene was assessed. Determination of several tribological parameters (kinetic coefficient of friction by sliding testing, static coefficient of friction by scratch testing, sliding wear rate by roller-on-plate test, abrasive wear rate by dry sand/rubber wheel test, and surface hardness by microhardness measurements) and microscopical observations (by TOM, SEM and EDAX) were combined in an attempt to elucidate the effect of MoS2 in composites performance. In this way, a complete picture of composites behavior was achieved. An content of MoS2 for minimum wear rate was encountered to be around 10 wt.%. It was found that the solid lubricant increases wear resistance under both sliding and abrasive wear conditions. It seems that depending on wear condition MoS2 acts in a different way. It appears that MoS2 contributes to dissipate the generated heat, thus decreasing wear due to surface melting of the polymer. Under sliding conditions, an adhesive wear mechanism became dominant which is characterized by the formation of a uniform and adherent transfer film on the counterface. Under abrasive conditions a positive rolling effect of MoS2 particles was found. Amounts of filler larger than 10% resulted in a detriment of wear resistance due to weak microstructures which lead to the occurrence of micro-cracking wear mechanism. Besides, the effect of MoS2 particles upon HMW-HDPE stress-strain and fracture behavior was checked for the composite with the best wear performance. Low strain mechanical properties of HMW-HDPE remained almost unaltered while a noticeable change in high strain properties resulted from the introduction of filler. Fracture mode was also changed from stable to unstable under quasi-static conditions and from semi-ductile to brittle under dynamic conditions, with a concomitant abrupt reduction in toughness values. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Fracture toughness; Lubricant additives; Polymer-matrix composite; Sliding wear; Stress-strain behavior; Three-body abrasion	Abrasive wears; Adhesive wears; Coefficient of frictions; Dynamic condition; Fracture behavior; Fracture mode; High molecular weight; High strains; Kinetic coefficient of friction; Low strains; Lubricant additives; Microhardness measurement; Microscopical observation; Molybdenum disulphide; Plate test; Quasi-static conditions; Scratch testing; SEM; Sliding conditions; Sliding wear; Stress-strain; Stress-strain behavior; Stress-strain behaviors; Surface hardness; Surface melting; Three body abrasion; Transfer film; Tribological behaviors; Tribological parameters; Tribological performance; Wear condition; Wear mechanisms; Wear performance; Wear rates; Abrasion; Abrasives; Brittle fracture; Ductile fracture; Fillers; Fracture toughness; Friction; Hardness testing; Mechanical properties; Molecular weight; Molybdenum; Molybdenum compounds; Polyethylenes; Polymer matrix composites; Polymers; Rolling; Solid lubricants; Strain; Surface testing; Thermoplastics; Tribology; Wear resistance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906887788	Potential impacts of climate change on precipitation over lake Victoria, East Africa, in the 21st century	Akurut M., Willems P., Niwagaba C.B.	2014	Water (Switzerland)	6	9	10.3390/w6092634	Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, bus 2448, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University Kampala, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala 00256, Uganda; Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium	Akurut, M., Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, bus 2448, Leuven 3001, Belgium, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University Kampala, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala 00256, Uganda; Willems, P., Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, bus 2448, Leuven 3001, Belgium, Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium; Niwagaba, C.B., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University Kampala, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala 00256, Uganda	Precipitation over Lake Victoria in East Africa greatly influences its water balance. Over 30 million people rely on Lake Victoria for food, potable water, hydropower and transport. Projecting precipitation changes over the lake is vital in dealing with climate change impacts. The past and future precipitation over the lake were assessed using 42 model runs obtained from 26 General Circulation Models (GCMs) of the newest generation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Two CMIP5 scenarios defined by Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), namely RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, were used to explore climate change impacts. The daily precipitation over Lake Victoria for the period 1962-2002 was compared with future projections for the 2040s and 2075s. The ability of GCMs to project daily, monthly and annual precipitation over the lake was evaluated based on the mean error, root mean square error and the frequency of occurrence of extreme precipitation. Higher resolution models (grid size <1.5°) simulated monthly variations better than low resolution models (grid size >2.5°). The total annual precipitation is expected to increase by less than 10% for the RCP4.5 scenario and less than 20% for the RCP8.5 scenario over the 21st century, despite the higher (up to 40%) increase in extreme daily intensities.© 2014 by the authors, licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	Climate change; General circulation models (GCMs); Lake Victoria; Precipitation; Representative concentration pathways (RCP)	Climate models; Computer simulation; Lakes; Mean square error; Potable water; Precipitation (chemical); Precipitation (meteorology); Annual precipitation; Climate change impact; Coupled Model Intercomparison Project; Extreme precipitation; General circulation model; Lake Victoria; Representative concentration pathways (RCP); Root mean square errors; Climate change	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928670357	Impact of population growth and climate change on the freshwater resources of Lamu Island, Kenya	Okello C., Tomasello B., Greggio N., Wambiji N., Antonellini M.	2015	Water (Switzerland)	7	3	10.3390/w7031264	Integrated Geoscience Research Group (I.G.R.G.), University of Bologna, Sant'Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; University of Cadiz, Polígono San Pedro s/n, Aulario Norte, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Environmental Management Research Group (EMRG), Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Sant'Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box, 81651, Mombasa, Kenya	Okello, C., Integrated Geoscience Research Group (I.G.R.G.), University of Bologna, Sant'Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy, University of Cadiz, Polígono San Pedro s/n, Aulario Norte, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Tomasello, B., Environmental Management Research Group (EMRG), Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Sant'Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; Greggio, N., Integrated Geoscience Research Group (I.G.R.G.), University of Bologna, Sant'Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; Wambiji, N., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box, 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; Antonellini, M., Integrated Geoscience Research Group (I.G.R.G.), University of Bologna, Sant'Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy	Demand for freshwater is rising with factors, such as population growth, land use change and climate variations, rendering water availability in the future uncertain. Groundwater resources are being increasingly exploited to meet this growing demand. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of population growth induced by land use change and climate change on the future state of freshwater resources of Lamu Island in Kenya where a major port facility is under construction. The results of this study show that the "no industrial development" population scenario (assuming the port was not constructed) would be expected to reach ~50,000 people by 2050, while the projected population upon completion is expected to reach 1.25 million in the same year when the Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor Program (LAPSSET) port reaches its full cargo-handling capacity. The groundwater abstraction in 2009 was 0.06 m3 daily per capita, while the demand is expected to raise to 0.1 m3 by 2050 according to the "LAPSSET development" projection. The modelling results show that the Shela aquifer in Lamu, which is the main source of water on the island, will not experience stress by 2065 for the "no industrial development" population scenario, whereas for the "LAPSSET development projection" population scenario, it will occur sooner (between 2020 and 2028). The modelling results show that the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) climate change scenarios will have a smaller impact on the effective water volume reserves than Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) for the "no industrial development", while the impact is expected to be similar for the "LAPSSET development", suggesting that population growth exacerbated by land use change will be a more significant driving force than climate change in affecting freshwater availability. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	Climate change; Freshwater; Groundwater; Population growth; Water stress	Aquifers; Groundwater; Groundwater resources; Industrial emissions; Land use; Landforms; Population statistics; Water; Climate change scenarios; Fresh water resources; Freshwater; Groundwater abstraction; Industrial development; Population growth; Special report on emissions scenarios; Water stress; Climate change; climate change; groundwater resource; population growth; water demand; Kenya; Lamu	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955079958	The impact of Moringa oleifera as a coagulant aid on the removal of trihalomethane (THM) precursors and iron from drinking water	Kalibbala H.M., Wahlberg O., Hawumba T.J.	2009	Water Science and Technology: Water Supply	9	6	10.2166/ws.2009.671	Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Kalibbala, H.M., Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Wahlberg, O., Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Hawumba, T.J., Department of Biochemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Chlorine is used as a disinfectant and an oxidant in drinking water treatment to protect the public health from pathogenic microorganisms. However, if applied to raw water with humic materials, it leads to the formation of halogenated organic compounds that are a potentially serious environmental and health problem. This renders pre-chlorination of raw waters to oxidise iron inappropriate. Coagulation, the principal treatment process for removal of THM precursors, is therefore essential for chlorination by-product control. In this study, the impact of pre-chlorination and the performance of Moringa oleifera as a coagulant aid at Masaka waterworks were assessed. An average increase of trihalomethanes of over 4,000% at aeration and pre-chlorination stage was observed at the plant. From the jar tests, alum with Moringa oleifera reduced dissolved organic concentration by 47.1%. The treated water after sedimentation tasted salty but after filtration and chlorination, the salty taste disappeared. Residual iron values of 1.38 mg/L and 3.05 mg/L were achieved with MOC-SC as coagulant aid and alum alone respectively. The jar test results indicated that use of alum with Moringa oleifera as coagulant aid is promising as a first stage in the treatment train for waters with humic materials and high content of iron. © IWA Publishing 2009.	Coagulant aid; Iron; Moringa oleifera; Pre-chlorination; Taste; THM precursors	Chlorination byproducts; Drinking water; Drinking water treatment; Halogenated organic compounds; High-content; Humic materials; Jar test; Moringa oleifera; Pathogenic microorganisms; Prechlorination; Public health; Raw water; Treatment process; Trihalomethanes; Chemical water treatment; Chlorination; Chlorine; Coagulation; Dissolution; Microorganisms; Potable water; Water filtration; Water recycling; Water supply; Chemicals removal (water treatment); drinking water; iron; Moringa oleifera extract; trihalomethane; chlorination; coagulation; dicotyledon; drinking water; health impact; iron; organic pollutant; organohalogen; performance assessment; pollutant removal; sedimentation; water treatment; aeration; article; chlorination; concentration (parameters); electric conductivity; filtration; Moringa oleifera; nonhuman; pH; precursor; preservation; quality control; sedimentation; taste; turbidity; water quality; water treatment; Moringa oleifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960896156	Calibration of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for monitoring of microbial biotoxins in aquatic environments	Nyoni H., Mamba B.B., Msagati T.A.M.	2015	Water Science and Technology: Water Supply	15	6	10.2166/ws.2015.080	University of South Africa, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa	Nyoni, H., University of South Africa, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mamba, B.B., University of South Africa, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa; Msagati, T.A.M., University of South Africa, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa	In this work, an integrative passive sampler based on a silicone membrane filled with a suspension of γ-Fe2O3 at pH 3.5 was developed. The novel device was calibrated for the measurement of microcystin concentrations in water. Laboratory calibration studies of the passive sampling devises under controlled conditions of temperature, water turbulence, and analyte concentration were conducted in order to establish how variable environmental conditions affect the novel sampler's performance. The chemical uptake of microcystin (MC)-RR, -LR, and -YR into the passive sampler remained linear and integrative throughout the 28-day exposure. The relative standard deviations of mean concentrations obtained using silicone-based sampler ranged from 1.42 to 3.74% for microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR. The values for reproducibility from triplicate samplers ranged from 3.5 to 7.1% for microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR. The detection limits on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with PDA detection for microcystins LR, RR, and YR were 24.7, 17.2, and 23.8 μg L-1 respectively, calculated as three times the signal to noise ratio. The rate of accumulation of most of the MC compounds tested was dependent on temperature and flow velocity. Furthermore, the sample matrix, e.g. humic substances, had no significant effect on the concentration of compounds trapped in the acceptor solution and once these MC compounds were trapped in the acceptor phase they did not diffuse back during the deployment period. © IWA Publishing 2015.	Iron-oxide-nanoparticle; Microcystins; Passive sampling; Silicone membrane	Calibration; Chromatography; Flow velocity; High performance liquid chromatography; Iron compounds; Liquid chromatography; Signal to noise ratio; Silicones; Analyte concentration; Controlled conditions; Environmental conditions; Iron oxide nanoparticle; Microcystins; Passive sampling; Relative standard deviations; Silicone membrane; Toxic materials	None
None	None	Wastewater treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetlands in African countries: A review	Mekonnen A., Leta S., Njau K.N.	2015	Water Science and Technology	71	1	10.2166/wst.2014.483	Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	Mekonnen, A., Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leta, S., Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Njau, K.N., Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	In Africa, different studies have been conducted at different scales to evaluate wastewater treatment efficiency of constructed wetland. This paper aims to review the treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetland used in African countries. In the reviewed papers, the operational parameters, size and type of wetland used and the treatment efficiency are assessed. The results are organized and presented in six tables based on the type of wetland and wastewater used in the study. The results of the review papers indicated that most of the studies were conducted in Tanzania, Egypt and Kenya. In Kenya and Tanzania, different full-scale wetlands are widely used in treating wastewater. Among wetland type, horizontal subsurface flow wetlands were widely studied followed by surface flow and hybrid wetlands. Most of the reported hybrid wetlands were in Kenya. The results of the review papers indicated that wetlands are efficient in removing organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) and suspended solids. On the other hand, nutrient removal efficiency appeared to be low. © IWA Publishing 2015.	Constructed wetland; Horizontal subsurface flow; Removal efficiency; Surface flow	Biochemical oxygen demand; Chemical oxygen demand; Efficiency; Oxygen; Wastewater treatment; Constructed wetlands; Horizontal subsurface flow; Nutrient removal efficiency; Operational parameters; Removal efficiencies; Surface flow; Treatment performance; Wastewater treatment efficiencies; Wetlands; organic matter; phosphorus; surface water; constructed wetland; pollutant removal; sewage treatment; subsurface flow; surface flux; Africa; Article; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; constructed wetland; nonhuman; nutrient loading; sludge dewatering; suspended particulate matter; waste water management; Egypt; Kenya; sewage; standards; Tanzania; wetland; Egypt; Kenya; Tanzania; Africa; Egypt; Kenya; Tanzania; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wetlands	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958214641	Pilot scale evaluation of SANI® process for sludge minimization and greenhouse gas reduction in saline sewage treatment	Lu H., Wu D., Tang D.T.W., Chen G.H., Van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Ekama G.	2011	Water Science and Technology	63	10	10.2166/wst.2011.342	Department of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Drainage Services Department, HKSAR Government, Revenue Tower, Wanchai, Hong Kong; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands; Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Lu, H., Department of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Wu, D., Department of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Tang, D.T.W., Drainage Services Department, HKSAR Government, Revenue Tower, Wanchai, Hong Kong; Chen, G.H., Department of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands; Ekama, G., Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	This study reports on a pilot trial of the SANI® process (Sulfate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification and Nitrification Integrated process) in Hong Kong. A pilot-scale SANI plant treating saline sewage at 10 m 3/day was scaled-up from a lab-scale system treating synthetic saline sewage. The plant consisted of a sulfate reduction up-flow sludge bed (SRUSB), an anoxic bioreactor (BAR1) for autotrophic denitrification utilizing dissolved sulfide produced by the SRUSB and an aerobic bioreactor (BAR2) for nitrification. The SANI® pilot plant was successfully operated for 225 days and achieved average COD, TSS, TN removal of 87, 87, and 57%, respectively. The ratio of MLVSS to MLSS in the SRUSB was stable at 0.7 and the average sludge volume index (SVI) was constantly below 110 ml/g. No sludge was purposely withdrawn from the plant during 225-day plant operation. This was attributed to a very low observed sludge yield (0.02 kgVSS/kgCOD removed) of the SRUSB reactor. DNA extraction, PCA amplification results revealed that no methanogens were detected in the SRUSB. SANI® can reduce 90% sludge production, 35% energy and 36% GHG compared to conventional biological nutrient removal (CBNR) process. © IWA Publishing 2011.	CO2 emission; Energy consumption; Pilot scale; Saline sewage; SANI® process; Sludge reduction	Aerobic bioreactors; Autotrophic denitrification; Biological nutrient removal; Dissolved sulfide; DNA extraction; Greenhouse gas reductions; Hong-kong; Integrated process; Pilot scale; Pilot scale evaluation; Plant operations; Saline sewage; Sludge production; Sludge reduction; Sludge volume index; Sludge yield; Sulfate reduction; Anoxic sediments; Bioreactors; Carbon dioxide; Denitrification; Energy utilization; Global warming; Greenhouse gases; Nitrification; Oxidation; Pilot plants; Principal component analysis; Sewage; Sewage treatment; carbon dioxide; sulfate; sulfide; autotrophy; bioreactor; carbon emission; chemical oxygen demand; denitrification; DNA; emission control; energy use; greenhouse gas; laboratory method; methanogenic bacterium; pollutant removal; reduction; salinity; sewage treatment; sludge; sulfate; sulfide; activated sludge; article; bioreactor; chemical oxygen demand; denitrification; greenhouse gas; nitrification; sewage treatment; sewage treatment plant; sludge treatment; sulfate reduction up flow sludge bed bioreactor; Autotrophic Processes; Carbon Dioxide; Denitrification; DNA; Greenhouse Effect; Nitrification; Pilot Projects; Seawater; Sewage; Sulfates; Waste Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical; China; Hong Kong	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84918811269	Impact of ozone pre-treatment on the performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket treating pre-treated grain distillery wastewater	Robertson L., Britz T.J., Sigge G.O.	2014	Water Science and Technology	70	10	10.2166/wst.2014.435	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Robertson, L., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Sigge, G.O., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Two 2 L laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors were operated for 277 days. The substrate of the control reactor (R<inf>c</inf>) contained grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) that had undergone coagulant pre-treatment, and the substrate of the second UASB reactor consisted of GDWW that had undergone coagulant pre-treatment and ozone pre-treatment (R<inf>o</inf>). Both reactors treated pre-treated GDWW successfully at ca. 9 kgCOD m-3 d-1. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions of ca. 96% for R<inf>c</inf> and 93% for Ro were achieved. Fats, oils and grease (FOG) reductions (%) showed variations throughout the study, and reductions of ca. 88 and 92% were achieved for R<inf>c</inf> and R<inf>o</inf>, respectively. R<inf>c</inf> produced more biogas, and the methane percentage was similar in both reactors. UASB granule washout in R<inf>c</inf> suggested possible toxicity of unsaturated fatty acids present in non-ozonated substrate. The feasibility of FOG removal was demonstrated as both reactors successfully treated pre-treated GDWW. Better results were obtained for R<inf>o</inf> effluent during post-ozonation. The ozone pre-treatment possibly led to easier degradable wastewater, and better results could potentially be obtained when other post-treatment steps are applied. Ozone pre-treatment did not, however, show an added benefit in the reactor performance results. © IWA Publishing 2014.	Anaerobic digestion; Coagulant; Distillery wastewater; Ozone; Pre-treatment	Anaerobic digestion; Chemical oxygen demand; Coagulation; Effluents; Methane; Oils and fats; Ozone; Ozone water treatment; Ozonization; Unsaturated fatty acids; Coagulant; Control reactors; Distillery wastewaters; Fats , oils and grease; Pre-Treatment; Reactor performance; Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors; Upflow anaerobic sludge blankets; Wastewater treatment; bicarbonate; biogas; coagulating agent; methane; ozone; unsaturated fatty acid; volatile fatty acid; ozone; sewage; anoxic conditions; chemical oxygen demand; coagulation; fatty acid; granular medium; ozone; performance assessment; sludge; substrate; wastewater; water treatment; alkalinity; anaerobic digestion; Article; biodegradability; biomass; carbon source; cell division; chemical oxygen demand; degradation; distillation; grain; methanogen; ozonation; pH; reduction; upflow reactor; waste water; anaerobic growth; bioreactor; cereal; chemistry; distillation; procedures; sewage; Anaerobiosis; Bioreactors; Cereals; Distillation; Ozone; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149095641	Development of a water state index to assess the severity of impacts on and changes in natural water resources	Suridge A.K.J., Brent A.C.	2008	Water Science and Technology	58	8	10.2166/wst.2008.741	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Suridge, A.K.J., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lifecycle assessment (LCA) is a standardised methodology that is used to assess the impact of techno-economic systems on the natural environment. By compiling an inventory of energy and material inputs and environmental releases or outputs of a system, and evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with the inventory, one can make an informed decision regarding the sustainability of a techno-economic system in question. However, the current lifecycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodologies that form part of LCA studies do not effectively consider the impacts of techno-economic systems on ground and surface water resources in South Africa (and elsewhere). It is proposed that a microbiology based index method, similar to methods proposed for terrestrial resources, can establish the states of water resources for six classes of current economic exploitation: protected, moderate use, degraded, cultivated, plantation, and urban. It is further suggested that changes in these classes (and states) can be used meaningfully in LCIA methodologies to quantify the extent to which techno-economic interventions may alter natural water resources. Research is recommended to further improve the accuracy and reliability of the water state index. © IWA Publishing 2008.	16S rDNA; Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE); Environmental impact; Lifecycle assessment (LCA); Microbiology; Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Water resources	ground water; surface water; accuracy; article; biodegradation; environmental impact assessment; environmental protection; life cycle assessment; microbial diversity; nonhuman; reliability; South Africa; sustainable development; terrestrial surface waters; tillage; urbanization; water quality; water supply; Conservation of Natural Resources; Environment; Water	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880024279	Biosurfactants as demulsifying agents for oil recovery from oily sludge -Performance evaluation	Chirwa E.M.N., Mampholo T., Fayemiwo O.	2013	Water Science and Technology	67	12	10.2166/wst.2013.207	Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Chirwa, E.M.N., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Mampholo, T., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Fayemiwo, O., Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The oil producing and petroleum refining industries dispose of a significant amount of oily sludge annually. The sludge typically contains a mixture of oil, water and solid particles in the form of complex slurry. The oil in the waste sludge is inextractible due to the complex composition and complex interactions in the sludge matrix. The sludge is disposed of on land or into surface water bodies thereby creating toxic conditions or depleting oxygen required by aquatic animals. In this study, a fumed silica mixture with hydrocarbons was used to facilitate stable emulsion ('Pickering' emulsion) of the oily sludge. The second step of controlled demulsification and separation of oil and sludge into layers was achieved using either a commercial surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)) or a cost-effective biosurfactant from living organisms. The demulsification and separation of the oil layer using the commercial surfactant SDS was achieved within 4 hours after stopping mixing, which was much faster than the 10 days required to destabilise the emulsion using crude biosurfactants produced by a consortium of petrochemical tolerant bacteria. The recovery rate with bacteria could be improved by using a more purified biosurfactant without the cells. © IWA Publishing 2013.	Biosurfactant; Demulsification; Oily sludge simulation; Pickering emulsion; Sodium dodecyl sulphate	Bio surfactant; Commercial surfactants; Complex compositions; Demulsifying agents; Oily sludges; Pickering emulsions; Sodium dodecyl sulphate; Surface water body; Bacteria; Biology; Biomolecules; Demulsification; Emulsification; Mixtures; Petroleum refining; Sodium; Surface waters; Surface active agents; biosurfactant; dodecyl sulfate sodium; hydrocarbon; oil; oxygen; silicon dioxide; surface water; aquatic organism; chemical composition; cost-benefit analysis; emulsion; microbial activity; microbial community; oil production; recovery method; silica; sludge; surface water; surfactant; aquatic fauna; article; bacterium; controlled study; emulsion; nonhuman; petrochemical industry; sludge; Bacteria; Industrial Waste; Petroleum; Sewage; Surface-Active Agents; Temperature; Time Factors; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia	FA2006031900007, NRF, National Research Foundation
None	None	The impact of cost recovery and sharing system on water policy implementation and human right to: A case of Ileje, Tanzania	Kibassa D.	2011	Water Science and Technology	63	11	10.2166/wst.2011.482	Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS), Ardhi University (ARU), P.O. Box 35124, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kibassa, D., Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS), Ardhi University (ARU), P.O. Box 35124, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	In Tanzania, the National Water Policy (NAWAPO) of 2002 clearly stipulates that access to water supply and sanitation is a right for every Tanzanian and that cost recovery is the foundation of sustainable service delivery. To meet these demands, water authorities have introduced cost recovery and a water sharing system. The overall objective of this study was to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on water policy implementation and human rights to water in four villages in the Ileje district. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on the availability of water to the poor, (2) to assess user willingness to pay for the services provided, (3) to assess community understanding on the issue of water as a human right, (4) to analyse the implications of the results in relation to policies on human rights to water and the effectiveness of the implementation of the national water policy at the grassroots, and (5) to establish the guidelines for water pricing in rural areas. Questionnaires at water demand, water supply, ability and willingness to pay and revenue collection were the basis for data collection. While 36.7% of the population in the district had water supply coverage, more than 73,077 people of the total population of 115,996 still lacked access to clean and safe water and sanitation services in the Ileje district. The country's rural water supply coverage is 49%. Seventy-nine percent of the interviewees in all four villages said that water availability in litres per household per day had decreased mainly due to high water pricing which did not consider the income of villagers. On the other hand, more than 85%of the villagers were not satisfied with the amount they were paying because the services were still poor. On the issue of human rights to water, more than 92% of the villagers know about their right to water and want it exercised by the government. In all four villages, more than 78% of the interviewees are willing to pay for water provided that the tariffs are affordable. Water policy implementation continues slowly: regardless of the fact that more than five years have passed since policy inception, 60% of the villagers in Itumba still have no water services at all. The study shows that government fulfilment of human rights to water has a long way to go, especially in rural areas where people cannot afford to pay for water and some of the villages still depend on water from wells and seasonal rivers. © IWA Publishing 2011.	Affordability; Cost recovery; Human right to water; Water policy; Willingness to pay	Affordability; Cost recovery; Human rights; Water policy; Willingness to pay; Depreciation; Economics; Rating; Recovery; Rural areas; Sanitation; Surveys; Water management; Water supply; Costs; cost-benefit analysis; data acquisition; environmental policy; governance approach; grassroots level; guideline; human rights; policy implementation; pricing policy; public access; questionnaire survey; sanitation; service provision; sustainability; village; water availability; water demand; water economics; water management; water planning; water supply; willingness to pay; article; awareness; consumer; cost; cost recovery; government; human; human rights; national water policy; normal human; policy; practice guideline; prospective pricing; public health service; questionnaire; right to water; rural area; rural population; Tanzania; tax; water availability; water supply; Consumer Participation; Human Rights; Humans; Poverty; Public Policy; Rural Population; Tanzania; Water Supply; Ileje; Mbeya [Tanzania]; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849134329	Long-term impacts of pasture irrigation with treated sewage effluent on shallow groundwater quality	Gwenzi W., Munondo R.	2008	Water Science and Technology	58	12	10.2166/wst.2008.583	Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Tropical Resources Ecology Program, University of Zimbabwe, P. O Box MP167, Mt Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Po Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gwenzi, W., Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, WA, Australia, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Po Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Munondo, R., Department of Biological Sciences, Tropical Resources Ecology Program, University of Zimbabwe, P. O Box MP167, Mt Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe	The study investigated the effects of 26 years of effluent irrigation on chemical and bacteriological quality of shallow (&lt;3.0m) groundwater. Annual loading rates for N and P exceeded pasture requirements, while trace metals were either lower or higher than guideline limits. Effluent irrigation removed TN (44-71%), TP (80%), Cr (96%) and coliform bacteria (87-99.9%) while Zn, Cu and Cd removal was negligible probably due to their enhanced mobility. Analysis of groundwater samples from effluent-irrigated and non-irrigated control sites showed that effluent irrigation increased the levels of all measured parameters compared to the control. Average groundwater quality parameters from effluent-irrigated sites compared to the control were: pH (6.1 vs. 5.7), EC (0.71 vs. 0.53d m-1), concentrations (mg L-1) for TP (2.3 vs. 0.3), DP (1.0 VS. 0.1), TN (15.1 VS. 2.5), NH4-N (2.6 VS. 0.5), No3-N (4.1 VS. 1.3), Zn (0.4 VS. 0.05), Cu (0.13 vs. 0.02), Cd (0.05 vs. 0.01) and Cr (0.06 vs. 0.03). Across effluent-irrigated sites, FC and TC were 25 and 288cfu/100ml, respectively, versus nil for the control. Overall, effluent irrigation led to groundwater contamination by N, P, trace metals and coliform bacteria, which could threaten the long-term sustainability of the practice. ©IWA Publishing 2008.	Effluent irrigation; Groundwater; Loading rates; Wastewater	Bacteriological quality; Control sites; Effluent irrigation; Enhanced mobility; Groundwater contamination; Groundwater quality; Guideline limits; Loading rate; Loading rates; Long-term sustainability; Measured parameters; Sewage effluents; Shallow groundwater; Trace metal; Bacteriology; Chromium; Coliform bacteria; Effluents; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Hydrogeology; Irrigation; Metal recovery; Sewage; Trace analysis; Trace elements; Wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Water quality; Zinc; Quality control; coliform bacterium; groundwater pollution; irrigation; irrigation system; pasture; sewage; sustainability; trace metal; waste treatment; water quality; Agriculture; Colony Count, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Feces; Fresh Water; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Metals, Heavy; Nitrates; Nitrogen; Phosphates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sewage; Soil; Solubility; Time Factors; Trace Elements; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Purification; Water Supply	None
None	None	Effect of diffusional mass transfer on the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands in tropical climate conditions	Njau K.N., Gastory L., Eshton B., Katima J.H.Y., Minja R.J.A., Kimwaga R., Shaaban M.	2011	Water Science and Technology	63	12	10.2166/wst.2011.640	Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Njau, K.N., Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Gastory, L., Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Eshton, B., Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Katima, J.H.Y., Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Minja, R.J.A., Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kimwaga, R., Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Shaaban, M., Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetland Research and Development Group, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The effect of mass transfer on the removal rate constants of BOD 5, NH 3, NO 3 and TKN has been investigated in a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (HSSFCW) planted with Phragmites mauritianus. The plug flow model was assumed and the inlet and outlet concentrations were used to determine the observed removal rate constants. Mass transfer effects were studied by assessing the influence of interstitial velocity on pollutant removal rates in CW cells of different widths. The flow velocities varied between 3-46 m/d. Results indicate that the observed removal rate constants are highly influenced by the flow velocity. Correlation of dimensionless groups namely Reynolds Number (Re), Sherwood Number (Sh) and Schmidt Number (Sc) were applied and log-log plots of rate constants against velocity yielded straight lines with values β = 0.87 for BOD 5, 1.88 for NH 3, 1.20 for NO 3 and 0.94 for TKN. The correlation matched the expected for packed beds although the constant β was higher than expected for low Reynolds numbers. These results indicate that the design values of rate constants used to size wetlands are influenced by flow velocity. This paper suggests the incorporation of mass transfer into CW design procedures in order to improve the performance of CW systems and reduce land requirements. © IWA Publishing 2011.	Constructed wetlands; Mass transfer; Tropical climate	Constructed wetlands; Design procedure; Design value; Diffusional mass transfer; Dimensionless groups; Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands; Log-log plots; Low Reynolds number; Mass transfer effects; Outlet concentration; Phragmites; Plug flow models; Pollutant removal; Removal rate constant; Schmidt numbers; Sherwood numbers; Straight lines; Tropical climates; Flow velocity; Inlet flow; Mass transfer; Packed beds; Reynolds number; Velocity; Wetlands; Rate constants; ammonia; nitrate; nitrogen; total kjeldahl nitrogen; unclassified drug; ammonia; ammonium; biochemical oxygen demand; constructed wetland; correlation; diffusion; flow velocity; fluid flow; grass; mass transfer; nitrate; organic nitrogen; perennial plant; performance assessment; pollutant removal; subsurface flow; tropical environment; article; biochemical oxygen demand; concentration (parameters); diffusion; flow rate; land use; Phragmites mauritianus; plant; pollutant; tropic climate; wetland; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Facility Design and Construction; Hydrodynamics; Models, Theoretical; Tanzania; Tropical Climate; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; Wetlands; Phragmites mauritianus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35948991958	Design and performance of BNR activated sludge systems with flat sheet membranes for solid-liquid separation	du Toit G.J.G., Ramphao M.C., Parco V., Wentzel M.C., Ekama G.A.	2007	Water Science and Technology	56	6	10.2166/wst.2007.643	Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Palermo, Palermo 90100, Italy; Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd., 81 Church Street, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	du Toit, G.J.G., Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa, Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd., 81 Church Street, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Ramphao, M.C., Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd., 81 Church Street, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Parco, V., Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Palermo, Palermo 90100, Italy; Wentzel, M.C., Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Ekama, G.A., Water Research Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	The use of immersed membranes for solid-liquid separation in biological nutrient removal activated sludge (BNRAS) systems was investigated at lab scale. Two laboratory-scale BNR activated sludge systems were run in parallel, one a MBR system and the other a conventional system with secondary settling tanks. Both systems were in 3 reactor anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic UCT configurations. The systems were set up to have, as far as possible, identical design parameters such as reactor mass fractions, recycles and sludge age. Differences were the influent flow and total reactor volumes, and the higher reactor concentrations in the MBR system. The performances of the two systems were extensively monitored and compared to identify and quantity the influence of the membranes on system response. The MBR UCT system exhibited COD, FSA, TKN, TP and TSS removals that were consistently equivalent or superior to the conventional system. Better P removal in the MBR was attributed to lower observed P uptake in the anoxic zone. High nitrate loads to the anoxic reactor appeared to be the determining factor in stimulating P uptake. The MBR UCT system had a greater sludge production than the conventional system. This was partly attributable to the retention of all solids in the MBR reactor. For steady state design this increase is accommodated by increasing the influent unbiodegradable particulate COD fraction. Additionally an attempt was made to determine the Alpha values in the oxygen transfer rate. This paper briefly summarises and compares the results from both systems, and the conclusions that can be drawn from these results. © IWA Publishing 2007.	Activated sludge; Alpha; Anoxic P uptake; Biological nutrient removal; Membrane bioreactor	Bioreactors; Chemical oxygen demand; Nutrients; Phase separation; Phosphorus; Removal; Sewage settling tanks; Biological nutrient removal; Membrane bioreactor; Activated sludge process; nitrogen; oxygen; phosphorus; Activated sludge process; Bioreactors; Chemical oxygen demand; Nutrients; Phase separation; Phosphorus; Removal; Sewage settling tanks; activated sludge; bioreactor; membrane; activated sludge; aerobic reactor; anaerobic reactor; article; biodegradability; chemical oxygen demand; controlled study; intermethod comparison; membrane reactor; oxygen transport; particulate matter; process design; quantitative analysis; separation technique; solid liquid separation; steady state; suspended particulate matter; Bioreactors; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Purification	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928105303	Performance of regional flood frequency analysis methods in kwazulu-natal, south africa	Smithers J.C., Streatfield J., Gray R.P., Oakes E.G.M.	2015	Water SA	41	3	10.4314/wsa.v41i3.11	Bioresources Engineering, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, South Africa; Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd, 6 Pin Oak Avenue, Hilton, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Smithers, J.C., Bioresources Engineering, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, South Africa, Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd, 6 Pin Oak Avenue, Hilton, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Streatfield, J., Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd, 6 Pin Oak Avenue, Hilton, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Gray, R.P., Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd, 6 Pin Oak Avenue, Hilton, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Oakes, E.G.M., Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd, 6 Pin Oak Avenue, Hilton, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Estimates of design floods are required for the design of hydraulic structures and to quantify the risk of failure of the structures. Many international studies have shown that design floods estimated using a regionalised method result in more reliable estimates of design floods than values computed from a single site or from other methods. A number of regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) methods have been developed, which cover all or parts of South Africa. These include methods developed by Van Bladeren (1993), Mkhandi et al. (2000), Görgens (2007) and Haile (2011). The performance of these methods has been assessed at selected flow-gauging sites in the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. It is recommended that the limitations of available flow records to estimate extreme flow events need to be urgently addressed. From the results for KZN the JPV method, with a regionalised GEV distribution with the veld zone regionalisation, generally gave the best performance when compared to design floods estimated from the annual maximum series extracted from the observed data. It is recommended that the performance of the various RFFA methods needs to be assessed at a national scale and that a more detailed regionalisation be used in the development of an updated RFFA method for South Africa. © 2015, South African Water Research Commission. All rights reserved.	KwaZulu-Natal; Regional flood frequency analysis	Design; Flood control; Rain; Annual maximum series; GEV distributions; International studies; Kwazulu-Natal; Regional flood frequency analysis; Regionalisation; Reliable estimates; Risk of failure; Floods; design flood; extreme event; failure analysis; flood frequency; flow pattern; frequency analysis; gauge; hydraulic structure; performance assessment; regional planning; risk assessment; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249120938	Probabilistic risk assessment of the environmental impacts of pesticides in the Crocodile (west) Marico catchment, North-West Province	Ansara-Ross T.M., Wepener V., Van Den Brink P.J., Ross M.J.	2008	Water SA	34	5	None	Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Wageningen University, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands	Ansara-Ross, T.M., Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Wepener, V., Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Van Den Brink, P.J., Wageningen University, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Ross, M.J., Centre for Aquatic Research, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa	External agricultural inputs, such as pesticides, may pose risks to aquatic ecosystems and affect aquatic populations, communities and ecosystems. To predict these risks, a tiered approach was followed, incorporating both the PRIMET and PERPEST models. The first-tier PRIMET model is designed to yield a relatively worst-case risk assessment requiring a minimum of input data, after which the effects of the risks can be refined using a higher tier PERPEST model. The risk assessment initially depends on data supplied from local landowners, pesticide characteristic, application scheme and physical scenario of the environment under question. Preliminary results are presented, together with ecotoxicological data on several frequently-used pesticides in a section of the Crocodile (west) Marico Water Management Area (WMA) in South Africa. This area is historically known to have a high pesticide usage, with deltamethrin, aldicarb, parathion, cypermethrin and dichlorvos being the main pesticides used. Deltamethrin was indicated as having the highest probability of risks to aquatic organisms occurring in the study area. Cypermethrin, parathion, dichlorvos, carbaryl, bromoxynil, linuron, methomyl and aldicarb were all indicated as having possible risks (ETR 1-100) to the aquatic environment. Pesticides posing no risk included fenamiphos, abamectin, pendimethalin, captan, endosulfan, alachlor, bentazone and cyromazine (ETR<1). The pesticides posing a possible risk to the aquatic ecosystem were evaluated further to determine their effects on 8 grouped endpoints using the PERPEST effect model. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin were again noted as posing the greatest risk and clear effects were eminent for aquatic insects and macro-crustaceans, followed by micro-crustaceans and rotifers. High percentages of clear effects on insects were also observed for carbaryl, parathion and dichlorvos. Linuron was indicated as having minimal clear effects on community metabolism, macrophytes and phytoplankton classes, while lesser clear effects of bromoxynil occurred on periphyton communities. Application of both the lower-tier PRIMET and higher-tier PERPEST models showed similar trends in that they both ranked the top 5 pesticides in the same order of risk. This approach offers a significant improvement over the presently-used simulation models or use of safety factors. It is therefore especially useful in developing countries such as South Africa, where pesticide environmental risk information is scarce. Although these models were effectively used in this study, it still has to be validated further under South African conditions.	Aquatic ecosystem; Pesticides; Risk-assessment model	Agricultural chemicals; Aquaculture; Biochemistry; Catchments; Developing countries; Ecology; Ecosystems; Environmental impact; Herbicides; Insecticides; Pesticides; Population statistics; Probability; Risk management; Risks; Safety factor; Water management; Abamectin; Alachlor; Aldicarb; Application schemes; Aquatic ecosystem; Aquatic ecosystems; Aquatic environments; Aquatic insects; Aquatic organisms; Bentazone; Bromoxynil; Carbaryl; Cypermethrin; Deltamethrin; Dichlorvos; Ecotoxicological; Effect models; Endosulfan; Environmental risks; External-; Fenamiphos; Input datums; Linuron; Macrophytes; Methomyl; Pendimethalin; Periphyton communities; Probabilistic risk assessments; Simulation models; South Africa; Study areas; Tiered approaches; Risk assessment; aquatic ecosystem; catchment; ecotoxicology; environmental impact; environmental risk; metabolism; pesticide; risk assessment; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Alligator; Crustacea; Hexapoda; Rotifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954222893	The impact of water quality on informally-declared heritage sites: A preliminary study	Vos A.T., Cawood S.	2010	Water SA	36	2	None	Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Vos, A.T., Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Cawood, S., Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	The current study is an attempt to gauge the impact of water quality on 2 sacred sites in the eastern Free State, Mautse and Motouleng, which are informally-declared heritage sites, as well as the consequent implications for matters of living heritage as pertaining to the specific sites. The informally-constituted communities at the sacred sites are dependent on freshwater sources where water use, sanitation and waste disposal are unmanaged activities. The sustainability of informally-declared heritage sites may be uncertain due to factors relating to water quality. Water samples were collected for physical, chemical and biological analyses. The latter comprised algal and bacterial analyses which included testing for concentrations of faecal coliforms, where concentrations above 20 cfu/100 mℓ indicates a significant risk of infectious disease transmission (domestic use) and concentrations above 200 cfu/100 mℓ points to a significant infection risk for young livestock. Water quality is discussed in terms of human, animal and ecological risk, which may threaten the heritage and the economic subsistence based on the heritage at both sites.	Faecal coliforms; Heritage; Informally-declared heritage sites; Water quality	Bacterial analysis; Biological analysis; Domestic use; Ecological risks; Faecal coliforms; Free state; Freshwater sources; Heritage; Heritage sites; Infectious disease; Specific sites; Water samples; Water use; Agriculture; Waste disposal; Water quality; Water supply; Water pollution; biological analysis; disease transmission; environmental risk; fecal coliform; heritage conservation; infectious disease; physicochemical property; risk factor; sanitation; subsistence; sustainability; waste disposal; water quality; water use; Free State; South Africa; algae; Animalia; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846473188	Hydrologic and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain Part 3: Applications to assess ecological impact	Kleynhans M.T., James C.S., Birkhead A.L.	2007	Water SA	33	1	None	Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Streamflow Solutions cc, East London, South Africa	Kleynhans, M.T., Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; James, C.S., Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Birkhead, A.L., Streamflow Solutions cc, East London, South Africa	The ecological functioning of the Nyl River floodplain in the Limpopo Province of South Africa depends on water supplied by catchments which are experiencing continuing water resource development. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been produced to assist in future planning by simulating the effects of developments on ecologically relevant flooding characteristics. The models are applied here to predict the impacts of different development scenarios on the areal extent of suitable habitat for a key species, the Wild Rice (Oryza longistaminata), which can be characterised in terms of the depth, duration and timing of flood events. The results show that historical developments in the contributing catchments have already significantly reduced the area suitable for Wild Rice growth, particularly in relatively dry years, and increased the likely dry period between flooding events. Dam construction on one of the tributaries would reduce the suitable area further in dry to average years and increase the inter-event dry period. Careful dam operation could ameliorate impacts in very dry years, however.	Ecohydraulics; Environmental impact; Hydroecology; Nyl River floodplain; Nylsvlei; Nylsvley Nature Reserve; Wetland modelling; Wetlands	Ecology; Environmental impact; Hydraulic models; Hydraulics; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Wetlands; Hydroecology; River floodplain; Wetland modeling; Rivers; Ecology; Environmental impact; Hydraulic models; Hydraulics; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Rivers; Wetlands; assessment method; catchment; dam construction; ecological impact; floodplain; flow modeling; hydraulics; hydrological modeling; resource development; water resource; water supply; Africa; Limpopo; Nyl River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Oryza longistaminata; Zizania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249116955	Inter-basin water transfer effects on the invertebrates of the Mvuzane River: A test of the SASS rapid biomonitoring protocol to assess the impact of flow modification	Weerts S.P., Cyrus D.P.	2008	Water SA	34	2	None	Coastal Research Unit of Zululand, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, South Africa	Weerts, S.P., Coastal Research Unit of Zululand, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa, CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 17001, Congella 4013, South Africa; Cyrus, D.P., Coastal Research Unit of Zululand, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Effects of the transfer of water from the Thukela to the Mvuzane River were investigated using the SASS rapid bioassessment technique and more quantitative methods of guild composition and community analyses. Although the transfer was relatively small (&lt; 1 m-3/s) it completely dominated natural flows in the recipient system. SASS monitoring was found to be useful as a rapid, field-based assessment of water quality and can he used to act as a 'red flag' to problems in the future. However, it was not sensitive to changes in the community structure at different sites and was inefficient as a tool to investigate the wider ecological impacts of the transfer scheme, most notably those associated with flow modification. Changes in the invertebrate fauna were most easily explained in terms of the effect of increased flow velocities and volumes on taxa that were classified as 'swimmers' and 'skaters'. Impacts via disruption to trophic pathways cannot be discounted and will most certainly occur with prolonged water transfer.	None	Bioassessment; Biomonitoring; Quantitative methods; Water transfers; assessment method; basin; biomonitoring; community composition; community structure; ecological impact; guild structure; invertebrate; river water; trophic status; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; Mvuzane River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Thukela Basin; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549099309	Nitrogen dynamics in land cleared of alien vegetation (Acacia Saligna) and impacts on groundwater at Riverlands nature reserve (Western Cape, South Africa)	Jovanovic N.Z., Israel S., Tredoux G., Soltau L., Le Maitre D., Rusinga F., Rozanov A., van der Merwe N.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	Jovanovic, N.Z., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Israel, S., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Tredoux, G., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Soltau, L., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Le Maitre, D., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Rusinga, F., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa, Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Rozanov, A., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; van der Merwe, N., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Woody invading alien plants, many of which are nitrogen-fixing legumes (Fabaceae family), are currently cleared in South African catchments to reduce water loss and preserve streamflow, and for the restoration of the ecosystem. This study tested the hypothesis that clearing invasive alien vegetation may disturb the vegetation-micro-organism-soil N cycling system by producing a large once-off input of fresh tree litterfall rich in N and by eliminating a large N sink. Three experimental plots were established at the Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa): a site invaded by Acacia saligna to be used as control; a site cleared of Acacia saligna; and a site with natural vegetation to be used as background. Nitrogen concentrations in soil and groundwater, volumetric soil water contents, root density and weather conditions were measured during 2007. Oxidised forms of nitrogen, in particular NO3-, were dominant in the system. Recharge and leachate were simulated with the HYDRUS-2D model and used as inputs into Visual MODFLOW to predict the spatial distribution of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) in groundwater. NOx levels in soil and groundwater were higher in alien-invaded areas compared to fynbos-covered land. A quick release of NOx into groundwater was observed due to high residual N reserves in the rooting zone, decreased evapotranspiration and increased recharge in the treatment cleared of alien vegetation. In the long run, high NOx concentrations in groundwater underlying cleared land will last only until all the excess nitrogen has been leached from the soil. A decrease in NOx concentration in groundwater can be expected thereafter. Clearing land of alien invasive legumes may therefore have a beneficial effect by reducing groundwater contamination from NOx and reducing water losses in catchments.	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve; Catchments; Contamination; Evapotranspiration; Forestry; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Hydrogeology; Leaching; Nitrogen; Nitrogen fixation; Runoff; Size distribution; Soil moisture; Underground reservoirs; Underwater soils; Vegetation; Water supply; Water treatment; catchment; concentration (composition); evapotranspiration; forest clearance; groundwater flow; groundwater pollution; hydrogeochemistry; hydrological modeling; hypothesis testing; introduced species; leachate; leaching; legume; nitrogen cycle; nitrogen fixation; nitrogen oxides; pollution control; recharge; restoration ecology; soil nitrogen; soil water; streamflow; Forestry; Geology; Ground Water; Land; Leaching; Natural Resources; Nitrate Groups; Nitrogen; Pollution; Reserves; Rivers; Soil Analysis; Transpiration; Water Quality; Water Treatment; Africa; Riverlands Provincial Nature Reserve; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape; Acacia; Acacia saligna; Fabaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860538042	Monetary valuation of salinity impacts and microbial pollution in the Olifants Water Management Area, South Africa	de Lange W.J., Mahumani B.K., Steyn M., Oelofse S.H.H.	2012	Water SA	38	2	10.4314/wsa.v38i2.9	CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	de Lange, W.J., CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Mahumani, B.K., CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Steyn, M., CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Oelofse, S.H.H., CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	This paper estimates costs associated with water pollution in the Olifants River Water Management Area (WMA) in South Africa, and, more specifically, the area represented by the Loskop Dam Water User Association. We focus on the impacts of salinisation on commercial irrigated agriculture, and of microbial pollution on the general population of the WMA, many of whom do not have access to municipal water and sanitation services, leaving them vulnerable to microbial pollution in the water resource. Costs associated with salinity are estimates based on the impacts of increased salinity on the value of marginal product of certain irrigated crops. Costs associated with microbial pollution are estimated based on the direct and indirect costs of human health impacts as a result of microbial pollution in the study area. These monetary value estimates give an indication of the magnitude of the cost of water pollution to society in the WMA. It is concluded that the once-off cost required to provide some pollution prevention infrastructure will be lower than the current annual cost burden of pollution on society in the WMA, and that pollution prevention is therefore cost effective.	Agriculture; Costs; Pollution prevention; Society; Water pollution	Annual cost; Cost effective; Dam water; Direct and indirect costs; General population; Human health impacts; Irrigated agriculture; Irrigated crops; Management areas; Microbial pollution; Monetary valuations; Monetary value; Municipal water; Pollution prevention; Salinisation; Sanitation services; Society; South Africa; Study areas; Agriculture; Cost estimating; Costs; Estimation; Oil spills; Pollution; Salinity measurement; Water management; Water pollution; Cost benefit analysis; cost-benefit analysis; environmental economics; irrigation system; microorganism; pollution control; river pollution; river water; salinity; salinization; sanitation; valuation; water resource; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862214424	Evaluation of factors influencing transmissivity in fractured hard-rock aquifers of the Limpopo province	Holland M.	2012	Water SA	38	3	None	Delta h, PO Box 66662, Woodhill 0076, South Africa	Holland, M., Delta h, PO Box 66662, Woodhill 0076, South Africa	Geologically-complex fractured aquifers underlie large parts of the semi-arid Limpopo Province where some of the greatest groundwater needs in South Africa occur. It is important to identify potentially high-yielding zones that can be targeted for water supply. The study covered 7 distinct groundwater regions within Limpopo Province, together covering about 63 500 km2. Results from over 4 000 pumping-test analyses indicated that geological setting (e.g. aureole of granitoids), proximity and orientation of dykes and lineaments and proximity of surface-water drainages may exert an influence on borehole productivity. Although dykes are poor groundwater targets, drilling dykes composed of dolerite may prove to be more successful. Lineaments striking perpendicular to the current maximum horizontal stress seem to be more favourable targets, which is inconsistent with the predicted regime. Due to the complex geological history, it is difficult to link open discontinuities to a distinct recent or past tectonic event. Regional stress-field data, as in this case, may not account for local, possibly highly significant, stress-field variations. The hydrogeological importance of several factors related to groundwater occurrence, can be used as a working reference for future groundwater-development programmes.	Borehole productivity; Groundwater; Limpopo province; Lineaments; Transmissivity	Fractured aquifer; Geological history; Geological setting; Granitoids; Hard-rock aquifers; Horizontal stress; Hydrogeological; Limpopo province; Lineaments; Semi arid; South Africa; Surface-water drainage; Tectonic events; Transmissivity; Aquifers; Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Productivity; Water supply; Groundwater resources; aquifer; borehole; data set; dike; drainage; fracture network; granitoid; groundwater resource; hard rock; history of geology; hydrogeology; lineament; pumping; semiarid region; stress field; tectonics; transmissivity; water supply; water yield; Limpopo; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846467223	Comparison of the direct enzyme assay method with the membrane filtration technique in the quantification and monitoring of microbial indicator organisms - Seasonal variations in the activities of coliforms and E. coli, temperature and pH	Wutor V.C., Togo C.A., Pletschke B.I.	2007	Water SA	33	1	None	Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Wutor, V.C., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Togo, C.A., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Pletschke, B.I., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	The aim of this project was to monitor variations and relationships between coliform and E. coli counts, the activities of their marker enzymes GAL and GUD, and temperature and pH over a period of 12 months in river samples obtained from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Several polluted water samples were collected for direct coliform β-D-galactosidase (B-GAL) and Escherichia coli β-D-glucuronidase (B-GUD) assays and the membrane filtration technique. While all the samples showed enzyme activities, not all exhibited growth on CM1046 media. Variation in B-GAL activity (40%) was observed between November (highest activity month) and May (lowest activity month). The highest and lowest B-GUD activities were observed in the months of September and May/June, respectively. The sensitivity of the spectrophotometric assay method was indicated by a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 coliform forming unit (CFU)/100 mℓ and 2 CFU/100 mℓ for coliforms and E. coli, respectively. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) positive correlation between E. coli counts and GUD activity (R2 = 0.8909). A correlation of R2 = 0.9151 was also observed between total coliforms and B-GAL activity, even though the CFUs were not evenly distributed. Direct enzyme assays were also shown to be more sensitive than the membrane filtration (MF) technique.	Chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG); Chlorophenol red (CPR); Coliforms; E. coli; p-nitrophenyl (PNP); p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG)	Correlation methods; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; Filtration; pH effects; Chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG); Chlorophenol red (CPR); P-nitrophenyl (PNP); p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG); Biomarkers; Biomarkers; Correlation methods; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; Filtration; pH effects; bacterium; bioassay; bioindicator; comparative study; enzyme activity; monitoring; river pollution; seasonal variation; Africa; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Escherichia coli	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929391195	Mitigating the impact of swimming pools on domestic water demand	Fisher-Jeffes L., Gertse G., Armitage N.P.	2015	Water SA	41	2	10.4314/wsa.v41i2.09	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa	Fisher-Jeffes, L., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Gertse, G., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Armitage, N.P., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa	South Africa is a water-scarce country where the sustainable provision of water to its citizens is one of the most significant challenges faced. A recent study in Cape Town, South Africa, investigated the impact of residential swimming pools on household water demand and found that, on average, the presence of a swimming pool increased water demand by 8.85 kℓ/ month or 37.36%. Should cities in South Africa wish to develop in a water sensitive manner – where water is treated as a scarce resource with economic value in all its competing uses – it will be vital to understand the impact of swimming pools on residential water demand. Should there be a significant increase in water demand attributable to the presence of a swimming pool on a property, it would highlight the need to consider whether it is acceptable for properties to use municipal water to fill them or top them up – especially in water-scarce/stressed areas. This paper describes a study undertaken in the Liesbeek River catchment, Cape Town, to investigate the impact that swimming pools have on domestic water demand. The results support the contention that properties with swimming pools use significantly more water than those without. This study estimated the additional demand resulting from swimming pools at between 2.2–2.4 kℓ/month or 7–8% of total water demand. The data also indicate that the presence of a swimming pool correlates with a higher indoor demand. The study shows the need to reduce the impact of swimming pools. This could include: pool covers to reduce evaporation, the recycling of backwash water, the use of rainwater to top up swimming pools, water use surcharges and, finally, appropriate regulation and enforcement to prevent the use of municipal water in swimming pools – especially during droughts. © 2015, South African Water Research Commission. All rights reserved.	Swimming pools; Urban water management; Water demand management	Catchments; Housing; Lakes; Swimming pools; Water management; Water recycling; Water treatment; Cape Town , South Africa; Residential swimming pools; Residential water demand; Scarce resources; Sustainable provision; Urban water management; Water Demand Management; Water sensitive; Water resources; catchment; drought; evaporation; mitigation; pool; residential development; river; water demand; water management; water use efficiency; Cape Town; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860530386	Fluoride removal performance of phosphoric acid treated lime: Breakthrough analysis and point-of-use system performance	Murutu C., Onyango M.S., Ochieng A., Otieno F.A.O.	2012	Water SA	38	2	10.4314/wsa.v38i2.14	Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa; Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	Murutu, C., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Onyango, M.S., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Ochieng, A., Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa; Otieno, F.A.O., Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	Fluoride in drinking water above permissible levels is responsible for dental and skeletal fluorosis. In this study, removal of fluoride ions from water using phosphoric acid treated lime was investigated in continuous and point-of-use system operations. In the continuous column operations, fluoride removal performance was investigated as a function of the fluoride concentration, flow rate and amount of adsorbent mass. Early saturation and lower fluoride removal were observed at higher flow rate and initial concentration, and at lower mass. Two domestic defluoridation point-of-use systems operated intermittently to process 20 ℓ·day-1 of water were used. High fluoride uptake capacity (FUC) from groundwater was observed depicting the suitability of the new media in defluoridation. However, further research is required to optimise the point-ofuse systems performances.	Adsorption; Breakthrough; Fluoride; Lime	Breakthrough; Breakthrough analysis; Column operations; Defluoridation; Fluoride; Fluoride concentrations; Fluoride ion; Fluoride removal; Initial concentration; New media; Point-of-use; System operation; Systems performance; Uptake capacity; Adsorption; Flow rate; Groundwater; Lime; Water treatment; Phosphoric acid; adsorption; drinking water; fluoride; inorganic acid; lime; mineral; performance assessment; public health; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956984979	The effect of conditioning with NaCL, KCL and HCL on the performance of natural clinoptilolites removal efficiency of cu2+ and co2+ from Co/Cu synthetic solutions	Mamba B.B., Nyembe D.W., Mulaba-Bafubiandi A.F.	2010	Water SA	36	4	None	Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Minerals Processing and Technology Research Group, Department of Extraction Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 526, Wits 2050, South Africa	Mamba, B.B., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Nyembe, D.W., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A.F., Minerals Processing and Technology Research Group, Department of Extraction Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 526, Wits 2050, South Africa	Southern African clinoptilolites capability as an ion-exchanger with respect to Cu2+and Co2+was investigated in order to consider its viability in the removal of metal cations from aqueous solutions. The effect of chemical conditioning was investigated using sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and potassium chloride (KCl). The most efficient activating or conditioning reagent was found to be HCl at 0.02 M concentration, followed by KCl at 0.04 M and then NaCl at 0.04 M. The worst performing clinoptilolite was the original form under the conditions described in this study and it thus served as a control. The HCl-conditioned clinoptilolite was the most efficient in metal removal (79% Co2+and 73% Cu2+) followed by the NaCl-conditioned form (69% Co2+ and 54% Cu2+), while the KCl-conditioned form adsorbed 54% and 73% of Co2+and Cu2+, respectively. The column method was used for the cation-exchange processes with synthetic solutions of 0.0020 M, 0.0698 M and 0.2000 M of Co2+and Cu2+ concentrations which were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).	Chemical conditioning; Clinoptilolite; Copper and cobalt; Ion-exchange	[Co/Cu]; Aqueous solutions; Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Cation exchanges; Chemical conditioning; Clinoptilolite; Clinoptilolites; Column methods; Effect of chemicals; Metal cation; Metal removal; Potassium chloride; Removal efficiencies; Synthetic solutions; Absorption spectroscopy; Adsorption; Atomic spectroscopy; Cobalt; Hydrochloric acid; Ion exchange; Ion exchangers; Positive ions; Sodium chloride; Solutions; Zeolites; Chemicals removal (water treatment); aqueous solution; atomic absorption spectroscopy; cobalt; copper; hydrochloric acid; ion exchange; potassium chloride; sodium chloride; zeolite	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549104542	Monitoring natural organic matter and disinfection by-products at different stages in two South African water treatment plants	Mamba B.B., Krause R.W., Matsebula B., Haarhoff J.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 542, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Mamba, B.B., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Krause, R.W., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Matsebula, B., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Haarhoff, J., Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 542, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex organic material present in natural surface water. NOM can cause problems during water treatment - most notably the formation of toxic disinfection by-products. This study was undertaken in order to assess the effectiveness of some of the water treatment techniques employed by selected water supply companies in South Africa in dealing with NOM. Total organic carbon (TOC) and ultra violet (UV) absorbance at wavelength of 254 nm were measured and used to calculate specific ultra violet absorbance (SUVA), which was used to determine the changes in NOM concentration throughout the water treatment train. Other parameters measured include pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and conductivity. Water samples were collected from two water treatment plants in South Africa, namely Sedibeng (Balkfontein) and Midvaal. The overall TOC reduction after the water treatment processes was 33% and 30% at Midvaal and Sedibeng, respectively. SUVA values were generally low (&lt;2 ℓ{bullet operator}mg-1{bullet operator}m-1) indicating the presence of aliphatic compounds and less 'aromaticity' in NOM of the water samples. Water insoluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polyurethanes were then applied to the water to compare TOC reduction in addition to 'normal' water treatment processes, and were found to provide up to 19% additional TOC decrease, and UV absorbance reduction was up to 78%. Results obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis after chlorination, revealed that the water had the potential to form halomethane compounds with chloroform being the most dominant. Again, water-insoluble β-CD polyurethanes were applied to the water as a treatment to remove trihalomethanes (THMs) and were found to efficiently remove up to 95% of THMs formed during the disinfection step. The treatment processes studied have limited ability in dealing with NOM and are not individually effective in NOM removal. Results obtained indicate that the application of β-CD polyurethanes in addition to the water treatment processes may enhance NOM removal in water and significantly reduce the THMs formed.	β-cyclodextrin polyurethanes; Natural organic matter; Total organic carbon	Absorbance; Aliphatic compounds; Aromaticity; At wavelengths; Chemical-oxygen demands; Disinfection by-products; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries; Halomethane compounds; Natural organic matter; Natural surfaces; Organic materials; South Africa; Total organic carbon; Treatment process; Treatment techniques; Trihalomethanes; Ultra violets; Uv-absorbance; Water samples; Water treatment process; Biogeochemistry; Biological materials; Chemical oxygen demand; Chlorine; Chromatographic analysis; Data storage equipment; Disinfection; Fire hazards; Gas chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Organic carbon; Oxygen; Polymers; Polyurethanes; Projectiles; Turbidity; Water recycling; Water supply; Water treatment plants; Chemicals removal (water treatment); chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); disinfection; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; organic acid; organic carbon; pollutant removal; surface water; ultraviolet radiation; water supply; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929408831	Performance comparison of hydraulic and gravitation HybridICE filters in freeze desalination of mine waters	Adeniyi A., Mbaya R.K.K., Popoola A.P.I., Maree J.P., Zvinowanda C.M.	2015	Water SA	41	2	10.4314/wsa.v41i2.13	Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, PMB X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, PMB X680, Pretoria, South Africa	Adeniyi, A., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, PMB X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Mbaya, R.K.K., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, PMB X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Popoola, A.P.I., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, PMB X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Maree, J.P., Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, PMB X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Zvinowanda, C.M., Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, PMB X680, Pretoria, South Africa	HybridICE is an emerging freeze desalination technology for treating complex mine wastewaters. The technology works on the principle that growing ice crystals reject impurities during freezing. The bottleneck in the freeze desalination processes may be the separation of ice from the ice slurry generated in the freeze engine. Two types of HybridICE filter have been developed to effect ice separation from ice slurry. The two types differ in the design of the filter elements, mode of feeding the slurry into the filter, and the mechanism of separation of ice from the slurry. In both types of filter, an extruded continuous ice column is formed around the filtering element, which has some openings to allow excess concentrated process water to flow out of the filter. However, the driving force in the gravitation filter is buoyancy, while in the hydraulic filter the ice column is driven by the pressure generated from the flow of the slurry. Salt removal and ice yield from each of the filter types was evaluated when a solution of approximately 4% m/m NaCl solution, prepared by dissolving 25.1 kg of NaCl in 674 litres of water, was treated in a HybridICE freeze crystallisation pilot plant. The objective was to describe the operation of the two types of filter and compare their performance. Salt removal and ice yield were found to be higher with the gravitation filter than the hydraulic filter. © 2015, South African Water Research Commission. All rights reserved.	