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None	None	Performance of the ALICE VZERO system	Abbas E., Abelev B., Adam J., Adamová D., Adare A.M., Aggarwal M.M., Aglieri Rinella G., Agnello M., Agocs A.G., Agostinelli A., Ahammed Z., Ahmad N., Ahmad Masoodi A., Ahmed I., Ahn S.A., Ahn S.U., Aimo I., Ajaz M., Akindinov A., Aleksandrov D., Alessand	2013	Journal of Instrumentation	8	10	10.1088/1748-0221/8/10/P10016	Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, Egypt; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Bose Institute, Department of Physics, Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India; Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation; California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States; Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Centre de Calcul de lIN2P3, Villeurbanne, France; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy; Chicago State University, Chicago, United States; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy; Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Fachhochschule Köln, Köln, Germany; Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea; Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, (IITI), India; Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, KoŠice, Slovakia; Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India; Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey; Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russian Federation; Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea; Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Rudjer BoŠković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom; SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia; Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; University of Texas at Austin, Physics Department, Austin, TX, United States; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; University of Technology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Vestfold University College, Tonsberg, Norway; V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Fachhochschule Worms, Worms, Germany; M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V.Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland	Abbas, E., Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, Egypt; Abelev, B., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Adam, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Adamová, D., Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Adare, A.M., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Aggarwal, M.M., Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Aglieri Rinella, G., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Fachhochschule Köln, Köln, Germany; Agnello, M., Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Agocs, A.G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Agostinelli, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Ahammed, Z., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Ahmad, N., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Ahmad Masoodi, A., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Ahmed, I., COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Ahn, S.A., Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; Ahn, S.U., Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; Aimo, I., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Ajaz, M., COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Akindinov, A., Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Aleksandrov, D., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Alessandro, B., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Alexandre, D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Alfaro Molina, R., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Alici, A., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Alkin, A., Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Almaráz Aviña, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Alme, J., Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Alt, T., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Altini, V., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Altinpinar, S., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Altsybeev, I., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Andrei, C., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Andronic, A., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Anguelov, V., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Anielski, J., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Anson, C., Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Antičic, T., Rudjer BoŠković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Antinori, F., Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Antonioli, P., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Aphecetche, L., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Appelshauser, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Arbor, N., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Arcelli, S., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Arend, A., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Armesto, N., Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Arnaldi, R., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Aronsson, T., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Arsene, I.C., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Arslandok, M., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Asryan, A., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Augustinus, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Averbeck, R., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Awes, T.C., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Äystö, J., Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Azmi, M.D., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Bach, M., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Badalà, A., Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Baek, Y.W., Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Bailhache, R., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bala, R., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Baldisseri, A., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bán, J., Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, KoŠice, Slovakia; Baral, R.C., Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India; Barbera, R., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Barile, F., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Barnaföldi, G.G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Barnby, L.S., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Barret, V., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Bartke, J., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Basile, M., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Bastid, N., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Basu, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Bathen, B., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Batigne, G., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Batyunya, B., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Batzing, P.C., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Baumann, C., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bearden, I.G., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Beck, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Behera, N.K., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Belikov, I., Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France; Bellini, F., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Bellwied, R., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Belmont-Moreno, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Bencedi, G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Beole, S., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Berceanu, I., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Bercuci, A., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Berdnikov, Y., Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russian Federation; Berenyi, D., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Bergognon, A.A.E., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Bertens, R.A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Berzano, D., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Betev, L., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bhasin, A., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Bhati, A.K., Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Bhom, J., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Bianchi, L., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Bianchi, N., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Bianchin, C., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Bielčík, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Bielčíková, J., Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Bilandzic, A., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bjelogrlic, S., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Blanco, F., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Blanco, F., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Blau, D., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Blume, C., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Boccioli, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Böttger, S., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bogdanov, A., Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Bøggild, H., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bogolyubsky, M., Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Boldizsár, L., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Bombara, M., Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Book, J., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Borel, H., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Borissov, A., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Bossu, F., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Botje, M., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Botta, E., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Braidot, E., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Braun-Munzinger, P., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Bregant, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Breitner, T., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Broker, T.A., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Browning, T.A., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Broz, M., Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Brun, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bruna, E., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Bruno, G.E., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Budnikov, D., Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Buesching, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bufalino, S., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Buncic, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Busch, O., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Buthelezi, Z., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Caffarri, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Cai, X., Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Caines, H., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Calvo Villar, E., Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Camerini, P., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Canoa Roman, V., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cara Romeo, G., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Carena, W., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Carena, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Carlin Filho, N., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Carminati, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Casanova Díaz, A., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Castillo Castellanos, J., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Castillo Hernandez, J.F., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Casula, E.A.R., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Catanescu, V., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Cavicchioli, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Ceballos Sanchez, C., Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba; Cepila, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Cerello, P., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Chang, B., Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland, Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Chapeland, S., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Charvet, J.L., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Chattopadhyay, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Chattopadhyay, S., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Cherney, M., Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Cheshkov, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Cheynis, B., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Chibante Barroso, V., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Chinellato, D.D., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Chochula, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Chojnacki, M., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Choudhury, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Christakoglou, P., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Christensen, C.H., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Christiansen, P., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; Chujo, T., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Chung, S.U., Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea; Cicalo, C., Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Cifarelli, L., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Cindolo, F., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Cleymans, J., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Colamaria, F., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Colella, D., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Collu, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Conesa Balbastre, G., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Conesa Del Valle, Z., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Connors, M.E., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Contin, G., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Contreras, J.G., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cormier, T.M., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Corrales Morales, Y., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Cortese, P., Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy; Cortés Maldonado, I., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Cosentino, M.R., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Costa, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Cotallo, M.E., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Crescio, E., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Crochet, P., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Cruz Alaniz, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Cruz Albino, R., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cuautle, E., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Cunqueiro, L., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Dainese, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Dang, R., Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Danu, A., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Das, K., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Das, I., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Das, S., Bose Institute, Department of Physics, Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India; Das, D., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Dash, S., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Dash, A., Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; De, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; De Barros, G.O.V., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; De Caro, A., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; De Cataldo, G., Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; De Cuveland, J., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; De Falco, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; De Gruttola, D., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Delagrange, H., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Deloff, A., National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; De Marco, N., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Dénes, E., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; De Pasquale, S., Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Deppman, A., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; D Erasmo, G., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; De Rooij, R., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Diaz Corchero, M.A., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Di Bari, D., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Dietel, T., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Di Giglio, C., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Di Liberto, S., Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Di Mauro, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Di Nezza, P., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Divià, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Djuvsland, Ø., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dobrin, A., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Dobrowolski, T., National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; Dönigus, B., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany, Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Dordic, O., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dubey, A.K., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Dubla, A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Ducroux, L., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Dupieux, P., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Dutta Majumdar, A.K., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Elia, D., Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Emschermann, D., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Engel, H., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Erazmus, B., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Erdal, H.A., Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Eschweiler, D., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Espagnon, B., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Estienne, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Esumi, S., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Evans, D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Evdokimov, S., Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Eyyubova, G., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Fabris, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Faivre, J., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Falchieri, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Fantoni, A., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Fasel, M., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Fehlker, D., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Feldkamp, L., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Felea, D., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Feliciello, A., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Fenton-Olsen, B., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Feofilov, G., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Fernández Téllez, A., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Ferretti, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Festanti, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Figiel, J., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Figueredo, M.A.S., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Filchagin, S., Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Finogeev, D., Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Fionda, F.M., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Fiore, E.M., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Floratos, E., Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Floris, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Foertsch, S., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Foka, P., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Fokin, S., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Fragiacomo, E., Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Francescon, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Frankenfeld, U., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Fuchs, U., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Furget, C., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Fusco Girard, M., Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Gaardhøje, J.J., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gagliardi, M., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Gago, A., Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Gallio, M., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Gangadharan, D.R., Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Ganoti, P., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Garabatos, C., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Garcia-Solis, E., Chicago State University, Chicago, United States; Gargiulo, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Garishvili, I., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Gerhard, J., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Germain, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Geuna, C., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Gheata, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Gheata, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Ghidini, B., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Ghosh, P., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Gianotti, P., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Giubellino, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Gladysz-Dziadus, E., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Glassel, P., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Gomez, R., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Ferreiro, E.G., Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; González-Trueba, L.H., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; González-Zamora, P., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Gorbunov, S., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Goswami, A., Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Gotovac, S., Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia; Grabski, V., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Graczykowski, L.K., Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Grajcarek, R., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Grelli, A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Grigoras, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grigoras, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grigoriev, V., Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Grigoryan, A., A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Grigoryan, S., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Grinyov, B., Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Grion, N., Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Gros, P., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; Grosse-Oetringhaus, J.F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grossiord, J.-Y., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Grosso, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Guber, F., Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Guernane, R., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Guerzoni, B., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Guilbaud, M., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Gulbrandsen, K., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gulkanyan, H., A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Gunji, T., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Gupta, A., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Gupta, R., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Haake, R., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Haaland, Ø., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hadjidakis, C., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Haiduc, M., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Hamagaki, H., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Hamar, G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Han, B.H., Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; Hanratty, L.D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Hansen, A., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Harmanová-Tothová, Z., Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik	None	None	None	None
None	None	Weed management in upland rice in sub-Saharan Africa: Impact on labor and crop productivity	Ogwuike P., Rodenburg J., Diagne A., Agboh-Noameshie A.R., Amovin-Assagba E.	2014	Food Security	6	3	10.1007/s12571-014-0351-7	Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 2031 Cotonou, Benin; Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice)-East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Ogwuike, P., Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 2031 Cotonou, Benin; Rodenburg, J., Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice)-East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Diagne, A., Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 2031 Cotonou, Benin; Agboh-Noameshie, A.R., Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 2031 Cotonou, Benin; Amovin-Assagba, E., Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 2031 Cotonou, Benin	Rice is one of the most important crops for food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There exists, however, a widening gap between its regional demand and supply. Competition from weeds is typically one of the major biophysical constraints in upland rice, frequently leading to significant yield losses and sometimes to complete crop failure, thereby threatening the food security of subsistence farmers. However, weed management practices that are currently employed to avoid such losses are associated with high weeding labor demands. This study examined the relationships between weeding times per farm, average time per hectare per weeding and rice yields of upland rice farmers in SSA, with the objective of estimating the impact of weeds on rural households' economies in SSA reliant on upland rice production systems. To this end, we analyzed survey data collected from 992 farmers in four countries (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Togo and Uganda). The counterfactual outcomes framework of modern evaluation theory was used to estimate the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of the number of times a farm is weeded on weeding labor efficiency, as measured by the average number of hours spent per hectare at each weeding, and on crop productivity expressed as rice grain yield per hectare. A single weeding required 173 h per hectare, while weeding twice required 130 h per hectare per weeding (259 h per hectare in total) and weeding three times required 125 h per hectare per weeding (376 h per hectare in total). Correspondingly, a single weeding was associated with an average rice yield of 1.2 t ha-1, weeding twice yielded 1.7 t ha-1 and weeding three times yielded 2.2 t ha-1. Compared to the situation where the farm is weeded only once and controlling for other factors, the model estimated yield gains of a second weeding to be 0.33 t ha-1 and a third weeding to result in a gain of 0.51 t ha-1. The estimated labor gains were respectively 64.2 and 68.1 h per hectare per weeding for a second and a third weeding. We conclude that weeding an upland rice crop more than once in SSA increases weeding labor efficiency by about 37 % and rice productivity by more than 27 %. Rather than motivating farmers to increase their labor inputs for manual weeding, however, we propose that more research and development funds should be devoted to developing, testing and promoting locally adapted strategies of labor-saving weed management in rice in sub-Saharan Africa. This will result in a significant contribution to regional food security and poverty alleviation. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and International Society for Plant Pathology.	Average treatment effect; Hand weeding; Impact assessment; Rain fed rice; Structural economic method; Subsistence farming	crop production; food security; labor; poverty alleviation; research and development; rice; subsistence; weed; weed control; yield; Cameroon; Democratic Republic Congo; Sub-Saharan Africa; Togo; Uganda	None
None	None	Use of hybrid cultivars in Kagera region, Tanzania, and their impact	Edmeades S., Nkuba J.M., Smale M.	2007	Research Report of the International Food Policy Research Institute	None	155	None	Agriculture and the Rural Development, World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Maruku Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Bukoba, Tanzania; IFPRI, IPGRI	Edmeades, S., Agriculture and the Rural Development, World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Nkuba, J.M., Maruku Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Bukoba, Tanzania; Smale, M., IFPRI, IPGRI	Banana hybrid use in Kagera Region, Tanzania have been beneficial in that the reduce vulnerability to production losses from biotic pressures. In order to assess, a treatment model is used as well as for the identification of the determinants of adoption and the effects of adoption on expected yield losses from pests and diseases. Meanwhile, the hybrids are high yielding and resistant to pests and diseases that ravaged banana production in the lakes region. It was shown that the intended impact of reducing yield losses to pests and diseases has been achieved, supporting research efforts aimed at developing resistant planting material and the formal diffusion program. Findings from the research showed that there is a need to disseminate new cultivars to sustain the benefits. Using the disease and pest resistant cultivars help farmers reduce dependence on pesticides and fungicides which are costly and bear health risks for farming communities, not to mention degrade the environment.	None	biotic factor; cultivar; health risk; hybrid; pest resistance; pesticide resistance; yield; Africa; East Africa; Kagera; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Projected impacts of climate change on marine fish and fisheries	Hollowed A.B., Barange M., Beamish R.J., Brander K., Cochrane K., Drinkwater K., Foreman M.G.G., Hare J.A., Holt J., Ito S.-I., Kim S., King J.R., Loeng H., Mackenzie B.R., Mueter F.J., Okey T.A., Peck M.A., Radchenko V.I., Rice J.C., Schirripa M.J., Yats	2013	ICES Journal of Marine Science	70	5	10.1093/icesjms/fst081	Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, United States; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, DTU Aqua-National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Allé 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark; Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6150, South Africa; Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 W. Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada; NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett Laboratory, Narragansett, RI, United States; National Oceanography Centre, Joseph Proudman Building, 6 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L3 5DA, United Kingdom; Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, FRA, 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-001, Japan; Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, 599-1 Daeyeon-3dong, Nam-gu, Busan R 608-737, South Korea; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate and Center for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, KavalergûËrden 6, DK 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark; School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Juneau Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 17101 Pt. Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801, United States; School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 3R4, Canada; Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Olbersweg 24, 22767 Hamburg, Germany; Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO-Center), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Primorsky Kray 690950, Russian Federation; Science Sector, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 200 Kent Street Station 12S015, Ottawa, ON, K1A0E6, Canada; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Science, Division of Environmental Resources, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan	Hollowed, A.B., Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, United States; Barange, M., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Beamish, R.J., Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada; Brander, K., Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, DTU Aqua-National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Allé 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark; Cochrane, K., Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6150, South Africa; Drinkwater, K., Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Foreman, M.G.G., Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 W. Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada; Hare, J.A., NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett Laboratory, Narragansett, RI, United States; Holt, J., National Oceanography Centre, Joseph Proudman Building, 6 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L3 5DA, United Kingdom; Ito, S.-I., Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, FRA, 3-27-5, Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-001, Japan; Kim, S., Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, 599-1 Daeyeon-3dong, Nam-gu, Busan R 608-737, South Korea; King, J.R., Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada; Loeng, H., Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Mackenzie, B.R., Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate and Center for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, KavalergûËrden 6, DK 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark; Mueter, F.J., School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Juneau Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 17101 Pt. Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801, United States; Okey, T.A., School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 3R4, Canada; Peck, M.A., Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Olbersweg 24, 22767 Hamburg, Germany; Radchenko, V.I., Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO-Center), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Primorsky Kray 690950, Russian Federation; Rice, J.C., Science Sector, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 200 Kent Street Station 12S015, Ottawa, ON, K1A0E6, Canada; Schirripa, M.J., Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Yatsu, A., Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan; Yamanaka, Y., Graduate School of Environmental Science, Division of Environmental Resources, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan	Hollowed, A. B., Barange, M., Beamish, R., Brander, K., Cochrane, K., Drinkwater, K., Foreman, M., Hare, J., Holt, J., Ito, S-I., Kim, S., King, J., Loeng, H., MacKenzie, B., Mueter, F., Okey, T., Peck, M. A., Radchenko, V., Rice, J., Schirripa, M., Yatsu, A., and Yamanaka, Y. 2013. Projected impacts of climate change on marine fish and fisheries. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1023-1037.This paper reviews current literature on the projected effects of climate change on marine fish and shellfish, their fisheries, and fishery-dependent communities throughout the northern hemisphere. The review addresses the following issues: (i) expected impacts on ecosystem productivity and habitat quantity and quality; (ii) impacts of changes in production and habitat on marine fish and shellfish species including effects on the community species composition, spatial distributions, interactions, and vital rates of fish and shellfish; (iii) impacts on fisheries and their associated communities; (iv) implications for food security and associated changes; and (v) uncertainty and modelling skill assessment. Climate change will impact fish and shellfish, their fisheries, and fishery-dependent communities through a complex suite of linked processes. Integrated interdisciplinary research teams are forming in many regions to project these complex responses. National and international marine research organizations serve a key role in the coordination and integration of research to accelerate the production of projections of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems and to move towards a future where relative impacts by region could be compared on a hemispheric or global level. Eight research foci were identified that will improve the projections of climate impacts on fish, fisheries, and fishery-dependent communities. © 2013 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 2013. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.	climate change; fish; fisheries; fisheries-dependent communities; uncertainty; vulnerability assessment	climate change; ecosystem; fish; fishery; fishery management; food security; habitat; Northern Hemisphere; shellfish; uncertainty analysis; vulnerability	None
None	None	Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of the RTS,S/AS01E malaria candidate vaccine when integrated in the expanded program of immunization	Agnandji S.T., Asante K.P., Lyimo J., Vekemans J., Soulanoudjingar S.S., Owusu R., Shomari M., Leach A., Fernandes J., Dosoo D., Chikawe M., Issifou S., Osei-Kwakye K., Lievens M., Paricek M., Apanga S., Mwangoka G., Okissi B., Kwara E., Minja R., Lange J	2010	Journal of Infectious Diseases	202	7	10.1086/656190	Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, MD, United States; Swiss Tropical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland	Agnandji, S.T., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Asante, K.P., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lyimo, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Vekemans, J., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Soulanoudjingar, S.S., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Owusu, R., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Shomari, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Leach, A., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Fernandes, J., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Dosoo, D., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Chikawe, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Issifou, S., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Osei-Kwakye, K., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Lievens, M., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Paricek, M., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Apanga, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Mwangoka, G., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Okissi, B., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Kwara, E., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Minja, R., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Lange, J., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Boahen, O., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Kayan, K., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Adjei, G., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana; Chandramohan, D., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Jongert, E., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Demoitié, M.-A., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Dubois, M.-C., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Carter, T., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, MD, United States; Vansadia, P., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, MD, United States; Villafana, T., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, MD, United States; Sillman, M., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, MD, United States; Savarese, B., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, MD, United States; Lapierre, D., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Ballou, W.R., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Greenwood, B., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Tanner, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Cohen, J., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium; Kremsner, P.G., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Lell, B., Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Medical Research Unit Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Owusu-Agyei, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Abdulla, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, Bagamoyo, Tanzania	Background. The RTS,S/AS01E malaria candidate vaccine is being developed for immunization of African infants through the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI). Methods. This phase 2, randomized, open, controlled trial conducted in Ghana, Tanzania, and Gabon evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of RTS,S/AS01E when coadministered with EPI vaccines. Five hundred eleven infants were randomized to receive RTS,S/AS01E at 0, 1, and 2 months (in 3 doses with diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis conjugate [DTPw]; hepatitis B [HepB]; Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib]; and oral polio vaccine [OPV]), RTS,S/AS01E at 0, 1, and 7 months (2 doses with DTPwHepB/Hib+OPV and 1 dose with measles and yellow fever), or EPI vaccines only. Results. The occurrences of serious adverse events were balanced across groups; none were vaccine-related. One child from the control group died. Mild to moderate fever and diaper dermatitis occurred more frequently in the RTS,S/AS01E coadministration groups. RTS,S/AS01E generated high anti-circumsporozoite protein and anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibody levels. Regarding EPI vaccine responses upon coadministration when considering both immunization schedules, despite a tendency toward lower geometric mean titers to some EPI antigens, predefined noninferiority criteria were met for all EPI antigens except for polio 3 when EPI vaccines were given with RTS,S/AS01E at 0, 1, and 2 months. However, when antibody levels at screening were taken into account, the rates of response to polio 3 antigens were comparable between groups. Conclusion. RTS,S/AS01E integrated in the EPI showed a favorable safety and immunogenicity evaluation. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00436007. GlaxoSmithKline study ID number: 106369 (Malaria-050). © 2010 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	circumsporozoite protein; diphtheria antibody; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; hepatitis B surface antibody; hepatitis B vaccine; hepb; immunoglobulin G antibody; immunological adjuvant; malaria vaccine; measles vaccine; oral poliomyelitis vaccine; protein antibody; protozoal protein; rts s as 01 e vaccine; stamaril; tetanus antibody; unclassified drug; yellow fever vaccine; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; Haemophilus vaccine; hepatitis B vaccine; malaria vaccine; oral poliomyelitis vaccine; RTS,S AS01E vaccine; RTS,S-AS01E vaccine; alanine aminotransferase blood level; anemia; anorexia; antibody blood level; antibody response; article; bronchitis; clinical trial; conjunctivitis; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; coughing; diaper dermatitis; diarrhea; diphtheria; drowsiness; drug safety; drug screening; enteritis; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; febrile convulsion; female; fever; Gabon; gastroenteritis; Ghana; Haemophilus infection; hepatitis B; human; immunization; immunogenicity; impetigo; infant; injection site induration; injection site pain; injection site swelling; irritability; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; measles; multicenter study; nonhuman; open study; otitis media; pertussis; phase 2 clinical trial; Plasmodium falciparum; pneumonia; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; rhinitis; rhinopharyngitis; rhinorrhea; seizure; sepsis; side effect; skin infection; staphylococcal skin infection; Tanzania; tetanus; upper respiratory tract infection; yellow fever; bacterial membrane; immunology; methodology; Bacterial Capsules; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Female; Gabon; Ghana; Haemophilus Vaccines; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immunization; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Malaria Vaccines; Male; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of the long-lasting insecticidal net Interceptor LN: Laboratory and experimental hut studies against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in northeastern Tanzania	Malima R., Tungu P.K., Mwingira V., Maxwell C., Magesa S.M., Kaur H., Kirby M.J., Rowland M.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-296	Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom	Malima, R., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Tungu, P.K., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Mwingira, V., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Magesa, S.M., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Kaur, H., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Kirby, M.J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom	Background: Long lasting insecticidal nets (LN) are a primary method of malaria prevention. Before new types of LN are approved they need to meet quality and efficacy standards set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. The process of evaluation has three phases. In Phase I the candidate LN must meet threshold bioassay criteria after 20 standardized washes. In Phase II washed and unwashed LNs are evaluated in experimental huts against wild, free flying anopheline mosquitoes. In Phase III the LN are distributed to households in malaria endemic areas, sampled over three years of use and tested for continuing insecticidal efficacy. Interceptor® LN (BASF Corporation, Germany) is made of polyester netting coated with a wash resistant formulation of alpha-cypermethrin. Methods. Interceptor LN was subjected to bioassay evaluation and then to experimental hut trial against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito mortality, blood feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets, conventional alpha-cypermethrin treated nets (CTN) washed 20 times and LNs washed 0, 20 and 30 times. Results: In Phase I Interceptor LN demonstrated superior wash resistance and efficacy to the CTN. In the Phase II hut trial the LN killed 92% of female An. gambiae when unwashed and 76% when washed 20 times; the CTN washed 20 times killed 44%. The LN out-performed the CTN in personal protection and blood-feeding inhibition. The trend for An. funestus was similar to An. gambiae for all outcomes. Few pyrethroid-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus were killed and yet the level of personal protection (75-90%) against Culex was similar to that of susceptible An. gambiae (76-80%) even after 20 washes. This protection is relevant because Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis in East Africa. After 20 washes and 60 nights' use the LN retained 27% of its initial insecticide dose. Conclusions: Interceptor LN meets the approval criteria set by WHO and is recommended for use in disease control against East African vectors of malaria and filariasis. Some constraints associated with the phase II evaluation criteria, in particular the washing procedure, are critically reviewed. © 2013 Malima et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex quinquefasciatus; Experimental hut; Interceptor LN; LN; Long-lasting insecticidal net	cipermethrin; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; bioassay; chemical industry; clinical evaluation; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; human; insecticide resistance; lymphatic filariasis; malaria; malaria control; Tanzania; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; Animals; Anopheles; Biological Assay; Culex; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Survival Analysis; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of permanet 3.0 a deltamethrin-PBO combination net against Anopheles gambiae and pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: An experimental hut trial in Tanzania	Tungu P., Magesa S., Maxwell C., Malima R., Masue D., Sudi W., Myamba J., Pigeon O., Rowland M.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-21	Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Pesticides Research Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 11 Rue du Bordia, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Tungu, P., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Magesa, S., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Malima, R., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Masue, D., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Sudi, W., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Myamba, J., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Pigeon, O., Pesticides Research Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 11 Rue du Bordia, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background. Combination mosquito nets incorporating two unrelated insecticides or insecticide plus synergist are designed to control insecticide resistant mosquitoes. PermaNet 3.0 is a long-lasting combination net incorporating deltamethrin on the side panels and a mixture of deltamethrin and synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the top panel. PBO is an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases implicated in pyrethroid resistance. Method. An experimental hut trial comparing PermaNet 3.0, PermaNet 2.0 and a conventional deltamethrin-treated net was conducted in NE Tanzania using standard WHOPES procedures. The PermaNet arms included unwashed nets and nets washed 20 times. PermaNet 2.0 is a long-lasting insecticidal net incorporating deltamethrin as a single active. Results. Against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to unwashed PermaNet 2.0 in terms of mortality (95% killed), but showed differences in blood-feeding rate (3% blood-fed with PermaNet 3.0 versus 10% with PermaNet 2.0). After 20 washes the two products showed no difference in feeding rate (10% with 3.0 and 9% with 2.0) but showed small differences in mortality (95% with 3.0 and 87% with 2.0). Against pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus, mediated by elevated oxidase and kdr mechanisms, the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 killed 48% and PermaNet 2.0 killed 32% but after 20 washes there was no significant difference in mortality between the two products (32% killed by 3.0 and 30% by 2.0). For protecting against Culex PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to PermaNet 2.0 when either unwashed or after 20 washes; both products were highly protective against biting. Laboratory tunnel bioassays confirmed the loss of biological activity of the PBO/deltamethrin-treated panel after washing. Conclusion. Both PermaNet products were highly effective against susceptible Anopheles gambiae. As a long-lasting net to control or protect against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes PermaNet 3.0 showed limited improvement over PermaNet 2.0 against Culex quinquefasciatus. © 2010 Tungu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	deltamethrin; oxidoreductase; piperonyl butoxide; vasculotropin receptor 2; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; piperonyl butoxide; pyrethroid; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; Culex quinquefasciatus; feeding behavior; insect bite; mortality; nonhuman; Tanzania; world health organization; animal; Culex; drug effect; drug resistance; human; methodology; mosquito; survival; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Culex; Drug Resistance; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Piperonyl Butoxide; Pyrethrins; Survival Analysis; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of buparvaquone (BUTA-Kel™ KELA, Belgium) as a treatment of East Coast fever in cattle, in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania	Mbwambo H.A., Magwisha H.B., Mfinanga J.M.	2006	Veterinary Parasitology	139	42372	10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.024	Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Mbwambo, H.A., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Magwisha, H.B., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Mfinanga, J.M., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Evaluation trials of the efficacy of buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), as a treatment of field cases of Theileria parva infection (East Coast fever - ECF) were carried out on 63 cattle in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania, during the period November 2004 to August 2005. Thirty-two cattle (56%) received single-dose treatment (2.5 mg buparvaquone per kg body weight), while two and three-dose treatment with interval(s) of 48 h was given to 33% and 11% of total treated cattle, respectively; 38 cattle (60.3%) were treated at an early stage of the disease, while 25 cattle (39.7%) were treated at an advanced stage of the disease. The rectal body temperature of 90.5% of buparvaquone-treated cattle dropped to normal values (37.5-39.5 °C) by day 7 of treatment, and by day 15 of treatment 96.8% of treated cattle showed normal values. Pulmonary signs were observed in 8/68 (11.8%) of total ECF diagnosed cattle and were successfully treated, albeit with parvaquone plus frusemide (Fruvexon); were not included in final evaluation of the efficacy of BUTA-kel. The present evaluation trials record a recovery rate of 95.2%. Buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), therefore, records another efficacious and valuable alternative treatment against East Coast fever in Tanzania. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cattle-East Coast fever; Cost-effective-treatment; Early-disease detection; Early-stage treatment; Pulmonary signs; Theileria parva schizonts; Theilericidal drug-buparvaquone	buparvaquone; buta kel; furosemide; parvaquone; animal parasitosis; article; cattle disease; controlled study; convalescence; drug efficacy; female; fever; lung disease; lymph node; male; nonhuman; rectum temperature; Tanzania; Theileria parva; urban area; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Male; Naphthoquinones; Tanzania; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Treatment Outcome; Bos taurus; Theileria parva	None