Desalination; Filter; Freeze; Ice; Salt removal; Yield	Crystal impurities; Desalination; Freezing; Gravitation; Groundwater; Pilot plants; Salt removal; Wastewater treatment; Water treatment; Desalination technologies; Driving forces; Filter; Filter elements; Filtering elements; Mine wastewaters; Performance comparison; Yield; Ice; buoyancy; desalination; filter; ice crystal; performance assessment; slurry; sodium chloride; wastewater	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547101700	Evaluation of the potentiometric determination of trace fluoride in natural and drinking water with a fluoride ISE	Noh J.-H., Coetzee P.	2007	Water SA	33	4	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Noh, J.-H., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Coetzee, P., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	The performance of the fluoride ion selective electrode (F-ISE) potentiometric method was evaluated for fluoride determination in natural and drinking water and the pitfalls that could prevent accurate analyses were assessed. Guidelines are provided for the accurate implementation of the F-ISE method for low-level F- determination in the routine analytical laboratory. The following aspects were evaluated: minimising electrode drift, electrode care and optimisation, the use of different TISAB (total ion strength adjustment buffer) solutions, calibration procedures for trace F-, interference correction procedures, matrix effects, and the determination of the analytical parameters. The methodologies and procedures proposed in this work were applied in an SABS proficiency testing programme (Water Check Programme-2004) which included low-level F- determination in natural water and synthetic samples with varying amounts of possible interfering elements. The accuracy of the results was excellent confirming the versatility of F-ISE for low-level F- determinations in routine laboratories provided that the correct analytical procedures are followed and common pitfalls are avoided.	F-ISE, F- in drinking water; F- determination	Calibration; Fluoride minerals; Potable water; Potentiometric sensors; Solutions; F<sup>-</sup> determination; Interference correction procedures; Pitfalls; Water analysis; Calibration; Fluoride minerals; Potable water; Potentiometric sensors; Solutions; Water analysis; analytical method; detection method; drinking water; electrode; fluoride; guideline	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922831782	Measuring spatial variability of land use associated with hydrological impact in urbanised quaternary catchments using entropy	Ilunga M., Singh V.P.	2015	Water SA	41	1	10.4314/wsa.v41i1.7	Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Campus, South Africa; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU College StationTX, United States	Ilunga, M., Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Campus, South Africa; Singh, V.P., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU College StationTX, United States	Decision making for water resources is needed for land-use change due to urbanisation, which impacts hydrological variables such as mean annual runof (MAR) of catchments. Urbanisation introduces some degree of uncertainty (expressed as entropy) to this specific variable. This study uses Shannon or theoretic entropy as a tool for measuring land use variability/diversity of urbanised areas in South Africa. Positive correlations between entropy and increase in mean annual runoff (MAR) due to urbanisation are derived. Also, relationships between return period/risk of failure (flooding or water supply) and entropy are established. A case of Pieter Wright Dam of the Vaal drainage region is used to demonstrate these relationships. Consequently, the reliability of this dam is shown to be positively correlated with entropy. Data on surface water resources of South Africa 1990 (WR90) compiled by the Water Resource Commission (WRC) were used in this study. © 2015,South African Water Research Commission. All rights reserved.	Decision-making; Entropy; Hydrological impact; Quaternary catchments; Risk; Urbanisation	Catchments; Decision making; Entropy; Land use; Risks; Runoff; Surface water resources; Surface waters; Water supply; Degree of uncertainty; Hydrological impacts; Hydrological variables; Mean annual runoffs; Positive correlations; Spatial variability; Urbanisation; Urbanised areas; Water resources; decision making; entropy; hydrological change; land use change; runoff; spatial variation; surface water; urbanization; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879527838	Assessing urban water sustainability in South Africa - Not just performance measurement	Carden K., Armitage N.P.	2013	Water SA	39	3	10.4314/wsa.v39i3.1	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Carden, K., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Armitage, N.P., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Urban water management - and the impacts that rapid population growth, industrialisation and climate change are having on it - is gaining increasing attention worldwide. In South Africa (SA), cities are under pressure to respond to not only the challenges of water availability and quality, but also to economic transformation and social division. New solutions for improving the sustainability of cities need to be found, including the development of tools to guide decision-makers. Several benchmarking initiatives have been implemented in the SA water sector - mostly in terms of performance measurement of specific water services for regulatory purposes - but none provide an integrated analysis to enable a deeper understanding of sustainability. The research described in this paper was thus focused on using a systems approach to create an understanding of, and measure the potential for, sustainability in a South African urban water context. This has been achieved through the development and evaluation of a composite index, the Sustainability Index for Integrated Urban Water Management (SIUWM). The first step involved compiling a vision of sustainability for the SA water sector, and expanding it into a sustainability framework to help identify suitable indicators for the assessment process, as well as those which link with existing measurement initiatives. Key performance indicator results from the Department of Water Affairs' Regulatory Performance Management System (RPMS) and the Blue Drop / Green Drop schemes were used as partial input to the SIUWM, and scores were computed for the nine member cities of the South African Cities Network (SACN). The SIUWM links the results from the regulatory systems with a broader sustainability assessment process to provide a more detailed analysis which can be used to establish goals and inform strategic processes to leverage support for improved water services. In this way, the connections that link the different aspects of urban water management can be used to generate a greater awareness of the underlying issues by key decision makers and thus guide appropriate action.	Performance measurement; Sustainability index; Urban water management	Economic transformation; Integrated urban water management; Key performance indicators; Performance measurements; Rapid population growth; Sustainability assessment; Sustainability index; Urban water management; Benchmarking; Climate change; Drops; Management; Population statistics; Sustainable development; Water management; Water supply; Urban growth; decision making; integrated approach; regulatory framework; urban area; water availability; water management; water planning; water quality; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80155202720	Evaluation of critical storm duration rainfall estimates used in flood hydrology in South Africa	Gericke O.J., du Plessis J.A.	2011	Water SA	37	4	None	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Gericke, O.J., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; du Plessis, J.A., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Design rainfall comprises of a depth and duration associated with a given probability of exceedance or return period. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the methods used in flood hydrology to estimate depth-duration-frequency (DDF) relationships of design rainfall in South Africa based on the critical storm duration or time of concentration (T c) of a catchment. The influence of the type of rainfall, areal and temporal distribution of rainfall were also investigated to establish if a relationship exists between the catchment area, T c and areal reduction factors (ARFs). The DDF relationships based on the least-square regression analyses of Log-Extreme Value Type 1 distributions, the modified Hershfield equation, the regionalised South African Weather Service (SAWS) n-day design rainfall data and the Regional Linear Moment Algorithm and Scale Invariance (RLMA&amp;SI) approach were compared in 3 distinctive T c -ranges. The results showed that the RMLA&amp;SI approach can be considered as the preferred DDF relationship in future design flood estimations. The results also showed that a direct relationship exists between the catchment area and T c, thus ARFs can be explicitly expressed in terms of only the catchment area.	Areal reduction factors; Depth-duration-frequency; Design flood; Rainfall; Time of concentration	Areal reduction factors; Catchment area; Depth-duration-frequency; Design flood; Flood hydrology; Future designs; Least square regression; Linear moments; Probability of exceedance; Rainfall data; Rainfall estimates; Return periods; Scale invariance; South Africa; Temporal distribution; Time of concentration; Weather services; Acoustic surface wave devices; Catchments; Design; Estimation; Regression analysis; Runoff; Storms; Rain; algorithm; catchment; depth determination; flood; precipitation assessment; precipitation intensity; storm; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650306439	Evaluation of minimum residual pressure as design criterion for South African water distribution systems	Jacobs H.E., Strijdom J.L.	2009	Water SA	35	2	None	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; GLS Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Jacobs, H.E., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Strijdom, J.L., GLS Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The South African civil engineering fraternity has grown to accept 24 m as the design criterion for minimum residual pressure in water distribution systems. However, the theoretical peak demand in many systems has increased beyond the point where minimum residual pressure exceeds 24 m - at least according to hydraulic models. Additions of customers to existing supply systems have led to increased peak fows with time, often without infrastructure upgrades to internal reticulation. Increased fows imply reduced pressures. This is not necessarily a concern: peak fow conditions rarely occur in a supply system and also, customer complaints often act as a frst sign of 'low pressures'. No complaints imply 'no low pressures'. The researchers analysed hydraulic models for 14 different towns in 5 municipal areas of South Africa, including 2 large metros, to identify the minimum residual pressures currently expected. The results include almost 55 000 model nodes and show that about 20% of the nodes in the distribution systems analysed have pressures of below 24 m, while pressures of below 14 m are not uncommon. Whether this relatively common occurrence of low pressures under modelled peak demand is found in practice is not known at this stage. A new guideline for minimum residual pressure based on previous criteria and results from this study is presented, noting that a physical lower limit of about 10 m water pressure is specifed in home appliance specifcations.	Design standard; Peak fow; Residual pressure; Water distribution system	Customer complaints; Design criterion; Design standard; Distribution systems; Home appliances; Low pressures; Lower limits; Peak demand; Peak fow; Reduced pressure; Residual pressure; Residual pressures; South Africa; Supply system; Water pressures; Civil engineering; Design; Domestic appliances; Hydraulic models; Hydraulic structures; Local area networks; Water supply; Water distribution systems; civil engineering; design; distribution system; hydrological modeling; infrastructure; peak flow; pressure; water supply; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22944465096	Snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group aquifer systems with a case study of the Kommissiekraal River catchment South Africa	Wu Y., Xu Y.	2005	Water SA	31	3	None	Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Wu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Xu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Snowmelt in the mountainous areas of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) in South Africa is believed to be one of sources of groundwater recharge in some winter seasons. This paper provides a scientific assessment of snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group Aquifer Systems for the first time. Snowfall periodically occurs on the highest mountain ranges of about 1 000 to 1 200 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l) in the TMG area. Snow over the mountainous catchments is often observed on the gentle side of the slope, which is substantially affected by wind and vegetation. Based on climatic analysis, recharge processes and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) images, the recharge areas influenced by snowmelt in the TMG are identified as those catchments that are located above 1 000 m a.m.s.l. Physical processes within the snowpack are very complex involving mass and energy balances as well as heat and mass transport. Snowmelt rate was calculated using a variable degree-day melt factor determined as a function of snowpack density and vegetation cover. The hourly snowmelt rates estimated with different new snow density models. Groundwater recharge from snowmelt is affected by snowmelt mechanisms and local recharge conditions. The recharge rate is constrained by characteristics of the fractures rather than snowmelt rate. Recharge is also discounted due to prevailing interflow occurring in favourite geomorphological locations. This hypothesis is confirmed by an infiltration experiment in which up to 13.6% of the infiltrating water can recharge the aquifer. The estimated snowmelt recharge in the Kommissiekraal River catchment in the Villiersdorp of South Africa ranges from 14.1 ℓ·s-1 to 15.0 ℓ·s -1.	ETM image; Kommissiekraal River catchment; Recharge; Snowmelt; TMG	Aquifers; Geomorphology; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Rivers; Snow; Vegetation; Wind; Enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) images; Snow density; South Africa; Table mountain group (TMG); Groundwater; groundwater; infiltration; recharge; snowmelt; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880202646	On the use of electrical resistivity methods in monitoring infiltration of salt fluxes in dry coal ash dumps in Mpumalanga, South Africa	Muchingami I., Nel J., Xu Y., Steyl G., Reynolds K.	2013	Water SA	39	4	10.4314/wsa.v39i4.7	Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Chemical Technologies, ESKOM, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Applied Physics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Muchingami, I., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa, Department of Applied Physics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Nel, J., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Xu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Steyl, G., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Reynolds, K., Chemical Technologies, ESKOM, Pretoria, South Africa	One of the principal environmental concerns relating to coal combustion waste disposal is the potential for groundwater contamination from salt fluxes and trace elements that may be leached into the underlying groundwater system. Since changes in moisture and salt concentrations usually provide contrasts in electrical properties against the host media, electrical resistivity methods can be used to monitor ingression of solute plumes as well as to detect any preferential flow paths within the ash medium. In this study, 2D electrical resistivity tomography was used to monitor brine (10% NaCl) water ingression through the unsaturated zone of a dry coal ash dump at Tutuka Power Station, Mpumalanga, South Africa. This was after the initial laboratory determination of the relation between electrical resistivity and moisture/salt content for the ash dump. The results showed that infiltration plume progression was more pronounced in the vertical direction, suggesting that moisture movement is mainly due to gravitational pull. There was no evidence of preferential flow within the ash medium, although the different infiltration rates for different sites suggested different permeability within the unsaturated zone.	Brine infiltration; Cementation factor; Coal ash dumps; Electrical resistivity tomography; Time lapse survey	Cementation factor; Coal combustion wastes; Electrical resistivity methods; Electrical resistivity tomography; Environmental concerns; Groundwater contamination; Laboratory determinations; Salt concentration; Coal ash; Electric conductivity; Groundwater; Groundwater flow; Moisture; Waste disposal; Infiltration; cementation; coal; electrical resistivity; groundwater pollution; infiltration; moisture; permeability; preferential flow; salt; solute; trace element; vadose zone; waste disposal; Mpumalanga; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649105728	The impact of water scarcity on economic development initiatives	Blignaut J., Van Heerden J.	2009	Water SA	35	4	None	Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Blignaut, J., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Van Heerden, J., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	South Africa's unallocated water resources have dwindled to precariously low levels. Furthermore, it is generally recognised by the authorities and specialists alike that it is likely that water demand will outstrip water supply within the next decade. Macro-economically and strategically speaking, the question therefore is how to make best use of the country's available water resources? We ask this question since South Africa is a country classified as having chronic water shortages, a condition exacerbated by climate change and the presence of invasive alien plant species. In this paper we address the question of sectoral water allocation by applying a macro-economic comparative static Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model using an integrated database comprising South Africa's Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and sectoral water use balances. We refer to AsgiSA, the South African Government's Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa, and conclude that introducing the proposed programmes in a business-as-usual and water-intensive manner will strengthen the current growth in the demand for water. This will bring forward, or accelerate, the need for introducing water rationing among sectors. The importance of this conclusion cannot be emphasised enough. Water is essential, and recognised in as much in the preamble to the National Water Act of 1998, with regards to livelihoods, health and from a socio-economic development perspective since there are no substitutes for it. While water rationing is imminent, the reality thereof has not yet led to a rethink of macro-economic policies. This delayed effect can create a degree of comfort and ill-founded complacency leading to non-action, whereas there is an urgent need for proactive measures towards water conservation.	AsgiSA; Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model; Economic development; Water demand; Water rationing; Water supply	Alien plants; AsgiSA; Available water; Business-as-usual; Comparative statics; Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model; Computable general equilibrium model; Delayed effects; Economic development; Economic policies; Growth initiatives; Integrated database; Low level; matrix; Non-action; Proactive measures; Socio-economic development; South Africa; South African government; Water Act; Water allocations; Water demand; Water scarcity; Water shortages; Water use; Climate change; Competition; Economics; Forestry; Planning; Water conservation; Water supply; Water supply systems; Water resources; comparative study; economic development; economic growth; equilibrium; general equilibrium analysis; water availability; water demand; water resource; water supply; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870232065	The performance of plant species in removing nutrients from stormwater in biofiltration systems in Cape Town	Milandri S.G., Winter K.J., Chimphango S.B.M., Armitage N.P., Mbui D.N., Jackson G.E., Liebau V.	2012	Water SA	38	5	10.4314/wsa.v38i5.2	Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Milandri, S.G., Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Winter, K.J., Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Chimphango, S.B.M., Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Armitage, N.P., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Mbui, D.N., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Jackson, G.E., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Liebau, V., Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	In 2009, the City of Cape Town (CoCT) adopted a stormwater policy which mandates that new and existing developments should reduce the concentration of phosphorus and suspended solids in stormwater runoff by 45% and 80%, respectively, but offered no explicit guidance about how these water quality targets might be achieved. This study aims to contribute to the limited knowledge that exists about the performance of local plant species to treat stormwater. A large nursery-based study was conducted to investigate the performance of 9 locally-occurring plant species to remove orthophosphate (PO4 -3), ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3 -) found in urban stormwater. Synthetic stormwater was applied to each species as well as a control consisting only of soil (Malmesbury shale). The discharge was collected from a drainage pipe at the base of each of the 150 containers. The results show that all species (excluding Ficinia) reduced the average concentrations of PO4 -3 by 81% and NH3 by 90%. By contrast, NO3 - was reduced by an average of 69% (excluding by Elegia and Phragmites) with 8 of the 9 species removing significantly more than the control. The species that performed well for all three nutrients include Agapanthus and turf grasses, Stenotaphrum and Pennisetum. The results of the study highlight three important factors in the design of biofilters: that a substantial proportion of nutrients can be captured or absorbed by plants; that the soil medium is an important factor in the removal of PO4 -3 and NH3; and that plant choice is essential in the removal of NO3 -. Future research should test plant species in both the laboratory and field settings, and should include additional contaminants such as household detergents, heavy metals and bacteria.	Biofilter; Nutrient removal; Stormwater treatment; Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS)	Average concentration; Biofiltration systems; Cape Town; Drainage pipes; Nutrient removal; Phragmites; Plant species; Quality targets; Removal of no; Soil medium; Storm water runoff; Stormwater treatment; Stormwaters; Suspended solids; Sustainable drainage systems; Test plants; Turf-grasses; Urban stormwater; Biofilters; Biofiltration; Heavy metals; Phosphorus; Soaps (detergents); Storm sewers; Storms; Water quality; Nutrients; bacterium; biofiltration; grass; nutrient; orthophosphate; performance assessment; pollution policy; stormwater; waste treatment; water quality; Cape Town; South Africa; Western Cape; Agapanthus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Elegia; Ficinia; Pennisetum; Phragmites; Poaceae; Stenotaphrum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954279038	Evaluation of oxidising disinfectants to control vibrio biofilms in treated seawater used for fish processing	Shikongo-Nambabi M.N.N.N., Kachigunda B., Venter S.N.	2010	Water SA	36	3	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, South Africa; Department of Crop Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Shikongo-Nambabi, M.N.N.N., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, South Africa; Kachigunda, B., Department of Crop Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, South Africa; Venter, S.N., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Marine fish-processing plants often use seawater during their operations. Chlorination and UV are commonly used for disinfection of this water but may not be effective in preventing biofilm formation within the water distribution network. These biofilms negatively impact water quality and could lead to contamination of fish products. During a recent study, Vibrio alginolyticus strains were detected on processed hake. The presence of most Vibrio spp. on fish products is of consumer safety concern and needs to be minimised. Water treatment strategies effective for seawater disinfection but with minimal negative effect on fish quality are required. In this study the effectiveness of chlorine, ozone and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the inhibition of mature biofilms or biofilm formation in natural seawater was investigated. Two V. alginolyticus strains (V590 and V595) isolated from hake fish as well as the type strains of V. alginolyticus LMG 4409 and V. parahaemolyticus LMG 2850 were used. Chlorine was ineffective as experiments showed that strains V590, V595 and V. parahaemolyticus LMG 2850 could form biofilms even in the presence of 4 mg/l of chlorine. When ozone was used, biofilm initiation and formation were completely inhibited for only 2 strains of V. alginoluticus, i.e. LMG 4409 and V590, at 1.6 mg/l or 0.8 mg/l ozone, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide performed the best of all the disinfectants evaluated in this study. Inhibition of biofilm formation was observed for all strains at 0.05% HO The mature biofilms were more resistant to HO but were all 22. 22 eliminated at 0.2% concentrations. This study indicated that H2O2 is the most effective biocide to prevent biofilm formation in seawater distribution networks and could potentially be used as an alternative or supplementary disinfectant of seawater in marine fish-processing plants.	Biofilms; Disinfection; H2O2; Seawater; V. alginolyticus; V. parahaemolyticus	Biofilm formation; Consumer safety; Distribution network; Fish processing; Fish products; Marine fish; Processing plants; V. parahaemolyticus; Vibrio alginolyticus; Vibrio spp; Water distribution networks; Biofilms; Biofilters; Chlorine; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Distributed parameter networks; Fish; Hydrogen peroxide; Lead; Oxidation; Ozone; Water distribution systems; Water pollution; Water quality; Water supply; Water treatment; Seawater effects; bacterium; biofilm; disinfection; fish; hydrogen peroxide; ozone; pesticide; seawater; ultraviolet radiation; waste treatment; water quality; Rexea solandri; Vibrio; Vibrio alginolyticus; Vibrio parahaemolyticus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22844440929	Impact of Iron Duke Pyrite Mine on water chemistry and aquatic life - Mazowe Valley, Zimbabwe	Ravengai S., Love D., Love I., Gratwicke B., Mandingaisa O., Owen R.J.S.	2005	Water SA	31	2	None	Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho; Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Ravengai, S., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, I., Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho, Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gratwicke, B., National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mandingaisa, O., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Owen, R.J.S., Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Iron Duke Mine is the only active pyrite mine in Zimbabwe, and has been in operation since the 1940s. Its location in the multiple-use upper catchment of the Mazowe Valley is strategic in terms of water resource management. The mine disposes of its highly acidic wastewater into two evaporation ponds on the north-eastern side of the mine. This has led to acidification of the groundwater to a pH of about 2 near the evaporation ponds as well as contamination with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn and SO4 2-. The pH gradually increases in a north-westerly direction, but much faster towards the west and south-west. Water samples taken from the Yellow Jacket River, which runs through the mine premises, indicated that the upper part of the river was not contaminated with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn or SO4 2- and had a neutral pH. However, where the river cuts through gossans and passes adjacent to the mine waste dump and the seepage zone from the evaporation ponds, the water quality deteriorates. The symptoms are a reduction in pH of river water from 7 to about 4 and the precipitation of complex iron hydroxy-sulphates known as "yellow boy" on the streambed. Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, and Zn concentrations are also elevated here. This poor water quality persisted downstream until the confluence with the Mazowe River where the acidic waters were diluted, and the pH returned to 7. The poor water quality in the Yellow Jacket River is related to an overall reduction in the diversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates and fish downstream of the mine until the confluence with the Mazowe River.	Acid mine drainage; Aquatic ecosystems; Water chemistry; Water pollution	Catchments; Evaporation; Groundwater; pH effects; Ponding; Wastewater; Aquatic life; Mine wastes; Water chemistry; Water resources; acid mine drainage; mine waste; water quality; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900016326	Water quality of Flag Boshielo Dam, Olifants River, South Africa: Historical trends and the impact of drought	Dabrowski J., Oberholster P.J., Dabrowski J.M.	2014	Water SA	40	2	10.4314/wsa.v40i2.17	Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa	Dabrowski, J., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Oberholster, P.J., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Dabrowski, J.M., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Increasing demands for water, discharge of effluents, and variable rainfall have a negative impact on water quality in the Olifants River. Crocodile and fish mortalities attributed to pansteatitis, in Loskop Dam and downstream in the Kruger National Park (KNP), have highlighted the serious effects these impacts are having on aquatic ecosystems. Flag Boshielo Dam is a reservoir on the Olifants River, located between Loskop Dam and the KNP. It has the largest crocodile population outside of the KNP, and pansteatitis has not been reported in fish or crocodiles to date. This study evaluated comparative water quality parameters concurrent to a similar study undertaken at Loskop Dam to establish possible environmental drivers of pansteatitis. Long-term monitoring data collected by the Department of Water Affairs were analysed for trends using a Seasonal-Kendall trend test. Short-term monitoring showed that water quality in Flag Boshielo Dam was of a good standard for ecosystem health. Concentrations of dissolved Cu, Se, V and Zn were always below instrument detection limits, and Al, Fe and Mn were mostly within guideline levels for ecosystem health. A severe drought occurred between November 2002 and December 2005. Long-term monitoring showed that water quality during the drought deteriorated, with high levels of dissolved salts, especially K, Na, Cl, F, and total alkalinity. Following the drought, dissolved salt concentrations dropped, and there was a brief flush of inorganic N and P. However, between 1998 and 2011, inorganic N showed a significant decreasing trend into the oligotrophic range, while inorganic P remained in the oligo- to mesotrophic range. The inorganic N to inorganic P ratio of 5.4 after the drought was indicative of N limitation, and the phytoplankton assemblage was dominated by nitrogen-fixing species, especially Cylindrospermopsis sp. In contrast, further upstream, Loskop Dam has undergone increasing eutrophication, has frequent blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa and Ceratium hirundinella, and concentrations of Al, Fe and Mn periodically exceed guideline levels. The difference in trophic state, phytoplankton assemblage and levels of productivity between these two reservoirs may provide insights into the aetiology of pansteatitis, which is frequently associated with dietary causes.	Drought; Flag Boshielo Dam; Limnology; Nitrogen limitation; Olifants River; Trend analysis	Dams; Dissolution; Drought; Effluents; Eutrophication; Fish; Limnology; Manganese; Nitrogen fixation; Number theory; Phytoplankton; Reservoirs (water); River pollution; Water quality; Instrument detection limits; Long term monitoring; Long-term monitoring datum; Microcystis aeruginosa; Nitrogen limitation; Short-term monitoring; Trend analysis; Water quality parameters; Rivers; alkalinity; data acquisition; discharge; drought; ecosystem health; effluent; eutrophication; fish; guideline; mortality; phytoplankton; water quality; Kruger National Park; Loskop Dam; Mpumalanga; Olifants River; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884167739	Municipal sludge as source of nitrogen and phosphorus in perennial pasture Eragrostis curvula production: Agronomic benefits and environmental impacts	Tesfamariam E.H., Annandale J.G., Steyn J.M., Stirzaker R.J., Mbakwe I.	2013	Water SA	39	4	10.4314/wsa.v39i4.9	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa; CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, ACT 2601, Australia; CRC for Irrigation Futures, PO Box 56, Darling Heights, QLD, 4350, Australia	Tesfamariam, E.H., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa; Annandale, J.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, J.M., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa; Stirzaker, R.J., CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, ACT 2601, Australia, CRC for Irrigation Futures, PO Box 56, Darling Heights, QLD, 4350, Australia; Mbakwe, I., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa	Land application of sludge has been shown to improve soil properties and aid crop growth, but the possibility of constituent nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus reaching environmentally toxic levels has caused governing authorities to set limits to how much sludge can be applied to agronomic land. The high nitrogen utilisation potential of pasture grasses suggests that more sludge can be used in this cropping system without the risk of excess nitrates. This study investigates the effect of exceeding the South African sludge application limit on hay yield, soil nitrates and phosphorus. Field plots were arranged in a complete block design comprising 4 replications of 4 treatments planted to Eragrostis curvula. The treatments consisted of 0, 4, 8 and 16 Mg{bullet operator}ha-1 anaerobically digested sludge. Soil samples were collected before treatment application and at the end of each growing season for N, P, NO3 -, NH4 +, and Bray-1P analyses. Plant samples were collected at flowering stage for hay yield and N and P uptake determination. Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and general linear model (GLM) procedures of Windows SAS 9.0 to evaluate the effect of sludge application rates on hay yield. Results over 4 growing seasons indicate that exceeding the recommended limit increased hay yield by 4% in a dry season (11.7 vs. 12.36 Mg{bullet operator}ha-1) and by 16% in a wet season (14.19 vs. 17.31 Mg{bullet operator}ha-1) and also increased nitrogen uptake by 15%. Sludge applied at double the recommended limit did not cause the accumulation of nitrate and ammonium in the soil, however, both total and Bray-1P were doubled. The study shows that the potential long-term environmental risk of doubling the sludge application rate norm would be from labile P accumulation in the soil profile despite a sludge P:Fe molar ratio of less than unity.	Eragrostis curvula; Leaching; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sludge	Anaerobically digested sludges; Application rates; Environmental risks; Eragrostis curvula; General linear modeling; Nitrogen and phosphorus; Perennial pastures; Sludge; Agronomy; Anaerobic digestion; Leaching; Nitrates; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Soil testing; Soils; Environmental impact; accumulation; crop yield; cropping practice; dry season; environmental impact; environmental risk; flowering; growing season; leaching; nitrogen; pasture; phosphorus; sludge; soil profile; variance analysis; wet season	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649083047	Evaluation of the CDC safe water-storage intervention to improve the microbiological quality of point-of-use drinking water in rural communities in South Africa	Potgieter N., Becker P.J., Ehlers M.M.	2009	Water SA	35	4	None	Dept of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; MRC, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa; Dept of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa	Potgieter, N., Dept of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Becker, P.J., MRC, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa; Ehlers, M.M., Dept of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa	The use of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solutions (placebo; 1% and 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions) and 2 water-storage containers (traditional plastic container and the improved CDC safe water-storage container) as interventions in 2 rural communities using different water sources (improved vs. unimproved) was evaluated over a period of 4 months. Standard methods were used to determine the presence of indicator organisms (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, male-specific F-RNA and somatic coliphages) in the water samples. The results indicated that the 1% and the 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions effectively reduced the numbers of indicator microorganisms to undetectable counts in both types of water-storage containers. However, no statistical differences were seen between the 2 types of water-storage containers in the numbers of indicator microorganisms present in the stored water with the addition of a placebo sodium hypochlorite solution. Compliance of households with the use of the sodium hypochlorite intervention ranged between 60% and 100%. A household questionnaire survey indicated an urgent need for education concerning the risk of waterborne diseases, the proper use of safe household water-storage devices and water treatment processes and improvement of hygiene and sanitation practices in these rural households.	Rural households; Safe water-storage container; Sodium hypochlorite solution; South Africa; Store drinking water	Rural households; Safe water-storage container; Sodium hypochlorite solution; South Africa; Store drinking water; Chemicals removal (water treatment); Escherichia coli; Hydrometallurgy; Microorganisms; Nucleic acids; Plastic containers; RNA; Sodium; Surveys; Wastewater treatment; Water supply; Potable water; drinking water; fecal coliform; household survey; microorganism; rural area; safety; water storage; water treatment; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Clostridium perfringens; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549166662	Construction and evaluation of a gfp-tagged Salmonella Typhimurium strain for environmental applications	Burke L.M., Brözel V.S., Venter S.N.	2008	Water SA	34	1	None	Division of Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Burke, L.M., Division of Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Brözel, V.S., Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Venter, S.N., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium was isolated from freshwater sediments and chromosomally labelled with a stable variant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The pUT mini-Tn5 Km transposon was used to introduce the gfp gene onto the chromosome of the S. Typhimurium strain by tri-parental mating. Southern Blot hybridisation confirmed that the gene had integrated into the chromosome. The gfp gene was stably maintained and the labelled strain was not growth-rate impaired. The incorporation of the gfp gene did not convey any significant loss of phenotype which would affect the survival and behaviour of the tagged strains. The tagged S. Typhimurium strain was used to spike an established drinking water biofilm and was able to colonise and persist within the biofilm. The tagged strain was also successfully used to study the survival of S. Typhimurium in natural sediments under different temperatures. These tagged strains can therefore be used to study the fate and survival of different Salmonella strains in water environments.	Biofilm; Green fluorescent protein; Salmonella Typhimurium; Survival	Biofilms; Chromosomes; Potable water; Proteins; Sediments; Green fluorescent protein; Salmonella strains; Salmonella Typhimurium; Bacteria; Bacteria; Biofilms; Chromosomes; Potable water; Proteins; Sediments; bacterium; biofilm; chromosome; drinking water; environmental factor; freshwater sediment; gene; phenotype; survivorship; tagging; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella typhimurium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547132052	Qualitative assessment of municipal water resource management strategies under climate impacts: The case of the Northern Cape, South Africa	Mukheibir P.	2007	Water SA	33	4	None	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Mukheibir, P., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	This paper considers existing coping strategies in times of climate variability and proposes long- term strategies for dealing with future projected climate change and variability. A qualitative strategy assessment methodology is proposed and tested for climate conditions in the Northern Cape. The analysis of the results suggests that dry sanitation, education projects and tariff structures are identified as being the most useful strategies. Key factors which were perceived to inhibit the implementation of appropriate drought adaptation strategies are the lack of local capacity and the low financial resource base to cover the capital and running costs of most of the strategies. With the likelihood of increased future rainfall variability, it is important that planners and decision-makers take into account the effects of climate change and variability on water resources. In so doing, they need to adopt sustainable water supply and demand solutions for the longer term.	Climate change; Climate variability; Northern Cape; Water resource management	Climate change; Enzyme inhibition; Municipal engineering; Rain; Sanitation; Water supply; Climate variability; Decision makers; Northern Cape; Water management; Climate change; Enzyme inhibition; Municipal engineering; Rain; Sanitation; Water management; Water supply; assessment method; capacity building; climate effect; climate variation; coping strategy; decision making; local adaptation; sanitation; sustainability; tariff structure; water management; water resource; water supply; Africa; Northern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249106387	The quality of environmental impact reports for projects with the potential of affecting wetlands in South Africa	Sandham L.A., Moloto M.J., Retief F.P.	2008	Water SA	34	2	None	Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Sandham, L.A., Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Moloto, M.J., Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Retief, F.P., Environmental Assessment Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	In South Africa certain development activities, which may have a substantial detrimental effect on the environment, require an environmental impact assessment (EIA), including projects with the potential of affecting wetlands. A key element of the EIA process is the submission of an environmental impact report (ETR) for review in order to determine whether the report is adequate and/or whether a greater quantity of information is required before the project can be authorised. The information available to decision-makers in the EIR is a major determinant in the outcome of wetland protection and/or destruction. The quality of 4 environmental impact reports of large projects with the potential of impacting on wetlands was assessed using an EIA report quality review checklist. It is concluded that the quality of the 4 reports was generally satisfactory but certain areas were found to be poorly performed, i.e. identification and evaluation of impacts to the potential detriment of the wetlands for which the EIAs were performed To improve the quality of the reports for projects with the potential of affecting wetlands it is recommended that a quality review checklist be used by EIA practitioners and authorities as an additional tool to the EIA regulations and the integrated environmental management series. This should assist in ensuring that key aspects are addressed before submission to the relevant authority, and will also contribute to establishing a baseline of EIR quality for evaluation of wetlands EIA practice under the new regulations promulgated in 2006.	Environmental impact assessment; Environmental impact report (E1R); Quality review; Wetlands	Budget control; Environmental engineering; Environmental impact assessments; Environmental management; Environmental protection; Environmental regulations; Management; Quality control; Water resources; Wetlands; Decision makers (DM); Detrimental effects; Development activities; Environmental impact assessment (ETA); Integrated environmental management (IEM); South Africa (SA); Environmental impact; decision making; environmental impact; environmental impact assessment; environmental management; environmental quality; wetland; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29944434199	Prediction of the environmental impact and sustainability of large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater resources	Annandale J.G., Jovanovic N.Z., Hodgson F.D.I., Usher B.H., Aken M.E., Van Der Westhuizen A.M., Bristow K.L., Steyn J.M.	2006	Water SA	32	1	None	Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia	Annandale, J.G., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Jovanovic, N.Z., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Hodgson, F.D.I., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Usher, B.H., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Aken, M.E., Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; Van Der Westhuizen, A.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Bristow, K.L., CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; Steyn, J.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa	Irrigation of agricultural crops is one of the most cost-effective options for the utilisation of gypsiferous mine wastewater. In addition, it creates the opportunity to produce crops during the dry season. Gypsum is a slightly soluble salt and concentrating the gypsiferous soil solution through crop evapotranspiration precipitates gypsum in the soil profile, removing it from the water system and reducing the potential for groundwater pollution. In previous research, it was found that crops can be commercially produced under irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water with no obvious impact on groundwater in the short term (3 years). It was, however, recommended that monitoring should continue to confirm findings over a longer period and for different conditions. A research project was therefore initiated in 2001 to determine the impact of irrigation with several gypsiferous water/soil combinations on crop performance, soil properties and groundwater quality. Field trials were carried out in South Africa on three mines: Kleinkopjé and New Vaal Collieries (Anglo Coal), and at Syferfontein (Sasol). Different crop and pasture species were grown on different soil types under centre-pivot irrigation with different mine-water qualities. Intensive monitoring systems were established in each irrigated field to determine the components of the soil-water and salt balance. Boreholes were also installed to monitor groundwater level and quality. Field water and salt balance data were used for calibration and validation of the mechanistic, generic crop, Soil-Water Balance (SWB) Model. The results of the field trials indicated that high crop and pasture yields can be obtained, provided site selection, land preparation, fertilisation and irrigation water management are appropriate. The results of the soil-water and salt balance studies indicated that considerable volumes of mine-water can be used and substantial amounts of salts can be removed from the water system through precipitation of gypsum in the soil profile. The groundwater impact was limited based on borehole measurements, indicating the presence of a zone of attenuation between the cropped soil profile and groundwater, but this should be monitored over a longer period. With appropriate management, water and salt runoff, and under specific conditions, drainage and salts leached can be intercepted, thereby minimising unwanted impacts on groundwater. Thirty-year scenario simulations were run with SWB and the generated salt loads from this model were used as input into a separate groundwater model in order to predict the likely long-term effects of irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater. The results of these simulations showed that while salts reached the groundwater, there was a drop in concentration of the plume as it moved away from the irrigated area. This was due largely to dilution by infiltration from rainfall recharge and the dispersive characteristics of the aquifer. The simulations also showed the importance of matching the amount of drainage from an irrigated site with the transmissivity and storage properties of the aquifer below. These results suggest that large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous water could be viable if irrigated fields are carefully sited to prevent waterlogging and are well managed. A site-specific approach is essential.	Groundwater; Gypsiferous; Irrigation; Mine-water; Simulations; SWB	Boreholes; Computer simulation; Cost effectiveness; Crops; Groundwater resources; Soil mechanics; Wastewater; Gypsiferous; Mine-water; SWB; Irrigation; environmental impact; groundwater resource; infiltration; irrigation system; salinity; wastewater; water quality; Cost Effectiveness; Effluent Treatment; Farm Crops; Irrigation; Simulation; Soil Mechanics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893971611	The impact of smallholder irrigation on household welfare: The case of Tugela Ferry irrigation scheme in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Sinyolo S., Mudhara M., Wale E.	2014	Water SA	40	1	10.4314/wsa.v40i1.18	Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa	Sinyolo, S., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa; Mudhara, M., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa; Wale, E., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa	The potential of smallholder irrigated agriculture to enhance food security and alleviate rural poverty has led the South African Government to prioritise and invest significantly in irrigation establishment, rehabilitation and revitalisation. The question addressed in this study pertains to the extent to which smallholder irrigation has been able to reduce poverty in the rural communities to justify this investment. Using a sample of 251 farmers, this study found that factors such as land size, perceived soil fertility, household size, and access to support services were significant predictors of irrigation participation. The results from the treatment effect model indicated that access to irrigation plays a positive role in the welfare of rural households, with irrigators spending about ZAR2 000 per adult equivalent on consumption more than the non-irrigators. The study, therefore, concluded that government investments in smallholder irrigation for poverty reduction are justified. The other factors that influenced household consumption were off-farm income, land size, livestock size, education level, family size and access to support services and infrastructure. The study recommends that investments in smallholder irrigation continue for poverty reduction, and that priority should also be on finding other feasible rural micro-projects and development initiatives to complement smallholder irrigation and significantly reduce rural poverty.	Food security; Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures; Poverty; Smallholder irrigation; Treatment effect model	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744297710	Groundwater resource evaluation of urban Bulawayo aquifer	Rusinga F., Taigbenu A.E.	2005	Water SA	31	1	None	Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rusinga, F., Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taigbenu, A.E., Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Judicious management of a groundwater system requires an understanding of its hydrogeology and response to various recharge and pumping stresses. However, in developing countries, groundwater resource evaluations are hampered by a lack of adequate data that will allow for ils complete characterisation. Under such circumstances it is not uncommon for ad hoc groundwater management measures to be embarked upon, especially during drought conditions. These were the conditions that existed during the 1991/92 drought when the CSIR Stellenbosch evaluated the groundwater resource of an urban aquifer in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Their recommendations revealed that about 3.5×106 m 3/a could be safely abstracted from the aquifer. In this work, a more comprehensive hydrogeological investigation was carried out which included pumping tests, estimation of abstraction rates and recharge, and numerical modelling of the aquifer. The investigations indicate that the aquifer is unconfined with hydraulic conductivity and specific yield ranging from 0.1 m/d to 2.09 m/d and 0.02 to 0.11, respectively. Recharge estimates indicate an annual recharge of 105.5 mm with 38.4%, 52.1% and 9.5% accounting respectively for direct recharge, water mains and sewer leakages. Furthermore, a long-term sustainable annual abstraction of 6.1×106 m3 or 15% of current city water demand can be obtained from the aquifer.	Groundwater flow; Groundwater resource evaluation; Numerical modelling; Pumping tests; Urban groundwater	Aquifers; Drought; Hydraulic conductivity; Hydrogeology; Mathematical models; Sewers; Abstraction rates; Pumping stresses; Pumping tests; Recharge estimates; Groundwater; aquifer; groundwater; resource assessment; aquifer; groundwater; hydrogeology; modeling; recharge; resource assessment; Africa; Bulawayo [Zimbabwe]; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249124443	Evaluation of an integrated asset life-cycle management (ALCM) model and assessment of practices in the water utility sector	Haffejee M., Brent A.C.	2008	Water SA	34	2	None	Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa	Haffejee, M., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa	The water utility sector in South Africa is presently facing numerous challenges. Amongst the most urgent and important priorities is ageing infrastructure, which has the potential to end in failures with detrimental impacts on local communities and the natural environment. Furthermore, to manage the majority of strategic assets in terms of total performance, i.e. environmental, financial, social and technical, is often difficult as a large portion of assets, such as buried pipelines, cannot be easily accessed. These issues highlight the need for a generic asset life-cycle management model for the water utility sector. Such an integrated model is introduced: it was evaluated in the largest water utility in South Africa. Although it was found to have relevance, practicability, applicability, and usability, the model still needs rigorous testing amongst other water utilities in South Africa, and in other countries. The perceptions of the water utility sector were also assessed in terms of the practices of the principles of integrated Hfe-cyele asset management. The results indicate a fairly good understanding of the concept of asset life-cycle management, but allude to challenges with fully implementing all the principles when it comes to asset performance measurements; particular attention must be given to develop mechanisms to measure environmental and social aspects. Nevertheless, it is highlighted that for strategic assets, the practices and principles of ALCM have many benefits, including better maintenance management, infrastructural planning, risk management, and sustainable development.	Asset management; Life-cycle management; South Africa; Sustainable development	Electric utilities; Environmental engineering; Environmental protection; Finance; Hydraulic models; Industrial management; Insurance; Life cycle; Maintenance; Management; Pipelines; Planning; Port structures; Public utilities; Risk analysis; Risk assessment; Risk management; Risk perception; Social aspects; Strategic planning; Water management; Water supply; Ageing infrastructures; Asset life; Buried Pipelines; Integrated modelling; Local communities; Maintenance management; Natural environments; Performance measurement (quality); South Africa (SA); Strategic assets; Total performance; Water utilities; Asset management; assessment method; infrastructure planning; life cycle; pipeline; risk assessment; sustainable development; utility sector; water management; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549102881	Integrated monitoring of water allocation reform in South Africa	Anderson A.J., Mahlangu M.S., Cullis J., Swartz S.	2009	Water SA	34	6	None	Independent Researcher, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Management, LSE, Houghton Street, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Manager, Water Allocation Directorate, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag, X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Independent Researcher, University of Colorado at Boulder and Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa; GIS technician, Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa	Anderson, A.J., Independent Researcher, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Management, LSE, Houghton Street, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Mahlangu, M.S., Manager, Water Allocation Directorate, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag, X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Cullis, J., Independent Researcher, University of Colorado at Boulder and Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa; Swartz, S., GIS technician, Ninham Shand Consulting Services, 81 Church Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa	South Africa faces significant inequities in the allocation of water for productive purposes. Water allocation is one component of a wider government mandate to address the inequities of the past. Water allocation reform is being implemented by the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), through the Water Allocation Reform (WAR) Programme. This paper presents an approach for determining indicators that can be used to monitor targets for WAR and for prioritising areas for specific WAR interventions. The approach integrates water use data with environmental, economic and equity data to provide a holistic picture of the progress and benefits of WAR. Limitations of the approach are discussed, specifically related to the data on which the indicators are based. The development of data for the equity indicator presents specific challenges which are discussed through examples from its application in four case study areas.	Equity; Indicators; Monitoring; South Africa; Water allocation reform	Department of water affairs and forestries; Equity; Indicators; Integrated monitoring; South Africa; Study areas; Water allocation reform; Water use; Agriculture; Water supply; Military operations; equity; resource allocation; water management; water planning; water use; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78349277262	Investigation of potential water quality and quantity impacts associated with mining of the shallow Waterberg coal reserves, west of the Daarby Fault, Limpopo Province, South Africa	Bester M., Vermeulen P.D.	2010	Water SA	36	5	None	Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Bester, M., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Vermeulen, P.D., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	From South African and international experience, it is known that coal mining has a pronounced impact on surface and groundwater quality and quantity. The influx of water may be as low as 1% of rainfall for underground mines to as much as 20% for opencast mines. Such differences may influence the quantity and quality of surface water and groundwater resources at the local scale and further afield. The Waterberg coal reserves represent the only area with proven coal reserves which are still available for development in South Africa. These reserves are targeted for large-scale mining in the near future, and are situated in a relatively dry part of South Africa. In view of the low rainfall and limited surface water resources, the necessary level of safeguard measures to ensure the quantity and quality of existing water resources is unclear. Experience from other areas cannot necessarily be extrapolated directly. A scoping level study was performed to consolidate the existing information on the geohydrology and pre-mining water quantity and quality of water resources associated with the Waterberg coal reserves. New data regarding water quality and acid-base potential for the different geological areas (through field investigations) and geology and mining methods were obtained. Findings showed a significant likely impact on groundwater resources, with a potential for generation of acid mine drainage, although low transmissivities will in all probability prevent decant after back-filling is complete.	Acid-base accounting; Geohydrological modeling; Recharge; Water quality; Water quantity; Waterberg coalfield	Acid-base accounting; Coal fields; Geohydrological modeling; Recharge; Water quantity; Acids; Coal; Coal industry; Groundwater; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Mining; Rain; Runoff; Surface water resources; Water pollution; Water quality; Coal deposits; acid mine drainage; backfill; coal mining; fieldwork; quantitative analysis; rainfall; recharge; water quality; water resource; Limpopo; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870186913	Guide to groundwater monitoring for the coal industry	Barnes M.R., Vermeulen P.D.	2012	Water SA	38	5	10.4314/wsa.v38i5.25	Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Barnes, M.R., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Vermeulen, P.D., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	It is well established in literature that the environmental impacts associated with the coal industry are numerous. In respect of South Africa's groundwater resources the major impact of the coal industry is a reduction in groundwater quantity and quality. There is therefore a need to proactively prevent or minimise these potential impacts through long-term protection and improved water management practices. One such initiative is to implement monitoring programmes in various sectors of the coal industry for groundwater quality and quantity. Groundwater monitoring requires sophisticated interlinked stages which are often overlooked or not fully understood. Consequently a methodical approach must be undertaken in order to have an effective and economical groundwater monitoring system. This paper provides a comprehensive guide to the establishment of a groundwater monitoring programme for environmental practitioners in the coal industry. An inclusive 7-stage methodology is presented describing the different stages of establishing a groundwater monitoring programme, focusing on the 'why', 'how', and 'who' of groundwater monitoring.	Acid mine drainage; Borehole construction; Coal industry; Conceptual model; Drilling methods; Environmental impact; Geophysics; Monitoring programme; Risk assessment; Water management	Acid mine drainage; Conceptual model; Drilling methods; Ground-water qualities; Groundwater monitoring; Management practices; Methodical approach; Monitoring programmes; Potential impacts; South Africa; Coal industry; Environmental impact; Geophysics; Monitoring; Risk assessment; Water management; Water quality; Groundwater; acid mine drainage; borehole; coal industry; conceptual framework; drilling; environmental impact; geophysics; groundwater resource; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; water management; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649110768	Operation and monitoring guidelines and the development of a screening tool for irrigating with coal mine water in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa	Vermeulen D., Usher B.	2009	Water SA	35	4	None	Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Vermeulen, D., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Usher, B., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	It is predicted that vast volumes of impacted mine water will be produced by mining activities in the Mpumalanga coalfields of South Africa. Irrigation provides for a novel approach to the utilisation and disposal of mine water, under the correct conditions. The significance of these findings lies in the versatility of this irrigation. Communities which often have very few other resources can utilise mine water to generate livelihoods. Research over a period of more than 10 years has shown that this water can be used successfully for the irrigation of a range of crops. The potential environmental impact of this excess water is of great concern in a water-scarce country like South Africa. There is, however, continuing concern from the local regulators regarding the long-term impact that large-scale mine-water irrigation may have on groundwater quality and quantity. Detailed research has been undertaken over the past number of years on both undisturbed soils and in coal-mining spoils. These sites range from sandy soils to very clayey soils. The results indicate that many of the soils have considerable attenuation capacities and that over the period of irrigation, a large proportion of the salts are contained in the upper portions of the unsaturated zones below each irrigation pivot. The volumes and quality of water leaching through to the aquifers have been quantified at each site. From these data mixing ratios were calculated in order to determine the effect of the irrigation water on the underlying aquifers. One of the outcomes from this study was to define the conditions under which mine-water irrigation can be implemented and the associated operational and monitoring guidelines that should be followed. These have been based on the findings from this study, the fundamental considerations of mine-water irrigation, the regulatory environment and, as far as possible, the practical implementation of mine-water irrigation as part of optimal mine-water management. In an attempt to standardise decision-making regarding mine-water irrigation, the criteria, data, rules and fundamentals discussed have been combined in a user-friendly tool, called GIMI (Groundwater Impacts from Minewater Irrigation). This tool should assist in the practical implementation of mine-water irrigation as part of optimal mine-water management.	Coal mine water; Irrigation; Monitoring guidelines	Attenuation capacities; Clayey soils; Coal-mining; Coalfields; Groundwater quality; Irrigation waters; Mine waters; Mining activities; Mixing ratios; Practical implementation; Quality of water; Regulatory environment; Sandy soils; Screening tool; South Africa; Undisturbed soils; Unsaturated zone; User-friendly tool; Aquifers; Coal; Coal deposits; Coal industry; Coal mines; Coal research; Environmental impact; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Irrigation; Leaching; Mine flooding; Mines; Soils; Water management; Water quality; Water supply; Mining; coal mine; environmental impact assessment; groundwater; irrigation; recycling; waste disposal; waste management; water quality; Africa; Mpumalanga; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928121788	Evaluation of an automated struvite reactor to recover phosphorus from source-separated urine collected at urine diversion toilets in ethekwini	Grau M.G.P., Rhoton S.L., Brouckaert C.J., Buckley C.A.	2015	Water SA	41	3	10.4314/wsa.v41i3.10	Pollution Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Grau, M.G.P., Pollution Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rhoton, S.L., Pollution Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Brouckaert, C.J., Pollution Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Buckley, C.A., Pollution Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	In the present study we attempted to develop a reactor system to recover phosphorus by struvite precipitation, and which can be installed anywhere in the field without access to a laboratory. A reactor was developed that can run fully automated and recover up to 93% of total phosphorus (total P). Turbidity and conductivity signals were investigated as automation proxies for magnesium dosage, thus making laboratory phosphate measurements to determine the exact magnesium dosage unnecessary. Conductivity is highly influenced by the dosing parameters (molarity and pump speed) and turbidity is affected by particle size distribution issues. Algorithms based on both conductivity and turbidity signals were not able to detect the precipitation endpoint in real time. However it proved possible to identify the endpoint retrospectively from the conductivity signal, and thereafter to dose an algorithm-calculated volume of urine to use up the excess magnesium dosed. © 2015, South African Water Research Commission. All rights reserved.	Automation; Conductivity; Human urine; Magnesium dose; Struvite precipitation; Turbidity; VUNA	Automation; Body fluids; Electric conductivity; Magnesium; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Phosphorus; Recovery; Turbidity; Fully automated; Human urine; Pump speed; Reactor systems; Real time; Struvite precipitation; Total phosphorus; VUNA; Precipitation (chemical); algorithm; automation; conductivity; magnesium; measurement method; particle size; phosphorus; precipitation (chemistry); size distribution; turbidity; urine; eThekwini; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879543249	The impact of physico-chemical water quality parameters on bacterial diversity in the Vaal River, South Africa	Jordaan K., Bezuidenhout C.C.	2013	Water SA	39	3	10.4314/wsa.v39i3.7	School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Jordaan, K., School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, C.C., School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	This study aimed to identify bacterial community structures in the Vaal River using PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and high-throughput sequencing. The impact of physico-chemical characteristics on bacterial structures was investigated through multivariate analysis. Samples were collected from 4 sampling stations along the Upper Vaal River during winter (June 2009) and summer (December 2010). Physico-chemical analysis was conducted on-site. Additional physico-chemical data were obtained from statutory bodies. DNA was directly isolated from water samples and PCR amplified using universal bacterial primer pairs. PCR products were subjected to DGGE fingerprinting and high-throughput sequencing, followed by Shannon-Weaver diversity calculations, cluster analysis and multivariate analysis. Physico-chemical parameters did not exceed the prescribed South African water quality standards for domestic use, aquatic ecosystems, livestock watering and irrigation. DGGE banding patterns revealed similar bacterial community structures for 3 of the 4 sampling stations. PCA and RDA indicated that pH, water temperature and inorganic nutrient concentrations could be used to explain changes in bacterial community structures. High-throughput sequencing data showed that bacterial assemblages were dominated by common freshwater groups: Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Other freshwater phyla such as Deltaproteobacteria, Epsilonbacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Flavobacteria and Fibrobacteres were found in low proportions. This study provides an overview of the dominant bacterial groups in the Upper Vaal River and the impact of environmental changes on bacterial diversity.	16S rDNA PCR-DGGE; Bacterial community structures; High-throughput sequencing; Multivariate analysis; Vaal River	Bacterial community structure; High-throughput sequencing; Multi variate analysis; PCR-DGGE; Vaal rivers; Agriculture; Cluster analysis; Electrophoresis; Multivariant analysis; pH effects; Polymerase chain reaction; Rivers; Social sciences; Water quality; Hydrochemistry; dominance; environmental change; microbial community; multivariate analysis; parameterization; physicochemical property; sampling; water quality; water temperature; South Africa; Vaal River	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649098539	Recent blooms of the dinoflagellate Ceratium in Albert Falls Dam (KZN): History, causes, spatial features and impacts on a reservoir ecosystem and its zooplankton	Hart R.C., Wragg P.D.	2009	Water SA	35	4	None	School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Hart, R.C., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Wragg, P.D., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	A lake-wide bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella, discovered in Albert Falls Dam in October 2006, exposed a significant ecological change indicative of reduced water quality in this historically mesotrophic reservoir. The spatial distribution of the bloom was examined synoptically in October 2006 and January 2007; these surveys revealed generally higher dinoflagellate densities in inshore reaches of the lake, and especially in the discharge plume of the inflowing Mgeni River. Ceratium totally dominated the phytoplankton assemblage, accounting almost completely for coincident chlorophyll levels, which generally increased with depth to generate a 'deep' chlorophyll maximum. Vertical oxygen profiles during the bloom differed substantially from corresponding profiles during non-bloom conditions historically typical in this reservoir. Direct count data and ordination analysis using non-metric multidimensional scaling exposed marked changes in zooplankton community structure compared to seasonally congruent non-bloom conditions in other years. Changes included the effective replacement of Moina by Bosmina, substantial reductions in Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia, and smaller but definite increases in abundance especially of calanoid copepods, as well as cyclopoid copepods and of Chaoborus, although not all of these differences were apparent in both survey months. These compositional changes are attributable to intrinsic differences in feeding biology among taxa and their associated susceptibility to the altered food environment, which was commensurate with Ceratium's emergence. In addition, chydorid cladocerans appeared as a new (but spatially restricted) eutrophic bio-indicator component of the zooplankton, and the species diversity of cyclopoid copepods was enriched. The historical incidence of Ceratium in the lake since 1995 coincided with low NO3-N:TP values (used here as an N:P ratio proxy), particularly of inflow waters, and with broadly coincident values in the open lake. Ceratium was present but sparse in 1995, at average N:P ratios around 5.5. It disappeared in 1996 when the ratio increased radically to &gt;10, and reappeared in 2004 after an erratic decline of the ratio to &lt; 5 in the lake. The decline in N:P ratio of inflow waters since 1996 was clearly associated with a consistent rise in TP levels in inflows, most plausibly attributable to inputs of (Howick) wastewater treatment (WWT) plant origin. The appearance of Ceratium blooms is accordingly related to progressive elevations in mean annual P concentrations in inflows from ∼40 μg/l in 1995 to 120 μg/l in 2007 (broadly mirrored in annual TP loadings), suggesting that improved operational efficiency (and capacity) of the WWT plant offers a plausible prospect for mitigation and reversal.	Dinoflagellate blooms; Ecosystem consequences; Eutrophication; Mitigation prospects; Plankton community composition; Water-quality	Calanoid copepods; Compositional changes; Cyclopoid copepods; Daphnia; Dinoflagellate blooms; Discharge plume; Ecological changes; Inflow waters; Intrinsic differences; Mesotrophic; Mgeni River; Mitigation prospects; N:P ratio; Non-metric multidimensional scaling; Operational efficiencies; Plankton community composition; Plant origin; Spatial distribution; Spatial features; Species diversity; Substantial reduction; Zooplankton communities; Biology; Blooms (metal); Chlorophyll; Dams; Discharge (fluid mechanics); Ecosystems; Eutrophication; Forestry; Lakes; Ocean habitats; Oxygen; Porphyrins; Size distribution; Surveys; Wastewater; Wastewater reclamation; Wastewater treatment; Water analysis; Water pollution; Water quality; Reservoirs (water); algal bloom; community structure; dam; dinoflagellate; discharge; ecosystem response; eutrophication; history; plume; population density; reservoir; species diversity; water quality; zooplankton; Africa; Albert Falls Dam; KwaZulu-Natal; Mgeni River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bosmina; Calanoida; Ceratium; Ceratium hirundinella; Ceriodaphnia; Chaoborus; Chydoridae; Copepoda; Cyclopoida; Daphnia; Dinophyceae; Moina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954225313	Evaluation of potential changes in hydrologically relevant statistics of rainfall in Southern Africa under conditions of climate change	Lumsden T.G., Schulze R.E., Hewitson B.C.	2009	Water SA	35	5	None	School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Climate Systems Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Lumsden, T.G., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Schulze, R.E., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Hewitson, B.C., Climate Systems Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Scenarios of present, intermediate and future climates for Southern Africa were analysed to evaluate potential changes in hydrologically relevant statistics of rainfall that could be observed this century as a result of climate change. These climate scenarios were developed in previous studies by applying empirical downscaling techniques to relatively coarse-scale climate scenarios simulated by general circulation models (GCMs) as part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3rd and 4th Assessment Reports (TAR and AR4, respectively). The regional climate scenarios were available at a daily time-step and for a spatial grid resolution of 0.25° over Southern Africa, comprising South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. In the study, the regional climate scenarios were related to the 1946 quaternary catchments in the region since the possible hydrological impacts of climate change will ultimately be assessed explicitly by applying the regional climate scenarios in a daily time-step hydrological model. The analysis of potential changes in hydrologically relevant rainfall statistics was qualitative in nature and focused on determining where convergence exists amongst the different climate models with respect to changes in rainfall, and what the likely hydrological implications would be for the region. According to all of the GCMs evaluated in the study, more rainfall is projected for the east of the region. The greater rainfall projected for the east would be in the form of more rain days and more days with bigger rainfalls. If these scenarios are correct, the combination of wetter antecedent conditions and larger rainfall events would result in more runoff being generated and this would have implications for, inter alia, filling of dams and water quality. According to all of the GCMs evaluated, less rainfall is projected along the west coast and the adjacent interior, with the possibility of a slight increase in inter-annual variability. If correct, this would result in a decrease in flows and an increase in flow variability, since changes in precipitation are amplified in the hydrological cycle. As convergence in climate-change scenarios becomes apparent, there is now an arguable basis for developing appropriate response strategies for incorporation into adaptation policy. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges in this regard is now to explore the issues of uncertainty and probability in order to develop a more rigorous basis to enable proactive responses.	Climate change; Hydrology; Rainfall; Rainfall statistics; South Africa; Southern Africa	Climate scenarios; Down-scaling; Flow variability; Future climate; General circulation model; Hydrological cycles; Hydrological impacts; Hydrological models; Interannual variability; Intergovernmental panel on climate changes; Potential change; Rain days; Rainfall event; Rainfall statistics; Regional climate; South Africa; Spatial grids; Swaziland; Time step; West coast; Catchments; Climate models; Computer simulation; Rain; Runoff; Water pollution; Water quality; Climate change; annual variation; catchment; climate change; empirical analysis; environmental policy; general circulation model; hydrological cycle; hydrological modeling; hydrological response; precipitation (climatology); probability; qualitative analysis; Quaternary; rainfall; regional climate; runoff; spatial resolution; uncertainty analysis; water quality; Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904512770	Farmers' satisfaction with the performance of the Mooi River Irrigation Scheme, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Gomo T., Mudhara M., Senzanje A.	2014	Water SA	40	3	10.4314/wsa.v40i3.6	School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Gomo, T., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Mudhara, M., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Senzanje, A., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Farmer satisfaction with using an irrigation service can be used as a measure of performance of an irrigation scheme. An investigation was instituted to determine factors that significantly influence the satisfaction status of farmers at the Mooi-River Irrigation Scheme (MRIS) in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. A multinomial Logit regression model was employed to analyse the response of the farmers. It was established that about 57% of the farmers are satisfied with using the irrigation service, 30% are not and 13% are neutral. The majority of farmers, accounting for 85%, either never went to school or had only primary level schooling and these are mostly women, who own close to 80% of the plots in the scheme. Statistically significant results show that 6 household-level factors affect the satisfaction of farmers with using an irrigation service, i.e., gender of head of household, level of education attained by the household head, training received in water management, farmers' perception of the fairness of water distribution, the number of days in a week that plotholders receive water, and the participation of farmers in the inspection of irrigation infrastructure on the scheme. This study recommends formulation of policies to train farmers in water management and to support farmer participation in scheme management.	Farmer satisfaction; Multinomial Logit regression; Technical performance	Regression analysis; Water management; Water supply systems; Farmer satisfaction; Farmers' perceptions; Irrigation schemes; Level of educations; Measure of performance; Multinomial Logit; Technical performance; Water distributions; Irrigation; education; farmers attitude; farmers knowledge; irrigation; perception; regression analysis; water management; KwaZulu-Natal; Mooi River; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936745532	Impacts of fish on phosphorus budget dynamics of some SA reservoirs: Evaluating prospects of ‘bottom up’ phosphorus reduction in eutrophic systems through fish removal (biomanipulation)	Hart R.C., Harding W.R.	2015	Water SA	41	4	10.4314/wsa.v41i4.01	School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Scottsville, South Africa; DH Environmental Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Somerset West, South Africa	Hart, R.C., School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Scottsville, South Africa; Harding, W.R., DH Environmental Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Somerset West, South Africa	Data on fish standing stocks in 7 South African reservoirs were used to assess prospects of reducing in-lake amounts of total phosphorus (TP) through remedial biomanipulation – the removal of fish to deplete internal stocks of biomass-incorporated TP and especially to restrict enhancement of TP availability through internal ‘bottom up’ recycling by fish. Literature-derived conversion functions were used to estimate the quantity of TP stored in fish biomass, recycled by fish through excretion, and released from bottom sediments through carp and catfish bioturbation. This provided a quasi mass-balance assessment of these contributory influences of fish on TP budgets of reservoirs ranging from mesotrophy to hypertrophy in trophic status (annual mean TP levels of 0.04–0.51 mg/ℓ). Absolute contributions of fish were inevitably related directly to reservoir-specific fish stock abundance, both total-fish and coarse-fish biomass levels which increased with trophic status, generating parallel absolute increases in TP sinks and internal TP loading fluxes. On overall average, total fish stock sequestered 2.2 kg TP/ha in biomass, recycled 13.8 kg TP/ha/yr through excretion, and mobilized 8.0 kg TP/ha/yr through sediment bioturbation. Average values relative to external loadings in 5 reservoirs amounted to 3.8% (biomass), 22.8% (excretion) and 11.8% (bioturbation), totalling 38.4%. Most pertinently, the relative importance of fish in reservoir TP budgets declined progressively with rising trophic status, with corresponding averages less than half (1.4, 8.7 and 5.4%, total = 15.4%) in 3 hypertrophic reservoirs (> 0.10 mg TP/ℓ). While total fish eradication plausibly reduces average internal phosphorus by some 40% relative to external load, the corresponding average reduction in hypertrophic reservoirs in greatest need of nutrient reduction is far less (~ 15%). ‘Bottom-up’ bioremediation accordingly offers little help in the management of nutrient-enriched reservoirs, and is essentially futile where high external nutrient loading persists. © 2015, South African Water Research Commission . All rights reserved.	Biomanipulation; Biomass sinks; Bioturbation; Eutrophication management; Excretion; Fish; Phosphorus; Recycling; Reservoir ecosystems	Biomass; Bioremediation; Budget control; Eutrophication; Nutrients; Phosphorus; Physiology; Recycling; Reduction; Reservoir management; Reservoirs (water); African reservoirs; Biomanipulation; Bioturbation; Conversion function; Excretion; Nutrient reduction; Phosphorus reductions; Reservoir ecosystems; Fish; biomanipulation; biomass allocation; bioremediation; bioturbation; bottom-up control; eutrophication; excretion; fish; lake ecosystem; nutrient budget; phosphorus; removal experiment; reservoir; teleost; trophic status; South Africa; Cyprinidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549135729	Performance of a water defluoridation plant in a rural area in South Africa	Schoeman J.J.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	The fluoride concentration of a borehole water supply in a rural area (Madibeng Local Municipality, North West Province, South Africa) varies between 5 and 6 mg/ℓ. This water is therefore not suitable for potable purposes because the high fluoride concentration may cause mottling of tooth enamel in children and fluorosis in adults. Therefore, the fluoride concentration should be reduced to less than 1.5 mg/ℓ to make the water suitable for potable purposes. The activated alumina and reverse osmosis processes are both processes that can be very effectively applied for water defluoridation. The activated alumina process, however, is considered to be a more simple and robust process for water defluoridation, especially in a rural area. Therefore, the activated alumina process was selected for water defluoridation. An activated alumina plant was designed, constructed and commissioned in the rural area. Fluoride in the feed water is removed from 6 to 8 mg/ℓ to less than 1.5 mg/ℓ. No reduction in plant output was experienced over 6 service cycles. Therefore, it appears that fouling of the activated alumina should not be a problem. Plant output varied between 940 and 1 296 m3 to a fluoride breakthrough of approximately 2.0 mg/ℓ. No significant operational problems were experienced during commissioning and the plant is performing satisfactorily. Spent regenerant is disposed of into evaporation ponds. It was demonstrated that a 1st world technology could be effectively applied in a rural area with proper training and supervision of the operators. The capital and operational costs of the 200 m3/d defluoridation plant are estimated at approximately R1.2m. and R0.7/m3 treated water.	Activated alumina; Costs; Plant performance; Water defluoridation	Bore-hole waters; Defluoridation; Feed waters; Fluoride concentrations; In plants; NO reductions; Operational costs; Operational problems; Plant outputs; Plant performance; Service cycles; South Africa; Water defluoridation; Personnel training; Potable water; Reverse osmosis; Rural areas; Tooth enamel; Water supply; Activated alumina; aluminum oxide; concentration (composition); drinking water; fluoride; health risk; performance assessment; pollutant removal; rural area; water quality; water supply; water treatment; Africa; North West Province; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52649135677	Prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa	Momba M.N.B., Abong'o B.O., Mwambakana J.N.	2008	Water SA	34	3	None	Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag x 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Momba, M.N.B., Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Abong'o, B.O., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag x 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mwambakana, J.N., Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Immunosuppressed persons such as HIV/AIDS patients are at risk of acquiring diarrhoeal infections from water-borne E. coli O157:H7. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water collected from selected distribution systems within the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic conditions of HIV/AIDS persons living in this area. One hundred and eighty water samples and 360 stool swabs from confirmed and nonconfirmed HIV/AIDS diarrhoeic patients were analysed. Escherichia coli O157:H7 were isolated using enrichment culture and confirmed using molecular techniques. Of the 180 drinking water samples, 46 (25.56%) were positive for E. coli O157. The prevalence of E. coli O157 in the stools was at 36.39% (131/360) of which 56.5% (74/131) and 43.5% (57/131) were from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. Molecular analysis of 27, 25 and 29 representative presumptive E. coli O157 from water and stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, revealed that 14.81%, 36% and 17.24% of the isolates were E. coli O157:H7. The findings predicted a possible link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water and diarrhoeic conditions of both confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients visiting Frere Hospital for treatment.	Drinking water; Escherichia coli O157:H7 and PCR; HIV/AIDS; Prevalence; Stool specimens	Escherichia coli; Forecasting; Risk assessment; Water analysis; Water pollution; Water treatment; Distribution systems; Drinking water; E. coli; E. coli O157:H7; Enrichment cultures; Escherichia coli O157:H7; Escherichia coli O157:H7 and PCR; HIV/AIDS; Molecular analysis; Molecular techniques; Prevalence; South Africa; Stool specimens; Water samples; Water-borne; Potable water; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; bacterium; diarrheal disease; disease treatment; drinking water; feces; health risk; human immunodeficiency virus; molecular analysis; Africa; Amathole; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Escherichia coli	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845475437	The impact of inadequate wastewater treatment on the receiving water bodies - Case study: Buffalo City and Nkokonbe Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province	Momba M.N.B., Osode A.N., Sibewu M.	2006	Water SA	32	5 SPEC. ISS.	None	Tshwane University of Technology, Water Care Department, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag x 680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Momba, M.N.B., Tshwane University of Technology, Water Care Department, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag x 680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Osode, A.N., Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Sibewu, M., Tshwane University of Technology, Water Care Department, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag x 680, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The performance of four wastewater treatment plants that serve the Buffalo City (Dimbaza, East London) and Nkokonbe (Alice, Fort Beaufort) Municipal areas in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa was investigated for the removal of microbial and chemical contaminants. Statistical evidence showed a relationship between the quality of the final effluent and that of the receiving water body and the relationship was such that the better the quality of the final effluent, the better the quality of the receiving water body. The quality of both the effluents and the receiving water bodies was acceptable with respect to the temperature (mean range: 16.52 to 23.33°C), pH (mean range: 7.79 to 8.97), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (mean range: 7 to 20 mg/ℓ) and total suspended solids (TSS) (mean range: 161.43 to 215.67 mg/ℓ). However, in terms of the nutrients (orthophosphate - mean range: 3.70 to 11.58 mg/ℓ and total nitrogen - mean range: 2.90 to 6.90 mg/ℓ) the effluents and the receiving water bodies were eutrophic. The dissolved oxygen (DO) (mean range: 3.26 to 4.57 mg/ℓ) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) (mean range: 14 to 24 mg/ℓ) did not comply with the EU guidelines for the protection of the aquatic ecosystems. The general microbiological quality of the effluents discharged from all the plants did not comply with the limits set by the South African authorities in respect of pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera and coliphages. The effluents discharged from the Dimbaza, East London, Alice and Fort Beaufort wastewater treatment plants were identified as pollution point sources into their respective receiving water bodies (Tembisa Dam, the Nahoon and Eastern Beach which are part of the Indian Ocean; the Tyume River and the Kat River).	Effluent; Pollution; Receiving water bodies; Treatment; Wastewater	Biochemical oxygen demand; Dissolution; Microorganisms; pH effects; Statistical methods; Suspensions (fluids); Chemical contaminants; Receiving water bodies; Wastewater treatment; Biochemical oxygen demand; Dissolution; Microorganisms; pH effects; Statistical methods; Suspensions (fluids); Wastewater treatment; effluent; microbial community; pathogen; wastewater; water treatment; Africa; Buffalo City; Eastern Cape; Nkonkobe; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Catha edulis; Salmonella; Shigella; Vibrio cholerae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80155149389	Investigating water meter performance in developing countries: A case study of Kampala, Uganda	Mutikanga H.E., Sharma S.K., Vairavamoorthy K.	2011	Water SA	37	4	None	UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands; University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CGS 101, Tampa Florida, United States; National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 39 Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda	Mutikanga, H.E., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 39 Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda; Sharma, S.K., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; Vairavamoorthy, K., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CGS 101, Tampa Florida, United States	High levels of water losses in distribution systems are the main challenge that water utilities in developing countries currently face. The water meter is an essential tool for both the utility and the customers to measure and monitor consumption. When metering is inefficient and coupled with low tariffs, the financial sustainability of utilities is at stake. Apparent water losses caused by metering inefficiencies can be reduced by assessing meters' performance and identifying the main causes of inefficiency. This paper examines the performance of 3 meter models, on the basis of failure records for a developing world water utility in Kampala city, Uganda. The influence of sub-metering on meter accuracy is also examined. The results indicate a high meter failure rate (6.6%/year) in Kampala. Over 75% of failures were observed in the volumetric (oscillating-piston) meter types with the main cause of meter failure being particulates in water. The study also indicates an average reduction in revenue water registration of 18% due to sub-metering. The reduction was not because of water use efficiency but due to the combined effect of the metering errors of the sub-meters. This clearly implies that when properties are sub-metered, customers should be charged proportionately based on master meter readings, for accurate water accountability. The findings of this study will be useful for both utility managers and meter manufacturers who work in the water industry, especially in developing countries, to make appropriate metering and sub-metering decisions.	Developing countries; Meter performance; Sub-metering; Water utilities	Combined effect; Developing world; Distribution systems; Failure rate; Financial sustainability; Kampala , Uganda; Meter accuracy; Meter performance; Meter readings; Metering errors; Revenue water; Sub-metering; Utility managers; Water industries; Water loss; Water use efficiency; Water utilities; Water utility; Electric utilities; Water meters; Water supply; Developing countries; developing world; distribution system; sustainability; water economics; water industry; water management; water supply; water use efficiency; Central Province [Uganda]; Kampala; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954279945	Ecological impacts of small dams on South African rivers part 2: Biotic response - abundance and composition of macroinvertebrate communities	Mantel S.K., Muller N.W.J., Hughes D.A.	2010	Water SA	36	3	None	Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality - Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mantel, S.K., Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality - Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa; Muller, N.W.J., Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality - Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa; Hughes, D.A., Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality - Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa	This paper investigates the cumulative impacts of small dams on invertebrate communities in 2 regions of South Africa - the Western Cape and Mpumalanga. Previous research found reduced discharge, increased total dissolved salts, and a decrease in average score per taxon (ASPT; collected using SASS4 methods) at sites with high density of small dams in their catchment. These changes in ASPT are investigated using the invertebrate abundance data available in the River Health Programme. Multivariate analyses found differences in invertebrate communities in rivers with high densities of small dams in their catchment in foothill-gravel streams (in both Western Cape and Mpumalanga) and in foothill-cobble streams (in Western Cape only). Opportunistic taxa that are tolerant of pollution, and capable of exploiting various habitats, and those that prefer slower currents increased in numbers, while other taxa that are sensitive to pollution and disturbance declined in numbers. Some regional differences were noted possibly reflecting climatic differences between the regions. Since the results of this study are correlative, it highlights the need for a systematic (by sites and seasons) and detailed (at species level) collection of data to verify the results of cumulative effects of small dams. This can further the development of a framework for small-dam construction and management that will limit their impact on river catchments.	Cumulative impacts; Environmental water quality; Ephemeroptera; Reduced low flows; Trichoptera	Cumulative effects; Cumulative impacts; Dam construction; Ecological impacts; Environmental water; High density; Invertebrate communities; Low flow; Macroinvertebrate community; Multi variate analysis; River catchment; River health; Small dams; South Africa; Total dissolved salts; Trichoptera; Catchments; Dams; Decision making; Dissolution; Environmental impact; Multivariant analysis; Pesticide effects; Runoff; Water pollution; Water quality; Rivers; abundance; biotic factor; community composition; dam; ecological impact; macroinvertebrate; pollution effect; population decline; river pollution; water quality; Mpumalanga; South Africa; Western Cape; Ephemeroptera; Invertebrata; Trichoptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954281475	Ecological impacts of small dams on South African rivers part 1: Drivers of change - water quantity and quality	Mantel S.K., Hughes D.A., Muller N.W.J.	2010	Water SA	36	3	None	Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mantel, S.K., Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa; Hughes, D.A., Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa; Muller, N.W.J., Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research (UCEWQ-IWR), Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, South Africa	Impacts of large dams are well-known and quantifiable, while small dams have generally been perceived as benign, both socially and environmentally. The present study quantifies the cumulative impacts of small dams on the water quality (physico-chemistry and invertebrate biotic indices) and quantity (discharge) of downstream rivers in 2 South African regions. The information from 2 South African national databases was used for evaluating the cumulative impacts on water quality and quantity. Physico-chemistry and biological data were obtained from the River Health Programme, and discharge data at stream flow gauges was obtained from the Hydrological Information System. Multivariate analyses were conducted to establish broad patterns for cumulative impacts of small dams across the 2 regions - Western Cape (winter rainfall, temperate, south-western coast) and Mpumalanga (summer rainfall, tropical, eastern coast). Multivariate analyses found that the changes in macroinvertebrate indices and the stream's physico-chemistry were more strongly correlated with the density of small dams in the catchment (as a measure of cumulative impact potential) relative to the storage capacity of large dams. T-tests on the data, not including samples with upstream large dams, indicated that the high density of small dams significantly reduced low flows and increased certain physico-chemistry variables (particularly total dissolved salts) in both the regions, along with associated significant reductions in a macroinvertebrate index (SASS4 average score per taxon). Regional differences were apparent in the results for discharge reductions and the macroinvertebrate index. The results suggest that the cumulative effect of a high number of small dams is impacting the quality and quantity of waters in South African rivers and that these impacts need to be systematically incorporated into the monitoring protocol of the environmental water requirements.	Average score per taxon; Cumulative impacts; Macroinvertebrate indices; Measures of small-dam impact potential; Regional comparison	Biological data; Biotic Index; Cumulative effects; Cumulative impacts; Ecological impacts; Environmental water requirements; High density; Large dams; Low flow; Macroinvertebrates; Monitoring protocol; Multi variate analysis; River health; Small dams; Storage capacity; Summer rainfall; T-tests; Total dissolved salts; Water quantities; Winter rainfall; Catchments; Dams; Decision making; Dissolution; Hydraulics; Multivariant analysis; Rain; Runoff; Stream flow; Water pollution; Water quality; Rivers; catchment; dam; database; ecological impact; macroinvertebrate; multivariate analysis; physicochemical property; water quality; Mpumalanga; South Africa; Western Cape; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247636570	Evaluation of microfiltration for the treatment of spent cutting-oil	Schoeman J.J., Novhe O.	2007	Water SA	33	2	None	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Novhe, O., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A pilot plant using ceramic microfiltration membranes which could be regularly back-flushed with air for fouling control was evaluated for the treatment of spent cutting-oil. It was found that membrane fouling could be effectively controlled with regular air back-flushes (every 3 min for 1 s) and chemical cleaning using caustic soda. Permeate flux remained approximately constant and varied from 78 to 126 ℓ/h·m2 for the first six runs and from 114 to 150 ℓ/h·m2 for three more runs. An increase in feed temperature from ambient to 40°C and cleaning of the membrane with 1% caustic soda, increased permeate flux from 183 to 282 ℓ/h·m2 and from 195 to 264 ℓ/h·m2 in two more runs. Excellent COD (75.5 to 90.3%) and O&amp;G (97.2 to 99.1%) removals were obtained. The permeate quality should be suitable for discharge to the municipal sewer system (O&amp;G &lt; 500 mg/ℓ) and the concentrated oil should be a useful energy source. Treatment of spent cutting-oil with microfiltration rather than landfilling should save valuable landfilling space.	COD removal; Fouling; Microfiltration; O&G removal; Permeate flux; Spent cutting-oil	Chemical oxygen demand; Fouling; Mechanical permeability; Microfiltration; Sewers; COD removal; Permeate flux; Spent cutting-oil; Cutting fluids; Chemical oxygen demand; Cutting fluids; Fouling; Mechanical permeability; Microfiltration; Sewers; bicarbonate; ceramics; chemical oxygen demand; flushing; fouling; landfill; membrane; oil; recycling; ultrafiltration; waste treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650290856	Performance of tubular reverse osmosis for the desalination/ concentration of a municipal solid waste leachate	Schoeman J.J., Strachan L.J.	2009	Water SA	35	3	None	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Durban Solid Waste, Durban Metro City Council, PO Box 1038, Durban 4000, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Strachan, L.J., Durban Solid Waste, Durban Metro City Council, PO Box 1038, Durban 4000, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) has the potential to pollute the water environment and to affect biological treatment processes adversely if not properly handled. Reverse osmosis (RO) has the ability to remove both organics and inorganics effectively from effuents. Therefore, RO was evaluated for the treatment of MSWL. It was found that both cellulose acetate and polyamide RO membranes should function effectively for the treatment of the leachate and that it should be possible to control membrane fouling with chemical cleaning. The polyamide membranes, however, performed somewhat better than the cellulose acetate membranes for the treatment of the leachate. The quality of the treated leachate with the exception of ammonia-nitrogen and COD should comply with the quality requirements for discharge into the water environment. Biological treatment processes are effective in complete removal (to only traceable levels) of ammonia-nitrogen and biodegradable COD. The quality of the treated effuent further complies with the quality requirements (chloride and heavy metals) for discharge into the municipal biological treatment system. The capital and operational cost of a 250 m3/d tubular reverse osmosis (TRO) plant is estimated at R1.95 m. and R11.45/m3, respectively.	Effuent quality; Leachate treatment; Membrane cleaning; Membrane fouling; Reverse osmosis; Treatment costs	Ammonia-nitrogen; Biological treatment process; Biological treatment systems; Cellulose acetate membrane; Cellulose acetates; Concentration of; Effuent quality; Inorganics; Leachate; Membrane cleaning; Municipal Solid Waste; Operational costs; Organics; Polyamide membranes; Quality requirements; RO membrane; Treatment costs; Water environments; Ammonia; Biochemical engineering; Cellulose; Chemical cleaning; Chlorine compounds; Heavy metals; Leaching; Membrane fouling; Membranes; Metal recovery; Nitrogen removal; Refuse disposal; Reverse osmosis; Solid wastes; Waste treatment; Water treatment; Leachate treatment; chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); desalination; leachate; membrane; municipal solid waste; osmosis; performance assessment; water pollution; Ammonia; Biotechnology; Cellulose; Chlorine Compounds; Cleaning; Costs; Fouling; Heavy Metals; Leaching; Membranes; Nitrogen; Quality; Removal; Reverse Osmosis; Solid Wastes; Waste Disposal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870161870	Fluoride concentrations in groundwater and impact on human health in Siloam Village, Limpopo Province, South Africa	Odiyo J.O., Makungo R.	2012	Water SA	38	5	10.4314/wsa.v38i5.12	University of Venda, Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, P/Bag X 5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Odiyo, J.O., University of Venda, Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, P/Bag X 5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Makungo, R., University of Venda, Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, P/Bag X 5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Monitoring of fluoride concentrations in groundwater, identification of sources, and monitoring of the impact of fluoride on human health was undertaken in Siloam Village, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Most of the inhabitants of Siloam Village rely on groundwater for domestic use due to inadequate pipe-borne water supply. A preliminary survey showing that some community members in Siloam Village have mottled teeth motivated the study. Temperature and pH were measured in the field while fluoride and calcium in groundwater were analysed in the laboratory. A survey was conducted to obtain information on the impact of fluoride on human health. 40% of the households and 1 primary school in Siloam Village were interviewed. Fluoride concentrations in groundwater samples were found to be higher than the Department of Water Affairs and World Health Organization recommended values for domestic use of 1 mg/ℓ and 1.5 mg/ℓ, respectively. The results of paired two-tailed t-tests showed significant differences between mean values of pH, temperature, calcium and fluoride concentrations for all paired comparisons between 3 sites, with the exception of comparisons between sites GW1 (community borehole) and GW2 (artesian spring). Alkaline pH, low calcium concentrations, high groundwater temperatures and semi-arid climatic conditions of the study area may cause elevated fluoride concentrations in groundwater, by increasing the solubility of fluoride-bearing formations (fluorite). A survey revealed that 87% of the households use groundwater while 85% of these have family members with mottled teeth. 50% of children between the ages of 11 and 14 in Siloam Primary School also have mottled teeth. There is thus evidence suggesting negative human health impacts of high fluoride concentrations in ground-water in Siloam Village. The majority of the community was found to be aware of the fluorides in groundwater and the health impacts thereof making interventions easy to promote.	Fluorides; Groundwater; Human health; Impacts; Siloam village	Alkaline pH; Artesian; Calcium concentration; Climatic conditions; Domestic use; Fluoride concentrations; Fluorides; Groundwater temperatures; Health impact; Human health; Human health impacts; Identification of sources; Impacts; Mean values; Paired comparison; Primary schools; Recommended values; Semi arid; Siloam village; South Africa; Study areas; T-tests; World Health Organization; Alkalinity; Calcium; Fluorine compounds; Health; Rural areas; Surveys; Water supply; Groundwater; fluoride; groundwater pollution; health impact; pollution monitoring; public health; sampling; solubility; World Health Organization; Limpopo; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954231050	Biological sulphate reduction with primary sewage sludge in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor -part 3: Performance at 20°c and 35°c	Poinapen J., Ekama G.A., Wentzel M.C.	2009	Water SA	35	5	None	Water Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Poinapen, J., Water Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Ekama, G.A., Water Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Wentzel, M.C., Water Research Group, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	The performance of 2 biological sulphate reduction (BSR) upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors fed primary sewage sludge (PSS) and sulphate, one at 20°C (R2) and one at 35°C (R1) is described. To maintain the effluent sulphate concentration below 250 mgSO4 2/£, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and bed solids retention time (SRT or sludge age) both needed to be longer and the feed primary sewage sludge (PSS) COD to SO4 2 ratio higher at 20°C than at 35°C, viz. 20.4 to 21.0 h, 24 d and 1.75 gCOD/gSO4 2 at 20°C and 16.4 to 17.0 h, 21 d and 1.75 gCOD/gSO4 2 at 35°C respectively. The longer HRT, SRT and higher feed PSS COD/ SO4 2 ratio is a consequence of a slower PSS hydrolysis/acidogenesis rate at 20°C resulting in a lower biodegradable particulate organics conversion to volatile fatty acids (VFA). Solid liquid separation in both systems was good yielding average particulate and soluble organic COD concentrations of (150 and 100 mgCOD/£ for R1; 138 and 96 mgCOD/£ for R2). The sulphate reduction was &gt;90% in both systems. The UASB reactor R1 (at 35°C) was also operated at an increased influent sulphate concentration (1 800 mgSO4 2/£) to investigate the inhibition effect by undissociated hydrogen sulphide generated from the reduction of this high sulphate concentration. It was found that a high sulphate reduction (~ 92%) was maintained even at the relatively low HRT of 18.5 h. The COD and S mass balances above 95% were achieved over both systems indicating that the performance data obtained from them is reliable for developing and calibrating mathematical models.	Biological sulphate reduction; Hydraulic retention time; Hydrolysis; Uasb reactor	Biological sulphate reduction; Hydraulic retention time; Hydrogen sulphide; Hydrolysis/acidogenesis; Inhibition effect; Mass balance; Organics; Performance data; Sludge age; Solid liquid separation; Solids retention time; Sulphate reduction; Sulphates; UASB reactor; Up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactors; Volatile fatty acids; Effluents; Fatty acids; Hydraulics; Hydrolysis; Mathematical models; Sewage sludge; Concentration (process); anoxic conditions; biodegradation; biological analysis; chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); effluent; fatty acid; hydrogen sulfide; hydrolysis; inhibition; mass balance; numerical model; particulate matter; performance assessment; reduction; sewage; sludge; sulfate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893844469	Basin-scale performance of a semidistributed rainfall-runoff model for hydrological predictions and water resources assessment of large rivers: The Congo River	Tshimanga R.M., Hughes D.A.	2014	Water Resources Research	50	2	10.1002/2013WR014310	Department of Natural Resources Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Congo Basin Network for Research and Capacity Development in Water Resources (CB-HYDRONET), Kinshasa, Congo; Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Tshimanga, R.M., Department of Natural Resources Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo, Congo Basin Network for Research and Capacity Development in Water Resources (CB-HYDRONET), Kinshasa, Congo; Hughes, D.A., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Gaps in hydrological information of the Congo Basin increase uncertainties in understanding hydroclimatic processes in the basin, and consequently the risks associated with decision making for major water resources development plans. There is also uncertainty about the predictions of future climate and land use change. These challenges make it essential to explore possible approaches to close the information gaps. Some of the gaps can be filled using hydrological simulation models, which if they prove practical, can be established with available data, but generate sufficiently reliable information for management purposes. This paper discusses the results of applying a semidistributed rainfall-runoff model which was established for the whole Congo Basin, using the available historical data, with an ultimate goal of understanding processes of runoff generation as well as assessing the impacts of future climate and land use changes on water resources availability, including options for water resources development in the basin. Issues of water resources assessment in the basin, approaches used to address them and some directions for future research are discussed. It is noted that the hydrological model applied in this study for the Congo Basin is able to capture the timing and magnitude of high and low flows satisfactorily, irrespective of the subbasins are located in headwater areas, downstream areas or at the outlets of regions strongly affected by wetlands and lakes. There remain a number of opportunities to improve the methods used for water resources assessment within the basin. Key Points A semidistributed hydrological model is presented for the Congo Basin The model adequately simulates the dominant processes of the basin hydrology The paper addresses some of the challenges of prediction in the Congo Basin © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.	Congo Basin; Hydrological model; Uncertainties; Ungauged basins; Wetlands	Climate models; Computer simulation; Forecasting; Hydrology; Lakes; Land use; Runoff; Water resources exploration; Wetlands; Congo basins; Hydrological modeling; Hydrological simulations; Uncertainties; Ungauged basins; Water resources assessment; Water resources availability; Water resources development; Water resources; decision making; flow modeling; headwater; hydrology; land use change; rainfall-runoff modeling; river basin; water management; water resource; Congo Basin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895775109	Satellite-based hybrid drought monitoring tool for prediction of vegetation condition in Eastern Africa: A case study for Ethiopia	Tadesse T., Demisse G.B., Zaitchik B., Dinku T.	2014	Water Resources Research	50	3	10.1002/2013WR014281	National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Nebraska, Lincoln, United States; Earth Science Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Piazza, Ethiopia; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States	Tadesse, T., National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Nebraska, Lincoln, United States; Demisse, G.B., Earth Science Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Piazza, Ethiopia; Zaitchik, B., Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Dinku, T., International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States	An experimental drought monitoring tool has been developed that predicts the vegetation condition (Vegetation Outlook) using a regression-tree technique at a monthly time step during the growing season in Eastern Africa. This prediction tool (VegOut-Ethiopia) is demonstrated for Ethiopia as a case study. VegOut-Ethiopia predicts the standardized values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at multiple time steps (weeks to months into the future) based on analysis of "historical patterns" of satellite, climate, and oceanic data over historical records. The model underlying VegOut-Ethiopia capitalizes on historical climate-vegetation interactions and ocean-climate teleconnections (such as El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) expressed over the 24 year data record and also considers several environmental characteristics (e.g., land cover and elevation) that influence vegetation's response to weather conditions to produce 8 km maps that depict future general vegetation conditions. VegOut-Ethiopia could provide vegetation monitoring capabilities at local, national, and regional levels that can complement more traditional remote sensing-based approaches that monitor "current" vegetation conditions. The preliminary results of this case study showed that the models were able to predict the vegetation stress (both spatial extent and severity) in drought years 1-3 months ahead during the growing season in Ethiopia. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and satellite-observed vegetation condition range from 0.50 to 0.90. Based on the lessons learned from past research activities and emerging experimental forecast models, future studies are recommended that could help Eastern Africa in advancing knowledge of climate, remote sensing, hydrology, and water resources. Key Points Developed new satellite-based prediction model called VegOut-Ethiopia Demonstrated application of VegOut-Ethiopia model to a recent drought year Highlighted future research opportunities under evolving climate conditions © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.	Drought Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Satellite-observed vegetation; Vegetation Monitoring; Vegetation Prediction	Atmospheric pressure; Climatology; Drought; Forecasting; Remote sensing; Research; Satellites; Vegetation; Water resources; Correlation coefficient; Drought monitoring; Environmental characteristic; Normalized difference vegetation index; Research opportunities; Southern oscillation; Vegetation condition; Vegetation monitoring; Climate models	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896732702	Potential impacts of climate and environmental change on the stored water of Lake Victoria Basin and economic implications	Awange J.L., Anyah R., Agola N., Forootan E., Omondi P.	2013	Water Resources Research	49	12	10.1002/2013WR014350	Western Australian Centre for Geodesy, Institute for Geoscience Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Graduate School of Global Studies, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany; IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre, Nairobi, Kenya	Awange, J.L., Western Australian Centre for Geodesy, Institute for Geoscience Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Anyah, R., Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Agola, N., Graduate School of Global Studies, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Forootan, E., Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany; Omondi, P., IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre, Nairobi, Kenya	The changing climatic patterns and increasing human population within the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB), together with overexploitation of water for economic activities call for assessment of water management for the entire basin. This study focused on the analysis of a combination of available in situ climate data, Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations, and high resolution Regional Climate simulations during recent decade(s) to assess the water storage changes within LVB that may be linked to recent climatic variability/changes and anomalies. We employed trend analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and temporal/spatial correlations to explore the associations and covariability among LVB stored water, rainfall variability, and large-scale forcings associated with El-Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Potential economic impacts of human and climate-induced changes in LVB stored water are also explored. Overall, observed in situ rainfall from lake-shore stations showed a modest increasing trend during the recent decades. The dominant patterns of rainfall data from the TRMM satellite estimates suggest that the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation have not changed much during the period of 1998-2012 over the basin consistent with in situ observations. However, GRACEderived water storage changes over LVB indicate an average decline of 38.2 mm/yr for 2003-2006, likely due to the extension of the Owen Fall/Nalubale dam, and an increase of 4.5 mm/yr over 2007-2013, likely due to two massive rainfalls in 2006-2007 and 2010-2011. The temporal correlations between rainfall and ENSO/IOD indices during the study period, based on TRMM and model simulations, suggest significant influence of large-scale forcing on LVB rainfall, and thus stored water. The contributions of ENSO and IOD on the amplitude of TRMM-rainfall and GRACE-derived water storage changes, for the period of 2003-2013, are estimated to be ∼2.5 cm and ∼1.5 cm, respectively. © 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.	None	Climatic variability; Economic implications; Gravity recovery and climate experiments; In-situ observations; Regional climate simulation; Spatial and temporal distribution; Temporal correlations; Tropical rainfall measuring missions; Climatology; Computer simulation; Digital storage; Economics; Geodetic satellites; Lakes; Principal component analysis; Rain gages; Water management; Rain; anthropogenic effect; basin management; climate effect; climate modeling; economic activity; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; environmental change; GRACE; lake water; numerical model; population growth; principal component analysis; rainfall; regional climate; shore (nonmarine); spatial distribution; temporal distribution; TRMM; water storage; water use; East African Lakes; Lake Victoria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952239651	Evaluation of three numerical weather prediction models for short and medium range agrohydrological applications	Ghile Y.B., Schulze R.E.	2010	Water Resources Management	24	5	10.1007/s11269-009-9483-5	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, United States; School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Ghile, Y.B., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, United States; Schulze, R.E., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The skill and accuracy of the quantitative precipitation forecasts by CCAM, UM and NCEP-MRF models are verified using various statistical scores at the Mgeni catchment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The CCAM model is capable of identifying a rainfall event, but with a tendency of under-estimating its magnitude. The UM model is capable of distinguishing rainy days from non-rainy days, but with a significant over-estimation of rainfall amount. There is no significant difference between the 1 and 2 day lead time UM forecasts. Statistical comparisons show that there is an acceptable skill in the CCAM forecasts, but the forecast skill of the UM model is low and unreliable. The role of the initial hydrological conditions in affecting the accuracy of CCAM and UM streamflows forecasts was significant. The results show that the under-estimation of the CCAM forecasts was reduced from -44% to -10%, while the over-estimation in the UM forecasts was reduced from 291% to only 59% when the ACRU agrohydrological model was initialised with observed rainfalls up to the previous day at each forecast run within the study period. The combined use of the CCAM and UM models by a "weighted averaging" had little effect in improving the skill as it is overshadowed more by the over-estimation of the UM forecasts than the under-estimation of the CCAM forecasts. Results obtained for a continuous period of 92 days showed that the NCEP-MRF rainfall forecasts were significantly over-predicted. The NCEP-MRF rainfall forecast is found to be totally unskillful, although the skill was seen to slightly increase with decreasing lead time. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	ACRU; NWP models; Streamflow forecasting	Hydrological condition; Leadtime; Medium range; Numerical weather prediction models; NWP model; Over-estimation; Quantitative precipitation forecast; Rainfall event; Rainfall forecasts; Rainy days; South Africa; Statistical comparisons; Streamflow forecasting; Weighted averaging; Catchments; Estimation; Mathematical models; Rain; Stream flow; Structural frames; Weather forecasting; catchment; forecasting method; numerical model; precipitation assessment; statistical analysis; streamflow; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55549100291	Hydrological impacts of flood storage and management on irrigation water abstraction in upper Ewaso Ng'iro River Basin, Kenya	Ngigi S.N., Savenije H.H.G., Gichuki F.N.	2008	Water Resources Management	22	12	10.1007/s11269-008-9257-5	Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0065, Nairobi, Kenya; Millennium Villages Project, Earth Institute at Columbia University c/o MDG Center, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Ngigi, S.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0065, Nairobi, Kenya, Millennium Villages Project, Earth Institute at Columbia University c/o MDG Center, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Savenije, H.H.G., Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands; Gichuki, F.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-0065, Nairobi, Kenya, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	The upper Ewaso Ng'iro basin, which starts from the central highlands of Kenya and stretches northwards transcending different climatic zones, has experienced decreasing river flows for the last two decades. The Naro Moru sub-basin is used to demonstrate the looming water crisis in this water scarce river basin. The objective of the study was to show the extent of dry seasons' irrigation water abstractions on river flows, and to assess the hydrological impact of flood storage on temporal water distribution and irrigation water management. Decreasing river flows are attributed to over-abstraction mainly for irrigating horticultural crops. The number of abstractors has increased four times over a period of 10 years. The amount of water abstracted has also increased by 64% over the last 5 years. Moreover, the proportion of unauthorized abstractions has been increasing over the years, currently at about 80% and 95% during high and low flows respectively. This has resulted in alarming conflicts among various water users. The situation is aggravated by low irrigation efficiency (25-40%) and inadequate flood storage facilities. The paper analyzes over 40 years' observed river flow data and 5-year interval water abstraction monitoring records for 15 years. It assesses whether flood storage and management, can reduce dry seasons' irrigation water abstractions without significantly reducing river flows to affect the sustenance of natural ecosystems downstream. The results demonstrate that flood storage and management can reduce water abstraction and increase river flows during the dry seasons, without significantly reducing high flows to affect the downstream water users. However, socio-economic, hydrological and environmental implications should be considered if a sustainable river basin water resources management strategy is to be developed and implemented. The case study of Naro Moru sub-basin is representative of the situation in the other sub-basins, and hence can be taken as a pilot basin for developing an integrated water resources management strategy that will foster socio-economic development with minimal negative hydrological impacts in the water scarce upper Ewaso Ng'iro river basin. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Flood storage; Low river flows; River basin water resources management; River water withdrawals; Water conflicts	Abstracting; Curing; Digital signal processing; Drought; Evaporative cooling systems; Flow of water; Fusion reactions; Information management; Irrigation; Knowledge management; Management; Planning; Rivers; Strategic planning; Water; Water conservation; Water management; Water supply; Watersheds; Abstractors; Case studies; Different climatic zones; Dry seasons; Economic developments; Environmental implications; High flows; Horticultural crops; Hydrological impacts; Integrated water resources managements; Irrigation efficiencies; Irrigation water managements; Irrigation waters; Low flows; Low river flows; Natural ecosystems; Pilot basins; River basin water resources management; River basins; River flows; River water withdrawals; Storage facilities; Water abstractions; Water conflicts; Water crisis; Water distributions; Water resources managements; Water scarce; Water users; Water resources; flooding; horticulture; hydrological response; irrigation; resource scarcity; river flow; sustainability; water availability; water management; water use efficiency; Africa; East Africa; Ewaso Ngiro Basin; Kenya; Rift Valley; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349130533	Water resources management strategies for adaptation to climate-induced impacts in South Africa	Mukheibir P.	2008	Water Resources Management	22	9	10.1007/s11269-007-9224-6	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Mukheibir, P., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	This paper focuses on the development of a framework for strategy considerations for water resources management in South Africa to meet the development goals in the municipal and agricultural sectors. The north western part of South Africa experiences severe periods of drought and according to the climate change projections, will be most vulnerable to future climate induced water supply stress. A framework for selecting appropriate strategies is presented. A series of potential adaptation strategies most suitable for long term adaptation are discussed. These include both supply and demand side strategies. Barriers and obstacles to implementing these strategies include human and financial resource deficiencies at local municipal and community levels. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.	Adaptation; Agriculture; Climate change; South Africa; Water resources management	Climate change; Competition; Drought; Information management; Knowledge management; Strategic planning; Water management; Adaptation strategies; Business media; Community levels; Future climate; Long term; Resource deficiencies; South Africa (SA); Supply and demand; Water resources management; Planning; adaptive management; agriculture; climate change; strategic approach; water management; water resource; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920708383	Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Small-Scale Sprinkler Irrigation Systems Using Grey Relational Analysis	Tu Q., Li H., Wang X., Chen C., Luo Y., Dwomoh F.A.	2014	Water Resources Management	28	13	10.1007/s11269-014-0765-1	Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; School of Electromechanical Engineering, Changzhou College of Information Technology, Kejiaocheng, Wujin District, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China; School of Engineering, Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana	Tu, Q., Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Changzhou College of Information Technology, Kejiaocheng, Wujin District, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China; Li, H., Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Wang, X., Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Chen, C., Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Luo, Y., Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Dwomoh, F.A., Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, School of Engineering, Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana	The technical and socioeconomic evaluation of small-scale sprinkler irrigation systems is a multi-criteria problem characterized by complexity and uncertainty. In order to solve that, the application of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was presented. An evaluation model with ten sub-criteria under four groups, namely, technical, economic, environmental and social, was established. Among the criteria, calculation method of labor use in the small-scale sprinkler systems was originally addressed, and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) was used as an economic indicator. In the design of GRA, a combination weighting method based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy measurement was employed to take into account the experts’ knowledge and the inherent information in the experimental data. Six irrigation systems for three field sizes 0.5 ha, 2 ha and 5 ha respectively were considered to verify the model. The systems were optimized with Genetic Algorithms (GAs) first to figure out the optimal combinations of sprinklers and pipes and further, field tests were performed. The discussions show that: the developed approach has successfully provided the ranking of systems for three field sizes. When different types of sprinklers are used, the criteria including atomize index, application efficiency and specific energy consumption change greatly. And the ownership cost, particularly the energy consumption fee, accounts for the largest part of LCC in most of the systems. In comparison, System 5 and System 1 are generally the best. The evaluation model solved by GRA integrated with GAs is effective and can be extended to the comprehensive evaluation and optimization of other irrigation systems. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Evaluation; Grey relational analysis; Irrigation system; Life cycle cost; Multi-criteria analysis	Cost benefit analysis; Costs; Economics; Energy utilization; Hose; Irrigation; Life cycle; Evaluation; Grey relational analysis; Irrigation systems; Lifecycle costs; Multi Criteria Analysis; Sprinkler systems (irrigation)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873747198	Using Large Climate Ensembles to Plan for the Hydrological Impact of Climate Change in the Freshwater Environment	Fung F., Watts G., Lopez A., Orr H.G., New M., Extence C.	2013	Water Resources Management	27	4	10.1007/s11269-012-0080-7	Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom; Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental and Geographic Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Fung, F., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Watts, G., Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom; Lopez, A., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Orr, H.G., Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom; New, M., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Department of Environmental and Geographic Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa, African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Extence, C., Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom	We explore the use of large ensembles of climate scenarios to inform climate change adaptation in response to hydrological impacts on the freshwater environment, using a sensitive chalk river in south east England to illustrate the approach. The climateprediction. net experiment provides large ensembles of transient climate series from 1920 to 2080. We use 246 transient climate series in the CATCHMOD rainfall-run-off model to develop large ensembles of plausible river flows for the River Itchen. This transient ensemble allows the exploration of how flows may change through the twenty-first century, and demonstrates the range of possible consequences for freshwater ecosystems, based on invertebrate community impacts. Hydrological modelling of flow sequences including abstraction allows the continued effectiveness of river support from groundwater to be assessed. A new environmental impact matrix considers the response of the freshwater ecosystem in the Itchen, concentrating particularly on macro-invertebrates. Through the century increasing numbers of models fail the flow targets, with a minority of models suggesting flows that would lead to irreversible change to the invertebrate community. The large ensemble provides a richer picture of the range of possible change, allowing managers to explore a range of different responses. The approach used is illustrative, but demonstrates that large ensembles may be of great value in improving the understanding of the possible impact of climate change, provided that they can be communicated effectively to decision-makers. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Climate change; Decision making; Large ensembles; Macro-invertebrate response; Modelling; River ecosystems; Uncertainty; Water resources	Climate change adaptation; Climate scenarios; Decision makers; England; Freshwater ecosystem; Freshwater environments; Hydrological impacts; Hydrological modelling; Invertebrate communities; Irreversible changes; Large ensembles; Macroinvertebrates; River ecosystem; River flow; Uncertainty; Climate change; Decision making; Ecosystems; Environmental impact; Groundwater; Models; Rivers; Uncertainty analysis; Water resources; Climate models; climate change; climate effect; climate prediction; decision making; ensemble forecasting; environmental impact; freshwater environment; hydrological modeling; macroinvertebrate; rainfall-runoff modeling; river flow; river system; uncertainty analysis; England; Hampshire; Itchen River; United Kingdom; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947563361	Technical and institutional attributes constraining the performance of small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia	Amede T.	2015	Water Resources and Rural Development	6	None	10.1016/j.wrr.2014.10.005	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Nairobi, Kenya	Amede, T., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Nairobi, Kenya	Small-scale irrigation is playing an important role in adapting to climate change, achieving food security, and improving household incomes. The Ethiopian Government considers irrigated agriculture as a primary engine of economic growth and plans to increase the current level of irrigation infrastructure three-fold by the end of 2015. However, there has been concern regarding the performance and management of existing small-scale irrigation. Based on the assessment of 52 small-scale irrigation schemes, and three case study sites, we describe the challenges and interventions required to improve irrigation water management in Ethiopia. Though most schemes are operational, many do not operate at full capacity, due to design failures, excessive siltation, poor agronomic and water management practices, and weak local institutions. In addition to low returns, there is competition for irrigation water between upstream and downstream users, vegetable growers and cereal growers, and between farmers with large irrigable plots and those with small plots. Despite these challenges, our field assessment revealed that small scale irrigation increases crop yields, improves crop diversification, and reduces the risk of crop failure. We emphasize in this paper the need for incentives to improve productivity and minimize conflicts, while enhancing innovation capacity, developing scheme-specific intensification strategies, and promoting collective action. We also describe how benefits from water investments could be substantially increased by overcoming design constraints, strengthening water user associations, and protecting catchments. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Communities; Incentives; Irrigation management; Productivity; Water	agricultural application; crop production; incentive; infrastructural development; irrigation system; performance assessment; state role; water management; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947556170	Performance of small reservoir irrigated schemes in the Upper Volta basin: Case studies in Burkina Faso and Ghana	Poussin J.-C., Renaudin L., Adogoba D., Sanon A., Tazen F., Dogbe W., Fusillier J.-L., Barbier B., Cecchi P.	2015	Water Resources and Rural Development	6	None	10.1016/j.wrr.2015.05.001	IRD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CSIR-SARI, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana; INERA, 01 B.P. 910, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 2iE, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; IRD MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CC 093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France	Poussin, J.-C., IRD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Renaudin, L., CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Adogoba, D., CSIR-SARI, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana; Sanon, A., INERA, 01 B.P. 910, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Tazen, F., 2iE, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Dogbe, W., CSIR-SARI, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana; Fusillier, J.-L., CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Barbier, B., CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, 2iE, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Cecchi, P., IRD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, IRD MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CC 093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France	A major direct use of water from West African small reservoirs is irrigation. Analyzing the performances of irrigated agriculture is therefore a useful way to measure the impact of small reservoirs on food security and livelihoods of local communities. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two such irrigated schemes in the Upper Volta basin (one in Burkina Faso and the other in Ghana) through participatory methods, to jointly identify major constraints, and to discuss possible solutions with local communities. The agronomic and economic performance of irrigated agriculture at both sites were far from satisfactory, due to the lack of maintenance of the small reservoirs and irrigation schemes, sub-optimal crop management, and poor product marketing. These issues were analyzed with the farmers across differing sub-schemes and cropping systems and some solutions were envisaged. Our assessment showed that farmers often had difficulty obtaining quality agricultural inputs and marketing their products. The poor performance of irrigated crops, due to poor condition of hydraulic infrastructures, poor agronomic management, and organizational failure provided only limited incomes for local households. Nevertheless, the existence and the many uses of small reservoirs improved food security and created indirect activities that also enhanced livelihoods. The local authorities generally considered preserving water to be a priority in small reservoir management, but the degradation of irrigation schemes could happen quickly and result in scheme failures, thus reducing indirect economic activities and causing under utilization or even abandonment of the small reservoir, unless appropriate measures are taken. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Irrigated crops; IWRM; Participatory approach; Sub Saharan Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920079579	Financial viability of groundwater irrigation and its impact on livelihoods of smallholder farmers: The case of eastern Ethiopia	Hagos F., Mamo K.	2014	Water Resources and Economics	7	None	10.1016/j.wre.2014.08.001	International Water Management Institute, Nile Basin and East Africa sub-Regional office, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Economics, Haromaya University, Ethiopia	Hagos, F., International Water Management Institute, Nile Basin and East Africa sub-Regional office, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mamo, K., Department of Economics, Haromaya University, Ethiopia	This paper examines the economics of groundwater irrigation and its impact on livelihood of smallholder farmers in Eastern Ethiopia. The results indicate that groundwater technologies are financially viable at 8, 12.25 and 16.5 percent discount rates. The net present value of these technologies is still viable under partial and full cost recovery regimes. Small-scale groundwater irrigation with boreholes provides a good option for poor households, bringing about significant positive impact in consumption expenditure. Groundwater, if adequately harvested, has a significant positive impact on the improvement of livelihoods of smallholding farmers; it is advantageous for the society if government and nongovernmental agencies are engaged in the expansion of deep groundwater wells on a sustainable basis. It is also vital to think of institutionalizing a cost recovery scheme to ensure water use efficiency and to sustain the future investments in irrigation, especially in developing groundwater resources. © 2014 .	Ethiopia; Gini-coefficient; Groundwater irrigation; NPV; Poverty analysis; Propensity score matching	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858078881	Metal sulphides from wastewater: Assessing the impact of supersaturation control strategies	Mokone T.P., van Hille R.P., Lewis A.E.	2012	Water Research	46	7	10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.027	Crystallization and Precipitation Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Mokone, T.P., Crystallization and Precipitation Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; van Hille, R.P., Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lewis, A.E., Crystallization and Precipitation Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Metal sulphide precipitation forms an important component of acid mine drainage remediation systems based on bacterial sulphate reduction. However, the precipitation reaction is inherently driven by very high levels of supersaturation with the generation of small particles with poor solid-liquid separation characteristics. In this study, the effect of strategies used to manage supersaturation was investigated during copper and zinc sulphide precipitation reactions. Initial batch studies showed the origin of sulphide (biological or chemical) had no significant effect on the efficiency of zinc sulphide precipitation. For copper, low metal removal efficiency was obtained at metal to sulphide molar ratios below 1.6 in the synthetic sulphide system. This was improved in the biogenic sulphide system, due to the presence of residual volatile fatty acids, but the presence or absence of particulate organic matter had no effect on recovery. Subsequent studies, conducted using synthetic sulphide solutions in a seeded fluidised bed reactor with multiple reagent feed points (2FP and 6FP) and different recirculation flow rates (300 and 120 mL min -1) showed efficient zinc sulphide precipitation, but limited (&lt;10%) deposition on the seeds. Increasing the number of sulphide feed points (2-6) reduced precipitate loss as fines by approximately 10%. Zinc sulphide fines could be effectively recovered from suspension by settling under quiescent conditions. In the copper system, metal recovery was low (ca 40%) due to the formation of very small copper sulphide particles (mean particle size of ca 0.01 μm). Increasing the number of reagent feed points did not affect supersaturation to the extent of altering particle characteristics. The copper sulphide fines could not be recovered by settling, remaining in a stable colloidal suspension due to their highly charged surfaces (zeta potential -50 mV). The change in recirculation flow rate had a limited effect (ca 5% improvement) on process efficiency. The results show that the extremely high supersaturation prevalent during metal sulphide precipitation is difficult to control using conventional approaches and suggest that the seeded fluidised bed reactor is not suitable for this application. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Acid mine drainage; Fluidised bed reactor; Metal sulphide precipitation; Particle characteristics; Precipitation; Solid-liquid separation; Supersaturation control; Wastewater remediation	Acid mine drainage; Fluidised bed; Particle characteristics; Solid-liquid separation; Supersaturation control; Wastewater remediation; Chemical reactors; Chemicals removal (water treatment); Copper; Flow rate; Metal recovery; Metals; Sulfur compounds; Supersaturation; Suspensions (fluids); Volatile fatty acids; Zeta potential; Zinc; Zinc sulfide; Precipitation (chemical); copper; metal; sulfide; volatile fatty acid; zinc sulfide; acid mine drainage; bacterium; colloid; copper; fatty acid; precipitation (chemistry); remediation; sulfate; sulfide; supersaturation; wastewater; water treatment; article; flow rate; fluidized bed reactor; heavy metal removal; particulate matter; precipitation; priority journal; waste water; Bacteria; Bioreactors; Chemical Precipitation; Copper; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Mining; Sulfides; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; Zinc; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84355162743	SANI ® process realizes sustainable saline sewage treatment: Steady state model-based evaluation of the pilot-scale trial of the process	Lu H., Ekama G.A., Wu D., Feng J., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Chen G.-H.	2012	Water Research	46	2	10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.031	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China; Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Netherlands	Lu, H., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China; Ekama, G.A., Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Wu, D., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China; Feng, J., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Netherlands; Chen, G.-H., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China	A steady state model was developed for evaluating the sulfur cycle based SANI ® process. The model comprises: 1) a COD-based anaerobic hydrolysis kinetics model to determine removal of biodegradable COD and sulfate under different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge retention time (SRT), 2) an element (C, H, O, N, P, S), COD and charge mass balanced stoichiometric part for prediction of the concentrations of alkalinity (H2CO3* alkalinity + H 2S alkalinity), COD, sulfate, sulfide, nitrate and free saline ammonia in anaerobic sulfate reduction, anoxic autotrophic denitrification and aerobic autotrophic nitrification, and 3) an inorganic carbon (HCO3-) and sulfide (H 2S/HS -) mixed weak acid/base chemistry part for pH prediction. Through characterization of the sewage organic matter and determination of the anaerobic hydrolysis kinetic rate and other relevant parameters, the steady state model was calibrated to a pilot plant for the SANI ® process. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data of the pilot-scale trial, demonstrating that the model developed from this study can explain the causes and conditions for the different bioprocesses and minimal sludge production in the SANI ® process. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Saline sewage; Saline water supply; SANI ® pilot system; Steady state model	Anaerobic hydrolysis; Autotrophic denitrification; Bioprocesses; Experimental data; Hydraulic retention time; Inorganic carbon; Model prediction; Model-based evaluation; Pilot scale; Sludge production; Sludge retention time; Steady state; Steady-state models; Sulfate reduction; Sulfur cycles; Weak acid/base chemistry; Alkalinity; Anoxic sediments; Denitrification; Hydrolysis; pH; Pilot plants; Saline water; Sewage treatment; Sulfur; Water supply; Sulfur compounds; ammonia; bicarbonate; carbon; hydrogen; nitrate; nitrogen; oxygen; phosphorus; sodium chloride; sulfate; sulfide; sulfur; volatile organic compound; alkalinity; anoxic conditions; biodegradation; hydrolysis; mass balance; nitrification; organic matter; pH; reaction kinetics; retention; sewage; steady-state equilibrium; sulfur cycle; water supply; alkalinity; anaerobic digestion; article; bioreactor; chemical composition; chemical oxygen demand; denitrification; hydrolysis; nitrification; pH measurement; priority journal; reduction; sewage treatment; statistical model; steady state; stoichiometry; suspended particulate matter; Anaerobiosis; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Denitrification; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Models, Biological; Nitrification; Oxidation-Reduction; Pilot Projects; Seawater; Sewage; Sulfates; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649993924	Steady-state model-based evaluation of sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) process	Lu H., Wang J., Li S., Chen G.-H., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Ekama G.A.	2009	Water Research	43	14	10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.013	Department of Civil Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands; Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Lu, H., Department of Civil Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Wang, J., Department of Civil Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Li, S., Department of Civil Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Chen, G.-H., Department of Civil Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands; Ekama, G.A., Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Recently we developed a process for wastewater treatment in places where part of the fresh water usage is replaced by seawater usage. The treatment of this saline sewage consists of sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) process. The process consists of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) for sulfate reduction, an anoxic filter for autotrophic denitrification using dissolved sulfide produced in the UASB and an aerobic filter for nitrification. The system was operated for 500 days with 97% COD removal and 74% total nitrogen removal without withdrawal of sludge. To verify these results and to understand this novel process, a steady-state model was developed from the COD, nitrogen and sulfur mass and charge balances based on the stoichiometries of the sulfate reduction, the autotrophic denitrification and the autotrophic nitrification. The model predictions agreed well with measured data on COD, nitrate and sulfate removal, sulfide production, effluent TSS, and mass balances of COD, sulfur and nitrogen in the three reactors. The model explains why withdrawal of sludge from the SANI system is not needed through comparisons of the predictions and measurements of effluent TSS and phosphorus concentrations. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Nitrogen removal; Saline sewage; SANI process; Seawater; Sulfate reduction; Wastewater	Anaerobic sludge; Autotrophic denitrification; Charge balances; COD removal; Dissolved sulfide; Fresh Water; Mass balance; Measured data; Model prediction; Novel process; Phosphorus concentration; Saline sewage; SANI process; Steady-state models; Sulfate reduction; Sulfate removal; Total nitrogen removal; Chemical oxygen demand; Denitrification; Dissolution; Effluents; Forecasting; Nitrification; Nitrogen; Nitrogen removal; Oxidation; Phosphorus; Seawater; Sewage; Sewage treatment; Stoichiometry; Sulfur; Wastewater; Wastewater reclamation; Wastewater treatment; fresh water; nitrogen; phosphorus; sea water; sulfate; sulfide; sulfur; anoxic conditions; autotrophy; chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); denitrification; effluent; filtration; nitrification; reduction; seawater; sewage; sludge; steady-state equilibrium; sulfate; wastewater; water treatment; article; autotrophy; chemical oxygen demand; controlled study; denitrification; effluent; filter; nitrification; priority journal; sludge; steady state; stoichiometry; sulfate reduction autotrophic denitirifcation and nitrification integrated process; upflow reactor; waste water management; Acids; Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Autotrophic Processes; Biodegradation, Environmental; Bioreactors; Elements; Filtration; Models, Biological; Nitrogen; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Phosphorus; Reproducibility of Results; Sewage; Sulfates; Time Factors; Waste Disposal, Fluid	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751496282	Impact of a kraft pulp and paper mill effluent on phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates in River Nzoia, Kenya	Ojunga S., Masese F.O., Manyala J.O., Etiégni L., Onkware A.O., Senelwa K., Raburu P.O., Balozi B.K., Omutange E.S.	2010	Water Quality Research Journal of Canada	45	2	None	Department of Biological Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Fisheries Aquatic Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Technology Education, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya	Ojunga, S., Department of Biological Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Masese, F.O., Department of Fisheries Aquatic Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Manyala, J.O., Department of Fisheries Aquatic Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Etiégni, L., Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Onkware, A.O., Department of Biological Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Senelwa, K., Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Raburu, P.O., Department of Fisheries Aquatic Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Balozi, B.K., Department of Forestry and Wood Science, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Omutange, E.S., Department of Technology Education, Moi University, Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya	Phytoplankton and macroinvertebrate assemblages were used to assess the impact of a kraft pulp and paper mill effluent in Kenya, on River Nzoia downstream of the discharge point in relation to changes in water quality during May to June and November 2008 (rainy and dry seasons, respectively). Total phosphorus concentration increased from 0.027 mg·L-1 upstream to 0.04 mg·L-1 downstream. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was 0.51 mg·L-1 upstream and 0.86 mg·L-1 downstream. Nitrate concentration stood at 1.18 mg·L-1 upstream compared with the 2.23 mg·L-1 downstream. The pH changed from 4.5 to 5.0 upstream to 5.5 to 6.0 downstream, while DO increased from 6.57 to 7.03 mg·L-1 downstream. The BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand after five days) values remained almost unchanged from 4.63 mg·L-1 upstream to 4.67 mg·L-1 downstream. Taxon composition of phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates correlated with adverse environmental gradients resulting from the mill's effluent discharge. Overall, there was a shift in composition and abundance of both phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates, with the downstream site recording high numbers of tolerant taxa (i.e., Microcystis sp. and Chironomus sp.). It was recommended that water quality monitoring with effluents of this nature be done using a combination of chemical analysis and biological indicators such as phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates. © 2010, CAWQ.	Biomonitoring; Effluent; Macroinvertebrate; Nutrient; Pollution; Pulp and paper	Ammonia nitrogen; Biological indicators; Biomonitoring; Chironomus; Dry seasons; Effluent discharge; Environmental gradient; Macroinvertebrate assemblage; Macroinvertebrates; Microcystis; Nitrate concentration; Pulp and paper; Pulp and paper mill effluents; Total phosphorus; Water quality monitoring; Algae control; Biochemical oxygen demand; Chemical analysis; Effluents; Indicators (chemical); Kraft process; Kraft pulp; Nutrients; Oxygen; Paper; Paper and pulp mills; Papermaking machinery; Phosphorus; Phytoplankton; Pollution; River pollution; Water quality; Rivers; abundance; bioindicator; biomonitoring; chemical analysis; chemical pollutant; dissolved oxygen; dose-response relationship; environmental gradient; industrial waste; macroinvertebrate; nitrate; pH; phytoplankton; pollution exposure; pulp and paper industry; water quality; Algae; Bod; Chemical Analysis; Effluents; Kenya; Kraft Pulps; Nutrients; Oxygen; Paper; Paper Making; Ph; Pollution; Rivers; Water Quality; Kenya; Nzoia River; Chironomus sp.; Microcystis; Microcystis sp.	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62649112701	Evaluation of plantain peelings ash extract as coagulant aid in the coagulation of colloidal particles in low pH aqua system	Oladoja N.A., Aliu Y.D.	2008	Water Quality Research Journal of Canada	43	03-Feb	None	Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	Oladoja, N.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Aliu, Y.D., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	The use of plantain peelings ash extract (PPAE) as a coagulant aid in a low pH water was evaluated in the present studies. Plantain peelings were collected, washed, dried, and ashed in a furnace. The ash was extracted using deionized water, and the chemical composition was examined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Synthetic turbid water of varying turbidities (50, 100, 300 NTU) and varying pHs (2, 3, 4) were prepared by clay dispersion in deionized water. The optimum alum dosages for the coagulation of colloidal particles in different turbid waters of varying pHs were determined by method of continuous variation using the jar test procedure. The residual turbidities of the treated waters were determined, and the alum doses that gave the minimum residual turbidities were taken as the optimum dosage for the removal of colloidal particles. The use of PPAE as a coagulant aid with alum showed an improvement in the value of residual turbidities of the treated waters. Results obtained from the different studies showed that treated waters of lower residual turbidities were obtained from synthetic waters of higher initial turbidities and pHs. The pH of the treated water decreased with an increase in alum dosage, whereas an increase in the pH value was observed with the addition of PPAE as a coagulant aid. High correlation coefficient values (r2) were obtained when the changes in pH (i.e., ΔpH = pHf -pH) of the treated waters were correlated with alum and PPAE additions, and mathematical relationships were derived from the linear graph. Studies on the effect of flocculation time on residual turbidity showed that an optimum flocculation time of 30 minutes was attained, when alum was used alone, before redistribution and redispersion of the flocs was noticed. This phenomenon did not occur when PPAE was used as a coagulant aid. © 2008, CAWQ.	Alum; Ash; Coagulant; Plantain peel extract; Turbidity	Alum; Atomic absorption spectrophotometer; Chemical compositions; Clay dispersion; Colloidal particle; Correlation coefficient; Jar test; Linear graph; Mathematical relationship; pH value; Redispersions; Residual turbidity; Synthetic waters; Turbid water; Coagulation; Flocculation; Solvent extraction; Turbidity; Water absorption; Water treatment; Deionized water; ash; atomic absorption spectroscopy; chemical composition; coagulation; colloid; dispersion; flocculation; pH; plant extract; turbidity; water quality; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884260499	Evaluation of environmental pollution effects on domestic roof-harvested rainwater in Southern part of Nigeria using impact indices	Akintola O.A., Sangodoyin A.Y., Agunbiade F.O.	2013	Water Practice and Technology	8	2	10.2166/wpt.2013.026	National Horticultural Research Institute of Nigeria, P.O. Box 29662, Secretariat Post Office, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Co	Akintola, O.A., National Horticultural Research Institute of Nigeria, P.O. Box 29662, Secretariat Post Office, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sangodoyin, A.Y., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Agunbiade, F.O., Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, km 46/48 Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption City, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria	The effects of environmental factors, roof materials and age of roof on some metals usually found in Domestic Roof-Harvested Rainwater (DRHRW) from southern Nigeria were investigated. Samples were collected in Ibadan (residential), Lagos (industrial) and Port-Harcourt (gas-flaring). Four roof types (corrugated-iron-sheet, long-span-aluminium, asbestos and step-tiles) and three ages of roof (<5, 5-10 and >10 years in service conditions) were considered. Sample preparations, handling and analysis were carried out using standard procedures. Enrichment-Factor, Transfer-Factor and Pollution-Load-Index were estimated to identify roof polluting severity, rate of transfer of each metal detected into the DRHRW as well as atmospheric contribution to the overall pollution effects observed. Metal enrichment was generally low indicating low metal transfer into DRHRW from the sites. Occasional moderate enrichment was recorded for Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg suggesting their natural presence in the environment. Extremely high enrichment observed for Pb and Cd in industrial and gas-flaring rainwater samples as compared with residential indicated that metal contaminations in these locations are higher compared to residential samples which serve as background. Rate of metal transfer from roof material to rainwater was generally low. Thus, the possible source of the metal contaminants found in DRHRW in the areas investigated was the atmosphere. Mean Pollution-Load-Index of 0.95, 0.99 and 1.06 for rainwater samples in Ibadan, Lagos and Port-Harcourt areas respectively suggested higher pollution load in gas-flaring than residential and industrial regions. Pollution-Load-Index applied to age and roof-type indicated that long-span-aluminium and asbestos roofs that are less than 5 years could contaminate rainwater. CONCLUSIONSGenerally, low level of metal transfer from roof materials to DRHRW samples was observed in the study area. However, long span aluminum and asbestos roofs that are less than 5 years are capable of contaminating DRHRW. The prevailing activities in the different locations studied played major roles in the contamination of DRHRW. Rainwater harvested in industrial and gas flaring regions are not suitable for potable uses due to increased concentration of Pb and Cd. They can however be channelled to other non-potable domestic uses. Similarly, they may not support uses for irrigation purposes and should not be applied for irrigation to avoid situations whereby heavy metals are absorbed by plant materials and transferred back to man via food chain. © IWA Publishing 2013.	Atmospheric pollution; Domestic roof-harvested rainwater; Enrichment factor; Pollution load index; Transfer factor	Atmospheric pollution; Domestic roof-harvested rainwater; Enrichment factors; Pollution load indices; Transfer Factor; Aluminum; Asbestos; Cadmium; Contamination; Harvesting; Housing; Industry; Irrigation; Lead; Metals; Pollution detection; Roofs; Building materials	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885408544	Monitoring outcomes and impacts of capacity development in the water sector: A Cap-Net UNDP experience	Gunawardana I., Leendertse K., Handoko W.	2013	Water Policy	15	SUPPL.2	10.2166/wp.2013.121	Cap-Net UNDP, Pretoria, South Africa; CK Net, IHE Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia	Gunawardana, I., Cap-Net UNDP, Pretoria, South Africa; Leendertse, K., Cap-Net UNDP, Pretoria, South Africa; Handoko, W., CK Net, IHE Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia	Cap-Net UNDP is an international capacity development network for integrated water resources management (IWRM). Cap-Net's approach of working through regional and country networks is an effective method of drawing together various experts from different disciplines, fostering local ownership for capacity development and scaling-up implementation of IWRM. This paper discusses the lessons drawn from outcome monitoring of Cap-Net capacity development courses for 2 consecutive years 2010-12. Cap-Net follows the Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Plan that it developed and this helps Cap-Net to learn about progress towards its objectives. It also allows for corrective measures to the on-going process in capacity development program delivery. Lessons from the outcome monitoring exercises provided guidance for revision of monitoring approaches in order to capture the outcomes and impacts and to contribute to the overall goal of Cap-Net. It was realized that interest and involvement of partner networks, continuous follow-up of the courses and standardized processes are important for successful monitoring. © IWA Publishing 2013.	Capacity development; Evaluation; Impacts; Monitoring; Outcome	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348947921	Performance assessment and monitoring of water infrastructure: An empirical case study of benchmarking in Uganda	Mugisha S.	2007	Water Policy	9	5	10.2166/wp.2007.022	Institutional Development and External Services Division, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	Mugisha, S., Institutional Development and External Services Division, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	Performance monitoring and benchmarking are increasingly becoming vital performance drivers especially in utilities where strong tariff incentive applications are not readily applicable. In this paper, performance improvement initiatives in the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Uganda are presented, incorporating practical benchmarking and performance monitoring approaches. A detailed empirical study of the influence of commercial/customer orientation on technical efficiency is outlined using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) benchmarking techniques. After a long spell of heavy engineering orientation in a water utility, a shift to significant commercial/customer orientation is positively associated with a reduction in technical inefficiency. © IWA Publishing 2007.	Benchmarking; Commercial orientation; Customer orientation; Monitoring; Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250323557	Using internal incentive contracts to improve water utility performance: The case of Uganda's NWSC	Mugisha S., Berg S.V., Muhairwe W.T.	2007	Water Policy	9	3	10.2166/wp.2007.010	Institutional Development and Performance Management Expert, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 23, Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda; Public Utility Research Center, University of Florida, Warrington College of Business, PO Box 117142, Gainesville, FL 32611-7142, United States	Mugisha, S., Institutional Development and Performance Management Expert, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 23, Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda; Berg, S.V., Public Utility Research Center, University of Florida, Warrington College of Business, PO Box 117142, Gainesville, FL 32611-7142, United States; Muhairwe, W.T., Institutional Development and Performance Management Expert, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 23, Jinja Road, Kampala, Uganda	The achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 requires significant managerial innovation and creativity, especially in low-income countries where utility inefficiencies are still most prevalent. This paper describes approaches that have been used in Uganda's National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). We outline the potential for internal incentive contracts in delivering efficiency gains under public - public water management settings. No simple recipe for promoting efficiency exists. However, this paper highlights useful ingredients, including proper contract framework design, competition for managerial responsibility, effective business planning, performance monitoring and the use of managerial incentives. We conclude that these factors require careful consideration during the planning and implementation of incentive contracts. © IWA Publishing 2007.	Contracts; Incentives; Performance; Uganda; Water utility	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69249122969	Living with dams: Managing the environmental impacts	McCartney M.	2009	Water Policy	11	None	10.2166/wp.2009.108	International Water Management Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	McCartney, M., International Water Management Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Dams, through disruption of physiochemical and biological processes, have water and associated environmental impacts that have far reaching social and economic consequences. The impact of each dam is unique. It depends not only on the dam structure and the attributes of local biota but also climatic and geomorphic conditions. Given the number of existing dams (over 45,000 large dams) and the large number that may be built in the near future, it is clear that humankind must live with the environmental and social consequences for many decades to come. This paper provides a review of the consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity resulting directly from the presence of dams on rivers, and of constraints and opportunities for environmental protection. It illustrates that a wide range of both technical and non-technical measures has been developed to ameliorate the negative impacts of dams. It argues that relatively few studies have been conducted to evaluate the success of these measures and that it is widely perceived that many interventions fail, either for technical reasons or as a consequence of a variety of socio-economic constraints. It discusses the constraints to successful implementation and mechanisms for promoting, funding and ensuring compliance. Finally, it contends that there is a need to improve environmental practices in the operation of both existing and new dams. © IWA Publishing 2009.	Biodiversity; Ecosystems; Environmental protection; Large dams	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893877946	Impact study of the One Million Initiative rural water and sanitation programme in Mozambique	Godfrey S., Van Der Velden M., Muianga A., Vigh M., Gunning J.W., Elbers C.	2014	Waterlines	33	1	10.3362/1756-3488.2014.005	Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; UNICEF Mozambique, Ethiopia; VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands; Department of Economics, Netherlands; Department of Economics and Development Economics, Netherlands	Godfrey, S., Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Van Der Velden, M., UNICEF Mozambique, Ethiopia; Muianga, A., UNICEF Mozambique, Ethiopia; Vigh, M., VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands; Gunning, J.W., VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands, Department of Economics, Netherlands; Elbers, C., VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands, Department of Economics and Development Economics, Netherlands	This paper presents the findings of a longitudinal study that measures the public health impact of a multiple intervention rural water and sanitation programme termed the One Million Initiative in Central Mozambique. Data from a 2008 multiple indicator panel survey baseline is compared with results from the 2010 midline using a random selection of 1,600 households divided over 80 clusters (control and intervention communities). The study reports the impact using two statistical methods: 1) statistical analysis of double differencing; and 2) calculation of DALYs (disability adjusted life years). The results indicate a self-reported reduction from 30 per cent to 14 per cent in cases of waterborne diseases between 2008 and 2010 in the intervention areas. Regression analysis suggests that 3.1 percentage points of this 16 point decline can be attributed to interventions under the programme. Furthermore the paper noted a 2 per cent reduction in DALYs between 2008 and 2010 in the target communities. © Practical Action Publishing, 2014.	DALY; Health impact; Multiple interventions; WASH impact study	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953514020	Groundwater overdraft and the impact of artificial recharge on groundwater quality in a cone of depression, Jining, China	Ong'or B.T.I., Long-Cang S.	2009	Water International	34	4	10.1080/02508060903377619	Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya; College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China	Ong'or, B.T.I., Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya; Long-Cang, S., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China	Groundwater overdraft has led to cone of depression formation in Jining City, China. This paper investigates spatial groundwater overdraft severity by an index and Geographic Information System (GIS) method, and impact of artificial recharge on groundwater quality, by a 3-D groundwater flow finite difference numerical model code MODFLOW, and a solute transport model code MT3D. Hydrogeological and anthropogenic factors were evaluated. Groundwater concentration of chloride ions and total hardness (THD) as a result of artificial recharge were evaluated. The hydro-geochemical formation of the aquifer and recharge water quality greatly impact the groundwater quality. The recharge water must be within high groundwater quality standards. © 2009 International Water Resources Association.	Artificial recharge; China; Geographic Information System; Groundwater overdraft; Groundwater quality; MODFLOW	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649727315	The impact of colonial agreements on the regulation of the waters of the river nile	Kasimbazi E.B.	2010	Water International	35	6	10.1080/02508060.2010.533642	Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Kasimbazi, E.B., Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	This paper assesses how the Nile Basin agreements that were signed during the colonial period continue to affect the regulation of the waters of the Nile. The agreements signed by Britain and other European colonial powers regarding the regulation of the waters of the Nile are interpreted by the lowest riparian state, Egypt, as binding and while the other upper riparian states such as Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda argue that since the countries got their independence the agreements are not binding. The two parallel positions have made it difficult to develop a Nile Basin Agreement to regulate the use of the waters of the Nile Basin up to the present day. © 2010 International Water Resources Association.	Colonial agreements; Cooperative framework agreement; Nile river; Regulation water; Riparian	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646246162	Impact assessment of Mtera and Kidatu reservoirs on the annual maximum floods at Stiegler's Gorge of the Rufiji River in Tanzania	Yawson D.K., Kongo V.M., Kachroo R.K.	2006	Water International	31	1	10.1080/02508060608691919	International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Keny	Yawson, D.K., International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Kongo, V.M., University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kenya, School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering Division, Soil and Water Conservation, Irrigation, Land Use Planning and Mechanization Services, South Africa; Kachroo, R.K.	The impoundment of any river causes changes in the downstream flow regime. The effect of a dam on flow regime depends on both the storage capacity of the reservoir relative to the volume of river flow and the way the dam is operated. The most common attribute of flow regulation is a decrease in the magnitude of the flood peaks and an increase in low flows. This paper reports the findings of a study to assess the cumulative impact of two dams on the Great Ruaha River in Tanzania (the Mtera and Kidatu Reservoir System) on flood flows. The method used was to compare the observed annual maximum flows at downstream locations after the construction of the dams with mathematically modeled estimates of the annual maximum flows at the same locations, assuming that the dams were not built (i.e. generating naturalized flows). Contrary to expectations, the study found that annual maximum peaks were supposed to be less than those actually observed. For instance, in 1989, annual maximum peak flow of 1,400 m 3/s was recorded at Kidatu, but the estimated uncontrolled peak flow should have been 800 m 3/s, signifying an artificially-induced flood wave. Although, there was a significant impact on the peak flows at Kidatu owing to the dams, the impact was found to be minimal on the flow peaks at Steigler's Gorge. © 2006 International Water Resources Association.	Annual maximum floods; Impact assessment; Linear transfer function; Mathematical modeling; Mtera-Kidatu Reservoir System; Rufiji River Basin	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870511768	Impacts and implications of mobile water payments in East Africa	Foster T., Hope R., Thomas M., Cohen I., Krolikowski A., Nyaga C.	2012	Water International	37	7	10.1080/02508060.2012.738409	School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Rural Focus Ltd, Nanyuki, Kenya	Foster, T., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hope, R., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Thomas, M., Rural Focus Ltd, Nanyuki, Kenya; Cohen, I., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Krolikowski, A., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Nyaga, C., Rural Focus Ltd, Nanyuki, Kenya	The rapid growth in Africa's mobile communications sector offers new opportunities to address the continent's enduring water service challenges. This paper examines the impacts and implications of mobile water payments in East Africa. Based on interviews with managers from water service providers across four countries and analysis of household survey and billing data from a water supply scheme in Kenya, the study quantifies the impacts of mobile water payments and reveals the factors that drive and curtail customer adoption. Results suggest that if broader behavioural and operational constraints can be overcome, partnerships between mobile network operators and water service providers could lead to more sustainable water service access for inclusive, developmental outcomes. © 2012 Copyright 2012 International Water Resources Association.	Africa; human development; mobile money; revenue collection; urban water services	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865385739	Local storages: The impact on hydrology and implications for policy making in irrigation systems	Cai X., Cui Y., Dai J., Luo Y.	2012	Water International	37	4	10.1080/02508060.2012.707380	Southern African Office, International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Guilin University of Technology, Guilin City, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China	Cai, X., Southern African Office, International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; Cui, Y., State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Dai, J., Guilin University of Technology, Guilin City, China; Luo, Y., State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China	OASIS, an irrigation diagnosis model, is applied to the Zhanghe Irrigation System in central China to investigate the contribution of smaller local storages (in "melons on the vine" configuration) as compared with the main reservoir. Results show that local storages are more important in normal-to-wet years, while the main reservoir is critical in dry years, which implies a strong policy correction relevant to many parts of the world. Balanced investment in various storage infrastructures with associated management practices is a cost-effective strategy for irrigation development. © Copyright 2012 International Water Resources Association.	hydrology; irrigation; local storages; OASIS; water reuse	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953656769	Impact of climate and predation on autumn migration of the Curlew Sandpiper	Barshep Y., Hedenström A., Underhill L.G.	2011	Waterbirds	34	1	10.1675/063.034.0101	Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Theoretical Ecology, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, PMB 13404, Jos, Nigeria	Barshep, Y., Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, PMB 13404, Jos, Nigeria; Hedenström, A., Theoretical Ecology, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Underhill, L.G., Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Using constant-effort catch data, causes of annual variation in the timing of migration of Curlew Sandpipers (Calidris ferruginea) migrating through Ottenby, Sweden, as well as the trend in timing of migration from 1946-2005, was investigated. Variation in the timing of autumn migration of adult and juvenile Curlew Sandpipers was influenced by breeding success connected to predation pressure on the Arctic breeding grounds. Median migration date of adult birds was significantly later in good breeding years compared with poor breeding years while the migration of juveniles was earlier in good breeding years compared with poor breeding years. Also, adults migrated earlier when the average temperature in June was warmer. Median migration dates of adults have advanced by 23 days from 1946-2005, but the migration dates of juveniles have remained unchanged. Unchanged migration dates of juveniles indicate that earlier departure of the adult Curlew Sandpipers from the breeding grounds was not due to earlier breeding. Evidence suggests that declining breeding productivity as a result of increasing predation on broods of shorebirds might, over the years, be the reason for the observed pattern of early departure of adults from the breeding grounds. One possible consequence of earlier migration is a mismatch between timing of migration and periods of food abundance on migration routes and at the wintering grounds, leading to a decline in adult and juvenile survival and population size.	Arctic; breeding success; Calidris ferruginea; Curlew Sandpiper; June temperature; migration; Ottenby; phenology; predation	adult; annual variation; autumn; breeding site; climate change; climate effect; food availability; juvenile; migration; phenology; population decline; population size; predation; reproductive success; wader; Kalmar [Sweden]; Oland; Ottenby; Sweden; Aves; Calidris ferruginea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69549113116	Impact of anthropogenic activities on the Densu River in Ghana	Fianko J.R., Osae S., Achel D.	2009	Water and Environment Journal	23	3	10.1111/j.1747-6593.2008.00137.x	Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Fianko, J.R., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Osae, S., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Achel, D., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana	A detailed study has been carried out on the Densu River and its tributaries to identify the chemical characteristics of the water, examine the hydrological connections among the land cover types and evaluate the relative contributions of anthropogenic activities to the river's pollution. The results indicate that sites closer to the most urbanized, industrialized and agricultural areas are severely impaired. The river water was found to vary considerably in terms of chemical and physical properties. The water was slightly alkaline, brackish to fresh and of mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 types. Nutrient and organic matter were found to be the most frequent cause of pollution of the river. Pollution has reached such a proportion that it has destroyed the aquatic ecosystem in most exposed sections of the river. © 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 CIWEM.	Anthropogenic activity; Densu River; Ghana; Physico-chemical analysis; Pollution	Agricultural areas; Anthropogenic activity; Aquatic ecosystem; Chemical characteristic; Densu River; Ghana; Land-cover types; Organic matter; Physico-chemical analysis; Relative contribution; River water; Calcium; Chemicals; Organic compounds; Pollution; Rivers; Sodium; River pollution; bicarbonate; calcium; chloride; magnesium; nitrate; organic matter; phosphate; potassium; sodium; sulfur; agricultural land; aquatic ecosystem; human activity; hydrology; land cover; organic matter; physical property; physicochemical property; river water; water pollution; agriculture; alkalinity; article; electric conductivity; Ghana; industrial area; meteorological phenomena; pH; priority journal; river; urban area; water analysis; water content; water hardness; water pollution; water quality; water temperature; Africa; Densu River; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874000462	The impact of climate variability on water and energy demand: The case of South African local governments	Ncube M., Zikhali P., Musango J.K.	2013	Water and Environment Journal	27	1	10.1111/j.1747-6593.2012.00323.x	Financial and Fiscal Commission, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Water Management Institute, Southern African Regional Office, Pretoria, South Africa; Gauteng City-Region Observatory, Johannesburg, South Africa	Ncube, M., Financial and Fiscal Commission, Johannesburg, South Africa; Zikhali, P., International Water Management Institute, Southern African Regional Office, Pretoria, South Africa; Musango, J.K., Gauteng City-Region Observatory, Johannesburg, South Africa	There is a growing need to understand how climate change impacts not only on people's livelihoods but also on the level and cost of local government infrastructure required to provide basic commodities such as water and energy. In South Africa, few studies have examined the impact of climate change on operations of local governments. This paper examines the impact of rainfall variability on municipalities' water and energy demand. A non-linear relationship between water and energy demand and rainfall variability was found. The results suggest that, by influencing the operations and budgets of local governments, climate change is a real threat to local governments. The local governments need to be proactively involved in the efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change. This is particularly important in developing countries where the impact of climate change is more severe than in developed countries, yet adaptation and mitigation capabilities in these countries are weak. © 2012 The Authors. Water and Environment Journal © 2012 CIWEM.	Adaptation; Climate variability; Electricity-related expenditures; Mitigation; Rainfall variability; Water-related expenditures	Adaptation; Climate variability; Electricity-related expenditures; Mitigation; Rainfall variability; Water-related expenditures; Developing countries; Energy management; Rain; Climate change; ground water; ozone; rain; surface water; water; climate variation; energy use; local government; mitigation; nonlinearity; rainfall; water demand; air quality; article; biodiversity; climate change; electricity; energy; energy expenditure; energy resource; government; greenhouse gas; gross national product; priority journal; social status; South Africa; water supply; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862227285	Performance evaluation of fixed bed of nano calcium oxide synthesized from a gastropod shell (achatina achatina) in hexavalent chromium abstraction from aqua system	Oladoja N.A., Ololade I.A., Olatujoye V.O., Akinnifesi T.A.	2012	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution	223	4	10.1007/s11270-011-0990-7	Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria	Oladoja, N.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; Ololade, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; Olatujoye, V.O., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; Akinnifesi, T.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria	The shell of a gastropod (Achatina Achatina) was used as a precursor for the synthesis of nano calcium oxide (NC) via the sol-gel technique. The NC was characterized and the performance evaluation in chromium (Cr) (VI) abstraction was assessed in a fixed bed. The operating characteristics of the NC-Cr (VI) system were analysed with the mass transfer model and the mass transfer zone parameters were found to fluctuate with changes in the initial Cr (VI) concentration. The evaluation of the equilibrium data, generated from the fixed bed studies, showed that the sorption of Cr (VI) occurred via monolayer adsorption mechanism, and the monolayer sorption capacity was 833.33 mg/g. Different kinetic models (i.e., Adams-Bohart, Thomas,Wolborska, and Yoon-Nelson models) were applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the parameters of the column useful for process design. The kinetic analysis showed that the Yoon and Nelson model had the best fitting of the experimental data. The data obtained for Cr (VI) removal, when the NC bed height was optimized, were well described by bed depth service time model. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.	BDST model; Chromium (VI); Fixed bed; Gastropod shell; Nano calcium oxide	Bed depth service time model; Bed height; Break through curve; Equilibrium data; Experimental data; Fixed bed; Gastropod shell; Hexavalent chromium; Kinetic analysis; Kinetic models; Mass transfer models; Monolayer adsorption mechanism; Operating characteristics; Performance evaluation; Sol-gel technique; Sorption capacities; Transfer zones; Abstracting; Chromium; Lime; Mass transfer; Sol-gels; Sorption; Chromium compounds; calcium oxide; chromium; metal nanoparticle; adsorption; bioreactor; breakthrough curve; chromium; gastropod; mass transfer; nanotechnology; performance assessment; reaction kinetics; shell; adsorption kinetics; animal shell; article; bed depth; bed height; chemical analysis; controlled study; environmental parameters; evaluation; fixed bed reactor; gastropod; heavy metal removal; mass transfer; mass transfer zone; monolayer culture; nonhuman; process design; process model; process optimization; receiver operating characteristic; water supply; Achatina achatina; Gastropoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049326022	The impact of irrigated agriculture on water quality of rivers Kongoni and Sirimon, Ewaso Ng'iro North Basin, Kenya	Mutisya D.K., Tole M.	2010	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution	213	04-Jan	10.1007/s11270-010-0373-5	Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Pwani University College, P. O. Box 195, 80180 Kilifi, Kenya	Mutisya, D.K., Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Tole, M., Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Pwani University College, P. O. Box 195, 80180 Kilifi, Kenya	This study aimed at determining the water quality of River Sirimon and River Kongoni, Ewaso Ng'iro North Basin, Kenya. Water quality analysis of these two rivers was done for a period of 5 months between November 2005 and February 2006. Portable Palintest equipment was used for the chemical analysis. The study established that there were sulphates concentrations of 22 mgL-1 in the Kongoni River water associated with the use of commercial fertilisers as compared to mean values of 7 mgL-1 along Sirimon River; phosphate concentrations were 1.3 mgL-1 in Kongoni and 0.15 mgL-1 in Sirimon and salinity 3 mgL-1 in Kongoni and 0.47 mgL-1 in Sirimon. On average, mean nitrates concentrations of 1.7 mgL-1 were recorded for Kongoni River, which were higher than those recorded for Sirimon River (0.033 mgL-1). These concentration levels were however within the standard levels set by WHO for example 50 mgL-1 for nitrates (WHO 2008). River Kongoni has two major irrigated horticultural farms across it which were likely polluting the river during the time of this study. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Fertilizer; Irrigation; Kenya; Kongoni and Sirimon rivers; Pollution	Concentration levels; Fertilisers; Irrigated agriculture; Kenya; Kongoni and Sirimon rivers; Mean values; Palintest; Phosphate concentration; River water; Sulphates; Water quality analysis; Chemical equipment; Concentration (process); Fertilizers; Irrigation; Nitrogen compounds; Pollution; Quality control; Rivers; Water quality; River pollution; ammonia; fertilizer; manganese; nitrate; nitrite; river water; sulfate; agriculture; chemical analysis; concentration (composition); fertilizer; horticulture; irrigation; nitrate; phosphate; river water; sulfate; water quality; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; environmental impact assessment; fertilizer application; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; river basin; river ecosystem; salinity; trend study; waste disposal; water analysis; water contamination; water pollutant; water quality; water standard; world health organization; Kenya; Ngiro River	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923658847	Biomonitoring and evaluation of metal concentrations in sediment and crab samples from the North-West Province of South Africa	Somerset V., Van Der Horst C., Silwana B., Walters C., Iwuoha E.	2015	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution	226	3	10.1007/s11270-015-2329-2	Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa; SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Somerset, V., Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Der Horst, C., Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa, SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Silwana, B., Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa, SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Walters, C., Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Iwuoha, E., SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	In this study, various metal concentrations were determined in environmental samples from rivers in the vicinity of mining areas of the Northwest Province, South Africa. These metal concentrations were also determined in various crustacean organs viz., hepatopancreas, flesh and muscle of the freshwater crab, Potamonautes warreni. The highest metal concentrations obtained in the freshwater samples were Ni (0.022 mg/l), Pb (0.02 mg/l), Cu (0.011 mg/l), Cd (0.009 mg/l), Pt (0.017 μg/l), Pd (0.011 μg/l) and Rh (0.008 μg/l). The highest metal concentrations obtained in the sediment samples were Ni (85.1 mg/kg dry weight (d.wt)), Pb (25.4 mg/kg d.wt), Cu (75.5 mg/kg d.wt), Cd (64.9 mg/kg d.wt), Pt (0.38 ng/g d.wt), Pd (0.74 ng/g d.wt) and Rh (0.23 ng/g d.wt). The results obtained for the bioavailability studies of all the metals investigated in the sediment have revealed no definite patterns for the fractionation results of the metal concentrations. In the case of the crab samples collected in the Elands River, the Pb, Cd, Pt, Pd and Rh concentrations indicate that the mining activities may have had an influence in the uptake of these metals in the crab samples analysed. In the case of the Hex River, the Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd, Pd and Rh concentrations in the crab samples may be attributed to mining activities. The bioaccumulation results indicated that the Ni and Cu concentrations show partly bioaccumulation in the tissues of the crab samples evaluated. For the Pd, Cd, Pt, Pd and Rh concentrations evaluated, definite signs of bioaccumulation were found. © 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Bioaccumulation; Bioavailability; Freshwater crab; Heavy metals; Potamonautes warreni; Precious metals	Bioaccumulation; Biochemistry; Cadmium; Heavy metals; Lead; Metals; Nickel; Palladium; Platinum; Precious metals; Rhodium; Rivers; Sediments; Shellfish; Water; Bioavailability; Bioavailability study; Cu concentrations; Environmental sample; Freshwater crab; Metal concentrations; Northwest Province , South Africa; Potamonautes warreni; Pollution; cadmium; copper; fresh water; lead; metal; nickel; palladium; platinum; rhodium; bioaccumulation; bioavailability; biomonitoring; crab; fluvial deposit; heavy metal; mining; precious metal; animal tissue; Article; bioaccumulation; bioavailability; biological monitoring; concentration (parameters); controlled study; crab; mining; nonhuman; physical chemistry; sediment; South Africa; tissue level; water quality; water sampling; Elands River; Mpumalanga; North West Province; South Africa; Crustacea; Decapoda (Crustacea); Potamonautes warreni; Tragelaphus oryx	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846334041	Performance contract-driven improvements at Uganda's state-owned water utility	Isingoma D.	2006	Water 21	None	JUNE	None	National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	Isingoma, D., National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Uganda	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000208555600001	Impact of Floods on Livelihoods and Vulnerability of Natural Resource Dependent Communities in Northern Ghana	Afrifa, Ernest K. A.,Armah, Frederick A.,Odoi, Justice O.,Yawson, David O.,Yengoh, Genesis T.	2010	WATER	2	2	10.3390/w2020120	Lund University, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Nat Today	"Afrifa, Ernest K. A.: University of Cape Coast","Armah, Frederick A.: University of Cape Coast","Yawson, David O.: University of Cape Coast","Yengoh, Genesis T.: Lund University",	Sub-Sahara Africa is considered to be most vulnerable to climate variability including flooding. The frequency and severity of floods in Northern Ghana over the last decade has increased considerably. Through qualitative modelling the paper explores the impact of floods on natural resource dependent communities in Northern Ghana. Simplified causal loop diagrams are used to conceptualise flood-induced coping strategies in the study area. The results indicate that some characteristics of the socio-cultural environment appear to mitigate risk and reduce vulnerability. In this context, the role of social networks in enhancing livelihood security is essential. The paper concludes that both in case of seasonal variations in agricultural output and floods, individuals that have effectively diversified their livelihoods, both occupationally and geographically, are less sensitive than individuals who mainly achieve entitlement to food via crop cultivation. However, diversification in this case, is effective only in the short term.	COMMUNITIES,ENVIRONMENT,FLOODS,livelihoods,"Northern Ghana",VULNERABILITY	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149113409	Evaluation of human urine as a source of nutrients for selected vegetables and maize under tunnel house conditions in the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Mnkeni P.N.S., Kutu F.R., Muchaonyerwa P., Austin L.M.	2008	Waste Management and Research	26	2	10.1177/0734242X07079179	Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; CSIR Built Environment Unit., Pretoria, South Africa	Mnkeni, P.N.S., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Kutu, F.R., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Muchaonyerwa, P., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Austin, L.M., CSIR Built Environment Unit., Pretoria, South Africa	The introduction of ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in South Africa has created opportunities for safer sanitation and recycling of human excreta, as fertilizers, in rural and peri-urban areas. A study was carried out to evaluate the fertilizer value of human urine (0 to 400 kg N ha-1) for maize and tomato, compared to urea, in a tunnel house. Dry matter yield of both maize and tomato, harvested at 9 and 10 weeks after planting, respectively, increased with increasing N rate (both as urine or urea) up to 200 kg N ha-1. Urea reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) whereas urine increased it. Leaf tissue Na, in both crops, also increased with urine application. A follow-up study was carried out with two crops with contrasting sensitivity to salinity and using a wider range of N application (0 to 800 kg N ha-1). The results indicated increased root and leaf dry-matter yield of beetroot (tolerant to salinity) with increased urine rates up to the highest rate of 800 kg N ha-1, whereas the leaf and root dry-matter yield of carrot, which is sensitive to salinity, peaked at the low urine application rate of 50 kg N ha-1. Soil EC increased with urine application up to 4.64 and 13.35 mS cm-1, under beetroot and carrot, respectively. Generally the results showed that human urine compared well with urea as a source of N for crops but optimum rates depend on the sensitivity of the crops to soil salinity, which should be monitored where human urine is regularly used for fertilizing crops. © ISWA 2008.	Ecological sanitation; Human excreta; Maize; Nutrients; Salinity; Urine; Vegetables; Wmr 1064-6	Crops; Fertilizers; Nutrients; Recycling; Sanitation; Ecological sanitation; Human excreta; Wastes; organic fertilizer; urea; Crops; Fertilizers; Nutrients; Recycling; Sanitation; Wastes; anthropogenic source; dry matter; electrical conductivity; fertilizer; maize; nutrient; recycling; salinity; sanitation; soil property; urine; vegetable; article; beetroot; biomass production; carrot; controlled study; crop production; ecological procedures; electric conductivity; environmental sanitation; fertilizer application; human; maize; male; nutrient availability; nutrient supply; plant leaf; plant root; priority journal; salinity; soil fertilization; soil property; South Africa; tomato; urine; Biomass; Electric Conductivity; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nitrogen; Plant Roots; Plant Shoots; Sodium; South Africa; Urine; Vegetables; Zea mays; Africa; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Daucus carota; Lycopersicon esculentum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879403002	Evaluation of leachate treatment by trickling filter and sequencing batch reactor processes in Ibadan, Nigeria	Aluko O.O., Sridhar M.K.C.	2013	Waste Management and Research	31	7	10.1177/0734242X13485867	Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 234036, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aluko, O.O., Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 234036, Nigeria; Sridhar, M.K.C., Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Strong and highly polluting leachate is continuously discharged into Omi stream and its tributaries in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, from a municipal solid waste landfill. Previous studies have targeted physical and chemical treatment methods, which could not be implemented on site as stand-alone treatment systems. This study explored the bench-scale, trickling filter (TF) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment processes and assessed the quality of effluents produced. Leachate treatment using TF produced effluents with significant reductions (%) in suspended solids (SS) (73.17%), turbidity (71.96%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (76.69%) and ammonia (NH3) (59.50%), while SBR produced effluents with reductions in SS (62.28%), BOD5 (84.06%) and NH3 (64.83%). The dissolved oxygen of the reactors was 4.7 and 6.1mg/l, respectively, in TF and SBR. Also, NH3 values reduced marginally; however, nitrification took place significantly, but within permissible limits. The effluents produced by biological treatment processes were better in quality though the mean residual concentrations for colour, SS and dissolved solids; BOD5 and iron were above the national regulatory standards for discharge into surface water bodies. SBR gave a better effluent quality and should be combined with other treatment methods in sequence to produce quality effluents. © The Author(s) 2013.	aerobic treatment; environmental pollution; Landfill leachates; Nigeria; sequencing batch reactor; trickling filter	Aerobic treatment; Environmental pollutions; Landfill leachates; Nigeria; Sequencing batch reactors; Trickling filter; Biochemical oxygen demand; Filters (for fluids); Surface waters; Turbidity; Water quality; Leachate treatment; dissolved oxygen; surface water; bioreactor; effluent; filter; landfill; leachate; municipal solid waste; oxic conditions; physicochemical property; standard (regulation); activated sludge; article; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical composition; effluent; evaluation; landfill; leaching; municipal solid waste; Nigeria; pollution; priority journal; sampling; sequencing batch reactor; suspended particulate matter; trickling filter; aerobic treatment; environmental pollution; Landfill leachates; Nigeria; sequencing batch reactor; trickling filter; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nigeria; Temperature; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891888557	Evaluation of effluents from bench-scale treatment combinations for landfill leachate in Ibadan, Nigeria	Aluko O.O., Sridhar M.	2014	Waste Management and Research	32	1	10.1177/0734242X13514624	Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 234036, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aluko, O.O., Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 234036, Nigeria; Sridhar, M., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The removal of pollutants in landfill leachate was investigated using constructed wetlands, a trickling filter, alum flocculation and coagulation, and a sequencing batch reactor in various combinations. Thirteen combined operations were investigated involving three out of the four unit treatment methods in series. The study was conducted because unit operations, though achieved reductions in pollutants concentrations had effluent values above the national regulatory guideline values. The suspended solids of effluents were permissible in most treatment processes, while reductions in 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH3) of leachates ranged from 80% to 97%; 86% to 97% and 92% to 98% respectively. However, there were significant increases in nitrate (85%) and dissolved oxygen of treatment (218%). In addition, the characteristics of the recommended treatment sequence, involving constructed wetlands, alum and trickling filter produced effluents with reductions in colour (97%), alkalinity (97%), BOD (97%), COD (97%) and NH3 (98%), and in metals, except nickel (29% reduction from the influent values). The recommended treatment combination is suitable for effective leachate management at the landfill. The cost of constructing and operating the recommended treatment combination at the facility, for 5 years, would be NGN6,009,750.00 ($38,036.39). The performance should be monitored on site prior to full adoption if effluent characteristics remain consistently low over dry and wet seasons. © The Author(s) 2013.	combined treatment methods; discharge regulatory standards; effluent quality; Landfill leachate; Nigeria	Combined treatment; Effluent quality; Landfill leachates; Nigeria; Regulatory standards; Biochemical oxygen demand; Filters (for fluids); Pollution; Water quality; Wetlands; Leachate treatment; ammonia; dissolved oxygen; ground water; nickel; nitrate; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; coagulation; constructed wetland; cost-benefit analysis; dissolved oxygen; effluent; flocculation; landfill; leachate; monitoring; nitrogen compound; pollutant removal; waste treatment; alkalinity; article; bioaccumulation; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; constructed wetland; effluent; Ipomoea aquatica; landfill leachate; Nigeria; nonhuman; priority journal; sequencing batch reactor; suspended particulate matter; trickling filter; waste component removal; water contamination; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; combined treatment methods; discharge regulatory standards; effluent quality; Landfill leachate; Nigeria; Ammonia; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Bioreactors; Nigeria; Nitrates; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution; Water Purification; Wetlands	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925738883	Municipal household solid waste collection strategies in an African megacity: Analysis of public private partnership performance in Lagos	Aliu I.R., Adeyemi O.E., Adebayo A.	2014	Waste Management and Research	32	None	10.1177/0734242X14544354	Department of Geography and Planning, Lagos State University, PMB 1087, Apapa Ojo-Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Lagos State University, Ojo-Lagos, Nigeria	Aliu, I.R., Department of Geography and Planning, Lagos State University, PMB 1087, Apapa Ojo-Lagos, Nigeria; Adeyemi, O.E., Department of Sociology, Lagos State University, Ojo-Lagos, Nigeria; Adebayo, A., Department of Geography and Planning, Lagos State University, PMB 1087, Apapa Ojo-Lagos, Nigeria	Managing municipal solid waste is a pervasive urban problem globally. While several strategies have been applied for efficient municipal solid waste management in developing economies, their performance level has not been critically investigated. Among these strategies, the public private partnership has widest appeal. This study examines the performance of public private partnership in household solid waste collection in Lagos, Nigeria. We collected primary data using a municipal solid waste survey in three residential density areas of Lagos megacity. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Two indexes of service performance, namely the service reliability index and operational quality index, were created to produce evidence on public private partnership performance in municipal solid waste collection in Lagos. Results show that the average amount of household solid waste generation per week ranges between 22.75 kg in the medium residential density area and 30.39 kg in the high residential density region of the city. The estimated per capita waste generated in Lagos Megacity is 0.95 kg day-1. Regression models indicate that the public private partnership performance is significantly influenced by economic status, affordability, flexibility, consistency, cleanliness, coverage and accessibility, as well as number of waste collection vehicles, vehicle maintenance, capacity, trip rate, frequency, number of personnel and quality of personnel. Findings from this study reveal that Lagos residents have strong positive perception of public private partnership as a waste collection policy framework. The study has important policy and practical implications for urban waste management, public health and sustainability in developing economies. © The Author(s) 2014.	Developing economies; Lagos megacity; Municipal solid waste; Operational quality; Public private partnership; Service reliability; Waste management	Airships; Housing; Regression analysis; Solid wastes; Surveys; Waste management; Developing economies; Megacities; Operational quality; Public private partnerships; Service reliability; Municipal solid waste; economic development; environmental economics; megacity; municipal solid waste; numerical model; perception; performance assessment; policy making; public-private partnership; sustainability; urban development; waste management; Article; domestic waste; municipal solid waste; organization and management; priority journal; public health; public-private partnership; social status; solid waste; solid waste management; city; economics; family size; Nigeria; procedures; regression analysis; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; waste disposal; Lagos [Lagos (STT)]; Lagos [Nigeria]; Nigeria; solid waste; Cities; Family Characteristics; Nigeria; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; Refuse Disposal; Regression Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; Solid Waste	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907712157	Evaluation of batch anaerobic co-digestion of palm pressed fiber and cattle manure under mesophilic conditions	Bah H., Zhang W., Wu S., Qi D., Kizito S., Dong R.	2014	Waste Management	34	11	10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.015	College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Institute Superior of Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah, Guinea; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Bah, H., College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Institute Superior of Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah, Guinea; Zhang, W., College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Wu, S., College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Qi, D., College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Kizito, S., College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Dong, R., College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China	Palm pressed fiber (PPF) and cattle manure (CM) are the waste which can be managed properly by anaerobic co-digestion. The biogas production in co-digested PPF and CM at three volatile solids (VS) ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 was investigated in a series of batch experiments at an organic loading rate of 30.0g VS/L under mesophilic (37±1°C) conditions. The highest daily biogas yield of PPF and CM only, was 90.0mL/g VS<inf>added</inf> at day 12 and 23.4mL/g VS<inf>added</inf> at day 7. For co-digestion of PPF/CM at mixing ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, there were 93.6mL/g VS<inf>added</inf> at day 11, 86.8 and 26.4mL/g VS<inf>added</inf> at day 8. VS removal rate for PPF, CM, and co-digestion at mixing ratio of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 were 91.1%, 86.0% and 71.0%, respectively. The anaerobic digestion of PPF and CM and their co-digestion systems were stable in operation with low range of volatile fatty acids (VFA)/TIC (total inorganic carbon) of (0.035-0.091). The main volatile fatty acids were propionic, and iso-butyric acids for PPF, iso-butyric and n-butyric acids for CM. The VFAs and ammonium inhibition were not occurred. The modified Gompertz model can be used to perform a better prediction with a lower difference between the measured and predicted biogas yields. A VS ratio of 3:1 is recommended for practice. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Anaerobic co-digestion; Biogas production; Cattle manure; Kinetic model; Palm pressed fiber	Biogas; Butyric acid; Loading; Manures; Mixing; Propionic acid; Volatile fatty acids; Anaerobic co-digestion; Biogas production; Cattle manures; Kinetic modeling; Palm pressed fibers; Anaerobic digestion; ammonia; biogas; carbon; isobutyric acid; methane; propionic acid; volatile fatty acid; biofuel; industrial waste; manure; anoxic conditions; biogas; cattle; fatty acid; manure; mixing ratio; reaction kinetics; waste management; anaerobic co digestion; anaerobic digestion; Article; batch process; biomass production; cattle; cattle manure; chemical reaction kinetics; concentration response; controlled study; evaluation research; manure; mesophile; nonhuman; palm pressed fiber; productivity; reaction optimization; simulation; temperature sensitivity; waste; waste component removal; anaerobic growth; analysis; animal; Arecaceae; bioreactor; biosynthesis; bovine; chemistry; industrial waste; manure; procedures; theoretical model; waste disposal; Bos; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Arecaceae; Biofuels; Bioreactors; Cattle; Industrial Waste; Manure; Methane; Models, Theoretical; Refuse Disposal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61849180910	Contaminated land clean-up using composted wastes and impacts of VOCs on land	Williamson J.C., Akinola M., Nason M.A., Tandy S., Healey J.R., Jones D.L.	2009	Waste Management	29	5	10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.015	School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Williamson, J.C., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Akinola, M., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Nason, M.A., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Tandy, S., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Healey, J.R., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom; Jones, D.L., School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW Wales, United Kingdom	This paper describes experiments that demonstrate the effects and potential for remediation of a former steelworks site in Wales polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Under field conditions, PAH-contaminated soil was composted in-vessel, with or without organic feedstocks, receiving forced aeration for 80 days followed by 4 months maturation. Treatments compared PAH removal in contaminated soil to contaminated soil mixed with three different organic waste mixes after composting and after composts were spread to land. After composting, PAH concentrations declined in all treatments, by up to 38%. Sixteen months after the composts were landspread and vegetation was established, only those containing contaminated soil with organic additions exhibited further PAH removal, by up to 29%. Composting resulted in a decline in the relative concentration of small PAHs, whereas the landspreading-vegetation phase saw a decline in the relative concentration of medium PAHs in two of the three composts exhibiting PAH removal. Under controlled glasshouse conditions, vegetated soil columns of differing depths were exposed to VOCs from beneath. VOC vapour affected both shoot and root growth and soil microbial activity; effects varied with distance from the VOC source. This work demonstrated that on-site remediation of aged PAH-contaminated land can be successfully initiated by in-vessel co-composting followed by land spreading and vegetation, within a practical timeframe. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Co-composting; Composted wastes; Contaminated lands; Contaminated soils; Field conditions; Forced aerations; Glasshouse conditions; In vessels; Landspreading; Organic feedstocks; Organic wastes; Relative concentrations; Root growths; Site remediations; Soil columns; Soil microbial activities; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Composting; Contamination; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Sewage; Soil pollution; Soil structure interactions; Soils; Vegetation; Volatile organic compounds; Waste treatment; Remediation; compost; contaminated land; PAH; soil pollution; volatile organic compound; waste management; Environmental Pollution; Environmental Remediation; Metallurgy; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Soil; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896794938	Evaluation of waste process grease as feedstock for biodiesel production	Marx S., Venter R.	2014	Waste and Biomass Valorization	5	1	10.1007/s12649-013-9218-y	Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Marx, S., Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Venter, R., Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Awareness of the depletion of fossil energy reserves, the rising demand for energy in the world and the problems associated with the burning of fossil fuel encourage researchers to find alternative energy sources, such as biodiesel. The use of inedible and waste oils as feedstock for biodiesel production is an important way of converting waste into valuable energy products. In this study, waste process grease (WPG) was used to produce biodiesel via two processing routes. The traditional twostep alkaline catalyzed transesterification method (route 1) produced biodiesel that did not conform to the SANS1935 biodiesel standard of South Africa with regard to sulfur and phosphorous levels. The WPG in the second process route was modified by saponification with aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by acidulation with hydrochloric acid to be purified by means of column chromatography. A hydrophobic resin with methanol as the mobile phase was used to reduce the non-polar sulfur from the grease. The crude biodiesel produced by means of acid esterification using sulfuric acid as catalyst was purified using silica gel with hexane as the mobile phase. The sulfur level in the biodiesel was reduced to a low enough level to conform to the SANS1935 standard for biodiesel production. It was shown with this study that waste process grease from the metal working industry can be used to produce biodiesel that conforms to the SANS 1935 specification for sulfur and is suitable to be used in biodiesel blending. A preliminary economic assessment shows that owed to the complexity of the second process route, biodiesel produced by this process is not economically viable given the current petroleum diesel prices. With the rising trend in crude oil prices and the limited supply of feedstock for biodiesel, WPG is anticipated to become a viable feedstock for biodiesel production in future. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.	Biodiesel feedstock; Chromatography; Feedstock purification; Phosphorous; Sulfur; Waste process grease	Acid esterification; Alternative energy source; Biodiesel feedstock; Biodiesel production; Economic assessments; Economically viable; Phosphorous; Trans-esterification methods; Blending; Chromatography; Feedstocks; Phosphorus; Proven reserves; Purification; Silica gel; Sulfur; Biodiesel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84912561321	Transforming conflicts with information: Impacts of UN peace radio programmes in the Democratic Republic of Congo	Jacob J.U.-U.	2014	War and Society	33	4	10.1179/0729247314Z.00000000043	American University of Nigeria, Nigeria	Jacob, J.U.-U., American University of Nigeria, Nigeria	This paper examines the nature and impacts of two intervention radio programmes broadcast on Radio Okapi - the radio service of the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) managed by the Swiss-based Hirondelle Foundation. A matched randomized rechnique was used to assign Rwandan Hutus and Congolese autochthons in South Kivu province to listen to one of the two programmes within their naturalistic contexts for thirteen months. Autochthon control groups listened to Gutahuka, while Hutu control groups listened to Dialogue Entre Congolais. At the end of the treatment, participants' perceptions of barriers to peace, descriptive and prescriptive interventions; victimhood and villainy; opportunities for personal development and civic engagement were assessed in sixteen focus groups across four towns. Two critical findings have emerged from the study: first, hate contents are not only ones that are overtly hateful - messages targeted at specific groups for the purpose of achieving behavioural change can lead to alienation and hostility towards the target group by non-target groups exposed to the messages; second, contextually associated individuals or social groups do not always have homogenous interpretation of media messages. At the core of audience engagement and interpretation is the idealogical orientation of messages that audiences are exposed to and how such messages interact with local epistemes including historical and subjective realities. The paper concludes that media intervention contents that purvey a narrative without first understanding how it interacts with other epistemic narratives and metaphors on ground, run the risk of deepening rifts between groups and escalating the conflict. © 2014 School of Humanities & Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales	Demobilisation; Dialogue entre congolais; Disarmament; Gutahuka; Information intervention; Repatriation	None	BIEA, British Institute in Eastern Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957238662	Gender differentials in the impact of parental death: Adolescent's sexual behaviour and risk of HIV infection in rural South Africa	Nyirenda M., McGrath N., Newell M.-L.	2010	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	5	3	10.1080/17450128.2010.507804	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	Nyirenda, M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa; McGrath, N., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa, Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	Using data from a longitudinal surveillance study from rural South Africa, we investigated the odds of sexual debut, pregnancy and HIV infection of 15- to 19-year-old adolescents by parental survival. Using descriptive statistics and logistic regressions, we examine the relative risk of orphans compared with non-orphans to have ever had sex, being pregnant and being HIV infected, adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, education, being employed and residency. Of 8274 adolescents, 42% were orphaned (one or both parents died). Over 80% of adolescents remained in school, but orphans were significantly more likely to lag behind in grade for age. Female adolescent maternal (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.07-1.62), paternal (aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.49) and dual (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.05-1.78) orphans were significantly more likely than non-orphaned females to have ever had sex; among males it was only paternal (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.05 1.53) orphans. Maternal (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.03-2.15) and dual (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.11-2.73) female orphans relative to non-orphaned females were significantly more likely to be HIV infected; male paternal (aOR 3.41, 95% CI 1.37-8.46) and dual (aOR 3.54, 95% CI 1.06-11.86) orphans had over three-fold the odds of being infected. There was strong evidence that death of mother for girls was associated with increased vulnerability to earlier sexual debut and HIV infection, while fathers appeared to play a significant role in both their son's and daughter's lives. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Adolescent; HIV/AIDS; Maternal; Orphanhood; Paternal; Sexual behaviour; Vulnerability	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858766258	Early impacts of orphaning: Health, nutrition, and food insecurity in a cohort of school-going adolescents in South Africa	DeSilva M.B., Skalicky A., Beard J., Cakwe M., Zhuwau T., Quinlan T., Simon J.	2012	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	7	1	10.1080/17450128.2011.648968	Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	DeSilva, M.B., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Skalicky, A., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Beard, J., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Cakwe, M., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Zhuwau, T., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Quinlan, T., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Simon, J., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	We recruited a cohort of 157 recent orphans and 480 non-orphans aged 9-15 in a region of high HIV/AIDS mortality in South Africa using stratified cluster sampling to determine the impact of recent parental death on health and food insecurity of school-going orphans compared to non-orphans over time. Between September 2004 and June 2007, household heads, caregivers, and children were interviewed at three annual intervals. Bivariate associations and multivariate models were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). In the health domain, compared to non-orphans, double orphans were more likely to report worse health status and being very ill in the previous 12 months. For those who reported being very ill, maternal or paternal orphans were more than twice as likely not to seek care than non-orphans; no differences were found for double orphans. For nutrition and food insecurity, maternal or paternal orphans were more likely not to have eaten dinner and to have gone to bed hungry the previous night compared to non-orphans; no differences were found for double orphans. Overall, recent school-aged orphans were disadvantaged in health and food insecurity within two years after the death of a parent, compared to their non-orphaned counterparts, but the disparities were smaller than expected. No changes in health, nutritional status, or food insecurity were apparent over the three study rounds. Longer term effects into adulthood may well be more pronounced and warrant careful longitudinal investigation. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	food insecurity; health; nutrition; orphans; South Africa	None	None