None	None	Evaluation of the hygienic quality and associated public health hazards of raw milk marketed by smallholder dairy producers in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Noordhuizen J.P.T.M., Kapaga A.M.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	3	10.1007/s11250-006-4339-y	Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Kapaga, A.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine three parameters of the quality of the raw milk marketed by milk selling points (MSPs) in Dar es Salaam region. Total bacterial count (TBC) was used as an indicator of the microbial quality of the milk; antimicrobial residues were determined; and the California mastitis test (CMT) was used to screen for milk somatic cells as an indication of the mastitis level in the cows that provided the milk. Moreover, a water sample at each MSP was taken for bacteriological culturing. Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the milk sellers at the MSPs to identify risk factors for poor milk hygiene. A total of 128 milk samples and corresponding water samples were collected from randomly selected milk selling points in Dar es Salaam region. The mean TBC was (8.2± 1.9) × 106 cfu/ml, and major bacterial isolates from the milk samples were Escherichia coli (6.3%), Bacillus cereus (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (6.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5.6%) and Enterococcus faecalis (4.7%). In most cases, the organisms identified in milk corresponded to those isolated from the corresponding water samples. Of milk samples, 79.0% were positive to the CMT and 7.0% were positive for antimicrobial residues. TBC was normalized by log-transformation, and the possible predictors of TBC were identified by fitting two linear regression models. In a random effect model, water microbial quality, frequency of cleaning the milk containers, frequency of milk supply, milk storage time and the type of containers, and mixing of fresh and previous milk were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the mean log TBC. In a fixed effect model, in addition to these indicators, water shortage, water source and the refrigerator condition were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) associated with log TBC. It was concluded that the milk sold in Dar es Salaam region is of poor quality and is of public health significance. © Springer 2006.	Antimicrobial residues; CMT; Dar es Salaam; Microbiological quality; Public health hazards; TBC	drug residue; animal; animal disease; article; bacterial count; bacterium; cattle; cattle disease; cell count; chemistry; cross-sectional study; cytology; female; human; hygiene; isolation and purification; microbiology; milk; public health; questionnaire; risk factor; safety; standard; statistical model; Tanzania; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Cell Count; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Residues; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Linear Models; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Public Health; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Tanzania; Water Microbiology; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae	None
None	None	Epidemiological aspects and economic impact of bovine theileriosis (East Coast fever) and its control: A preliminary assessment with special reference to Kibaha district, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Ruheta M.R., Mkonyi P.A., Malamsha P.C.	2007	Veterinary Journal	173	2	10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.013	Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ruheta, M.R., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mkonyi, P.A., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malamsha, P.C., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study based on clinical examination, inspection of herd health records and a questionnaire was designed to determine the epidemiology, economics and potential impact of immunisation against theileriosis in Tanzania. The results showed annual theileriosis costs to be US$ 205.40 per head, whereas the introduction of immunisation reduced this by 40-68% depending on the post immunisation dipping strategy adopted. Morbidity risk due to theileriosis was 0.048 in immunised and 0.235 in non-immunised cattle, and the difference was significant (χ2 = 66.7; P = 0.000). The questionnaire results indicated that immunised cattle had a significantly (χ2 = 6; P = 0.015) higher risk of anaplasmosis compared with non-immunised cattle, whereas the risk of bovine babesiosis did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.06; P = 0.807) between the two groups. Mortality risk due to anaplasmosis was 0.046 in immunised and 0.018 in non-immunised cattle and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 4.48; P = 0.043). The theileriosis mortality risk was 0.203 in the non-immunised cattle, while the risk was 0.009 in the immunised cattle and these differences were also significant (χ2 = 103; P = 0.000). It was concluded that farmers who have immunised their cattle may cautiously cut down acaricide application by 50% for extensively grazed herds and by 75% for zero grazed animals depending on the level of tick challenge at the herd level. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anaplasmosis; Babesiosis; Cost benefit ratio; Infection and treatment method; Net present value; Tanzania; Theileriosis; Tick-borne disease	acaricide; agricultural worker; anaplasmosis; animal experiment; animal model; animal parasitosis; article; babesiosis; cattle disease; clinical examination; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; economic evaluation; epidemiological data; grazing; herd; immunization; medical record; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; prevalence; questionnaire; statistical significance; Tanzania; Animals; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Insecticides; Protozoan Vaccines; Tanzania; Theileriasis; Tick Control; Vaccination; Animalia; Bos; Bovinae; Ixodida	None
None	None	Influences of castration on the performance of landmine-detection rats (Cricetomys gambianus)	Edwards T.L., Cox C., Weetjens B., Poling A.	2015	Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research	10	4	10.1016/j.jveb.2015.04.002	Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States	Edwards, T.L., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Cox, C., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Weetjens, B., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Poling, A., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States	Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling has employed pouched rats as mine-detection animals for approximately 10years in sub-Saharan Africa, where the species is indigenous, and now plans to deploy the rats in areas where they are not indigenous. To prevent the possible introduction of an invasive species in those regions, all rats must be castrated before deployment. The research described in the present article was conducted to determine whether castration affects the performance of pouched rats as mine-detection animals. Five sex-, age-, and performance-matched pairs of pouched rats, 3 male pairs and 2 female pairs, were randomly divided into 2 groups: the experimental group undergoing castration procedures and the control group remaining out of training for the same duration as the experimental group. No statistically significant differences were found between the performance of experimental and control groups after the intervention despite high statistical power to detect such a difference, and equivalence tests suggest that any possible effects are of no practical significance. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.	Castration; Landmines; Mine-detection animals; Neutering; Pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus); Scent detection	Animalia; Cricetomys gambianus; Rattus	None
None	None	Development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans	Okumu F.O., Killeen G.F., Ogoma S., Biswaro L., Smallegange R.C., Mbeyela E., Titus E., Munk C., Ngonyani H., Takken W., Mshinda H., Mukabana W.R., Moore S.J.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0008951	Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands	Okumu, F.O., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Killeen, G.F., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ogoma, S., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biswaro, L., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Smallegange, R.C., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Mbeyela, E., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Titus, E., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Munk, C., College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Ngonyani, H., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Takken, W., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Mshinda, H., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mukabana, W.R., School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Moore, S.J., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom	Background: Disease transmitting mosquitoes locate humans and other blood hosts by identifying their characteristic odor profiles. Using their olfactory organs, the mosquitoes detect compounds present in human breath, sweat and skins, and use these as cues to locate and obtain blood from the humans. These odor compounds can be synthesized in vitro, then formulated to mimic humans. While some synthetic mosquito lures already exist, evidence supporting their utility is limited to laboratory settings, where long-range stimuli cannot be investigated. Methodology and Principal Findings: Here we report the development and field evaluation of an odor blend consisting of known mosquito attractants namely carbon dioxide, ammonia and carboxylic acids, which was optimized at distances comparable with attractive ranges of humans to mosquitoes. Binary choice assays were conducted inside a large-cage semi-field enclosure using attractant-baited traps placed 20 m apart. This enabled high-throughput optimization of concentrations at which the individual candidate attractants needed to be added so as to obtain a blend maximally attractive to laboratory-reared An. gambiae. To determine whether wild mosquitoes would also be attracted to this synthetic odor blend and to compare it with whole humans under epidemiologically relevant conditions, field experiments were conducted inside experimental huts, where the blend was compared with 10 different adult male volunteers (20-34 years old). The blend attracted 3 to 5 times more mosquitoes than humans when the two baits were in different experimental huts (10-100 metres apart), but was equally or less attractive than humans when compared side by side within same huts. Conclusion and Significance: This highly attractive substitute for human baits might enable development of technologies for trapping mosquitoes in numbers sufficient to prevent rather than merely monitor transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. © 2010 Okumu et al.	None	ammonia; carbon dioxide; carboxylic acid; adult; article; controlled study; field experiment; human; male; mosquito; nonhuman; odor; Animals; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Mosquito Control	None
None	None	Simplified models of vector control impact upon malaria transmission by zoophagic mosquitoes	Kiware S.S., Chitnis N., Moore S.J., Devine G.J., Majambere S., Merrill S., Killeen G.F.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0037661	Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Kiware, S.S., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Chitnis, N., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Moore, S.J., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Devine, G.J., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Majambere, S., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Merrill, S., Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Killeen, G.F., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: High coverage of personal protection measures that kill mosquitoes dramatically reduce malaria transmission where vector populations depend upon human blood. However, most primary malaria vectors outside of sub-Saharan Africa can be classified as "very zoophagic," meaning they feed occasionally (&10% of blood meals) upon humans, so personal protection interventions have negligible impact upon their survival. Methods and Findings: We extended a published malaria transmission model to examine the relationship between transmission, control, and the baseline proportion of bloodmeals obtained from humans (human blood index). The lower limit of the human blood index enables derivation of simplified models for zoophagic vectors that (1) Rely on only three field-measurable parameters. (2) Predict immediate and delayed (with and without assuming reduced human infectivity, respectively) impacts of personal protection measures upon transmission. (3) Illustrate how appreciable indirect communal-level protection for non-users can be accrued through direct personal protection of users. (4) Suggest the coverage and efficacy thresholds required to attain epidemiological impact. The findings suggest that immediate, indirect, community-wide protection of users and non-users alike may linearly relate to the efficacy of a user's direct personal protection, regardless of whether that is achieved by killing or repelling mosquitoes. High protective coverage and efficacy (≥80%) are important to achieve epidemiologically meaningful impact. Non-users are indirectly protected because the two most common species of human malaria are strict anthroponoses. Therefore, the small proportion of mosquitoes that are killed or diverted while attacking humans can represent a large proportion of those actually transmitting malaria. Conclusions: Simplified models of malaria transmission by very zoophagic vectors may be used by control practitioners to predict intervention impact interventions using three field-measurable parameters; the proportion of human exposure to mosquitoes occurring when an intervention can be practically used, its protective efficacy when used, and the proportion of people using it. © 2012 Kiware et al.	None	article; blood; malaria; malaria control; mosquito; probability; process model; statistical parameters; vector control; animal; disease carrier; disease transmission; human; malaria; methodology; theoretical model; Animals; Culicidae; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Models, Theoretical; Mosquito Control	None
None	None	Impact of promoting longer-lasting insecticide treatment of bed nets upon malaria transmission in a rural Tanzanian setting with pre-existing high coverage of untreated nets	Russell T.L., Lwetoijera D.W., Maliti D., Chipwaza B., Kihonda J., Charlwood J.D., Smith T.A., Lengeler C., Mwanyangala M.A., Nathan R., Knols B.G., Takken W., Killeen G.F.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-187	Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, 57 Thorvaldensvej, Fredriksberg -C, DK 1870, Denmark; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS Academic Medical Center, F4-217, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands	Russell, T.L., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Lwetoijera, D.W., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Maliti, D., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Chipwaza, B., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kihonda, J., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Charlwood, J.D., DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, 57 Thorvaldensvej, Fredriksberg -C, DK 1870, Denmark; Smith, T.A., Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland; Lengeler, C., Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland; Mwanyangala, M.A., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Nathan, R., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Knols, B.G., Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS Academic Medical Center, F4-217, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Takken, W., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands; Killeen, G.F., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland	Background. The communities of Namawala and Idete villages in southern Tanzania experienced extremely high malaria transmission in the 1990s. By 2001-03, following high usage rates (75% of all age groups) of untreated bed nets, a 4.2-fold reduction in malaria transmission intensity was achieved. Since 2006, a national-scale programme has promoted the use of longer-lasting insecticide treatment kits (consisting of an insecticide plus binder) co-packaged with all bed nets manufactured in the country. Methods. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated through monthly surveys in 72 houses randomly selected in each of the two villages. Mosquitoes were caught using CDC light traps placed beside occupied bed nets between January and December 2008 (n = 1,648 trap nights). Sub-samples of mosquitoes were taken from each trap to determine parity status, sporozoite infection and Anopheles gambiae complex sibling species identity. Results. Compared with a historical mean EIR of ∼1400 infectious bites/person/year (ib/p/y) in 1990-94; the 2008 estimate of 81 ib/p/y represents an 18-fold reduction for an unprotected person without a net. The combined impact of longer-lasting insecticide treatments as well as high bed net coverage was associated with a 4.6-fold reduction in EIR, on top of the impact from the use of untreated nets alone. The scale-up of bed nets and subsequent insecticidal treatment has reduced the density of the anthropophagic, endophagic primary vector species, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, by 79%. In contrast, the reduction in density of the zoophagic, exophagic sibling species Anopheles arabiensis was only 38%. Conclusion. Insecticide treatment of nets reduced the intensity of malaria transmission in addition to that achieved by the untreated nets alone. Impacts were most pronounced against the highly anthropophagic, endophagic primary vector, leading to a shift in the sibling species composition of the A. gambiae complex. © 2010 Russell et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; controlled study; Culex; female; household; human; inoculation; insect bite; malaria; mosquito; nonhuman; parity; scale up; sibling; species composition; species identification; sporozoite; Tanzania; animal; Anopheles; classification; demography; disease transmission; feeding behavior; malaria; methodology; mosquito; parasitology; retrospective study; rural population; time; zoology; Animals; Anopheles; Entomology; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Residence Characteristics; Retrospective Studies; Rural Population; Tanzania; Time Factors	None
None	None	The Burden of Rabies in Tanzania and Its Impact on Local Communities	Sambo M., Cleaveland S., Ferguson H., Lembo T., Simon C., Urassa H., Hampson K.	2013	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	7	11	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002510	Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Temeke Municipal Council, Livestock Office, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Sambo, M., Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Cleaveland, S., Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Ferguson, H., Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lembo, T., Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Simon, C., Temeke Municipal Council, Livestock Office, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Urassa, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Hampson, K., Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Background:Rabies remains a major public health threat in many parts of the world and is responsible for an estimated 55,000 human deaths annually. The burden of rabies is estimated to be around US$20 million in Africa, with the highest financial expenditure being the cost of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). However, these calculations may be substantial underestimates because the costs to households of coping with endemic rabies have not been investigated. We therefore aimed to estimate the household costs, health-seeking behaviour, coping strategies, and outcomes of exposure to rabies in rural and urban communities in Tanzania.Methods and Findings:Extensive investigative interviews were used to estimate the incidence of human deaths and bite exposures. Questionnaires with bite victims and their families were used to investigate health-seeking behaviour and costs (medical and non-medical costs) associated with exposure to rabies. We calculated that an average patient in rural Tanzania, where most people live on less than US$1 per day, would need to spend over US$100 to complete WHO recommended PEP schedules. High costs and frequent shortages of PEP led to poor compliance with PEP regimens, delays in presentation to health facilities, and increased risk of death.Conclusion:The true costs of obtaining PEP were twice as high as those previously reported from Africa and should be considered in re-evaluations of the burden of rabies. © 2013 Sambo et al.	None	antibiotic agent; rabies vaccine; adolescent; aged; article; child; coping behavior; disinfection; health behavior; health care cost; human; incidence; infant; interview; outcome assessment; post exposure prophylaxis; questionnaire; rabies; tetanus prophylaxis; world health organization; wound care; adult; animal; bites and stings; cost of illness; dog; economics; female; male; middle aged; preschool child; rabies; Tanzania; very elderly; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Bites and Stings; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost of Illness; Dogs; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Rabies; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Consensus Summary Statement of the International Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Multimodality Monitoring in Neurocritical Care: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the European Society of Intensive C	Le Roux P., Menon D.K., Citerio G., Vespa P., Bader M.K., Brophy G.M., Diringer M.N., Stocchetti N., Videtta W., Armonda R., Badjatia N., Böesel J., Chesnut R., Chou S., Claassen J., Czosnyka M., De Georgia M., Figaji A., Fugate J., Helbok R., Horowitz D.	2014	Neurocritical Care	21	2	10.1007/s12028-014-0041-5	Brain and Spine Center, Suite 370, Medical Science Building, Lankenau Medical Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge Consultant, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Cambridge, United Kingdom; NeuroIntensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, Monza, Italy; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Neuro/Critical Care CNS, Mission Hospital, Mission Viejo, CA, United States; Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, 410N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA, United States; Neurocritical Care Section, Department of Neurology, Washington University, Campus Box 8111, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Physiopathology and Transplant, Milan University, Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F Sforza, 35, Milan, Italy; ICU Neurocritical Care, Hospital Nacional ‘Prof. a. Posadas’, El Palomar, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurosurgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Medstar Health, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany; Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Mailstop 359766, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States; Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, Milstein 8 Center room 300, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Neurocritical Care Center, Cerebrovascular Center, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, United States; University of Cape Town, 617 Institute for Child Health, Red Cross Children’s Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr.35, Innsbruck, Austria; University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3701 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3 West Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Nursing Research, The MetroHealth System, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Neurocritical Care, The Ohio State University, 395W. 12th Ave, 7th Floor, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg, SOM 710, N Lake Shore Drive, 11th floor, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine University of Lausanne, CHUV University Hospital, BH 08-623, Lausanne, Switzerland; Neurology, Neurotherapeutics and Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, JMH, 1611 NW 12th Ave, Suite 405, Miami, FL, United States; Cerebrovascular Center and Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, NC30, Cleveland, OH, United States; Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Critical Care Medicine, Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall Street, Portland, Maine, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgical Intensive Care, Ben Taub Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston, TX, United States; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Milstein Hospital 8 Garden South, Suite 331, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, United States; Laboratoire de Recherche Experimentale, Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik, 808, Brussels, Belgium	Le Roux, P., Brain and Spine Center, Suite 370, Medical Science Building, Lankenau Medical Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Menon, D.K., Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge Consultant, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Citerio, G., NeuroIntensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, Monza, Italy; Vespa, P., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Bader, M.K., Neuro/Critical Care CNS, Mission Hospital, Mission Viejo, CA, United States; Brophy, G.M., Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, 410N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA, United States; Diringer, M.N., Neurocritical Care Section, Department of Neurology, Washington University, Campus Box 8111, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, United States; Stocchetti, N., Department of Physiopathology and Transplant, Milan University, Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F Sforza, 35, Milan, Italy; Videtta, W., ICU Neurocritical Care, Hospital Nacional ‘Prof. a. Posadas’, El Palomar, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Armonda, R., Department of Neurosurgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Medstar Health, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, United States; Badjatia, N., Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Böesel, J., Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany; Chesnut, R., Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Mailstop 359766, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, United States; Chou, S., Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States; Claassen, J., Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, Milstein 8 Center room 300, New York, NY, United States; Czosnyka, M., Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, United Kingdom; De Georgia, M., Neurocritical Care Center, Cerebrovascular Center, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, United States; Figaji, A., University of Cape Town, 617 Institute for Child Health, Red Cross Children’s Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Fugate, J., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Helbok, R., Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr.35, Innsbruck, Austria; Horowitz, D., University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3701 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Hutchinson, P., Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Kumar, M., Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3 West Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; McNett, M., Nursing Research, The MetroHealth System, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH, United States; Miller, C., Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Neurocritical Care, The Ohio State University, 395W. 12th Ave, 7th Floor, Columbus, OH, United States; Naidech, A., Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg, SOM 710, N Lake Shore Drive, 11th floor, Chicago, IL, United States; Oddo, M., Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine University of Lausanne, CHUV University Hospital, BH 08-623, Lausanne, Switzerland; Olson, D.W., Neurology, Neurotherapeutics and Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States; O’Phelan, K., Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, JMH, 1611 NW 12th Ave, Suite 405, Miami, FL, United States; Provencio, J.J., Cerebrovascular Center and Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, NC30, Cleveland, OH, United States; Puppo, C., Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Riker, R., Critical Care Medicine, Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall Street, Portland, Maine, United States; Robertson, C., Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgical Intensive Care, Ben Taub Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston, TX, United States; Schmidt, M., Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Milstein Hospital 8 Garden South, Suite 331, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, United States; Taccone, F., Laboratoire de Recherche Experimentale, Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik, 808, Brussels, Belgium	Neurocritical care depends, in part, on careful patient monitoring but as yet there are little data on what processes are the most important to monitor, how these should be monitored, and whether monitoring these processes is cost-effective and impacts outcome. At the same time, bioinformatics is a rapidly emerging field in critical care but as yet there is little agreement or standardization on what information is important and how it should be displayed and analyzed. The Neurocritical Care Society in collaboration with the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, the Society for Critical Care Medicine, and the Latin America Brain Injury Consortium organized an international, multidisciplinary consensus conference to begin to address these needs. International experts from neurosurgery, neurocritical care, neurology, critical care, neuroanesthesiology, nursing, pharmacy, and informatics were recruited on the basis of their research, publication record, and expertise. They undertook a systematic literature review to develop recommendations about specific topics on physiologic processes important to the care of patients with disorders that require neurocritical care. This review does not make recommendations about treatment, imaging, and intraoperative monitoring. A multidisciplinary jury, selected for their expertise in clinical investigation and development of practice guidelines, guided this process. The GRADE system was used to develop recommendations based on literature review, discussion, integrating the literature with the participants’ collective experience, and critical review by an impartial jury. Emphasis was placed on the principle that recommendations should be based on both data quality and on trade-offs and translation into clinical practice. Strong consideration was given to providing pragmatic guidance and recommendations for bedside neuromonitoring, even in the absence of high quality data. © 2014, All content, design, text, and other materials are copyrighted by the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS). All rights reserved. Endorsed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Latin American Brain Injury Consortium. This article is endorsed by the Eu.	Bioinformatics; Biomarkers; Brain metabolism; Brain oxygen; Brain physiology; Clinical guidelines; Clinical trials; Consensus development conference; Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE); Intracranial pressure; Microdia	Article; body temperature monitoring; brain blood flow; brain metabolism; brain perfusion; cell damage; cell degeneration; clinical protocol; consensus development; disease course; electroencephalography; energy expenditure; evidence based medicine; health care cost; health care quality; hemodynamic monitoring; hemoglobin determination; hemostasis; human; intensive care; intensive care unit; intracranial pressure monitoring; medical decision making; nervous system inflammation; neuroimaging; neurologic disease; neurologic examination; nutritional status; patient monitoring; practice guideline; priority journal; pulse oximetry; quality control	None
None	None	Evaluating the missing links in the relationship between executives' compensation and firm performance	Mori N., Munisi G.	2014	International Journal of Business and Globalisation	12	3	10.1504/IJBG.2014.060215	Business School, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35046, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Postboks 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Agder, Postboks 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway	Mori, N., Business School, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35046, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Postboks 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; Munisi, G., Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Agder, Postboks 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway	The research on the relationship between executive compensation and firm performance is extensive but has produced inconsistent results and, typically, weak explanatory power. One cause of these results is use of an incomplete theoretical framework that ignores some variables that are related to these two concepts. We explore the missing links between them. The paper contributes to scholarly and practical understanding of this important issue in the literature by extending and combining agency theory, upper echelons theory, and motivation theory perspectives. The paper develops a model that describes and explains the interactive relationship between executive managerial ability, executive compensation, strategic choices and firm performance. It puts forward the argument that executive managerial ability is related to strategic choices, and executive compensation moderates this relationship. Additionally, the paper suggests that strategic choice is an important variable that has not been explicitly accounted for in the relationship between compensation and firm performance. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Executive compensation; Firm performance; Managerial ability; Motivation; Strategic choice	None	None
None	None	Potential impact of host immunity on malaria treatment outcome in Tanzanian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum	Enevold A., Nkya W.M.M.M., Theisen M., Vestergaard L.S., Jensen A.T., Staalsoe T., Theander T.G., Bygbjerg I.C., Alifrangis M.	2007	Malaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2875-6-153	Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mbeya Referral Hospital (MRH), Mbeya, Tanzania; Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark	Enevold, A., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nkya, W.M.M.M., Mbeya Referral Hospital (MRH), Mbeya, Tanzania; Theisen, M., Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Vestergaard, L.S., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Jensen, A.T., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Staalsoe, T., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Theander, T.G., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bygbjerg, I.C., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Alifrangis, M., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark	Background. In malaria endemic areas children may recover from malaria after chemotherapy in spite of harbouring genotypically drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. This phenomenon suggests that there is a synergy between drug treatment and acquired immunity. This hypothesis was examined in an area of moderately intense transmission of P. falciparum in Tanzania during a drug trail with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) or amodiaquine (AQ). Methods. One hundred children with uncomplicated malaria were treated with either SP or AQ and followed for 28 days. Mutations in parasite genes related to SP and AQ-resistance as well as human sickle cell trait and alpha-thalassaemia were determined using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SSOP-ELISA), and IgG antibody responses to a panel of P. falciparum antigens were assessed and related to treatment outcome. Results. Parasitological or clinical treatment failure (TF) was observed in 68% and 38% of children receiving SP or AQ, respectively. In those with adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) compared to children with TF, and for both treatment regimens, prevalence and levels of anti-Glutamate-rich Protein (GLURP)-specific IgG antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.001), while prevalence of parasite haplotypes associated with SP and AQ resistance was lower (P = 0.02 and P = 0.07, respectively). Interestingly, anti-GLURP-IgG antibodies were more strongly associated with treatment outcome than parasite resistant haplotypes, while the IgG responses to none of the other 11 malaria antigens were not significantly associated with ACPR. Conclusion. These findings suggest that GLURP-specific IgG antibodies in this setting contribute to clearance of drug-resistant infections and support the hypothesis that acquired immunity enhances the clinical efficacy of drug therapy. The results should be confirmed in larger scale with greater sample size and with variation in transmission intensity. © 2007 Enevold et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	amodiaquine; fansidar; immunoglobulin G; protein antibody; glutamate rich protein, Plasmodium; glutamate-rich protein, Plasmodium; protozoal protein; protozoon antibody; pyrimethamine; sulfadoxine; sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; alpha thalassemia; antibody response; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; gene mutation; haplotype; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; oligonucleotide probe; parasite immunity; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; prevalence; randomized controlled trial; sickle cell trait; Tanzania; treatment failure; treatment outcome; animal; blood; drug combination; drug effect; drug resistance; genetics; immunocompetence; immunology; methodology; Amodiaquine; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Immunocompetence; Immunoglobulin G; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Proteins; Pyrimethamine; Sulfadoxine; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome	None
None	None	Wastewater treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetlands in African countries: A review	Mekonnen A., Leta S., Njau K.N.	2015	Water Science and Technology	71	1	10.2166/wst.2014.483	Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	Mekonnen, A., Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leta, S., Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Njau, K.N., Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	In Africa, different studies have been conducted at different scales to evaluate wastewater treatment efficiency of constructed wetland. This paper aims to review the treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetland used in African countries. In the reviewed papers, the operational parameters, size and type of wetland used and the treatment efficiency are assessed. The results are organized and presented in six tables based on the type of wetland and wastewater used in the study. The results of the review papers indicated that most of the studies were conducted in Tanzania, Egypt and Kenya. In Kenya and Tanzania, different full-scale wetlands are widely used in treating wastewater. Among wetland type, horizontal subsurface flow wetlands were widely studied followed by surface flow and hybrid wetlands. Most of the reported hybrid wetlands were in Kenya. The results of the review papers indicated that wetlands are efficient in removing organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) and suspended solids. On the other hand, nutrient removal efficiency appeared to be low. © IWA Publishing 2015.	Constructed wetland; Horizontal subsurface flow; Removal efficiency; Surface flow	Biochemical oxygen demand; Chemical oxygen demand; Efficiency; Oxygen; Wastewater treatment; Constructed wetlands; Horizontal subsurface flow; Nutrient removal efficiency; Operational parameters; Removal efficiencies; Surface flow; Treatment performance; Wastewater treatment efficiencies; Wetlands; organic matter; phosphorus; surface water; constructed wetland; pollutant removal; sewage treatment; subsurface flow; surface flux; Africa; Article; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; constructed wetland; nonhuman; nutrient loading; sludge dewatering; suspended particulate matter; waste water management; Egypt; Kenya; sewage; standards; Tanzania; wetland; Egypt; Kenya; Tanzania; Africa; Egypt; Kenya; Tanzania; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wetlands	None
None	None	Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and seroepidemiology among Zambian women	Gill C.J., Mwanakasale V., Fox M.P., Chilengi R., Tembo M., Nsofwa M., Chalwe V., Mwananyanda L., Mukwamataba D., Malilwe B., Champo D., Macleod W.B., Thea D.M., Hamer D.H.	2008	Journal of Infectious Diseases	197	7	10.1086/528806	Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Ndola, Zambia; Africa Malaria Network Trust, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, 710 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, United States	Gill, C.J., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, 710 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, United States; Mwanakasale, V., Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Fox, M.P., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Chilengi, R., Africa Malaria Network Trust, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tembo, M., Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Nsofwa, M., Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Chalwe, V., Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Mwananyanda, L., Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Ndola, Zambia; Mukwamataba, D., Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Malilwe, B., Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Champo, D., Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia; Macleod, W.B., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Thea, D.M., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Hamer, D.H., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States	Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes invasive pneumococcal disease. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases rates of invasive pneumococcal disease, and its effect on colonization is unknown. In a longitudinal cohort of Zambian mothers with or without HIV infection, HIV infection increased the risk of colonization (risk ratio [RR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.8) and repeat colonization (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.3) and reduced the time to new colonization (P = .01). Repeat colonization with homologous sero/factor types occurred only among HIV-positive mothers. Pediatric serotypes 6, 19, and 23 accounted for excess colonization among HIV-positive mothers. HIV infection significantly increases the risk of pneumococcal colonization. Increased rates of colonization by pediatric serotypes suggest a potential role for the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected adults. © 2008 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	Pneumococcus vaccine; adult; article; bacterial colonization; controlled study; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; major clinical study; nonhuman; priority journal; prophylaxis; risk factor; seroepidemiology; serotype; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Adolescent; Adult; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Mothers; Pharynx; Pneumococcal Infections; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Serotyping; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Zambia	None
None	None	The impact of global health initiatives on trust in health care provision under extreme resource scarcity: presenting an agenda for debate from a case study of emergency obstetric care in Northern Tanzania	Olsen T.E.	2010	Health Research Policy and Systems	8	None	10.1186/1478-4505-8-14	Center for International Health, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7024, N-5020, Norway; Primary Health Care Institute, Iringa, Tanzania for DBL - Center for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Haydom Lutheran Hospital, P.O. Mbulu, Tanzania	Olsen, T.E., Center for International Health, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7024, N-5020, Norway, Primary Health Care Institute, Iringa, Tanzania for DBL - Center for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, P.O. Mbulu, Tanzania	Background: Through the nearly three decades that have passed since the Alma Ata conference on Primary Health Care, a wide range of global health initiatives and ideas have been advocated to improve the health of people living in developing countries. The issues raised in the Primary Health Care concept, the Structural Adjustment Programmes and the Health Sector Reforms have all influenced health service delivery. Increasingly however, health systems in developing countries are being described as having collapsed Do the advocated frameworks contribute to this collapse through not adequately including population trust as a determinant of the revival of health services, or are they primarily designed to satisfy the values of other actors within the health care system? This article argues there is an urgent need to challenge common thinking on health care provision under extreme resource scarcity.Methods: This article sets out to discuss and analyze the described collapse of health services through a brief case study on provision of Emergency Obstetric Care in Northern Tanzania.Results: The article argues that post the Alma Ata conference on Primary Health Care developments in global health initiatives have not been successful in incorporating population trust into the frameworks, instead focusing narrowly on expert-driven solutions through concepts such as prevention and interventions. The need for quantifiable results has pushed international policy makers and donors towards vertical programmes, intervention approaches, preventive services and quantity as the coverage parameter. Health systems have consequently been pushed away from generalized horizontal care, curative services and quality assurance, all important determinants of trust.Conclusions: Trust can be restored, and to further this objective a new framework is proposed placing generalized services and individual curative care in the centre of the health sector policy domain. Preventive services are important, but should increasingly be handled by other sectors in a service focused health care system. To facilitate such a shift in focus we should acknowledge that limited resources are available and accept the conflict between population demand and expert opinion, with the aim of providing legitimate, accountable and trustworthy services through fair, deliberative, dynamic and incremental processes. A discussion of the acceptable level of quality, given the available resources, can then be conducted. The article presents for debate that an increased focus on quality and accountability to secure trust is an important precondition for enabling the political commitment to mobilize necessary resources to the health sector. © 2010 Olsen; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; developing country; emergency care; health care delivery; health care facility; health care policy; health care quality; health care system; health care utilization; obstetric care; primary health care; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of two counterflow traps for testing behaviour-mediating compounds for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. under semi-field conditions in Tanzania	Schmied W.H., Takken W., Killeen G.F., Knols B.G.J., Smallegange R.C.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-230	Center of Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Tanzania; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom	Schmied, W.H., Center of Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Tanzania; Takken, W., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Killeen, G.F., Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Knols, B.G.J., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Smallegange, R.C., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands	Background. Evaluation of mosquito responses towards different trap-bait combinations in field trials is a time-consuming process that can be shortened by experiments in contained semi-field systems. Possible use of the BG Sentinel (BGS) trap to sample Anopheles gambiae s.s. was evaluated. The efficiency of this trap was compared with that of the Mosquito Magnet-X (MM-X) trap, when baited with foot odour alone or combinations of foot odour with carbon dioxide (CO2) or lemongrass as behaviour-modifying cues. Methods. Female An. gambiae s.s. were released in an experimental flight arena that was placed in a semi-field system and left overnight. Catch rates for the MM-X and BGS traps were recorded. Data were analysed by fitting a generalized linear model to the (n+1) transformed catches. Results. Both types of traps successfully captured mosquitoes with all odour cues used. When the BGS trap was tested against the MM-X trap in a choice assay with foot odour as bait, the BGS trap caught about three times as many mosquitoes as the MM-X trap (P = 0.002). Adding CO 2(500 ml/min) to foot odour increased the number of mosquitoes caught by 268% for the MM-X (P &lt; 0.001) and 34% (P = 0.051) for the BGS trap, compared to foot odour alone. When lemongrass leaves were added to foot odour, mosquito catches were reduced by 39% (BGS, P &lt; 0.001) and 38% (MM-X, P = 0.353), respectively. Conclusion. The BGS trap shows high potential for field trials due to its simple construction and high catch rate when baited with human foot odour only. However, for rapid screening of different baits in a contained semi-field system, the superior discriminatory power of the MM-X trap is advantageous. © 2008 Schmied et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide; chemotactic factor; Anopheles gambiae; article; controlled study; Cymbopogon citratus; disease carrier; female; malaria; nonhuman; odor; Tanzania; animal; animal behavior; comparative study; drug effect; human; mosquito; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Behavior, Animal; Carbon Dioxide; Chemotactic Factors; Female; Humans; Mosquito Control; Odors; Tanzania	None