None	None	Evaluating the impact of community-based interventions on schooling outcomes among orphans and vulnerable children in lusaka, Zambia	Chatterji M., Hutchinson P., Buek K., Murray N., Mulenga Y., Ventimiglia T.	2010	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	5	2	10.1080/17450121003615351	Mathematica Policy Research, 600 Maryland Avenue SW, Suite 550, Washington, DC, United States; Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, United States; Valid International, Lusaka, Zambia; Family Health International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Chatterji, M., Mathematica Policy Research, 600 Maryland Avenue SW, Suite 550, Washington, DC, United States; Hutchinson, P., Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, United States; Buek, K., Mathematica Policy Research, 600 Maryland Avenue SW, Suite 550, Washington, DC, United States; Murray, N., Mathematica Policy Research, 600 Maryland Avenue SW, Suite 550, Washington, DC, United States; Mulenga, Y., Valid International, Lusaka, Zambia; Ventimiglia, T., Family Health International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	In sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 12 million children under the age of 18 have lost a parent to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Despite this situation, the evidence regarding effectiveness of interventions targeting these children remains scant. This article contributes to the literature by evaluating the impact of a community-based program implemented by a Zambian non-governmental organization on educational outcomes among orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Lusaka, Zambia. These outcomes included school enrollment and being at the correct age-for-grade. Our study design included two rounds of post-intervention data collection in 2003 and 2006; 2302 children aged 6-19 years were interviewed in 2003, and 3105 children aged 8-22 years were interviewed in 2006. We used a subsample of 2922 OVC aged 8-19 years. The effectiveness of Bwafwano was evaluated first using the individual cross-sectional samples and then using a difference-in-differences model on the pooled sample. Both cross-sectional analyses found positive and statistically significant effects of the intervention on school enrollment, with marginal effects of 0.104 and 0.168, respectively. The difference-in-differences estimates for school enrollment were positive, but small and not statistically significant. For the estimations of the effects of Bwafwano on the outcome of appropriate age-for-grade, only the difference-in-differences models showed positive program effect, with participation in the program being associated with a 15.7% increase in appropriate age-for-grade for intervention children relative to control children. This study suggests that the Bwafwano program is a promising approach to improving educational outcomes among OVC in urban Zambia. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Educational outcomes; HIV and AIDS; Impact evaluation; Orphans and vulnerable children; Zambia	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907591446	The impact of paraprofessional home visitors on infants’ growth and health at 18 months	Le Roux I.M., Rotheram-Borus M.J., Stein J., Tomlinson M.	2014	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	9	4	10.1080/17450128.2014.940413	Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Project, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Le Roux, I.M., Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Project, Cape Town, South Africa; Rotheram-Borus, M.J., Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Stein, J., Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Tomlinson, M., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Paraprofessional home visitors trained to improve multiple outcomes (HIV, alcohol, infant health and malnutrition) have been shown to benefit mothers and children over 18 months in a cluster randomised controlled trial. These longitudinal analyses examine the mechanisms which influence child outcomes at 18 months post-birth in Cape Town, South Africa. The results were evaluated using structural equation modelling, specifically examining the mediating effects of prior maternal behaviours and a home visiting intervention post-birth. Twelve matched pairs of neighbourhoods were randomised within pairs to: (1) the control condition, receiving comprehensive health care at community primary health care clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 pregnant women), or (2) the Philani Intervention Program, which provided home visits by trained, paraprofessional community health workers, here called Mentor Mothers, in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 pregnant women). Recruitment of all pregnant neighbourhood women was high (98%) with 88% reassessed at 6 months and 84% at 18 months. Infants’ growth and diarrhoea episodes were examined at 18 months in response to the intervention condition, breastfeeding, alcohol use, social support and low birth weight, controlling for HIV status and previous history of risk. We found that randomisation to the intervention was associated with a significantly lower number of recent diarrhoea episodes and increased rates and duration of breastfeeding. Across both the intervention and control conditions, mothers who used alcohol during pregnancy and had low birth weight infants were significantly less likely to have infants with normal growth patterns, whereas social support was associated with better growth. HIV infection was significantly associated with poor growth and less breastfeeding. Women with more risk factors had significantly smaller social support networks. The relationships among initial and sustained maternal risk behaviours and the buffering impact of home visits and social support are demonstrated in these analyses. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	HIV; home visitors; infant diarrhoea; perinatal health	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878132005	Evaluation of "Biruh Tesfa" (Bright Future) program for vulnerable girls in Ethiopia	Erulkar A., Ferede A., Girma W., Ambelu W.	2013	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	8	2	10.1080/17450128.2012.736645	Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Erulkar, A., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ferede, A., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Girma, W., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ambelu, W., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS compared to boys of the same age. Few programs on the continent have sought to address the social exclusion of most marginalized girls in the poorest communities, including child domestic workers and migrants, as well as their vulnerability to HIV. Moreover, few interventions have been rigorously evaluated. "Biruh Tesfa" (Bright Future) program is for poorest adolescent girls in urban Ethiopia and aims to build their social support and improve skills to prevent HIV infection. The project uses a combination of house-to-house recruitment, formation of girls' groups by female mentors, and education on HIV/AIDS, life skills, and basic literacy. A quasi-experimental research design involving pre- and post-intervention surveys in experimental and control areas was used to measure changes in social safety nets, HIV knowledge, and prevention capabilities. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. At endline, girls in the intervention sites were more than twice as likely to report social support (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0) compared to girls in the control site. They were also twice as likely (OR = 1.9) to score highly on HIV knowledge questions, to know where to obtain voluntary counseling and testing (OR = 2.0) and to want to be tested (OR = 1.9). "Biruh Tesfa" is one of a few rigorously evaluated support programs targeted at vulnerable girls in sub-Saharan Africa. The positive changes suggest that well-designed programs can reach and effectively support the most vulnerable girls in the poorest areas, such as child domestic workers and rural-urban migrants. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	adolescent girls; domestic workers; Ethiopia; evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049000606	Baseline for the evaluation of a National Action Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children using the UNAIDS core indicators: A case study in Zimbabwe	Saito S., Monasch R., Keogh E., Dhlembeu N., Bergua J., Mafico M.	2007	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	2	3	10.1080/17450120701439619	UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Statistics Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe	Saito, S., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Monasch, R., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Keogh, E., Statistics Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Dhlembeu, N., Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bergua, J., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mafico, M., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe	This paper describes the experience of Zimbabwe in establishing a baseline for its National Action Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children (NAP for OVC) using the 10 core indicators developed by the UNAIDS Global Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group in 2004. Through a population-based household survey in rural and urban high-density areas and the OVC policy and planning effort index assessment tool, a baseline was established. The survey found that 43.6% of children under 18 years were orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. Half of all households with children care for one or more OVC. While the large majority of OVC continued to be cared for by the extended family, its capacity to care for these children appeared to be under pressure. OVC were less likely to have their basic minimum material needs met, more likely to be underweight, less likely to be taken to an appropriate health provider when sick and less likely to attend school. Medical support to households with OVC was found to be relatively high (26%). Other support, such as psychosocial support (2%) and school assistance (12%), was lower. The OVC Effort Index assessment indicates that serious efforts are being made. The increase in the effort index between 2001 and 2004 in the areas of consultative efforts, planning and coordinating mechanisms reflects the strengthened commitment. Monitoring and evaluation and legislative review are the weakest areas of the OVC response. The findings of the baseline exercise point to the need for continued and additional efforts and resources to implement the NAP for OVC, the priorities of which were confirmed by the survey as critical to improve the welfare of the OVC in Zimbabwe.	HIV/AIDS; Indicators; Monitoring; OVC; Zimbabwe	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748936111	The impact of the use of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on the presence of cervical human papillomavirus in female sex workers	Marais D., Carrara H., Kay P., Ramjee G., Allan B., Williamson A.-L.	2006	Virus Research	121	2	10.1016/j.virusres.2006.04.009	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical, Research Council, Durban, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Marais, D., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Carrara, H., Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kay, P., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ramjee, G., HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical, Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Allan, B., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	This study investigated the effectiveness of a nonoxynol-9 (52.5 mg, 3.5%), vaginal gel (Advantage S), in the prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in female sex workers. We showed by HPV DNA determination in cervico-vaginal rinses a significant increase in multiple (>1) HPV infection in HIV-1 seropositive women compared with HIV-1 seronegative women (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.3-11.9). We also demonstrated a significant increase in multiple HPV infections in HIV-1 seronegative women using nonoxynol-9 compared with HIV-1 seronegative women using placebo (OR 3.5 95% CI 1.0-11.8). We conclude that the use of nonoxynol-9 did not prevent genital HPV infection and could increase the virus' ability to infect or persist. © 2006.	HIV; Human papillomavirus; Nonoxynol-9; Vaginal microbicides	nonoxinol 9; adolescent; adult; article; comparative study; controlled study; DNA determination; drug efficacy; female; gel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; infection risk; major clinical study; prevalence; priority journal; prostitution; virus infection; Wart virus; Administration, Intravaginal; Cervix Uteri; Cohort Studies; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); DNA, Viral; Female; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Nonoxynol; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prostitution; South Africa; Spermatocidal Agents; Treatment Outcome; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human papillomavirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844329903	Mongoose rabies in southern Africa: A re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology	Nel L.H., Sabeta C.T., Von Teichman B., Jaftha J.B., Rupprecht C.E., Bingham J.	2005	Virus Research	109	2	10.1016/j.virusres.2004.12.003	University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Nel, L.H., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Sabeta, C.T., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Von Teichman, B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Jaftha, J.B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Bingham, J., Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Relative to the developed world, rabies has been poorly studied in the vast African continent. The southern African countries of Zimbabwe and South Africa, however, are known to sustain a great diversity of lyssaviruses, with large biological variations amongst genotype 1 (rabies viruses) at present more apparent here than elsewhere on the continent. One recognized biotype of rabies virus in the subcontinent appears to be specifically adapted to a variety of mongooses, belonging to the Viverrinae subfamily (family Herpestidae) and are commonly referred to as viverrid viruses, although the term mongoose rabies would be more correct, considering the taxonomic status of the host species involved. It was our objective to study the genetic relationships of 77 rabies virus isolates of this mongoose biotype, isolated in South Africa and Zimbabwe, towards elucidation of the molecular epidemiology of this interesting group of African viruses. In our study of a 592 nucleotide sequence encompassing the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein and the G-L intergenic region of the viral genomes, we provide the first comprehensive data on the molecular epidemiology of these viruses and indicate a history of extended evolutionary adaptation in this geographical domain. The molecular epidemiological observations reported here are highly unlikely to be limited to the small geographical areas of South Africa and Zimbabwe and illustrate the need for lyssavirus surveillance in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa and throughout the entire continent. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Glycoprotein; Intergenic region; Lyssaviruses; Mongoose rabies	glycoprotein; nucleotide; Africa; article; biotype; cytoplasm; epidemiological data; genetic association; genome; molecular biology; mongoose rabies; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; protein domain; rabies; Rabies virus; viral genetics; virus isolation; Zimbabwe; Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Antigens, Viral; DNA, Complementary; DNA, Intergenic; DNA, Viral; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Epidemiology, Molecular; Evolution; Glycoproteins; Herpestidae; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Rabies; Rabies virus; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; South Africa; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Proteins; Zimbabwe; Herpestidae; Lyssavirus; Rabies virus; Viverridae; Viverrinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349223949	Genetic variability within the coat protein gene of Grapevine fanleaf virus isolates from South Africa and the evaluation of RT-PCR, DAS-ELISA and ImmunoStrips as virus diagnostic assays	Liebenberg A., Freeborough M.-J., Visser C.J., Bellstedt D.U., Burger J.T.	2009	Virus Research	142	42371	10.1016/j.virusres.2009.01.016	Vitis laboratory, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Liebenberg, A., Vitis laboratory, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Freeborough, M.-J., Vitis laboratory, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Visser, C.J., Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Bellstedt, D.U., Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Burger, J.T., Vitis laboratory, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is responsible for severe fanleaf degeneration in grapevines of all major wine producing regions of the world, including South Africa. In order to successfully control the spread of the virus, specific and reliable diagnostic assays are necessary. The genetic variability of 12 GFLV isolates recovered from naturally infected grapevine plants in the Western Cape region of South Africa were characterised. These samples were subjected to RNA extraction, RT-PCR analysis and sequencing of the coat protein gene (2CCP). Sequence identities between different GFLV isolates from South Africa were between 86-99% and 94-99% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 2CCP gene sequences showed that the South African isolates form two distinct clades or sub-populations. The specificity and sensitivity of three diagnostic techniques (rapid-direct-one-tube-RT-PCR, DAS-ELISA and ImmunoStrips) for the detection of GFLV were analysed to determine the appropriate diagnostic assay for virus infection. Rapid-direct-one-tube-RT-PCR was found to be the most reliable technique for detection. This is the first report on sequence analysis of full-length 2CCP gene cDNA clones of GFLV isolates from South Africa. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Genetic variability; GFLV; Phylogenetic analysis; RT-PCR diagnostic detection	amino acid; coat protein; nucleotide; article; cladistics; climbing plant; controlled study; double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; gene sequence; genetic variability; grapevine; grapevine fanleaf virus; leaf damage; Nepovirus; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; RNA extraction; sensitivity and specificity; unindexed sequence; virus diagnosis; Capsid Proteins; DNA, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Genetic Variation; Immunoassay; Molecular Sequence Data; Nepovirus; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; South Africa; Vitis; Fioria; Grapevine fanleaf virus; Vitis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940577071	Evaluation of residual stress in stainless steel 316L and Ti6Al4V samples produced by selective laser melting	Yadroitsev I., Yadroitsava I.	2015	Virtual and Physical Prototyping	10	2	10.1080/17452759.2015.1026045	Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa	Yadroitsev, I., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa; Yadroitsava, I., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa	Selective laser melting (SLM) has great potential in additive manufacturing because it enables the production of full-density complex parts with the desired inner structure and surface morphology. High temperature gradients as a result of the locally concentrated energy input lead to residual stresses, crack formation and part deformation during processing or after separation from the supports and the substrate. In this study, an X-ray diffraction technique and numerical simulation were used for investigating the residual stress in SLM samples fabricated from stainless steel 316L and Ti6Al4V alloy. Conclusions regarding directions and values of stresses in SLM objects are given. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	numerical simulation; residual stress; selective laser melting; stainless steel; titanium alloy	3D printers; Alloy steel; Computer simulation; Melting; Numerical models; Residual stresses; Titanium alloys; X ray diffraction; Additive Manufacturing; Energy inputs; High temperature gradient; Inner structure; Selective laser melting; Stainless steel 316L; Ti-6Al-4V alloy; X-ray diffraction techniques; Stainless steel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868672935	Impact of sustained RNAi-mediated suppression of cellular cofactor Tat-SF1 on HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells	Green V.A., Arbuthnot P., Weinberg M.S.	2012	Virology Journal	9	None	10.1186/1743-422X-9-272	Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States	Green, V.A., Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Arbuthnot, P., Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Weinberg, M.S., Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States	Background: Conventional anti-HIV drug regimens targeting viral enzymes are plagued by the emergence of drug resistance. There is interest in targeting HIV-dependency factors (HDFs), host proteins that the virus requires for replication, as drugs targeting their function may prove protective. Reporter cell lines provide a rapid and convenient method of identifying putative HDFs, but this approach may lead to misleading results and a failure to detect subtle detrimental effects on cells that result from HDF suppression. Thus, alternative methods for HDF validation are required. Cellular Tat-SF1 has long been ascribed a cofactor role in Tat-dependent transactivation of viral transcription elongation. Here we employ sustained RNAi-mediated suppression of Tat-SF1 to validate its requirement for HIV-1 replication in a CD4+ T cell-derived line and its potential as a therapeutic target. Results: shRNA-mediated suppression of Tat-SF1 reduced HIV-1 replication and infectious particle production from TZM-bl reporter cells. This effect was not a result of increased apoptosis, loss of cell viability or an immune response. To validate its requirement for HIV-1 replication in a more relevant cell line, CD4+ SupT1 cell populations were generated that stably expressed shRNAs. HIV-1 replication was significantly reduced for two weeks (∼65%) in cells with depleted Tat-SF1, although the inhibition of viral replication was moderate when compared to SupT1 cells expressing a shRNA targeting the integration cofactor LEDGF/p75. Tat-SF1 suppression was attenuated over time, resulting from decreased shRNA guide strand expression, suggesting that there is a selective pressure to restore Tat-SF1 levels. Conclusions: This study validates Tat-SF1 as an HDF in CD4+ T cell-derived SupT1 cells. However, our findings also suggest that Tat-SF1 is not a critical cofactor required for virus replication and its suppression may affect cell growth. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of examining HIV-1 replication kinetics and cytotoxicity in cells with sustained HDF suppression to validate their therapeutic potential as targets. © 2012 Green et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	lens epithelium derived growth factor; protein; protein p75; SF1 protein; short hairpin RNA; transactivator protein; unclassified drug; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cell growth; cell line; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; nucleotide sequence; protein depletion; protein expression; protein function; RNA interference; T lymphocyte subpopulation; virus inhibition; virus replication; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; HIV-1; Humans; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Trans-Activators; Virus Replication; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935496483	Field evaluation of selected cassava genotypes for cassava brown streak disease based on symptom expression and virus load	Kaweesi T., Kawuki R., Kyaligonza V., Baguma Y., Tusiime G., Ferguson M.E.	2014	Virology Journal	11	1	10.1186/s12985-014-0216-x	National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Makerere University, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ILRI, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Kaweesi, T., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Kawuki, R., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Kyaligonza, V., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Baguma, Y., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Tusiime, G., Makerere University, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Ferguson, M.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ILRI, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Background: Production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a food security crop in sub-Saharan Africa, is threatened by the spread of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) which manifests in part as a corky necrosis in the storage root. It is caused by either of two virus species, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), resulting in up to 100% yield loss in susceptible varieties. Methods: This study characterized the response of 11 cassava varieties according to CBSD symptom expression and relative CBSV and UCBSV load in a field trial in Uganda. Relative viral load was measured using quantitative RT-PCR using COX as an internal housekeeping gene. Results: A complex situation was revealed with indications of different resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation and symptom expression. Four response categories were defined. Symptom expression was not always positively correlated with virus load. Substantially different levels of the virus species were found in many genotypes suggesting either resistance to one virus species or the other, or some form of interaction, antagonism or competition between virus species. Conclusions: A substantial amount of research still needs to be undertaken to fully understand the mechanism and genetic bases of resistance. This information will be useful in informing breeding strategies and restricting virus spread. © 2014 Kaweesi et al.	Cassava; Cassava brown streak viruses; Resistance mechanism; Virus accumulation	Article; cassava; cassava brown streak disease; Cassava brown streak virus; controlled study; field study; genotype; housekeeping gene; nonhuman; plant root; plant virus; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; shoot; Uganda; Ugandan cassava brown streak virus; viral plant disease; virus expression; virus load; virus resistance; disease resistance; genetics; immunology; isolation and purification; Manihot; plant disease; Potyviridae; real time polymerase chain reaction; virology; Cassava brown streak virus; Manihot esculenta; Disease Resistance; Manihot; Plant Diseases; Potyviridae; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Uganda; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052615074	Is there a correlation between knowledge management maturity and organizational performance?	Kruger C.J.N., Johnson R.D.	2011	VINE	41	3	10.1108/03055721111171618	Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Kruger, C.J.N., Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Johnson, R.D., Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose: Beyond critique of current maturity models, the research literature has neglected to supply empirical evidence of the value knowledge management (KM) holds for organizations. The majority of studies, in common with other emergent business philosophies, are focused on large organizations of developed economies, where readily available implementation resources are an underlying assumption. This paper aims to address this issue and to assess the correlation between the successful institutionalization of KM and organizational performance (OP) in a developing economy. Design/methodology/approach: From a large urban South African university engaged in numerous collaboration programs with industry, the authors gained insight into KM maturity and organizational performance (OP) of three industry groups, over a five-year period. The authors apply an inventory developed by Kruger and Snyman to a set of nine organisations distributed over three economic sectors in South Africa. Findings: By evaluating the relationship between KM maturity and OP from within three "time dependent" perspectives, insight was gained to answer the aim of the research undertaken, "Is there a correlation between KM maturity and OP in South Africa?" Diagrammatic presentation of OP scores and KM maturity growth revealed that in five out of the nine organizations there is a clearly identifiable relationship between KM maturity and OP in South Africa in both entities over the period under investigation. In certain instances, the correlations were not easily noticeable and/or were non-existent. From a mathematical perspective, in comparing the correlation between growth in KM maturity and year-on-year growth in OP, it was revealed that six of the eight companies that recorded positive growth in KM maturity also recorded positive (year-on-year) growth in OP. In a similar manner, it was established that the company recording negative growth in KM maturity also recorded negative (year-on-year) growth in OP. Research limitations/implications: Because the South African scenario can be considered a benchmark for developing economies characterized by continued change, diversity and even elements of silent intolerance and conflict, this study may be viewed as a "pilot study" to provide a baseline and insight into future research of KM for enabling OP. Originality/value: This paper is of relevance to strategic managers and KM practitioners interested in gaining insight into the correlation between KM maturity and organisational performance. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Developing countries; Knowledge management; Knowledge management maturity; Organizational performance; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54249166637	Review of impacts affecting Eskom due to loss of I&C know-how, engineering capacity and vendor constraints	Viljoen J., Veldman J.J.	2008	VGB PowerTech	88	9	None	Generation Technology Department, Eskom, Johannesburg, South Africa	Viljoen, J., Generation Technology Department, Eskom, Johannesburg, South Africa; Veldman, J.J., Generation Technology Department, Eskom, Johannesburg, South Africa	Over the last few years. Eskom has experienced a significant turnover of staff leading to an extreme skill shortage. In an attempt to counteract these threats, Eskom has been devcloping a number of strategies, targeting the various issues. These include adopting a more standardised approach, the use of more stringent policies and procedures, introducing knowledge management principles, providing a centralised oversight function, and implementing advanced information management solutions. This paper will discuss some of Eskom's recent experiences, as well as some of the proposed strategies to deal with them.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899092479	Productive performance of indigenous and HF crossbred dairy cows in Gondar, Ethiopia	Kumar N., Eshetie A., Tesfaye A., Yizengaw H.A.	2014	Veterinary World	7	3	10.14202/vetworld.2014.177-181	College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Kumar, N., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Eshetie, A., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Yizengaw, H.A., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Aim: To study the magnitude of variation in lactation length (LL), lactation milk yield (LMY) and peak-yield (PY)due to genetic and non-genetic cases in indigenous and crossbred cattle reared under private dairy unit in and around Gondar, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 411 milch animals from 86 dairy farmers comprising of 172 indigenous and 239 Holstein-Friesian (HF) crossbred cows. These cows were maintained under farmer's management system in and around Gondar (Ethiopia) and were analyzed by Least squares analysis to study the magnitude of variation in their LL, LMY and PY due to genetic and some non-genetic factors. Result: The overall Least squares means for LL, LMY and PY were estimated to be 275.1165.23 days, 1407.3471.34 litres and 6.880.38 litres respectively. Genetic group and lactation order had significant effect (P0.01) on LL, LMY and PY. Season of calving had significant effect (P0.01) on LMY and PY but its effect on LL was non-significant. Effect of location of herd was significant (P0.05) on LMY and PY while its effect on LL was non-significant. Variations in all the traits due to herd size and farming system were statistically non-significant. Conclusion: Productive performance of dairy cows in this study was found to be lesser than the optimum values desirable for profitable milk production. © The authors.	Crossbred cows; Indigenous; Lactation length; Lactation milk yield; Peak milk yield	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905511026	Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Nigerian ethnoveterinary plants; Cassia occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis	Suleiman M.M., Mamman M., Sidiama A., Ighoja E.J., Tauheed M., Talba A.M.	2014	Veterinary World	7	7	10.14202/vetworld.2014.536-541	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Suleiman, M.M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mamman, M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Sidiama, A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ighoja, E.J., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Tauheed, M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Talba, A.M., Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the stem-barks of Cassia occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis which are used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal helminth infections in goat. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical analysis using standard techniques was used to detect secondary metabolites contained in the plants. In vitro anthelmintic activity of the crude methanol extracts of the plants was determined using egg hatch inhibition test (EHIT) and larval development inhibition assay (LDIA). Results: The extracts of C. occidentalis and G. senegalensis inhibited hatching of eggs and larval development of Haemonchus contortus in a concentration-dependent manner. At concentrations of 0.1,1,10 and 100 mg/ml, the extract of C. occidentalis produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibition of egg hatching oiH. contortus eggs when compared with the untreated (distilled water) control group. C. occidentalis inhibited, by up to 86%, the larval development oiH. contortus. Similarly, the extract of G. senegalensis at concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/ml produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibition of egg hatching of H. contortus eggs and inhibited larval development by up to 85% of the parasite. C. occidentalis (EC50 - 4.23 mg/ml) was found to be more efficacious than G. senegalensis (EC50 = 88.24 mg/ml) against//, contortus eggs. However, G. senegalensis (EC50 - 0.0012 mg/ml) was more effective than C. occidentalis (EC50 = 0.11 mg/ml) against the larvae oiH. contortus. Conclusion: The crude methanol extracts of C. occidentalis and G. senegalensis possess in vitro anthelmintic activity against H. contortus that requires detailed in vivo pharmacological and toxicological trials to justify their use in clinical veterinary practice. © The authors.	Anthelmintic; Cassia occidentalis; Guiera senegalensis; Haemonchus contortus; Medicinal plants	Haemonchus contortus; Senna occidentalis; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890231658	Evaluation of different drinking water sources in Sokoto North-West Nigeria on performance, carcass traits and haematology of broiler chickens	Ibitoye E.B., Dabai Y.U., Mudi L.	2013	Veterinary World	6	11	10.14202/vetworld.2013.879-883	Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria	Ibitoye, E.B., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Dabai, Y.U., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Mudi, L., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria	Aim: The study examined the effect of different drinking water sources on performance, carcass characteristics and haematology of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: 63 unsexed day-old broiler chicks were randomly grouped into three treatment groups (Treatments 1, 2 and 3), each consisting of three replicates of seven chicks each. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were given water from various sources: pipe borne water; borehole water and well water, respectively from day-old to seven weeks of age. The water samples were subjected to physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses. Results: Physico-chemically, only well water had a fair taste, it also had highest turbidity; while borehole water was least turbid. Borehole water had highest total hardness, nitrate, sodium, and calcium. Chloride was higher in borehole water and magnesium was higher in well water; while these were absent in pipe borne water. The study revealed that all water sources were contaminated with bacteria. The well water had the highest bacterial load of 1.2×103 cfu/ml, followed by borehole water with 5.8×102 cfu/ml, while pipe borne water recorded least bacterial counts (1.6×102 cfu/ml). Escherichia coli, Klesiella spp and Proteus vulgaris were isolated from pipe borne, borehole and well water, respectively. The water treatments had no significant (p&gt;0.05) effect on broiler chicken's performance, carcass characteristics and haematological indices. However, numerical increase in feed intake and weight gain was observed in birds placed on borehole water (Treatment2). Conclusion: This study suggest that different water sources used as drinking water in this experiment have no significant effect on performance, carcass characteristics and haematology of broiler chicken production in Sokoto metropolis. However, drinking water quality standard for poultry should not be jeopardized. © The authors.	Bacteriological analysis; Broilers; Carcass characteristics; Haematology; Performance; Water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886867428	Evaluation of the shedding routes and serological patterns in experimentally-induced Brucella melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated and transport-stressed goats	Tanko P.N., Emikpe B.O., Sabri Y.M.	2013	Veterinary World	6	9	10.14202/vetworld.2013.686-692	Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Tanko, P.N., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Emikpe, B.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sabri, Y.M., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia	Aim: To identify and evaluate the shedding routes and patterns following experimentally-induced Brucella melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated and transport-stressed goats. Materials and Methods: Twenty four healthy, adult goats were divided into 4 groups: A, B, C and D respectively. Group A was treated with dexamethasone for 8 days prior to inoculation with 107 Colony Forming Units of B. melitensis via the intraocular route. Group B was transported for 3 hours prior to inoculation with a similar dose. Group C was inoculated with a similar dose without subjecting the animals to any prior treatment, and this group served as our positive control. Group D was not inoculated with the infective dose and served as our negative control. Blood samples along with nasal, ocular, and vaginal swabs were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and weekly thereafter until day 63 post inoculation (pi) and were analyzed by PCR, Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), and indirect ELISA techniques. Results: The nasal, ocular and vaginal swabs tested positive for Brucellosis with PCR from day 7, with nasal route being the first and most consistent route to reveal the positive results. Group B showed the earliest onset of shedding the bacterium (day 7) followed by group A which started from day 10 and shed relatively more positive of the bacterium via the routes examined. Blood samples tested positive with PCR from day 7 through 14 and the results were inconsistent subsequently. Sera samples tested positive with RBPT on day 14 in all the 3 infected groups but more consistent in group C. On the other hand, tests using ELISA showed positive results from day 7 pi, with group C having a 100% seroconvertion -while groups A and B showed only 50% seroconvertion. Conclusion: The consistent shedding via the nasal, ocular, and vaginal routes in groups A and B implied possible immunosuppression in the infected animals. We recommend that programs designed to control Brucellosis should consider analyzing a larger number of biological samples to enhance the accuracy of identification of shedders.	Brucellosis; Consistent shedding; Goats; Immunosuppression; Polymerase chain reaction; Serological tests; Swabs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863193276	Assessment of the economic impact and prevalence of ovine fasciolosis in Menz Lalo Midir District, Northeast Ethiopia	Chanie M., Begashaw S.	2012	Veterinary World	5	5	10.5455/vetworld.2012.261-264	University of Gondar, Ethiopia; Menz Agricultural office, Menz Lalo Midir District, Ethiopia	Chanie, M., University of Gondar, Ethiopia; Begashaw, S., Menz Agricultural office, Menz Lalo Midir District, Ethiopia	Survey of economic loss and the prevalence of Fasciolosis in ovine species were conducted in Menz Lalo Midir district, Amhara National Regional State, during the period of September 2010 to June 2011. The objectives of this study were assessing the financial loss, determining prevalence. The total of number of study animals were 810 sheep from eight Kebeles (Tamawenze, Seklaye, Tayate, Saga, Wegere, Kilerbo, Toll, and Angetla) of Menz Lalo Midir district selected on lottery system. Prevalence was determined by fecal sample examinations. Gross lesions were studied by postmortem examination where as economic losses were determined after interview and market assessment. From fecal examination, the overall prevalence of ovine fasciolosis was found 70.20%. The prevalence in male animals was found 50.6% and in females it was 19.6%. But there exists no statistical significance between sex groups as the P value is less than 0.05. During the study period 1,692.00 Ethiopian birr was lost due to condemnation of liver from 189 animals accounting 74.6 % with 12.00 birr price of a liver. Clinically, observed signs were emaciation, weakness, bottle jaw and rough wool. Gross pathological lesions found were cirrhosis, fibrosis, and circumscribed pus accumulation, blunt edges of liver, bile duct hyperplasia and adult fasciola parasites on section of the liver. In conclusion, the results of the current study suggested that ovine fasciolosis was found to be one of the major disease entities in sheep in Menz Lalo Midir district.	Economic loss; Menz lalo midir; Ovine fasciolosis; Prevalence	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860485806	Radiological Evaluation of the effects of varied doses of Celecoxib on fracture healing in dogs	Uwagie-Ero E.A., Kene R.C.	2011	Veterinary World	4	2	None	University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Uwagie-Ero, E.A., University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kene, R.C., University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	To determine if Cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) functions in fracture healing, 10 dogs were treated with COX-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Celecoxib) to reduce and stop COX-2-dependent prostaglandin production. Radiographic testing evaluation determined that fracture healing was not affected in dogs treated with a low dose of COX-2-selective NSAIDs (celecoxib) and delayed union was observed in dogs treated with a high dose of COX-2-selective NSAIDs (celecoxib). Celecoxib dose of 5 mg/kg/day did not affect fracture callus formed in the study group and did not cause a significant increase in the proportion of delayed unions, however, at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day it reduced the rate of fracture callus formation and significantly increased the proportion of delayed unions for dogs in the group.	Analgesia; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase; Dog; Fracture healing	Canis familiaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867364082	The effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinesis) fruit peel mweal on the growth performance and haematology of rabbits	Ojabo L.D., Adenkola A.Y., Odaudu G.I.	2012	Veterinary Research	5	2	10.3923/vr.2012.26.30	Department of Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi,	Ojabo, L.D., Department of Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Adenkola, A.Y., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Odaudu, G.I., Department of Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	This study investigated the feed value of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinesis) peel as a replacement for maize in rabbit det. Twenty mixed breed male rabbit were used and randomly assigned to dets T1 (O%), T2 (20%), T3 (30%), T4 (40%) in whch sweet orange peel replaced maize at 0, 20,30 and 40%, respectively at the rate of five rabbits per dietaq group. The rabbit were fed and provided drinking water ad libitum for the 8 weeks experimental duration. Feed intake and live weights were recorded weekly for each replicate and the relative cut-up parts were also determined. Feed conversion ratio from the data as quantity of feed per unit weight gain over the same period. At the end of the trial, the animals were slaughtered by the cut-throat method and dressed to determine the dressing percentage. During slaughtering 4 mL of blood sample was collected into bijou bottles containing the anticoagulant, disodium salt of ethylene daminetetra-acetic acid at the rate of 2 mg mL -1 of blood forthe determination of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) total erythrocyte count and total leucocyte count and erythrocyte osmotic fragility. The performance indices, feed intake, body weight and feeds conversion ratio was not affected significantly (p&lt;0.05) except water consumption and water feed ratio. None of the hematological parameters were significantly (p&gt;0.05) affected. The performance and hematology of rabbits fed on sweet orange were not depressed. The study has shown that sun dried sweet orange peel can be used as a replacement feedstuff for maize in the ration of grower rabbit at a level of 40%, its optimal replacement level can only be determined by evaluating its effect at hgher level of maize replacement in subsequent studes. © Medwell Journals, 2012.	Dried sweet orange (citrus sinesis) peel; Effect; Growth performance; Haematological parameters; Performance; Rabbit	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894095197	Evaluation of the crude methanolic seed extract of Datura metel l. As a potential oral anaesthetic in dogs	Babalola S.A., Suleiman M.M., Hassan A.Z., Adawa D.A.Y.	2013	Veterinary Research	6	5	None	Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary S	Babalola, S.A., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Suleiman, M.M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Hassan, A.Z., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adawa, D.A.Y., Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	This study evaluates the methanolic crude extract of Datura metel L. seeds (family Solanaceae) as a potential oral anaesthetic in dogs. Following the oral acute toxicity study to determine the median Lethal Dose (LD50) of the extract in twelve (12) mice, the extract was relatively safe since when administered at the highest dose (5,000mg kg-1) no sign of toxicity and no death was recorded. In the in vivo sedative and anaesthetic study of the effect of Datura metel L. in this research, the observed pharmacological effect of the extract administered orally to 5 dogs separately at a dose rate of 0.6, 1.2, 1.5, 2 and 2.4g kg-1, respectively during establishment of a suitable pilot oral anaesthetic doses, showed a graded dose response relationship. The extract at an oral dose of 2.4g kg-1 induced surgical anaesthesia in dogs with increased heart and respiratory rates (107-205 bpm and 36.33-41.33 cpm), respectively, normal rectal temperature (37.83°C), adequate tissue perfusion, good muscle relaxation but poor analgesia, loss of anal sphincter tone and loss of pupillary reflex. The dogs recovered without any complications. This study has shown that the seed extract of Datura metel L. is relatively safe, induced sleep similar to that of thiopentone sodium anaesthesia with good anaesthetic indices at the oral dose rate of 2.4g kg-1 in dogs. © Medwell Journals, 2013.	Anaesthetic; Datura metel L.; Dogs; Oral dose; Seed extract; Surgical anaesthesia	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927928924	Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on mastitis and culling on a large-scale dairy farm in Kenya	Lyons N.A., Alexander N., Stärk K.D.C., Dulu T.D., Rushton J., Fine P.E.	2015	Veterinary Research	46	1	10.1186/s13567-015-0173-4	Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Private Bag, Kabete, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya	Lyons, N.A., Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Alexander, N., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Stärk, K.D.C., Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Dulu, T.D., State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Private Bag, Kabete, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya; Rushton, J., Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Fine, P.E., Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom	Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible viral infection of cloven hooved animals associated with severe economic losses when introduced into FMD-free countries. Information on the impact of the disease in FMDV-endemic countries is poorly characterised yet essential for the prioritisation of scarce resources for disease control programmes. A FMD (virus serotype SAT2) outbreak on a large-scale dairy farm in Nakuru County, Kenya provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of FMD on clinical mastitis and culling rate. A cohort approach followed animals over a 12-month period after the commencement of the outbreak. For culling, all animals were included; for mastitis, those over 18 months of age. FMD was recorded in 400/644 cattle over a 29-day period. During the follow-up period 76 animals were culled or died whilst in the over 18 month old cohort 63 developed clinical mastitis. Hazard ratios (HR) were generated using Cox regression accounting for non-proportional hazards by inclusion of time-varying effects. Univariable analysis showed FMD cases were culled sooner but there was no effect on clinical mastitis. After adjusting for possible confounders and inclusion of time-varying effects there was weak evidence to support an effect of FMD on culling (HR = 1.7, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.88-3.1, P = 0.12). For mastitis, there was stronger evidence of an increased rate in the first month after the onset of the outbreak (HR = 2.9, 95%CI 0.97-8.9, P = 0.057). © 2015 Lyons et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	None	Animalia; Bos; Foot-and-mouth disease virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942436098	Immunization routes in cattle impact the levels and neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced against S. aureus immune evasion proteins	Boerhout E., Vrieling M., Benedictus L., Daemen I., Ravesloot L., Rutten V., Nuijten P., Van Strijp J., Koets A., Eisenberg S.	2015	Veterinary Research	46	1	10.1186/s13567-015-0243-7	Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute Part, Edelhertweg 15,Wageningen UR PO box 65, Lelystad, Netherlands	Boerhout, E., Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Vrieling, M., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Benedictus, L., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Daemen, I., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Ravesloot, L., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Rutten, V., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Nuijten, P., Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Van Strijp, J., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Koets, A., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute Part, Edelhertweg 15,Wageningen UR PO box 65, Lelystad, Netherlands; Eisenberg, S., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands	Vaccines against S. aureus bovine mastitis are scarce and show limited protection only. All currently available vaccines are applied via the parenteral (usually intramuscular) route. It is unknown, however, whether this route is the most suitable to specifically increase intramammary immunity to combat S. aureus at the site of infection. Hence, in the present study, immunization via mucosal (intranasal; IN), intramuscular (triangle of the neck; IM), intramammary (IMM) and subcutaneous (suspensory ligament; SC) routes were analyzed for their effects on the quantity of the antibody responses in serum and milk as well as the neutralizing capacity of the antibodies within serum. The experimental vaccine comprised the recombinant S. aureus immune evasion proteins extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) and the leukotoxin subunit LukM in an oil-in-water adjuvant combined with a hydrogel and alginate. The highest titer increases for both Efb and LukM specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels in serum and milk were observed following SC/SC immunizations. Furthermore, the harmful effects of Efb and leukotoxin LukMF' on host-defense were neutralized by serum antibodies in a route-dependent manner. SC/SC immunization resulted in a significant increase in the neutralizing capacity of serum antibodies towards Efb and LukMF', shown by increased phagocytosis of S. aureus and increased viability of bovine leukocytes. Therefore, a SC immunization route should be considered when aiming to optimize humoral immunity against S. aureus mastitis in cattle. © 2015 Boerhout et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350495912	Prevalence of pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal disorders in thoroughbred racehorses, and effect on performance	Saulez M.N., Gummow B.	2009	Veterinary Record	165	15	None	Section of Equine Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, South Africa; Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia	Saulez, M.N., Section of Equine Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, South Africa; Gummow, B., Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia	Endoscopic examinations were performed on 1005 thoroughbred racehorses in South Africa a mean (sd) 24 (12.3) minutes after racing, to determine the prevalence of pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal disorders, and to determine the relationship of these disorders with performance (number of wins and placed finishes). Overall, there was a low prevalence of grade 2 and 3 laryngeal function (LF) (2.2 per cent), grade 4 LF (0.6 per cent), epiglottic entrapment (1.3 per cent), subepiglottic cyst (0.2 per cent) and epiglottic deformity (0.6 per cent), while a higher prevalence of grade 2 to 4 pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) (63 per cent), laryngeal debris (435 per cent), tracheal debris (21 9 per cent), tracheal mucus (99.5 per cent) and tracheal cartilaginous nodules (TCNs) (6.8 per cent) was observed. Performance was not affected by the presence of epiglottic deformity, grade 2 and 3 IF, grade 4 IF, debris within the trachea or larynx, or epiglottic entrapment. Grade 3 PLH occurred in younger racehorses; performance was impaired in horses with grade 2 and 3 PLH. Furthermore, TCNs were more prevalent in male racehorses and were associated with better performance.	None	animal; animal disease; animal experiment; article; female; horse; horse disease; larynx disorder; male; pathophysiology; pharynx disease; running; sport; trachea disease; Animals; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Laryngeal Diseases; Male; Pharyngeal Diseases; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running; Sports; Tracheal Diseases; Congiopodidae; Equidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68049142415	Transcutaneous ultrasonographic evaluation of the air-filled equine stomach and duodenum following gastroscopy	Kihurani D.O.G., Carstens A., Saulez M.N., Donnellan C.M.B.	2009	Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound	50	4	10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01561.x	Clinical Studies Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Kihurani, D.O.G., Clinical Studies Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Carstens, A., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Saulez, M.N., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Donnellan, C.M.B., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Gastroscopy with air insufflation was performed in 10 ponies, after which a transcutaneous ultrasound examination of the stomach and duodenum was performed immediately and at 1, 2, and 4 h postgastroscopy, and 24 h after feeding. Stomach measurements included the dorsoventral and craniocaudal dimensions, as well as the stomach depth from the skin surface and stomach wall thickness at the different time periods. Gastric wall folding was observed in one pony, becoming most distinct 2-4 h postgastroscopy. An undulating stomach wall was noted in eight other ponies postgastroscopy. These observations appeared to be a response to the deflation of the stomach as the insufflated air was released gradually. Gas was detected in the duodenum after the gastroscopy. The parameters measured were noted to be useful to evaluate the extent of stomach distension due to air or feed. The ultrasonographic appearance of the stomach can, therefore, be altered by gastroscopy and this should be borne in mind when examining horses with suspected gastric disease. © Copyright 2009 by the American College of Veterinary Radiology.	Equine; Gastric wall folding; Stomach measurements; Ultrasonography	aeration; air; animal; animal disease; article; duodenum; echography; gastroscopy; histology; horse; stomach; Air; Animals; Duodenum; Gastroscopy; Horses; Insufflation; Stomach; Equidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904390959	Evaluation of standard magnetic resonance characteristics used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular brain lesions in dogs	Young B.D., Fosgate G.T., Holmes S.P., Wolff C.A., Chen-Allen A.V., Kent M., Platt S.R., Savage M.Y., Schatzberg S.J., Levine J.M.	2014	Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound	55	4	10.1111/vru.12137	Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0002, South Africa; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, United States; Department of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, United States; Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, United States; North Houston Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX 77388, United States; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States; Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Center, Santa Fe, NM 87505, United States	Young, B.D., Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Fosgate, G.T., Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0002, South Africa, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, United States; Holmes, S.P., Department of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, United States; Wolff, C.A., North Houston Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX 77388, United States; Chen-Allen, A.V., Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, United States; Kent, M., Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, United States; Platt, S.R., Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, United States; Savage, M.Y., Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States; Schatzberg, S.J., Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Center, Santa Fe, NM 87505, United States; Levine, J.M., Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States	Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics are commonly used to help predict intracranial disease categories in dogs, however, few large studies have objectively evaluated these characteristics. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate MR characteristics that have been used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular intracranial diseases in a large, multi-institutional population of dogs. Medical records from three veterinary teaching hospitals were searched over a 6-year period for dogs that had diagnostic quality brain MR scans and histologically confirmed intracranial disease. Three examiners who were unaware of histologic diagnosis independently evaluated 19 MR lesion characteristics totaling 57 possible responses. A total of 75 dogs with histologically confirmed intracranial disease were included in analyses: 51 with neoplasia, 18 with inflammatory disease, and six with cerebrovascular disease. Only strong contrast enhancement was more common in neoplasia than other disease categories. A multivariable statistical model suggested that extra-axial origin, T2-FLAIR mixed intensity, and defined lesion margins were also predictive of neoplasia. Meningeal enhancement, irregular lesion shape, and multifocal location distinguished inflammatory diseases from the other disease categories. No MR characteristics distinguished vascular lesions and these appeared most similar to neoplasia. These results differed from a previous report describing seven MR characteristics that were predictive of neoplasia in dogs and cats. Findings from the current study indicated that the high performance of MR for diagnosing canine intracranial diseases might be due to evaluator recognition of combinations of MR characteristics vs. relying on any one MR characteristic alone. © 2014 American College of Veterinary Radiology.	Brain; Dog; Inflammation; MR imaging; Neoplasia	contrast medium; animal; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebrovascular Disorders; diagnostic use; differential diagnosis; dog; Dog Diseases; encephalitis; female; male; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; retrospective study; veterinary; Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Encephalitis; Female; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Retrospective Studies	None
None	None	Evaluation of buparvaquone (BUTA-Kel™ KELA, Belgium) as a treatment of East Coast fever in cattle, in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania	Mbwambo H.A., Magwisha H.B., Mfinanga J.M.	2006	Veterinary Parasitology	139	42372	10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.024	Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Mbwambo, H.A., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Magwisha, H.B., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Mfinanga, J.M., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Evaluation trials of the efficacy of buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), as a treatment of field cases of Theileria parva infection (East Coast fever - ECF) were carried out on 63 cattle in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania, during the period November 2004 to August 2005. Thirty-two cattle (56%) received single-dose treatment (2.5 mg buparvaquone per kg body weight), while two and three-dose treatment with interval(s) of 48 h was given to 33% and 11% of total treated cattle, respectively; 38 cattle (60.3%) were treated at an early stage of the disease, while 25 cattle (39.7%) were treated at an advanced stage of the disease. The rectal body temperature of 90.5% of buparvaquone-treated cattle dropped to normal values (37.5-39.5 °C) by day 7 of treatment, and by day 15 of treatment 96.8% of treated cattle showed normal values. Pulmonary signs were observed in 8/68 (11.8%) of total ECF diagnosed cattle and were successfully treated, albeit with parvaquone plus frusemide (Fruvexon); were not included in final evaluation of the efficacy of BUTA-kel. The present evaluation trials record a recovery rate of 95.2%. Buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), therefore, records another efficacious and valuable alternative treatment against East Coast fever in Tanzania. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cattle-East Coast fever; Cost-effective-treatment; Early-disease detection; Early-stage treatment; Pulmonary signs; Theileria parva schizonts; Theilericidal drug-buparvaquone	buparvaquone; buta kel; furosemide; parvaquone; animal parasitosis; article; cattle disease; controlled study; convalescence; drug efficacy; female; fever; lung disease; lymph node; male; nonhuman; rectum temperature; Tanzania; Theileria parva; urban area; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Male; Naphthoquinones; Tanzania; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Treatment Outcome; Bos taurus; Theileria parva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349509134	Consequences of infection pressure and protein nutrition on periparturient resistance to Teladorsagia circumcincta and performance in ewes	Kidane A., Houdijk J.G.M., Tolkamp B.J., Athanasiadou S., Kyriazakis I.	2009	Veterinary Parasitology	165	42371	10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.039	Animal Health, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, PO Box 05, Awassa, Ethiopia; Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, PO Box 199, 43100 Karditsa, Greece	Kidane, A., Animal Health, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, PO Box 05, Awassa, Ethiopia; Houdijk, J.G.M., Animal Health, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG Scotland, United Kingdom; Tolkamp, B.J., Animal Health, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG Scotland, United Kingdom; Athanasiadou, S., Animal Health, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG Scotland, United Kingdom; Kyriazakis, I., Animal Health, SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG Scotland, United Kingdom, Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, PO Box 199, 43100 Karditsa, Greece	The consequences of protein nutrition on the degree of periparturient relaxation of immunity to nematode parasites in sheep may be more pronounced at higher levels of infection pressure. Here, we investigated interactive effects of metabolizable protein (MP) nutrition and infection pressure on resistance and lactational performance of ewes. Twin-rearing ewes were trickle infected with either 1000, 5000 or 10,000 infective Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae and fed either at 0.8 (low protein, LP) or 1.3 (high protein, HP) times their estimated MP requirement. Expected interactions between feeding treatment and infection pressure were not observed. Periparturient relaxation of immunity, as indicated by variation in faecal egg counts, was higher in LP ewes than in HP ewes and FEC showed an inverse relationship with infection pressure indicating possible density dependency effects on worm fecundity. Plasma pepsinogen concentration linearly increased with infection pressure. Daily total nematode egg excretion, assessed at week three of lactation, was not significantly affected by infection pressure but was reduced by 65% in HP ewes compared to LP ewes. MP supplementation improved lamb performance but had little effect on ewe body weight and plasma protein concentrations, whilst lactational performance, as judged from lamb performance, tended to be reduced with increased infection pressure. The results suggest periparturient MP supplementation to ewes reduces nematode egg excretion independent of infection pressure and improves lactational performance of parasitized ewes even in the presence of moderate MP scarcity. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Faecal egg count; Infection pressure; Metabolizable protein; Teladorsagia circumcincta	ivermectin; levacide; levamisole; pepsinogen; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; ewe; feces analysis; feeding; female; fertility; infection; infection resistance; lactation; larva; nematodiasis; nonhuman; protein blood level; protein intake; rearing; sheep disease; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Feces; Female; Immunity, Innate; Lactation; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; Parasite Egg Count; Parturition; Pepsinogen A; Pregnancy; Random Allocation; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Ovis aries; Teladorsagia circumcincta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938288655	Trypanosome infection in dromedary camels in Eastern Ethiopia: Prevalence, relative performance of diagnostic tools and host related risk factors	Fikru R., Andualem Y., Getachew T., Menten J., Hasker E., Merga B., Goddeeris B.M., Büscher P.	2015	Veterinary Parasitology	211	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.008	College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium	Fikru, R., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; Andualem, Y., School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia; Getachew, T., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Menten, J., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Hasker, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Merga, B., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Goddeeris, B.M., KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; Büscher, P., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium	A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chifra and Dewe districts of Afar region, Eastern Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence, agreement between diagnostic tests and host related risk factors of trypanosome infection in camel. An overall prevalence of 2%, 24.1%, 21.3%, 9.5% and 7.8% was recorded with respectively Giemsa stained thin blood smear, CATT/T. evansi, RoTat1.2 PCR, 18S PCR and ITS-1PCR in a cohort of 399 animals. Only one T. vivax infection was confirmed by TvPRAC PCR indicating T. evansi as the predominant species affecting camels in the study area. No single animal was positive when tested with T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR. There was slight agreement between the CATT/T. evansi and the molecular tests. Among the PCR methods, RoTat 1.2 PCR yielded a significantly higher positivity rate compared to 18S PCR and ITS-1 PCR. There was no significant difference in the positivity rate observed in each gender of camels (p>0.05). The positivity rate was significantly higher in camels with poor body condition and in older animals when tested using the CATT/T.evansi or RoTat 1.2 PCR (p>0.05). Camels that tested positive with all tests had significantly lower PCV's (p<0.05). This study provides further evidence that T. evansi is endemic in the Afar region of Ethiopia. The latent class analysis indicated an estimate overall prevalence of 19% (95% CI: 13-28). Moreover, the model indicated low sensitivity of CATT/T. evansi (43%) and the PCR tests (39-53%) but higher specificity of the PCR tests (86-99%) and low specificity of CATT/T. evansi (80%). This study suggests that improved sensitivity and reliability of the tests would help diagnosis of trypanosomosis. Further studies are required to determine the prevalence of clinical disease and losses due to trypanosomosis. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Dromedary camel; Ethiopia; Prevalence; Risk factor; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanosomosis	animal parasitosis; Article; blood smear; cohort analysis; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; dromedary; Ethiopia; female; host parasite interaction; infection risk; male; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite prevalence; polymerase chain reaction; risk assessment; risk factor; sensitivity and specificity; serology; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; trypanosomiasis; Animalia; Camelidae; Camelus dromedarius; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957801165	The impact of dietary protein on the pathophysiology of porcine trypanosome infection	Nnadi P.A., Ezeh I.O., Kalu K.C., Ngene A.A.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	173	04-Mar	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.004	Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University	Nnadi, P.A., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ezeh, I.O., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kalu, K.C., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ngene, A.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The influence of protein nutrition on porcine trypanosomosis was investigated in this study. Thirty six landrace/large white cross weanling pigs were used. Upon purchase, these were divided into two groups of 18 pigs each and these were housed separately to enable them adapt to our animal house management regimen. Post-adaptation, the pigs were divided into 6 groups A1 and A2, B1, and B2, and C1 and C2 (n=6). A1 and A2 were fed diet A1, B1 and B2 diet B while C1 and C2 were fed diet C with 28%, 20% and 16% crude protein, respectively. Two-week post-adaptation groups A1, B1, and C1 were infected with 3×106 Trypanosoma brucei brucei organisms intraperitoneally. Body weight, temperature and Packed Cell Volume of all group members were determined a week prior to infection, on the day of infection and weekly thereafter till end of the study. Serum biochemistry was also concurrently determined. Three days post-infection, blood was collected from all the members of A1, B1 and C1 and thoroughly screened microscopically for the presence of trypanosome organisms. This was repeated on subsequent days till all the infected animals developed patency by showing parasitaemia under wet mount. The result of this study showed that infection did not have any significant effect on the rate of weight gain except in group C (p≤0.05). Moreover, infections caused significant hyperthermia in all the infection groups (p≤0.05) with diet A showing the least response and C the most severe. Furthermore, diet did not have any effect on parasite establishment or parasitaemia as the prepatent period was similar in all the infection groups. There was also significant reduction in PCV whose severity also correlated with reduction in the protein dietary quality. Similar observation was also made on the total serum protein where significant hyperproteinaemia correlated with increasing dietary protein and the uninfected controls having higher serum protein relative to the infected. There was in addition parasite induced hypoalbuminaemia whose severity was also graduated in favour of increasing protein level. The study demonstrated the protective influence of dietary protein on some of the pathophysiological features of porcine trypanosomosis. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Anaemia; Body weight; Dietary protein; Pyrexia and serum proteins	albumin; plasma protein; animal experiment; article; blood chemistry; controlled study; disease severity; female; food quality; hematocrit; hyperthermia; hypoalbuminemia; male; nagana; nonhuman; parasitemia; pathophysiology; protein blood level; protein intake; swine; Trypanosoma brucei; weight gain; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Hematocrit; Parasitemia; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosomiasis, African; Animalia; Suidae; Sus; Trypanosoma brucei brucei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956159784	Comparative evaluation of ectoparasiticide efficacy: Non-inferiority and superiority assessment	Schall R., Luus H.G.	2011	Veterinary Parasitology	178	42371	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.028	Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science (IB75), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, Bloemfontein 9321, South Africa	Schall, R., Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science (IB75), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Luus, H.G., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, Bloemfontein 9321, South Africa	We present a statistical framework for the comparative evaluation of ectoparasiticide efficacy in controlled animal studies. Such a comparative evaluation can have one of two objectives: an assessment of non-inferiority of a test parasiticide to a reference parasiticide, or an assessment of superiority of one treatment over another. We show that the observed efficacy of an ectoparasiticide can be viewed as a point estimate of its conditional " kill" probability. Thus concepts used in the comparative evaluation of human antibiotics, which involve the comparison of cure probabilities, can be applied to the situation of comparing parasiticide efficacy. In particular, we define non-inferiority of a test parasiticide to a reference parasiticide in terms of the " test - reference" difference of their efficacies. We outline the hypothesis testing framework and associated statistical decision rules for declaring either non-inferiority or superiority. Both non-inferiority and superiority can be evaluated statistically using confidence intervals. SAS and R code for data analysis is presented, and the methodology is applied to a data set from a controlled animal study. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Abbott's formula; Ectoparasiticides; Efficacy; Generalized linear model; Non-inferiority trial; Over-dispersion; Superiority trial	antiparasitic agent; article; controlled study; intermethod comparison; mathematical analysis; nonhuman; outcome assessment; probability; statistical analysis; treatment indication; treatment response; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Insecticides; Models, Biological; Models, Statistical; Research Design; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45549099349	Development and evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction test for the detection of Theileria parva infections in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle	Sibeko K.P., Oosthuizen M.C., Collins N.E., Geysen D., Rambritch N.E., Latif A.A., Groeneveld H.T., Potgieter F.T., Coetzer J.A.W.	2008	Veterinary Parasitology	155	42371	10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.033	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, Antwerp, B-2000, Belgium; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Sibeko, K.P., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Oosthuizen, M.C., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Collins, N.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Geysen, D., Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, Antwerp, B-2000, Belgium; Rambritch, N.E., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Latif, A.A., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Groeneveld, H.T., Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Potgieter, F.T., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Coetzer, J.A.W., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Corridor disease, caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva, is a controlled disease in South Africa. The Cape buffalo is the reservoir host and uninfected buffalo have become sought-after by the game industry in South Africa, particularly for introduction into Corridor disease-free areas. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for detection of T. parva DNA in buffalo and cattle was developed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the official diagnostic test package in South Africa. Oligonucleotide primers and hybridization probes were designed based on the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Amplification of control DNA using Theileria genus-specific primers resulted in detection of T. taurotragi and T. annulata, in addition to T. parva. A T. parva-specific forward primer was designed which eliminated amplification of all other Theileria species, except for Theileria sp. (buffalo); however only the T. parva product was detected by the T. parva-specific hybridization probe set. The real-time PCR assay requires less time to perform, is more sensitive than the other molecular assays previously used in T. parva diagnostics and can reliably detect the parasite in carrier animals with a piroplasm parasitaemia as low as 8.79 × 10 -4%. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Corridor disease; Detection; Real-time PCR; Theileria parva	animal experiment; animal parasitosis; article; buffalo; cattle; controlled study; diagnostic test; gene amplification; intermethod comparison; methodology; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; real time polymerase chain reaction; RNA gene; sensitivity and specificity; Theileria; Theileria annulata; Theileria parva; theileria taurotragi; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Disease Reservoirs; DNA, Protozoan; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sensitivity and Specificity; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Animalia; Bos; Ixodida; Protozoa; Syncerus caffer; Syncerus caffer caffer; Theileria; Theileria annulata; Theileria parva; Theileria sp.; Theileria taurotragi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77349122777	Development and evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the quantitative detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses from South Africa	Bhoora R., Quan M., Franssen L., Butler C.M., Van der Kolk J.H., Guthrie A.J., Zweygarth E., Jongejan F., Collins N.E.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	168	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.011	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.153, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Bhoora, R., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Quan, M., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Franssen, L., Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Butler, C.M., Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.153, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Van der Kolk, J.H., Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.153, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Guthrie, A.J., Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Zweygarth, E., Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Jongejan, F., Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Collins, N.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay using a TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB™) probe was developed for the detection of Babesia caballi infection in equids from South Africa. Nine previously published sequences of the V4 hypervariable region of the B. caballi 18S rRNA gene were used to design primers and probes to target unique, conserved regions. The B. caballi TaqMan MGB™ qPCR assay was shown to be efficient and specific. The detection limit, defined as the concentration at which 95% of positive samples can be detected, was determined to be 0.000114% parasitized erythrocytes (PE). We further evaluated a previously reported Theileria equi-specific qPCR assay and showed that it was able to detect the 12 T. equi 18S rRNA sequence variants previously identified in South Africa. Both qPCR assays were tested on samples from two ponies experimentally infected with either T. equi or B. caballi. The qPCR assays were more sensitive than the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the reverse-line blot (RLB) during the early onset of the disease. The assays were subsequently tested on field samples collected from 41 horses, resident on three stud farms in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. The IFAT detected circulating T. equi and B. caballi antibody in, respectively, 83% and 70% of the samples. The RLB detected T. equi parasite DNA in 73% of the samples, but none of the samples were positive for B. caballi, although 19 T. equi-positive samples also hybridized to the Babesia genus-specific probe. This could indicate a mixed T. equi and B. caballi infection in these samples, with either the B. caballi parasitaemia at a level below the detection limit of the B. caballi RLB probe, or the occurrence of a novel Babesia genotype or species. In contrast, the qPCR assays correlated fairly well with the IFAT. The B. caballi TaqMan MGB™ qPCR assay was able to detect B. caballi parasite DNA in 78% of the samples. The T. equi-specific qPCR assay could positively detect T. equi DNA in 80% of the samples. These results suggest that the qPCR assays are more sensitive than the RLB assay for the detection of T. equi and B. caballi infections in field samples. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Babesia caballi; Real-time PCR; Theileria equi	protozoal DNA; RNA 18S; analytic method; animal experiment; article; Babesia caballi; blotting; controlled study; equine piroplasmosis; erythrocyte; fluorescent antibody technique; gene identification; genetic variability; genotype; horse disease; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; quantitative study; real time polymerase chain reaction; reverse line blot; RNA sequence; sensitivity analysis; South Africa; Theileria; Theileria equi; theileriosis; Animals; Babesia; Babesiosis; DNA, Protozoan; Genotype; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Theileria; Theileriasis; Babesia; Babesia caballi; Equidae; Theileria equi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900439685	Development and evaluation of an ITS1 "Touchdown" PCR for assessment of drug efficacy against animal African trypanosomosis	Tran T., Napier G., Rowan T., Cordel C., Labuschagne M., Delespaux V., Van Reet N., Erasmus H., Joubert A., Büscher P.	2014	Veterinary Parasitology	202	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.005	Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Tran, T., Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Napier, G., Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Rowan, T., Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Cordel, C., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Labuschagne, M., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Delespaux, V., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Van Reet, N., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Erasmus, H., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, A., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Büscher, P., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium	Animal African trypanosomoses (AAT) are caused by flagellated protozoa of the Trypanosoma genus and contribute to considerable losses in animal production in Africa, Latin America and South East Asia. Trypanosoma congolense is considered the economically most important species. Drug resistant T. congolense strains present a threat to the control of AAT and have triggered research into discovery of novel trypanocides. In vivo assessment of trypanocidal efficacy relies on monitoring of treated animals with microscopic parasite detection methods. Since these methods have poor sensitivity, follow-up for up to 100 days after treatment is recommended to increase the chance of detecting recurrent parasitaemia waves. Molecular techniques are more amendable to high throughput processing and are generally more sensitive than microscopic detection, thus bearing the potential of shortening the 100-day follow up period. The study presents a "Touchdown" PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 of the ribosomal DNA (ITS1 TD PCR) that enables detection and discrimination of different Trypanosoma taxa in a single run due to variations in PCR product sizes. The assay achieves analytical sensitivity of 10 parasites per ml of blood for detection of T. congolense savannah type and T. brucei, and 100 parasites per ml of blood for detection of T. vivax in infected mouse blood. The ITS1 TD PCR was evaluated on cattle experimentally infected with T. congolense during an investigational new veterinary trypanocide drug efficacy study. ITS1 TD PCR demonstrated comparable performance to microscopy in verifying trypanocide treatment success, in which parasite DNA became undetectable in cured animals within two days post-treatment. ITS1 TD PCR detected parasite recrudescence three days earlier than microscopy and had a higher positivity rate than microscopy (84.85% versus 57.58%) in 66 specimens of relapsing animals collected after treatments. Therefore, ITS1 TD PCR provides a useful tool in assessment of drug efficacy against T. congolense infection in cattle. As the assay bears the potential for detection of mixed infections, it may be applicable for drug efficacy studies and diagnostic discrimination of T. vivax and T. congolense against other pathogenic trypanosomes, including T. brucei, T. evansi and T. equiperdum. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.	Cattle; ITS1; Touchdown PCR; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanozoon	antitrypanosomal agent; internal transcribed spacer 1; ribosome DNA; animal experiment; article; cattle; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; dog; drug efficacy; experimental infection; female; goat; hematocrit centrifugation technique; horse; human; intermethod comparison; male; microscopy; mouse; nagana; nonhuman; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; process development; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; touchdown polymerase chain reaction; Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma congolense; trypanosoma equiperdum; Trypanosoma gambiense; Trypanosoma rhodesiense; trypanosoma theileri; Trypanosoma vivax; Animalia; Bos; Mastigophora (flagellates); Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma equiperdum; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanozoon; Cattle; ITS1; Touchdown PCR; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanozoon; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Drug Resistance; Mice; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Trypanocidal Agents; Trypanosomiasis, African	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77349110190	Evaluation of Deltamethrin applications in the control of tsetse and trypanosomosis in the southern rift valley areas of Ethiopia	Bekele J., Asmare K., Abebe G., Ayelet G., Gelaye E.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	168	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.028	Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1337, Awassa, Ethiopia; Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Bekele, J., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1337, Awassa, Ethiopia; Asmare, K., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1337, Awassa, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ayelet, G., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Gelaye, E., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Deltamethrin (0.4% impregnated targets and 1% pour-on formulation) in controlling tsetse and trypanosomosis was carried out in two selected 10 km × 10 km Universal Transverse Mercator Grids of the Southern Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP) area in the southern rift valley of Ethiopia. The Grids selected were H3 (site I) and G5 (site II) in two districts of the Wolaita Zone. The trial was underway from September 2003 to April 2004. The strategy followed to accomplish the trial was a pre-intervention phase (entomology and parasitology) and an intervention phase with insecticide (Deltamethrin 0.4%)-impregnated odour-baited targets in site I and Deltamethrin 1% 'pour-on' application to cattle in site II. The intervention phase was monitored on a monthly basis. Following the deployment of 460 targets at a density of 4 targets per km2 in trial site I, the relative abundance of tsetse fly (Glossina pallidipes) declined from a pre-intervention mean catch of 1.35 flies per trap per day to 0.05 flies per trap per day at final monitoring. These resulted in an 88.9% overall reduction. Similarly, an 83.25% reduction was recorded in the incidence of trypanosomosis in sentinel cattle as it dropped from 10.75% (first monitoring) to 1.8% (last monitoring). The corresponding measures of packed cell volume (PCV) have shown a significant improvement from a mean of 21.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 20.7-22.9) at first monitoring to 25.5% (95% CI: 24.3-26.7) of last monitoring (P &lt; 0.01). In site II, the trial was started by spraying Deltamethrin 1% pour-on to 409 cattle at a rate of 1 ml/10 kg body weight. Pour-on treatment was repeated every month throughout the trial period. A sharp drop in the relative abundance of tsetse fly was revealed soon after. The catch was nil at fourth monitoring as it declined from 0.91 flies per trap per day of pre-intervention (P &lt; 0.01). A 94.9% overall reduction was achieved. The incidence of trypanosomosis in sentinel cattle also declined from 10% (first monitoring) to 0.95% (last monitoring) with about 90.5% decline. An improvement in the overall mean PCV was seen as it rose from a mean of 24.1% (95% CI: 22.9-25.3) at first monitoring to 27.2% (95% CI: 26.2-28.1) at last monitoring which revealed a significant increase (P &lt; 0.01) until the third monitoring and maintained a stable state thereafter. This work finally disclosed that a relatively better efficacy was attained by using Deltamethrin pour-on formulation than targets in controlling tsetse and trypanosomiosis. However, this difference did not prove an apparent significance (P &gt; 0.05). So it is recommended to continue the current tsetse suppression by using the integrated approach of both techniques under consideration. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Deltamethrin; Efficacy; Intervention; Pour-on; Sentinel cattle; Trypanosomosis; Tsetse	deltamethrin; article; biological monitoring; cattle; disease carrier; disease control; Ethiopia; hematocrit; incidence; insect control; intervention study; nonhuman; population abundance; population density; risk reduction; trypanosomiasis; tsetse fly; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Ethiopia; Female; Hematocrit; Insect Control; Insecticides; Male; Nitriles; Prevalence; Pyrethrins; Trypanosomiasis, African; Tsetse Flies; Bos; Glossina (genus); Glossina pallidipes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951241038	Performance of a Metarhizium anisopliae-treated semiochemical-baited trap in reducing Amblyomma variegatum populations in the field	Nchu F., Maniania N.K., Hassanali A., Eloff J.N.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	169	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.020	Icipe-African Insect Sciences for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Programme for Phytomedicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Nchu, F., Icipe-African Insect Sciences for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya, Programme for Phytomedicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Maniania, N.K., Icipe-African Insect Sciences for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Hassanali, A., Icipe-African Insect Sciences for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Eloff, J.N., Programme for Phytomedicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)-treated semiochemical-baited traps for control of Amblyomma variegatum Fabriscius (Acari: Ixodidae) under field conditions. Unfed A. variegatum adults (118) were seeded in each 100-m plot and allowed to acclimatise for 3 days. On the fourth day (Day 4), an emulsifiable formulation of M. anisopliae (consisting of 49.5% sterile distilled water, fungal conidia, 49.5% corn oil and 1% Tween 80) titrated at 109conidiaml-1 was applied in semiochemical-baited traps (900cm2) which were placed at five spots within the plot. The control and fungal treatments were repeated after 14 and 28 days soon after rotating the traps clockwise (45°) in order to cover different sections of the plot. In the control plots, emulsifiable formulation without fungus was applied in the semiochemical-baited traps. Six weeks after the initiation of the experiments, five semiochemical-baited traps (untreated) were deployed in each plot for 3 successive days to trap ticks in the treated and control plots. The percentage of ticks recovered in the fungus-treated plots were significantly lower (31.1±5.2%) than in the control plots (85.6±3%) (P&lt;0.001), which represented a relative tick reduction of 63.7%. Mortality of 93.8±2.3% was observed among the ticks that were recovered from the field and maintained in the laboratory for 2 weeks; while only 3.3±0.9% died from the control plots. The results of this study open up the possibility of developing an environmentally friendly and low cost application strategy to control Amblyomma ticks. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Amblyomma variegatum; Autoinnoculation strategy; Entomopathogenic fungi; Metarhizium anisopliae; Semiochemical-baited trap; Tick control; Vegetation	hormones and hormone analogs; kairomone; pheromone; unclassified drug; Amblyomma; amblyomma variegatum; animal experiment; animal trapping; article; conidium; controlled study; entomopathogenic fungus; female; field experiment; human; insect control; insecticidal activity; Metarhizium anisopliae; nonhuman; plant parasitic plant disease; tick infestation; treatment duration; vegetation; Animals; Antibiosis; Ixodidae; Metarhizium; Pest Control, Biological; Pheromones; Tick Control; Tick Infestations; Acari; Amblyomma; Amblyomma variegatum; Ascomycota; Fungi; Hypocreales; Ixodida; Ixodidae; Metarhizium anisopliae; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844264443	Evaluation of the phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper double backcross resource population: Indoor trickle challenge with Haemonchus contortus	Mugambi J.M., Audho J.O., Njomo S., Baker R.L.	2005	Veterinary Parasitology	127	04-Mar	10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.017	Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Mugambi, J.M., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; Audho, J.O., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Njomo, S., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Baker, R.L., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Six F1 Dorper (D) × Red Maasai (R) rams were mated to both D and R ewes to produce backcross lambs. These six double backcross resource families are being analysed to identify quantitative trait loci that may be controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites, mainly Haemonchus contortus. After assessing the phenotypic performance of the lambs following exposure to natural infections, the surviving lambs were drenched and moved indoors for an artificial challenge with H. contortus along with straightbred D and R lambs. A total of 1317 lambs were included in the analyses consisting of 523 3/4D, 580 3/4R, 87 D and 127 R. The D lambs were significantly and consistently heavier than R lambs and 3/4D were significantly heavier than the 3/4R lambs. The difference between the backcrosses was about half of that between the straightbreds. Resistance was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) at necropsy while packed cell volume (PCV) was used to assess resilience to weekly oral doses of 2500 infective larvae of H. contortus. No significant breed differences were observed for log transformed FEC (LFEC). A significant breed difference in PCV was recorded. The backcrosses had the higher values and while no differences were observed between the straightbreds, 3/4D had significantly higher PCV than the 3/4R. Despite the absence of breed differences in FEC the R and the 3/4R had significantly fewer worms than the D and the 3/4D. The D had significantly longer worms than the R and the 3/4D had significantly longer worms than the 3/4R. Worms recovered from D had more eggs than those recovered from R. Similarly worms from 3/4D contained more eggs than those from 3/4R. Thus, on a breed basis the breed with more worms had longer worms. In contrast, when, in a small part of the experiment two doses of larvae were used to check for any breed by dose interactions, worms from the low dose (and hence fewer worms) animals were longer. We postulate that in fast growing hosts like the D, worms also have a better potential for growth and reproduction than in hosts that have less potential for growth. The overall correlation coefficient between PCV and LFEC was -0.67 while that between LFEC and LTWC was 0.72. From these results it is clear that the R do not respond to the artificial challenge the way they do to natural infection suggesting that phenotyping of R and R cross lambs for purposes of selecting those that are resistant or susceptible is best done under natural challenge. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease resistance; Haemonchus contortus; Resilience; Sheep-Nematoda	animal experiment; article; autopsy; disease predisposition; egg laying; feces analysis; female; Haemonchus contortus; host parasite interaction; infection resistance; lamb; male; nonhuman; parasitosis; phenotype; provocation; quantitative trait locus; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Crosses, Genetic; Feces; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Haemonchiasis; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Phenotype; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898058291	Evaluation of the curative and preventive efficacy of a single oral administration of afoxolaner against cat flea Ctenocephalides felis infestations on dogs	Hunter J.S., Dumont P., Chester T.S., Young D.R., Fourie J.J., Larsen D.L.	2014	Veterinary Parasitology	201	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.024	Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA 30096, United States; Merial SAS, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; Young Veterinary Research Services, 7243 East Avenue, Turlock, CA 95380, United States; ClinVet International, Universitas 9301, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa	Hunter, J.S., Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA 30096, United States; Dumont, P., Merial SAS, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; Chester, T.S., Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA 30096, United States; Young, D.R., Young Veterinary Research Services, 7243 East Avenue, Turlock, CA 95380, United States; Fourie, J.J., ClinVet International, Universitas 9301, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa; Larsen, D.L., Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA 30096, United States	The efficacy of orally administered afoxolaner for treatment and prevention of repeated infestations with adult Ctenocephalides felis on dogs was evaluated in two studies after administration of a beef-flavored soft chew. In each study, 32 dogs were divided randomly into four equal groups. Dogs in Groups 1 and 3 were not treated and served as controls. Dogs in Groups 2 and 4 were treated on Day 0 with a combination of chewable tablets to be as close as possible to the minimum therapeutic dose of 2.5. mg/kg. All animals were infested experimentally with unfed C. felis (100. ±. 5) on Days -1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. Flea killing efficacy was evaluated in both studies while, efficacy against flea egg production was assessed in Study 1. Live fleas were counted at 12 (Groups 1 and 2) and 24. h (Groups 3 and 4), after treatment or after weekly infestations. In Study 1, flea eggs were collected and counted at either 12 or 24. h after each flea infestation on Days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The results of both studies demonstrate the long lasting and rapid efficacy of afoxolaner against C. felis, when administered as a single oral dose to dogs. For flea counts conducted 24. h after treatment or infestation, efficacy was 100% for all time points up to Day 36 in both studies, except for one time point (99.9% on Day 22) for Study 2. For flea counts performed 12. h after treatment or infestation, efficacy was ≥95.2% until Day 21 in both studies. Efficacy at 12. h was ≥93.0% on Day 35 in Study 1 and ≥89.7% on Day 35 in Study 2. The treated groups had significantly fewer fleas than untreated control dogs in both studies for all flea counts (p= 0.003 Study 1, p=0.0006 Study 2). In Study 1, for all egg counts performed at or beyond Day 7, efficacy in egg reduction was >99% for all time points between Days 7 and 35. © 2014 The Authors.	Afoxolaner; Ctenocephalides felis; Curative and prophylactic efficacy; Dogs; Fleas	afoxolaner; animal experiment; article; beagle; chewable tablet; controlled study; drug efficacy; experimental infection; female; flea bite; imago; male; nonhuman; randomized controlled trial; single drug dose; treatment outcome; Animalia; Canis familiaris; Ctenocephalides felis; Siphonaptera (fleas); Afoxolaner; Ctenocephalides felis; Curative and prophylactic efficacy; Dogs; Fleas; Administration, Oral; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Ctenocephalides; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Flea Infestations; Isoxazoles; Male; Naphthalenes; Parasite Egg Count; Random Allocation; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898059162	Evaluation of the efficacy of afoxolaner against two European dog tick species: Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus	Dumont P., Blair J., Fourie J.J., Chester T.S., Larsen D.L.	2014	Veterinary Parasitology	201	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.017	Merial SAS, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; ClinVet International, Universitas 9301, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa; Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA 30096, United States	Dumont, P., Merial SAS, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; Blair, J., Merial SAS, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France; Fourie, J.J., ClinVet International, Universitas 9301, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa; Chester, T.S., Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA 30096, United States; Larsen, D.L., Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA 30096, United States	The acaricidal efficacy of a novel oral formulation of afoxolaner (NEXGARD®, Merial) against two European tick species was assessed in dogs experimentally infested with Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. Three studies, each characterized by a negative controlled randomized block design, were conducted with a total of 52 beagle or mongrel dogs of both sexes. Starting 2 days before treatment, each dog was infested weekly with approximately 50 ticks. The number of live ticks was counted at 48h post-treatment (Day 2) as well as 48h following each infestation on Days 9, 16, 23, and 30. Afoxolaner, administered at an average dose of 2.7mg/kg bodyweight (range 2.5-2.9mg/kg), rapidly eliminated the pre-existing tick infestations with over 99% acaricidal efficacy and controlled the weekly re-infestations for up to 30 days post treatment with over 96% efficacy on both tick species. Afoxolaner provides excellent acaricidal efficacy against these two major European tick species using the oral route of administration. © 2014 The Authors.	Afoxolaner; Dermacentor reticulatus; Dog; Ixodes ricinus; Tick	afoxolaner; nexgard; unclassified drug; acaricidal activity; animal experiment; article; beagle; controlled study; Dermacentor reticulatus; drug activity; drug efficacy; drug formulation; experimental infection; female; Ixodes ricinus; male; mongrel dog; nonhuman; parasite clearance; randomized controlled trial; tick infestation; Canis familiaris; Dermacentor reticulatus; Ixodes ricinus; Ixodida; Afoxolaner; Dermacentor reticulatus; Dog; Ixodes ricinus; Tick; Acaricides; Animals; Dermacentor; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Isoxazoles; Ixodes; Male; Naphthalenes; Parasite Load; Random Allocation; Tick Infestations; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751615380	Evaluation of a TaqMan real-time PCR for the detection of Theileria parva in buffalo and cattle	Papli N., Landt O., Fleischer C., Koekemoer J.O., Mans B.J., Pienaar R., Josemans A., Zweygarth E., Potgieter F., Latif A.A.	2011	Veterinary Parasitology	175	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.038	Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; TIB MOLBIOL Syntheselabor GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23, D-12103 Berlin, Germany	Papli, N., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Landt, O., TIB MOLBIOL Syntheselabor GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23, D-12103 Berlin, Germany; Fleischer, C., TIB MOLBIOL Syntheselabor GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23, D-12103 Berlin, Germany; Koekemoer, J.O., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Mans, B.J., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Pienaar, R., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Josemans, A., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Zweygarth, E., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Potgieter, F., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Latif, A.A., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	A real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan probe chemistry was developed for the detection of Theileria parva DNA in blood samples. It uses a Theileria genus-specific PCR primer set and a T. parva-specific probe to amplify and hybridize with a species-specific part of the 18S rRNA gene of the parasite. The test was evaluated using positive and negative reference blood samples and shown to be specific for T. parva. Analytical sensitivity was determined by testing a dilution series of T. parva positive blood. It was shown to be able to detect parasitaemia as low as 2×10 -6%. The Taqman assay results were also compared with that obtained with the real-time hybridization probe PCR assay, which is currently employed as the official test for the diagnosis of T. parva infections in buffalo and cattle and was shown to be equally sensitive. A panel of 1164 field samples was screened using both assays and 164 samples tested positive in both tests, indicating a good correlation. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	18s rRNA; Corridor disease; Hybridization probe; Real-time PCR; Sensitivity; Specificity; TaqMan probe; Theileria parva	RNA 18S; article; blood sampling; buffalo; cattle; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; DNA determination; East Coast fever; hybridization polymerase chain reaction; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; real time polymerase chain reaction; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Theileria parva; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Protozoan; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Parasitemia; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Species Specificity; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Bos; Theileria; Theileria parva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868303870	Evaluation of plant species used traditionally to treat myiasis for activity on the survival and development of Lucilia cuprina and Chrysomya marginalis (Diptera: Calliphoridae)	Mukandiwa L., Eloff J.N., Naidoo V.	2012	Veterinary Parasitology	190	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.027	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Mukandiwa, L., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Naidoo, V., Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Myiasis is a common parasitic problem of livestock responsible for severe economic losses in developing and developed countries. There are a number of challenges with the current control strategy, which depends largely on the use of pharmaceutical chemicals. These include inaccessibility, the increasing concern about pesticide accumulation in the environment and potential development of insecticide resistance in the devastating myiasis-causing flies. Consequently the search for alternatives is important. The use of plants in the treatment of wound myiasis in livestock as an alternative to commercial insecticides has been reported in resource poor areas worldwide. We therefore, undertook a study to establish the biological activity of seven plant species used against blowflies in southern Africa. A larvicidal assay was carried out in which third instar larvae of blowfly were fed meat treated with acetone leaf extracts of selected plant species. Four of the species, Aloe zebrina, Clausena anisata, Erythrina lysistemon and Spirostachys africana, induced developmental anomalies in the blowfly such as paralysis, prolongation of the prepuparium stage, reduced pupation rates, pupal malformations and reduced adult emergence. These results suggest that the plants may contain compounds that interfere with the neuroendocrine control mechanisms in the blowfly. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Blowflies; Ethnoveterinary medicine; Larvicidal activity; Myiasis; Pupal malformation	Aloe marlothii extract; Aloe zebrina extract; Calpurnia aurea extract; Clausena anisata extract; Erythrina lysistemon extract; ivermectin; plant extract; Psydrax livida extract; Spirostachys africana extract; unclassified drug; Africa; Aloe; Aloe marlothii; Aloe zebrina; article; Calliphoridae; Calpurnia aurea; Chrysomya marginalis; Clausena; clausena anisata; controlled study; Erythrina; Erythrina lysistemon; insect development; insecticidal activity; larva; lucilia cuprina; medicinal plant; nonhuman; plant leaf; Psydrax livida; sheep blowfly strike; Spirostachys africana; survival; Animals; Biological Assay; Diptera; Larva; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants; Pupa; Aloe; Calliphoridae; Chrysomya marginalis; Clausena anisata; Diptera; Erythrina lysistemon; Lucilia cuprina; Spirostachys africana; Zebrina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84953369397	Mixed methods evaluation of targeted selective anthelmintic treatment by resource-poor smallholder goat farmers in Botswana	Walker J.G., Ofithile M., Tavolaro F.M., van Wyk J.A., Evans K., Morgan E.R.	2015	Veterinary Parasitology	214	42371	10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.10.006	School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, United Kingdom; Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Elephants for Africa, Maun, Botswana; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom	Walker, J.G., School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, United Kingdom, Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, Elephants for Africa, Maun, Botswana; Ofithile, M., Elephants for Africa, Maun, Botswana; Tavolaro, F.M., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom; van Wyk, J.A., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Evans, K., School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, United Kingdom, Elephants for Africa, Maun, Botswana; Morgan, E.R., Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom	Due to the threat of anthelmintic resistance, livestock farmers worldwide are encouraged to selectively apply treatments against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Targeted selective treatment (TST) of individual animals would be especially useful for smallholder farmers in low-income economies, where cost-effective and sustainable intervention strategies will improve livestock productivity and food security. Supporting research has focused mainly on refining technical indicators for treatment, and much less on factors influencing uptake and effectiveness. We used a mixed method approach, whereby qualitative and quantitative approaches are combined, to develop, implement and validate a TST system for GINs in small ruminants, most commonly goats, among smallholder farmers in the Makgadikgadi Pans region of Botswana, and to seek better understanding of system performance within a cultural context. After the first six months of the study, 42 out of 47 enrolled farmers were followed up; 52% had monitored their animals using the taught inspection criteria and 26% applied TST during this phase. Uptake level showed little correlation with farmer characteristics, such as literacy and size of farm. Herd health significantly improved in those herds where anthelmintic treatment was applied: anaemia, as assessed using the five-point FAMACHA© scale, was 0.44-0.69 points better (95% confidence interval) and body condition score was 0.18-0.36 points better (95% C.I., five-point scale) in treated compared with untreated herds. Only targeting individuals in greatest need led to similar health improvements compared to treating the entire herd, leading to dose savings ranging from 36% to 97%. This study demonstrates that TST against nematodes can be implemented effectively by resource-poor farmers using a community-led approach. The use of mixed methods provides a promising system to integrate technical and social aspects of TST programmes for maximum uptake and effect. © 2015 The Authors.	FAMACHA©; Goats; Livestock management; Nematodes; Participatory epidemiology; Targeted selective treatment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649322097	Evaluation of selected growth factor expression in canine spirocercosis (Spirocerca lupi)-associated non-neoplastic nodules and sarcomas	Dvir E., Clift S.J.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	174	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.032	Section of Small Animal Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Section of Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Dvir, E., Section of Small Animal Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Clift, S.J., Section of Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	The study aims to assess the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the progression of the spirocercosis-induced oesophageal nodule in the dog from early, non-neoplastic, inflammatory nodule to sarcomatous neoplasia.Triplicate 4μm-thick sections from 62 paraffin blocks containing Spirocerca-induced nodules were treated according to the steptavidin-biotin (LSAB) immunohistochemical method using polyclonal goat-anti-canine VEGF and anti-human FGF and PDGF antibodies. The nodules were classified as early inflammatory (n=15), pre-neoplastic (n=27) and neoplastic (n=20). Additionally, 10 sections of normal distal third of the oesophagus and 21 non-spirocercosis-related sarcomas were evaluated and compared with the Spirocerca-induced nodules. Five non-overlapping high power fields per case were evaluated under the light microscope and the fibroblasts were evaluated for percentage of labelled cells. The intensity of labelling was further classified as weak (score 1) or strong (score 2). The intensity score was multiplied by the percentage of labelled fibroblasts to yield a field score and the final score was obtained by calculating an average of the five fields. Antigen labelling was compared between the different histological grades and the controls using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test for comparison between specific groups. The level of significance was set at 0.05.There were significant differences between the groups' score in all the growth factors that were examined. The normal oesophagus showed no labelling for any of the growth factors. FGF scored highest in the non-spirocercosis-related sarcoma group (median 118, 3-194) followed by the spirocercosis-induced sarcoma (34.5, 0-138), pre-neoplastic nodule (8, 0-99) and early nodule (0, 0-30) groups. All the differences among the groups were significant. VEGF scored highest in the non-spirocercosis-related sarcoma group (median 47, 1-110) followed by the spirocercosis-induced sarcoma (26, 0-136), pre-neoplastic nodule (0, 0-62) and early nodule (0, 0-35) groups. PDGF scored highest in the non-spirocercosis-related sarcoma group (median 29.2, 0-70) followed by the pre-neoplastic nodule (23.4, 0-95), early nodule (13.6, 0-132) and spirocercosis-induced sarcoma (0, 0-47) groups.The expression of VEGF and FGF increased as the nodule progressed from early inflammation to sarcoma, but it was not limited to spirocercosis-induced sarcomas. The expression of PDGF in spirocercosis was restricted to the early stages of nodule progression. Further investigation is warranted to establish whether FGF, VEGF or PDGF play a role in the pathogenesis of the malignant transformation in canine spirocercosis or are they simply integral to angiogenesis induction? © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Fibroblast growth factor; Platelet-derived growth factor; Sarcoma; Spirocerca lupi; Spirocercosis; Vascular endothelial growth factor	fibroblast growth factor; platelet derived growth factor; vasculotropin A; animal cell; animal tissue; antigen detection; article; controlled study; disease association; dog; esophagus cancer; immunohistochemistry; inflammatory disease; microscopy; nematode; nematodiasis; nonhuman; pathogenesis; protein expression; sarcoma; spirocerca lupi; spirocercosis; tumor growth; tumor vascularization; upregulation; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Gene Expression Regulation; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Sarcoma; Spirurida Infections; Thelazioidea; Canis familiaris; Capra hircus; Spirocerca; Spirocerca lupi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548837460	Evaluation of three serological tests for brucellosis in naturally infected cattle using latent class analysis	Muma J.B., Toft N., Oloya J., Lund A., Nielsen K., Samui K., Skjerve E.	2007	Veterinary Microbiology	125	02-Jan	10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.012	Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 70062, Kampala, Uganda; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Animal Disease Research Institute, Canada Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ont. K2H 8P9, Canada	Muma, J.B., Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Toft, N., Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; Oloya, J., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 70062, Kampala, Uganda; Lund, A., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Nielsen, K., Animal Disease Research Institute, Canada Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ont. K2H 8P9, Canada; Samui, K., Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Skjerve, E., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway	Serological methods are traditionally used in diagnosis of brucellosis. However, the comparative performance of these tests and their accuracy under the local environment in Zambia has not been assessed. Thus, the objective of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of three serological tests for brucellosis; Rose Bengal Test (RBT), competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and Fluorescence Polarisation Assay (FPA) in naturally infected cattle in Zambia without an appropriate reference test to classify animals into truly infected and non-infected. Serological test results from a study to determine sero-prevalence were used to compare the performance of RBT, c-ELISA and FPA in diagnosing brucellosis in traditional cattle. Since none of the tests can be seen as a perfect reference test or gold standard, their performance in a population of naturally infected cattle was evaluated using latent class analysis which allows the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) to be estimated in the absence of a gold standard. The highest Se was achieved by the c-ELISA (97%; Credible Posterior Interval (CPI) = 93-100%) and the highest Sp by the FPA (93%; CPI = 85-99%), conversely these tests also had the lowest Sp and Se, respectively, with the RBT performing well in both the Se (93%; CPI = 84-98%) and Sp (81%; CPI = 61-97). © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Brucellosis; c-ELISA; FPA; RBT; Sensitivity; Specificity	rose bengal; article; brucellosis; cattle disease; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; fluorescence polarization immunoassay; gold standard; nonhuman; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; serology; seroprevalence; Zambia; Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bayes Theorem; Brucella; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; Rose Bengal; Sensitivity and Specificity; Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872202990	Comparative evaluation of novel African swine fever virus (ASF) antibody detection techniques derived from specific ASF viral genotypes with the OIE internationally prescribed serological tests	Gallardo C., Soler A., Nieto R., Carrascosa A.L., De Mia G.M., Bishop R.P., Martins C., Fasina F.O., Couacy-Hymman E., Heath L., Pelayo V., Martín E., Simón A., Martín R., Okurut A.R., Lekolol I., Okoth E., Arias M.	2013	Veterinary Microbiology	162	1	10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.011	European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Umbria e delle Marche (IZS-UM), 06126 Perugia, Italy; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (FMV-UTL), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Production Animal Studies Department, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Ministère de la Production Animale et des Ressources Halieutiques - LANADA-LCPA, Cote d'Ivoire; ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), PO Box 102, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Wildlife Services, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, PO Box 30027, Nairobi, Kenya	Gallardo, C., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Soler, A., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Nieto, R., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Carrascosa, A.L., Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain; De Mia, G.M., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Umbria e delle Marche (IZS-UM), 06126 Perugia, Italy; Bishop, R.P., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Martins, C., Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (FMV-UTL), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Fasina, F.O., Production Animal Studies Department, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Couacy-Hymman, E., Ministère de la Production Animale et des Ressources Halieutiques - LANADA-LCPA, Cote d'Ivoire; Heath, L., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Pelayo, V., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Martín, E., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Simón, A., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Martín, R., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Okurut, A.R., Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), PO Box 102, Entebbe, Uganda; Lekolol, I., Department of Wildlife Services, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, PO Box 30027, Nairobi, Kenya; Okoth, E., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Arias, M., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain	The presence of antibodies against African swine fever (ASF), a complex fatal notifiable OIE disease of swine, is always indicative of previous infection, since there is no vaccine that is currently used in the field. The early appearance and subsequent long-term persistence of antibodies combined with cost-effectiveness make antibody detection techniques essential in control programmes. Recent reports appear to indicate that the serological tests recommended by the OIE for ASF monitoring are much less effective in East and Southern Africa where viral genetic and antigenic diversity is the greatest. We report herein an extensive analysis including more than 1000 field and experimental infection sera, in which the OIE recommended tests are compared with antigen-specific ELISAs and immuno-peroxidase staining of cells (IPT). The antibody detection results generated using new antigen-specific tests, developed in this study, which are based on production of antigen fractions generated by infection and virus purification from COS-1 cells, showed strong concordance with the OIE tests. We therefore conclude that the lack of success is not attributable to antigenic polymorphism and may be related to the specific characteristics of the local breeds African pigs. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Antibody detection; ASFV; Diagnosis	virus antibody; African swine fever virus; animal cell; antibody detection; antigen specificity; article; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; genotype; immunoperoxidase staining; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; sensitivity and specificity; virus detection; virus purification; Africa, Southern; African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigenic Variation; Antigens, Viral; Cell Line; Endemic Diseases; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Genotype; Haplorhini; Swine; African swine fever virus; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049159089	Evaluation of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for the diagnosis and screening of lumpy skin disease using Bayesian method	Gari G., Biteau-Coroller F., LeGoff C., Caufour P., Roger F.	2008	Veterinary Microbiology	129	42433	10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.005	Sebeta National Animal Health Research Center, PO Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CIRAD, Emerging and Exotic Animal Disease Control Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	Gari, G., Sebeta National Animal Health Research Center, PO Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia, CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Biteau-Coroller, F., CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; LeGoff, C., CIRAD, Emerging and Exotic Animal Disease Control Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Caufour, P., CIRAD, Emerging and Exotic Animal Disease Control Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Roger, F., CIRAD, Epidemiology and Ecology, Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-16/E, Campus International Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	The performance of indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for serological diagnosis and screening of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was evaluated using methods without gold standard. Virus neutralization test (VNT) was used as the second test and the study sites were selected from two different geographical places in Ethiopia to get different disease prevalence. The analysis of conditional dependent Bayesian model for the accuracy of IFAT showed that sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of the population Pi1 and the population Pi2 were 0.92 (0.89-0.95), 0.88 (0.85-0.91), 0.28 (0.25-0.32) and 0.06 (0.048-0.075), respectively. The posterior inferences obtained for VNT sensitivity, specificity and conditional correlation between the tests for sensitivity (rhoD) and specificity (rhoDc) were 0.78 (0.74-0.83), 0.97 (0.95-0.99), 0.052 (-0.03-0.15) and 0.019 (-0.01-0.06), respectively. The interval estimation of conditional correlation for both sensitivity and specificity clusters around zero and thus conditional dependence between the two tests was not significant. Although accuracy measure would not be the only basis for test selection, the result of our study demonstrated that IFAT has a reasonable high accuracy to be used for the diagnosis and sero-surveillance analysis of LSD in the target population. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bayesian model; Cattle; Ethiopia; IFAT; Lumpy skin disease; Sensitivity; Specificity	article; Bayes theorem; cattle disease; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic procedure; Ethiopia; fluorescent antibody technique; nonhuman; Poxvirus; screening; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; statistical analysis; virus neutralization; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bayes Theorem; Cattle; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Likelihood Functions; Lumpy Skin Disease; Lumpy skin disease virus; Male; Mass Screening; Neutralization Tests; Prevalence; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847397493	Cloning and expression of Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid (N) protein and evaluation of a N-protein based indirect ELISA for the detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies in domestic ruminants	Fafetine J.M., Tijhaar E., Paweska J.T., Neves L.C.B.G., Hendriks J., Swanepoel R., Coetzer J.A.W., Egberink H.F., Rutten V.P.M.G.	2007	Veterinary Microbiology	121	42371	10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.008	Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Special Pathogens Unit, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands	Fafetine, J.M., Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Tijhaar, E., Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Paweska, J.T., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Special Pathogens Unit, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Neves, L.C.B.G., Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Hendriks, J., Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Swanepoel, R., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Special Pathogens Unit, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Coetzer, J.A.W., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Egberink, H.F., Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Rutten, V.P.M.G., Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan I, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands	Serodiagnosis of Rift Valley fever (RVF) currently relies on the use of live or inactivated whole virus as antigens. The recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein of RVF virus was tested for diagnostic applicability in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), using sera from experimentally infected sheep (n = 128), vaccinated sheep (n = 240), and field-collected sera from sheep (n = 251), goats (n = 362) and cattle (n = 100). The N-protein based I-ELISA performed at least as good as VN and HI tests. In goat the diagnostic sensitivity (D-Sn) and specificity (D-Sp) of the I-ELISA was 100% when using the anti-species IgG conjugate. Using protein G as a detection system, the D-Sn and D-Sp in goats were 99.4% and 99.5%, in sheep field sera both 100%, in cattle 100% and 98.3%, respectively. The I-ELISA based on recombinant N-protein has the potential to complement the traditional assays for serodiagnosis of RVF. Advantages of the N-protein are its safety, stability and cost-effectiveness in use and production. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diagnostic accuracy; Indirect IgM and IgG ELISA; Recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein; Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus; Ruminants	immunoglobulin G; immunoglobulin M; nucleocapsid protein; protein G; recombinant protein; animal experiment; animal model; antibody detection; article; bovids; cattle; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; diagnostic accuracy; domestic species; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; goat; hemagglutination inhibition; hemorrhagic fever; molecular clock; nonhuman; protein analysis; protein expression; protein stability; Rift Valley fever bunyavirus; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; sheep; vaccination; virus inactivation; virus neutralization; virus nucleocapsid; Animal Diseases; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Specificity; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Goat Diseases; Goats; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Neutralization Tests; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Recombinant Proteins; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Bos; Capra hircus; Ovis aries; Rift Valley fever virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84953222801	Testicular and Related Size Evaluations in Nigerian Sahel Goats with Optimal Cauda Epididymal Sperm Reserve	Abba Y., Igbokwe I.O.	2015	Veterinary Medicine International	2015	None	10.1155/2015/357519	Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang	Abba, Y., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Igbokwe, I.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	Testicular sizes of animals are important for identification of those with adequate sperm production. The aim of this study was to define the testicular and related size estimates that would be associated with optimal cauda epididymal sperm counts (ESC) in Sahel goats based on postmortem evaluations. A stratified quota sample population of 125 male goats inclusive of all testicular sizes was taken at a slaughterhouse in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The bucks were aged 18-30 months and weighed 17.04 ± 2.99 (12-25) kg. Body, testicular, and epididymal weights of each goat with other related size measurements were estimated. ESC was determined from homogenized tissue using a manual cytometer. At the cut-off ESC of &gt;1.1 × 109 sperm heads, 66 (52.80%) of the goats had optimal ESC which was associated with testicular weight of 59.90 ± 16.10 (31.40-86.20) g, gonadosomatic index of 3.51 ± 0.69 (2.00-4.50) g/kg, and scrotal circumference of 19.07 ± 1.29 (17.00-21.80) cm. The size variables of the scrotum and testis correlated with one another and with the ESC. These findings provide data that may be used to anticipate adequate antemortem sperm reserve based on testicular size during preliminary selection of sires for breeding from a sexually mature Sahel buck population. © 2015 Y. Abba and I. O. Igbokwe.	None	None	None
None	None	Epidemiological aspects and economic impact of bovine theileriosis (East Coast fever) and its control: A preliminary assessment with special reference to Kibaha district, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Ruheta M.R., Mkonyi P.A., Malamsha P.C.	2007	Veterinary Journal	173	2	10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.013	Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ruheta, M.R., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mkonyi, P.A., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malamsha, P.C., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study based on clinical examination, inspection of herd health records and a questionnaire was designed to determine the epidemiology, economics and potential impact of immunisation against theileriosis in Tanzania. The results showed annual theileriosis costs to be US$ 205.40 per head, whereas the introduction of immunisation reduced this by 40-68% depending on the post immunisation dipping strategy adopted. Morbidity risk due to theileriosis was 0.048 in immunised and 0.235 in non-immunised cattle, and the difference was significant (χ2 = 66.7; P = 0.000). The questionnaire results indicated that immunised cattle had a significantly (χ2 = 6; P = 0.015) higher risk of anaplasmosis compared with non-immunised cattle, whereas the risk of bovine babesiosis did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.06; P = 0.807) between the two groups. Mortality risk due to anaplasmosis was 0.046 in immunised and 0.018 in non-immunised cattle and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 4.48; P = 0.043). The theileriosis mortality risk was 0.203 in the non-immunised cattle, while the risk was 0.009 in the immunised cattle and these differences were also significant (χ2 = 103; P = 0.000). It was concluded that farmers who have immunised their cattle may cautiously cut down acaricide application by 50% for extensively grazed herds and by 75% for zero grazed animals depending on the level of tick challenge at the herd level. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anaplasmosis; Babesiosis; Cost benefit ratio; Infection and treatment method; Net present value; Tanzania; Theileriosis; Tick-borne disease	acaricide; agricultural worker; anaplasmosis; animal experiment; animal model; animal parasitosis; article; babesiosis; cattle disease; clinical examination; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; economic evaluation; epidemiological data; grazing; herd; immunization; medical record; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; prevalence; questionnaire; statistical significance; Tanzania; Animals; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Insecticides; Protozoan Vaccines; Tanzania; Theileriasis; Tick Control; Vaccination; Animalia; Bos; Bovinae; Ixodida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887609214	Evaluation of snake envenomation-induced renal dysfunction in dogs using early urinary biomarkers of nephrotoxicity	Hrovat A., Schoeman J.P., de Laat B., Meyer E., Smets P., Goddard A., Nagel S., Daminet S.	2013	Veterinary Journal	198	1	10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.030	Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium	Hrovat, A., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Schoeman, J.P., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; de Laat, B., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Meyer, E., Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Smets, P., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Goddard, A., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Nagel, S., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Daminet, S., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium	Renal dysfunction in dogs envenomed by poisonous snakes is currently detected using traditional serum and urinary biomarkers such as creatinine and proteinuria. However, these markers lack sensitivity at the early stages of renal dysfunction and their diagnostic accuracy is affected by pre-analytical factors commonly occurring in these dogs, such as haemolysis and haemoglobinuria. Early detection of renal dysfunction would allow for the identification of dogs requiring intensive treatment and monitoring and may help inform prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of several novel urinary biomarkers of glomerular dysfunction, namely, urinary albumin (uAlb), immunoglobulin G (uIgG) and C-reactive protein (uCRP) and of proximal tubular dysfunction (urinary retinol binding protein (uRBP)) compared to traditional end points in dogs with renal damage caused by snake envenomation. Biomarker results were compared between 19 dogs bitten by snakes producing either neurotoxins or cytotoxins and 10 clinically healthy controls.uAlb, uIgG, and uRBP were significantly increased in snake-envenomed dogs at presentation compared to controls, whereas only uIgG and uCRP were significantly elevated 24. h post-envenomation. The urinary protein:creatinine ratio was also increased in envenomed dogs compared to controls, but because of the presence of haematuria and haemoglobinuria, differentiation between pre-renal and renal proteinuria was not possible. The results showed that these novel urinary biomarkers may assist in better detecting renal dysfunction in dogs envenomed by poisonous snakes at the acute disease stage compared to traditional laboratory endpoints. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Canine; Envenomation; Glomerular biomarker; Renal injury; Tubular biomarker	albumin; biological marker; C reactive protein; creatinine; immunoglobulin G; nitrogen; retinol binding protein; urea; article; controlled study; creatinine blood level; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; dog; envenomation; hematuria; hemoglobinuria; intermethod comparison; kidney dysfunction; nephrotoxicity; nonhuman; poisonous snake; protein urine level; proteinuria; urea nitrogen blood level; veterinary toxicology; Canis familiaris; Serpentes; Canine; Envenomation; Glomerular biomarker; Renal injury; Tubular biomarker; Albuminuria; Animals; Biological Markers; C-Reactive Protein; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Diseases; Male; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Snake Bites	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956265695	In vitro and in vivo evaluation of five low molecular weight proteins of Ehrlichia ruminantium as potential vaccine components	Sebatjane S.I., Pretorius A., Liebenberg J., Steyn H., Van Kleef M.	2010	Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology	137	42433	10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.05.011	ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Sebatjane, S.I., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Pretorius, A., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Liebenberg, J., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Steyn, H., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Van Kleef, M., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Low molecular weight (LMW) proteins of E. ruminantium can induce proliferation of immune peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by CD4+-enriched T-cells. In this study, a reverse vaccinology approach was applied to identify additional vaccine candidates focusing on genes that encode LMW proteins smaller than 20. kDa. Five open reading frames (ORFs) were selected from the E. ruminantium genome and their corresponding recombinant (r) proteins were produced in a bacterial expression system. Their ability to induce proliferative responses and IFN-γ production was evaluated in vitro using lymphocyte proliferation and ELISPOT assays. All five recombinant proteins induced proliferation of immune PBMCs and IFN-γ production by these cells. The corresponding five genes were each individually incorporated into pCMViUBs, a mammalian expression vector and tested as a potential vaccine in sheep using a DNA prime-protein boost immunisation regimen. A cocktail of these DNA constructs protected one out of five sheep against a virulent E. ruminantium (Welgevonden) needle challenge. Three of the five vaccinated sheep showed an increase in their proliferative responses and production of IFN-γ before challenge. This response decreased after challenge in the sheep that succumbed to the challenge and increased in the sheep that survived. This finding indicates that sustained IFN-γ production is likely to be involved in conferring protective immunity against heartwater. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	DNA vaccine; E. ruminantium; ELISPOT; Recombinant proteins	gamma interferon; plasmid DNA; recombinant protein; animal model; article; bacterial genome; bacterial infection; cell proliferation; controlled study; cytokine production; Ehrlichia ruminantium; enzyme linked immunospot assay; in vitro study; in vivo study; lymphocyte proliferation; molecular weight; nonhuman; open reading frame; peripheral blood mononuclear cell; sheep; vaccination; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Ehrlichia ruminantium; Immunization, Secondary; Interferon-gamma; Lymphocyte Activation; Molecular Weight; Open Reading Frames; Sheep; Vaccines, DNA; Bacteria (microorganisms); Ehrlichia ruminantium; Mammalia; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749181538	Comparative field evaluation of two rapid immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer)	Michel A.L., Simões M.	2009	Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology	127	42371	10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.025	Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; UTAD (Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro) and ACD (Associacao Ciencia para o Desenvolviment, Portugal	Michel, A.L., Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Simões, M., UTAD (Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro) and ACD (Associacao Ciencia para o Desenvolviment, Portugal	Panels of sera from African buffalo with confirmed bovine tuberculosis and from known uninfected controls were used to evaluate the performance of two commercial rapid chromatographic immunoassays (A and B) for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis. The sensitivity was 33% and 23%, respectively, while the specificity was determined at 90% and 94%, respectively. Overall the performance of both diagnostic tests under field conditions was not found sufficiently high to support their use in bovine tuberculosis management and control strategies in South African game reserves. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	African buffalo; Bovine tuberculosis; Immunodiagnosis; Rapid test	animal experiment; animal model; article; buffalo; controlled study; diagnostic test; immunoassay; Mycobacterium bovis; nonhuman; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; Syncerus caffer; tuberculosis; Animals; Animals, Wild; Antibodies, Bacterial; Buffaloes; Case-Control Studies; Immunoassay; Mycobacterium bovis; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Tuberculosis; Bovinae; Mycobacterium bovis; Syncerus caffer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953316162	Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of RBT, c-ELISA and fluorescence polarisation assay for diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle using latent class analysis	Matope G., Muma J.B., Toft N., Gori E., Lund A., Nielsen K., Skjerve E.	2011	Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology	141	42371	10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.005	Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32397, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Preclinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Ontario Laboratories (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, ON, K2H 8P9, Canada; Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Copenhagen University, Grønnegaardsvej 8, DK 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway	Matope, G., Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muma, J.B., Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32397, Lusaka, Zambia; Toft, N., Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Copenhagen University, Grønnegaardsvej 8, DK 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Gori, E., Department of Preclinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Lund, A., Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Nielsen, K., Ontario Laboratories (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, ON, K2H 8P9, Canada; Skjerve, E., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway	The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the Rose Bengal test (RBT), competitive ELISA (c-ELISA), serum (sFPA) and blood (bFPA) fluorescence polarisation assay for brucellosis were evaluated using latent class analysis using sera and whole blood collected from infected cattle reared in smallholder dairy farms of Zimbabwe. The latent class model allowed estimation of Se and Sp in the absence of a gold standard test. The c-ELISA had the highest Se (99.0%; 95% credible posterior interval (CPI): 94.8; 100%), while the RBT and sFPA had the highest Sp (99.0%; 95% CPI: 98.0; 99.6%). The bFPA had the lowest Se (71.3%; 95% CPI: 56.2, 83.5%), while its Sp (96.3%; CPI: 93.9; 98.0%) was marginally higher than that of the c-ELISA (95.4% CPI: 93.7; 96.8%). Therefore based on these data, test regimen using the RBT and c-ELISA could be suitable for diagnosis of brucellosis in smallholder dairies in Zimbabwe. Based on cost and ease of performance, the sFPA may be adopted as a confirmatory test, but its performance may be optimised by altering cut-off points to suit the Zimbabwean conditions. Thus, latent class models provide an alternative method for evaluating Se and Sp of diagnostic tests, which could be used to optimise test performance in different cattle populations. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Brucellosis; C-ELISA; FPA; Latent class analysis; RBT	rose bengal; analytic method; animal experiment; article; brucellosis; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; evaluation; fluorescence polarization; latent class analysis; nonhuman; performance; sensitivity and specificity; serum; Zimbabwe; Animals; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; Rose Bengal; Sensitivity and Specificity; Zimbabwe; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919391242	The evaluation of candidate biomarkers of cell-mediated immunity for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer)	Goosen W.J., Cooper D., Warren R.M., Miller M.A., van Helden P.D., Parsons S.D.C.	2014	Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology	162	42433	10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.008	DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Goosen, W.J., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Cooper, D., Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Warren, R.M., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Miller, M.A., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; van Helden, P.D., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Parsons, S.D.C., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa	We evaluated commercially available bovine enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a human IP-10 ELISA to measure IP-10, MIG, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and IL1-RA in buffalo plasma in order to identify sensitive markers of the immune response to Mycobacterium bovis-specific peptides. Additionally, we found that all coding mRNA sequences of these cytokines showed very high homology with their homologues in domestic cattle (97-99%) as did the derived amino acid sequences (97-99%). This high sequence homology between cattle and buffaloes supports the use of bovine ELISAs for the detection these cytokines in buffaloes. MCP-1 concentration showed a positive correlation with that of IFN-γ (p=. 0.0077) and appears to occur in far greater abundance in buffaloes when compared to humans. Using a bovine IP-10 ELISA, levels of this cytokine were found to be significantly increased in antigen-stimulated blood samples from M. bovis test positive buffaloes (p < 0.0001) and IP-10 was detected in far greater abundance than IFN-γ. Measurement of IP-10 with this ELISA may prove to be a sensitive marker of M. bovis infection in African buffaloes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	African buffalo; Bovine tuberculosis; Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Interferon gamma; Interferon gamma-induced protein 10	gamma interferon; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein; messenger RNA; monocyte chemotactic protein 1; monocyte chemotactic protein 2; monocyte chemotactic protein 3; biological marker; CXCL9 chemokine; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; interleukin 1 receptor blocking agent; monocyte chemotactic protein; African buffalo; amino acid sequence; Article; blood sampling; bovine tuberculosis; cellular immunity; domestic cattle; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; evaluation study; gene expression assay; immune response; nonhuman; sequence homology; animal; blood; bovine; buffalo; cellular immunity; immunology; microbiology; mycobacteriosis; Mycobacterium bovis; nonparametric test; procedures; veterinary; Bos; Bos taurus; Bovinae; Bubalus; Mycobacterium bovis; Syncerus caffer; Animals; Biological Markers; Buffaloes; Cattle; Chemokine CXCL10; Chemokine CXCL9; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunity, Cellular; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium Infections; Statistics, Nonparametric	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651481968	Evaluation of butorphanol, medetomidine and midazolam as a reversible narcotic combination in free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo)	Wenger S., Buss P., Joubert J., Steenkamp J., Shikwambana P., Hatt J.-M.	2010	Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia	37	6	10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00569.x	Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa	Wenger, S., Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Buss, P., Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; Joubert, J., Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; Steenkamp, J., Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; Shikwambana, P., Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; Hatt, J.-M., Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland	Objective To evaluate the effects of the combination butorphanol, medetomidine and midazolam (BMM) and its reversibility in lions.Study design Prospective clinical trial.Animals Thirty free-ranging lions, 10 male and 20 female, weighing 81-210 kg.Methods Lions were immobilised with butorphanol mean 0.31 ± SD 0.034 mg kg-1, medetomidine 0.052 ± 0.006 mg kg-1, midazolam 0.21 ± 0.024 mg kg-1 and hyaluronidase 1250 IU administered intramuscularly with a dart gun. Upon recumbency, physiological parameters and anaesthetic depth were monitored 10-15 minutes after darting (T1) and repeated every 10 minutes for a further 30 minutes (T2, T3, T4). Arterial blood gas analyses were performed at T1 and T4. At the end of the procedure, 45-60 minutes after initial darting, immobilisation was reversed with naltrexone 0.68 ± 0.082 mg kg-1, atipamezole 0.26 ± 0.031 mg kg-1, and flumazenil 0.0032 ± 0.0007 mg kg-1 administered intravenously and subcutaneously.Results The BMM combination rapidly induced immobilisation and lateral recumbency was reached within 7.25 ± 2.3 minutes. Median induction score [scored 1 (excellent) to 4 (poor)] was 1.4 (range 1-2). Cardio-respiratory parameters were stable. Heart rate varied from 32 to 72 beats per minute, respiratory rate from 14 to 32 breaths minute-1 and rectal temperature from 36.6 to 40.3 °C. No sudden arousals were observed. Arterial blood gas analyses revealed a mean pH of 7.33, PaCO2 of 33 mmHg and PaO2 of 87 mmHg. Mild to moderate hypoxemia was seen in four lions. Recovery was smooth and lions were walking within 4.4 ± 4.25 minutes. Median recovery score [scored 1 (excellent) to 4 (poor)] was 1.3 (range 1-2).Conclusion and clinical relevance The drug combination proved to be effective in immobilising free-ranging healthy lions of both sexes with minimal cardio-respiratory changes. © 2010 The Authors. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia © 2010 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists.	Atipamezole; Butorphanol; Flumazenil; Lion; Medetomidine; Midazolam; Naltrexone	analgesic agent; butorphanol; hypnotic sedative agent; medetomidine; midazolam; narcotic agent; narcotic antagonist; animal; article; clinical trial; drug combination; female; lion; male; South Africa; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Butorphanol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Lions; Male; Medetomidine; Midazolam; Narcotic Antagonists; Narcotics; South Africa; Panthera leo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954649815	Growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed dietary fumonisin	Gbore F.A., Akele O.	2010	Veterinarski Arhiv	80	3	None	School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Adekun	Gbore, F.A., School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Akele, O., Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	To account for the potential effects of dietary mycotoxin on growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical constituents of rabbit, 24 mature female rabbits were assigned to three diets containing 0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg fumonisin/kg constituting the control diet, and diets 1 and 2, respectively. The animals were initially maintained on these diets for 2 weeks before they were mated and subsequently for 4 weeks after mating. Dietary fumonisin significantly (P<0.05) reduced the daily dry matter intake (DMI) and final live weight. The daily DMI of the rabbits fed diets 1 and 2 were 6.32 and 50.13% respectively lower than the daily DMI of rabbits fed the control diet. The erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume and haemoglobin values significantly (P<0.05) decreased, while the leukocyte values of the pregnant rabbits increased with the increase in the dietary fumonisin concentrations. Pregnant does fed the control diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher serum total protein concentrations than those fed diets 1 and 2. The serum enzymes significantly (P<0.05) increased in rabbits fed diets 1 and 2. Diet containing 5 mg fumonisin/kg may reduce growth performance and induce negative responses in the haematology and serum biochemistry of pregnant does, which may affect the proper development of foetuses.	Fumonisin; Fusarium verticillioides; Haematology; Pregnant rabbit; Serum biochemistry	Animalia; Fusarium; Gibberella moniliformis; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879665343	Effects and impact of witchcraft on Sotho Reformed Churches and the biblical view of witchcraft	Semenya D.K., Letsosa R.	2013	Verbum et Ecclesia	34	1	10.4102/ve.v34i1.676	Unit for Reformed Theology, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	Semenya, D.K., Unit for Reformed Theology, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; Letsosa, R., Unit for Reformed Theology, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	The aim of this article is to analyse the effects and impact of witchcraft on members of the Basotho Reformed Church who ascribe to witchcraft. From the literature, it is clear that some members of the Basotho Reformed Church practise various forms of witchcraft. Some Christians do not directly involve themselves with practices linked to witchcraft but do participate in healing practices. This article highlights a number of such instances and provides a number of guidelines to churchgoers who are adhering to practices of witchcraft. These guidelines should be relevant to them when they are reflecting on their relationship with the Lord with the aim to live in obedience to God's Word. © 2013. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884137465	Performance assessment of ga district mutual health insurance scheme, greater accra region, Ghana	Nsiah-Boateng E., Aikins M.	2013	Value in Health Regional Issues	2	2	10.1016/j.vhri.2013.06.005	Claims Department, National Health Insurance Scheme, Ashiedu Keteke Submetro Office, Accra, Ghana; Health Policy, Planning and Management Department, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Nsiah-Boateng, E., Claims Department, National Health Insurance Scheme, Ashiedu Keteke Submetro Office, Accra, Ghana; Aikins, M., Health Policy, Planning and Management Department, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Objective: This study assessed performance of the Ga District Mutual Health Insurance Scheme over the period 2007-2009. Methods: The desk review method was used to collect secondary data on membership coverage, revenue, expenditure, and claims settlement patterns of the scheme. A household survey was also conducted in the Madina Township by using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire to determine community coverage of the scheme. Results: The study showed membership coverage of 21.8% and community coverage of 22.2%. The main reasons why respondents had not registered with the scheme are that contributions are high and it does not offer the services needed. Financially, the scheme depended largely on subsidies and reinsurance from the National Health Insurance Authority for 89.8% of its revenue. Approximately 92% of the total revenue was spent on medical claims, and 99% of provider claims were settled beyond the stipulated 4-week period. Conclusions: There is an increasing trend in medical claims expenditure and lengthy delay in claims settlements, with most of them being paid beyond the mandatory 4-week period. Introduction of cost-containment measures including co-payment and capitation payment mechanism would be necessary to reduce the escalating cost of medical claims. Adherence to the 4-week stipulated period for payment of medical claims would be important to ensure that health care providers are financially resourced to deliver continuous health services to insured members. Furthermore, resourcing the scheme would be useful for speedy vetting of claims and also, community education on the National Health Insurance Scheme to improve membership coverage and revenue from the informal sector. © 2013 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).	Claims settlements; Ghana; Membership coverage; National Health Insurance Scheme.	article; capitation fee; financial management; Ghana; health care cost; health care delivery; health impact assessment; health insurance; health survey; medical fee; national health insurance; priority journal; semi structured interview	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884131310	The methodological challenges for the estimation of quality of life in children for use in economic evaluation in low-income countries	Mabugu T., Revill P., van den Berg B.	2013	Value in Health Regional Issues	2	2	10.1016/j.vhri.2013.07.005	Clinical Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, United Kingdom	Mabugu, T., Clinical Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Revill, P., Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, United Kingdom; van den Berg, B., Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, United Kingdom	Objectives: The assessment of quality of life (QOL) in children has been underresearched in high- and low-income countries alike. This is partly due to practical and methodological challenges in characterizing and assessing children's QOL. This article explores these challenges and highlights considerations in developing age-specific instruments for children affected by HIV and other health conditions in Africa and other low-income settings. Methods: A literature search identified works that have 1) developed, 2) derived utilities for, or 3) applied QOL tools for use in economic evaluations of HIV interventions for children. We analyzed the existing tools specifically in terms of domains considered, variations in age bands, the recommended respondents, and the relevance of the tools to African and also other low-income country contexts. Results: Only limited QOL research has been conducted in low-income settings on either adults or children with HIV. A few studies have developed and applied tools for children (e.g., in Thailand, Brazil, and India), but none have been in Africa. The existing methodological literature is inconclusive on the appropriate width or depth by which to define pediatric QOL. The existing instruments include QOL domains such as "physical functioning," "emotional and cognitive functioning," "general behavior (social, school, home)," "health perception," "coping and adaptation," "pain and discomfort," "extended effects," "life perspective," and "autonomy.". Conclusions: QOL assessment in children presents a series of practical and methodological challenges. Its application in low-income settings requires careful consideration of a number of context-specific factors. © 2013 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).	Children; HIV/AIDS; Low-income; Quality of life	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; academic achievement; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adaptive behavior; Africa; age distribution; article; child; cognition; coping behavior; cost benefit analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; cultural factor; economic evaluation; emotion; functional assessment; geographic names; health behavior; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; life event; lowest income country; lowest income group; methodology; pain; priority journal; quality of life; social behavior	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884124849	The impact of pharmaceutical care intervention on the quality of life of nigerian patients receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes	Adibe M.O., Ukwe C.V., Aguwa C.N.	2013	Value in Health Regional Issues	2	2	10.1016/j.vhri.2013.06.007	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Pharmacotherapeutic Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Adibe, M.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria, Pharmacotherapeutic Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Ukwe, C.V., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria, Pharmacotherapeutic Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Aguwa, C.N., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria, Pharmacotherapeutic Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Objectives: To evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care (PC) intervention on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study was a randomized, controlled study with a 12-month patient follow-up. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethical Committees of the institutions in which this study was conducted. A total of 110 patients were randomly assigned to each of the "intervention" (PC) and "control" (usual care [UC]) groups. Patients in the UC group received the usual/conventional care offered by the hospitals. Patients in the PC group received UC and additional PC for 12 months. The HUI23S4EN.40Q (developed by HUInc - Mark index 2&3) questionnaire was used to assess the HRQOL of the patients at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Two-sample comparisons were made by using Student's t tests for normally distributed variables or Mann-Whitney U tests for nonnormally distributed data at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Comparisons of proportions were done by using the chi-square test. Results: The overall HRQOL (0.86 ± 0.12 vs. 0.64 ± 0.10; P < 0.0001) and single attributes except "hearing" functioning of the patients were significantly improved at 12 months in the PC intervention arm when compared with the UC arm. The HRQOL utility score was highly negatively (deficit ≥10%) associated with increasing age (≥52 years), diabetes duration (>4 years), emergency room visits, comorbidity of hypertension, and stroke in both PC and UC groups. Conclusion: Addition of PC to UC improved the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. © 2013 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).	HRQOL; Patients with diabetes; Pharmaceutical care intervention; Quality of life; Usual care	adult; article; cerebrovascular accident; chi square test; comorbidity; controlled study; disease duration; emergency care; eye disease; female; follow up; human; hypertension; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; patient care; pharmaceutical care; priority journal; prospective study; quality of life; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; rank sum test; Student t test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884132277	Systematic review of economic evaluation literature in Ghana: Is health technology assessment the future?	Odame E.A.	2013	Value in Health Regional Issues	2	2	10.1016/j.vhri.2013.07.006	Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana	Odame, E.A., Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana	Objectives: In many countries, such as Ghana, there is an increasing impetus to use economic evaluation to allow more explicit and transparent health care priority setting. An important question for policymakers in low-income countries, however, is whether it is possible to introduce economic evaluation data into health care priority-setting decisions. Methods: This article systematically reviewed the literature on economic evaluation on medical devices and pharmaceuticals in Ghana published between 1997 and 2012. Its aim was to analyze the quantity, quality, and targeting of economic evaluation studies that relate to medical devices and pharmaceuticals and provide a framework for those conducting similar health technology assessment reviews in similar contexts. Results: The review revealed that the number of publications reporting economic evaluations was minimal with regard to medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Conclusions: With the introduction of the National Health Insurance Scheme since 2004 policymakers are confronted with the challenge of allocating scarce resources rationally. Priority setting therefore has to be guided by a sound knowledge of the costs of providing health services. The need for economic evaluation is thus important. More costing studies were found; there were very few cost-effectiveness analysis studies. If economic evaluation is useful for policymakers only when performed correctly and reported accurately, these findings depict barriers to using economic evaluation to assist decision-making processes in Ghana; hence, there is a need for an independent health technology assessment unit. © 2013 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).	Economic evaluation; Ghana; Medical devices; Pharmaceuticals	article; cost; decision making; economic evaluation; Ghana; health care policy; health impact assessment; health service; medical device; national health insurance; pharmaceutics; priority journal; publication; quality control; resource allocation; systematic review	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84915784151	Economic evaluation of a cluster randomized trial of interventions to improve health workers' practice in diagnosing and treating uncomplicated malaria in cameroon	Mangham-Jefferies L., Wiseman V., Achonduh O.A., Drake T.L., Cundill B., Onwujekwe O., Mbacham W.	2014	Value in Health	17	8	10.1016/j.jval.2014.07.010	Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Came	Mangham-Jefferies, L., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Wiseman, V., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Achonduh, O.A., Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Drake, T.L., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rajwithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand; Cundill, B., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Onwujekwe, O., Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria (Enugu Campus), Enugu, Nigeria; Mbacham, W., Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon	Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are a valid alternative to malaria testing with microscopy and are recommended for the testing of febrile patients before prescribing an antimalarial. There is a need for interventions to support the uptake of RDTs by health workers.Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing RDTs with basic or enhanced training in health facilities in which microscopy was available, compared with current practice.Methods A three-arm cluster randomized trial was conducted in 46 facilities in central and northwest Cameroon. Basic training had a practical session on RDTs and lectures on malaria treatment guidelines. Enhanced training included small-group activities designed to change health workers' practice and reduce the consumption of antimalarials among test-negative patients. The primary outcome was the proportion of febrile patients correctly treated: febrile patients should be tested for malaria, artemisinin combination therapy should be prescribed for confirmed cases, and no antimalarial should be prescribed for patients who are test-negative. Individual patient data were obtained from facility records and an exit survey. Costs were estimated from a societal perspective using project reports and patient exit data. The analysis used bivariate multilevel modeling and adjusted for imbalance in baseline covariates.Results Incremental cost per febrile patient correctly treated was $8.40 for the basic arm and $3.71 for the enhanced arm. On scale-up, it was estimated that RDTs with enhanced training would save $0.75 per additional febrile patient correctly treated.Conclusions Introducing RDTs with enhanced training was more cost-effective than RDTs with basic training when each was compared with current practice. © 2014 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).	Cameroon cluster-randomized trial; cost-effectiveness analysis; health worker training; malaria practice; words	antimalarial agent; artemisinin; adolescent; adult; Article; Cameroon; child; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; female; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria; malaria rapid test; male; medical education; microscopy; outcome assessment; practice guideline; randomized controlled trial; scale up	ACT, Arts and Culture Trust
WoS	WOS:000345469000029	The impact of introducing new vaccines on the health system: Case studies from six low- and middle-income countries	Burchett, Helen E. D.,Chavez, Enrique,Edengue, Jean-Marie,Gelmon, Lawrence,Griffiths, Ulla K.,Kitaw, Yayehirad,Konate, Mamadou,Lagarde, Mylene,Mills, Anne,Molla, Mitike,Mounier-Jack, Sandra,Ongolo-Zogo, Pierre,Onyango-Ouma, Washington,Rulisa, Stephen,Torr	2014	VACCINE	33	49	10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.032	Addis Ababa University, University of London, University of Manitoba, University of Nairobi, University of Rwanda, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Minist Hlth, Yaounde Cent Hosp	"Burchett, Helen E. D.: University of London","Griffiths, Ulla K.: University of London","Lagarde, Mylene: University of London","Mills, Anne: University of London","Molla, Mitike: Addis Ababa University","Mounier-Jack, Sandra: University of London","Onyango-Ouma, Washington: University of Nairobi","Rulisa, Stephen: University of Rwanda","Torres-Rueda, Sergio: University of London",	Objective: We aimed to explore the impacts of new vaccine introductions on immunization programmes and health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We conducted case studies of seven vaccine introductions in six countries (Cameroon, PCV; Ethiopia, PCV; Guatemala, rotavirus; Kenya, PCV; Mali, Meningitis A; Mali, PCV; Rwanda, HPV). Interviews were conducted with 261 national, regional and district key informants and questionnaires were completed with staff from 196 health facilities. Routine data from districts and health facilities were gathered on vaccination and antenatal service use. Data collection and analysis were structured around the World Health Organisation health system building blocks. Findings: The new vaccines were viewed positively and seemed to integrate well into existing health systems. The introductions were found to have had no impact on many elements within the building blocks framework. Despite many key informants and facility respondents perceiving that the new vaccine introductions had increased coverage of other vaccines, the routine data showed no change. Positive effects perceived included enhanced credibility of the immunisation programme and strengthened health workers' skills through training. Negative effects reported included an increase in workload and stock outs of the new vaccine, which created a perception in the community that all vaccines were out of stock in a facility. Most effects were found within the vaccination programmes; very few were reported on the broader health systems. Effects were primarily reported to be temporary, around the time of introduction only. Conclusion: Although the new vaccine introductions were viewed as intrinsically positive, on the whole there was no evidence that they had any major impact, positive or negative, on the broader health systems. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).	"HEALTH SYSTEMS","immunisation programmes",INTRODUCTIONS,"new vaccines",AFRICA,"ELIMINATION ACTIVITIES",IMMUNIZATION,MEASLES,"POLIO ERADICATION",PROGRAM	None	None
None	None	Impact of measles outbreak response vaccination campaign in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Goodson J.L., Wiesen E., Perry R.T., Mach O., Kitambi M., Kibona M., Luman E.T., Cairns K.L.	2009	Vaccine	27	42	10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.057	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, East and South Inter-country Support Team, Zimbabwe; Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social, Welfare, Tanzania; Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Tanzania	Goodson, J.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Wiesen, E., World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, East and South Inter-country Support Team, Zimbabwe; Perry, R.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Mach, O., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Kitambi, M., Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social, Welfare, Tanzania; Kibona, M., Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Tanzania; Luman, E.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Cairns, K.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States	We assessed the impact of a measles outbreak response vaccination campaign (ORV) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Age-specific incidence rates were calculated before and after the ORV. Incidence rate ratios for the two time periods were compared and used to estimate expected cases and deaths prevented by ORV. The ratio of measles incidence rates in the age groups targeted and not targeted by ORV decreased from 5.8 prior to ORV to 1.8 (p < 0.0001) after; 506 measles cases and 18 measles deaths were likely averted. These results support the need for revised recommendations concerning ORV in general settings in Africa.	Immunization; Measles; Outbreak; Vaccination	measles vaccine; adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; child; controlled study; epidemic; female; health program; health survey; human; incidence; infant; major clinical study; male; measles; measles vaccination; outbreak response vaccination; outcome assessment; preschool child; priority journal; school child; Tanzania; Adolescent; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Models, Biological; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051470804	The potential impact of an HIV vaccine with limited protection on HIV incidence in Thailand: A modeling study	Nagelkerke N.J.D., Hontelez J.A.C., de Vlas S.J.	2011	Vaccine	29	36	10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.048	Department of Community Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Nijmegen International Center for Health System Analysis and Education (NICHE), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa	Nagelkerke, N.J.D., Department of Community Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Hontelez, J.A.C., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Nijmegen International Center for Health System Analysis and Education (NICHE), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; de Vlas, S.J., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands	Background: The RV144 trial on the ALVAC/AIDSVAX candidate HIV vaccine, carried out in Thailand, showed short-lived protection against infection. Methods: Using a deterministic compartmental model we explored the potential impact of this vaccine on heterosexual HIV transmission in Thailand. Both one-off vaccination strategies, as well as strategies with regular boosting, either annually or every two years, were explored. Both targeting the general adult population and prioritizing sex workers were modeled. The impact of risk compensation among high risk groups, as well as whether higher levels of safe sex in high risk groups could be an alternative to vaccination, was studied. Results: One-off vaccination campaigns had only transient effects, and boosting appears to be a key component of successful vaccination campaigns. Intensive vaccination campaigns may reduce HIV incidence by up to 75% after 10 years of vaccination. Targeting only sex workers has a smaller impact but has a more favorable cost-benefit ratio. Risk compensation has the potential of undoing much of the benefits of a vaccination program and may even increase incidence. In contrast, higher levels of safe sex among sex workers would provide a viable alternative to vaccinating this group. Discussion: The new vaccine holds promise for controlling HIV in Thailand and similar countries. In view of the short lived protection of the vaccine, regular boosting of immunity as well as avoidance of risk compensation are essential. Targeting sex workers would achieve the greatest reduction in incidence per vaccination and may be considered for expensive vaccines but its cost-effectiveness has to be compared to alternatives. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	HIV; Modeling; Population impact; Targeting	alvac; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; unclassified drug; article; compartment model; cost benefit analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; heterosexuality; high risk population; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; population research; priority journal; prostitution; safe sex; sensitivity analysis; Thailand; vaccination; virus transmission; Adult; AIDS Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunization Programs; Immunization, Secondary; Incidence; Male; Models, Theoretical; Risk Factors; Safe Sex; Sex Workers; Sexual Behavior; Thailand; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869088741	Early infection dynamics after experimental challenge with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in calves reveal limited calf-to-calf transmission and no impact of Hsp70 vaccination	Santema W.J., Poot J., Segers R.P.A.M., Van den Hoff D.J.P., Rutten V.P.M.G., Koets A.P.	2012	Vaccine	30	49	10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.065	Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Microbiological R and D, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands	Santema, W.J., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Poot, J., Microbiological R and D, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands; Segers, R.P.A.M., Microbiological R and D, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Van den Hoff, D.J.P., Microbiological R and D, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Rutten, V.P.M.G., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Koets, A.P., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands	Efficient control of bovine paratuberculosis is hampered by lack of a vaccine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate efficacy of a candidate vaccine, consisting of recombinant Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Hsp70 with DDA adjuvant, in calves experimentally infected with MAP. Four groups of 14 animals each were used. Animals in group 1 and 2 were all vaccinated with Hsp70/DDA at day 0, 84, 168 and 357, and those in group 3 and 4 were non-vaccinated controls. In each group half (n=. 7) of the animals were challenged and the remaining half served as contacts. Blood and fecal samples were collected at three week intervals until day 588, and subsequently all animals were subjected to necropsy. The primary outcomes assessed were fecal culture (FC) of MAP, tissue colonization of MAP, and transmission of infection to contact animals. The kinetics of MAP shedding in feces of challenged animals showed a peak around 130 days post-challenge, irrespective of vaccination status. At necropsy no differences in the level of tissue colonization between vaccinated animals and controls were observed in the challenged groups. Only one contact animal (non-vaccinated) was positive at necropsy, indicating limited to no transmission within groups. These findings indicate that Hsp70/DDA vaccination does not influence early infection dynamics after experimental infection. However, early shedding of MAP in calves did not result in efficient transmission of infection to contact animals. The latter implies that introduction of an infected calf in a cohort of susceptibles has limited consequences for spread of infection. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Cattle; Efficacy; Hsp70; Paratuberculosis; Subunit vaccine; Transmission	bacterial vaccine; recombinant mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; autopsy; bacterial colonization; bacterial shedding; blood sampling; calf (bovine); controlled study; disease transmission; feces analysis; feces culture; female; male; Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; nonhuman; paratuberculosis; priority journal; vaccination; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Disease Models, Animal; Feces; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Vaccination; Vaccines, Subunit	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051471460	The potential impact of RV144-like vaccines in rural South Africa: A study using the STDSIM microsimulation model	Hontelez J.A.C., Nagelkerke N., Bärnighausen T., Bakker R., Tanser F., Newell M.-L., Lurie M.N., Baltussen R., de Vlas S.J.	2011	Vaccine	29	36	10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.059	Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States; Department of Epidemiology and the International Health Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States	Hontelez, J.A.C., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Nagelkerke, N., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Department of Community Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United States, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Bärnighausen, T., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States; Bakker, R., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Tanser, F., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Lurie, M.N., Department of Epidemiology and the International Health Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Baltussen, R., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; de Vlas, S.J., Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Background: The only successful HIV vaccine trial to date is the RV144 trial of the ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccine in Thailand, which showed an overall incidence reduction of 31%. Most cases were prevented in the first year, suggesting a rapidly waning efficacy. Here, we predict the population level impact and cost-effectiveness of practical implementation of such a vaccine in a setting of a generalised epidemic with high HIV prevalence and incidence. Methods: We used STDSIM, an established individual-based microsimulation model, tailored to a rural South African area with a well-functioning HIV treatment and care programme. We estimated the impact of a single round of mass vaccination for everybody aged 15-49, as well as 5-year and 2-year re-vaccination strategies for young adults (aged 15-29). We calculated proportion of new infections prevented, cost-effectiveness indicators, and budget impact estimates of combined ART and vaccination programmes. Results: A single round of mass vaccination with a RV144-like vaccine will have a limited impact, preventing only 9% or 5% of new infections after 10 years at 60% and 30% coverage levels, respectively. Revaccination strategies are highly cost-effective if vaccine prices can be kept below 150 US/vaccine for 2-year revaccination strategies, and below 200 US/vaccine for 5-year revaccination strategies. Net cost-savings through reduced need for HIV treatment and care occur when vaccine prices are kept below 75 US/vaccine. These results are sensitive to alternative assumptions on the underlying sexual network, background prevention interventions, and individual's propensity and consistency to participate in the vaccination campaign. Discussion: A modestly effective vaccine can be a cost-effective intervention in highly endemic settings. To predict the impact of vaccination strategies in other endemic situations, sufficient knowledge of the underlying sexual network, prevention and treatment interventions, and individual propensity and consistency to participate, is key. These issues are all best addressed in an individual-based microsimulation model. © 2011.	Cost-effectiveness; HIV vaccine; Mathematical model; Microsimulation model; South Africa	Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; RV144; RV144 like vaccine; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; article; clinical trial (topic); cost effectiveness analysis; drug cost; drug efficacy; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection prevention; major clinical study; male; priority journal; revaccination; rural area; sexual behavior; simulation; South Africa; vaccination; Adolescent; Adult; AIDS Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Computer Simulation; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunization Programs; Immunization, Secondary; Incidence; Male; Mass Vaccination; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Rural Population; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858280812	Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of live oral pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine introduction in Ghana	Abbott C., Tiede B., Armah G., Mahmoud A.	2012	Vaccine	30	15	10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.076	Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Abbott, C., Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Tiede, B., Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Armah, G., Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Mahmoud, A., Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Background: Globally, rotavirus gastroenteritis is the most common identifiable cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5. Recently introduced rotavirus vaccines from Merck &amp; Co. and GlaxoSmithKline have the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives. Efficacy results in Ghana suggest Merck &amp; Co.'s live oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq ®) prevents 65.0% of severe gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection in children under 5. The announcement by Merck and GSK to make their rotavirus vaccines available for developing nations at reduced prices provides Ghana with the opportunity to introduce rotavirus vaccines into the national immunization program after investigation of the medical, economic and political implications. Methods: We estimated the average costs of treating children with diarrhea in the Ashanti region of Ghana as inpatients and outpatients. Using these results, data from rotavirus surveillance studies, and recent rotavirus vaccine efficacy evaluation, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of introducing RotaTeq in Ghana. Results: Based on our prospective calculations, we estimated an average inpatient and outpatient costs of $233.97 and $17.09, respectively, for treating childhood diarrhea. Using the 2003 birth cohort, RotaTeq introduction could save 1554 lives and avert 93,109 disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) annually. At a market price of $5 per dose, introducing RotaTeq would have a base-case cost of $62.26 per DALY averted, at a market price of $3.50 per dose, a base-case cost of $39.59 per DALY averted and at market cost of $1 per dose, a base-case cost of $1.81 per DALY averted. All three values are below the 2009 Ghana per capita GDP. Thus, RotaTeq introduction into Ghana will be very cost-effective. Sensitivity analyses suggest these results are robust. Conclusions: RotaTeq vaccination for children under five in Ghana would be a highly cost-effective public health intervention. Ghanaian health officials should seek GAVI funding and evaluate how to maximize RotaTeq access. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Cost-effectiveness; Ghana; Rotavirus vaccine	Rotavirus vaccine; article; childhood disease; cost effectiveness analysis; drug cost; female; Ghana; health care cost; human; infectious diarrhea; major clinical study; male; priority journal; Rotavirus infection; sensitivity analysis; vaccination; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diarrhea; Female; Gastroenteritis; Ghana; Health Care Costs; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247121753	Evaluation of recombinant BCG expressing rotavirus VP6 as an anti-rotavirus vaccine	Dennehy M., Bourn W., Steele D., Williamson A.-L.	2007	Vaccine	25	18	10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.087	Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20 Appia Avenue, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa	Dennehy, M., Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Bourn, W., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; Steele, D., Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20 Appia Avenue, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Anzio Road, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa	Recombinant BCG expressing rotavirus VP6 was explored as an anti-rotavirus vaccine in a mouse model. Three promoters and five ribosome-binding sites were used in episomal and integrative E. coli-mycobacterium shuttle vectors to express VP6 in BCG. The VP6 gene was configured for accumulation within the BCG cytoplasm, secretion from the BCG cell or targeting to the BCG cell membrane. Vectors were assessed in terms of stability, levels of antigen production, immunogenicity and protection in mice. Gross instability occurred in episomal vectors utilizing the hsp60 promoter. However, three integrative vectors using the same expression system and two episomal vectors using inducible promoters were successfully recovered from BCG. Growth rates of the former were not detectably reduced. Growth rates of the latter were considerably reduced, implying the existence of a significant metabolic load. In the absence of selection, loss rate of these plasmids was high. VP6 production levels (0.04-1.78% of total cytoplasmic protein) were on the lower end of the range reported for other rBCG. One episomal and one integrated vaccine reduced viral shedding in intraperitoneally vaccinated mice challenged with rotavirus. Compared to controls, infection-associated faecal shedding of virus was reduced by 66% and 62%, respectively. These protective vectors differ in promoter, ribosome-binding site and antigen production level, but both link the VP6 protein to the 19 kDa lipoprotein signal sequence, suggesting that transport of VP6 to the BCG membrane is important for induction of a protective immune response. Protection occurred in the absence of detectable anti-rotavirus antibody in serum or faeces, implicating cellular immunity in protection. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	BCG; Rotavirus; VP6	BCG vaccine; cytoplasm protein; heat shock protein 60; lipoprotein; protein VP6; recombinant vaccine; rotatex; Rotavirus vaccine; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; article; binding site; cell membrane; controlled study; cytoplasm; drug mechanism; drug stability; episome; Escherichia coli; female; gene expression regulation; growth rate; immunity; immunogenicity; mouse; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; plasmid; priority journal; promoter region; protein expression; protein secretion; protein transport; ribosome; Rotavirus; shuttle vector; signal transduction; target cell; virus infection; virus load; virus shedding; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Female; Genetic Vectors; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mycobacterium bovis; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus Vaccines; Transformation, Genetic; Vaccines, Synthetic	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946574725	Hepatitis B virus infection in northern Uganda: Impact of pentavalent hepatitis B vaccination	Teshale E.H., Kamili S., Drobeniuc J., Denniston M., Bakamutamaho B., Downing R.	2015	Vaccine	33	46	10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.058	Division of Viral Hepatitis, CDC, Atlanta, United States; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda	Teshale, E.H., Division of Viral Hepatitis, CDC, Atlanta, United States; Kamili, S., Division of Viral Hepatitis, CDC, Atlanta, United States; Drobeniuc, J., Division of Viral Hepatitis, CDC, Atlanta, United States; Denniston, M., Division of Viral Hepatitis, CDC, Atlanta, United States; Bakamutamaho, B., Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Downing, R., Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda	Chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHBI) is effectively prevented by vaccination starting at birth. Beginning in 2002 Uganda adopted a policy of providing the pentavalent hepatitis B vaccine starting at 6 weeks of age. However, there is concern that this delay may leave the infant vulnerable to infection during the first 6 weeks of life. We assessed whether vaccination at 6 weeks was an effective strategy by HBV serologic study. Of 656 persons tested for HBV, 9.4% were chronically infected; among children aged 5-9 years the prevalence was 7.6%. Of all tested, 73 were born (i.e., aged ≤4 years) after the introduction of the pentavalent vaccine; none were infected with HBV (p=. 0.003). In this study, vaccination with the pentavalent vaccine at 6 weeks did not result in CHBI, but rather provides an opportunity to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HBV infection where there is no access to birth-dose vaccine. © 2015.	Birth-dose; Hepatitis B virus; Mother-to-infant transmission; Pentavalent vaccine; Prevalence	hepatitis B vaccine; adult; age distribution; Article; child; child health care; hepatitis B; human; major clinical study; prevalence; priority journal; Uganda; vaccination; vertical transmission; virus transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880723820	Roadmap for the international collaborative epidemiologic monitoring of safety and effectiveness of new high priority vaccines	Izurieta H.S., Zuber P., Bonhoeffer J., Chen R.T., Sankohg O., Laserson K.F., Sturkenboom M., Loucq C., Weibel D., Dodd C., Black S.	2013	Vaccine	31	35	10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.027	Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, United States; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Brighton Collaboration Foundation, Basel, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hanoi Medical School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; University of Children's hospital, University of Cincinnati, OH, United States	Izurieta, H.S., Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, United States; Zuber, P., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Bonhoeffer, J., Brighton Collaboration Foundation, Basel, Switzerland, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Chen, R.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; Sankohg, O., INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Hanoi Medical School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Laserson, K.F., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Sturkenboom, M., University of Children's hospital, University of Cincinnati, OH, United States; Loucq, C., KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya; Weibel, D., University of Children's hospital, University of Cincinnati, OH, United States; Dodd, C., Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Black, S., Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands	With the advent of new vaccines targeted to highly endemic diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and with the expansion of vaccine manufacturing globally, there is an urgent need to establish an infrastructure to evaluate the benefit-risk profiles of vaccines in LMIC. Fortunately the usual decade(s)-long time gap between introduction of new vaccines in high and low income countries is being significantly reduced or eliminated due to initiatives such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) and the Decade of Vaccines for the implementation of the Global Vaccine Action Plan. While hoping for more rapid disease control, this time shift may potentially add risk, unless appropriate capacity for reliable and timely evaluation of vaccine benefit-risk profiles in some LMIC's are developed with external assistance from regional or global level. An ideal vaccine safety and effectiveness monitoring system should be flexible and sustainable, able to quickly detect possible vaccine-associated events, distinguish them from programmatic errors, reliably and quickly evaluate the suspected event and its association with vaccination and, if associated, determine the benefit-risk of vaccines to inform appropriate action. Based upon the demonstrated feasibility of active surveillance in LMIC as shown by the Burkina Faso assessment of meningococcal A conjugate vaccine or that of rotavirus vaccine in Mexico and Brazil, and upon the proof of concept international GBS study, we suggest a sustainable, flexible, affordable and timely international collaborative vaccine safety monitoring approach for vaccines being newly introduced. While this paper discusses only the vaccine component, the same system could also be eventually used for monitoring drug effectiveness (including the use of substandard drugs) and drug safety. © 2013.	Adverse events; Benefit-risk; Effectiveness; Safety; Vaccine	Rotavirus vaccine; vaccine; article; Brazil; clinical evaluation; communicable disease; demography; disease control; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; drug safety; drug surveillance program; endemic disease; epidemiological monitoring; health care personnel; hospitalization; human; international cooperation; lowest income group; mass immunization; Mexico; priority journal; risk benefit analysis; therapy effect; vaccination; vaccine failure; Adverse events; Benefit-risk; Effectiveness; Safety; Vaccine; Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases; Epidemiological Monitoring; Humans; Risk Assessment; Vaccination; Vaccines	Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904400786	Evaluation of economic costs of a measles outbreak and outbreak response activities in Keffa Zone, Ethiopia	Wallace A.S., Masresha B.G., Grant G., Goodson J.L., Birhane H., Abraham M., Endailalu T.B., Letamo Y., Petu A., Vijayaraghavan M.	2014	Vaccine	32	35	10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.035	Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-E05, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Congo; General Policy, Planning and Finance Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Operations Research Directorate, Regional Ministry of Health, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Awasa, Ethiopia	Wallace, A.S., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-E05, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Masresha, B.G., Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Congo; Grant, G., Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Goodson, J.L., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-E05, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Birhane, H., General Policy, Planning and Finance Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abraham, M., Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Endailalu, T.B., General Policy, Planning and Finance Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Letamo, Y., Operations Research Directorate, Regional Ministry of Health, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Awasa, Ethiopia; Petu, A., Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Congo; Vijayaraghavan, M., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-E05, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States	Objective: To estimate the economic impact of a measles outbreak and response activities that occurred in Keffa Zone, Ethiopia with 5257 reported cases during October 1, 2011-April 8, 2012, using the health sector and household perspectives. Methods: We collected cost input data through interviews and record reviews with government and partner agency staff and through a survey of 100 measles cases-patients and their caretakers. We used cost input data to estimate the financial and opportunity costs of the following outbreak and response activities: investigation, treatment, case management, active surveillance, immunization campaigns, and immunization system strengthening. Findings: The economic cost of the outbreak and response was 758,869 United States dollars (US$), including the opportunity cost of US$327,545 (US$62.31/case) and financial cost of US$431,324 (US$82.05/case). Health sector costs, including the immunization campaign (US$72.29/case), accounted for 80% of the economic cost. Household economic cost was US$29.18/case, equal to 6% of the household median annual income. 92% of financial costs were covered by partner agencies. Conclusion: The economic cost of the measles outbreak was substantial when compared to household income and health sector expenditures. Improvement in two-dose measles vaccination coverage above 95% would both reduce measles incidence and save considerable outbreak-associated costs to both the health sector and households. © 2014.	Economic; Measles; Outbreak	cotrimoxazole; measles vaccine; oral rehydration solution; retinol; tetracycline; adolescent; article; case management; controlled study; disease surveillance; economic evaluation; epidemic; Ethiopia; financial management; government; health care; health care cost; health care facility; household; human; income; interview; major clinical study; measles; measles vaccination; medical record review; medical staff; multicenter study; oral rehydration therapy; priority journal; United States; child; economics; epidemic; female; health care cost; infant; infection control; male; measles; newborn; preschool child; procedures; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Communicable Disease Control; Disease Outbreaks; Ethiopia; Female; Health Care Costs; Health Expenditures; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Measles	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916221953	Monitoring coverage of fully immunized children	Tsega A., Daniel F., Steinglass R.	2014	Vaccine	32	52	10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.057	Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP), 1776 Massachusetts Ave, Suite 300, NW, Washington, DC, United States; WHO Inter-country Support Team (IST) for Eastern and Southern African Sub Region, Harare, Zimbabwe	Tsega, A., Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP), 1776 Massachusetts Ave, Suite 300, NW, Washington, DC, United States; Daniel, F., WHO Inter-country Support Team (IST) for Eastern and Southern African Sub Region, Harare, Zimbabwe; Steinglass, R., Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP), 1776 Massachusetts Ave, Suite 300, NW, Washington, DC, United States	Immunization programs monitor 3rd dose of DPT-containing vaccine coverage as a principal indicator, however, this does not inform about coverage with other vaccines. A mini-survey was conducted to assess the status of monitoring coverage of fully immunized children (FIC) in Eastern and Southern African countries. We designed and distributed a structured self-administered questionnaire to all 19 national program managers attending a meeting in March 2014 in Harare, Zimbabwe. We learned that most countries already monitor FIC coverage and managers appreciate the importance of monitoring this as a national indicator, as it aligns with the full benefits of immunization. This mini-survey concluded that at national level, FIC coverage could be used as a principal indicator, however, at global level DPT3 has some additional advantages across all countries in standardizing the capacity of the immunization program to deliver multiple doses of the same vaccine to all children by 12 months of age. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Fully immunized child; Immunization; National/global immunization/vaccination indicator; Vaccination	diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Article; child; East African; human; immunization; monitoring; Southern African; structured questionnaire; Zimbabwe; Africa; health care survey; infant; preventive health service; procedures; questionnaire; standards; utilization; vaccination; Africa, Eastern; Africa, Southern; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Questionnaires; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903461899	The impact of pre-existing antibody on subsequent immune responses to meningococcal A-containing vaccines	Idoko O.T., Okolo S.N., Plikaytis B., Akinsola A., Viviani S., Borrow R., Carlone G., Findlow H., Elie C., Kulkarni P.S., Preziosi M.-P., Ota M., Kampmann B.	2014	Vaccine	32	33	10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.052	Medical Research Council Unit, P.O. Box 273, Gambia; Jos University Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP), P	Idoko, O.T., Medical Research Council Unit, P.O. Box 273, Gambia; Okolo, S.N., Jos University Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Plikaytis, B., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Akinsola, A., Medical Research Council Unit, P.O. Box 273, Gambia; Viviani, S., Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP), PATH Europe, 13 Chemin du Levant, Bâtiment Avant-Centre, 01210 Ferney-Voltaire, France; Borrow, R., Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom; Carlone, G., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Findlow, H., Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom; Elie, C., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Kulkarni, P.S., Serum Institute of India Ltd., 212/2 Hadapsar, 411028 Pune, India; Preziosi, M.-P., MVP World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Ota, M., Medical Research Council Unit, P.O. Box 273, Gambia, WHO regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo; Kampmann, B., Medical Research Council Unit, P.O. Box 273, Gambia, Academic Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom	Major epidemics of serogroup A meningococcal meningitis continue to affect the African meningitis belt. The development of an affordable conjugate vaccine against the disease became a priority for World Health Organization (WHO) in the late 1990s. Licensing of meningococcal vaccines has been based on serological correlates of protection alone, but such correlates might differ in different geographical regions. If high pre-vaccination antibody concentrations/titers impacts on the response to vaccination and possibly vaccine efficacy, is not clearly understood. We set out to define the pre-vaccination Meningococcal group A (Men A) antibody concentrations/titers in The Gambia and study their impact on the immunogenicity of Men A containing vaccines.Data from subjects originally enrolled in studies to test the safety and immunogenicity of the MenA vaccine recently developed for Africa meningococcal A polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid, MenAfriVac® (PsA-TT) were analyzed. Participants had been randomized to receive either the study vaccine PsA-TT or the reference quadrivalent plain polysaccharide vaccine containing meningococcal groups A, C, W, and Y, Mencevax® ACWY, GlaxoSmithKline (PsACWY) in a 2:1 ratio. Venous blood samples were collected before and 28 days after vaccination. Antibodies were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for geometric mean concentrations and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) for functional antibody. The inter age group differences were compared using ANOVA and the pre and post-vaccination differences by t test.Over 80% of the ≥19 year olds had pre-vaccination antibody concentrations above putatively protective concentrations as compared to only 10% of 1-2 year olds. Ninety-five percent of those who received the study vaccine had ≥4-fold antibody responses if they had low pre-vaccination concentrations compared to 76% of those with high pre-vaccination concentrations. All subjects with low pre-vaccination titers attained ≥4-fold responses as compared to 76% with high titers where study vaccine was received.Our data confirm the presence of high pre-vaccination Men A antibody concentrations/titers within the African meningitis belt, with significantly higher concentrations in older individuals. Although all participants had significant increase in antibody levels following vaccination, the four-fold or greater response in antibody titers were significantly higher in individuals with lower pre-existing antibody titers, especially after receiving PsA-TT. This finding may have some implications for vaccination strategies adopted in the future. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Antibody; Conjugate vaccine; Immune response; Meningococcal A; Pre-existing	immunoglobulin G; Meningococcus vaccine; polysaccharide vaccine; bacterium antibody; immunoglobulin G; Meningococcus vaccine; adolescent; adult; antibody blood level; antibody response; antibody titer; article; blood sampling; child; controlled study; drug safety; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; Gambia; human; immune response; immunogenicity; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; phase 2 clinical trial; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; serum bactericidal antibody assay; vaccination; young adult; age; blood; clinical trial; humoral immunity; Meningitis, Meningococcal; preschool child; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gambia; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Meningitis, Meningococcal; Meningococcal Vaccines; Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548550433	Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine impact against purulent meningitis in Rwanda	Muganga N., Uwimana J., Fidele N., Gahimbare L., Gessner B.D., Mueller J.E., Mhlanga B.R., Katsande R., Herbinger K.-H., Rugambwa C.	2007	Vaccine	25	None	10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.032	Ministry of Health, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Kigali, Rwanda; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; World Health Organization, National Office, Kigali, Rwanda	Muganga, N., Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Uwimana, J., Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Fidele, N., Ministry of Health, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Kigali, Rwanda; Gahimbare, L., Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Rwanda; Gessner, B.D., Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Mueller, J.E., Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Mhlanga, B.R., Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Katsande, R., Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Herbinger, K.-H., Agence de Médecine Préventive à l'Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux 28, 75015 Paris, France; Rugambwa, C., World Health Organization, National Office, Kigali, Rwanda	Rwanda introduced Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine in January 2002 and simultaneously implemented pediatric bacterial meningitis surveillance at a major referral hospital in the capital Kigali. We reviewed clinical and laboratory information collected during January 2002 to June 2006. Due to a variety of laboratory limitations, only eight confirmed Hib cases were identified, all before 2004. However, the proportion of cerebrospinal fluid with purulence decreased from 26.0% during 2002, to 15.9% during 2003, 9.7% during 2004 and 8.4% in 2005 (p < 0.001). Vaccine effectiveness of two or three doses of Hib vaccine against purulent meningitis was 52% (95% confidence interval, 5-75%). In an African setting with few resources and in which few confirmed Hib meningitis cases were identified, Hib vaccine impact nevertheless could be demonstrated against the outcome of purulent meningitis and was found to be high. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Epidemiology; Haemophilus influenzae; Meningitis; Rwanda; Vaccine; Vaccine effectiveness; Vaccine impact	antiretrovirus agent; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; article; bacterial meningitis; cerebrospinal fluid; confidence interval; controlled study; diphtheria; drug efficacy; hospital; human; infant; major clinical study; pertussis; preschool child; priority journal; Rwanda; tetanus; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Humans; Infant; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Population Surveillance; Rwanda; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747588525	The impact of routine infant immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Malawi, a country with high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence	Daza P., Banda R., Misoya K., Katsulukuta A., Gessner B.D., Katsande R., Mhlanga B.R., Mueller J.E., Nelson C.B., Phiri A., Molyneux E.M., Molyneux M.E.	2006	Vaccine	24	None	10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.076	Mzuzu Central Hospital, Mzuzu, Malawi; World Health Organization, Lilongwe, Malawi; Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; National EPI Programme, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi; Agence de Médecine Préventive a l'Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; African Regional Office, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Paediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi	Daza, P., Mzuzu Central Hospital, Mzuzu, Malawi; Banda, R., World Health Organization, Lilongwe, Malawi; Misoya, K., Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; Katsulukuta, A., National EPI Programme, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi; Gessner, B.D., Agence de Médecine Préventive a l'Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Katsande, R., African Regional Office, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mhlanga, B.R., African Regional Office, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mueller, J.E., Agence de Médecine Préventive a l'Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Nelson, C.B., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Phiri, A., Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Molyneux, E.M., Paediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Molyneux, M.E., Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi	Malawi has extreme poverty and a high-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence. Following Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine introduction during 2002, we evaluated vaccine impact by reviewing hospital surveillance data for acute bacterial meningitis in Blantyre district among children age 1-59 months admitted during 1997-2005. Documented annual Hib meningitis incidence rates decreased from 20-40/100,000 to near zero among both rural and urban residents despite no change in pneumococcal meningitis incidence rates. Before vaccine introduction, an average of 10 children/year had Hib meningitis and HIV infection compared to 2/year during 2003-2004 and none during 2005. Vaccine effectiveness was high following two or more doses of vaccine. The most urgent future need is for a sustainable routine infant immunization program, including a less expensive vaccine that preferably is delivered in a multivalent form. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Haemophilus influenzae; Malawi; Vaccine effectiveness	amoxicillin; chloramphenicol; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; penicillin G; acute disease; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic therapy; article; bacterial meningitis; clinical assessment; controlled study; diphtheria; dose response; drug cost; drug efficacy; groups by age; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hospital; hospital admission; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunization; incidence; infant; infection prevention; major clinical study; Malawi; medical documentation; medical record; pertussis; preschool child; prevalence; priority journal; rural area; tetanus; treatment outcome; urban area; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Female; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Hepatitis B Vaccines; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malawi; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Prevalence; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930606468	Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of three capripoxvirus vaccine strains against lumpy skin disease virus	Gari G., Abie G., Gizaw D., Wubete A., Kidane M., Asgedom H., Bayissa B., Ayelet G., Oura C.A.L., Roger F., Tuppurainen E.S.M.	2015	Vaccine	33	28	10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.035	National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia; National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; International Agricultural Research Center for Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Champ Fleurs, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago	Gari, G., National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia; Abie, G., National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia; Gizaw, D., National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia; Wubete, A., National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia; Kidane, M., National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia; Asgedom, H., National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia; Bayissa, B., National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Ayelet, G., National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Oura, C.A.L., School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Champ Fleurs, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Roger, F., International Agricultural Research Center for Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France; Tuppurainen, E.S.M., The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom	The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of three commercially available vaccines against lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle have been evaluated using a combination of vaccine challenge experiments and the monitoring of immune responses in vaccinated animals in the field. The three vaccines evaluated in the study included two locally produced (Ethiopian) vaccines (lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) Neethling and Kenyan sheep and goat pox (KSGP) O-180 strain vaccines) and a Gorgan goat pox (GTP) vaccine manufactured by Jordan Bio-Industries Centre (JOVAC). The latter vaccine was evaluated for the first time in cattle against LSDV. The Ethiopian Neethling and KSGPO-180 vaccines failed to provide protection in cattle against LSDV, whereas the Gorgan GTP vaccine protected all the vaccinated calves from clinical signs of LSD. There was no significant difference in protective efficacy detected between two dosage levels (P= 0.2, P= 0.25, and P= 0.1 for KSGP, Neethling and Gorgan vaccines, respectively). Additionally, the Gorgan GTP vaccinated cattle showed stronger levels of cellular immune responses measured using Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions at the vaccination site indicating higher levels of immunogenicity produced by the GTPV vaccine in cattle, as opposed to the other two vaccines. This study indicated, for the first time, that the Gorgan GTP vaccine can effectively protect cattle against LSDV and that the Neethling and KSGP O-180 vaccine were not protective. The results emphasise the need for molecular characterization of the Neethling and KSGP O-180 vaccine seed viruses used for vaccine production in Ethiopia. In addition, the potency and efficacy testing process of the Ethiopian LSD Neethling and KSGP O-180 vaccines should be re-evaluated. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Cattle; Gorgangoat pox strain; Kenyan sheep and goat pox strain; Lumpy skin disease; Neethling strain; Vaccine	gorgan goat pox vaccine; live vaccine; lumpy skin disease virus vaccine; neethling and kenyan sheep and goat pox vaccine; unclassified drug; virus vaccine; live vaccine; virus antibody; virus vaccine; animal cell; animal experiment; Article; bovine; cellular immunity; controlled study; cytopathogenic effect; delayed hypersensitivity; depression; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug screening; Ethiopia; eye discharge; fever; fluorescent antibody technique; goatpox; human; immunoassay; immunogenicity; injection site swelling; loss of appetite; lumpy skin disease; lymphadenopathy; malaise; newborn; nonhuman; nose disease; outcome assessment; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; skin edema; skin nodule; skinfold thickness; vaccination; vaccine failure; vaccine production; virus immunity; animal; blood; Capripoxvirus; immunology; lumpy skin disease; Lumpy skin disease virus; sheep; vaccination; veterinary; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Capripoxvirus; Cattle; Ethiopia; Lumpy Skin Disease; Lumpy skin disease virus; Sheep; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925969577	Economic evaluation of typhoid vaccination in a prolonged typhoid outbreak setting: The case of Kasese district in Uganda	Carias C., Walters M.S., Wefula E., Date K.A., Swerdlow D.L., Vijayaraghavan M., Mintz E.	2015	Vaccine	33	17	10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.027	Office of Science and Integrated Programs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; IHRC Inc, Atlanta, GA, United States; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Kilembe Mines Hospital, Kasese, Uganda; Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Carias, C., Office of Science and Integrated Programs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, IHRC Inc, Atlanta, GA, United States; Walters, M.S., Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Wefula, E., Kilembe Mines Hospital, Kasese, Uganda; Date, K.A., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Swerdlow, D.L., Office of Science and Integrated Programs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Vijayaraghavan, M., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Mintz, E., Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Vaccination has been increasingly promoted to help control epidemic and endemic typhoid fever in high-incidence areas. Despite growing recognition that typhoid incidence in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa is similar to high-incidence areas of Asia, no large-scale typhoid vaccination campaigns have been conducted there. We performed an economic evaluation of a hypothetical one-time, fixed-post typhoid vaccination campaign in Kasese, a rural district in Uganda where a large, multi-year outbreak of typhoid fever has been reported. Methods: We used medical cost and epidemiological data retrieved on-site and campaign costs from previous fixed-post vaccination campaigns in Kasese to account for costs from a public sector health care delivery perspective. We calculated program costs and averted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and medical costs as a result of vaccination, to calculate the cost of the intervention per DALY and case averted. Results: Over the 3 years of projected vaccine efficacy, a one-time vaccination campaign was estimated to avert 1768 (90%CI: 684-4431) typhoid fever cases per year and a total of 3868 (90%CI: 1353-9807) DALYs over the duration of the immunity conferred by the vaccine. The cost of the intervention per DALY averted was US$ 484 (90%CI: 18-1292) and per case averted US$ 341 (90%CI: 13-883). Conclusion: We estimated the vaccination campaign in this setting to be highly cost-effective, according to WHO's cost-effective guidelines. Results may be applicable to other African settings with similar high disease incidence estimates. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Cost-effectiveness; Typhoid; Typhoid vaccination; Uganda	typhoid vaccine; typhoid paratyphoid vaccine; Article; disability adjusted life year; economic evaluation; epidemic; health care cost; human; priority journal; quality of life; rural area; typhoid fever; Uganda; vaccination; adolescent; child; cost benefit analysis; economics; epidemic; female; male; practice guideline; preschool child; quality adjusted life year; rural population; statistics and numerical data; time; typhoid fever; vaccination; world health organization; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Male; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Rural Population; Time Factors; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; Uganda; Vaccination; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953123428	Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the Rift Valley Fever Clone 13 vaccine in sheep	Dungu B., Louw I., Lubisi A., Hunter P., von Teichman B.F., Bouloy M.	2010	Vaccine	28	29	10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.085	Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France	Dungu, B., Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Louw, I., Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Lubisi, A., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Hunter, P., Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; von Teichman, B.F., Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Bouloy, M., Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France	The efficacy and safety of the naturally attenuated Rift Valley Fever (RVF) Clone 13 vaccine were evaluated in ovines in three different experiments involving 38 ewes at different stages of pregnancy, their offsprings and four rams. In Experiment 1, 4 rams and a total of 13 pregnant ewes were vaccinated and monitored during vaccination and after a challenge with a virulent RVF virus. The ewes were vaccinated at either 50 or 100 days of pregnancy and some were challenged after lambing. In Experiment 2, nine oestrus-synchronized ewes were vaccinated at 50 days of pregnancy and challenged at 100 days of pregnancy together with 5 unvaccinated ewes at the same stage of pregnancy. In Experiment 3, 16 oestrus-synchronized ewes were vaccinated with 3 different doses of the RVF Clone 13 vaccine and challenged together with unvaccinated pregnant ewes at either 30 or 50 days of pregnancy. The results from the three experiments indicated that the vaccine did not induce clinical manifestation of RVF such as abortion in pregnant ewes, teratogeny in their offsprings, or pyrexia in all vaccinated animals. Vaccination with RVF Clone 13 vaccine also prevented clinical RVF following virulent challenge at different stages of pregnancy while unvaccinated control ewes showed pyrexia, aborted or died of RVF. A vaccine dose-response effect was also observed. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Rift Valley Fever; Sheep; Vaccine	Rift Valley fever clone 13 vaccine; unclassified drug; virus vaccine; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; dose response; drug efficacy; drug safety; female; gestation period; male; nonhuman; priority journal; Rift Valley fever; Rift Valley fever bunyavirus; sheep; Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; Female; Male; Pregnancy; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044364080	Evaluation of the xerovac process for the preparation of heat tolerant contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine	Litamoi J.K., Ayelet G., Rweyemamu M.M.	2005	Vaccine	23	20	10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.031	PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	Litamoi, J.K., PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Ayelet, G., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; Rweyemamu, M.M., AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the xerovac process as a method for preparing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine with increased heat resistance. The thermo-protective effects of various concentrations of trehalose in mycoplasma growth medium, various concentrations of trehalose in the dehydration stabilizer and the importance of some divalent cations were assessed. The results obtained indicate that a rapid dehydration of CBPP vaccine following the xerovac method and in an excipient composed of a high concentration of trehalose, renders the product more heat tolerant than a similar vaccine prepared using a regular or an extended freeze drying regime. It was also demonstrated that the addition of chitosan as a mycoplasma precipitating agent conferred additional heat resistance to the vaccine. It is suggested that the application of the xerovac process in the dehydration of CBPP vaccine offers the advantages of a faster, cheaper and easier process over the conventional dehydration methods like freeze drying. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	CBPP vaccine; Heat tolerance; Lyophilization; Xerovac	bacterial vaccine; chitosan; contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine; trehalose; unclassified drug; article; bacterial growth; concentration response; contagious pleuropneumonia; culture medium; freeze drying; heat tolerance; human; medical assessment; Mycoplasma; precipitation; priority journal; promoter region; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cations, Divalent; Cattle; Chitosan; Drug Compounding; Drug Stability; Excipients; Freeze Drying; Heat; Indicators and Reagents; Mycoplasma mycoides; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Quality Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50549102649	Evaluation of the pathogenicity of African Horsesickness (AHS) isolates in vaccinated animals	von Teichman B.F., Smit T.K.	2008	Vaccine	26	39	10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.037	Research and Development Virology, Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	von Teichman, B.F., Research and Development Virology, Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Smit, T.K., Research and Development Virology, Onderstepoort Biological Products Ltd., Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Background: The polyvalent African Horsesickness (AHS) attenuated live vaccine (ALV) produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) Ltd., South Africa, has been associated with some safety concerns and alleged cases of vaccine failure or vaccine-induced disease. The risk of reassortment and reversion to virulence is a common concern associated with the use of ALVs, and a phenomenon reported for viruses with segmented RNA genomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not reassortment of AHS vaccine strains could result in reassortants and reversion to virulence and therefore cause AHS in susceptible horses. Methods: Clinical or field isolates of AHS were obtained from horses with AHS symptoms or disease post vaccination. AHS-naïve horses were inoculated with these isolates and monitored for clinical reactions. Laboratory tests were performed at intervals to determine immune responses and viraemia. Viral RNA extraction and complete genome amplification of monovalent AHS-ALV vaccine strains and isolates collected post-vaccination was conducted. cDNA of the genome segments were run on PAGE to determine mobility patterns and genome segments 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Results: No clinical symptoms typical of AHS were observed in inoculated horses and all showed a good immune response. A comparison of mobility patterns of the amplified cDNA genome on PAGE allowed the identification and differentiation of reassortants, which were confirmed by sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences. Conclusion: This study, however, showed no indications that vaccine reassortants were pathogenic or lethal after inoculation in susceptible horses. Assumptions of virulence or reversion to virulence of vaccine reassortants post-vaccination in horses could not be substantiated. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	African Horsesickness; Reassortant; Reassortment; Reversion to virulence; Vaccination	African horse sickness vaccine; complementary DNA; live vaccine; unclassified drug; virus RNA; African horse sickness virus; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; genetic reassortment; horse disease; immunocompetent cell; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogenetic tree; priority journal; sequence alignment; vaccination; virus virulence; African Horse Sickness; African horse sickness virus; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; DNA, Viral; Female; Genome, Viral; Horses; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Reassortant Viruses; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines; Viremia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79954867583	Timing of serotype 1 pneumococcal disease suggests the need for evaluation of a booster dose	Klugman K.P., Madhi S.A., Adegbola R.A., Cutts F., Greenwood B., Hausdorff W.P.	2011	Vaccine	29	18	10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.089	Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States; London School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium	Klugman, K.P., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Madhi, S.A., Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Adegbola, R.A., Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States; Cutts, F.; Greenwood, B., London School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Hausdorff, W.P., GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium	Protection against serotype 1 could not be demonstrated in two randomized trials of 9 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. An analysis of the timing of type 1 cases among vaccinees and controls shows that the vaccine failures occurred among cases occurring after the first year of life. Vaccination was given as three doses in infancy with no booster dose. These data suggest that a booster dose given at 9 months of age, or early in the second year of life, should be evaluated for protection against type 1 pneumococcal disease. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Conjugate pneumococcal vaccine; Pneumococcus; Serotype 1	Pneumococcus vaccine; article; booster dose; drug dose regimen; Gambia; human; infancy; invasive pneumococcal disease; opsonization; opsonophagocytic activity; pneumococcal infection; priority journal; serotype; South Africa; vaccine failure; Child, Preschool; Gambia; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; South Africa; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867018746	Stability of a formalin-inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine: Evaluation of a vaccination campaign for cattle in Mozambique	Lagerqvist N., Moiane B., Bucht G., Fafetine J., Paweska J.T., Lundkvist T., Falk K.I.	2012	Vaccine	30	46	10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.052	Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Swedish Defense Research Agency, Department of CBRN Defense and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandrigham-Johannesburg, South Africa	Lagerqvist, N., Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Moiane, B., Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Bucht, G., Swedish Defense Research Agency, Department of CBRN Defense and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden; Fafetine, J., Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, C. Postal 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Paweska, J.T., National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandrigham-Johannesburg, South Africa; Lundkvist, T., Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Falk, K.I., Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden	In Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) are characterized by abortions in gestating animals and high mortality rates among domestic ruminants. An immunization program using a formalin-inactivated vaccine was initiated in Mozambique in 2002 to control RVF in cattle. In this intervention, the vaccine must be transported for more than a week within the country before it can be administered to the animals, and it is practically impossible to maintain low storage temperatures during that time. Here, we evaluated the influence of transportation conditions on the efficacy of the vaccine. Sixty-three previously unvaccinated and RVF virus seronegative cattle were divided into four groups, which were given vaccine that had been stored for 1 week at 4. °C (n= 9, group A), at 25. °C (n= 8, group B), or alternating between 4 and 25. °C (n= 8, group C), or under the temperature conditions ordinarily occurring during transportation within Mozambique (n= 38, group D). The antibody responses induced were monitored for 6-9 months and in some animals up to 21 months. Two immunizations (3 weeks apart) with the formalin-inactivated vaccine induced a long-lasting neutralizing antibody response that was still detectable up to 21 months later. The antibody titers in the animals did not differ significantly between the temperature-assigned vaccine groups A, B, and C, whereas they were significantly higher in group D. These results show that the formalin-inactivated RVF virus vaccine is stable, and, importantly, it is not adversely affected by the variation in temperature that ordinarily occurs during transport within Mozambique. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Bovine; Formalin-inactivated vaccine; Mozambique; Rift Valley fever; Virus	formaldehyde; inactivated vaccine; neutralizing antibody; rift valley fever vaccine; unclassified drug; virus vaccine; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antibody response; antibody titer; article; cattle; controlled study; drug efficacy; drug stability; drug storage; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; low temperature; male; Mozambique; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; plaque reduction neutralization test; priority journal; Rift Valley fever; serodiagnosis; vaccination; Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Stability; Female; Formaldehyde; Male; Mozambique; Neutralization Tests; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Temperature; Vaccination; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines	None