None	None	Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: Evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya	Wong J., Bayoh N., Olang G., Killeen G.F., Hamel M.J., Vulule J.M., Gimnig J.E.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-143	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Tanzania	Wong, J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States; Bayoh, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Olang, G., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Killeen, G.F., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Tanzania; Hamel, M.J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Vulule, J.M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Gimnig, J.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Operational vector sampling methods lack standardization, making quantitative comparisons of malaria transmission across different settings difficult. Human landing catch (HLC) is considered the research gold standard for measuring human-mosquito contact, but is unsuitable for large-scale sampling. This study assessed mosquito catch rates of CDC light trap (CDC-LT), Ifakara tent trap (ITT), window exit trap (WET), pot resting trap (PRT), and box resting trap (BRT) relative to HLC in western Kenya to 1) identify appropriate methods for operational sampling in this region, and 2) contribute to a larger, overarching project comparing standardized evaluations of vector trapping methods across multiple countries. Methods. Mosquitoes were collected from June to July 2009 in four districts: Rarieda, Kisumu West, Nyando, and Rachuonyo. In each district, all trapping methods were rotated 10 times through three houses in a 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Anophelines were identified by morphology and females classified as fed or non-fed. Anopheles gambiae s.l. were further identified as Anopheles gambiae s.s. or Anopheles arabiensis by PCR. Relative catch rates were estimated by negative binomial regression. Results: When data were pooled across all four districts, catch rates (relative to HLC indoor) for An. gambiae s.l (95.6% An. arabiensis, 4.4% An. gambiae s.s) were high for HLC outdoor (RR = 1.01), CDC-LT (RR = 1.18), and ITT (RR = 1.39); moderate for WET (RR = 0.52) and PRT outdoor (RR = 0.32); and low for all remaining types of resting traps (PRT indoor, BRT indoor, and BRT outdoor; RR < 0.08 for all). For Anopheles funestus, relative catch rates were high for ITT (RR = 1.21); moderate for HLC outdoor (RR = 0.47), CDC-LT (RR = 0.69), and WET (RR = 0.49); and low for all resting traps (RR < 0.02 for all). At finer geographic scales, however, efficacy of each trap type varied from district to district. Conclusions: ITT, CDC-LT, and WET appear to be effective methods for large-scale vector sampling in western Kenya. Ultimately, choice of collection method for operational surveillance should be driven by trap efficacy and scalability, rather than fine-scale precision with respect to HLC. When compared with recent, similar trap evaluations in Tanzania and Zambia, these data suggest that traps which actively lure host-seeking females will be most useful for surveillance in the face of declining vector densities. © 2013 Wong et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; CDC light trap; Human biting rate; Human landing catch; Ifakara tent trap; Mosquito sampling; Window exit trap	adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; box resting trap; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap; disease transmission; female; human; human landing catch; Ifakara tent trap; Kenya; malaria; male; morphology; nonhuman; parasite vector; polymerase chain reaction; pot resting trap; rural area; sampling; standardization; window exit trap; Adult; Animals; Child, Preschool; Culicidae; Disease Vectors; Entomology; Female; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Population Density	None
None	None	Impact of measles outbreak response vaccination campaign in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Goodson J.L., Wiesen E., Perry R.T., Mach O., Kitambi M., Kibona M., Luman E.T., Cairns K.L.	2009	Vaccine	27	42	10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.057	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, East and South Inter-country Support Team, Zimbabwe; Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social, Welfare, Tanzania; Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Tanzania	Goodson, J.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Wiesen, E., World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, East and South Inter-country Support Team, Zimbabwe; Perry, R.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Mach, O., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Kitambi, M., Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social, Welfare, Tanzania; Kibona, M., Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Tanzania; Luman, E.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Cairns, K.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States	We assessed the impact of a measles outbreak response vaccination campaign (ORV) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Age-specific incidence rates were calculated before and after the ORV. Incidence rate ratios for the two time periods were compared and used to estimate expected cases and deaths prevented by ORV. The ratio of measles incidence rates in the age groups targeted and not targeted by ORV decreased from 5.8 prior to ORV to 1.8 (p < 0.0001) after; 506 measles cases and 18 measles deaths were likely averted. These results support the need for revised recommendations concerning ORV in general settings in Africa.	Immunization; Measles; Outbreak; Vaccination	measles vaccine; adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; child; controlled study; epidemic; female; health program; health survey; human; incidence; infant; major clinical study; male; measles; measles vaccination; outbreak response vaccination; outcome assessment; preschool child; priority journal; school child; Tanzania; Adolescent; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Models, Biological; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Evaluation of two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in western Kenya highlands	Kweka E.J., Zhou G., Lee M.-C., Gilbreath T.M., Mosha F., Munga S., Githeko A.K., Yan G.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-110	Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Kweka, E.J., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Zhou, G., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Lee, M.-C., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Gilbreath, T.M., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Mosha, F., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Munga, S., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Githeko, A.K., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Yan, G., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Background: Malaria vector intervention and control programs require reliable and accurate information about vector abundance and their seasonal distribution. The availability of reliable information on the spatial and temporal productivity of larval vector habitats can improve targeting of larval control interventions and our understanding of local malaria transmission and epidemics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in the western Kenyan highlands, the aerial sampler and the emergence trap. Methods. The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up for sixty days in each season in three habitat types: drainage ditches, natural swamps, and abandoned goldmines. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up in eleven places in each habitat type. The success of each in estimating habitat productivity was assessed according to method, habitat type, and season. The effect of other factors including algae cover, grass cover, habitat depth and width, and habitat water volume on species productivity was analysed using stepwise logistic regression. Results: Habitat productivity estimates obtained by the two sampling methods differed significantly for all species except for An. implexus. For for An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus, aerial samplers performed better, 21.5 and 14.6 folds, than emergence trap respectively, while the emergence trap was shown to be more efficient for culicine species. Seasonality had a significant influence on the productivity of all species monitored. Dry season was most productive season. Overall, drainage ditches had significantly higher productivity in all seasons compared to other habitat types. Algae cover, debris, chlorophyll-a, and habitat depth and size had significant influence with respect to species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the aerial sampler is the better of the two methods for estimating the productivity of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus in the western Kenya highlands and possibly other malaria endemic parts of Africa. This method has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring malaria vector populations and for control program design, and provides useful means for determining the most suitable sites for targeted interventions. © 2011 Kweka et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	air sampling; algal community; Anopheles; anopheles coustani; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Anopheles implexus; Anopheles squamous; Anopheles zeimann; article; controlled study; Culex; grass; habitat structure; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; larva; microhabitat; mining; nonhuman; parasite vector; population productivity; seasonal variation; species difference; species habitat; swamp; animal; comparative study; ecosystem; evaluation; female; growth, development and aging; larva; methodology; mosquito; zoology; algae; Animals; Culicidae; Ecosystem; Entomology; Female; Kenya; Larva	None
None	None	The ECOWAS court as a human rights promoter? Assessing five years' impact of the Koraou Slavery judgment	Adjolohoun H.S.	2013	Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights	31	3	None	Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Adjolohoun, H.S., Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa	The 2005 reform initiated by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) had the double effect of putting an end to ten years of judicial lethargy and positioning its Community Court of Justice (ECCJ) as a promising international human rights body. One of the most illustrative cases of the Court's impact is the landmark Koraou (Slavery) judgment in which the ECCJ condemned Niger for failing to protect the complainant from enslavement by a third party. Five years after the Koraou decision, this paper uses empirical based theories, case study and factual evidence to interrogate whether the ECCJ's judgment has had any further effect than just restoring the dignity of an individual litigant. Such assessment is important to thousands of other human beings who still live in bondage in the rest of the region. Ultimately, the paper seeks to demonstrate that although it has not reached the irradiating model of the European Court of Human Rights, the ECCJ has the potential of becoming a human rights promoter in the region and beyond. © Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM), Printed in the Netherlands.	None	None	None
None	None	Psychometric properties and the prevalence, intensity and causes of oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP) in a population of older Tanzanians	Kida I.A., Åstrøm A.N., Strand G.V., Masalu J.R., Tsakos G.	2006	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	4	None	10.1186/1477-7525-4-56	Centre for International Health, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Department of Odontology-Gerodontology, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College of London Medical School, London, United Kingdom	Kida, I.A., Centre for International Health, UoB, Bergen, Norway, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Åstrøm, A.N., Centre for International Health, UoB, Bergen, Norway, Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Strand, G.V., Department of Odontology-Gerodontology, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Masalu, J.R., Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tsakos, G., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College of London Medical School, London, United Kingdom	Background: The objective was to study whether a Kiswahili version of the OIDP (Oral Impacts on Daily Performance) inventory was valid and reliable for use in a population of older adults in urban and rural areas of Tanzania; and to assess the area specific prevalence, intensity and perceived causes of OIDP. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Pwani region and in Dar es Salaam in 2004/2005. A two-stage stratified cluster sample design was utilized. Information became available for 511 urban and 520 rural subjects (mean age 62.9 years) who were interviewed and participated in a full mouth clinical examination in their own homes. Results: The Kiswahili version of the weighted OIDP inventory preserved the overall concept of the original English version. Cronbach's alpha was 0.83 and 0.90 in urban and rural areas, respectively, and the OIDP inventory varied systematically in the expected direction with self-reported oral health measures. The respective prevalence of oral impacts was 51.2% and 62.1% in urban and rural areas. Problems with eating was the performance reported most frequently (42.5% in urban, 55.1% in rural) followed by cleaning teeth (18.2% in urban, 30.6% in rural). More than half of the urban and rural residents with impacts had very little, little and moderate impact intensity. The most frequently reported causes of impacts were toothache and loose teeth. Conclusion: The Kiswahili OIDP inventory had acceptable psychometric properties among non-institutionalized adults 50 years and above in Tanzania. The impacts affecting their performances were relatively common but not very severe. © 2006 Kida et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; aged; analytic method; article; clinical assessment; controlled study; Cronbach alpha coefficient; daily life activity; dental care; dental health; disease severity; feeding behavior; female; health survey; human; interview; major clinical study; male; Oral Impacts on Daily Performance; population research; prevalence; psychometry; reliability; risk assessment; risk factor; Tanzania; tooth disease; tooth pain; urban rural difference; validation process; Activities of Daily Living; Aged; DMF Index; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Prevalence; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Rural Health; Sickness Impact Profile; Tanzania; Tooth Loss; Urban Health	None
None	None	Predicting the impact of temperature change on the future distribution of maize stem borers and their natural enemies along East African mountain gradients using phenology models	Mwalusepo S., Tonnang H.E.Z., Massawe E.S., Okuku G.O., Khadioli N., Johansson T., Calatayud P.-A., Le Ru B.P.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0130427	CHIESA Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of General Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; NSBB Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya; IRD/CNRS UMR IRD 247 EGCE, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France	Mwalusepo, S., CHIESA Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of General Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tonnang, H.E.Z., CHIESA Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Massawe, E.S., Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Okuku, G.O., NSBB Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Khadioli, N., NSBB Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Johansson, T., CHIESA Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Calatayud, P.-A., CHIESA Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya, IRD/CNRS UMR IRD 247 EGCE, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France; Le Ru, B.P., CHIESA Project, Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya, IRD/CNRS UMR IRD 247 EGCE, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France	Lepidopteran stem borers are among the most important pests of maize in East Africa. The objective of the present study was to predict the impact of temperature change on the distribution and abundance of the crambid Chilo partellus, the noctuid Busseola fusca, and their larval parasitoids Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae at local scale along Kilimanjaro and Taita Hills gradients in Tanzania and Kenya, respectively. Temperature-dependent phenology models of pests and parasitoids were used in a geographic information system for mapping. The three risk indices namely establishment, generation, and activity indices were computed using current temperature data record from local weather stations and future (i.e., 2055) climatic condition based on downscaled climate change data from the AFRICLIM database. The calculations were carried out using index interpolator, a sub-module of the Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software. Thin plate algorithm was used for interpolation of the indices. Our study confirmed that temperature was a key factor explaining the distribution of stem borers and their natural enemies but other climatic factors and factors related to the top-down regulation of pests by parasitoids (host-parasitoid synchrony) also played a role. Results based on temperature only indicated a worsening of stem borer impact on maize production along the two East African mountain gradients studied. This was attributed to three main changes occurring simultaneously: (1) range expansion of the lowland species C. partellus in areas above 1200 m.a.s.l.; (2) increase of the number of pest generations across all altitudes, thus by 2055 damage by both pests will increase in the most productive maize zones of both transects; (3) disruption of the geographical distribution of pests and their larval parasitoids will cause an improvement of biological control at altitude below 1200 m.a.s.l. and a deterioration above 1200 m.a.s.l. The predicted increase in pest activity will significantly increase maize yield losses in all agroecological zones across both transects but to a much greater extent in lower areas. © 2015 Mwalusepo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	altitude; calculation; Chilo; climate change; controlled study; Cotesia; data base; deterioration; down regulation; geographic distribution; geographic information system; Kenya; life cycle; maize; model; natural enemy; Noctuidae; parasitoid; phenology; plant yield; species; stem borer; Tanzania; weather	None
None	None	Modelling the impacts of new diagnostic tools for tuberculosis in developing countries to enhance policy decisions	Langley I., Doulla B., Lin H.-H., Millington K., Squire B.	2012	Health Care Management Science	15	3	10.1007/s10729-012-9201-3	Clinical Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan	Langley, I., Clinical Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Doulla, B., National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lin, H.-H., Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Millington, K., Clinical Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Squire, B., Clinical Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	The introduction and scale-up of new tools for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries has the potential to make a huge difference to the lives of millions of people living in poverty. To achieve this, policy makers need the information to make the right decisions about which new tools to implement and where in the diagnostic algorithm to apply them most effectively. These decisions are difficult as the new tools are often expensive to implement and use, and the health system and patient impacts uncertain, particularly in developing countries where there is a high burden of TB. The authors demonstrate that a discrete event simulation model could play a significant part in improving and informing these decisions. The feasibility of linking the discrete event simulation to a dynamic epidemiology model is also explored in order to take account of longer term impacts on the incidence of TB. Results from two diagnostic districts in Tanzania are used to illustrate how the approach could be used to improve decisions. © 2012 The Author(s).	Cost effectiveness; Developing Countries; Simulation; Transmission modelling; Tuberculosis	algorithm; article; clinical pathway; cost benefit analysis; decision making; developing country; economics; health care delivery; health care policy; human; lung tuberculosis; management; microbiology; organization and management; sputum; theoretical model; time; Algorithms; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Critical Pathways; Decision Making; Delivery of Health Care; Developing Countries; Health Policy; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Policy Making; Sputum; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
None	None	First-generation undergraduate students and the impacts of the first year of college: Additional evidence	Padgett R.D., Johnson M.P., Pascarella E.T.	2012	Journal of College Student Development	53	2	None	Co-Curricular Assessment and Research, Northern Kentucky University, Division of Student Affairs, UC330-A Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States; United States Agency for International Development(USAID), Tanzania; Mary Louise Petersen Chair in Higher Education, The University of Iowa, United States	Padgett, R.D., Co-Curricular Assessment and Research, Northern Kentucky University, Division of Student Affairs, UC330-A Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States; Johnson, M.P., United States Agency for International Development(USAID), Tanzania; Pascarella, E.T., Mary Louise Petersen Chair in Higher Education, The University of Iowa, United States	Using longitudinal data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, our findings suggest that first-generation students are at a significant disadvantage across cognitive and psychosocial outcomes compared to students whose parents have at least some postsecondary education. Furthermore, we tested for the conditional effects of good practices on firstyear outcomes and found that effects of good practices on both cognitive and psychosocial outcomes differed in magnitude, and sometimes in direction, for first-generation versus non-firstgeneration students.	None	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of simple hand-held mechanical systems for harvesting tea (Camellia sinensis)	Burgess P.J., Carr M.K.V., Mizambwa F.C.S., Nixon D.J., Lugusi J., Kimambo E.I.	2006	Experimental Agriculture	42	2	10.1017/S0014479705003352	Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom; Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Crop and Water Management Systems (Intnl.) Ltd., Pear Tree Cottage, Frog Lane, Warwickshire, CV36 4LG, United Kingdom; Booker-Tate Ltd., Masters Court Church Road, Thame, Oxon, OX9 3FA, United Kingdom; TPC Ltd., PO Box 93, Moshi, Tanzania	Burgess, P.J., Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom; Carr, M.K.V., Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom, Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Crop and Water Management Systems (Intnl.) Ltd., Pear Tree Cottage, Frog Lane, Warwickshire, CV36 4LG, United Kingdom; Mizambwa, F.C.S., Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, TPC Ltd., PO Box 93, Moshi, Tanzania; Nixon, D.J., Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom, Booker-Tate Ltd., Masters Court Church Road, Thame, Oxon, OX9 3FA, United Kingdom; Lugusi, J., Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Kimambo, E.I., Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Over an eight-year period, harvesting methods based on simple mechanical aids (blade and shear) were evaluated against hand harvesting on mature morphologically contrasting tea clones in Southern Tanzania. The effects of shear step height (5-32mm) and the harvest interval (1.8-4.2 phyllochrons) were also examined. Except in the year following pruning, large annual yields (5.7-7.9 t dry tea ha -1) were obtained by hand harvesting at intervals of two phyllochrons. For clones K35 (large shoots) and T207 (small shoots), the mean harvested shoot weights were equivalent to three unfurled leaves and a terminal bud. The proportions of broken shoots (40-48 %) and coarse material (4-6 %) were both relatively high. Using a blade resulted in similar yields to hand harvesting from K35 but larger yields from T207 (+13 %). The yield increase from clone T207 was associated with the harvest of more shoots and heavier shoots, smaller increases in canopy height, and a higher proportion (7-9 %) of coarse material compared to hand harvesting. On bushes, which had been harvested by hand for two years following pruning, using flat shears (no step) supported on the tea canopy resulted, over a three year period, in yields 8-14 % less than those obtained by hand harvesting and, for clone K35, a reduction in the leaf area index to below 5. The development of a larger leaf area index is made possible by adding a step to the shear. However, since annual yields were reduced by 40-50kg ha -1 per mm increase in step height, the step should be the minimum necessary to maintain long-term bush productivity. As mean shoot weights following shear harvesting were about 13 % below those obtained by hand harvesting, there is scope, when using shears, to extend the harvest interval from 2 to 2.5 phyllochrons. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.	None	Camellia sinensis	None
None	None	The measurement of wool fibre properties and their effect on worsted processing performance and product quality. Part 1: The objective measurement of wool fibre properties	Botha A.F., Hunter L.	2010	Textile Progress	42	4	10.1080/00405167.2010.486932	CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Fibres and Textiles Industrial Support Centre, PO Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Botha, A.F., CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Fibres and Textiles Industrial Support Centre, PO Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Hunter, L., CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Fibres and Textiles Industrial Support Centre, PO Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa, Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	The world has moved away from subjective appraisal of raw wool characteristics and has entered an era of objective measurement and specification, and the raw wool trade is rapidly moving towards sale by total description which necessitates the accurate, rapid and cost effective measurement of all the raw wool characteristics important in determining price, textile performance and end-use. The development and availability of new technologies and equipment have enabled the objective measurement of many more raw wool characteristics than was possible in the past. Over the past few decades, a considerable amount of research has been carried out worldwide on the effect of the raw wool characteristics on topmaking and spinning performance, as well as on yarn properties. This was done in order to gain a better understanding of, and to quantify, the effects of fibre and processing parameters on processing behaviour and performance and on the properties of the top and yarn and even the fabric. An important aim of the research was to improve the processing of wool and the productivity and cost effectiveness of the various processing stages. This research led to a better understanding of which raw wool characteristics influence textile processing behaviour and performance, as well as the product quality and end-use performance, and ultimately the raw wool price. On the basis of this, technologies and instruments were developed and commercialised for measuring the key raw wool characteristics rapidly, accurately and cost effectively. In parallel to this, the associated test methods were developed and standardised largely under the umbrella of the IWTO, many of these being adopted and used in raw wool marketing and trading worldwide. This review covers the research and development carried out over more than half a century on the development and standardisation of technologies, instruments and test methods for the measurement of those characteristics determining the price and textile quality of raw wool and which are therefore important in terms of the global marketing and trading of raw wool. Research and development in this field is still continuing, but at a much lower intensity and pace than during the second half of the previous century. © 2010 The Textile Institute.	coarse edge; coloured fibres; dark fibres; fibre crimp; fibre curvature; fibre diameter; fibre length; Hauteur; medullated fibres; pigmented fibres; raw wool properties; resistance to compression; staple crimp; staple length; staple strength; vegetable ma	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of essential oils as seed treatment for the control of xanthomonas spp. associated with the bacterial leaf spot of tomato in Tanzania	Mbega E.R., Mabagala R.B., Mortensen C.N., Wulff E.G.	2012	Journal of Plant Pathology	94	2	None	Danish Seed Health Centre for Developing Countries, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard, Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; African Seed Health Centre, Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.BOX 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania	Mbega, E.R., Danish Seed Health Centre for Developing Countries, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard, Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark, African Seed Health Centre, Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.BOX 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mabagala, R.B., African Seed Health Centre, Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.BOX 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mortensen, C.N., Danish Seed Health Centre for Developing Countries, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard, Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; Wulff, E.G., Danish Seed Health Centre for Developing Countries, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard, Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark	Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas spp. is a serious and a major constraint to tomato production worldwide. The seed-borne nature of BLS, the complex nature of the disease, which is caused by different bacterial species and the current ineffective control measures have made the evaluation of alternative control compounds for seed treatment necessary. Therefore, the efficacy of 11 essential oils applied as seed treatments to control Xanthomonas perforans in tomato and the effect on seed germination and seedling growth was evaluated. Seed treatment with oils of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules Labill.), rosemary (Rosmarinus of-ficinalis L.) and niaouli (Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.) at 2% concentration inhibited the growth of X. perforans in the in vitro assays and consistently reduced the incidence and severity of BLS in planta tests. Negative effects on seed germination and seedling growth were not observed when tomato seeds were treated with the essential oils of eucalyptus and rosemary. Therefore, eucalyptus and rosemary oils can be used for seed treatment to control BLS in tomato. Further investigation is required on the shelf life of these oils, mode of action and their effects on other seed-borne pathogens of tomato and in other crop systems in Tanzania.	Bacterial disease; Control; Essential oils; Seed treatment; Xanthomonads	None	None
None	None	Association between AFLP-based genetic distance and hybrid performance in tropical maize	Kiula B.A., Lyimo N.G., Botha A.-M.	2008	Plant Breeding	127	2	10.1111/j.1439-0523.2007.01434.x	Dakawa Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 1892, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest 0002, Pretoria, South Africa; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Uyole Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 400, Mbeya, Tanzania	Kiula, B.A., Dakawa Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 1892, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest 0002, Pretoria, South Africa, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Lyimo, N.G., Uyole Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 400, Mbeya, Tanzania; Botha, A.-M., Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest 0002, Pretoria, South Africa, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Identifying the best inbred combinations for the development of commercial hybrid maize varieties remains the main challenge to maize breeders. The aim of this work was to study associations between the genetic distance (GD) of 21 inbreds and the corresponding F1 phenotypic data. Furthermore, the impact of grouping lines into genetically similar clusters was investigated. The 21 inbred lines were fingerprinted using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Parents and 210 F1 progeny were evaluated in the field. Joint data analysis mostly revealed a tighter association between GD and the F1 performance or mid parent heterosis in the intergroup than in the intragroup crosses. Despite these correlations, intergoup crosses should always be field-tested before their release. Crosses showing low GD values should be discarded to avoid field-testing costs. Better F1 hybrid performance predictions can be achieved by integrating molecular and F1 phenotypic data. © 2007 The Authors.	Genetic distance; Grouping; Heterosis; Zea mays	Zea mays	None
None	None	Field Evaluation of the Cepheid GeneXpert Chlamydia trachomatis Assay for Detection of Infection in a Trachoma Endemic Community in Tanzania	Jenson A., Dize L., Mkocha H., Munoz B., Lee J., Gaydos C., Quinn T., West S.K.	2013	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	7	7	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002265	Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; International Sexually Transmitted Disease Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Jenson, A., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Dize, L., International Sexually Transmitted Disease Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mkocha, H., International Sexually Transmitted Disease Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania; Munoz, B., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Lee, J., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gaydos, C., International Sexually Transmitted Disease Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Quinn, T., Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; West, S.K., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Purpose: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and field utility of the Cepheid GeneXpert Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) Assay (GeneXpert) for ocular chlamydia infection compared to Roche Amplicor CT assay (Amplicor). Methods: In a trachoma-endemic community in Kongwa Tanzania, 144 children ages 0 to 9 were surveyed to assess clinical trachoma and had two ocular swabs taken. One swab was processed at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, using Amplicor, (Roche Molecular Diagnostics) and the other swab was processed at a field station in Kongwa using the GeneXpert Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae assay (Cepheid). The sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert was compared to the Amplicor assay. Results: Of the 144 swabs taken the prevalence of follicular trachoma by clinical exam was 43.7%, and by evidence of infection according to Amplicor was 28.5%. A total of 17 specimens (11.8%) could not be processed by GeneXpert in the field due to lack of sample volume, other specimen issues or electricity failure. The sensitivity of GeneXpert when compared to Amplicor was 100% and the specificity was 95%. The GeneXpert test identified more positives in individuals with clinical trachoma than Amplicor, 55% versus 52%. Conclusion: The GeneXpert test for C. trachomatis performed with high sensitivity and specificity and demonstrated excellent promise as a field test for trachoma control.	None	article; child; Chlamydia trachomatis; comparative study; diagnostic test accuracy study; DNA extraction; female; human; infant; major clinical study; male; newborn; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; prevalence; school child; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; trachoma; Bacteriological Techniques; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia trachomatis; Endemic Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Trachoma	None
None	None	Impact of Presbyopia on Quality of Life in a Rural African Setting	Patel I., Munoz B., Burke A.G., Kayongoya A., Mchiwa W., Schwarzwalder A.W., West S.K.	2006	Ophthalmology	113	5	10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.028	Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania	Patel, I., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Munoz, B., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Burke, A.G., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kayongoya, A., Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania; Mchiwa, W., Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania; Schwarzwalder, A.W., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; West, S.K., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Purpose: To determine the impact of uncorrected presbyopia on quality of life in rural Tanzania. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: Population-based sample of 1709 village and town-dwelling adults aged 40 and older in the Kongwa district in rural Tanzania. Methods: Subjects underwent distance and near visual acuity testing to determine presbyopia. A near vision-related quality of life questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers to determine the degree of self-rated difficulty with tasks appropriate to life in a rural African setting, and how much near vision loss contributed to this difficulty. Main Outcome Measures: Near vision-related quality of life. Results: Complete data were available for 1564 (92%) of the subjects. The prevalence rate of presbyopia was 62%. The majority of presbyopes (94%) did not have corrective near vision glasses. Compared with nonpresbyopes, being presbyopic increased the odds of reporting some difficulty with near vision tasks by 2-fold (odds ratio [OR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.57-2.66), odds of reporting moderate difficulty by 5-fold (OR 5.01; 95% CI: 3.19-7.89), and odds of reporting high difficulty by >8-fold (OR 8.52; 95% CI 3.13-23.10). The degree of presbyopia was associated with increasing difficulty with daily tasks (P<0.0001). Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that uncorrected presbyopia has a significant impact on vision-related quality of life in a rural African setting. The high prevalence of presbyopia, and increased aging of the population in developing countries, suggests that the World Health Organization's Vision 2020 refraction agenda should place greater emphasis on presbyopia. © 2006 American Academy of Ophthalmology.	None	adult; aged; article; confidence interval; controlled study; data analysis; female; human; major clinical study; male; population research; presbyopia; prevalence; priority journal; quality of life; questionnaire; Tanzania; visual acuity; cross-sectional study; daily life activity; health survey; middle aged; pathophysiology; presbyopia; risk; rural population; spectacles; statistics; Tanzania; vision test; Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Eyeglasses; Female; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Presbyopia; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Tanzania; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity	None
None	None	Gender and performance of community treatment assistants in Tanzania	Jenson A., Gracewello C., Mkocha H., Roter D., Munoz B., West S.	2014	International Journal for Quality in Health Care	26	5	10.1093/intqhc/mzu067	Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Treatment Team, Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Jenson, A., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gracewello, C., Treatment Team, Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania; Mkocha, H., Treatment Team, Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania; Roter, D., Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Munoz, B., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; West, S., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Objective. To examine the effects of gender and demographics of community treatment assistants (CTAs) on their performance of assigned tasks and quantity of speech during mass drug administration of azithromycin for trachoma in rural Tanzania. Design. Surveys of CTAs and audio recordings of interactions between CTAs and villagers during drug distribution. Setting. Mass drug administration program in rural Kongwa district. Participants. Fifty-seven randomly selected CTAs, and 3122 residents of villages receiving azithromycin as part of the Kongwa Trachoma Project. Interventions. None. Main Outcome Measures. Speech quantity graded by Roter interaction analysis system, presence of culturally appropriate greeting and education on facial hygiene for trachoma prevention from coded analysis of audio-recorded interactions. Results. At sites with all female CTAs, each CTA spent more time and spoke more in each interaction in comparison with CTAs at sites with only male CTAs and CTAs at 'mixed gender' sites (sites with both male and female CTAs). At 'mixed gender' sites, males spoke significantly more than females. Female CTAs mentioned trachoma prevention with facial cleanliness more than twice as often as male CTAs; however, both genders mentioned hygiene in <10% of interactions. Both genders had culturally appropriate greetings in <25% of interactions. Conclusions. Gender dynamics affect the amount of time that CTAs spend with villagers during drug distribution, and the relative amount of speech when both genders work together. Both genders are not meeting expectations for trachoma prevention education and greeting villagers, and novel training methods are necessary. © The Author 2014.	Community health worker; Gender; Mass drug administration; Tanzania; Trachoma	azithromycin; adult; Article; audio recording; community treatment assistant; demography; face; female; group therapy; health care personnel; health education; human; hygiene; major clinical study; male; priority journal; rural population; sex difference; sex ratio; speech; Tanzania; task performance; trachoma	None
None	None	Does globalisation impact SME development in Africa?	Mutalemwa D.K.	2015	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	6	2	10.1108/AJEMS-01-2015-0012	Dar-es-Salaam Campus College, Mzumbe University, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Mutalemwa, D.K., Dar-es-Salaam Campus College, Mzumbe University, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding and knowledge of the impact of globalisation on African small and medium enterprise (SME) development. The contribution of SMEs to manufacturing industrialisation can be viewed in the context of the changing setting of globalisation. Globalisation is a description as well as a prescription. It can be broadly defined as closer economic integration as a result of rapid advances in technology, growth of world trade and competition, and policy changes towards economic liberalisation. Globalisation can also pose a challenge on how SMEs in Africa should brace themselves to respond to – and take advantages of – the changes, and carve an appropriate position in the global competitive economy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews and synthesises the eclectic literature and also draws from the experiences of both developed and developing economies. Findings – The evidence from the literature points to several stumbling blocks that prevent African manufacturing SMEs from participating successfully in the global economy. These include problems with exports, technology, competitiveness and inter-firm linkages as well as barriers in the institutional and policy environments. Originality/value – The paper will be useful to businesses, researchers, policy makers, civil society and others interested in understanding the impact of globalisation on manufacturing SME development. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Africa; Globalization; Industrialization; SMEs	None	None
None	None	Monitoring lymphatic filariasis control in Tanzania: Effect of repeated mass drug administration on circulating filarial antigen prevalence in young schoolchildren	Simonsen P.E., Magesa S.M., Derua Y.A., Rwegoshora R.T., Malecela M.N., Pedersen E.M.	2011	International Health	3	3	10.1016/j.inhe.2011.06.009	DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza/Tanga, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; RTI International, P.O. Box 6201, Kigali, Rwanda	Simonsen, P.E., DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Magesa, S.M., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza/Tanga, Tanzania, RTI International, P.O. Box 6201, Kigali, Rwanda; Derua, Y.A., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza/Tanga, Tanzania; Rwegoshora, R.T., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza/Tanga, Tanzania; Malecela, M.N., National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Pedersen, E.M., DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	In most countries of Sub-Saharan Africa the control of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is based on annual mass drug administration (MDA) with a combination of ivermectin and albendazole, in order to interrupt transmission. We monitored the effect of four repeated MDAs with this combination, as implemented by the Tanzanian National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme (NLFEP), on the circulating filarial antigen (CFA) status of young schoolchildren. A new batch of Standard 1 pupils from 10 rural primary schools in Tanga Municipality were examined for CFA each year in September/October (691-848 children per survey; mean age of 7.5-8.1 years), from immediately before the first MDA until eight months after the fourth MDA. The overall pre-MDA prevalence of CFA was 25.2%. Only minor and non-significant change in prevalence was seen after the first two MDAs. However, this was followed by substantial and statistically significant decreases in subsequent surveys, and eight months after the fourth MDA the prevalence was only 6.4%. Continuous entomological surveillance in a village accommodating one of the schools showed progressive decrease in transmission right from the first MDA. The usefulness of screening young schoolchildren for CFA as a tool for monitoring the impact of MDA on LF transmission is discussed. © 2011 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Children; Circulating filarial antigens; Control monitoring; Lymphatic filariasis; Mass drug administration; Tanzania	albendazole; ivermectin; parasite antigen; article; child; female; human; lymphatic filariasis; major clinical study; male; parasite control; parasite transmission; priority journal; school child; Tanzania; treatment outcome	None
None	None	The impact of demand factors, quality of care and access to facilities on contraceptive use in Tanzania	Arends-Kuenning M., Kessy F.L.	2007	Journal of Biosocial Science	39	1	10.1017/S0021932005001045	Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Arends-Kuenning, M., Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Kessy, F.L., Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The low contraceptive prevalence rate and the existence of unmet demand for family planning services present a challenge for parties involved in family planning research in Tanzania. The observed situation has been explained by the demand-side variables such as socioeconomic characteristics and cultural values that maintain the demand for large families. A small, but growing body of research is examining the effect of supply-side factors such as quality of care of family planning services on the demand for contraceptives. This paper analyses the demand and supply factors determining contraceptive use in Tanzania using the Tanzania Service Availability Survey (1996) and the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (1996) data sets. The results show that access to family planning services and quality of care of services are important determinants of contraceptive use in Tanzania even after controlling for demand-side factors. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	article; contraception; cultural value; drug utilization; family; family planning; health care access; health care availability; health care facility; health care need; health care quality; health services research; health survey; human; multivariate analysis; prevalence; socioeconomics; Tanzania; adolescent; adult; family planning; female; health care delivery; male; qualitative research; statistical model; utilization review; contraceptive agent; Adolescent; Adult; Contraceptive Agents; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Models, Statistical; Qualitative Research; Quality of Health Care; Tanzania	None
None	None	Impact of agricultural technology adoption on asset ownership: the case of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria	Awotide B.A., Alene A.D., Abdoulaye T., Manyong V.M.	2015	Food Security	7	6	10.1007/s12571-015-0500-7	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Awotide, B.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Alene, A.D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; Abdoulaye, T., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi; Manyong, V.M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Using household survey data from a sample of about 850 households selected from six States in south-west Nigeria, this paper analyses the effects of the adoption of improved cassava varieties (ICVs) on asset ownership among smallholder farmers. The results of the linear regression with endogenous treatment effects showed that adoption of ICVs is positively related to asset ownership. The results further showed that ICVs had greater impact on asset ownership among female-headed households. The impact analysis using propensity score matching (PSM) showed a significant and positive effect of adoption of ICVs on asset ownership and a negative effect on asset poverty. The empirical results suggest that improved agricultural technologies can play a key role in strengthening asset ownership of smallholder farmers for increased agricultural productivity and income generation. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and International Society for Plant Pathology.	Adoption; Assets; Cassava; Farmer; Impact; Nigeria; Poverty; PSM	None	None
None	None	Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawthorne Effect	Leonard K., Masatu M.C.	2006	Social Science and Medicine	63	9	10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.003	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maryland, 2200 Symons Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Centre for Educational Development in Health, Arusha, Tanzania	Leonard, K., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maryland, 2200 Symons Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Masatu, M.C., Centre for Educational Development in Health, Arusha, Tanzania	We examine the evidence that the behavior of clinicians is impacted by the fact that they are being observed by a research team. Data on the quality of care provided by clinicians in Arusha region of Tanzania show a marked fall in quality over time as new patients are consulted. By conducting detailed interviews with patients who consulted both before and after our research team arrived we are able to show strong evidence of the Hawthorne effect. Patient-reported quality is steady before we arrive, rises significantly (by 13 percentage points) at the moment we arrive and then falls steadily thereafter. We show that quality after we arrive begins to look similar to quality before we arrived between the 10th and 15th consultations. Implications for quality measurement and policy are discussed. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Audit and feedback; Hawthorne effect; Out patient department quality evaluation; Tanzania	health care; psychology; research work; analytical research; article; consultation; Hawthorne effect; health care quality; human; interview; medical audit; outpatient; outpatient department; policy; Tanzania; Ambulatory Care; Behavior; Effect Modifiers (Epidemiology); Health Personnel; Humans; Observation; Quality of Health Care; Questionnaires; Tanzania; Africa; Arusha [Tanzania]; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Rice for food and income: Assessing the impact of rice research on food security in the Kyela and Kilombero districts of Tanzania	Mwaseba D.L., Kaarhus R., Johnsen F.H., Mattee A.Z., Mvena Z.S.K.	2007	Outlook on Agriculture	36	4	None	Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway	Mwaseba, D.L., Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kaarhus, R., Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Johnsen, F.H., Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Mattee, A.Z., Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mvena, Z.S.K., Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania	This paper assesses the impact of rice research on household food security in Tanzania. The adoption of research-based innovations in rice farming, on which the impact of rice research is assumed to depend, is outlined. Rice production and consumption levels are presented. The paper shows that farmers produce rice for meeting a range of livelihood outcomes, including food security. However, meeting household needs such as education, health and building good houses are as important as food security. In this context, it is argued that food security should be understood within the framework of household livelihood strategies rather than being seen as dependent on household rice production.	Food security; Impact assessment; Livelihoods; Rice research; Tanzania	None	None
None	None	Collective action initiatives to improve marketing performance: Lessons from farmer groups in Tanzania	Barham J., Chitemi C.	2009	Food Policy	34	1	10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.10.002	Department of Agriculture, Marketing Services Branch, Washington, DC, United States; Faida Market Link Company Limited, Arusha, Tanzania	Barham, J., Department of Agriculture, Marketing Services Branch, Washington, DC, United States; Chitemi, C., Faida Market Link Company Limited, Arusha, Tanzania	This study aims to examine the extent to which certain characteristics and asset endowments of smallholder farmer groups facilitate collective action initiatives to improve group marketing performance. This is approached through an evaluation of a government-led programme in Tanzania, which is attempting to increase smallholder farmers' incomes and food security through a market-oriented intervention. Findings suggest that more mature groups with strong internal institutions, functioning group activities, and a good asset base of natural capital are more likely to improve their market situation. Gender composition of groups also affects group marketing performance, as an enabling factor for male-dominated groups. Structural social capital in the form of membership in other groups and ties to external service providers, and cognitive social capital in the form of intra-group trust and altruistic behaviour are not significant factors in a group's ability to improve its market situation.	Agricultural marketing; Collective action; Farmer groups; Planned change initiatives; Social capital; Tanzania	collective action; farming system; food market; institutional framework; marketing; performance assessment; smallholder; social capital; state role; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Effects of concentrate levels on fattening performance, carcass and meat quality attributes of Small East African × Norwegian crossbred goats fed low quality grass hay	Mushi D.E., Safari J., Mtenga L.A., Kifaro G.C., Eik L.O.	2009	Livestock Science	124	42372	10.1016/j.livsci.2009.01.012	Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Life Sciences, Mkwawa University College of Education, Private Bag, Iringa, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Institute of Rural Development and Planning, P O Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania	Mushi, D.E., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Ås, Norway, Department of Life Sciences, Mkwawa University College of Education, Private Bag, Iringa, Tanzania; Safari, J., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Ås, Norway, Institute of Rural Development and Planning, P O Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Mtenga, L.A., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Eik, L.O., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Ås, Norway	To assess the effects of finishing Small East African × Norwegian crossbred goats with concentrate diets on the fattening performance, carcass and meat quality, 32 castrated crossbred goats (9.5 months old, 17.1 kg BWT) were equally allocated into four levels of concentrate supplementation. The concentrate levels were: Zero access to concentrate (T0), 33% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T33), 66% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T66) and 100% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T100). Each animal had access to ad libitum grass hay. Ad libitum concentrate intake for the goats was 663 g/d, which supported ME intake of 8.7 MJ/head/d. The attained maximum daily gain was 96 g/d. T100 and T66 goats were comparable in slaughter weight but the former had 2 kg heavier (P < 0.05) carcasses than the latter. T100 and T66 goats were similar in carcass fatness scores, though both were fattier (P < 0.05) than other diet groups. Dressing percentage (DP) was expressed in three different ways. In all but commercial DP, T100 were comparable to T66 goats, but all were higher than the other diet groups. For T0 goats, pH-values remained above 6 even after 24 h post-mortem. Cooking losses increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation. Moreover, among the muscles assessed, M. rectus abdominis had the least cooking loss. Warner-Bratzler shear force values of cooked muscles were highest (P < 0.05) in M. gluteobiceps, followed by M. vastus lateralis, while M. psoas major and longismus dorsi aged for 6 days had the least values. Finishing Small East African × Norwegian crossbred goats at 66% access to their ad libitum concentrate intake gives optimum carcass and meat quality, and that any increase above this level seems not to improve meat production. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Carcass yield; Chevon quality; Feedlot-finishing; Goats	Animalia; Capra hircus	None
None	None	Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on performance of laying hens in Tanzania	Kakengi A.M.V., Kaijage J.T., Sarwatt S.V., Mutayoba S.K., Shem M.N., Fujihara T.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	8	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Laboratory of Animal Science, Shimane University, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Matsue-shi, Shimane, Japan	Kakengi, A.M.V., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kaijage, J.T., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Sarwatt, S.V., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mutayoba, S.K., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Shem, M.N., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Fujihara, T., Laboratory of Animal Science, Shimane University, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Matsue-shi, Shimane, Japan	An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of substituting Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) for sunflower seed meal (SSM) as a protein source of egg strain commercial chickens. The effects of substitution on feed intake (FI), dry matter intake (DMI), egg weight (EWT), Laying percentage (LP), egg mass production (EMP), and feed conversion ratio (KG FEED/KG EGGS) were investigated. Four dietary treatments based on MOLM and SSM as plant protein sources were formulated such that MOLM reciprocally replaced SSM at levels of 20, 15, 10 and 0% giving the dietary treatments containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% MOLM levels for MOLM-0, MOLM-10, MOLM-15 and MOLM-20 respectively. A total of 96 twenty-one weeks of age pullets were allocated to the dietary treatments in a randomised design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates and eight birds per replicate. The EWT was significantly highest in MOLM-0 and lowest in MOLM-10. LP showed a significant progressive decreasing trend as MOLM proportion increased in the diet. Further, EMP showed a significant progressive decrease at 10 and 20% MOLM levels. DMI and DFI significantly increased progressively at 10 and 20% MOLM levels. Also, Kg feed/Kg eggs (g feed intake/g egg mass) were significantly highest in birds fed 20% MOLM levels. The results, therefore, suggest that MOLM could completely replace SSC up to 20% without any detrimental effect in laying chickens. However, for better efficiency 10% inclusion level is optimal and an addition of MOLM above 10% high energy based feeds are required for better utilization.	Chicken; Layer; Leaf meal; Moringa oleifera; Nutrition; Substitution; Sunflower seed meal	Aves; Gallus gallus; Helianthus; Moringa oleifera	None
None	None	Production performance and desirable traits of Small East African goats in semi-arid areas of central Tanzania	Chenyambuga S.W., Komwihangilo D.M., Jackson M.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	7	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	Chenyambuga, S.W., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Komwihangilo, D.M., National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania; Jackson, M., National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	A study was carried out to determine the roles, desirable traits and production performance of indigenous goats in Iramba and Kongwa districts, central Tanzania. In each district five villages were selected and 93 and 100 goat keepers were interviewed in Iramba and Kongwa districts, respectively, using a structured questionnaire. Body weight, body length, rump height, withers height and heart girth of 225 goats were measured from flocks of the households surveyed. Crop and livestock production were the main enterprises undertaken by the farmers in the selected villages. Livestock production was ranked second to crop production in terms of contribution to household income and food security. The livestock kept by the farmers of the study area included cattle, goats, sheep, chicken, pigs and donkeys. In terms of importance, indigenous goats were ranked second to indigenous cattle by the respondents (61.4%). The average number of goats kept per household was 12.3 ± 0.86 and 14.9 ± 1.4 in Iramba and Kongwa districts, respectively. The main reasons for keeping goats, in order of importance, were generation of income, capital reserve and provision of meat. The indigenous goats were valued by their owners for being good tolerant to diseases, drought and heat. The goats in the study villages had small body size and average body weight of 24.5± 1.08 kg in Iramba district and 26.8 ± 0.82 kg in Kongwa district. The indigenous goats in Kongwa district had slightly higher values for wither height (59.6 ± 0.47 cm), rump height (56.4 ± 0.43 cm), heart girth (71.1 ± 0.75 cm) and body length (53.1 ± 0.54 cm) than those in Iramba district which had wither height, rump height, heart girth and body length of 58.4 ± 0.62, 55.5 ± 0.56, 68.3 ± 0.98, and 52.9 ± 0.71 cm, respectively. Average age at first kidding ranged from 14.2 to 16.8 months, average kidding interval was about eight months and average litter size was 1.2. Weaning age averaged about five months and the number of kids per does life time was between 9 and 10. Diseases were ranked by most farmers as the most important problem affecting goat production. The diseases of importance were contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, pneumonia, helminthiasis, foot and mouth disease, foot rot and mange. Shortages of grazing land, feed and water during the dry season were the other limiting factors to goat production. If productivity of indigenous goats is to be improved these problems need to be addressed through participatory research and development efforts.	Body measurements; Indigenous goats; Preferred traits; Reproductive performance; Roles	Bos; Capra; Capra hircus; Equus asinus; Mycoplasma; Ovis aries; Suidae	None
None	None	Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu cattle finished on molasses or maize grain with rice or maize by-products	Asimwe L., Kimambo A.E., Laswai G.H., Mtenga L.A., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J., Mushi D.E.	2015	Livestock Science	182	None	10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.001	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science, Au Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele, Denmark; Department of Larger Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark	Asimwe, L., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kimambo, A.E., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Laswai, G.H., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mtenga, L.A., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Weisbjerg, M.R., Department of Animal Science, Au Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele, Denmark; Madsen, J., Department of Larger Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Mushi, D.E., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Forty five steers (2.5-3.0 years of age and 200±5 (SEM) kg body weight) were allotted randomly into five diets to assess the effects of finishing Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu (TSZ) cattle in feedlot using diets based on either molasses or maize grain combined with maize or rice by-products. The diets were hay and concentrate mixtures of hominy feed with molasses (HFMO), rice polishing with molasses (RPMO), hominy feed with maize meal (HFMM), rice polishing with maize meal (RPMM) and a control of maize meal with molasses (MMMO). All concentrate mixtures contained cotton seed cake, mineral mixture, salt and urea. Both hay and concentrate were fed ad libitum and with free access to drinking water for 90 days. Feed intake, body weights and carcass characteristics were recorded. The daily total dry matter intake (DMI, kg/day) was greater (P<0.05) in molasses based diets (7.64 for RPMO and 7.35 for HFMO) than in maize grain based diets (6.94, 6.73 and 6.19 for RPMM, MMMO and HFMM, respectively). Energy intake was highest (P<0.05) in HFMO (86 MJ/day) and lowest in RPMM (69 MJ/day). Crude protein intake was highest in HFMO (867 g/day) and lowest in RPMO (725 g/day). Feed conversion ratio (kg feed DMI/kg gain) was lower (P<0.05) for steers fed on HFMM (7.87) and HFMO (8.09) than those fed on MMMO (10.4), RPMM (11.0) and RPMO (11.5). Steers fed on HFMO had the highest (P<0.05) daily weight gain (919. g/day), total weight gain (83. kg), final live weight (283. kg), empty body weight (268. kg) and hot carcass weight (151. kg). The proportion of internal fat to empty body weight (2.7%) in steers fed on HFMO was higher (P<0.05) than those from other diets. Nevertheless, all carcasses showed relatively high fat cover (1.1-1.6. cm). It is concluded that agro-processing by products are good feed resources for finishing TSZ cattle in feedlots with formulations based on molasses being superior over those based on maize meal, and hominy feed being superior over rice polishing. A combination of molasses and hominy feed (HFMO) could be used successfully as an alternative to maize meal in finishing TSZ cattle in feedlot. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Agro-processing by-products; Carcass characteristics; Feedlot; Weight gain	None	None
None	None	Effect of days in feedlot on growth performance, carcass and meat quality attributes of Tanzania shorthorn zebu steers	Asimwe L., Kimambo A.E., Laswai G.H., Mtenga L.A., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J.	2015	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	5	10.1007/s11250-015-0801-z	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science, Au Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele, Denmark; Department of Larger Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark	Asimwe, L., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kimambo, A.E., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Laswai, G.H., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mtenga, L.A., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Weisbjerg, M.R., Department of Animal Science, Au Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele, Denmark; Madsen, J., Department of Larger Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark	A study was conducted on 50 steers (183 ± 4 kg initial body weight, 3 years of age) to assess effects of days in feedlot on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Tanzania shorthorn zebu (TSZ) cattle with the aim of determining appropriate finishing period. Periods were 0 day (P<inf>0</inf>), 25 days (P<inf>25</inf>), 50 days (P<inf>50</inf>), 75 days (P<inf>75</inf>) and 100 days (P<inf>100</inf>) with 10 animals per period. Steers were housed in individual pens, fed with a concentrate diet and hay on an ad libitum basis except the P<inf>0</inf> group which was slaughtered at the beginning of trial. Long stay in feedlot, P<inf>100</inf>, increased concentrate dry matter intake by 2 kg DM/day over short stay, P<inf>25</inf>. Final weight and total gain increased (P < 0.05) from P<inf>25</inf> (22.6 kg) to P<inf>100</inf> steers (95.4 kg). Periods had no influence (P > 0.05) on an average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) but affected carcass characteristics. Empty body weight (EBW) and hot carcass weight (HCW) increased by 61 and 65 %, respectively, from no feedlot, P<inf>0</inf> to P<inf>100</inf>. Dressing percentage was high (P < 0.05) for P<inf>100</inf> steers. Carcass measurements, internal fat, fat thickness and carcass total fat were the highest (P < 0.05) on P<inf>100</inf> steers and the lowest on P<inf>0</inf> steers. Rate of pH decline increased with days in feedlot, while cooking loss and shear force values decreased in advanced ageing time. Feedlot periods of 75 and 100 days resulted into high intake, carcass measurements and tenderness, but 100 days further increased carcass fatness and fat thickness levels, thus, with this particular feeding system and animal’s condition, 75 days is the recommended period to finish TSZ cattle in feedlots. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Beef; Carcass; Gain; Period of stay; Quality	Animalia; Bos; Bos indicus; analysis; animal; animal food; animal husbandry; body weight; bovine; controlled study; diet; growth, development and aging; male; meat; physiology; randomized controlled trial; Tanzania; veterinary; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Male; Meat; Tanzania	None
None	None	The effect of supplementation on the performance of free range local chickens in Tanzania	Mutayoba S.K., Katule A.K., Minga U., Mtambo M.M., Olsen J.E.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	5	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Open University of Tanzania, P.O.Box 2409, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania	Mutayoba, S.K., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Katule, A.K., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Minga, U., Open University of Tanzania, P.O.Box 2409, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Mtambo, M.M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Olsen, J.E.	A study to evaluate the effect supplementation on growth and egg production in free range chickens was carried out in Morogoro, Tanzania. The effect of location and household surroundings on performance of free range local chickens was also assessed. A total of 144 chickens were used. Birds were selected and sorted based on their body weight and age and then randomly allocated to three feeding regimes. The three feed types were; homemade and commercial supplement and the un-supplemented (those which were left to scavenge only). During the growing period, performance was measured in terms of body weight, shank length and growth rate. Total number of eggs laid, egg weight and shell thickness were recorded during the laying period. Gross margin analysis was done for the laying period. A digestibility trial was carried out to assess the nutritive value of feeds and their utilization by the birds.Total dry matter digestibility differed significantly (P<0.05) between seasons and was 79 and 67% for the dry and wet season feed, respectively. Feed supplementation to free range local chickens led to improved performance in terms of growth rate and body weight. The mean mature body weight for the supplemented and un-supplemented chickens was 1484 g and 1282g, respectively. However no difference was observed between treatments on shank length. Significant (P< 0.05) differences for growth rate were observed between treatments during periods 1-3 and between locations. Performance for birds at the experimental station was lower for most parameters. An increase in egg number and shell thickness with supplementation was noted. The mean egg number for free range local chickens supplemented with homemade feed and commercial was 31.9 and 31.8, respectively whereas it was 20.4 for the un-supplemented free range chickens. The profit margin from eggs was increased by 11.2% and declined by 3.4% in birds under homemade and commercial supplementation, respectively. From these results it was therefore concluded that supplementation led to improved performance in terms of growth, egg production and quality but the profit margin was substantially reduced by feed cost. This means that cheap locally available feed ingredients should be used when supplementing rural chickens.	Dry and wet season scavenged feed; Feed supplementation; Shank length	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
None	None	Production performance of Toggenburg dairy goats in semi-arid and sub-humid areas of Tanzania	Jackson M., Chenyambuga S.W., Ndemanisho E.E., Komwihangilo D.M.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, P.O Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	Jackson, M., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chenyambuga, S.W., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Ndemanisho, E.E., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Komwihangilo, D.M., Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, P.O Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	A study was carried out in Babati and Kongwa districts which have sub-humid and semi-arid climatic conditions, respectively, to compare reproduction and lactation performances of Toggenburg dairy goats kept by small-scale farmers in the two agro-ecological zones. In each district four villages were purposely selected based on the presence of Toggenburg goats and 10 dairy goat farmers per village who have been keeping Toggenburg breed for at least five years were randomly selected. Age at first kidding of Toggenburg goats was higher in sub-humid areas than in semi-arid areas while kidding interval, litter size and kid mortality rate did not differ between the two locations. The goats kept in sub-humid areas had higher mean daily milk yield and lactation yield than those in semi-arid areas. Lactation length and dry period of does in sub-humid areas were not different from those of the does found in semi-arid areas. It is concluded that Toggernburg goats produced relatively more milk in sub-humid areas than in semi-arid areas while those in semi-arid environment had lower kid mortality compared to those in sub-humid environment.	Lactation; Mortality; Reproduction	None	None
None	None	Reproductive and lactation performances of Ayrshire and Boran crossbred cattle kept in smallholder farms in Mufindi district, Tanzania	Chenyambuga S.W., Mseleko K.F.	2009	Livestock Research for Rural Development	21	7	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Chenyambuga, S.W., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mseleko, K.F., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	This study was carried out to determine the reproduction and lactation parameters of Ayrshire x Boran F1 crosses kept by small-scale farmers in Mufindi district, Tanzania. The study involved 48 small-scale dairy farmers located in six villages. The mean (± s.e.) herd size of the selected farmers was 3.7 ± 0.3. Data on breeding dates, calving dates, drying off dates, daily milk yield and deaths of calves were obtained from records kept by the selected farmers from 1997 to 2007. The data were used to compute age at first calving, calving interval, days open, number of services per conception, calf mortality, lactation milk yield, lactation length and dry period. The overall mean for age at first calving (AFC) was 38.4 ± 0.5 months and for calving interval was 402.6 ± 3.0 days. The AFC was significantly (P ≤ 0.001) influenced by the season of birth while calving interval was significantly (P ≤ 0.001) affected by the year of calving and parity. The overall mean length of the days open period was 100.7 ± 3.6 days. Year of calving, season of calving and parity significantly (P≤ 0.05) affected the length of the days-open period. The number of services per conception was between 2 and 3. The overall calf mortality rate was 18.2% and was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by year of birth and sex of the animal. The overall mean lactation length was 287.7 ± 2.5 days. Lactation milk yield increased with parity from 1260.6 to 1760.5 litres in the first and fourth parity, respectively. Lactation length and lactation milk yield were significantly (P≤ 0.05) affected by year of calving and parity. The overall mean dry period was 107.5 ± 4.5 days. The dry period was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by year of calving, season of calving and parity. It is concluded that the performance of the Boran x Ayrshire crossbred cows in the study area is unsatisfactory due to advanced age at first calving, prolonged calving intervals, shorter lactation length, lower lactation milk yield and high calf mortality rate.	Age at first calving; Calf mortality; Calving interval; Lactation length; Milk yield	Animalia; Bos	None
None	None	Effect of breed, season, year and parity on reproductive performance of dairy cattle under smallholder production system in Bukoba district, Tanzania	Asimwe L., Kifaro G.C.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	10	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Asimwe, L., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of breed level and non-genetic factors on reproductive performance of dairy cattle under smallholder production system. The study focused on assessing the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle under smallholder farms in Bukoba district, Tanzania. Data on age at first calving (AFC), calving to first service interval (CFSI), number of services per conception (NSC), days open (DO) and calving interval (CI) were collected from Kagera Dairy Development Trust (KADADET) in Bukoba district. General Linear models procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) computer software was used to analyse the data. The fixed effects considered in the analyses were genetic group, parity, season and period of birth or of calving. The overall mean for AFC was 35.1±9.7 months with a coefficient of variation of 18.6%, for CFSI it was 196.95±1.8 days with a coefficient of variation of 20% while the mean for NSC was 1.66±0.0 with a coefficient of variation of 21%. Further, the mean DO was 205.2±2.6 days with coefficient of variation of 19%, and CI averaged 480.4±2.4 days with a coefficient of variation of 22%. AFC was significantly affected by period of birth (P&lt;0.001), level of exotic blood (P&lt;0.05) and season of birth (P&lt;0.05). Genetic group significantly influenced CFSI, NSC, CI (P&lt;0.05) and DO (P&lt;0.001). F1 crosses performed better than high-grades in all the traits with 34.6 months of AFC, 171 days of CFSI, 182 days of DO, and 455 days of CI. Season of calving significantly influenced CFSI (P&lt;0.01), CI (P&lt;0.001), NSC and DO (P&lt;0.05). Cows calving in the long rain season were superior with 17 days of CFSI, 21 days open and had shorter (by 27 days) CI than those calving in the long dry season. Parity and period of calving significantly affected CFSI (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.001), NSC (P&lt;0.05), DO (P&lt;0.01 and P&lt;0.001), CI (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.001) respectively. For these traits, performance was improving by advancement in age of cows. Milk yield in the first 100 days of lactation had no significant influence on post-calving reproductive traits. It was concluded that reproductive performance was best in the long rain season and that with respect to reproductive traits F1 crosses were better than high grades in Bukoba district.	Age at first calving; Calving interval; Calving to first service interval; Days open; Genetic and non-genetic factors; Number of services per conception	Bos	None
None	None	Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion in cassava chip based diets fed to laying birds	Olugbemi T.S., Mutayoba S.K., Lekule F.P.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	6	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Olugbemi, T.S., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Mutayoba, S.K., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lekule, F.P., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	The feasibility of using Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as an ingredient in cassava chip based diets fed to commercial egg strain chickens and its effects on their production and egg quality were investigated. Eighty laying birds comprising of ten birds per replicate and two replicates per treatment were assigned to four isocaloric and isonitrogenous dietary treatments. The diets comprised of Cassava Chips (CC) and MOLM combinations (CC0M0-0%CC, 0%MOLM; CC20M0-20%CC, 0%MOLM; CC20M5 - 20%CC, 5%MOLM; CC20M10 - 20%CC, 10%MOLM) in addition to other ingredients. A completely randomized design was employed. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and laying percentage were not influenced by the inclusion of MOLM. The lowest egg weight was from the maize based group (CC0M0). Feed cost per kilogram and feed cost per kilogram egg produced declined with inclusion of MOLM. Albumen and yolk percentages were not influenced by the inclusion of MOLM. Eggs from birds on the 10% MOLM diets differed in Roche colour score (7.79) from those on the other diets. General acceptability of the cooked eggs was highest from the 10% MOLM group. Results of the study indicate that cassava chips can be fed whole to laying birds and the inclusion of MOLM at levels up to 10% in cassava chip based diets fed to commercial egg laying birds is possible and without negative effects in terms of egg quality parameters. The benefits of enhanced acceptability are equally an advantage of its inclusion.	Acceptability; Alternative feed ingredients; Egg quality; Production	Aves; Gallus gallus; Manihot esculenta; Moringa oleifera; Zea mays	None
None	None	Postpartum Contraception in Northern Tanzania: Patterns of Use, Relationship to Antenatal Intentions, and Impact of Antenatal Counseling	Keogh S.C., Urassa M., Kumogola Y., Kalongoji S., Kimaro D., Zaba B.	2015	Studies in Family Planning	46	4	10.1111/j.1728-4465.2015.00040.x	Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Magu District Council, Tanzania; Mwanza City Council, Tanzania; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Keogh, S.C., Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom; Urassa, M., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kumogola, Y., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kalongoji, S., Magu District Council, Tanzania; Kimaro, D., Mwanza City Council, Tanzania; Zaba, B., Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	In Tanzania, unmet need for contraception is high, particularly in the postpartum period. Contraceptive counseling during routine antenatal HIV testing could reach 97 percent of pregnant women with much-needed information, but requires an understanding of postpartum contraceptive use and its relationship to antenatal intentions. We conducted a baseline survey of reproductive behavior among 5,284 antenatal clients in Northern Tanzania, followed by an intervention offering contraceptive counseling to half the respondents. A follow-up survey at 6-15 months postpartum examined patterns and determinants of postpartum contraceptive use, assessed their correspondence with antenatal intentions, and evaluated the impact of the intervention. Despite high loss to follow-up, our findings indicate that condoms and hormonal methods had particular and distinct roles in the postpartum period, based on understandings of postpartum fertility. Antenatal intentions were poor predictors of postpartum reproductive behavior. Antenatal counseling had an effect on postpartum contraceptive intentions, but not on use. Different antenatal/contraceptive service integration models should be tested to determine how and when antenatal counseling can be most effective. © 2015 The Population Council, Inc.	None	contraceptive use; fertility; health impact; health services; information; reproductive behavior; Tanzania	None
None	None	The impact of antenatal HIV diagnosis on postpartum childbearing desires in northern Tanzania: A mixed methods study	Keogh S.C., Urassa M., Roura M., Kumogola Y., Kalongoji S., Kimaro D., Changalucha J., Zaba B.	2012	Reproductive Health Matters	20	None	10.1016/S0968-8080(12)39634-1	Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Population Studies Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Keogh, S.C., Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Urassa, M., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Roura, M., Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kumogola, Y., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kalongoji, S.; Kimaro, D.; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zaba, B., Population Studies Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	With the expansion of routine antenatal HIV testing, women are increasingly discovering they are HIV-positive during pregnancy. While several studies have examined the impact of HIV on childbearing in Africa, few have focused on the antenatal/postpartum period. Addressing this research gap will help tailor contraceptive counseling to HIV-positive women's needs. Our study measures how antenatal HIV diagnosis affects postpartum childbearing desires, adjusting for effects of HIV before diagnosis. A baseline survey on reproductive behavior was administered to 5,284 antenatal clients before they underwent routine HIV testing. Fifteen months later, a follow-up survey collected information on postpartum reproductive behavior from 2,162 women, and in-depth interviews with 25 women investigated attitudes toward HIV and childbearing. HIV diagnosis was associated with a long-term downward adjustment in childbearing desires, but not with changes in short-term postpartum desires. The qualitative interviews identified health concerns and nurses' dissuasion as major factors discouraging childbearing post-diagnosis. At the same time, pronatalist social norms appeared to pressure women to continue childbearing. Given the potential for fertility desires to change following antenatal HIV diagnosis, contraceptive counseling should be provided on a continuum from antenatal through postpartum care, taking into account the conflicting pressures faced by HIV-positive women in relation to childbearing.	Antenatal care; Fertility desires; HIV and pregnancy; Post-partum period; Reproductive health services; Tanzania	antiretrovirus agent; age distribution; article; attitude to pregnancy; educational status; family decision making; family size; female; follow up; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; maternal attitude; parity; paternal attitude; prenatal diagnosis; prevalence; priority journal; puerperium; qualitative analysis; reproductive rights; risk reduction; rural population; sexual behavior; Tanzania; virus transmission; women's health; women's rights; Adolescent; Adult; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Intention; Middle Aged; Motivation; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Prevalence; Qualitative Research; Reproductive History; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts	Wilson M.L., Boesch C., Fruth B., Furuichi T., Gilby I.C., Hashimoto C., Hobaiter C.L., Hohmann G., Itoh N., Koops K., Lloyd J.N., Matsuzawa T., Mitani J.C., Mjungu D.C., Morgan D., Muller M.N., Mundry R., Nakamura M., Pruetz J., Pusey A.E., Riedel J., Sa	2014	Nature	513	7518	10.1038/nature13727	Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, 395 Humphrey Center, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN, United States; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany; Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Germany; Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, NC, United States; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ, United States; School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom; Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Henry Wellcome Building, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Japan Monkey Center, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan; Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 101 West Hall, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Gombe Stream Research Centre, Jane Goodall Institute - Tanzania, P.O. Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania; Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Anthropology, Iowa State University, 324 Curtiss, Ames, IA, United States; Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Mailbox 1114, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO, United States; University of York, Department of Psychology, Heslington, York, United Kingdom; Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States; Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, United States; Université de Neuchâtel, Institut de Biologie, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, United States	Wilson, M.L., Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, 395 Humphrey Center, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN, United States, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN, United States; Boesch, C., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany; Fruth, B., Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Germany, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium; Furuichi, T., Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan; Gilby, I.C., Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, NC, United States, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ, United States; Hashimoto, C., Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan; Hobaiter, C.L., School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom; Hohmann, G., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany; Itoh, N., Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan; Koops, K., Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Henry Wellcome Building, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Lloyd, J.N., Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Matsuzawa, T., Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan, Japan Monkey Center, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan; Mitani, J.C., Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 101 West Hall, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Mjungu, D.C., Gombe Stream Research Centre, Jane Goodall Institute - Tanzania, P.O. Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania; Morgan, D., Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, United States; Muller, M.N., Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Mundry, R., Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany; Nakamura, M., Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan; Pruetz, J., Department of Anthropology, Iowa State University, 324 Curtiss, Ames, IA, United States; Pusey, A.E., Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, NC, United States; Riedel, J., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany; Sanz, C., Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Mailbox 1114, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO, United States; Schel, A.M., University of York, Department of Psychology, Heslington, York, United Kingdom; Simmons, N., Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Waller, M., Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States; Watts, D.P., Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, United States; White, F., Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States; Wittig, R.M., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany; Zuberbühler, K., School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom, Université de Neuchâtel, Institut de Biologie, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Wrangham, R.W., Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, United States	Observations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92% of participants) and victims (73%); most killings (66%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers greatly outnumbered their victims (median 8:1 ratio). Variation in killing rates was unrelated to measures of human impacts. Our results are compatible with previously proposed adaptive explanations for killing by chimpanzees, whereas the human impact hypothesis is not supported. ©2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.	None	adaptation; aggression; anthropogenic effect; conspecific; data acquisition; fitness; hominid; hunting; male; resource availability; species conservation; violence; adaptive behavior; aggression; Article; female; fighting; male; nonhuman; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; population density; priority journal; victim; violence; Africa; animal; animal behavior; article; biological model; food; human; human activities; meta analysis; physiology; psychological aspect; sexual behavior; wild animal; Pan; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; Africa; Aggression; Animals; Animals, Wild; Behavior, Animal; Female; Food; Human Activities; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; Population Density; Sexual Behavior, Animal	None
None	None	Impact of local pre-harvest management practices in maize on the occurrence of Fusarium species and associated mycotoxins in two agro-ecosystems in Tanzania	Degraeve S., Madege R.R., Audenaert K., Kamala A., Ortiz J., Kimanya M., Tiisekwa B., De Meulenaer B., Haesaert G.	2015	Food Control	59	None	10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.028	Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Cuenca University, Av. 12 de abril s/n Cdla. Universitaria, P.O. Box 01.01.168, Cuenca, Ecuador; School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technologies, Tanzania	Degraeve, S., Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, Belgium; Madege, R.R., Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Audenaert, K., Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, Belgium; Kamala, A., Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Ortiz, J., Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Cuenca University, Av. 12 de abril s/n Cdla. Universitaria, P.O. Box 01.01.168, Cuenca, Ecuador; Kimanya, M., School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technologies, Tanzania; Tiisekwa, B., Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; De Meulenaer, B., Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Haesaert, G., Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, Belgium	Knowledge on the presence of mycotoxins in Africa is fragmentary, although it can be assumed that both concentrations and prevalence in food commodities is high. The present study focuses on the presence of Fusarium species and their associated mycotoxins in maize from two geographically distant agro ecological systems in Tanzania. In a two-year survey, both Fusarium species and concomitant mycotoxins were surveyed in the Northern highlands (Hanang district) and the Eastern lowlands (Kilosa district). Parallel with this, a questionnaire on agricultural practices in both agro-ecosystems was included in this study. This allowed us to put the presence of the toxigenic Fusarium species and their mycotoxins within a relevant agricultural framework.Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae were the predominant species in both locations although the population in the Eastern lowlands was slightly more complex comprising also Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium sporotrichioides. The predominant presence of F.verticillioides resulted in a high prevalence of fumonisins in both regions. The importance of F.graminearum in the population was reflected by the presence of deoxynivalenol in the mycotoxin analysis. Although the agricultural practices differed significantly amongst both locations, only few significant correlations were detected between mycotoxin presence and crop rotation, storage conditions, and insect control measures. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Fusarium mycotoxins; Fusarium population; Maize; Production practices; Tanzania	Fusarium; Fusarium culmorum; Fusarium poae; Fusarium sporotrichioides; Gibberella avenacea; Gibberella zeae; Hexapoda; Zea mays	None
None	None	Participatory monitoring of changes in coastal and marine biodiversity	Wagner G.M.	2005	Indian Journal of Marine Sciences	34	1	None	Department of Aquatic Environment and Conservation, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Wagner, G.M., Department of Aquatic Environment and Conservation, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This study reports results obtained from participatory monitoring conducted in Tanzania in two types of keystone ecosystems, mangrove forests and coral reefs. The report also analyses participatory monitoring as an effective tool in environmental conservation and management. Participatory monitoring data collected from three mangrove areas subjected to different levels of human impacts, low, moderate and high, clearly indicated the effects on mangrove basal area and species diversity. Participatory coral reef monitoring clearly showed degradation due to human impacts in one are and definite positive trends over time due to management interventions in another area. Participatory monitoring produces large amounts of informative data in a short time at low cost. Moreover, it has profound positive impact on the participants in terms of enhancing their environmental awareness, creating a feeling of "ownership" of the environment and motivating them to protect and restore the ecosystems they monitor. However, in order for participatory monitoring to be successful, there should be proper selection of participants, adequate training and on-going supervision by experts.	Biodiversity; Coastal/marine; Keystone ecosystems; Participatory monitoring	Anthozoa	None
None	None	Effect of initial stocking size of the predatory African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on recruits, growth performance, survival and yield of mixed-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in concrete tank culture system	Limbu S.M., Shoko A.P., Lamtane H.A., Shirima E.D., Kishe-Machumu M.A., Mgana H.F., Mgaya Y.D.	2015	International Aquatic Research	7	1	10.1007/s40071-014-0093-3	Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Headquarters, P. O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Kigoma Centre, P. O. Box 90, Kigoma, Tanzania	Limbu, S.M., Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Shoko, A.P., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Headquarters, P. O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lamtane, H.A., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Shirima, E.D., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kishe-Machumu, M.A., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Headquarters, P. O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mgana, H.F., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Kigoma Centre, P. O. Box 90, Kigoma, Tanzania; Mgaya, Y.D., Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Prolific breeding and production of high percentage of recruits are main problems in mixed-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in earthen ponds. The current study assessed the efficiency of different sizes of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in controlling recruitment in mixed-sex Nile tilapia cultured in tanks and its effect on growth performance, percentage survival and yield. Three treatments consisting of triplicate ponds stocked with mixed-sex Nile tilapia in monoculture and in polyculture with large (62.50 ± 3.26 g) and small (40.00 ± 2.68 g) African sharptooth catfish were fed on a 297.50 g kg−1 crude protein diet for 126 days. Results showed that, the number of recruits was significantly lower in larger African sharptooth catfish predator than smaller ones and monoculture of Nile tilapia. Polyculture with larger African sharptooth catfish resulted in significantly higher growth performance of Nile tilapia. Large African sharptooth catfish in polyculture reduced the amount of small, low-value recruits, while the yield of large and high value Nile tilapia was increased. This study revealed that fish farmers can reduce prolific breeding, obtain higher growth performance and produce larger size of marketable Nile tilapia by predominantly stocking ponds with large African sharptooth catfish predator of at least 60 g. © 2015, The Author(s).	Monoculture; Polyculture; Predator; Production; Prolific breeding; Recruitment	Clarias gariepinus; Oreochromis niloticus	None
None	None	Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of extracts from medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Kagera and Lindi regions, Tanzania	Nondo R.S.O., Moshi M.J., Erasto P., Zofou D., Njouendou A.J., Wanji S., Ngemenya M.N., Kidukuli A.W., Masimba P.J., Titanji V.P.K.	2015	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	5	4	10.7324/JAPS.2015.50402	Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon	Nondo, R.S.O., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Moshi, M.J., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Erasto, P., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Zofou, D., Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon, Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Njouendou, A.J., Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Wanji, S., Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Ngemenya, M.N., Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Kidukuli, A.W., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Masimba, P.J., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Titanji, V.P.K., Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon	A number of medicinal plants used for treatment of malaria in Tanzania have been documented, but information on their safety and efficacy is still based on traditional knowledge accumulated over years and not on pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. The present study aimed to assess the cytotoxic activity of extracts of selected plant species used for treatment of malaria in Tanzania. Ethanol extracts were evaluated for cytoxicity by using MTT assay on LLC-MK2 cells and by brine shrimp lethality assay. Forty five (93.75%) out of 48 crude extracts assessed using LLC-MK2 cells were non-cytotoxic while three extracts (6.25%) were cytotoxic with CC<inf>50</inf> <30 μg/mL (cut-off point). In the brine shrimp assay 30 (65.2%) out of 46 extracts tested were non-toxic while 16 extracts (34.8%) were toxic (LC<inf>50</inf> <100 μg/mL). Antiaris toxicaria stem bark extract was the most cytotoxic to mammalian cells. This study demonstrates that, most of the antimalarial plants tested were non-toxic. These observations corroborate with traditional healers' claims that the herbal medicines used in their areas are safe. However, further studies using different toxicity models are suggested to further confirm their claims. © 2015 Ramadhani SO Nondo et al.	Brine shrimps assay; LLC-MK2 cells; Malaria; Medicinal plants; Tanzania; Toxicity	None	None
None	None	Host plants of Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) and their influence on its early growth performance in Tanzania	Mwang'ingo P.L., Teklehaimanot Z., Lulandala L.L., Mwihomeke S.T.	2005	Southern African Forestry Journal	None	203	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania; School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Forestry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Mwang'ingo, P.L., Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania; Teklehaimanot, Z., School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; Lulandala, L.L., Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mwihomeke, S.T., Department of Forestry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Identification of the host plants of the hemi-parasitic African sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) and the influence of some on its early growth performance was investigated at Image, Nundu, Sao Hill and Iringa in the southern highlands of Tanzania. The aim was to identify host plants that support the growth of O. lanceolata, and to evaluate the potential of some in promoting its early growth under artificial establishment. The results revealed that O. lanceolata parasitises a wide range of hosts although some were preferred. The preferredhosts were Rhus natalensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Tecomaria capensis, Catha edulis, Apodytes dimidiata, Brachystegia spiciformis, Maytenus acuminatus and Aphloia theiformis. Of the preferred hosts, Brachytegia spiciformis, Rhus natalensis and Casuarina equisetifolia promoted most effectively the early growth of O. lanceolata in terms of height, diameter and overall root and shoot biomass. Possibly the light crown of these host species and the nitrogen fixing ability of C. equisetifolia played a significant role in conferring this advantage. The species are thus recommended as appropriate host plants when raising O. lanceolata seedlings for planting. However, a decision on whether these hosts will support the growth of O. lanceolata at a later stage is subject to further experimentation as they may only be serving as initial or intermediate hosts as reported in a related species Santalum album.	African sandalwood; Host plants; Host selectivity; Osyris lanceolata; Parasitism; Tree growth	Aphloia theiformis; Apodytes dimidiata; Brachystegia spiciformis; Casuarina equisetifolia; Catha edulis; Dodonaea viscosa; Hedera; Lanceolata; Maytenus; Osyris lanceolata; Rhus; Rhus natalensis; Santalaceae; Santalum album; Tecomaria capensis	None