None	None	Impact of malaria and helminth infections on immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in Tanzania	Brown J., Baisley K., Kavishe B., Changalucha J., Andreasen A., Mayaud P., Gumodoka B., Kapiga S., Hayes R., Watson-Jones D.	2014	Vaccine	32	5	10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.061	University of California, San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Epidemiology, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo, Mwanza, Tanzania; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania	Brown, J., University of California, San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, CA, United States, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Epidemiology, Los Angeles, CA, United States, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Baisley, K., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kavishe, B., Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo, Mwanza, Tanzania; Andreasen, A., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mayaud, P., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Gumodoka, B., Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kapiga, S., Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hayes, R., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Watson-Jones, D., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania	Background: Endemic malaria and helminth infections in sub-Saharan Africa can act as immunological modulators and impact responses to standard immunizations. We conducted a cohort study to measure the influence of malaria and helminth infections on the immunogenicity of the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine. Methods: We evaluated the association between malaria and helminth infections, and HPV-16/18 antibody responses among 298 Tanzanian females aged 10-25 years enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of the HPV-16/18 vaccine. Malaria parasitaemia was diagnosed by examination of blood smears, and helminth infections were diagnosed by examination of urine and stool samples, respectively. Geometric mean antibody titres (GMT) against HPV-16/18 antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Parasitic infections were common; one-third (30.4%) of participants had a helminth infection and 10.2% had malaria parasitaemia. Overall, the vaccine induced high HPV-16/18 GMTs, and there was no evidence of a reduction in HPV-16 or HPV-18 GMT at Month 7 or Month 12 follow-up visits among participants with helminths or malaria. There was some evidence that participants with malaria had increased GMTs compared to those without malaria. Conclusions: The data show high HPV immunogenicity regardless of the presence of malaria and helminth infections. The mechanism and significance for the increase in GMT in those with malaria is unknown. © 2013 The Authors.	Helminth; HPV; Human papillomavirus; Immunogenicity; Malaria; Parasitic infection; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Vaccine	placebo; virus antibody; Wart virus vaccine; adolescent; adult; antibody response; antibody titer; article; blood smear; child; cohort analysis; controlled study; disease association; double blind procedure; drug safety; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; feces analysis; female; follow up; helminthiasis; human; Human papillomavirus type 16; Human papillomavirus type 18; immunogenicity; major clinical study; malaria; parasitemia; phase 3 clinical trial; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; school child; Tanzania; urinalysis; young adult; Helminth; HPV; Human papillomavirus; Immunogenicity; Malaria; Parasitic infection; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Vaccine; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adolescent; Adult; Aluminum Hydroxide; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Helminthiasis; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Lipid A; Malaria; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247381211	Generation and evaluation of a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine for rabies	Weyer J., Rupprecht C.E., Mans J., Viljoen G.J., Nel L.H.	2007	Vaccine	25	21	10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.084	University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Zoonosis, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Division of Applied Biotechnology, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Weyer, J., University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Zoonosis, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Mans, J., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Division of Applied Biotechnology, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Viljoen, G.J., Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Division of Applied Biotechnology, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Nel, L.H., University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has become a vaccine vector of choice for recombinant vaccine development. A MVA-based rabies vaccine would be advantageous for use as a vaccine for dogs (and wildlife), particularly if it proves innocuous and efficacious by the oral route. Here, the generation and immunological testing of a recombinant MVA expressing a rabies virus glycoprotein gene is described. In a murine model, higher dosages of recombinant MVA were needed to induce equivocal immune responses as with Vaccinia Copenhagen or Vaccinia Western Reserve recombinants, when administered by a parenteral route. The MVA recombinant was not immunogenic or efficacious when administered per os in naïve mice. The ability of the recombinant MVA to induce anamnestic responses in dogs and raccoons was also investigated. Recombinant MVA boosted humoral immune responses in these animals when administered peripherally, but not when administered orally. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Modified vaccinia virus Ankara; Oral vaccine; Rabies vaccine	modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine; rabies vaccine; rabies virus glycoprotein; recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara virus vector; unclassified drug; vaccinia copenhagen virus vaccine; vaccinia copenhagen virus vector; vaccinia vaccine; vaccinia western reserve vaccine; vaccinia western reserve virus vector; virus vector; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; article; comparative study; controlled study; drug efficacy; female; gene; humoral immunity; immune response; immunogenicity; immunological procedures; mouse; nonhuman; priority journal; rabies; rabies virus glycoprotein gene; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Cell Line; Chickens; Cricetinae; Dogs; Female; Glycoproteins; Immunologic Memory; Mesocricetus; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Models, Animal; Neutralization Tests; Rabies; Rabies Vaccines; Rabies virus; Raccoons; Vaccines, Synthetic; Vaccinia virus; Viral Envelope Proteins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873736578	A capability perspective on performance deficiencies in utility firms	Worch H., Truffer B., Kabinga M., Eberhard A., Markard J.	2013	Utilities Policy	25	None	10.1016/j.jup.2012.12.001	Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Environmental Social Sciences (ESS), Cirus - Innovation Research in Utility Sectors, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Cape Town, Graduate School of Business, Management Programme in Infrastructure Reform and Regulation Breakwater Campus, Portswood Road, Cape Town, South Africa; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, Chair of Sustainability and Technology, Weinbergstrasse 56/58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland	Worch, H., Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Environmental Social Sciences (ESS), Cirus - Innovation Research in Utility Sectors, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Truffer, B., Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Environmental Social Sciences (ESS), Cirus - Innovation Research in Utility Sectors, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Kabinga, M., University of Cape Town, Graduate School of Business, Management Programme in Infrastructure Reform and Regulation Breakwater Campus, Portswood Road, Cape Town, South Africa; Eberhard, A., University of Cape Town, Graduate School of Business, Management Programme in Infrastructure Reform and Regulation Breakwater Campus, Portswood Road, Cape Town, South Africa; Markard, J., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, Chair of Sustainability and Technology, Weinbergstrasse 56/58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland	This paper proposes a capability-based framework to explain performance deficiencies in utility firms as a result of policy and regulatory changes. The framework complements conventional explanations such as transaction cost and agency approaches, which suggest that appropriate incentives and regulations increase the performance of public utilities after relatively short adaptation processes. In contrast, we argue that capability gaps - understood as an inadequate availability of competences, skills and experiences - tend to have long-lasting effects on firm performance. A crucial implication of the capability perspective is that regulatory interventions that create capability gaps at the firm level may affect utility performance - and the ability of infrastructure sectors to provide adequate services - more severely than expected by traditional approaches. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Capabilities; Performance; Regulation; Utilities	incentive; industrial performance; industrial policy; regulatory framework; transaction cost; utility sector	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940752185	The impact of residential photovoltaic power on electricity sales revenues in Cape Town, South Africa	Mayr D., Schmid E., Trollip H., Zeyringer M., Schmidt J.	2015	Utilities Policy	36	None	10.1016/j.jup.2015.08.001	Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Energy Institute, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, United Kingdom; Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Energy Planning Program, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	Mayr, D., Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Schmid, E., Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Trollip, H., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Zeyringer, M., Energy Institute, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, United Kingdom; Schmidt, J., Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Energy Planning Program, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	In South Africa, electricity is provided as a public service by municipalities. The combination of (a) rising electricity rates, (b) decreasing photovoltaic technology costs, and (c) a progressive tariff system (under which wealthier households support low tariff rates for indigent residents) leads to incentives for high-income households to cover part of their electricity demand by self-produced photovoltaic (solar) electricity. This development is simulated with hourly load profiles and radiation data, and an optimization model for a case study in Cape Town through the year 2030. Results indicate that the majority of higher-income residents are incentivized to invest in photovoltaic power production by 2020 and additionally use home battery systems by 2028. This leads to a steadily increasing gap between revenues and expenditure needs in the budget of the municipality. The budget gap can be reduced by replacing the energy-based tariff with a revenue-neutral fixed network-connection fee implementation of which is particularly effective in reducing incentives to invest in storage. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Public revenues; Residential photovoltaic; South Africa	electricity; energy market; household income; optimization; photovoltaic system; policy implementation; residential energy; Cape Town; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891275522	Prospective evaluation of a new visual prostate symptom score, the international prostate symptom score, and uroflowmetry in men with urethral stricture disease	Wessels S.G., Heyns C.F.	2014	Urology	83	1	10.1016/j.urology.2013.08.058	Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Wessels, S.G., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Heyns, C.F., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Objective To evaluate the correlation between the visual prostate symptom score (VPSS) and the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and uroflowmetry parameters in men with urethral stricture disease. The VPSS offers a nonverbal, pictographic assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Methods A total of 100 men followed up with a diagnosis of urethral stricture were evaluated from March 2011 to November 2012 with IPSS, VPSS, uroflowmetry, urethral calibration, and urethrography. Follow-up every 3 months for 3-18 months was available in 78 men for a total of 289 visits. Procedures performed were urethral dilation in 105, internal urethrotomy in 54, and urethroplasty in 8 patients. Statistical analysis was performed with Spearman's rank correlation, Fisher's exact, and Student t tests. Results The time taken to complete the VPSS vs IPSS was significantly shorter (118 vs 215 seconds at the first and 80 vs 156 seconds at follow-up visits; P <.001). There were significant correlations between the VPSS and IPSS (r = 0.845; P <.001), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax; r = 0.681; P <.001) and urethral diameter (r = -0.552; P <.001). A combination of VPSS >8 and Qmax <15 mL/s had positive and negative predictive values of 87% and 89%, respectively, for the presence of urethral stricture. Conclusion The VPSS correlates significantly with the IPSS, Qmax, and urethral diameter in men with urethral stricture disease and takes significantly less time to complete. A combination of VPSS >8 and Qmax <15 mL/s can be used to avoid further invasive evaluation during follow-up in men with urethral strictures.	None	adult; aged; article; calibration; educational status; follow up; human; International Prostate Symptom Score; lichen sclerosus et atrophicus; lower urinary tract symptom; major clinical study; male; middle aged; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; nocturia; postvoid residual urine volume; predictive value; priority journal; quality of life; urethra injury; urethra stricture; urethritis; urethrography; urethroplasty; urethrotomy; urinary frequency; urine flow rate; uroflowmetry; very elderly; visual prostate symptom score; young adult; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Symptom Assessment; Urethral Stricture; Urodynamics; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866644307	Evaluation of non-user benefits towards improvement of water and sanitation services in informal settlements	Kobel D., Del Mistro R.	2012	Urban Water Journal	9	5	10.1080/1573062X.2012.682590	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Kobel, D., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Del Mistro, R., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Many municipalities in developing cities are faced with the challenge of providing water and sanitation to ever-growing populations that cannot afford to pay for the services. This challenge calls for solutions that link equity considerations to cost recovery, and may require society to re-evaluate its perspectives on the value of urban water services. This paper explores the potential of non-user benefits as drivers of value and measures the trade-offs that "non-poor" residents were willing to make for the reductions in public health, social and economic costs when levels of service in informal settlements are improved. The study finds that people are sensitive to the public health impacts, and when given the choice of location of settlement to improve, and the means through which to make payment, would be willing to pay 6500 UGX (approx. $2.83) per household per month to install yard facilities in an informal settlement located nearest to their neighbourhood and with payment made through a special purpose vehicle. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	non-user benefits; urban poor; urban water services; valuation	developing world; informal settlement; location decision; low income population; neighborhood; public health; sanitation; socioeconomic impact; trade-off; urban population; valuation; water use	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548414867	Cape Town and the two oceans marathon: The impact of sport tourism	Kotze N.	2006	Urban Forum	17	3	10.1007/s12132-006-0013-8	Department of Geography, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Kotze, N., Department of Geography, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886792427	The Impact of Mine Downscaling on the Free State Goldfields	Marais L.	2013	Urban Forum	24	4	10.1007/s12132-013-9191-3	Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Marais, L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Mine downscaling is a common international phenomenon; and the deindustrialisation related to mining that occurred in the global north between 1960 and 1990 has been the focus of numerous studies. Mine downscaling in Africa, and more specifically in South Africa, has only risen to prominence in the last two decades. This paper examines the consequences of mine downscaling in the Free State Goldfields of South Africa, against the background of similar impacts in the international arena. Although many of the experiences recorded in the case study mirror the international experience, it is argued that it is probably unrealistic to expect local attempts alone to address mine downscaling, since the magnitude of such downscaling, as described in the paper, is too vast. Subsequently, the paper argues in favour of local partnerships, but with a national strategy for locations that have been affected by the impact of mine downscaling. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Free State Goldfields; Impacts; Matjhabeng; Mine closure; Mine downscaling	closure; deindustrialization; downscaling; gold mine; mining; national strategy; Free State; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857643664	Creative Industries, Inequality and Social Development: Developments, Impacts and Challenges in Cape Town	Booyens I.	2012	Urban Forum	23	1	10.1007/s12132-012-9140-6	Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Booyens, I., Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town 8000, South Africa, Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Creative industries are often regarded as avenues for urban regeneration, economic development and job creation. The growth of creative industries is linked to post-Fordist economic restructuring in cities. As a result, the economic base of cities has moved away from manufacturing to knowledge-intensive and service-based industries. While countries in the Global South generally contribute marginally to the global economy, some countries are seeking to enhance their competitiveness in the global environment and gain from opportunities presented by the creative economy. Policymakers in the Global South have therefore adopted creative industry policies, and often link these to social development outcomes. However, this presents various challenges. The literature indicates that creative industries can exacerbate existing inequalities and marginalise working class residents. Furthermore, the benefits of creative urban renewal do not necessarily reach poor communities. This paper contributes to debates regarding the role of creative industries in the urban economies of cities in the Global South. This reflects on the impacts of creative urban renewal, and the implications for social development and policy. It also considers recent development and challenges around creative industry promotion in Cape Town, with specific reference to the city-fringe neighbourhood of Woodstock. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Cities; Creative industries; Gentrification; Inequality; Post-industrial; Urban renewal	economic development; gentrification; global economy; industrial production; literature review; neighborhood; policy making; resident population; social development; social policy; urban economy; urban renewal; Cape Town; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919641680	The Diffusion and Impacts of Information and Communication Technology on Tourism in the Western Cape, South Africa	Anwar M.A., Carmody P., Surborg B., Corcoran A.	2013	Urban Forum	25	4	10.1007/s12132-013-9210-4	Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Commission for Aviation Regulation, Dublin, Ireland	Anwar, M.A., Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Carmody, P., Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Surborg, B., Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Corcoran, A., Commission for Aviation Regulation, Dublin, Ireland	Two features of the globalising economy are its technological dynamism and its increasing service orientation. International tourism is an important element of the “new economy” of globalisation, as are new information and communication technologies. The relations between these two central elements of the reconfiguring world system have been under-theorised. Based on extensive primary fieldwork in Western Cape Province, South Africa, this paper explores the impact of new information and communication technologies on tourism development. It finds that, while these new technologies are extensively used in marketing and booking, in particular, foreign-owned websites have established a dominant command and control function, thereby replicating previous patterns of economic extraversion. © 2013, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Information and communication technologies; South Africa; Tourism	fieldwork; globalization; information and communication technology; international tourism; marketing; tourism development; World Wide Web; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549097736	Creating an African Riviera: Revisiting the Impact of the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront Development in Cape Town	Ferreira S., Visser G.	2007	Urban Forum	18	3	10.1007/s12132-007-9008-3	Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Geography, University of Free States, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Ferreira, S., Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Visser, G., Department of Geography, University of Free States, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	The use of leisure and tourism to re-image and redevelop cities has been interpreted as a mechanism for attracting capital and people. In a period of intense inter-place competition and urban entrepreneurialism, whole built environments become centerpieces of urban spectacle and display. Waterfront developments have become emblematic in this regard. Over the past two decades the redevelopment of the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront (V&AW) in Cape Town has been transformed from 'port' to 'playground' and is internationally acknowledged as one of the most successful of these developments. This redevelopment has, as has been the case with numerous other waterfront developments, not been uncontroversial. New tensions and conflicts have arisen over the use, meaning, and ownership of this space. The acquisition of the waterfront by a consortium of London- and Dubai-based property developers in 2006 has renewed concerns about the 'plasticization' of the waterfront and signals the symbolic start of a new phase in this waterfront's development trajectory. The paper tracks the development of the V&AW since its inception in the late 1980s and argues that general critiques of waterfront developments sit uneasily in the Cape Town context. It is also suggested that these developments can fulfil a very significant and positive role for developing world cities. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Cape Town; South Africa; Urban regeneration; Urban renewal; V&A Waterfront	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938204432	Urban Impacts of Resource Booms: the Emergence of Oil-Led Gentrification in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana	Eduful A., Hooper M.	2015	Urban Forum	26	3	10.1007/s12132-015-9257-5	Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Administration Block II, 2nd Floor, UPO PMB, Kumasi, Ghana; Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, 401A Gund Hall, 48 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA, United States	Eduful, A., Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Administration Block II, 2nd Floor, UPO PMB, Kumasi, Ghana; Hooper, M., Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, 401A Gund Hall, 48 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA, United States	Existing research on resource booms and their impacts has largely focused at the national level and been undertaken from an economic perspective, primarily through the lens of the resource curse. This study investigates an emergent resource boom in Ghana, where oil was discovered in 2007. Given the considerable existing research on national-level impacts of resource extraction, this study looks at the urban impacts of oil exploitation on the city of Sekondi-Takoradi, the largest urban settlement closest to the nation’s offshore oil fields. Drawing on detailed questionnaires completed by 636 people across multiple neighbourhoods, the study examines how oil discovery and exploitation have impacted the city. The study finds that many of the changes facing Sekondi-Takoradi can be understood in light of gentrification theory. This is important because there has been considerable debate over the extent to which models of gentrification, largely forged in the developed world, are relevant in the developing world. The findings of this study extend existing knowledge by not only connecting resource booms to processes of urban gentrification in Sub-Saharan Africa but by also demonstrating that multiple forms of gentrification take place simultaneously in these conditions. The paper concludes by suggesting several avenues through which planners and policymakers might better prepare for the kinds of urban changes that are likely to result from developing world resource booms. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Gentrification; Ghana; Natural resources; Oil; Sekondi-Takoradi; Urban	developing world; exploitation; gentrification; natural resource; neighborhood; numerical model; oil field; policy making; urban economy; urban policy; Ghana; Sekondi-Takoradi; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Region	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956313431	Maximising the Local Pro-Poor Impacts of Dive Tourism: Sodwana Bay, South Africa	Mograbi J., Rogerson C.M.	2007	Urban Forum	18	2	10.1007/s12132-007-9002-9	School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Mograbi, J., School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rogerson, C.M., School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	This article examines the local impacts of dive tourism in a South African case study, namely Sodwana Bay in Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal province. Using extensive primary research interviews with key tourism stakeholders and local product owners, dive tourism at Sodwana Bay is considered an example of niche tourism in small-town South Africa. It is argued that opportunities exist for extending local pro-poor impacts if several challenges are addressed concerning improved skill levels, the institutional environment and extending local small business opportunities. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Local development; Small business development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051934854	Evaluation of breast cancer risk by using fuzzy logic	Balanicǎ V., Dumitrache I., Caramihai M., Rae W., Herbst C.	2011	UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series C: Electrical Engineering	73	1	None	Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Dept. of Medical Physics, University of the Free State (UFS), Bloemfontein, South Africa	Balanicǎ, V., Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Dumitrache, I., Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Caramihai, M., Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Rae, W., Dept. of Medical Physics, University of the Free State (UFS), Bloemfontein, South Africa; Herbst, C., Dept. of Medical Physics, University of the Free State (UFS), Bloemfontein, South Africa	The decision process for selecting the best-suited follow-up treatment for a suspected breast cancer case is strongly dependent upon the correct diagnosis and assessment of the breast cancer risk. Despite the latest technological developments, the methods and criteria used to quantify the characteristics of detected lesion, so as to define the developmental stage of the breast cancer, and thus to finally arrive at a reliable (most probable) risk estimate, are still subjective and poorly defined for many clinicians. The present paper introduces a set of fuzzy rules that can be used to process the relevant data from breast cancer cases in order to give a breast cancer risk prognosis which can be qualitatively compared to that of an expert.	Breast cancer diagnosis; CAD; Fuzzy intelligent technique	Breast Cancer; Breast cancer diagnosis; Breast cancer risk; Decision process; Developmental stage; Intelligent techniques; Technological development; Diagnosis; Fuzzy logic; Risk perception; Diseases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863827657	Capturing convection in the northwest Mediterranean Sea: Using underwater gliders to assess the performance of regional forecast models	Loveday B., Swart S., Storkey D.	2012	Underwater Technology	30	3	10.3723/ut.30.135	Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, CSIR-NRE, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; FOAM Ocean Modelling Group, Met Office, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, United Kingdom	Loveday, B., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Swart, S., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa, Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, CSIR-NRE, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Storkey, D., FOAM Ocean Modelling Group, Met Office, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, United Kingdom	Ocean models require independent datasets to verify forecast accuracy. Glider data, within an appropriate reference frame, can satisfy this constraint. In the present paper, profiles from the northwest Mediterranean Sea are re-gridded to allow evaluation of modelled deepwater formation episodes. Time-series analysis of temperature, salinity, mixed-layer depth and ocean heat content show that the simulated response to surface flux is consistent with observations and the evolution of convective events is well represented. However, discrepancies in the distributions of the simulated Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and western Mediterranean deep water (WMDW) remain. A new 'sweep' methodology, developed in the present paper, indicates that the location and duration of the simulated convective events are consistent with that observed, but spatial variability is underrepresented. Variogram analysis ascribes integral scales similar to those observed for the mixed-layer depth, but suggests that simulated scalar fields are too diffuse. The ability to maximise the separation of temporal and spatial variability, inherent in this new methodology, confirms that glider data is suitable for validating high-resolution ocean models.	Convection; Gliders; Mediterranean; Validation; Variogram	Convective events; Data sets; Deep Water; Deep-water formation; Forecast accuracy; FORECAST model; High-resolution ocean model; Levantine intermediate waters; Mediterranean; Mediterranean sea; Ocean heat content; Ocean model; Reference frame; Scalar fields; Simulated response; Spatial variability; Surface flux; Temporal and spatial variability; Underwater gliders; Validation; Variogram analysis; Variograms; Western Mediterranean; Harmonic analysis; Heat convection; Gliders; accuracy assessment; convection; deep water; gliding; intermediate water; performance assessment; spatiotemporal analysis; surface flux; underwater camera; Mediterranean Sea; Mediterranean Sea (Northwest)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41149109021	The impact of water shortage on forest resources - The case of Uganda	Kafeero F.	2007	Unasylva	58	229	None	Environmental Alert, Kampala, Uganda	Kafeero, F., Environmental Alert, Kampala, Uganda	The scarcity of water resources in Uganda due to climate change has weakened the country's hydropower generation. To meet the demand for power, the country resorted to using expensive thermal power, which increased electricity tariffs per unit of domestic consumption. The people turned to woodfuels for energy, increasing their dependence on tree and forest products, which then resulted to an increased deforestation in unsustainably managed forests, as suppliers seek to meet the increased demand and take advantage of the skyrocketing fuel price. As the country experienced high rains, electricity generation levels have not recovered. The heavy rains wash away bare soils, increasing the problem of siltation. If extreme dry condition set in, this cycle will be further exacerbated, posing a threat to human life today and the years to come.	None	climate change; deforestation; forest management; forest product; forest resource; fuelwood; power generation; resource scarcity; water resource; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84952321831	Impact of introducing routine antenatal ultrasound services on reproductive health indicators in Mpigi District, Central Uganda	Kawooya M.G., Nathan R.O., Swanson J., Swanson D.L., Namulema E., Ankunda R., Kirumira F., Ddungu-Matovu P.	2015	Ultrasound Quarterly	31	4	10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000142	Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Bldg, Albert Cook Rd, PO Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Kawooya, M.G., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Bldg, Albert Cook Rd, PO Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Nathan, R.O., Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Swanson, J., Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Swanson, D.L., Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Namulema, E., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Bldg, Albert Cook Rd, PO Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Ankunda, R., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Bldg, Albert Cook Rd, PO Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Kirumira, F., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Bldg, Albert Cook Rd, PO Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Ddungu-Matovu, P., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Bldg, Albert Cook Rd, PO Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda	The preponderance of global maternal and neonatal deaths occurs in low-resource countries. The risk factors that lead to these deaths are often detectable with ultrasound (US) and potentially preventable. We assessed the impact of performing US scanning during antenatal care (ANC) on reproductive health service utilization in a rural Ugandan district. This pragmatic comparative study was conducted in 2 constituencies of Mpigi district in Uganda. In the 5 intervention sites located in the Mawokota North constituency, facility midwives were trained in limited obstetric US scanning. They were equipped with solarpowered portable US machines and redeployed to offer US scanning as an integral component of ANC. The 5 control sites in the Mawokota South constituency offered the same ANC services without US scanning. We compared the difference in the first and fourth ANC attendance, facility deliveries, and referral of obstetric complications in the intervention and the control sites before and after the introduction of US. There was a 32% increase in the first ANC attendance at the intervention sites compared with 7.4% in the controls sites (P < 0.001). In the intervention sites, the fourth antenatal attendance increased by 147% compared with 0.6% decline in the control sites (P < 0.001). Referrals of high-risk pregnancies increased by 40.7% in the intervention sites compared with 25% in the control site. The number of births at the interventional sites increased by 34.1% compared with 29.5% in the control sites. Integration of limited obstetric US into routine ANC visits is associated with an increase in ANC attendance. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	ANC; Midwives; Portable ultrasound scan; Ultrasound scanning	Article; comparative study; controlled study; delivery; echography; female; health care facility; health care utilization; health status indicator; high risk pregnancy; human; patient referral; pregnancy complication; prenatal care; priority journal; rural area; Uganda; Ugandan	USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875995518	Impact of reciprocal peer-tutoring on secondary school students' achievement in large physics classes in Nigeria	Oludipe B.D.	2009	Ubiquitous Learning	1	2	None	Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun, Nigeria	Oludipe, B.D., Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun, Nigeria	This study investigated the impact of Reciprocal peer-tutoring on senior secondary students' Achievement in large Physics classes in Nigeria. It adopted the pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental design. One hundred and ninetyfour intact class of students (112 males and 82females) with a mean age of 15.7 years, SD= 1.7 from four co-educational secondary schools in Edo State, Nigeria constituted the sample for the study. A Physics Achievement Test (PAT) consisting of fifty items in multiple-choice format was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and t-test. Results revealed that reciprocal peer tutoring improved students' achievement in Physics in large classes significantly. However, no significant effect of reciprocal peer-tutoring on gender was found. The findings from this study tend to suggest that reciprocal peer-tutoring could be a panacea for dealing with the problems of Physics achievement deficits in large class sizes. In effect, policy makers may not need to bother reducing large class sizes but encourage Physics teachers to employ reciprocal peer-tutoring to facilitate students' learning. © Common Ground, Bimbola D. Oludipe, All Rights Reserved.	Achievement; Large class size; Peer-tutoring; Physics; Reciprocal teaching; Secondary school	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897899864	Oral storytelling and national kinship: Reflections on the oral narrative performance in the Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festivals	Opondo R.A.	2014	Tydskrif vir Letterkunde	51	1	10.4314/tvl.v51i1.11	Moi University, Kenya	Opondo, R.A., Moi University, Kenya	The story, in the form of the oral narrative, has always been a communalizing genre in the traditional African setting. It then functioned as a tool that brings together not only the artist and the particular audience, but also the entire community within which the performances are derived and performed. However, postcolonial, modern and global situations have greatly impacted on the traditional kinship structures in Africa and kinship fostering tools like the African oral narrative have not been spared. The introduction of the oral storytelling onto the proscenium stage in the Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festivals (KSCDF) has contributed to perpetuate the performance of this genre to significant degrees. This move has not only recalled attention to oral narratives, but also has revolutionized the performance and functional aspects of oral storytelling. Various aspects of the oral narrative genre have changed, from the multi-ethnic audience to the elaborate narrative structures and the varying orientations of the oral artists in KSCDF. The dramatic elements of the narrative have also been enhanced to justify its inclusion within the wider dramatic genre. This article investigates the structural and thematic reorientations of the contemporary Kenyan oral narrative and how it influences the reorientations of kinship in a postcolonial reality characterized by heterogeneous consumer audience and the need for national commonality. The aim is to understand the reorientations of oral storytelling and its scripted machinations of multi-ethnicity woven into the narrative as part of its contemporarily requisite features; the question is whether or not these reorientations enable the ideological adoption of some form of kinship across the diverse ethnic groups in Kenya.	Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festivals; Kinship; Oral narrative performance; Textual manipulation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867061211	A preliminary impact study of a university, school and private sector partnership project: Hope for disadvantaged students through mentorships [N Voorlopige impakstudie van 'n vennootskapsprojek tussen universiteit, skole en die privaat sektor: Hoop vir b	Le Cordeur M.	2012	Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe	52	3	None	Departement Kurrikulumstudie (Afrikaans), Fakulteit Opvoedkunde, Universiteit Stellenbosch, South Africa	Le Cordeur, M., Departement Kurrikulumstudie (Afrikaans), Fakulteit Opvoedkunde, Universiteit Stellenbosch, South Africa	Successful access to higher education for black students in particular remains a challenge to all tertiary institutions in South Africa. This is the opinion of Prof. Russel Botman, Rector of Stellenbosch University (SU). It is therefore of concern that the SU strategic framework document (SU 2010a) states that the increase in our country's student population projected by the National Commission for Higher Education in 1997 (DBO 1997) has not been attained. This is in contrast with the University's vision for the future, which commits itself to an academic institution of excellence and a respected knowledge partner that contributes towards the development of South Africa and welcomes a diversity of people and ideas. But according to a report by the Centre for Higher Education Transformation (CHET) 1 little demographic transformation had occurred in respect of who participates in higher education. This is an indication that black students' chances of gaining access to university have in fact decreased. Despite this authorities continue to insist that the percentage of black students in public higher-education institutions be increased. The Ministry's vision is of a transformed, democratic, non-racial and non-sexist system of higher education that will promote equity of access and fair chances of success to all who are seeking to realise their potential through higher education (DBO 1997). The Vice-Rector of SU (Fourie 2009b:16) expands on this: "Besides the moral-ethical considerations, pressure is also being placed on universities by higher education policy to diversify their student and staff compositions and to remove measures that could exclude certain groupings". Stellenbosch University is thus under pressure to align its diversity profile with the transformation goals set by the government, as proclaimed in the White Paper on Higher Education of 1997. At the same time the University also experiences pressure from the broader community to answer to the call of alleviating poverty in disadvantaged communities (SU 2010a). However, the standard of teaching in previously disadvantaged schools in the surrounding areas is such that very few students qualify to further their studies at university level. The question therefore is what the University can do to draw students that will rise to these challenges. In his response the University announced a strategy referred to by the current vice-chancellor (Botman 2007) as a "pedagogy of hope". This seems to have been inspired by the neo-Marxist Brazilian educationalist Paulo Friere's publication Pedagogy of the oppressed (1970). According to this strategy the University will search for and exploit opportunities that will lead to "the farm owner's daughter and the farm worker's son sitting in the same class" (Botman 2007). This gave rise to initiatives such as the Rachel's Angels Schools Partnership Project, which is based on the principles of community interaction. 2 The project aims to build the capacity of promising students from disadvantaged communities with the aid of a mentorship programme. This will enable them to bridge the gap between school and university successfully. This article presents an overview of the project as well as a report on its impact. The educational theories which underpin the Rachel's Angels project can be considered to be constructivist in nature, founded upon a philosophy that is student centred and based on a view in which knowledge is not absolute, but is actively constructed by the student. The study aims to establish whether the project has achieved the desired outcomes. If employed successfully, SU will give effect to its transformation agenda, which includes increased participation by a diverse corps of students, willingness to react to social and economic needs and growing cooperation between higher education institutions and all sectors of society. The results of the impact study indicate that, despite growing pains, the project has already made a meaningful contribution in building the capacity of disadvantaged students. The implications for the University are to continuously engage in partnerships with previously disadvantaged schools in order to unlock the potential of disadvantaged students. Not only will it reflect positively on the University's diversity profile, but at the same time give meaning to the University's quest for a "pedagogy of hope".	Angels; Community interaction; Empowerment; Entrepreneurial skills; Mentoring; Mentors; Partnership in education; Protégé-mentee; Transformation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958143994	The state's failure to comply with its constitutional duties and its impact on democracy	Malherbe R., Van Eck M.	2009	Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg	None	2	None	Department of Public Law, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Malherbe, R., Department of Public Law, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Eck, M., Department of Public Law, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869174458	Specific performance as a remedy in international sales contracts	Wethmar-Lemmer M.	2012	Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg	None	4	None	Private International Law, University of South Africa, South Africa	Wethmar-Lemmer, M., Private International Law, University of South Africa, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865796627	Limiting of accumulating debt from interest due and the ultra duplum rule: An evaluation of the historical development and the purported purpose of the rule [Limitering van renteheffing en die ultra duplum-reël: 'N evaluering van die historiese ontwikkeli	Sonnekus J.C.	2012	Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg	None	3	None	Universiteit van Johannesburg, South Africa	Sonnekus, J.C., Universiteit van Johannesburg, South Africa	It is an accepted principle in any state governed by the rule of law that no one may use an asset of another without his permission and if it is to be for a period of time, they would normally regulate the situation by agreement. The only exception would be when someone uses someone else's property and is complying with the principles of acquisitive prescription. Doing otherwise may encourage squatting and anarchy. Unless the person with full legal title feels inclined to be benevolent towards his neighbour, the agreement between them would normally make provision for the payment of a sum of money to the owner for the use of his property. Nobody would disallow the owner his right to a reasonable benefit as quid pro quo, but if we are dealing with the use of money (a money-lending transaction) where interest is to be paid, the law will limit the money-lender's claim to profit from interest in terms of the rules against usury if it becomes excessive. Since early Roman times, Roman law objectively limited the possible content of a clause governing interest on an outstanding debt due in terms of a money-lending agreement. Not only was the maximum interest rate determined and the claim to compound interest excluded, but under the duplum rule the interest could not accumulate beyond the equivalent of the original debt. In this contribution the author reflects on the evolution of this rule and the content it carried as contained in both known and lesser-known texts on the Roman law. In the light of the interplay between the known and lesser-known texts from Justinian the author concludes that contrary to the popular assumption or belief, the underlying purpose of the duplum rule was not an early version of consumer protection for the benefit of the poor, over-indebted credit-seeker. Instead, it served to safeguard the general public interest by eliminating as early as possible any high-risk debtor as possible credit-seeker who would never be able to rid himself of his indebtedness and would - if allowed to continue to form part of the economic society with an unsequestrated status - endanger that very society. For this purpose Justinian ruled that no interest may accumulate at any stage beyond the magic duplum amount. This applied irrespective of whether the interest due was paid in instalments or not. It consequently made it unattractive for a credit provider to extend the due date for the full repayment of any debt beyond the date of reaching this maximum margin. This is a very effective disciplinary measure to curtail overindebtedness and to compel the creditor to attend to the timeous service of his claim. An oversimplification of allowing the immature (rather unsophisticated) credit-seeker to enjoy unlimited credit irrespective of whether he would be in a position to service and repay all his debt does not conform to the economic reality recognised by the old authorities. The article concludes by noting with astonishment that an African country like Kenya, with no legal historical ties to Roman law, decided to introduce legislation along the lines of the duplum rule to govern the further accumulation of debt from interest-bearing financial vehicles, because the rule makes logical and economic sense. The advisors to the European Union whom one would have expected to be acquainted with Roman law and its fundamental principles, however, have not advised the European Union along these lines, since it is still providing bankrupt states with loans under circumstances where it may be assumed that it might be impossible for the recipient countries ever to repay their debts. Greece might not have been in half of its current financial difficulties if a credit provider knew that no profit was to be made by extending additional credit if the outstanding debt had passed the duplum margin (had the possibility existed to apply this rule). If there is no profit to be made from extending the due date for the debtor, the flow of credit will automatically dwindle, unless credit providers publicly don the cloak of the Good Samaritan and could justifiably show their shareholders or taxpayers why their investments or hard-earned money should be donated to the credit receiver in question. The same principle applies to the private debtor seeking unlimited credit as consumer. An outright moratorium or re-arrangement order on the repayment of debt is contrary to the provisions of the original agreement by which the debtor undertook to abide; this implies that it is done at the expense of the creditor, even if governed by sections 78-88 read with section 103(5) of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894582678	Non-performance of constitutional obligations and the demise of the water tribunal - Access to justice denied?	Olivier N., Olivier N.	2014	Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg	None	1	None	University of Pretoria, South Africa	Olivier, N., University of Pretoria, South Africa; Olivier, N., University of Pretoria, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953397096	Impact of immunosuppression on radiographic features of HIV related pulmonary tuberculosis among Nigerians	Desalu O.O., Olokoba A., Danfulani M., Gambo Z., Salawu F., Damburam A., Midala J.	2009	Turk Toraks Dergisi	10	3	None	Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Radiology Usman Dan Fodio, University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Departmen	Desalu, O.O., Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Olokoba, A., Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Danfulani, M., Department of Radiology Usman Dan Fodio, University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; Gambo, Z., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Salawu, F., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Damburam, A., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Midala, J., Department of Hematology, Federal Medical Centre Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Objective: The impact of immunosuppression on radiographic manifestation of HIV related pulmonary tuberculosis among Nigerians was studied. Material and Method: We recruited 127 cases of HIV related pulmonary tuberculosis at the Federal Medical Centre Yola Adamawa state, Nigeria. Demographic information, smoking history and results of sputum smear for AAFB, chest radiographic findings and blood CD4 counts were obtained. Subjects were subdivided into two groups: Group I (CD4 count &lt; 200cell/mm3) and Group II (CD4 count ≥ 200cell/mm3). Results: Of the 127 subjects, 74 were males and 53 were females. The mean age of the subjects was 35.1±8.4 years and the mean CD4 count was 166±100 cell/mm3. There were 93(73.2%) in Group I and 34(26.8%) in Group II. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, middle and lower lung zone involvement, bilateral lung involvement, miliary or disseminated patterns as well as normal chest radiographs were found more frequently in Group I. Cavitations, upper lung zone involvement, pleural effusion and bilateral lung infiltrate were found more frequently in Group II. Conclusion: Severe immunosuppression was significantly associated with atypical radiological findings of TB, while mild immunosuppression was significantly associated with typical pulmonary tuberculosis. The physician needs to be aware of the impact of immunosuppression on radiographic manifestation of HIV related pulmonary tuberculosis.	AIDS manifestation; HIV; Immunosuppression; Nigerians; Radiographic; Tuberculosis	acid fast bacterium; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cigarette smoking; controlled study; disease association; disease severity; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune deficiency; lung cavitation; lung infiltrate; lung tuberculosis; lymphadenopathy; major clinical study; male; mediastinum lymph node; miliary tuberculosis; Nigeria; pleura effusion; sputum smear; thorax radiography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875894767	Determinants of balance performance in hemiparetic stroke survivors [Hemiparetik İnmeli hastalarda denge performansi{dotless}]	Olayinka Obembe A., Olatokunbo Olaogun M., Adesoji Adedoyin R., Emmanuel Lamidi R.	2011	Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi	57	4	10.4274/tftr.31644	Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-ife, Nigeria	Olayinka Obembe, A., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Olatokunbo Olaogun, M., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Adesoji Adedoyin, R., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Emmanuel Lamidi, R., Department of Physiotherapy, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-ife, Nigeria	Objective: Balance dysfunctions in stroke survivors have significant impact on their functional independence. This study was designed to assess the balance performance of hemiparetic stroke survivors and to determine the effect of gender, type of stroke and laterality on balance performance. Materials and Methods: The research was a cross-sectional study of 120 community-dwelling adults who had survived six months or more after a stroke. Balance performance was assessed using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). Results: Eighty seven (72.5%) males and thirty three (27.5%) females with ages ranging from 31 to 83 years (mean 55.7±10.4) participated in this study. Sixty three (52.5%) had hemorrhagic stroke, while 57 (47.5%) had ischemic stroke. Seventy one (59.2%) had right-sided hemiparesis, while 49 (40.8%) had left-sided hemiparesis. Significant differences were found between balance performance (balance confidence and functional reach distance) of male and female stroke survivors with male stroke survivors having higher values; and between those of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke survivors, with ischemic stroke survivors having higher values. In a multiple regression analysis, patients' characteristics (age, height, weight, body mass index, post stroke duration) were related to the balance performance, accounting for 5.1% and 7.4% of the variance in the ABC Scale scores and functional reach distance, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that gender and stroke type had influence on balance performance of hemiparetic stroke survivors and should be considered as factors in balance assessment and retraining of hemiparetic stroke survivors. © Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Published by Galenos Publishing.	Balance; Falls; Hemiparesis; Stroke	adult; age; aged; article; balance impairment; body height; body mass; body weight; brain hemorrhage; brain ischemia; cerebrovascular accident; cross-sectional study; data analysis; female; hemiparesis; human; major clinical study; male; scoring system; sex difference; survivor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84957538919	Enhancing students’ reading comprehension performance through think and search questions. A study of selected secondary schools in Kaduna, Nigeria	Yusuf H.	2015	Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology	2015	None	None	Department of Educational Foundations and Curriculum, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Yusuf, H., Department of Educational Foundations and Curriculum, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	This study focused on using “think and search” questions to enhance student’s performance in reading comprehension. A sample of sixty (60) senior secondary schools from Kaduna metropolis was used for the study. Quasi experimental research design was used for the study. Government Secondary School, Kigo Road was used as the experimental school, while Government Secondary School Ungwan Muazu was used as the control school. Senior secondary two (i.e SS2) students were used for the study. Thirty (30) students (intact class) from each of the schools were used for the study. Both groups were exposed to six (6) weeks of teaching. Prior to teaching, both groups were exposed to pretest to establish the homogeneity of the two groups of students. Both groups were assessed after six (6) weeks of teaching using reading comprehension test. T-test was used to test the hypothesis raised in the study. The findings revealed significant differences in the performance of students taught reading comprehension using “think and search” questions. Teachers are encouraged to enhance students’ performance in reading comprehension by engaging students in “think and search” questions during reading comprehension lessons. Curriculum planners and text book writers are equally encouraged to provide think and search questions for students before during and after every reading comprehension passage as a means of evaluating each reading task. © The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology.	Enhance student’s	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76449105471	Effects of computer assisted instruction (CAI) on secondary school students' performance in biology	Yusuf M.O., Afolabi A.O.	2010	Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology	9	1	None	Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Centre for Educational Technology, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria	Yusuf, M.O., Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Afolabi, A.O., Centre for Educational Technology, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria	This study investigated the effects of computer assisted instruction (CAI) on secondary school students' performance in biology. Also, the influence of gender on the performance of students exposed to CAI in individualised or cooperative learning settings package was examined. The research was a quasi experimental involving a 3 x 2 factorial design. The sample for the study comprised 120 first year senior secondary school students (SSS I) sampled from three private secondary schools, in Oyo State, Nigeria. The students' pre-test and post test scores were subjected to Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings of the study showed that the performance of students exposed to CAI either individually or cooperatively were better than their counterparts exposed to the conventional classroom instruction. However, no significant difference existed in the performance of male and female students exposed to CAI in either individual or cooperative settings. Based on the research findings recommendations were made on the need to develop relevant CAI packages for teaching biology in Nigerian secondary schools. Copyright © The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875240382	The impact of ICT in learning through distance education programmes at Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU): Roles of ict in learning through distance education programmes	Mpofu J., Chimhenga S., Mafa O.	2013	Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education	14	1	None	Department of Languages and Media Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Centre for Student Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe	Mpofu, J., Department of Languages and Media Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Chimhenga, S., Centre for Student Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Mafa, O., Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe Distance Open University is enrols students from both urban and rural settings. The majority of students living and working in rural areas have limited or no access to computers and electricity as a result the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the learning process is very limited. Though government has realized the importance of developing ICT for learning purposes, in practice very little has materialized in the provision of the ICT technology especially in rural areas. The majority of Zimbabwe Open University students have expressed difficulties in coping with their studies partly due to lack of supplementary reading materials from internet.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649628685	Sustainable assessment and evaluation strategies for open and distance learning	Okonkwo C.A.	2010	Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education	11	4	None	National Open University of Nigeria, 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way, P.M.B. 80067 Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria	Okonkwo, C.A., National Open University of Nigeria, 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way, P.M.B. 80067 Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper first presents an overview of the concepts of assessment and evaluation in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) environment. The large numbers of students and numerous courses make assessment and evaluation very difficult and administrative nightmare at Distance Learning (DL) institutions. These challenges informed exploring issues relating to assessment and evaluation like the development and use of question bank and deployment of technology in assessment with emphasis on strategies for sustainability. Assessment in ODL, unlike in the Conventional system where students have a range of opportunities to demonstrate their learning periodically, depends on formal assessment tasks only. Thus, for validity to be high in ODL assessment, assessment must provide the appropriate situation possible for measuring the specific abilities being measured. Reliability is maximized when the assessment items are many; the items are not too easy or too difficult for the candidates; and the marking consistent. Evaluation depends on Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs) and End of Semester Examination (ESE) in ODL system. Large question/item bank (with reliable and valid questions) from which items are picked to constitute test are needed. Attempts are made to provide argument for the use of computer as a viable option for sustainable assessment based on its sustainable features especially for ODL institutions with a large number of students' population. It is hoped that these strategies if adopted have the potentials to eliminate some of the challenges that ODL institutions are currently facing in assessment. It will also strengthen quality assurance mechanism in ODL institutions.	Assessment; Evaluation; Question bank; Strategies; Sustainability; Technology	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954840022	Integrating group-self evaluation in open and distance learning system	Ajunwa O.U.S.	2010	Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education	11	1	None	School Of Education, National Open University of Nigeria, 14-16 Ahmadu Bello Way, Victoria Island. Lagos, Nigeria	Ajunwa, O.U.S., School Of Education, National Open University of Nigeria, 14-16 Ahmadu Bello Way, Victoria Island. Lagos, Nigeria	Every instructional process involves a strategic assessment system for a complete teaching leaning circle. Any assessment system which is seriously flawed, should call for a change, a rethink or a repackaging for sustainability, and to be a part of teaching and learning. Assessment should be meaningful to both the assessors and the assessees. The learners who are the assessees in this case should not be left out in the process of assessment. This is an era of democratization and liberalization of the educational opportunities through the use of Open and Distance Learning. Therefore the components of the educational system, including assessment and evaluation should also be democratized through the group-self evaluation of learning outcomes in the Open and Distance Learning system. This paper takes a look at the benefits of the group-self evaluation, the concept of Open and Distance Learning, characteristics of learners in Open and Distance Learning and integrating group-self evaluation in the Open and Distance Learning system.	Assessment; Distance education; Group-self evaluation; Open and distance learning; Open learning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871552926	Effects of dietary protein supplementation on the performance of West African dwarf (WAD) goats infected with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis	Mhomga L.I., Nnadi P.A., Chiejina S.N., Idika I.K., Ngongeh L.A.	2012	Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences	36	6	10.3906/vet-1106-21	Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Michael Okpara University	Mhomga, L.I., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Nnadi, P.A., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Chiejina, S.N., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Idika, I.K., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ngongeh, L.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria	Twenty worm-free male West African dwarf (WAD) goats, 7-8 months of age, were used to study the effect of dietary protein on their response to mixed infections of trychostrongyles. The goats were divided into 4 groups (A-D), each containing 5 animals. Groups A and B were fed forages with concentrate feed containing 17.06% crude protein, whereas Groups C and D were fed forages alone. An escalating infection of 500 infective larvae (L3), 1000 L3, 2000 L3, and 4000 L3 was given consecutively at weeks 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, for 4 weeks to groups A and D. Patency and level of infection were monitored by carrying out fecal egg counts (FECs) twice weekly. All of the animals were humanely sacrificed 42 days aft er infection, and the abomasum and intestines were recovered and processed for worm recovery. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the dietary protein and body weight gain and body condition score. However, the dietary protein had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the packed cell volume (PCV), total serum protein, and serum albumin levels. The supplemented goats shed significantly fewer helminth eggs in the feces and harbored lighter burdens of the 2 worm species compared to unsupplemented goats. There was a negative significant correlation between the worm burden and the body weight and body condition scores. The correlation between the worm burden and PCV was also negative but not significant, while that between the worm burden and FEC was positive and significant. Infection significantly affected the feed intake but did not affect water intake. These results therefore demonstrate that nutritional supplementation enhances the resistance of WAD goats to mixed infections of H. contortus and T. colubriformis and results in their improved performance. © TÜBİTAK.	Goats; Haemonchus contortus; Mixed infection; Performance; Supplement feeding; Trichostrongylus colubriformis	Animalia; Capra hircus; Haemonchus contortus; Trichostrongylus colubriformis; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55349140408	Path integral evaluation of a time-dependent oscillator in an external field	Ikot A.N., Ituen E.E., Essien I.E., Akpabio L.E.	2008	Turkish Journal of Physics	32	6	None	Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria	Ikot, A.N., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Ituen, E.E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Essien, I.E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Akpabio, L.E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Nigeria	The Lagrangian of a system describing the dynamical behaviour of a time-dependent harmonic oscillator is modified and then used to evaluate the Feynman path integral of the oscillator. The path integral of the time-dependent oscillator is shown to reduce to the time-independent within certain limits. © TÜBİTAK.	Green functions and harmonic oscillator; Path integral propagator	Oscillators (mechanical); Quantum theory; Dynamical behaviours; External fields; Feynman path integrals; Green functions and harmonic oscillator; Harmonic oscillators; Lagrangian; Path integral propagator; Path integrals; Oscillators (electronic)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946823310	Evaluation of the global solar irradiance in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, South Africa, using different theoretical models	Mulaudzi T.S., Maluta N.E., Sankaran V.	2015	Turkish Journal of Physics	39	3	10.3906/fiz-1505-9	Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Mulaudzi, T.S., Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Maluta, N.E., Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Sankaran, V., Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa	An attempt has been made to employ three different theoretical models for the determination of global solar radiation for the climate conditions of the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province in South Africa. The models are: 1) the Angstrom linear-based model, 2) the Hargreaves and Samani (temperature-based) model, and 3) the Garcia model. These models require the following meteorological data inputs: temperature, sunshine hours, and global solar irradiance on the horizontal surface. The regression coefficients from our previous study were also employed in the calculations. A 4-year (2007{2010) global solar irradiance and temperature data set from the Agricultural Research Council and the actual sunshine data set from the South African Weather Services were used. The monthly average global solar irradiance for the four selected areas of study were computed and compared with the in situ data. The results obtained show that the Angstrom linear and temperature-based models are suitable methods for predicting the global solar irradiance in this study area. The difference between the observed and the predicted data is less than 6.5 MJ/(m2 day). Their root mean square error varies between 0.0112 and 0.0368. Graphical representations of the irradiances versus the days of the year showed high values during summer for all the models used. © TÜBITAK.	Global solar irradiance; Regression coefficients; Root mean square error; Sunshine hours	Data flow analysis; Mean square error; Meteorology; Solar radiation; Agricultural research; Global solar irradiances; Global solar radiation; Graphical representations; Meteorological data; Regression coefficient; Root mean square errors; Sunshine Hour; Climate models	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959607322	Evaluation of cooked and mechanically defatted sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed meal as a replacer for soybean meal in the diet of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)	Jimoh W.A., Aroyehun H.T.	2011	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	11	2	10.4194/trjfas.2011.0202	Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Jimoh, W.A., Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Aroyehun, H.T., Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meal as dietary replacement of soybean meal in diets of Clarias gariepinus. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous, (40% crude protein), isolipidic (12% lipid) and isoenergetic (18 Mj/g). Cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meals were used to replace soybean meal at a rate of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% respectively. The performance of the fish fed sesame seed meal-based test diets was compared to fish fed a soybean meal-based control diets containing 40% crude protein. Each treatment had three replicates using 15 catfish fingerlings per tank with mean initial body weight of 6.37±0.21 g. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed control diets and fish fed diets containing 25% sesame. Similarly there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed fish fed diets containing 25% sesame and fish fed diets containing 50% sesame. However, a significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded between fish fed control diets and fish fed other test diets using the above indices. Comparable performance in growth nutrient utilization and carcass crude protein deposition in Clarias gariepinus fed diets with SSM25 and SSM50 showed that these meals could be viable means of improving the cost of fish feeding. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey.	African catfish; Mechanically defatted; Sesame; Soybean meal	Clarias gariepinus; Glycine max; Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349251730	Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets	Ogunji J., Summan Toor R.-U.-A., Schulz C., Kloas W.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria; Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Institut	Ogunji, J., Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria, Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Summan Toor, R.-U.-A., Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Schulz, C., Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung Christian, Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany; Kloas, W., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany, Institute of Biology, Dept. of Endocrinology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany	A 56 day study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile Tilapia fed diets containing housefly maggot meal (magmeal). Three isoenergetic diets respectively containing 31.20, 34.0 and 36.10% crude protein were formulated. Fishmeal was replaced partially with magmeal. Results of the study showed a good overall growth performances and status of experimental fish. Standard growth rate was between 2.58 - 3.08; food conversion ratio ranged from 1.12 to 1.45; Protein efficiency ratio was between 2.21-2.47, while hepatosomatic Index and condition factor were ranged between 3.08-3.14; and 2.47-2.89, respectively. Fish survival was 100%. These recommend the suitability of magmeal in diets for Nile tilapia fingerling. However, the apparent crude protein digestibility of diet 3 (65.71%) containing highest magmeal dietary inclusion level, decreased significantly compared to diet 1 and 2 (76.26%, 77.04%). This may be due to the effect of elevated ash concentration of magmeal used in the diet formulation. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Alternative protein sources; Fishmeal substitute; Magmeal	Musca domestica; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349229757	Nutritional evaluation of termite (Macrotermes subhyalinus) meal as animal protein supplements in the diets of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings	Sogbesan A.O., Ugwumba A.A.A.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sogbesan, A.O., Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; Ugwumba, A.A.A., University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	250 fingerlings of Heterobranchus longifilis had an average weight of 2.04±0.21 g were fed five crude protein 42.5% isonitrogenous experimental diets coded Tm1 - Tm5 were tested on the fingerlings. Termite meal was used to replace fish meal in the diets at 0% (Diet Tm1- control diet), 25% (Diet Tm2), 50% (Diet Tm3), 75% (Diet Tm4) and 100% termite meal inclusion levels (Diet Tm5). The experiment was in triplicates and the fingerlings were fed 5% body weight twice a day for 12 weeks. Termite meal had a crude protein of 46.3% and ash content of 3.6% while fish meal used has 71.5% crude protein and 18.2% ash and these differed significantly (P<0.05). The lipid content of 11.3% and 8.0% respectively for termite meal and fishmeal also differed significantly (P<0.05). The water stability of the experimental diets ranged between72.3%-76.9%. The highest mean weight gain of 9.6 g/fish, relative growth rate of 488.0% and specific growth rate of 0.9%/day were recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The feed striking time ranged between 5.0-6.0 second. The lowest feed conversion ratio of 2.9 and highest protein efficiency ratio of 0.8 were also recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The lowest incidence of cost (2.1), highest profit index (1.6) and best benefit cost ratio (1.2) were also from 50% termite meal diet. Based on the broken-line analysis, 50% inclusion levels of termite meal will yield the best result in a practical diet for H. longifilis fingerlings for a profitable and sustainable aquaculture venture. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Cost; Fishmeal; Growth; H. longifilis; Nutrient; Termite meal	Animalia; Heterobranchus longifilis; Isoptera; Macrotermes subhyalinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867687853	Comparative reproductive and growth performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and its hybrid induced with synthetic hormone and pituitary land of Clarias gariepinus	Ndimele P.E., Owodeinde F.G.	2012	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	12	3	10.4194/1303-2712-v12_3_09	Lagos State University, Faculty of Science, Department of Fisheries, Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria	Ndimele, P.E., Lagos State University, Faculty of Science, Department of Fisheries, Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria; Owodeinde, F.G., Lagos State University, Faculty of Science, Department of Fisheries, Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the comparative reproductive, growth performances and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus and its hybrid "heteroclarias" using ovaprim and pituitary extract of male and female C. gariepinus. The experimental broodstocks consisted of 6 female C. gariepinus (2 each were induced separately with ovaprim, male pituitary of C. gariepinus and female pituitary of C. gariepinus), 3 male C. gariepinus and 3 male Heterobranchus bidorsalis. 2 female C. gariepinus induced with synthetic hormone were crossed separately with male C. gariepinus and male H. bidorsalis. A similar crossing was done for the other two sets of female C. gariepinus induced with male and female pituitary glands. The result shows that there was significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatments in all the reproductive performance, growth and nutrient utilization parameters. The highest percentage fertilization (88.44±5.74%), feed intake (27.48±7.08g), protein intake (15.39±3.96g), feed conversion ratio (1.21±0.12) and protein efficiency ratio (1.68±0.19) were recorded in pure line C. gariepinus induced with ovaprim. Pure breed C. gariepinus also had the highest values in all the reproductive performance and growth parameters. This study has shown that C. gariepinus induced with synthetic hormone (ovaprim) produce offspring with better qualities than those induced with pituitary. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey.	Catfish; Growth parameters; Nutrient utilization; Ovaprim; Pituitary extract	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924210399	Performance of some local Nigerian turfgrasses in sole and mixed stands	Oyedeji S., Isichei A.O., Ogunfidodo A.	2014	Turkish Journal of Field Crops	19	1	None	Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oyedeji, S., Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Isichei, A.O., Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ogunfidodo, A., Department of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The study assessed the performance of Axonopus compressus, Chysopogon aciculatus, Sporobolus pyramidalis, Eleusine indica and Dactyloctenium aegyptium in turf establishment. The five grass species planted in sole and mixed stands were varied with the legume - Desmodium triflorum. Ground cover differed significantly among grass species and their mixtures from 4 - 11 weeks after planting (WAP) but ground cover in the legume and no legume subplots were not significantly different from 4 – 6 WAP. Eleusine, Axonopus and Dactyloctenium and their mixtures had higher ground cover than those of Sporobolus and Chrysopogon. There were significant differences in ground cover among grasses and mixtures at 3 and 6 weeks after clipping (WAC), and grasslegume subplots and subplots without the legume were different at 3 and 4 WAC. Recovery weeks after trampling was faster in sole stands and mixtures with Axonopus and Eleusine, indicating they are better adapted to trampling. © 2014, Society of Field Crops Science. All Rights Reserved.	Ground cover; Growth rate; Legume; Mixed stands; Trampling-tolerant; Warm-season turfgrasses	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930016287	Depth and performance evaluation of a laboratory scale sand filtration system for wastewater treatment	Sodamade G., Longe E., Sangodoyin A.	2014	Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences	38	2	10.3906/muh-1405-9	Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sodamade, G., Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Longe, E., Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Sangodoyin, A., Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Intermittent sand filtration (ISF) was adopted in the treatment of synthetic wastewater having septic tank effluent’s properties in the laboratory. Over a period of 84 days synthetic wastewater was intermittently dosed onto two sand filters of 50 cm and 100 cm depths at an interval of 4 h. The filter material has an effective size d<inf>10</inf> of 0.42 mm, d<inf>60</inf> of 0.92 mm, coefficient of uniformity, Cu, of 2.2, and hydraulic conductivity of 4.632 × 10-3 ms-1 with an effective pore diameter of 0.094 mm. The hydraulic loading was 0.144 m/day and the BOD<inf>5</inf> of the wastewater was 172.3 mg/L. The removal of suspended solids, ammonium-nitrogen (NH<inf>4</inf> -N), and BOD<inf>5</inf> in 100- and 50-cm columns was 91.4% and 88.6%, 98.7% and 99.8%, and 92% and 90%, respectively, while PO<inf>4</inf> -P removal was about 45% in both columns. Unlike other parameters, NO<inf>3</inf> -N was increasing, which signifies that denitrification did not take place in the filter columns. Based on the results, the filter column of 50 cm is economically preferable due to the insignificant difference when compared with the 100-cm filter column. The bacteria removal was slightly higher in 100 cm depth (99.88%) than in 50 cm depth (99.68%). © TÜBİTAK.	Depth variation; Intermittent filtration; Synthetic wastewater	Effluent treatment; Effluents; Filtration; Nitrogen removal; Ammonium nitrogen; Coefficient of uniformity; Depth variation; Hydraulic loading; Intermittent filtrations; Intermittent sand filtration; Septic tank effluent; Synthetic waste water; Wastewater treatment; ammonium; denitrification; filtration; hydraulic conductivity; laboratory method; performance assessment; wastewater; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247139203	Evaluation of karyotype status of Musa L. somaclonal variants (Musaceae: Zingiberales)	Obute G.C., Aziagba P.C.	2007	Turkish Journal of Botany	31	2	None	Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PHC, Nigeria; Library Department, University of