None	None	Impact of crop cycle on movement patterns of pest rodent species between fields and houses in Africa	Monadjem A., Mahlaba T.A., Dlamini N., Eiseb S.J., Belmain S.R., Mulungu L.S., Massawe A.W., Makundi R.H., Mohr K., Taylor P.J.	2011	Wildlife Research	38	7	10.1071/WR10130	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; National Museum of Namibia, PO Box 1203, Windhoek, Namibia; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Department, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Monadjem, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; Mahlaba, T.A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; Dlamini, N., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland; Eiseb, S.J., National Museum of Namibia, PO Box 1203, Windhoek, Namibia; Belmain, S.R., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Mulungu, L.S., Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Massawe, A.W., Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Makundi, R.H., Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3110, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mohr, K., Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Department, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Taylor, P.J., Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Context Rodent pests can have severe impacts on crop production in sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis severely damages agricultural crops in southern and eastern Africa, leading to significant losses. Both its population ecology and breeding biology have been studied in agricultural and natural habitats. Population numbers erupt depending on the timing and amount of rainfall and may reach plague proportions, especially in agricultural settings, where it may become a serious pest. However, the ecology of this species, in particular its interactions with other species within the context of human settlement, is poorly understood. It may occasionally enter houses, but the degree to which it does so and the factors influencing this movement are not known. Aims We investigated the relationship between Rattus spp. and M. natalensis entering buildings in an agro-ecological setting. We predicted that M. natalensis would enter houses more readily when food availability was lowest in the surrounding fields, and when the larger Rattus spp. were absent. Methods We followed 40 individuals of M. natalensis in Swaziland and Namibia by radio-telemetry. Mice were captured in maize fields within 50m of a homestead and fitted with radio-transmitters at three different times corresponding to different stages of crop development: pre-harvest, post-harvest and pre-planting. To corroborate the findings of the telemetry study, a non-toxic marker, rhodamine B, was mixed with standard bait and left at bait stations inside houses in 10 homesteads in Swaziland and Tanzania. Key results Mice remained in the fields during the entire period of study in Swaziland, but entered buildings in Namibia during the post-harvest stage, which may represent a period of food shortage for these mice in the field. Rodents captured after baiting with rhodamine B demonstrated that Rattus spp. predominated within the houses. A small number of rhodamine B-marked M. natalensis were captured outside the houses, the proportion declining with distance away from the houses. Conclusions These results suggest that in a typical rural African setting dominated by subsistence agriculture, Rattus spp. (when present) competitively exclude the smaller M. natalensis from entering houses. Implications Interactions between rodent pest species may be important in determining which rodent species enter houses in rural African landscapes. Consideration of such interactions may play an important role when developing pest management strategies. © 2011 CSIRO.	agricultural fields; houses; movement patterns	agricultural land; agroecology; bait; biological control; capture method; crop; crop production; environmental factor; food availability; habitat type; harvesting; human settlement; interspecific interaction; landscape; movement; pest species; population decline; population ecology; rainfall; reproductive biology; rodent; Africa	None
None	None	Understanding watershed dynamics and impacts of climate change and variability in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania	Lalika M.C.S., Meire P., Ngaga Y.M., Chang'a L.	2015	Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology	15	1	10.1016/j.ecohyd.2014.11.002	Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Forest Economics, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Meteorological Agency, P.O. Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Lalika, M.C.S., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Meire, P., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium; Ngaga, Y.M., Department of Forest Economics, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chang'a, L., Tanzania Meteorological Agency, P.O. Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Watersheds and rivers are vital ecological features for the provision of hydrological services for the health, welfare and prosperity of human communities. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities coupled with climate change and climate variability are blamed for degrading watersheds and rivers and decreasing their capacity to irrigate. To address the situation, it is important to understand why and how water shortages are occurring. This paper reports findings of a study carried out to identify and assess drivers of water shortages and adaptation strategies to climate change and variability in Pangani River Basin of Tanzania. To assess the influence of climate change and variability on hydrological flow and water shortages, time series data on rainfall and temperature were compiled from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency. We also used structured questionnaires to collect data on villagers' perceptions about the drivers of water shortages and adaptation strategies. Results indicated a decreasing trend of water flow (p < 0.05) at Kikuletwa-Karangai gauging station along Pangani River Basin. Trend analysis indicated a slight decrease of rainfall and increase of temperature. Although there is no empirical evidence to associate climate change with the decline of rainfall and water flow, adaptation measures need to be put in place in order to mitigate against increasing climate variability, reduced water flow, and projected climate change. Therefore, watershed conservation strategies should also focus on improving the welfare of local communities. Additionally, involvement of stakeholders in the entire PRB is crucial toward watersheds conservation for steady flow of hydrological services. © 2014 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of Polish Academy of Sciences.	Basin; Climate change; Ecosystem services; Pangani; River; Water; Watershed degradation	climate change; climate effect; climate variation; ecosystem service; environmental degradation; river basin; water flow; watershed; Pangani Basin; Tanzania	None
None	None	Long-term impacts of poaching on relatedness, stress physiology, and reproductive output of adult female African elephants	Gobush K.S., Mutayoba B.M., Wasser S.K.	2008	Conservation Biology	22	6	10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01035.x	Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3015, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Gobush, K.S., Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States; Mutayoba, B.M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3015, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Wasser, S.K., Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States	Widespread poaching prior to the 1989 ivory ban greatly altered the demographic structure of matrilineal African elephant (Loxodonta africana) family groups in many populations by decreasing the number of old, adult females. We assessed the long-term impacts of poaching by investigating genetic, physiological, and reproductive correlates of a disturbed social structure resulting from heavy poaching of an African elephant population in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, prior to 1989. We examined fecal glucocorticoid levels and reproductive output among 218 adult female elephants from 109 groups differing in size, age structure, and average genetic relatedness over 25 months from 2003 to 2005. The distribution in group size has changed little since 1989, but the number of families with tusked old matriarchs has increased by 14.2%. Females from groups that lacked an old matriarch, first-order adult relatives, and strong social bonds had significantly higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those from groups with these features (all females R2 = 0.31; females in multiadult groups R2 = 0.46). Females that frequented isolated areas with historically high poaching risk had higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those in low poaching risk areas. Females with weak bonds and low group relatedness had significantly lower reproductive output (R2[U] = 0.21). Females from disrupted groups, defined as having observed average group relatedness 1 SD below the expected mean for a simulated unpoached family, had significantly lower reproductive output than females from intact groups, despite many being in their reproductive prime. These results suggest that long-term negative impacts from poaching of old, related matriarchs have persisted among adult female elephants 1.5 decades after the 1989 ivory ban was implemented. © 2008 Society for Conservation Biology.	Gene-drop analysis; Glucocorticoids; Loxodonta africana; Microsatellite DNA; Poaching; Relatedness	glucocorticoid; microsatellite DNA; DNA; elephant; group size; hormone; physiology; poaching; population distribution; relatedness; reproductive health; animal; article; chemistry; comparative study; demography; elephant; feces; female; fertility; genetics; pedigree; physiological stress; physiology; season; Tanzania; Animals; Demography; Elephants; Feces; Female; Fertility; Glucocorticoids; Microsatellite Repeats; Pedigree; Seasons; Stress, Physiological; Tanzania; Africa; East Africa; Mikumi National Park; Morogoro [Tanzania]; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Elephantidae; Loxodonta; Loxodonta africana	None
None	None	Impact of habitat alteration on endemic Afromontane chameleons: Evidence for historical population declines using hierarchical spatial modelling	Shirk P.L., Linden D.W., Patrick D.A., Howell K.M., Harper E.B., Vonesh J.R.	2014	Diversity and Distributions	20	10	10.1111/ddi.12239	Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smith's, NY, United States; Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Maine Cooperative Fish, Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States	Shirk, P.L., Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Linden, D.W., Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Maine Cooperative Fish, Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States; Patrick, D.A., Division of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smith's, NY, United States; Howell, K.M., Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Harper, E.B., Division of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smith's, NY, United States; Vonesh, J.R., Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States	Aim: We map estimated historical population declines resulting from species-specific models of sensitivity to habitat fragmentation for three forest-dependent chameleons. Location: East Usambara Mountains, Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Methods: We surveyed three chameleon species (Rhampholeon spinosus, Rhampholeon temporalis and Trioceros deremensis) along 32.2 km of transects and used a hierarchical, distance-sampling model to estimate densities. The model included habitat characteristics at the landscape (patch) and local (transect) scales while accounting for detectability. By analysing the model in a Bayesian framework, we were able to propagate error through the entire analysis and obtain exact solutions despite small sample sizes. We then used our estimated relationships between habitat and density to project chameleon population sizes across current and historical land cover maps of the study area (230 km2), giving an estimate of the impact of anthropogenic habitat alteration on these species. Results: Species' densities increased in larger patches and further from patch edges and varied seasonally. Local vegetation characteristics had significant relationships with expected chameleon densities, though effect sizes were small. Estimates of total current population sizes varied by two orders of magnitude among species, but each was 49-79% higher than detection-naïve estimates. All three declined from estimated historical levels by approximately 60% in the study area, approximately one-third more than would be expected from forest loss alone. Remaining populations of the study species are predominantly located in protected nature reserves, so the future of these species will likely be determined by the degree of protection offered by the nature reserves. Main conclusions: Habitat loss and fragmentation have greatly reduced forest-dependent chameleon population sizes in the East Usambara Mountains. Populations of these species in other areas are experiencing higher rates of habitat loss. Efforts aimed at ensuring the efficacy of protected forests may be a key to conserving remaining populations. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Chamaeleonidae; Density-area relationship; Distance sampling; Edge effects; Habitat fragmentation; Hierarchical Bayesian model	Chamaeleonidae	None
None	None	Impact of praziquantel mass drug administration campaign on prevalence and intensity of schistosoma haemamtobium among schoolchildren in Bahi district, Tanzania	Chaula S.A., Tarimo D.S.	2014	Tanzania Journal of Health Research	16	1	10.4314/thrb.v16i1.1	Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dodoma, Tanzania; School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Chaula, S.A., Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dodoma, Tanzania; Tarimo, D.S., School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	As part of the Tanzania National Schistosomiasis Control Programme, Bahi district in central Tanzania, received two annual rounds of praziquantel mass drug administration (MDA) to control urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of the two rounds of MDA on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haemamtobium and the impact of MDA campaigns on knowledge of urinary schistosomiasis, safe water use and contact with potentially unsafe water bodies. A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out among schoolchildren in March and April, 2013. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on MDA uptake, knowledge of schistosomiasis, sources of water for domestic and other uses. Urine samples were collected from each pupil to examine prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium. Transmission of schistosomiasis was assessed by sampling Bulinus spp snails for cercarial shedding. Uptake of MDA was 39.5% in 2011 and 43.6% in 2012. Prevalence of S. haematobium significantly dropped by 50.0% from 26% in 2011 to 15% in 2012 (p = 0.000). Prevalence of S. haematobium was significantly low in MDA participating (3.1%) than non-participating (28.5%) schoolchildren (p = 0.000). MDA campaigns had significant impact on knowledge of the disease (p = 0.02) and borderline impact on safe water use (p = 0.04) but had no impact on avoidance of contact with unsafe water bodies (p = 0.06). Bulinus spp. snails were found shedding schistosome cercariae indicating environmental contamination with viable S. haematobium eggs. In conclusion, though MDA significantly reduced prevalence of S. haematobium, uptake was below 50.0% and below the World Health Assembly resolution 54.19 target of 75.0% for 2010. Non-participation in MDA was the likely source of S. haematobium eggs in the environment hence the observed 15.0% prevalence of S. haematobium infection; and cercarial shedding Bulinus spp. snails indicating continuity of transmission hence the need for further health promotion campaigns.	Mass drug administration; Praziquantel; Schoolchildren; Tanzania; Urinary schistosomiasis	lake water; praziquantel; river water; tap water; well water; anthelmintic agent; praziquantel; adolescent; adult; article; Bulinus; cercaria; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; health education; health promotion; human; major clinical study; male; microbial contamination; nonhuman; parasite prevalence; parasite transmission; schistosomiasis haematobia; structured questionnaire; Tanzania; urinalysis; water supply; animal; attitude to health; drug administration; parasitology; prevalence; questionnaire; Schistosoma haematobium; schistosomiasis haematobia; young adult; Adolescent; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Praziquantel; Prevalence; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tanzania; Water Supply; Young Adult	None
None	None	In silico analysis of tkt1 from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and its virulence evaluation in chickens	Tuntufye H.N., Gwakisa P.S., Goddeeris B.M.	2013	Research in Microbiology	164	4	10.1016/j.resmic.2013.01.003	Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, ChuoKikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Tuntufye, H.N., Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, ChuoKikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Gwakisa, P.S., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, ChuoKikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Goddeeris, B.M., Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) contain tktA and tktB which code for transketolases involved in the pentose phosphate pathway. Recent studies demonstrated that a third gene coding for transketolase 1 (. tkt1) was located in a pathogenicity island of avian and human ExPEC belonging to phylogenetic group B2. In the present study, in silico analysis of tkt1 revealed 68% and 69% identity with tktA and tktB, respectively, of ExPEC and 68% identity with tktA and tktB of E. coli MG1655. The translated tkt1 shared 69% and 68% identity with TktA and TktB proteins, respectively, of ExPEC and E. coli MG1655. Phylogenetically, it is shown that the three genes (. tktA, tktB and tkt1) cluster in three different clades. Further analysis suggests that tkt1 has been acquired though horizontal gene transfer from plant-associated bacteria within the family Enterobacteriaceae. Virulence studies were performed in order to evaluate whether tkt1 played a role in avian pathogenic E. coli CH2 virulence in chickens. The evaluation revealed that mutant virulence was slightly lower based on LD50 when compared to the wild type during infection of chickens, but there were no significant differences when the two strains were compared based on the number of deaths and lesion scores. © 2013 Institut Pasteur.	Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli; Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli; Horizontal gene transfer; In silico; Transketolase	protein; tkt1 protein; unclassified drug; article; avian pathogenic Escherichia coli; bacterial virulence; chicken; Enterobacteriaceae; horizontal gene transfer; LD 50; nonhuman; phylogeny; priority journal; Animals; Chickens; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Genomic Islands; Lethal Dose 50; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Survival Analysis; Transketolase; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Aves; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Gallus gallus	None
None	None	Immune system modulation by helminth infections: Potential impact on HIV transmission and disease progression	Chachage M., Geldmacher C.	2014	Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology	828	None	10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_6	Department of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Hospital Hill road, Mbeya, Tanzania; Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical center of the University of Munish (LMU), Munich, Germany	Chachage, M., Department of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Hospital Hill road, Mbeya, Tanzania; Geldmacher, C., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical center of the University of Munish (LMU), Munich, Germany	[No abstract available]	None	albendazole; CD14 antigen; CD38 antigen; chemokine receptor CCR5; immunoglobulin E; interleukin 13; interleukin 17; interleukin 4; interleukin 5; RANTES; soil; Article; ascariasis; Ascaris lumbricoides; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD8+ T lymphocyte; cost effectiveness analysis; cytokine production; cytokine response; disease course; disease predisposition; eosinophilia; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunomodulation; immunostimulation; in vitro study; in vivo study; incidence; infection risk; microbial translocation; microbiological phenomena and functions; nonhuman; pathogenesis; phylogeny; political system; prevalence; priority journal; Schistosoma hematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis haematobia; schistosomiasis mansoni; sequence analysis; signal transduction; trichuriasis; Trichuris trichiura; virus load; virus replication; virus transmission; animal; bacterial translocation; CD4+ T lymphocyte; helminthiasis; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; parasitology; soil; transmission; Vermes; Animals; Bacterial Translocation; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Helminthiasis; HIV Infections; Humans; Soil	None
None	None	Performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland in the removal of Tannins	Njau K.N., Renalda M.	2010	Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering	37	3	10.1139/L09-161	Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Njau, K.N., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Renalda, M., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) was employed to remove tannins from the effluent of a tannins extracting company. Two HSSFCW cells with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9 d and packed with limestone were used. One cell without macrophytes was used as a control, while the second cell was planted with Phragmites mauritianus. Results indicated that HSSFCW was capable of treating tannin wastewater that has been seeded with primary facultative pond sludge. Tannins and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 95.9% and 90.6% with outlet concentration of 27 mg/L and 86 mg/L, respectively, were obtained in the planted cell; while the tannins and COD removal efficiency of 91.1% and 89.5% with outlet concentration of 57 mg/L and 96 mg/L, respectively, were obtained in the control cell.	Biodegradation; Constructed wetlands; Performance; Tannins; Tannins wastewater; Wattle	Chemical oxygen demand removals; COD removal efficiency; Constructed wetlands; Control-cell; Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands; Hydraulic retention time; Macrophytes; Outlet concentration; Performance; Phragmites; Primary facultative ponds; Agriculture; Biodegradation; Biological water treatment; Degradation; Effluents; Microbiology; Oxygen; Removal; Roads and streets; Wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Wetlands; Chemical oxygen demand; biodegradation; chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); constructed wetland; limestone; performance assessment; pollutant removal; subsurface flow; tannin; waste treatment; Phragmites mauritianus	None
None	None	Impact of foreign direct investment & domestic investment on economic growth of Malaysia	Mohamed M.R., Singh K.S.J., Liew C.-Y.	2013	Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies	50	1	None	Department of Economics, Zanzibar University, P.O. Box 2440, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi, MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia	Mohamed, M.R., Department of Economics, Zanzibar University, P.O. Box 2440, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Singh, K.S.J., Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi, MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Liew, C.-Y., Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia	In this paper, we apply vector error correction modeling (VECM) to 1970-2008 data. The objective is to analyse the long-run causal relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment (DI) and economic growth in Malaysia. The presence of complementary/substitution effect between FDI and DI is also investigated using impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis. The results suggest a long-run bilateral causality between economic growth and DI. There is no evidence of causality between FDI and economic growth. On the other hand, the results suggest a short-run crowding-in effect between FDI and DI.	Causality; Domestic investment; Economic growth; Foreign direct investment	None	None
None	None	Signs of language shift in Chindali and the impact of Swahili	Swilla I.	2008	Language Matters	39	2	10.1080/10228190802579635	Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Swilla, I., Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Research was conducted in 2002 to investigate the vitality of Chindali, a Bantu language, among speakers who migrate from lleje District to Mbozi District in southwestern Tanzania. Data were collected using a questionnaire, interviews and observation. The study revealed the presence of early signs of language shift from Chindali towards Swahili. Monolingualism was rare, while bilingualism in Chindali and Swahili was widespread; borrowing of Swahili terms and code-switching were common and Swahili was increasingly used for communication within the family and community. Swahili's impact on Chindali can be attributed to its prestige as the national and official language. It is the medium of instruction in primary education, the language of the media and official events. Recommendations to ensure the survival of Chindali include conducting research on and documenting the language, collecting and publishing Chindali oral traditions with translations in Swahili and English, organising cultural events using the language, and conducting sensitisation campaigns to promote it. © University of South Africa Press.	Chindali; Language shift; Language swift code-switching; Swahili influence; Tanzania	None	None
None	None	Spatial monitoring of organohalogen compounds in surface water and sediments of a rural-urban river basin in Tanzania	Hellar-Kihampa H., De Wael K., Lugwisha E., Malarvannan G., Covaci A., Van Grieken R.	2013	Science of the Total Environment	447	None	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.083	Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium; Institute of Continuing Education, The Open University of Tanzania, P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium	Hellar-Kihampa, H., Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium, Institute of Continuing Education, The Open University of Tanzania, P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; De Wael, K., Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium; Lugwisha, E., Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malarvannan, G., Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium; Covaci, A., Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium; Van Grieken, R., Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium	The presence of persistent organic pollutants in Tanzanian environment is not well monitored despite the existing pollution potential from a number of sources. In this study, we investigated for the first time, the concentration profiles of different organohalogen compounds such as organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples (water and sediments) from the Pangani river basin (PRB). The PRB is one of the largest drainage basins in Tanzania, with its watershed exposed to multiple input sources of trace organic contaminants. Surface water and sediments were sampled from 12 representative stations of diverse characteristics and land-use practices, in three distinct seasons, and extracted by liquid-liquid and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. Water samples were analyzed by GC-ECD for OCPs only, while sediment samples were analyzed for OCPs, PCBs and PBDEs by GC/MS. Seven compounds, dominated by HCH isomers (510-4460. pg/L) and DDT analogs (160-1460. pg/L),were detected in the water samples. These concentrations are far below the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. A total of 42 compounds (8 OCPs, 28 PCB congeners and 6 PBDE congeners) were detected in the sediment samples. Their respective total concentration ranges were 245-10,230; 357-11,000 and 38-2175. pg/g dry weight. The spatial distribution patterns and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis reflected the impact of historical agricultural usage in sugarcane plantations (OCPs), and urbanization (PCBs and PBDEs). Risk assessment using sediment quality guidelines indicated no ecotoxicological risks. The results we have found provide preliminary data on levels of the organic contaminants in Pangani river basin as a new insight on the environmental quality of the area. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Organochlorine pesticides; Pangani river basin; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Tanzania; Water and sediment quality	Organochlorine pesticides; Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs); River basins; Sediment quality; Tanzania; Chromatographic analysis; Cluster analysis; Hierarchical systems; Isomers; Pesticides; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Risk assessment; Sedimentology; Sediments; Surface waters; Watersheds; Organic pollutants; chlorphenotane; drinking water; organochlorine pesticide; organohalogen derivative; polybrominated diphenyl ether; polychlorinated biphenyl; surface water; cluster analysis; drinking water; ecotoxicology; environmental monitoring; environmental quality; organic pollutant; organohalogen; PBDE; PCB; river basin; sediment; spatial analysis; spatial distribution; surface water; water quality; article; cluster analysis; controlled study; ecotoxicology; gas chromatography; isomer; land use; liquid liquid extraction; mass fragmentography; plantation; priority journal; risk assessment; river basin; rural area; seasonal variation; sediment; Soxhlet extraction; Tanzania; urban area; urbanization; water pollutant; water quality; water sampling; watershed; Cluster Analysis; Environmental Monitoring; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; Pesticide Residues; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Rivers; Tanzania; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Quality; Tanzania	None
None	None	In vitro evaluation of dichloro-bis(pyrazole)palladium(II) and dichloro-bis(pyrazole)platinum(II) complexes as anticancer agents	Keter F.K., Kanyanda S., Lyantagaye S.S.L., Darkwa J., Rees D.J.G., Meyer M.	2008	Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology	63	1	10.1007/s00280-008-0721-y	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Keter, F.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Kanyanda, S., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Lyantagaye, S.S.L., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Rees, D.J.G., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Meyer, M., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa	Introduction: Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) was first identified for its anti-bacterial activity, and was later also shown to be an efficient anticancer agent. However, the therapeutic use of this anticancer drug is somewhat limited by its toxic side effects, which include nephrotoxicity, nausea, and vomiting. Furthermore the development of drug-resistant tumours is commonly observed following therapy with cisplatin. Hence there is a need for improved platinum derived drugs to overcome these limitations. Aims: Apoptosis contributes significantly to the cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents such as cisplatin; therefore in this study the potential anticancer properties of a series of pyrazole palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes, [(3,5-R 2pz) 2PdCl 2] {R = H (1), R = Me (2)} and [(3,5-R 2pz) 2PtCl 2] {R = H (3), R = Me (4)}, were evaluated by assessment of their pro-apoptotic activity. Methods: The induction of apoptosis was measured in CHO cells by the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure using the annexin V and APOPercentage™ assays; DNA fragmentation using the Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling (TUNEL) assay; and the detection of activated caspase-3. Results: The platinum complexes were shown to be considerably more active than the palladium complexes, with complex 3 demonstrating the highest level of cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity. The LD 50 values for complex 3 and cisplatin were 20 and 70 μM, respectively, demonstrating that the cytotoxic activity for complex 3 was three times higher than for cisplatin. Various human cancer cell lines, including CaSki, HeLa, as well as the p53 mutant Jurkat T cell line were also shown to be susceptible to complex 3. Conclusions: Collectively, this in vitro study provides insights into action of palladium and platinum complexes and demonstrates the potential use of these compounds, and in particular complex 3, in the development of new anticancer agents. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Anticancer; Apoptosis; Bis(pyrazole)palladium(II); Bis(pyrazole)platinum(II); Cisplatin; Cytotoxicity	antineoplastic agent; caspase 3; cisplatin; dichlorobis(3,5 dimethylpyrazole)palladium; dichlorobis(3,5 dimethylpyrazole)platinum; dichlorobis(pyrazole)palladium; dichlorobis(pyrazole)platinum; lipocortin 5; palladium complex; phosphatidylserine; platinum complex; unclassified drug; animal cell; apoptosis; article; cancer cell culture; controlled study; cytotoxicity; DNA fragmentation; drug screening; enzyme activation; human; human cell; in vitro study; LD 50; nick end labeling; nonhuman; priority journal; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Hela Cells; Humans; Jurkat Cells; Molecular Structure; Organometallic Compounds; Organoplatinum Compounds	None
None	None	Field performance of alternative landfill covers vegetated with cottonwood and eucalyptus trees	Abichou T., Musagasa J., Yuan L., Chanton J., Tawfiq K., Rockwood D., Licht L.	2012	International Journal of Phytoremediation	14	None	10.1080/15226514.2011.607869	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States; Civil Engineering Department, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, Maryland, United States; Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Ecolotree, Inc., North Liberty, Iowa, United States	Abichou, T., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States; Musagasa, J., Civil Engineering Department, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Yuan, L., Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, Maryland, United States; Chanton, J., Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Tawfiq, K., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Rockwood, D., School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Licht, L., Ecolotree, Inc., North Liberty, Iowa, United States	A field study was conducted to assess the ability of landfill covers to control percolation into the waste. Performance of one conventional cover was compared to that of two evapotranspiration (ET) tree covers, using large (7 × 14 m) lined lysimeters at the Leon County Solid Waste management facility in Tallahassee, Florida. Additional unlined test sections were also constructed and monitored in order to compare soil water storage, soil temperature, and tree growth inside lysimeters and in unlined test sections. The unlined test sections were in direct contact with landfill gas.Surface runoff on the ET covers was a small proportion of the water balance (1% of precipitation) as compared to 13% in the conventional cover. Percolation in the ET covers averaged 17% and 24% of precipitation as compared to 33% in the conventional cover. On average, soil water storage was higher in the lined lysimeters (429 mm) compared to unlined test sections (408 mm). The average soil temperature in the lysimeters was lower than in the unlined test sections. The average tree height inside the lysimeters was not significantly lower (8.04 m for eucalyptus and 7.11 m for cottonwood) than outside (8.82 m for eucalyptus and 8.01 m for cottonwood). ET tree covers vegetated with cottonwood or eucalyptus are feasible for North Florida climate as an alternative to GCL covers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	alternative covers; cottonwood; eucalyptus; evapotranspiration; landfill covers; lysimeter	rain; water; article; chemistry; construction work and architectural phenomena; environmental monitoring; Eucalyptus; growth, development and aging; pollution; Populus; season; soil; standard; temperature; tree; United States; waste disposal facility; water flow; water pollution; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Eucalyptus; Facility Design and Construction; Florida; Populus; Rain; Seasons; Soil; Temperature; Trees; Waste Disposal Facilities; Water; Water Movements; Water Pollution; Eucalyptus; Populus	None
None	None	Taxation in the Tanzanian gold sector: Overview of impacts and possible solutions	Magai P.S., Márquez-Velázquez A.	2013	Development Southern Africa	30	2	10.1080/0376835X.2013.797225	Department of General Management, University of Dar es Salaam, Business School, PO Box 35046, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; DAAD Partnership on Economic Development Studies, HTW Berlin, University of Applied, Hoenower Straße 34, Berlin, 10318, Germany	Magai, P.S., Department of General Management, University of Dar es Salaam, Business School, PO Box 35046, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Márquez-Velázquez, A., DAAD Partnership on Economic Development Studies, HTW Berlin, University of Applied, Hoenower Straße 34, Berlin, 10318, Germany	This paper analyses the factors that reduce the gold sector's contribution to the Tanzanian government's revenue. Tanzania is among Africa's largest gold exporters. Yet ordinary Tanzanians have seen little benefit from this. This is partly because the government has enacted tax laws that are, as we shall see, overly favourable to multinational mining companies, and partly because of the same companies' business practices. Critics argue that the government fails to capture a substantial amount of state revenue as a result of low royalty rates, unpaid corporate taxes and tax evasion by major gold mine operators. This paper argues that the Tanzanian government should try to increase its share of revenues by taxation based on revenues, increasing its auditing skills and its involvement in mining, as well as by increasing the transparency of contracts and limiting the discretionary power of policy-makers in negotiating contracts. © 2013 Copyright Development Bank of Southern Africa.	gold; impacts; revenue; Tanzania; taxation	export; gold; mining industry; policy making; tax system; Tanzania	None
None	None	Child- and family impacts of infants' oral conditions in Tanzania and Uganda- a cross sectional study	Masumo R., Bardsen A., Mashoto K., Åstrøm A.N.	2012	BMC Research Notes	5	None	10.1186/1756-0500-5-538	Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Masumo, R., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Bardsen, A., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Mashoto, K., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Åstrøm, A.N., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Background: Early childhood dental caries impacts on the quality of life of children and their families. This study set out to assess the psychometric properties of an oral health related quality of life, OHRQoL, measure, based on items emanating from the Child-and Family impact sections of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS), in Kiswahili and Luganda speaking communities. It was hypothesized that the Child- and Family impact scores would discriminate between children with and without clinically defined dental problems and reported good and bad oral health. Method. Kiswahili and Luganda versions of the Child- and Family impact scores were derived through translation in pilot studies. Totals of 1221 and 816 child/caretaker pairs attending health care facilities in Manyara, Tanzania and Kampala, Uganda, were recruited into the study. After caretakers completed the interview, their children underwent oral clinical examination. Results: Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was > 0.80 with respect to the Child impact score and 0.79 regarding the Family impact score. Multiple variable logistic- and Poisson regression analyses revealed that the Kiswahili and Luganda versions of the Child- and Family impact score associated in the expected direction with child's oral diseases as with their reported health and oral health status. In Manyara, multiple logistic regression revealed that the ORs of reporting Child impacts were 1.8 (95% CI 1.0-3.4) and 2.2 (1.3-3.4) among caretakers who confirmed linear hypoplasia and teething symptoms, respectively. In Kampala, the ORs for reporting Child impacts were 2.3 (95% CI 1.3-3.9), 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.5), 1.6 (95% CI 1.2-2.3) and 2.7 (95% CI 1.3-5.8) among those who confirmed teeth present, hypoplasia, teething symptoms and tooth bud extractions, respectively. The odds ratios for reporting Family impacts were 2.7 (95% CI 1.5-4.7), 1.5 (95% CI 1.1- 2.1) and 4.6 (95% CI 2.0-10.7) if reporting LEH, teething symptoms and toothbud experience, respectively. Conclusion: The Child and Family impact scores demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability and reproducibility whereas the discriminative validity was more ambiguous. The OHRQoL scores should be developed further and tested among Kiswahili and Luganda speaking caretakers. © 2012 Masumo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; cross-sectional study; female; health; human; infant; male; preschool child; psychometry; Tanzania; Uganda; validation study; Adult; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Oral Health; Psychometrics; Tanzania; Uganda	None
None	None	Discriminative ability of the generic and condition-specific Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) by the Limpopo-Arusha School Health (LASH) Project: A cross-sectional study	Mbawalla H.S., Mtaya M., Masalu J.R., Brudvik P., Astrom A.N.	2011	BMC Pediatrics	11	None	10.1186/1471-2431-11-45	Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Dentistry-Orthodontics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Mbawalla, H.S., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Mtaya, M., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Masalu, J.R., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Brudvik, P., Department of Clinical Dentistry-Orthodontics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Astrom, A.N., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Background: Generic and condition-specific (CS) oral-health-related quality-of-life (OHRQoL) instruments assess the impacts of general oral conditions and specific oral diseases. Focusing schoolchildren from Arusha and Dar es Salaam, in Tanzania, this study compared the discriminative ability of the generic Child OIDP with respect to dental caries and periodontal problems across the study sites. Secondly, the discriminative ability of the generic-and the CS Child OIDP attributed to dental caries, periodontal problems and malocclusion was compared with respect to various oral conditions as part of a construct validation.Methods: In Arusha, 1077 school children (mean age 14.9 years, range 12-17 years) and 1601 school children in Dar es Salaam (mean age 13.0 years, range 12-14 years) underwent oral clinical examinations and completed the Kiswahili version of the generic and CS Child-OIDP inventories. The discriminative ability was assessed as differences in overall mean and prevalence scores between groups, corresponding effect sizes and odd ratios, OR.Results: The differences in the prevalence scores and the overall mean generic Child-OIDP scores were significant between the groups with (DMFT > 0) and without (DMFT = 0) caries experience and with (simplified oral hygiene index [OHI-S] > 1) and without periodontal problems (OHI-S ≤ 1) in Arusha and Dar es Salaam. In Dar es Salaam, differences in the generic and CS Child-OIDP scores were observed between the groups with and without dental caries, differences in the generic Child-OIDP scores were observed between the groups with and without periodontal problems, and differences in the CS Child-OIDP scores were observed between malocclusion groups. The adjusted OR for the association between dental caries and the CS Child-OIDP score attributed to dental caries was 5.4. The adjusted OR for the association between malocclusion and CS Child-OIDP attributed to malocclusion varied from 8.8 to 2.5.Conclusion: The generic Child-OIDP discriminated equally well between children with and without dental caries and periodontal problems across socio-culturally different study sites. Compared with its generic form, the CS Child-OIDP discriminated most strongly between children with and without dental caries and malocclusion. The CS Child OIDP attributed to dental caries and malocclusion seems to be better suited to support clinical indicators when estimating oral health needs among school children in Tanzania. © 2011 Mbawalla et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; article; child; child health; cross-sectional study; dental caries; discriminative stimulus; female; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; malocclusion; mouth examination; mouth hygiene; needs assessment; performance measurement system; periodontal disease; prevalence; quality of life; school child; scoring system; Tanzania; task performance; validation process; clinical trial; comparative study; daily life activity; dental caries; health; health survey; multicenter study; periodontal disease; questionnaire; standard; statistics; Tanzania; Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Dental Health Surveys; Female; Humans; Male; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Tanzania	None
None	None	Dental pain, oral impacts and perceived need for dental treatment in Tanzanian school students: A cross-sectional study	Mashoto K.O., Åstrøm A.N., David J., Masalu J.R.	2009	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	7	None	10.1186/1477-7525-7-73	Department of Clinical Odontology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Faculty of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mashoto, K.O., Department of Clinical Odontology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Åstrøm, A.N., Department of Clinical Odontology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; David, J., Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Masalu, J.R., Faculty of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Dental caries, dental pain and reported oral problems influence people's oral quality of life and thus their perceived need for dental care. So far there is scant information as to the psychosocial impacts of dental diseases and the perceived treatment need in child populations of sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives: Focusing on primary school students in Kilwa, Tanzania, a district deprived of dental services and with low fluoride concentration in drinking water, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental pain and oral impacts on daily performances (OIDP), and to describe the distribution of OIDP by socio-demographics, dental caries, dental pain and reported oral problems. The relationship of perceived need estimates with OIDP was also investigated. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008. A total of 1745 students (mean age 13.8 yr, sd = 1.67) completed an extensive personal interview and under-went clinical examination. The impacts on daily performances were assessed using a Kiswahili version of the Child-OIDP instrument and caries experience was recorded using WHO (1997) criteria. Results: A total of 36.2% (41.3% urban and 31.4% rural, p < 0.001) reported at least one OIDP. The prevalence of dental caries was 17.4%, dental pain 36.4%, oral problems 54.1% and perceived need for dental treatment 46.8% in urban students. Corresponding estimates in rural students were 20.8%, 24.4%, 43.3% and 43.8%. Adjusted OR for reporting oral impacts if having dental pain ranged from 2.5 (95% CI 1.8-3.6) (problem smiling) to 4.7 (95% CI 3.4-6.5) (problem sleeping),- if having oral problems, from 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.6) (problem sleeping) to 3.8 (95% CI 2.7-5.2) (problem eating) and if having dental caries from 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-2.0) (problem eating) to 2.2 (95% CI 1.5-2.9) (problem sleeping). Students who perceived need for dental care were less likely to be females (OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) and more likely to have impacts on eating (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.7) and tooth cleaning (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.6-2.5). Conclusion: Substantial proportions of students suffered from untreated dental caries, oral impacts on daily performances and perceived need for dental care. Dental pain and reported oral problems varied systematically with OIDP across the eight impacts considered. Eating and tooth cleaning problems discriminated between subjects who perceived need for dental treatment and those who did not. © 2009 Mashoto et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; article; child; controlled study; daily life activity; dental caries; eating disorder; facial expression; female; human; major clinical study; male; oral impact on daily performance questionnaire; patient attitude; prevalence; psychological aspect; quality of life; questionnaire; rural area; school child; sleep disorder; structured interview; Tanzania; tooth disease; tooth pain; urban area; validity; adult; cross-sectional study; dentistry; health; health service; interview; pain; pathophysiology; psychological aspect; quality of life; Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Oral Health; Pain; Pediatric Dentistry; Quality of Life; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Impact of an electronic clinical decision support system on workflow in antenatal care: The QUALMAT eCDSS in rural health care facilities in Ghana and Tanzania	Mensah N., Sukums F., Awine T., Meid A., Williams J., Akweongo P., Kaltschmidt J., Haefeli W.E., Blank A.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.25756	Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Directorate of Information and Communication Technology, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana	Mensah, N., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Sukums, F., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Directorate of Information and Communication Technology, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Awine, T., Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Meid, A., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Williams, J., Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Akweongo, P., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana; Kaltschmidt, J., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Haefeli, W.E., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Blank, A., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany	Background: The implementation of new technology can interrupt establishedworkflows in health care settings. The Quality of Maternal Care (QUALMAT) project has introduced an electronic clinical decision support system (eCDSS) for antenatal care (ANC) and delivery in rural primary health care facilities in Africa. Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the influence of the QUALMAT eCDSS on the workflow of health care workers in rural primary health care facilities in Ghana and Tanzania. Design: A direct observation, time-and-motion study on ANC processes was conducted using a structured data sheet with predefined major task categories. The duration and sequence of tasks performed during ANC visits were observed, and changes after the implementation of the eCDSS were analyzed. Results: In 24 QUALMAT study sites, 214 observations of ANC visits (144 in Ghana, 70 in Tanzania) were carried out at baseline and 148 observations (104 in Ghana, 44 in Tanzania) after the software was implemented in 12 of those sites. The median time spent combined for all centers in both countries to provide ANC at baseline was 6.5 min [interquartile range (IQR) = 4.0-10.6]. Although the time spent on ANC increased in Tanzania and Ghana after the eCDSS implementation as compared to baseline, overall there was no significant increase in time used for ANC activities (0.51 min, p = 0.06 in Ghana; and 0.54 min, p = 0.26 in Tanzania) as compared to the control sites without the eCDSS. The percentage of medical history taking in women who had subsequent examinations increased after eCDSS implementation from 58.2% (39/67) to 95.3% (61/64) p < 0.001 in Ghana but not in Tanzania [from 65.4% (17/26) to 71.4% (15/21) p = 0.70]. Conclusions: The QUALMAT eCDSS does not increase the time needed for ANC but partly streamlined workflow at sites in Ghana, showing the potential of such a system to influence quality of care positively. © 2015 Nathan Mensah et al.	Antenatal care; Developing countries; Electronic clinical decision support system; Health care providers; Rural setting; Sequence of events; Sub-Saharan Africa; Workflow	None	None
None	None	Assessing the performance, practices and roles of drug sellers/dispensers and mothers'/guardians' behaviour for common childhood conditions in Kibaha district, Tanzania	Nsimba S.E.D.	2007	Tropical Doctor	37	4	10.1258/004947507782333099	Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), PO Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Nsimba, S.E.D., Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), PO Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	In most third world countries, self-medication is common and pharmacies, drug stores and drug shops are important providers of health advice and inexpensive medicines. We used exit interviews to assess drug sellers'/dispensers' roles and consumers' behaviour in Kibaha district, Coast region, Tanzania. Exit interviews with mothers/guardians reported the following childhood conditions treated with or without prescriptions at drug shops: respiratory infections (34%), fever (21%), a combination of diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever (14%), diarrhoea alone (13%) and other conditions (17%). The majority of drug sellers/dispensers prescribed or dispensed branded drugs (85%) for most mothers/guardians who visited these drug shops. In addition, antibiotics in total were prescribed for 31% of the mothers/guardians. Of the antibiotics dispensed, 38% were not prescribed by clinicians. In total, oral rehydration salts (ORSs) (3%), antimalarials (sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine) (24%) and antipyretics (11%), were prescribed in 20% but were bought by only 9%; multivitamins (6%), cough mixtures (4%) and other drugs (2%) (antihelminthics, benzylbenzoate emulsions, ear and eye drops) were also purchased from these facilities. Of the diarrhoea case histories presented by simulated clients at the drug shops, only 35% of the bloody diarrhoea scenarios were accurately diagnosed for getting antibiotics as compared with 44% for watery diarrhoea for which the use of antibiotics were wrongly advised (P<0.01). Furthermore, drug sellers/dispensers in these drug shops recommended use of ORS less frequently (3%) for a combination of diarrhoea, ARI and fever, and 2% for ARI alone than for watery (29%) and bloody diarrhoea (32%), respectively, for children under five years of age (P<0.001). Antimicrobial agents were advised for ARI (38%), watery diarrhoea (44%) and bloody diarrhoea (35%), respectively, with no significant difference among the three common childhood conditions. Antipyretics were advised in almost all childhood conditions but were least in watery (2%) and bloody diarrhoea (4%). This study demonstrates that antibiotics are overused in both the urban and rural settings of Kibaha district and that this is due to both clinicians' and drug sellers' prescribing practices in public and private facilities. The use of branded drugs was more common than that of generic drugs in private pharmacies, drug stores and ordinary shops. It is hereby proposed that any intervention should focus on training both facilities in the district on selectively prescribing and rational use of antibiotics for ARI and diarrhoea, and also to prescribe and dispense generic drugs so that it costs patients less when they buy drugs in shops. There is a need to increase awareness in recommending the use of ORS for clients to manage watery and bloody diarrhoea, and ARI in children under five years of age.	None	anthelmintic agent; antibiotic agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; antitussive agent; benzyl benzoate; ear drops; eye drops; generic drug; multivitamin; oral rehydration solution; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; article; bloody diarrhea; childhood disease; clinical practice; consumer attitude; diarrhea; drug marketing; drug utilization; fever; health personnel attitude; human; interview; parental attitude; pharmacy; prescription; respiratory tract infection; Tanzania; Verner Morrison syndrome; attitude to health; child; classification; clinical competence; diarrhea; fever; infant; malaria; male; mother; newborn; pharmacist; pharmacy; preschool child; prescription; private practice; psychological aspect; respiratory tract infection; standard; statistics; Tanzania; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Competence; Diarrhea; Fever; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Male; Mothers; Pharmacies; Pharmacists; Physician's Practice Patterns; Prescriptions, Drug; Private Practice; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tanzania	None
None	None	Therapeutic drug monitoring of nevirapine in resource-limited settings	L'Homme R.F.A., Muro E.P., Droste J.A.H., Wolters L.R., Van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer N.W.J., Schimana W., Burger D.M.	2008	Clinical Infectious Diseases	47	10	10.1086/592694	Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, 864 Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands	L'Homme, R.F.A., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Muro, E.P., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Droste, J.A.H., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Wolters, L.R., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, N.W.J., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Schimana, W., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Burger, D.M., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, 864 Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands	Background. We developed a simple and inexpensive thin-layer chromatography (TLC) assay for semiquantitative detection of saliva concentrations of nevirapine in resource-limited settings. The method was validated in an African target population. Methods. Paired plasma and saliva nevirapine concentrations were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); saliva concentrations of nevirapine were also assayed by TLC. The rate of false-positive results was the proportion of subtherapeutic nevirapine saliva and plasma concentrations determined by HPLC that were judged to be therapeutic in saliva specimens by TLC. The rate of false-negative results was the proportion of therapeutic nevirapine saliva and plasma concentrations determined by HPLC that were judged to be subtherapeutic in saliva specimens by TLC. The extent of agreement in TLC readings between 5 technicians and 2 batches of TLC sheets was evaluated. Results. Twenty-five (9%) of 286 African adults had a subtherapeutic plasma nevirapine concentration. The median ratio of nevirapine concentrations in saliva to those in plasma was 0.51:1. The rate of false-positive results for TLC was 0% (0 of 23 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for saliva specimens and 8% (2 of 25 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for plasma specimens. The rate of false-negative results for TLC was 1% (3 of 263 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for saliva specimens and 1% (3 of 261 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for plasma specimens. The extent of agreement of TLC results was substantial for the 5 technicians (Fleiss's κ = 0.77) and for the 2 batches of sheets (Cohen's p0.80). Conclusions. The TLC assay was found to be sensitive, specific, and robust in the detection of subtherapeutic nevirapine concentrations in saliva specimens obtained from African HIV-infected adults. It is an attractive alternative to HPLC for therapeutic drug monitoring of nevirapine in resource-limited settings. © 2008 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	lamivudine; nevirapine; stavudine; zidovudine; adolescent; adult; aged; article; controlled study; drug blood level; drug monitoring; drug saliva level; high performance liquid chromatography; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; priority journal; thin layer chromatography; Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Aged; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug Monitoring; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nevirapine; Plasma; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
None	None	The impact of scaling-up prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV infection on the human resource requirement: The need to go beyond numbers	Simba D., Kamwela J., Mpembeni R., Msamanga G.	2010	International Journal of Health Planning and Management	25	1	10.1002/hpm.950	Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alliance of Mayors and Municipal Leaders in Africa for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania Program (AMICAALL Tanzania), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Simba, D., Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kamwela, J., Alliance of Mayors and Municipal Leaders in Africa for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania Program (AMICAALL Tanzania), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mpembeni, R., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Msamanga, G., Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Although the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) contributes only 5% of transmission of HIV infection, its impact has reversed the decline in infant and child mortality rates. With antenatal service coverage of over 90%, the integration of prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) of HIV infection into the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) services in Tanzania, this is likely to overstretch the staff capacity and undermine the already compromised quality of health care services. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the impact of integrating and scaling-up PMTCTof HIV infection into routine RCH services, on the magnitude of staff workload in RCH clinics. The study was conducted in 60 health facilities identified from five regions that had participated in the pilot phase of PMTCT implementation in the Mainland Tanzania. The average staff workload was calculated from staff-load obtained from attendance records and activity-time obtained by direct observation; and staff-time from records that were kept at the clinic. The average staff workload was found to be 50.5% (8-147%) for facilities providing PMTCT of HIV infection and 37.8% (11-82%) for facilities without PMTCT services. The average staff workload was computed on the assumption that all clients attending various antenatal clinics received PMTCT services from trained staff only and the result revealed staff workload of 87.2%. This study concludes that services for PMTCT of HIV infection can easily be scaled-up and integrated into RCH services using the already existing staff. In the wake of the human resource crisis in the health sector in developing countries, strategies to address the problem will need to go beyond numbers to address issues of staff productivity and their distribution.	Human resource; PMTCT; Tanzania; Workload	child health; developing world; disease transmission; human immunodeficiency virus; human resource; infant mortality; infectivity; mothers education; reproductive health; article; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; female; health care manpower; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; organization and management; pregnancy; retrospective study; Tanzania; vertical transmission; workload; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Manpower; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Tanzania; Workload; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of nutritive value of browse tree fodder species in semi-arid Kiteto and Kongwa districts of Tanzania	Nassoro Z., Rubanza C.D.K., Kimaro A.A.	2015	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	13	42433	None	Department of Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Dodoma, P.O Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania; ICRAF Tanzania, P.O Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Nassoro, Z., Department of Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Dodoma, P.O Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania; Rubanza, C.D.K., Department of Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Dodoma, P.O Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania; Kimaro, A.A., ICRAF Tanzania, P.O Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The use of browse tree fodder as supplements to ruminant feeding in the tropics is limited by lack of information on their nutritive potential. A study was carried out based on objectives: (1) to determine chemical composition and concentration of minerals and (2) to assess in vitro digestibility potential of five foliage species of Acacia (A. mellifera, A. senegal, A. tortilis and A. xanthophloea); and Boscia spp. indigenous to Kongwa and Kiteto districts, compared to Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena pallida and Melia azedarach that are established in farmlands in the two districts aiming to fill the existing feed gap for ruminants and soil improvement purposes. Data on chemical and mineral composition were analysed for ANOVA by using SAS software. The browse tree species had high levels of crude protein (CP) that varied (P < 0.05) among the species from 130 to 230 g/kg DM for A. xanthophloea and G. sepium, respectively. The species had moderate to low (P < 0.05) contents of fibers which varied among the species. The NDF ranged from 342 (A. xanthophloea) to 644 g/kg DM (Boscia spp.), ADF from 184 g/kg DM (L. pallida) to 577 g/kg DM (M. azedarach) and ADL from 38 to 175 g/ kg DM. The browse species had adequate levels of macro minerals ranging 2.2 - 12.6, 1.8 - 7.1, 1.4 - 6.4 and 1.5 - 3.1 g/kg DM for Ca, P, Mg and S, respectively. Concentrations of micro minerals were moderate to high (P < 0.05) (4.3 - 53, 155 - 300, 13.1 - 80.9 and 15.2 - 46 mg/kg DM for Cu, Fe, Man and Zn, respectively). The species had high (P < 0.05) in vitro digestibility potential 320 - 671 and 325 - 658 g/kg DM for IVOMD and IVDMD, respectively. Browse tree fodder species with enough foliage biomasses such as A. tortilis (pods), G. sepium, L. pallida and M. azedarach and in the current study could be utilized as protein supplements to ruminant livestock fed on low quality feeds including hays, stovers and crop residues due to their high levels of crude protein and minerals, low fibre contents as well as high digestibility potential. © 2015, World Food Ltd. and WFL Publishers. All rights reserved.	Acacia; Browse fodder; Chemical composition; In vitro digestibility; Minerals; Ruminants	calcium; lignin; magnesium; mineral; organic matter; phosphorus; protein; sulfur; Acacia; acid detergent fiber; animal food; Article; chemical composition; concentration (parameters); digestion; feeding; foliage; Gliricidia; Leucaena; livestock; Melia azedarach; neutral detergent fiber; nonhuman; nutritional value; plant residue; season; Tanzania	None
None	None	Field evaluation of the relative attractiveness of enriched ginger root oil (EGO)lure and trimedlure for African Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae)	Mwatawala M., Virgilio M., Quilici S., Dominic M., De Meyer M.	2013	Journal of Applied Entomology	137	5	10.1111/j.1439-0418.2012.01744.x	Department of Crop Sciences and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Entomology Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Department of Recent Invertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; UMR C53 PVBMT CIRAD-Université de La Réunion, CIRAD Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France	Mwatawala, M., Department of Crop Sciences and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Virgilio, M., Entomology Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, Department of Recent Invertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Quilici, S., UMR C53 PVBMT CIRAD-Université de La Réunion, CIRAD Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France; Dominic, M., Department of Crop Sciences and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; De Meyer, M., Entomology Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium	The males of some fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are known to be attracted to specific parapheromones. The trapping results between trimedlure (TML) and enriched ginger root oil (EGOlure) were compared at two experimental sites in Morogoro (Central Tanzania) for a period of 12 weeks co-inciding with the main citrus season. Both attractants captured a comparable diversity of fruit flies, except that EGOlure also attracted fruit flies, such as Ceratitis cosyra, not normally found in TML-baited traps. Both EGOlure and TML attracted mainly or exclusively male fruit flies, but the catches with EGOlure were equal or superior to those with TML. It is concluded that EGOlure should be considered as a suitable alternative for TML in detection, monitoring and control programs for African fruit flies of the genus Ceratitis. It has the added advantage that it combines the attractiveness with regard to species spectrum of both TML and terpinyl acetate. © 2012 Blackwell Verlag, GmbH.	Afrotropical; Bactrocera invadens; Monitoring	Afrotropical Region; bait; biological control; experimental study; fly; herb; monitoring; pheromone trap; root; trapping; Morogoro [Tanzania]; Tanzania; Ceratitis; Ceratitis cosyra; Citrus; Diptera; Tephritidae; Zingiber officinale	None
None	None	Modified veranda-trap hut for improved evaluation of vector control interventions	Oxborough R.M., Kitau J., Mosha F.W., Rowland M.W.	2015	Medical and Veterinary Entomology	29	4	10.1111/mve.12123	Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Tumaini University, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Department of Entomology, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Oxborough, R.M., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Tumaini University, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Department of Entomology, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Kitau, J., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Tumaini University, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Department of Entomology, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Mosha, F.W., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Tumaini University, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Department of Entomology, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Rowland, M.W., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom, Department of Entomology, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Experimental huts with veranda traps have been used in Tanzania since 1963 for the study of residual insecticides for use with insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. Mosquitoes are allowed unrestricted entry through the eaves to facilitate the collection of an estimable proportion of mosquitoes that attempt to exit through the eave gaps, which are left open on two sides of the hut. This study was designed to validate the use of eave baffles to funnel entry and to prevent mosquito escape, and to determine biting times of Anopheles arabiensis (Patton) (Diptera: Culicidae). Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) were released into the room at 20.30 hours and collected the following morning from veranda traps, window traps and the room. Centers for Disease Control light traps hung overnight next to volunteers were emptied every 2 h to determine peak biting times. A total of 55% of An. arabiensis were trapped before 22.30 hours and the highest peak in 'biting' was recorded during 18.30-20.30 hours. Of the released An. arabiensis that exited into veranda traps, 7% were captured in veranda traps entered through baffles and 93% were captured in traps entered through unmodified eaves. When veranda screens were left open to allow for escape outdoors, recapture rates were 68% for huts with eave baffles and 39% for huts with unmodified eaves. The comparison of open eaves with baffled eaves validated the assumption that in huts of the traditional non-baffled design, 50% of mosquitoes escape through open eaves. Eave baffles succeeded in reducing the potential for mosquito exit and produced more precise estimates of effect. © 2015 The Royal Entomological Society.	Anopheles arabiensis; Biting times; Eave baffles; Exiting; Experimental hut; Insecticide evaluation	disease control; disease vector; experimental study; insecticide; mosquito; trap (equipment); Tanzania; Anopheles arabiensis; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; Culicidae; Diptera	None
None	None	Performance and revenue potential of excise taxation in Tanzania	Osoro N.E., Mwinyimvua H.H., Mpango P.I.N.	2006	Journal of African Economies	15	1	10.1093/jae/eji031	Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; World Bank, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Osoro, N.E., Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwinyimvua, H.H., Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mpango, P.I.N., World Bank, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This paper analyses the performance of excise taxation in Tanzania in terms of revenue generation objective with a view to identifying its revenue potential. In pursuit of this objective, the paper measures the buoyancy and elasticity of excise taxes, estimates demand functions for excisable goods and computes revenue-maximising tax rates. Consequently, the paper identifies goods that should bear excise tax. Both short- and long-run estimation results for buoyancy and elasticity show that excise tax revenue is inelastic with respect to the quarterly change in GDP. In addition, the buoyancy of excise tax has been higher than elasticity, implying that discretionary changes undertaken over the period of the study enhanced revenue collection. The estimation results of the demand functions for cigarettes, motor fuel, beer, 'Chibuku' and 'Konyagi' gin, show inelastic own-price elasticity of demand implying that the government can collect more revenue by levying higher rates of excise tax on these products. The revenue-maximising tax rates for cigarettes, motor fuel and beer are high both in the short and long run. © 2006 Oxford University Press.	None	tax system; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Regional health sector performances in Tanzania: A comparison of various aggregating schemes	Mduma J.K.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	3	None	Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35045, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mduma, J.K., Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35045, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	In Tanzania, the Ministry of Health publishes the Heath Statistics Abstract, which contains several indicators of health performance disaggregated on regional level. For policy intervention at the regional level, it is necessary to have an indicator which is able to consistently rank the performance of each region. Given that there are several indicators which show the performance of each region, such comparison is not straight forward. One option is to create an aggregated index/indicator from the given standard indicators. We develop such Unified Health Performance Index (UHPI) based in several performance indicators collected in the 1990s. In the construction of the UHPI, the weights of different standard health performance indicators are derived by applying the benefit-of-the-doubt weighting method, which gives regions some freedom to emphasize and prioritize some aspects of indicators, which they perform best over others. The results of our index are compared with those based on simple averages, simple rankings and their policy implications are discussed. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Bench marking; Heath; Index; Performance; Ranking; Tanzania	Heath; Index; Performance; Ranking; Tanzania; Benchmarking; Public policy; Health	None
None	None	Improving the shunt active power filter performance using synchronous reference frame PI based controller with anti-windup scheme	Msigwa C.J., Kundy B.J., Mwinyiwiwa B.M.M.	2009	World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology	57	None	None	Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Msigwa, C.J., Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kundy, B.J., Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwinyiwiwa, B.M.M., Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	In this paper the reference current for Voltage Source Converter (VSC) of the Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) is generated using Synchronous Reference Frame method, incorporating the PI controller with anti-windup scheme. The proposed method improves the harmonic filtering by compensating the winding up phenomenon caused by the integral term of the PI controller. Using Reference Frame Transformation, the current is transformed from a - b - c stationery frame to rotating 0 - d - q frame. Using the PI controller, the current in the 0 - d - q frame is controlled to get the desired reference signal. A controller with integral action combined with an actuator that becomes saturated can give some undesirable effects. If the control error is so large that the integrator saturates the actuator, the feedback path becomes ineffective because the actuator will remain saturated even if the process output changes. The integrator being an unstable system may then integrate to a very large value, the phenomenon known as integrator windup. Implementing the integrator anti-windup circuit turns off the integrator action when the actuator saturates, hence improving the performance of the SAPF and dynamically compensating harmonics in the power network. In this paper the system performance is examined with Shunt Active Power Filter simulation model.	Phase locked loop (PLL); PI; Pulse width modulation (PWM); Shunt active power filter (SAPF); Voltage source converter (VSC)	Anti-windup; Anti-windup schemes; Control errors; Feedback paths; Harmonic filtering; Integral action; Integral terms; Integrator windup; PI Controller; Power networks; Process output; Reference currents; Reference frame; Reference signals; Shunt active power filters; Simulation model; Synchronous reference frame; To a very large; Undesirable effects; Unstable system; Voltage source converters; Active filters; Actuators; Controllers; Counting circuits; Phase locked loops; Pulse modulation; Pulse width modulation; Computer simulation; Polyimides; Power converters; Power converters; Actuators	None
None	None	Development and performance testing of solar cookers	Kimambo C.Z.M.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	3	None	Department of Energy, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kimambo, C.Z.M., Department of Energy, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The most common type of energy used is firewood. In some Sub Saharan countries, up to 90% of total energy use is from firewood. The consumption of wood fuel is in some countries as high as twice the sustainable yield, something that has led to environmental degradation due to deforestation and scarcity of firewood. The use of fossil fuels such as kerosene and LPG for cooking is expensive. Solar energy is a non-consumptive and non-polluting fuel. It can help alleviate the problem of insecurity of cooking energy, which is the major domestic energy requirement. Several attempts have been made to introduce solar cookers in different countries and have achieved variable successes. There are still critical issues yet to be resolved in order to make that technology acceptable for wider dissemination. They include getting the most appropriate types of solar cookers for specific locations, optimum size/capacity, types of materials to be used, optimal design and affordable cost. In an attempt to resolve these issues, a comprehensive study involving theoretical review, development work, experimental testing and evaluation of solar cookers was conducted for several years on six different types of solar cookers. The cookers are the 'SunStove' box cooker, wooden box cooker, panel cooker, reflector cooker with unpolished aluminium reflectors, reflector cooker with polished aluminium reflectors and reflector cooker with glass mirror reflectors. This paper presents the results of the study. Results obtained indicate that many of the cookers could be used to cook food for households in areas with medium and high insolation, with appropriate selection of the type and specification of the cookers. The specification should be based on the measured insolation data of the location indication of the direct and diffuse components. As a guiding tool, reflector cookers offer best comparative performance in areas with longest durations of clear sky (greatest direct beam), panel and collector cookers under moderate cloudy conditions and box cookers under very cloudy conditions.	Cooker; Evaluation; Performance; Solar; Tanzania; Test	None	None
None	None	Laboratory and experimental hut evaluation of a long-lasting insecticide treated blanket for protection against mosquitoes	Kitau J., Oxborough R., Kaye A., Chen-Hussey V., Isaacs E., Matowo J., Kaur H., Magesa S.M., Mosha F., Rowland M., Logan J.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-129	Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Africa University Development Office, Nashville, TN 37203-0007, United States; RTI International, Global Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya	Kitau, J., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Oxborough, R., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Kaye, A., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Chen-Hussey, V., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Isaacs, E., Africa University Development Office, Nashville, TN 37203-0007, United States; Matowo, J., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Kaur, H., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Magesa, S.M., RTI International, Global Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya; Mosha, F., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Logan, J., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticide treated blankets (LLIBs) may provide additional protection against malaria where use of long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) is low or impractical such as in disaster or emergency situations. Methods. Initial efficacy testing of a new candidate LLIB was carried out at LSHTM and KCMUCo, before and after washing, in cone and ball bioassays and arm-in-cage tests against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae. A small scale field trial was conducted using veranda-trap experimental huts in northern Tanzania against wild An. arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Treatments included unwashed and 5 times washed permethrin treated LLIB and blankets hand-treated with permethrin (ITB), untreated blankets, and a holed unwashed Olyset net. Results: Cone test mortality was 75% for LLIB when unwashed, but decreased to 32% after 5 washes and <10% after 10 washes. In arm-in-cage tests protection against biting was 100% for LLIBs regardless of the number of washes while reduction in landings was 79% when unwashed, 75% after 5 washes, but declined to 41% after 10 and 33% after 20 washes. In ball bioassays using pyrethroid resistant An. arabiensis, mortality was low in all treatments (<35%) and there was no significant difference in mortality between Olyset net, LLIB or ITB (p > 0.05). Percentage mortality of An. arabiensis in huts with LLIB unwashed (26%) was not statistically different to Olyset net (31%, p = 0.5). The 5 times washed LLIB reduced blood-feeding by 49% which was equivalent to Olyset net (p > 0.086). There was no significant difference in percentage blood-feeding between LLIB and ITB unwashed or 5 times washed (p = 0.147 and p = 0.346 respectively). The 5 times washed LLIB reduced blood-feeding of Culex quinquefasciatus by 40%, although the Olyset provided the greatest protection with 85% inhibition. ELISA analysis of a sub-sample of blood fed mosquitoes showed that not all had fed on humans in the huts, therefore blood-feeding inhibition may have been underestimated. Conclusions: This trial demonstrated the potential of LLIBs to provide substantial personal protection even against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes. LLIBs may prove particularly useful where LLINs are unsuitable or net usage is low. © 2014 Kitau et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Experimental hut; Insecticide treated blankets; Pyrethroids; Tanzania; Vector control	permethrin; pyrethroid; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bed net; bioassay; blood; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; human experiment; insect control; insecticide resistance; laboratory test; long lasting insecticide treated blanket; mortality; mosquito; mosquito bite; nonhuman; normal human; protective equipment; Tanzania; textile washing; tropical medicine; wild species; animal; Anopheles; bed; Culex; drug effects; mosquito; procedures; time; Animals; Anopheles; Bedding and Linens; Culex; Humans; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Mosquito Control; Pyrethrins; Time Factors	None
None	None	Current performance of food safety management systems of dairy processing companies in Tanzania	Kussaga J.B., Luning P.A., Tiisekwa B.P.M., Jacxsens L.	2015	International Journal of Dairy Technology	68	2	10.1111/1471-0307.12183	Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium; Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen, Netherlands	Kussaga, J.B., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium; Luning, P.A., Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen, Netherlands; Tiisekwa, B.P.M., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Jacxsens, L., Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium	A food safety management system (FSMS)-diagnostic instrument was applied in 22 dairy processing companies to analyse the set-up and operation of core control and assurance activities in view of the risk characteristics of the systems' context. Three clusters of companies were identified differing in levels of set-up and operation of this FSMS and system outputs, but all operated in a similar moderate-risk context. Microbiological assessment of products, environmental and hand samples indicated a poor to moderate food safety level. A two stage intervention approach has been proposed to enable commitment and sustainable improvement for the longer term. © 2014 Society of Dairy Technology.	Food safety; Food safety management system; Intervention measures; Microbiological performance; Tanzania dairy industry	None	None
None	None	Directors' Diversity and Board Performance: Evidence from East African Microfinance Institutions	Mori N.	2014	Journal of African Business	15	2	10.1080/15228916.2014.920654	Department of Finance, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway	Mori, N., Department of Finance, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway	Active board participation is one of the main challenges faced by microfinance institutions. This article sets out to explore the effect of board of directors' characteristics (age, gender, and education) on their ability to effectively perform their board roles (monitoring and resource provision). Microfinance policy makers are concerned with the role of boards in terms of the performance of the industry. This study used the agency theory and resource dependence theory to test the relationship between directors' characteristics and boards' performance. The empirical analysis is based on a survey conducted with 105 board directors representing 63 microfinance institutions from three East African countries (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda). The results show a positive relationship between directors' age and their ability to monitor and provide the board with resources. The study also shows that the effect of directors' level of education on boards' performance is positive, while no evidence was found with regard to the effect of female directors on boards. The findings imply that board directors need to be appointed based on their personal characteristics and their ability to perform their roles. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	board roles; characteristics; directors; East Africa; microfinance institutions	empirical analysis; financial policy; financial services; industrial performance; institutional framework; microfinance; policy making; Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda	None
None	None	Mixed method approaches to evaluate conservation impact: Evidence from decentralized forest management in Tanzania	Lund J.F., Burgess N.D., Chamshama S.A.O., Dons K., Isango J.A., Kajembe G.C., Meilby H., Moyo F., Ngaga Y.M., Ngowi S.E., Njana M.A., Mwakalukwa E.E., Skeie K., Theilade I., Treue T.	2015	Environmental Conservation	42	2	10.1017/S0376892914000241	Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntington Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Tanzania Forest Research Institute, Tanzania; Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Tanzania	Lund, J.F., Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Burgess, N.D., UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntington Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Chamshama, S.A.O., Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Dons, K., Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Isango, J.A., Tanzania Forest Research Institute, Tanzania; Kajembe, G.C., Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Meilby, H., Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Moyo, F., Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Tanzania; Ngaga, Y.M., Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Ngowi, S.E., Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Njana, M.A., Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Mwakalukwa, E.E., Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Skeie, K., Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Theilade, I., Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Treue, T., Department of Food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark	Nearly 10% of the world's total forest area is formally owned by communities and indigenous groups, yet knowledge of the effects of decentralized forest management approaches on conservation (and livelihood) impacts remains elusive. In this paper, the conservation impact of decentralized forest management on two forests in Tanzania was evaluated using a mixed method approach. Current forest condition, forest increment and forest use patterns were assessed through forest inventories, and changes in forest disturbance levels before and after the implementation of decentralized forest management were assessed on the basis of analyses of Landsat images. This biophysical evidence was then linked to changes in actual management practices, assessed through records, interviews and participatory observations, to provide a measure of the conservation impact of the policy change. Both forests in the study were found to be in good condition, and extraction was lower than overall forest increment. Divergent changes in forest disturbance levels were in evidence following the implementation of decentralized forest management. The evidence from records, interviews and participatory observations indicated that decentralized management had led to increased control of forest use and the observed divergence in forest disturbance levels appeared to be linked to differences in the way that village-level forest managers prioritized conservation objectives and forest-based livelihood strategies. The study illustrates that a mixed methods approach comprises a valid and promising way to evaluate impacts of conservation policies, even in the absence of control sites. By carefully linking policy outcomes to policy outputs, such an approach not only identifies whether such policies work as intended, but also potential mechanisms. © 2014 Foundation for Environmental Conservation.	Africa; community; conservation impact; decentralized forest management; impact evaluation; inventory; policy	Conservation; Pollution; Public policy; Africa; community; Decentralized management; Impact evaluation; inventory; Livelihood strategies; Management practices; Participatory observations; Forestry; Evaluation; Forest Management; Impact; Inventory Control	None
None	None	Challenges in performance of food safety management systems: A case of fish processing companies in Tanzania	Kussaga J.B., Luning P.A., Tiisekwa B.P.M., Jacxsens L.	2014	Journal of Food Protection	77	4	10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-254	Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Food Quality and Design, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands	Kussaga, J.B., Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Luning, P.A., Food Quality and Design, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands; Tiisekwa, B.P.M., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Jacxsens, L., Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium	This study provides insight for food safety (FS) performance in light of the current performance of core FS management system (FSMS) activities and context riskiness of these systems to identify the opportunities for improvement of the FSMS. A FSMS diagnostic instrument was applied to assess the performance levels of FSMS activities regarding context riskiness and FS performance in 14 fish processing companies in Tanzania. Two clusters (cluster I and II) with average FSMS (level 2) operating under moderate-risk context (score 2) were identified. Overall, cluster I had better (score 3) FS performance than cluster II (score 2 to 3). However, a majority of the fish companies need further improvement of their FSMS and reduction of context riskiness to assure good FS performance. The FSMS activity levels could be improved through hygienic design of equipment and facilities, strict raw material control, proper follow-up of critical control point analysis, developing specific sanitation procedures and company-specific sampling design and measuring plans, independent validation of preventive measures, and establishing comprehensive documentation and record-keeping systems. The risk level of the context could be reduced through automation of production processes (such as filleting, packaging, and sanitation) to restrict peoplés interference, recruitment of permanent highskilled technological staff, and setting requirements on product use (storage and distribution conditions) on customers. However, such intervention measures for improvement could be taken in phases, starting with less expensive ones (such as sanitation procedures) that can be implemented in the short term to more expensive interventions (setting up assurance activities) to be adopted in the long term. These measures are essential for fish processing companies to move toward FSMS that are more effective. Copyright © International Association for Food Protection.	None	analysis; animal; cluster analysis; food contamination; food handling; food industry; food safety; human; medical device contamination; microbiology; procedures; safety; sanitation; sea food; standards; Tanzania; Animals; Cluster Analysis; Equipment Contamination; Food Contamination; Food Handling; Food Safety; Food-Processing Industry; Humans; Safety Management; Sanitation; Seafood; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of self-care practices and emotional distress among people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in dar es salaam, tanzania	Mosha T.C.E., Rashidi H.	2009	Ecology of Food and Nutrition	48	2	10.1080/03670240802577457	Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mosha, T.C.E., Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Rashidi, H., Department of Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This study was conducted to determine self-care practices and diabetes related emotional distress among people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A cross sectional survey-involving 121 Types 2 diabetics was conducted in 4 diabetic clinics located in Dar es Salaam. Anthropometric and biomedical measurements namely weight, height, waist, hip, mid-upper arm circumference, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were measured. Self-care practices and diabetic related emotion distress were evaluated by using validated instruments. Results revealed that, the average fasting plasma glucose was 11.2 ± 5.5 mmol/l, blood pressure was 134.7/86.1 mm/Hg and the mean BMI for males and females were 25.0 ± 4.3 and 27.0 ± 5.1 kg/m2, respectively. Subject's self-care score for general diet, specific diet, physical exercise, foot-care and medication were 4.6 ± 2.4, 3.7 ± 1.5, 3.4 ± 1.8, 3.6 v 2.8 and 5.5 ± 2.8 days per week, respectively. Self-monitoring of blood glucose was irregular and only 46.3% of the subjects tested their levels of blood glucose at least once in between the appointments (90 days). Low income was the major limitation for complying with the self-care practices related to diet, blood glucose testing and medication. It is recommended that, the Government of Tanzania should in the short run subsidize the prices of diabetes drugs, remove all taxes on the glucose test kits and establish a national diabetes program that would coordinate and oversee provision of the basic services such as screening, glucose testing, medication, counseling and management of the condition. In the long run, the government should establish a preventive public health program in order to curtail the escalation of diabetes. Further research should be conducted to determine how factors such as socio-cultural and demographic, self-care, and psychosocial distress interact to determine biomedical outcomes such as blood pressure, blood glucose and body mass index.	Anthropometric and biomedical measurements; Blood pressure; Emotion distress; Fasting blood glucose; Foot-care; Self-care practices; Type 2 diabetes mellitus	drug; body mass; diabetes; glucose; public health; adult; aged; article; blood glucose monitoring; blood pressure; body mass; cross-sectional study; diet; emotion; exercise; female; glucose blood level; human; male; mental stress; metabolism; middle aged; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; poverty; psychological aspect; self care; Tanzania; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Emotions; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Poverty; Self Care; Stress, Psychological; Tanzania; Africa; Dar es Salaam [Tanzania]; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Growth performance of lesser-known Leucaena species/provenances at Gairo inland plateau, Morogoro, Tanzania	Edward E., Chamshama S.A.O., Mugasha A.G.	2006	Southern African Forestry Journal	None	208	None	Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania	Edward, E., Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chamshama, S.A.O., Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mugasha, A.G., Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania	Growth performance and psyllid resistance was studied among nineteen lesser- known Leucaena species/provenances at Gairo inland plateau, Morogoro, Tanzania. Assessment was done at irregular intervals for survival, root collar diameter and diameter at 30 cm above the ground, height, diameter at breast height, multiple stems production, biomass and psyllid resistance. Final assessment of these tree attributes was done at 37 months after planting, while psyllid resistance was assessed at 9 and 37 months after planting. During the final assessment occasion, height ranged from 2.69 m for L. collinsii Ex. Chiapas to 4.87 m for L. diversifolia Ex. Veracruz. Diameter at breast height (Dbh) ranged from 2.26 cm for L. shannonnii Ex. Chiapas to 4.93 cm for L. diversifolia Ex. Veracruz, while multiple stems production ranged from 2709 stems ha-1 for L. pulverulenta Ex. Tamaulipas to 7135 stems ha -1 for L. leucocephala Ex. Morogoro and untransformed survival ranged from 43.75% for L. pulverulenta Ex. Tamaulipas to 100% for L. diversifolia Ex. Veracruz. Total wood biomass production ranged from 3.74 t/ha for L. shannonnii Ex. Chiapas to 15.61 t/ha for L. diversifolia Ex. Veracruz. The study has shown that species/provenances differ significantly in survival, diameter, height growth, psyllid resistance, multiple stem production and biomass production. Based on these findings, provenances L. diversifolia Batch (15551), L. diversifolia Ex. Mexico, L. diversifolia Ex. Veracruz and L. pallida Ex. Oaxaca are recommended for Gairo and similar sites.	Biomass production and psyllid resistance; Growth; Lesser-known Leucaena; Survival	Leucaena; Leucaena collinsii; Leucaena diversifolia; Leucaena leucocephala; Leucaena pallida; Leucaena pulverulenta; Psyllidae	None
None	None	Impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on flow regimes of the Usangu wetland and the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania	Kashaigili J.J.	2008	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	33	42595	10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.014	Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kashaigili, J.J., Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was conducted to investigate the hydrological impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on flow regimes of the Great Ruaha River. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to inventory temporal changes of land-use and land-cover changes in the watershed. Hydrological data were analyzed to reveal the alterations and trends for three time periods; pre-1974, 1974-1975, and post-1985. It was revealed that there was a steady increase in cultivated area, from 121.2 km2 to 874.3 km2 between 1973 and 2000 while the woodland area decreased significantly over years. The minimum dry season area of the wetland declined significantly, with major changes occurring between 1984 and 2000. River flows were found to be highly variable within and between the years, and sensitive to land-use and land-cover changes. There was a slight shift of the time peak flows, from April to early February during the post-1985 period. The Q50 flow progressively declined from 19.23 m3 s-1 in the pre-1974 to 16.51 m3 s-1 and 9.04 m3 s-1 for 1974-1975 and post-1985 period. The Q95 (low flow) declined from 2.84 m3 s-1 to 0.11 m3 s-1 and 0.0 m3 s-1 for pre-1974, 1974-1975 and post-1985 period. The study concludes that the modification of the land use and cover has resulted in changes in temporal distribution of runoff. The study highlights the importance of considering effects of land-use and land-cover changes on ecosystems and water resources for an informed decision on proper catchment planning and management. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Flow regime; Land use; Ruaha River; Wetland	Land use; Remote sensing; Rivers; Space optics; Hydrological data; Hydrological impacts; Land use and land-cover (LUIC); On flow; Tanzania; Temporal changes; Time periods; Landforms; catchment; GIS; land cover; land use change; remote sensing; river flow; runoff; temporal distribution; water management; water planning; watershed; wetland; Africa; East Africa; Great Ruaha River; Mbeya [Tanzania]; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Usangu Plains	None
None	None	Impact of Eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa infestation on growth and biomass production of Eucalyptus grandis and E. saligna seedlings in Tanzania	Petro R., Madoffe S.S., Iddi S., Mugasha W.A.	2015	International Journal of Pest Management	61	3	10.1080/09670874.2015.1039096	Department of Forest Utilization, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Wood Utilization, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania	Petro, R., Department of Forest Utilization, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania; Madoffe, S.S., Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Iddi, S., Department of Wood Utilization, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mugasha, W.A., Department of Forest Utilization, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was carried out to determine the impact of Leptocybe invasa infestation on growth and biomass production of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden and E. saligna Smith seedlings in Tanzania. Three- month old seedlings were infested with L. invasa. Twenty two weeks post infestation, heights of infested E. grandis seedlings were reduced by 39.6%, while diameters were reduced by 11.3% compared to uninfested seedlings. On the other hand, the heights of infested E. saligna seedlings were reduced by 38.2% and diameters were reduced 7.7% compared to uninfested seedlings. Dry weight biomass reduction of infested seedlings was significantly higher on stem and leaves than roots and branches of both E. grandis and E. saligna. The impact of L. invasa infestation on growth and biomass production was higher in E. grandis than E. saligna. Prevention and control of L. invasa infestation should be given priority. Similar future trials should examine other commercially grown Eucalyptus species in Tanzania. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	biomass; eucalypt seedlings; infestation density; Leptocybe invasa; seedling growth; Tanzania	biomass; growth; seedling; tree; wasp; Tanzania; Cynipidae; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus grandis; Eucalyptus saligna	None
None	None	The impact of training on performance of micro and small enterprises served by microfinance institutions in Tanzania	Kessy S., Temu S.S.	2010	Research Journal of Business Management	4	2	10.3923/rjbm.2010.103.111	Department of General Management, P.O. Box 35046, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Accounting, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, P.O. Box 35046, Dares Salaam, Tanzania	Kessy, S., Department of General Management, P.O. Box 35046, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Temu, S.S., Department of Accounting, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, P.O. Box 35046, Dares Salaam, Tanzania	This study examines differences in business performance between two specific groups of micro finance clients; the enterprises whose owners have received business and entrepreneurship training against those who had never. The analysis is centred on the premise that microfinance institutions enable their clients (mainly micro and small enterprises) to enhance their income earning capacity, attain firms' growth and improve owners' living standards. A total of 225 micro and small enterprises who are micro credit recipients was involved in the study. The performance analysis employed three growth indicators, namely sales revenue, employees number and firms assets value. An independent t-test was used in the comparative analysis. Prior to the test, the survey data was subjected to an application of natural logarithm to enable pulling of the highly skewed observations to a normal distribution. The comparison between the two groups was important in examining the impact of training in changing behavior and characteristics of businesses and the owners. The results of t-test revealed that micro credit client-enterprises owned by recipients of business training have higher level of assets and sales revenue compared to enterprise owned by non-recipients of training while insignificant differential impact on employment creation was demonstrated. Implications from the study is that training in business skills for Tanzanian micro and small entrepreneurs is vital for firms performance, growth and improved owners living standards in addition to credit access. Microcredit providers should therefore consider products modifications or work closely with training providers to achieve greater impact from micro finance services and poverty alleviation. © 2010 Academic Journals Inc.	Impact; Micro/small enterprises; Microfinance; Performance; Training	None	None
None	None	Transition of Shifting Cultivation and its Impact on People's Livelihoods in the Miombo Woodlands of Northern Zambia and South-Western Tanzania	Grogan K., Birch-Thomsen T., Lyimo J.	2013	Human Ecology	41	1	10.1007/s10745-012-9537-9	Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Resources Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Grogan, K., Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Birch-Thomsen, T., Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lyimo, J., Institute of Resources Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Shifting cultivation has long been a major livelihood for people in the miombo woodlands of southern, central and eastern Africa. However, increasing deforestation and forest degradation throughout the region are resulting in growing pressure on traditional shifting agricultural systems. Indeed, agricultural intensification and expansion itself is considered the primary cause of miombo deterioration, which is driven by both endogenous and exogenous variables operating at various scales. On the basis of data collected in the 1990s and 2010 from two villages in Northern Province, Zambia and two in the Rukwa Region, Tanzania, the paper will document the transition of shifting cultivation towards more intensive land use practices. It is argued that the main drivers influencing miombo degradation, and thereby the transition process of traditional shifting cultivation practices, have been a growing population, government policies, and an increasing commercialization/market integration. Questionnaires, focus group meetings, and in-depth interviews reveal that despite the breakdown of the traditional shifting cultivation practices, a general improvement of livelihoods has taken place. This has happened through adaptation and diversification in both agricultural practices and livelihood activities. However, it is also seen that because of the often rapidly changing external factors (market conditions and policies), life in the shifting cultivation communities involves a continual shift of emphasis among a variety of livelihood strategies. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Diversification; Livelihoods; Miombo woodland; Shifting cultivation; Tanzania; Transition; Zambia	agricultural intensification; agricultural practice; deforestation; land use; shifting cultivation; traditional agriculture; woodland; Northern Province [Zambia]; Rukwa; Tanzania; Zambia	None
None	None	Socio-economic impacts of irrigated agriculture in Mbarali District of south-west Tanzania	Mwakalila S.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.021	Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35049, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mwakalila, S., Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35049, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Irrigation has been found to be central in curbing food scarcity not only in Tanzania but also in many other developing countries. It has been proved that continued reliability on rainfall in agriculture cannot sustain the increase in population. This study examines the impacts of smallholder irrigated agriculture in improving social and economic benefits in Igurusi Ward of Mbarali District which is located in the southern-western part of Tanzania. The study applies the Participatory Rural Appraisal Framework for data collection. The study was confined to five villages in Igurusi ward which are Majenje, Igurusi, Chamoto, Uhambule and Mahango. The study examined critically paddy production for smallholder farmers that practice irrigation and those who cultivates rain-fed paddy. The study examined both existing traditional and modern irrigation systems. It was found that, most of the respondents (79%) practice irrigated agriculture in paddy production while the remaining 21% practice rain-fed agriculture. Forty percent of households that practice irrigated agriculture harvest paddy two seasons per year. The return to labour in paddy production for smallholder farmers who irrigate their paddy fields is about US $ 2.5/manday which is above the poverty line of US $ 1.0/day. The smallest return to labour (US $ 0.85/manday) is obtained by an average smallholder farmer who cultivates rain-fed paddy using hand hoe and family labour. The potential implication of the current irrigation systems is that if irrigation is managed properly it may lead to sustainable increases in small farmer's productivity and income, thus alleviating rural poverty. © 2006.	Gross margins; Irrigated agriculture; Poverty alleviation; Socio-economic benefits	Developing countries; Economic and social effects; Information science; Reliability; Gross margins; Irrigated agriculture; Poverty alleviation; Socio-economic benefits; Irrigation; agriculture; irrigation; paddy farming; poverty alleviation; smallholder; socioeconomic impact; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Residents' perceptions of institutional performance in water supply in Dar es Salaam	Mwakalila S.	2007	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	32	None	10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.037	Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35049, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mwakalila, S., Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35049, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This paper addresses the performance of institutions in water supply systems for improving social and economic benefits of people living in Dar es Salaam city. The methods employed in field data and information collection included interviews, questionnaire, focus group discussions and participatory observation. Kinondoni and Ilala Districts were used as case study. The study revealed that, the main water sources in the study areas are boreholes, shallow wells, rain water and water vendors. Other minor sources are piped water and natural water sources, such as rivers and streams. The supply of piped water by Dar es Salaam Water Sewerage and Sanitation Company (DAWASA/DAWASCO) meets only 45% of the total water demands. Individuals own and sell water from boreholes, shallow wells, piped water connected to their individual houses and natural wells located in their individual plots. The price of one 20 l bucket of water from a water vendor depends on the availability of water and the distance walked from the water source to the customer. Majority of the respondents (77.5%) indicated that individual water delivery systems provide sufficient water as compared to five years ago in the study areas. Few of the respondents (6.3%) said individual water delivery systems have no capacity to provide sufficient water while 16.3% indicate that individual water delivery systems provide moderate water supply but are important in supplementing other water providers in the study areas. The study reveals that a majority of the local population are satisfied with the capacity of individual water delivery systems in providing water for household uses. This paper recommends some improvements to be done to water supply systems in the Dar es Salaam city. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Piped water; Shallow wells; Water delivery systems; Water vendors	Boreholes; Economic and social effects; Rain; Rivers; Water supply; Water wells; Shallow well; Water delivery system; Water demand; Water distribution systems; artesian well; drinking water; performance assessment; water availability; water demand; water industry; water management; water supply; Africa; Dar es Salaam [Dar es Salaam (RGA)]; Dar es Salaam [Tanzania]; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Impact of non-livelihood-based land management on land resources: The case of upland watersheds in Uporoto Mountains, South West Tanzania	Mwanukuzi P.K.	2011	Geographical Journal	177	1	10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00362.x	Department of Geography, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Mwanukuzi, P.K., Department of Geography, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Various land management strategies are used to prevent land degradation and keep land productive. Often land management strategies applied in certain areas focus on the context of the physical environment but are incompatible with the social environment where they are applied. As a result, such strategies are ignored by land users and land degradation becomes difficult to control. This study observes the impacts of land management in the upland watersheds of the Uporoto Mountains in South West Tanzania. In spite of various land management practices used in the area, 38% of the studied area experienced soil fertility loss, 30% gully erosion, 23% soil loss, 6% biodiversity loss and drying up of river sources. Land management methods that were accepted and adopted were those contributing to immediate livelihood needs. These methods did not control land resource degradation, but increased crop output per unit of land and required little labour. Effective methods of controlling land degradation were abandoned or ignored because they did not satisfy immediate livelihood needs. This paper concludes that Integrating poor people's needs would transform non-livelihood-based land management methods to livelihood-based ones. Different ways of transforming these land management methods are presented and discussed. © 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2010 The Royal Geographical Society.	Land degradation; Land management; Land use; Livelihood; Mountain watersheds	environmental impact; gully erosion; land degradation; land management; land use; mountain region; soil fertility; watershed; agriculture; article; catering service; economics; education; environmental protection; ethnology; food handling; geography; history; irrigation (agriculture); legal aspect; organization and management; Tanzania; water supply; Agricultural Irrigation; Agriculture; Conservation of Natural Resources; Food Supply; Food Technology; Geography; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Ownership; Tanzania; Water Supply; Mbeya [Tanzania]; Tanzania; Uporoto Mountains	None
None	None	Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic change in Lake Tanganyika: VIII. Hydrological evaluation of two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment	Nkotagu H.H.	2005	Journal of Paleolimnology	34	1	10.1007/s10933-005-2421-5	Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35052, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Nkotagu, H.H., Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35052, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	This study was conducted to delineate the impact of human activities on stream flow and water chemistry as well as other factors that influence the chemical character of both surface and groundwater in two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment. The study sites the Mwamgongo and Mitumba streams along the northern Tanzanian coastline of the lake are representative of disturbed and undisturbed watersheds, respectively, but are quite similar in other characteristics of slope, bedrock geology and size. Separation of stream flow components was undertaken using classical hydrograph analysis along with chemical methods using both Cl and 18O data. All the data show that groundwater accounts for the predominant source of total stream flow in both the Mwamgongo and Mitumba watersheds (65 and 70% respectively). The streams have an average δ18O of about -3.0% and less than 10 mg/l for Cl. The basin recession constants of 9.4×10-3-d-1 and 9.6×10-3-d-1 for Mwamgongo and Mitumba, respectively, indicate existence of both fissured and fractured aquifer systems. The chemical data exhibit low values of all determined ions. This supported the hypothesis that natural processes influence the water chemical character of the study area. An Mg-HCO3 type of water dominates in the two watersheds. Despite their similar size and bedrock character the Mwamgongo watershed has an order of magnitude in sediment transport than the Mitumba one. The data show that the disturbed watershed discharges less groundwater and more sediments, and has a poorer water quality than the forested Mitumba watershed, which lies within the Gombe National Park. The data show that soil erosion processes are more active at Mwamgongo, and that both the surface runoff component of the total stream flow and increased dissolved salt load is greater in the deforested Mwamgongo watershed than in the Mitumba watershed. The chloride and δ18O data complemented each other in delineating the amounts of groundwater in the total stream flow as the results using both data differed insignificantly. It may be concluded that the undisturbed watershed has a higher retention of good quality water and traps more sediments than the disturbed one. In addition, the groundwater component plays a dominant role in the total annual stream flow at each watershed. © Springer 2005.	Baseflow; Hydrograph; Stable isotopes; Surface runoff; Types of water; Watersheds	anthropogenic effect; deforestation; paleolimnology; soil erosion; watershed; Africa; East African Lakes; Eastern Hemisphere; Lake Tanganyika; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
None	None	Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in Lake Tanganyika: IX. Summary of paleorecords of environmental change and catchment deforestation at Lake Tanganyika and impacts on the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem	Cohen A.S., Palacios-Fest M.R., Msaky E.S., Alin S.R., McKee B., O'Reilly C.M., Dettman D.L., Nkotagu H., Lezzar K.E.	2005	Journal of Paleolimnology	34	1	10.1007/s10933-005-2422-4	Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Terra Nostra, Tucson, AZ 85741, United States; Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States; Environmental Science Program, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States; Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Cohen, A.S., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Palacios-Fest, M.R., Terra Nostra, Tucson, AZ 85741, United States; Msaky, E.S., Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alin, S.R., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; McKee, B., Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States; O'Reilly, C.M., Environmental Science Program, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States; Dettman, D.L., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Nkotagu, H., Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lezzar, K.E., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States	Paleorecords from multiple indicators of environmental change provide evidence for the interactions between climate, human alteration of watersheds and lake ecosystem processes at Lake Tanganyika, Africa, a lake renowned for its extraordinary biodiversity, endemism and fisheries. This paper synthesizes geochronology, sedimentology, paleoecology, geochemistry and hydrology studies comparing the history of deltaic deposits from watersheds of various sizes and deforestation disturbance levels along the eastern coast of the lake in Tanzania and Burundi. Intersite differences are related to climate change, differences in the histories of forested vs. deforested watersheds, differences related to regional patterns of deforestation, and differences related to interactions of deforestation and climate effects. Climate change is linked to variations in sediment accumulation rates, charcoal accumulation, lake level and water chemistry, especially during the arid-humid fluctuations of the latter part of the Little Ice Age. Differences between forested and deforested watersheds are manifested by major increases in sediment accumulation rates in the latter (outside the range of climatically driven variability and for the last ∼40 years unprecedented in comparison with other records from the lake in the late Holocene), differences in eroded sediment and watershed stream composition, and compositional or diversity trends in lake faunal communities related to sediment inundation. Variability in regional patterns of deforestation is illustrated by the timing of transitions from numerous sedimentologic, paleoecologic and geochemical indicators. These data suggest that extensive watershed deforestation occurred as early as the late-18th to the early-19th centuries in the northern part of the Lake Tanganyika catchment, in the late-19th to early-20th centuries in the northern parts of modern-day Tanzania, and in the mid-20th century in central Tanzania. Rapid increases in sediment and charcoal accumulation rates, palynological and lake faunal changes occurred in the early-1960s. We interpret this to be the result of greatly enhanced flushing of sediments in previously deforested watersheds triggered by extraordinary rainfall in 1961/62. Regional differences in deforestation histories can be understood in light of the very different cultural and demographic histories of the northern and central parts of the lake shoreline. Incursion of slaving and ivory caravans from the Indian Ocean to the central coast of Lake Tanganyika by the early-19th century, with their attendant diseases, reduced human and elephant populations and therefore maintained forest cover in this region through the late-19th to early-20th centuries. In contrast, the northeastern portion of the lakeshore did not experience the effects of the caravan trades and consequently experienced high human population densities and widespread deforestation much earlier. These studies demonstrate the importance of paleolimnological data for making informed risk assessments of the potential effects of watershed deforestation on long-term lake ecosystem response in the Lake Tanganyika catchment. Differences in sediment yield and lake floor distribution of that yield, linked to factors such as watershed size, slope, and sediment retention, must be accounted for in management plans for both human occupation of currently forested watersheds and the development of future underwater reserves. © Springer 2005.	Deforestation; East Africa; Lake level; Lake Tanganyika; Late Holocene; Soil erosion	anthropogenic effect; deforestation; paleolimnology; soil erosion; Africa; East African Lakes; Eastern Hemisphere; Lake Tanganyika; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Arida	None
None	None	In Tanzania, the many costs of pay-for-performance leave open to debate whether the strategy is cost-effective	Borghi J., Little R., Binyaruka P., Patouillard E., Kuwawenaruwa A.	2015	Health Affairs	34	3	10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0608	Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Cambridge, England, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Dares Salaam, Tanzania; Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Health Intervention Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland; World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme, Geneva, Switzerland	Borghi, J., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Little, R., Cambridge, England, United Kingdom; Binyaruka, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Dares Salaam, Tanzania; Patouillard, E., Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Health Intervention Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Switzerland, World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme, Geneva, Switzerland; Kuwawenaruwa, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Dares Salaam, Tanzania	Pay-for-performance programs in health care are widespread in low- and middle-income countries. However, there are no studies of these programs' costs or cost-effectiveness. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of a pay-for-performance pilot program in Tanzania and modeled costs of its national expansion.We reviewed project accounts and reports, interviewed key stakeholders, and derived outcomes from a controlled before-and-after study. In 2012 US dollars, the financial cost of the payfor-performance pilot was $1.2 million, and the economic cost was $2.3 million. The incremental cost per additional facility-based birth ranged from $540 to $907 in the pilot and from $94 to $261 for a national program. In a low-income setting, the costs of managing the program and generating and verifying performance data were substantial. Pay-for-performance programs can stimulate the generation and use of health information by health workers and managers for strategic planning purposes, but the time involved could divert attention from service delivery. Pay-for-performance programs may become more costeffective when integrated into routine systems over time. © 2015 Project HOPE-The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.	None	Article; cost effectiveness analysis; health care cost; health care delivery; health care personnel; household; human; lowest income group; manager; medical information; pay for performance program; personnel management; salary; strategic planning; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of a community health worker intervention and the World Health Organization's Option B versus Option A to improve antenatal care and PMTCT outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled health systems im	Sando D., Geldsetzer P., Magesa L., Lema I.A., Machumi L., Mwanyika-Sando M., Li N., Spiegelman D., Mungure E., Siril H., Mujinja P., Naburi H., Chalamilla G., Kilewo C., Ekström A.M., Fawzi W.W., Bärnighausen T.W.	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-359	Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, A2074 Road, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Sando, D., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geldsetzer, P., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Magesa, L., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lema, I.A., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Machumi, L., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwanyika-Sando, M., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Li, N., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Spiegelman, D., Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Mungure, E., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Siril, H., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mujinja, P., School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Naburi, H., School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Chalamilla, G., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kilewo, C., School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ekström, A.M., Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Fawzi, W.W., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Bärnighausen, T.W., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, A2074 Road, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV remains an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. As HIV testing and linkage to PMTCT occurs in antenatal care (ANC), major challenges for any PMTCT option in developing countries, including Tanzania, are delays in the first ANC visit and a low overall number of visits. Community health workers (CHWs) have been effective in various settings in increasing the uptake of clinical services and improving treatment retention and adherence. At the beginning of this trial in January 2013, the World Health Organization recommended either of two medication regimens, Option A or B, for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). It is still largely unclear which option is more effective when implemented in a public healthcare system. This study aims to determine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of: (1) a community health worker (CWH) intervention and (2) PMTCT Option B in improving ANC and PMTCT outcomes.Methods/Design: This study is a cluster-randomized controlled health systems implementation trial with a two-by-two factorial design. All 60 administrative wards in the Kinondoni and Ilala districts in Dar es Salaam were first randomly allocated to either receiving the CHW intervention or not, and then to receiving either Option B or A. Under the standard of care, facility-based health workers follow up on patients who have missed scheduled appointments for PMTCT, first through a telephone call and then with a home visit. In the wards receiving the CHW intervention, the CHWs: (1) identify pregnant women through home visits and refer them to antenatal care; (2) provide education to pregnant women on antenatal care, PMTCT, birth, and postnatal care; (3) routinely follow up on all pregnant women to ascertain whether they have attended ANC; and (4) follow up on women who have missed ANC or PMTCT appointments. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: EJF22802. Registration date: 14 May 2013. © 2014 Sando et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antenatal care; Community health workers; HIV; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Retention; Study protocol; Uptake	Article; birth; clinical protocol; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; feasibility study; female; follow up; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health care system; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; major clinical study; postnatal care; pregnant woman; prenatal care; professional practice; randomized controlled trial; telephone; treatment outcome; vertical transmission; ward; world health organization; attitude to health; clinical trial; community care; comparative study; health auxiliary; health care planning; health care quality; health services research; HIV Infections; hospital management; methodology; multicenter study; newborn; patient attitude; patient education; perinatal care; pregnancy; prevention and control; standards; Tanzania; time; total quality management; transmission; vertical transmission; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Anti-HIV Agents; Appointments and Schedules; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Research; Health Systems Plans; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Education as Topic; Perinatal Care; Pregnancy; Quality Improvement; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Research Design; Tanzania; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; World Health Organization	None
None	None	The impact of reduced dust exposure on respiratory health among cement workers: An ecological study	Tungu A.M., Bråtveit M., Mamuya S.H., Moen B.E.	2014	Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine	56	1	10.1097/JOM.0000000000000057	Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of OccupationalMedicine, Haukel and University Hospital, Bergen, Norway	Tungu, A.M., Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway; Bråtveit, M., Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway; Mamuya, S.H., Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Moen, B.E., Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway, Department of OccupationalMedicine, Haukel and University Hospital, Bergen, Norway	OBJECTIVES:: To compare total dust exposure, prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Tanzanian cement workers before (2002) and after (2010-2011) establishment of dust-control measures. METHODS:: Personal total dust-exposure measurements, questionnaire assessment for chronic respiratory symptoms, and spirometry were conducted in both examination periods. RESULTS:: Total dust exposure was lower in 2010-2011 than in 2002. The prevalence of most chronic respiratory symptoms and COPD was lower in 2010 than in 2002. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), percentage predicted FEV1, and percentage predicted forced vital capacity were higher among cement workers in 2010 than in 2002. CONCLUSIONS:: There was reduced total dust exposure level, lower prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and COPD, and higher lung function among cement workers in 2010 than in 2002. © 2013 by American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.	None	Adult; Bronchitis, Chronic; Chronic Disease; Construction Materials; Cough; Dust; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Prevalence; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Questionnaires; Spirometry; Sputum; Tanzania; Vital Capacity; Young Adult	None
None	None	Diagnosis of tuberculosis by trained African giant pouched rats and confounding impact of pathogens and microflora of the respiratory tract	Mgode G.F., Weetjens B.J., Nawrath T., Cox C., Jubitana M., Machang'u R.S., Cohen-Bacrie S., Bedotto M., Drancourt M., Schulz S., Kaufmann S.H.E.	2012	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	50	2	10.1128/JCM.01199-11	Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Anti-Persoonmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikelling (APOPO Vzw), Antwerp, Belgium; Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; URMITE UMR CNRS 6236, IHU POLMIT, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France	Mgode, G.F., Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany, Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Weetjens, B.J., Anti-Persoonmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikelling (APOPO Vzw), Antwerp, Belgium; Nawrath, T., Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Cox, C., Anti-Persoonmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikelling (APOPO Vzw), Antwerp, Belgium; Jubitana, M., Anti-Persoonmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikelling (APOPO Vzw), Antwerp, Belgium; Machang'u, R.S., Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Cohen-Bacrie, S., URMITE UMR CNRS 6236, IHU POLMIT, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France; Bedotto, M., URMITE UMR CNRS 6236, IHU POLMIT, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France; Drancourt, M., URMITE UMR CNRS 6236, IHU POLMIT, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France; Schulz, S., Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Kaufmann, S.H.E., Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany	Trained African giant-pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) can detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and show potential for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). However, rats' ability to discriminate between clinical sputum containing other Mycobacterium spp. and nonmycobacterial species of the respiratory tract is unknown. It is also unknown whether nonmycobacterial species produce odor similar to M. tuberculosis and thereby cause the detection of smear-negative sputum. Sputum samples from 289 subjects were analyzed by smear microscopy, culture, and rats. Mycobacterium spp. were isolated on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and nonmycobacterial species were isolated on four different media. The odor from nonmycobacterial species from smear- and M. tuberculosis culture-negative sputa detected by ≥2 rats ("rat positive") was analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry and compared to the M. tuberculosis odor. Rats detected 45 of 56 confirmed cases of TB, 4 of 5 suspected cases of TB, and 63 of 228 TB-negative subjects (sensitivity, 80.4%; specificity, 72.4%; accuracy, 73.9%; positive predictive value, 41.7%; negative predictive value, 93.8%). A total of 37 (78.7%) of 47 mycobacterial isolates were M. tuberculosis complex, with 75.7% from rat-positive sputa. Ten isolates were nontuberculous mycobacteria, one was M. intracellulare, one was M. avium subsp. hominissuis, and eight were unidentified. Rat-positive sputa with Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp. were associated with TB. Rhodococcus, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, and Candida spp. from rat-positive sputa did not produce M. tuberculosis-specific volatiles (methyl nicotinate, methyl para-anisate, and ortho-phenylanisole). Prevalence of Mycobacterium-related Nocardia and Rhodococcus in smear-negative sputa did not equal that of smear-negative mycobacteria (44.7%), of which 28.6% were rat positive. These findings and the absence of M. tuberculosis-specific volatiles in nonmycobacterial species indicate that rats can be trained to specifically detect M. tuberculosis. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	methyl 4 anisate; nicotinic acid methyl ester; phenylanisole; unclassified drug; volatile agent; adolescent; adult; article; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; bacterium isolation; Candida; child; controlled study; Cricetomys gambianus; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; Enterococcus; female; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; mass fragmentography; microflora; Moraxella catarrhalis; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium hominissuis; Mycobacterium intracellulare; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nocardia; odor; predictive value; preschool child; priority journal; rat; respiratory tract microflora; Rhodococcus; school child; sensitivity and specificity; species distribution; sputum smear; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptomyces; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animal Experimentation; Animals; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Rats; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Tuberculosis; Young Adult; Candida; Corynebacterineae; Cricetomys gambianus; Enterococcus; Moraxella catarrhalis; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium intracellulare; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; Nocardia; Rattus; Rhodococcus; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptomyces	None
None	None	Evaluation of the xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and hiv infection are highly endemic	O'Grady J., Bates M., Chilukutu L., Mzyece J., Cheelo B., Chilufya M., Mukonda L., Mumba M., Tembo J., Chomba M., Kapata N., Maeurer M., Rachow A., Clowes P., Hoelscher M., Mwaba P., Zumla A.	2012	Clinical Infectious Diseases	55	9	10.1093/cid/cis631	Department of Infection, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Tanzania; Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum, University of Munich, Germany; Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia	O'Grady, J., Department of Infection, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom, Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Bates, M., Department of Infection, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom, Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Chilukutu, L., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Mzyece, J., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Cheelo, B., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Chilufya, M., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Mukonda, L., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Mumba, M., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Tembo, J., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Chomba, M., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom; Kapata, N., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Lusaka, Zambia; Maeurer, M., Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Rachow, A., Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Tanzania; Clowes, P., Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Tanzania; Hoelscher, M., Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Tanzania, Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum, University of Munich, Germany; Mwaba, P., Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; Zumla, A., Department of Infection, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom, Research and Training Programme, University College London, University Teaching Hospital, United Kingdom	Background: There were 1.45 million deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 2011. A substantial proportion of active pulmonary TB cases in countries where tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and AIDS are highly endemic remain undiagnosed because of the reliance on sputum-smear microscopy. This study evaluated the performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral center in Zambia, a country where the burden of TB and HIV infection is high.Methods: A total of 881 adult inpatients admitted to University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka who were able to produce sputum were enrolled and analyzed in the study, irrespective of admission diagnosis. Sputum specimens were analyzed by fluorescence smear microscopy, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture, and MGIT drug-susceptibility testing. The sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay were evaluated using culture as the gold standard.Results: Culture-confirmed TB was found in 201 of 881 patients (22.8%). The specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay was 95.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.4%-96.8), and the sensitivity was 86.1% (95% CI, 80.3-90.4%). In sputum smear-negative, culture-positive cases, the assay was 74.7% sensitive (95% CI, 64.6%-82.8%), identifying 71 additional TB cases that were not detected by smear microscopy. A total of 18 of 111 patients with TB who were tested (16.2%) had multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. The sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for detecting culture-confirmed, rifampicin-resistant TB was 81.3% (95% CI, 53.7-95.0%) and 97.5% (95% CI, 90.4-99.6%), respectively.Conclusions: The Xpert MTB/RIF assay performs better than smear microscopy in an inpatient setting in a country where TB and HIV infection are highly endemic. Assessment of its usefulness and cost-effectiveness for increased detection of TB cases missed by sputum smear and for concomitant screening for MDR TB among adult inpatients attending tertiary care referral centers in other countries with a high burden of TB and HIV infection is warranted. © 2012 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	adult; article; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; endemic disease; evaluation; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; laboratory device; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; priority journal; prospective study; sensitivity and specificity; sputum smear; tertiary health care; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tertiary Care Centers; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zambia	None
None	None	The impact of HIV infection and CD4 cell count on the performance of an interferon gamma release assay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis	Aabye M.G., Ravn P., PrayGod G., Jeremiah K., Mugomela A., Jepsen M., Faurholt D., Range N., Friis H., Changalucha J., Andersen A.B.	2009	PLoS ONE	4	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0004220	Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Unit for Infectious Diseases Q, Universityof Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zonal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Center, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Aabye, M.G., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Ravn, P., Unit for Infectious Diseases Q, Universityof Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; PrayGod, G., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Jeremiah, K., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mugomela, A., Zonal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Jepsen, M., Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Faurholt, D., Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Range, N., National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Center, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Friis, H., Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Andersen, A.B., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark	Background: The performance of the tuberculosis specific Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) has not been sufficiently documented in tuberculosis- and HIV-endemic settings. This study evaluated the sensitivity of the QuantiFERON TB-Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) in patients with culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a TB- and HIV-endemic population and the effect of HIV-infection and CD4 cell count on test performance. Methodology/Principal Findings: 161 patients with sputum culture confirmed PTB were subjected to HIV- and QFT-IT testing and measurement of CD4 cell count. The QFT-IT was positive in 74% (119/161; 95% CI: 67-81%). Sensitivity was higher in HIV-negative (75/93) than in HIV-positive (44/68) patients (81% vs. 65%, p = 0.02) and increased with CD4 cell count in HIV-positive patients (test for trend p = 0.03). 23 patients (14%) had an indeterminate result and this proportion decreased with increasing CD4 cell count in HIV-positive patients (test for trend p = 0.03). Low CD4 cell count (<300 cells/μl) did not account for all QFT-IT indeterminate nor all negative results. Sensitivity when excluding indeterminate results was 86% (95% CI: 81-92%) and did not differ between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients (88 vs. 83%, p = 0.39). Conclusions/Significance: Sensitivity of the QFT-IT for diagnosing active PTB infection was reasonable when excluding indeterminate results and in HIV-negative patients. However, since the test missed more than 10% of patients, its potential as a rule-out test for active TB disease is limited. Furthermore, test performance is impaired by low CD4 cell count in HIV-positive patients and possibly by other factors as well in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. This might limit the potential of the test in populations where HIV-infection is prevalent. © 2009 Aabye et al.	None	gamma interferon; gamma interferon; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cell culture; controlled study; cytokine release; disease association; endemic disease; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; performance measurement system; sensitivity analysis; analytical equipment; biochemistry; blood; CD4+ T lymphocyte; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lung tuberculosis; metabolism; methodology; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; sputum; Tanzania; Adult; Biochemistry; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Male; Prevalence; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
None	None	Evaluation of a national universal coverage campaign of long-lasting insecticidal nets in a rural district in north-west Tanzania	West P.A., Protopopoff N., Rowland M.W., Kirby M.J., Oxborough R.M., Mosha F.W., Malima R., Kleinschmidt I.	2012	Malaria Journal	11	None	10.1186/1475-2875-11-273	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	West, P.A., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Protopopoff, N., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Rowland, M.W., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Kirby, M.J., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Oxborough, R.M., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Mosha, F.W., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Malima, R., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Kleinschmidt, I., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are one of the most effective measures for preventing malaria. Mass distribution campaigns are being used to rapidly increase net coverage in at-risk populations. This study had two purposes: to evaluate the impact of a universal coverage campaign (UCC) of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on LLIN ownership and usage, and to identify factors that may be associated with inadequate coverage. Methods: In 2011 two cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in 50 clusters in Muleba district, north-west Tanzania. Prior to the UCC 3,246 households were surveyed and 2,499 afterwards. Data on bed net ownership and usage, demographics of household members and household characteristics including factors related to socio-economic status were gathered, using an adapted version of the standard Malaria Indicator Survey. Specific questions relating to the UCC process were asked. Results: The proportion of households with at least one ITN increased from 62.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 60.9-64.2) before the UCC to 90.8% (95% CI = 89.0-92.3) afterwards. ITN usage in all residents rose from 40.8% to 55.7%. After the UCC 58.4% (95% CI = 54.7-62.1) of households had sufficient ITNs to cover all their sleeping places. Households with children under five years (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.9-2.9) and small households (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5-2.4) were most likely to reach universal coverage. Poverty was not associated with net coverage. Eighty percent of households surveyed received LLINs from the campaign. Conclusions: The UCC in Muleba district of Tanzania was equitable, greatly improving LLIN ownership and, more moderately, usage. However, the goal of universal coverage in terms of the adequate provision of nets was not achieved. Multiple, continuous delivery systems and education activities are required to maintain and improve bed net ownership and usage. © 2012 West et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Evaluation; LLIN; Malaria; Tanzania; Universal coverage; Vector control	adolescent; adult; article; bed net; child; cross-sectional study; demography; health program; household; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria control; poverty; preschool child; questionnaire; rural area; school child; social status; Tanzania; universal coverage campaign; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Services Research; Humans; Infant; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Ownership; Pregnancy; Rural Population; Tanzania; Universal Coverage	None
None	None	Evaluation of diagnos TB AG, a flow-through immunoassay for rapid detection of pulmonary tuberculosis	Reither K., Saathoff E., Jung J., Minja L.T., Machibya H., Maboko L., Perkins M.D., Hoelscher M., Boehme C.C.	2010	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	14	2	None	Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Mbeya Regional Medical Office, Ministry of Health, Mbeya, Tanzania; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland	Reither, K., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Saathoff, E., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Jung, J., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Minja, L.T., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Machibya, H., Mbeya Regional Medical Office, Ministry of Health, Mbeya, Tanzania; Maboko, L., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Perkins, M.D., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland; Hoelscher, M., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Boehme, C.C., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland	We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the Diagnos TB AG immunoassay in 171 Tanzanians with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The sensitivity and specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the rapid test for the detection of pulmonary TB in this population were respectively 60.0%, 33.3%, 40.3% and 52.6%. In its current configuration, this test will not help overcome difficulties in the rapid diagnosis of TB. ©2010 The Union.	Diagnostic performance; Flow-through immunoassay; Pulmonary tuberculosis	anorexia; article; clinical feature; clinical trial; diagnostic accuracy; female; fever; flow through immunoassay; hemoptysis; human; immunoassay; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; malaise; male; night sweat; prediction; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sputum analysis; Tanzania; thorax pain; weight reduction; Adult; Antigens, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
None	None	Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antibody responses in populations with different levels of exposure from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Brazil, and Denmark	Hoff S.T., Abebe M., Ravn P., Range N., Malenganisho W., Rodriques D.S., Kallas E.G., Søborg C., Doherty T.M., Andersen P., Weldingh K.	2007	Clinical Infectious Diseases	45	5	10.1086/520662	Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania; Clemente Ferreira Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Dept. of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark	Hoff, S.T., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, Dept. of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Abebe, M., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ravn, P., Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Range, N., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania; Malenganisho, W., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania; Rodriques, D.S., Clemente Ferreira Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Kallas, E.G., Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Søborg, C., Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Doherty, T.M., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Andersen, P., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Weldingh, K., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark	Background. New, simple, and better-performing diagnostic tools are needed for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Much effort has been invested in developing an antibody-based test for TB, but to date, no such test has performed with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. A key question remaining is the extent to which the disappointing performance of current tests is associated with a high background prevalence of latent TB. Methods. We compared Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antibody responses in a total of 565 human serum samples from M. tuberculosis-uninfected donors and donors with latent infection, as well as samples from patients with active TB. Our study included samples from 4 countries, representing environments with low, intermediate, and high TB incidences. Results. We demonstrated significant increases in antibody levels in latently infected contacts, compared with M. tuberculosis-uninfected individuals, and in patients with active TB disease, compared with latently infected contacts. Furthermore, we found a striking increase in the magnitude of the antibody responses in samples obtained from infected Ethiopian individuals (with and without disease), compared with Danish and Brazilian infected individuals; this was presumably the result of higher exposure levels. Conclusions. Our study confirms the presence of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antibodies in patients with TB, and we demonstrate that significant antibody responses are not restricted to active TB disease but can reflect latent infection, particularly in areas with high levels of exposure to M. tuberculosis. This finding is important for the understanding of the poor discriminatory power of current serodiagnostic tests in regions of endemicity, and it may have major implications on the future development of serologic tests. © 2007 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	bacterial protein; early secretory antigenic target 6; hybrid protein; immunoglobulin G antibody; protein CFP 10; unclassified drug; antibody response; article; controlled study; endemic disease; environmental factor; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; geography; human; incidence; major clinical study; medical assessment; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; priority journal; protein analysis; protein expression; protein purification; serology; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibody Formation; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Brazil; Denmark; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Peptide Fragments; Serologic Tests; Tanzania; Tuberculosis	None
None	None	Good performance of an immunoassay based method for nevirapine measurements in human breast milk	Salado-Rasmussen K., Theilgaard Z.P., Chiduo M., Pedersen C., Gerstoft J., Katzenstein T.L.	2011	Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine	49	7	10.1515/CCLM.2011.184	Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark	Salado-Rasmussen, K., Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Theilgaard, Z.P., Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Chiduo, M., National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania; Pedersen, C., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Gerstoft, J., Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Katzenstein, T.L., Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark	Background: Understanding the distribution of antiretro-virals in breastfeeding HIV-positive mothers is essential, both for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission and for research on the development of drug resistance. The ARK nevirapine (NVP)-test is an immunoassay method for nevirapine measurements, developed and validated for plasma use. In this study, the ARK NVP-test was evaluated for measurement of nevirapine concentrations in breast milk. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the method currently used to determine nevirapine in breast milk. This method, however, requires complicated extraction techniques. The ARK method employs an immunoassay technology and requires a small sample volume (40 μL) and no pre-treatment of the samples. Methods: Commercial enzyme and antibody were used and calibration standards and quality controls were prepared from pooled breast milk from HIV-uninfected women. Clinical samples from HIV-infected women receiving a single-dose of nevirapine were analyzed. Results: Precision and accuracy were evaluated with two concentrations of quality control materials analyzed in three replicates on four different days and was <4%, and between 96.5% and 104.6%, respectively. Clinical samples were analyzed and CVs ranged from 0.0% to 11.1%. The median nevirapine concentration in breast milk 1 week post-partum was 0.29 μg/mL (range 0.11-0.90 μg/mL) in women treated with a single-dose of nevirapine. Conclusions: The ease of use and small sample volume makes the ARK assay an attractive alternative to HPLC analyses for determinations of nevirapine concentrations in breast milk. © 2011 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston.	antiretroviral drug; breast milk; immunoassay; nevirapine	emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil; lamivudine plus zidovudine; nevirapine; accuracy; article; breast milk; calibration; clinical article; controlled study; drug determination; drug selectivity; drug stability; female; high performance liquid chromatography; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; limit of quantitation; priority journal; quality control; single drug dose; validation study; Calibration; Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Limit of Detection; Milk, Human; Nevirapine; Quality Control; Reproducibility of Results	None
None	None	Field evaluation of the photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primers (PET) real-time PCR for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania	Talundzic E., Maganga M., Masanja I.M., Peterson D.S., Udhayakumar V., Lucchi N.W.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-31	Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States	Talundzic, E., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Maganga, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Masanja, I.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Peterson, D.S., Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Udhayakumar, V., Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States, Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Lucchi, N.W., Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Accurate diagnosis of malaria infections remains challenging, especially in the identification of submicroscopic infections. New molecular diagnostic tools that are inexpensive, sensitive enough to detect low-level infections and suitable in laboratory settings of resource-limited countries are required for malaria control and elimination programmes. Here the diagnostic potential of a recently developed photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primer (PET) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) called PET-PCR was investigated. This study aimed to (i) evaluate the use of this assay as a method for the detection of both Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium species infections in a developing country's diagnostic laboratory; and, (ii) determine the assay's sensitivity and specificity compared to a nested 18S rRNA PCR. Methods. Samples used in this study were obtained from a previous study conducted in the region of Iringa, Tanzania. A total of 303 samples from eight health facilities in Tanzania were utilized for this evaluation. All samples were screened using the multiplex PET-PCR assay designed to detect Plasmodium genus and P. falciparum initially in laboratory in Tanzania and then repeated at a reference laboratory at the CDC in the USA. Microscopy data was available for all the 303 samples. A subset of the samples were tested in a blinded fashion to find the sensitivity and specificity of the PET-PCR compared to the nested 18S rRNA PCR. Results: Compared to microscopy, the PET-PCR assay was 59% more sensitive in detecting P. falciparum infections. The observed sensitivity and specificity were 100% (95% confidence interval (CI0.95) = 94-100%) and (CI0.95 = 96-100%), respectively, for the PET-PCR assay when compared to nested 18S rRNA PCR. When compared to 18S rRNA PCR, microscopy had a low sensitivity of 40% (CI0.95 = 23-61%) and specificity of 100% (CI0.95 = 96-100%). The PET-PCR results performed in the field laboratory in Tanzania were in 100% concordance with the results obtained at the reference laboratory in the USA. Conclusion: The PET-PCR is a new molecular diagnostic tool with similar performance characteristics as commonly used PCR methods that is less expensive, easy to use, and amiable to large scale-surveillance studies in developing country settings. © 2014 Talundzic et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Asymptomatic malaria; Malaria; Molecular test; PET-PCR; Tanzania	DNA Primers; DNA, Protozoan; Fluorescent Dyes; Malaria, Falciparum; Microscopy; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Plasmodium falciparum; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
None	None	Formalization of water allocation systems and impacts on local practices in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania	Komakech H.C., van der Zaag P., Mul M.L., Mwakalukwa T.A., Kemerink J.S.	2012	International Journal of River Basin Management	10	3	10.1080/15715124.2012.664774	Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands; Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands; UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands; District Water Engineer, Karatu District Council, PO Box 190, Karatu, Tanzania	Komakech, H.C., Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands, Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands; van der Zaag, P., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands, District Water Engineer, Karatu District Council, PO Box 190, Karatu, Tanzania; Mul, M.L., Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands; Mwakalukwa, T.A., Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands; Kemerink, J.S., Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands	Water scarcity caused by increased demands often leads to competition and conflict over water in many river catchments in Sub-Saharan Africa. At the local level, water users have in many places been able to solve water allocation problems by crafting institutions based on customs and traditions. These self-governing arrangements are not necessarily fair or good, but are able to adapt to the changing resource context. Simultaneously, many African governments have adopted new policies and laws, and established new institutions to achieve equitable and sustainable management of water resources. The formalization of the property right to water is often part of the recipe. This paper analyses the impact of one such government-led formalization process on local water allocation practices. Based on a field study in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania, we find that government interventions do not achieve the goal of equitable and sustainable water management. However, we find that the principle of good neighbourhood that still exists between the highland and lowland farmers in Hingilili could form a base to reconcile diverging water interests between the highland and lowland farmers. The paper shows that the concept of bricolage [Cleaver, F., 2002. Reinventing institutions: bricolage and the social embeddedness of natural resourcemanagement. TheEuropean Journal ofDevelopmentResearch, 14 (2), 11-30] is useful to demonstrate the need for new institutions to be sufficiently embedded in existing local practices to succeed, but this is not a sufficient condition. The hydraulic position of the various actors (upstream or downstream) must also be taken into account, and may be considered a driver for institutional innovation. © 2012 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research.	Bricolage; Canal irrigation; Conflicts; Cooperation; Property right; Water allocation	canal; catchment; innovation; irrigation; river water; water management; water resource; Tanzania	None
None	None	Quantiferon®-TB gold in-tube performance for diagnosing active tuberculosis in children and adults in a high burden setting	Rose M.V., Kimaro G., Nissen T.N., Kroidl I., Hoelscher M., Bygbjerg I.C., Mfinanga S.G., Ravn P.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0037851	Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark	Rose, M.V., Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Kimaro, G., Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nissen, T.N., Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Kroidl, I., NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Hoelscher, M., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Bygbjerg, I.C., Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mfinanga, S.G., Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ravn, P., Department for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark	Aim: To determine whether QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) can contribute to the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) in children in a high-burden setting and to assess the performance of QFT and tuberculin skin test (TST) in a prospective cohort of TB suspect children compared to adults with confirmed TB in Tanzania. Methods: Sensitivity and specificity of QFT and TST for diagnosing active TB as well as indeterminate QFT rates and IFN-γ levels were assessed in 211 TB suspect children in a Tanzanian district hospital and contrasted in 90 adults with confirmed pulmonary TB. Results: Sensitivity of QFT and TST in children with confirmed TB was 19% (5/27) and 6% (2/31) respectively. In adults sensitivity of QFT and TST was 84% (73/87) and 85% (63/74). The QFT indeterminate rate in children and adults was 27% and 3%. Median levels of IFN-γ were lower in children than adults, particularly children <2 years and HIV infected. An indeterminate result was associated with age <2 years but not malnutrition or HIV status. Overall childhood mortality was 19% and associated with an indeterminate QFT result at baseline. Conclusion: QFT and TST showed poor performance and a surprisingly low sensitivity in children. In contrast the performance in Tanzanian adults was good and comparable to performance in high-income countries. Indeterminate results in children were associated with young age and increased mortality. Neither test can be recommended for diagnosing active TB in children with immature or impaired immunity in a high-burden setting. © 2012 Rose et al.	None	gamma interferon; tuberculostatic agent; adult; age; article; child; childhood mortality; cohort analysis; controlled study; diagnostic kit; ethnic group; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; intermethod comparison; lung burden; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; prospective study; public hospital; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; Tanzanian; tuberculin test; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Infant; Interferon-gamma; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Survival Rate; Tanzania; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
None	None	Performance of visual inspection with acetic acid and human papillomavirus testing for detection of high-grade cervical lesions in HIV positive and HIV negative Tanzanian women	Dartell M.A., Rasch V., Iftner T., Kahesa C., Mwaiselage J.D., Junge J., Gernow A., Ejlersen S.F., Munk C., Kjaer S.K.	2014	International Journal of Cancer	135	4	10.1002/ijc.28712	Department of International Health, Public Health Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Unit of Virus Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Experimental Virology, Universitaetsklinikum, Tuebingen, Germany; Division of Cancer PreventionOcean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Pathology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark; Gynecological Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark	Dartell, M.A., Department of International Health, Public Health Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Unit of Virus Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Rasch, V., Department of International Health, Public Health Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Iftner, T., Department of Experimental Virology, Universitaetsklinikum, Tuebingen, Germany; Kahesa, C., Division of Cancer PreventionOcean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Mwaiselage, J.D., Division of Cancer PreventionOcean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Junge, J., Department of Pathology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark; Gernow, A., Department of Pathology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark; Ejlersen, S.F., Department of Pathology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark; Munk, C., Unit of Virus Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Kjaer, S.K., Unit of Virus Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark, Gynecological Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark	The aim of this cross sectional study was to assess type distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) among HIV positive and HIV negative women who underwent cervical cancer screening, and to examine the ability of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), the standard detection method in Tanzania, and HPV-testing to detect cytologically diagnosed high grade lesions or cancer (HSIL+). Women from different areas in Tanzania were invited by public announcement to cervical cancer screening organized by Ocean Road Cancer Institute (Dar-es-Salaam). A total of 3,767 women were enrolled. Women underwent gynecological examination with collection of cervical cells for conventional cytological examination, and swab for HPV-DNA detection (Hybrid-Capture2) and genotyping (LiPAv2 test). Subsequently VIA was performed. The participants were also tested for HIV. HPV16, HPV52 and HPV18 were the three most common HR HPV types among women with HSIL+ cytology with prevalences of 42.9, 35.7 and 28.6%, respectively, in HIV positive women which was higher than among HIV negative women (30.2, 21.9 and 16.7%). A total of 4.5% of the women were VIA positive, and VIA showed a low sensitivity compared to HPV-testing for detection of HSIL+. The sensitivity of VIA varied with staff VIA experience, HIV status and age. Vaccines including HPV16, HPV52 and HPV18 will likely reduce the number of HSIL+ cases independently of HIV status. The frequency of HSIL+ was high among HIV positive women, emphasizing the importance of establishing a screening program which also reaches HIV positive women. Our results highlight the importance of continuous training of staff performing VIA, and also point to the need for other screening methods such as HPV-testing at low cost. © 2014 UICC.	Africa; cervical cancer; HIV; HPV testing; pap smear; sensitivity; specificity; Tanzania; visual inspection with acetic acid	acetic acid; adult; aged; article; cancer grading; cancer screening; cross-sectional study; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; genotype; gold standard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human papillomavirus DNA test; Human papillomavirus type 16; Human papillomavirus type 18; Human papillomavirus type 52; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; medical personnel; prevalence; priority journal; professional competence; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; uterine cervix cancer; uterine cervix cytology; vagina smear; Africa; cervical cancer; HIV; HPV testing; pap smear; sensitivity; specificity; Tanzania; visual inspection with acetic acid; Acetic Acid; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cervix Uteri; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytological Techniques; DNA, Viral; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Prevalence; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tanzania; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult	None
None	None	Performance analysis of public funded irrigation projects in Tanzania	Matekere E.C., Lema N.M.	2011	Irrigation and Drainage Systems	25	4	10.1007/s10795-011-9119-9	Department of Irrigation and Technical Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Matekere, E.C., Department of Irrigation and Technical Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lema, N.M., Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Application of indicator-based management tools to evaluate performance and taking measures to mitigate the negative effects on project performance contributes to improvement. This research paper presents the findings of the analysis of performance of public funded smallholder irrigation projects in Tanzania with the aim to inform improvement actions. Through opinion survey of a sample of policy or decision makers and implementers of projects, and a case study of 16 smallholder irrigation projects, conceptual and physical data were collected and analyzed. The findings show that performance assessment in irrigation sub-sector in Tanzania is ad hoc, fragmented and done mainly during the construction phase, in donor funded projects. Seventy percent of 20 highly ranking performance indicators considered suitable in Tanzania also have high potential to improve project performance in the Tanzanian irrigation industry. These indicators constitute the key performance determinants. Forty percent of performance indicators currently used in Tanzania, which include the traditional time and cost indicators, are considered not significant in improving performance. Time and cost overrun of 16 investigated projects was in the tune of 50% and 8% respectively. The factors affecting project performance are diverse but interrelated, with possible common root causes, and effects cutting across various project processes. The mitigation measures are also interrelated and cut across project processes, and therefore, require integrative approaches. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Irrigation projects; Performance; Performance assessment; Performance indicators; Tanzania	Irrigation projects; Performance; Performance assessment; Performance indicators; Tanzania; Benchmarking; Irrigation; Water supply; irrigation system; performance assessment; project management; smallholder; Tanzania	None
None	None	Climate change impacts on coral reefs: Synergies with local effects, possibilities for acclimation, and management implications	Ateweberhan M., Feary D.A., Keshavmurthy S., Chen A., Schleyer M.H., Sheppard C.R.C.	2013	Marine Pollution Bulletin	74	2	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.011	Department of Life Science, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom; School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa	Ateweberhan, M., Department of Life Science, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom; Feary, D.A., School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Keshavmurthy, S., Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Chen, A., Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Schleyer, M.H., Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; Sheppard, C.R.C., Department of Life Science, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom	Most reviews concerning the impact of climate change on coral reefs discuss independent effects of warming or ocean acidification. However, the interactions between these, and between these and direct local stressors are less well addressed. This review underlines that coral bleaching, acidification, and diseases are expected to interact synergistically, and will negatively influence survival, growth, reproduction, larval development, settlement, and post-settlement development of corals. Interactions with local stress factors such as pollution, sedimentation, and overfishing are further expected to compound effects of climate change.Reduced coral cover and species composition following coral bleaching events affect coral reef fish community structure, with variable outcomes depending on their habitat dependence and trophic specialisation. Ocean acidification itself impacts fish mainly indirectly through disruption of predation- and habitat-associated behavior changes.Zooxanthellate octocorals on reefs are often overlooked but are substantial occupiers of space; these also are highly susceptible to bleaching but because they tend to be more heterotrophic, climate change impacts mainly manifest in terms of changes in species composition and population structure. Non-calcifying macroalgae are expected to respond positively to ocean acidification and promote microbe-induced coral mortality via the release of dissolved compounds, thus intensifying phase-shifts from coral to macroalgal domination.Adaptation of corals to these consequences of CO2 rise through increased tolerance of corals and successful mutualistic associations between corals and zooxanthellae is likely to be insufficient to match the rate and frequency of the projected changes.Impacts are interactive and magnified, and because there is a limited capacity for corals to adapt to climate change, global targets of carbon emission reductions are insufficient for coral reefs, so lower targets should be pursued. Alleviation of most local stress factors such as nutrient discharges, sedimentation, and overfishing is also imperative if sufficient overall resilience of reefs to climate change is to be achieved. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	None	Carbon emission reductions; Climate change impact; Larval development; Management implications; Nutrient discharges; Ocean acidifications; Population structures; Species composition; Acidification; Bleaching; Carbon dioxide; Cleaning; Ecosystems; Emission control; Fish; Reefs; Climate change; calcium carbonate; carbon dioxide; carbonic acid; acclimation; acidification; carbon dioxide; carbon emission; climate change; coral bleaching; coral reef; growth; survival; acidification; article; bleaching; carbon footprint; climate change; community structure; coral reef; ecological specialization; ecosystem resilience; fishing; greenhouse effect; infection; larval development; macroalga; nonhuman; reproduction; sedimentation; species composition; species dominance; survival; water pollution; Acclimatization; Animals; Anthozoa; Carbon Dioxide; Climate Change; Conservation of Natural Resources; Coral Reefs; Oceans and Seas; Seaweed; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution, Chemical; Anthozoa	None
None	None	In vivo digestibility and performance of growing goats fed maize stover supplemented with browse leaf meals and cotton seed cake based concentrates	Ndemanisho E.E., Kimoro B.N., Mtengeti E.J., Muhikambele V.R.M.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	8	None	Department of Livestock Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 34188, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Ndemanisho, E.E., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kimoro, B.N., Department of Livestock Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 34188, Nairobi, Kenya; Mtengeti, E.J., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Muhikambele, V.R.M., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Rumen degradability, in vivo digestibility and intake studies were undertaken to evaluate the potential of Leucaena leucocephala, Albizia lebbeck, Moringa oleifera and Gliricidia sepium leaf meals compared with cotton seed cake as protein sources for goats. In a rumen dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability study, hominy meal (HM), maize stover (MS), and isonitrogenous concentrates (220g CP/kg DM) based on Leucaena (LBC), Albizia (ABC), Moringa (MBC), Gliricidia (GBC) or cotton seed cake (CSC) were used in nylon bags, were inserted into the rumens of 4 fistulated heifers and removed after 2 to 96 hours. In an in vivo digestibility study, 20 goats were fed ad libitum maize stover, supplemented with either of the LBC, ABC, MBC, GBC or CSC concentrates. There were differences (P<0.05) in DM and CP degradability constants, both between energy feedstuffs (MS and HM) and between protein feedstuffs (leaf meals and CSC). The digestibility study showed differences in DM, organic matter (OM), CP, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake between treatments (P<0.05), but the corresponding in vivo digestibility coefficients were similar across treatments (P>0.05), except for CP. Total intake varied from 302 ± 4.5 in ABC to 316 ± 0.7 g per day in CSC. Average growth rate for the goats across treatments was 26.5 ± 2.9 g/d and did not differ among treatments (P>0.05). These weights were rather lower than expected for crossbred dairy goats. This could be attributed to the short period involved in trial, that is not being long enough to allow for tangible growth rate but also due to the maize stover used as basal diet being of too low quality. However, the study suggests that the browses used could replace cotton seed cake as supplement for protein.	Browse leaf meals; Cotton seed cake; Growing goats; In vivo digestibility; Maize stover	Albizia; Albizia lebbeck; Capra hircus; Gliricidia; Gliricidia sepium; Gossypium hirsutum; Leucaena; Leucaena leucocephala; Moringa; Moringa oleifera; Zea mays	None
None	None	Role of Family Resources in Firm Performance: Evidence from Tanzania	Charles G.	2014	Journal of African Business	15	2	10.1080/15228916.2014.920607	Department of Marketing, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Charles, G., Department of Marketing, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The main purpose of this article is to examine the role of intangible family resources in the performance of family enterprises in Tanzania. In particular, the article examines the role of information sharing, family patient capital and family labor in firm performance. Using a sample of 163 family firms and the structural equation model of analysis, the findings indicate that family patient capital and information sharing contribute significantly to the performance of firms. With regard to the cost of labor, the study does not show any evidence that lower labor costs improve family firms' performance, most probably because these businesses incur additional labor costs which are not directly linked to the business. Based on the results, it is concluded that the family has an influence on the strategic level of family businesses, thereby contributing to their success. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	family business; family resources; firm performance	business; corporate strategy; cost; family structure; industrial performance; labor; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of polylactide/rice hull filled composite plates	Ndazi B.S.	2012	Polymers from Renewable Resources	3	3	None	Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Ndazi, B.S., Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	SummaryThe influences of rice hull modification and content on the physical and mechanical properties of the polylactide (PLA) composite plates have been investigated in this paper. The rice hull was prepared by soda cooking at 170°C for 60 min and by crushing with a hammer miller. The mixture of the PLA and the rice hull was compounded in the extruder in the presence of fixed amounts of maleic anhydride and dicumyl peroxide. This was followed by compression moulding of the mixture under vacuum for 5 minutes in the Fortune Press to produce approximately 2 mm thick composite plates. The composite plates produced were subjected to flexural and tensile tests using the Instron while the morphology of the fractured surfaces was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that crushed and soda cooked rice hulls both acted predominantly as rigid fillers in the PLA matrix. Their presence did not impart any improvement of the strength of the composite plates. However, the tensile and flexural moduli of the composite plates were found to improve up to 0.46 and 1.1 GPa, respectively, due to addition of the rice hull fillers. The composite plates made of the rice hull pulps generally exhibited higher flexural properties than those produced from ground rice hulls as demonstrated by statistical analysis. This was due to enhancement of chemical interaction between the chemically modified rice hulls and the PLA matrix as also revealed on the nature of the fractured surfaces by SEM. The tendency of the composite plates to exhibit brittle failures was demonstrated by abrupt tensile fractures at lower strains. © Smithers Rapra Technology, 2012.	Composite plates; Mechanical properties; Physical properties; Polylactide; Rice hull pulps	Brittle failures; Chemical interactions; Chemically modified; Composite plates; Cooked rice; Di-cumyl peroxides; Filled composites; Flexural modulus; Flexural properties; Fractured surfaces; Instron; Physical and mechanical properties; Poly lactide; Rice hulls; Rigid fillers; Tensile fractures; Tensile tests; Thick composites; Compression molding; Maleic anhydride; Mechanical properties; Physical properties; Polyesters; Scanning electron microscopy; Tensile testing; Fillers	None
None	None	Modelling the impact of vaccination and screening on the dynamics of human papillomavirus infection	Shaban N., Mofi H.	2014	International Journal of Mathematical Analysis	8	42625	10.12988/ijma.2014.312302	Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Box 35062, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Box 8944, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Shaban, N., Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Box 35062, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Box 8944, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mofi, H., Box 8944, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	While human papillomavirus has been a recognized disease for a long time, the control of outbreaks remains a challenge. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of screening and vaccination as control strategies in curtailing the spread of the disease. Using the next generation matrix, the disease free equilibrium has be shown to be asymptotically stable. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is then per-formed on the key parameters driving HPV dynamics in order to detrmine their relative importance and potential impact in HPV dynamics and to dertmine the impacts of vaccination and screening in the spread of HPV. Numerical results in-dicate that HPV infection can be reduced hwn both interventions, that is screenig and vaccination, are implemented in order to reduce the burden of the disease.Copyright. © 2014 Nyimvua Shaban and Hawa Mofi.	HPV infection; Reproduction number; Screening; Treatment; Vaccination	None	None
None	None	The impact of human mobility on HIV transmission in Kenya	Isdory A., Mureithi E.W., Sumpter D.J.T.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	11	10.1371/journal.pone.0142805	Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden	Isdory, A., Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mureithi, E.W., Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sumpter, D.J.T., Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden	Disease spreads as a result of people moving and coming in contact with each other. Thus the mobility patterns of individuals are crucial in understanding disease dynamics. Here we study the impact of human mobility on HIV transmission in different parts of Kenya. We build an SIR metapopulation model that incorporates the different regions within the country. We parameterise the model using census data, HIV data and mobile phone data adopted to track human mobility. We found that movement between different regions appears to have a relatively small overall effect on the total increase in HIV cases in Kenya. However, the most important consequence of movement patterns was transmission of the disease from high infection to low prevalence areas. Mobility slightly increases HIV incidence rates in regions with initially low HIV prevalences and slightly decreases incidences in regions with initially high HIV prevalence. We discuss how regional HIV models could be used in public-health planning. This paper is a first attempt to model spread of HIV using mobile phone data, and we also discuss limitations to the approach. © 2015 Isdory et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	None	None
None	None	Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol additive in methanol-gasoline blend fired in a naturally-aspirated spark ignition engine	Siwale L., Kristóf L., Bereczky A., Mbarawa M., Kolesnikov A.	2014	Fuel Processing Technology	118	None	10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.007	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Energy Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos u. 4-6, D208, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology, Jamhuri Street, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Siwale, L., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Kristóf, L., Department of Energy Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos u. 4-6, D208, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Bereczky, A., Department of Energy Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos u. 4-6, D208, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Mbarawa, M., Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology, Jamhuri Street, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kolesnikov, A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (n-butanol and methanol) with single alcohol (methanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol-gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by adding n-butanol to methanol-gasoline blends. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol-gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M53b17 (53 % methanol, 17 % n-butanol and 30% GF by volume), M20, and M70. The blend M53b17 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF, whereas M70 to match the total alcohol content in the blend. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ = 1.1. The experiments were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend M53b17 was recommended in preference to M70 because the former had shortened combustion duration, high-energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bioalcohols; Brake specific fuel consumption; Brake thermal efficiency; Emission; Spark ignition	Bioalcohols; Brake specific fuel consumption; Brake thermal efficiency; Emission characteristics; Exhaust gas temperatures; Fuel-delivery systems; Methanol-gasoline blends; Spark ignition; Brakes; Combustion; Fuels; Methanol; Methanol fuels; Neutron emission; Gasoline	None
None	None	Lack of impact of artesunate on the disposition kinetics of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine when the two drugs are concomitantly administered	Minzi O.M.S., Gupta A., Haule A.F., Kagashe G.A.B., Massele A.Y., Gustafsson L.L.	2007	European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology	63	5	10.1007/s00228-007-0278-4	Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Shelys Pharmaceutical Limited, P.O. BOX 3016, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65010, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 41 86, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden	Minzi, O.M.S., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Gupta, A., Shelys Pharmaceutical Limited, P.O. BOX 3016, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Haule, A.F., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kagashe, G.A.B., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Massele, A.Y., Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65010, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Gustafsson, L.L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 41 86, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden	Objective: To determine the effect of artesunate (AT) on the disposition kinetics of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) in humans. Methods: In a randomized cross-over study, 16 healthy volunteers were given a dose of three SP tablets containing 500 mg of sulfadoxine (SDX) and 25 mg of pyrimethamine (PYR) (=SP group), while the second arm received three SP tablets + two AT tablets of 200 mg in total followed by 100 mg AT for the next 4 days (SP+AT group). Blood samples (100 μl) were collected by means of a finger prick and dried on filter paper. The blood spots were wrapped in polythene folders and stored at room temperature until analysis. The samples were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Results: The peak concentration C max), time required to attain peak concentration (Tmax), half-life (t 1/2) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were determined. The Cmax of SDX were 92.9 and 98.9 μg/ml for the SP and SP+AT arms, respectively; for PYR, these were 0.86 and 0.79 μg/ml, respectively. The Tmax of SDX were 10 and 8 h for the SP and SP+AT arms, respectively; for PYR, these were 4.0 and 3.0 h, respectively. The AUC0-288 of SDX were 15,840 and 18,876 μg/ml h for the SP and SP+AT arms, respectively; for PYR, they were 124 and 112 μg/ml h, respectively. The t 1/2 of values for SDX were 165 and 180 h for the SP and SP+AT arms, respectively; for PYR, these were 158 and 177 h, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-288 and t 1/2 between the two arms (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion Taking AT concomitantly with SP does not have any impact in the disposition of SP. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	Artesunate; Disposition kinetics; Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine	artesunate; fansidar; adult; article; blood analysis; blood sampling; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; crossover procedure; drug distribution; drug half life; high performance liquid chromatography; human; male; normal human; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; room temperature; tablet; Adult; Antimalarials; Area Under Curve; Artemisinins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Half-Life; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Pyrimethamine; Sesquiterpenes; Sulfadoxine	None
None	None	Evaluation of quality of hydrogen peroxide-based antiseptic solutions available in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kaale E.A., Haule A.F., Mung'ong'o S., Kishiwa M.	2007	Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics	32	6	10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00868.x	Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65545, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kaale, E.A., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65545, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Haule, A.F., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mung'ong'o, S., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kishiwa, M., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Hydrogen peroxide solutions of low concentrations are important antiseptics and deodorants used in hospitals and as home-remedies. The preparations have the disadvantage of being unstable when exposed to sunlight and when stored for a long time. They decompose slowly, releasing oxygen and water thus decreasing the available hydrogen peroxide for antimicrobial action. Objective: To assess the quality of hydrogen peroxide solution-based antiseptics available in Dar es Salaam. Methodology: One hundred and sixty-five samples were collected at random from pharmacies and medical stores, and analysed. One hundred and forty samples were hydrogen peroxide solutions intended for wound cleansing and 25 samples were eardrops. Among these samples, 116 were from manufacturer A, 24 from manufacturer B and 25 samples of eardrops were from manufacturer C. Results: Eighteen (26%) of the samples from medical stores failed to meet specifications. Of the 70 samples from pharmacies, 20 (29%) failed to meet the BP 2005 specifications. All the 25 samples of eardrops failed to comply with specifications. The average hydrogen peroxide contents (±SD) of the samples from medical stores and pharmacies were 6.6 ± 0.6%, 6.8 ± 0.4% w/v respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: A significant proportion of hydrogen peroxide products in the Dar es Salaam market is of poor quality. There is a need for continuous monitoring of the quality of hydrogen peroxide available in the city. © 2007 The Authors.	Antiseptics; Hydrogen peroxide; Pharmacopoeial requirements; Quality assessment	antiinfective agent; ear drops; hydrogen peroxide; oxygen; water; antimicrobial activity; article; comparative study; decomposition; drug labeling; drug manufacture; drug quality; drug research; sun exposure; Tanzania; wound care; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Drug Labeling; Drug Storage; Hydrogen Peroxide; Solutions	None
None	None	Impact of antiretroviral therapy on renal function among HIV-infected tanzanian adults: A retrospective cohort study	Mpondo B.C.T., Kalluvya S.E., Peck R.N., Kabangila R., Kidenya B.R., Ephraim L., Fitzgerald D.W., Downs J.A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0089573	Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania	Mpondo, B.C.T., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kalluvya, S.E., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Peck, R.N., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Kabangila, R., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kidenya, B.R., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Ephraim, L., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Fitzgerald, D.W., Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Downs, J.A., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States	Background: Data regarding the outcomes of HIV-infected adults with baseline renal dysfunction who start antiretroviral therapy are conflicting. Methods: We followed up a previously-published cohort of HIV-infected adult outpatients in northwest Tanzania who had high prevalence of renal dysfunction at the time of starting antiretroviral therapy (between November 2009 and February 2010). Patients had serum creatinine, proteinuria, microalbuminuria, and CD4+ T-cell count measured at the time of antiretroviral therapy initiation and at follow-up. We used the adjusted Cockroft-Gault equation to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs). Results: In this cohort of 171 adults who had taken antiretroviral therapy for a median of two years, the prevalence of renal dysfunction (eGFR &lt;90 mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 131/171 (76.6%) at the time of ART initiation to 50/171 (29.2%) at the time of follow-up (p&lt;0.001). Moderate dysfunction (eGFR&lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 21.1% at antiretroviral therapy initiation to 1.1% at follow-up (p&lt;0.001), as did the prevalence of microalbuminuria (72% to 44%, p&lt;0.001). Use of tenofovir was not associated with renal dysfunction at follow-up. Conclusion: Mild and moderate renal dysfunction were common in this cohort of HIV-infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy, and both significantly improved after a median follow-up time of 2 years. Our work supports the renal safety of antiretroviral therapy in African adults with mild-moderate renal dysfunction, suggesting that these regimens do not lead to renal damage in the majority of patients and that they may even improve renal function in patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction. © 2014 Mpondo et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; creatinine; efavirenz plus emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil; efavirenz plus lamivudine plus zidovudine; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus stavudine; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus zidovudine; adult; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cohort analysis; creatinine blood level; female; follow up; glomerulus filtration rate; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; kidney dysfunction; kidney function; major clinical study; male; microalbuminuria; outcome assessment; outpatient; prevalence; proteinuria; retrospective study; Tanzania; chemically induced; complication; drug effects; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus; kidney function test; mortality; pathogenicity; prognosis; Renal Insufficiency; risk factor; survival rate; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerular Filtration Rate; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Prevalence; Prognosis; Renal Insufficiency; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Survival Rate; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of a dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA program for early infant diagnosis and viral load monitoring at rural and remote healthcare facilities	Lofgren S.M., Morrissey A.B., Chevallier C.C., Malabeja A.I., Edmonds S., Amos B., Sifuna D.J., Von Seidlein L., Schimana W., Stevens W.S., Bartlett J.A., Crump J.A.	2009	AIDS	23	18	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328331f702	Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Magunga Hospital, Korogwe, Tanzania; Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Joint Malaria Programme, Tanga, Tanzania; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Parktown, South Africa	Lofgren, S.M., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Morrissey, A.B., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Chevallier, C.C., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Malabeja, A.I., Magunga Hospital, Korogwe, Tanzania; Edmonds, S., Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Amos, B., Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Sifuna, D.J., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania; Von Seidlein, L., Joint Malaria Programme, Tanga, Tanzania; Schimana, W., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania; Stevens, W.S., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Parktown, South Africa; Bartlett, J.A., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Crump, J.A., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania	OBJECTIVE: To assess technical and operational performance of a dried blood spot (DBS)-based HIV-1 RNA service for remote healthcare facilities in a low-income country. DESIGN: A method comparison and operational evaluation of DBS RNA against conventional tests for early infant diagnosis of HIV and HIV RNA quantitation under field conditions in Tanzania. METHODS: DBSs were prepared and plasma was frozen at-80°C. DBSs were mailed and plasma couriered to a central laboratory for testing using the Abbott m2000 system. Infant diagnosis DBSs were also tested for HIV-1 DNA by ROCHE COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan System. Results of DBS RNA were compared with conventional tests; program performance was described. RESULTS: Among 176 infant diagnosis participants, using a threshold of at least 1000 copies/ml, sensitivity and specificity of DBS versus plasma RNA were 1.00 and 0.99, and of DBS RNA versus DBS DNA were 0.97 and 1.00. Among 137 viral load monitoring participants, when plasma and DBS RNA were compared, r value was 0.9709; r value was 0.9675 for at least 5000 copies/ml but was 0.7301 for less than 5000 copies/ml. The highest plasma RNA value at which DBS RNA was not detected was 2084 copies/ml. Median (range) turnaround time from sample collection to result receipt at sites was 23 (4-69) days. The Tanzania mail service successfully transmitted all DBS and results between sites and the central laboratory. CONCLUSION: Under program conditions in Tanzania, DBS provided HIV-1 RNA results comparable to conventional methods to remote healthcare facilities. DBS RNA testing is an alternative to liquid plasma for HIV-1 RNA services in remote areas. © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Blood specimen collection; Diagnosis; HIV; Laboratory techniques and procedures; Reverse transcriptase PCR; Tanzania	antiretrovirus agent; lamivudine; nevirapine; stavudine; virus DNA; virus RNA; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; controlled study; female; health care facility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; infant; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; newborn; preschool child; priority journal; school child; sensitivity and specificity; virus load; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Male; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Rural Health; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Tanzania	None
None	None	Cryptococcal antigen prevalence in HIV-infected Tanzanians: A cross-sectional study and evaluation of a point-of-care lateral flow assay	Rugemalila J., Maro V.P., Kapanda G., Ndaro A.J., Jarvis J.N.	2013	Tropical Medicine and International Health	18	9	10.1111/tmi.12157	Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Rugemalila, J., Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania; Maro, V.P., Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania; Kapanda, G., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania; Ndaro, A.J., Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania; Jarvis, J.N., Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Objectives: Cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) screening at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and pre-emptive antifungal treatment for those testing positive could prevent many cases of cryptococcal meningitis (CM). To investigate whether CRAG screening would be feasible in Tanzania, we conducted a cross-sectional study measuring CRAG prevalence in ART clinic patients and comparing the novel lateral flow assay (LFA) with the cryptococcal latex agglutination (LA) test. Methods: Consecutive HIV-infected outpatients with CD4 counts <200 cells/μL, who were ART naive or had been on ART for <6 months, were screened for CRAG using the LA and LFA kits. For further assay validation, HIV-infected inpatients with suspected cryptococcal disease were also tested using the LA and LFA kits. Results: Cryptococcal antigen was detected in seven of 218 ART clinic attendees (3%). Six patients (5%) with CD4 cell counts ≤100 cells/μL (n = 124) were CRAG-positive. Agreement between the LA and LFA test in the 218 outpatients was 100%. Another 101 inpatients were tested for CRAG, of whom 56 (55%) were CRAG-positive on both the LA and LFA tests. One patient was positive using the LFA test but negative on the LA test. The overall agreement between the two assays was 99.7%, kappa coefficient 0.99 (standard error 0.06, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Five percentage of ART clinic patients with CD4 cell counts ≤100 cells/μL in northern Tanzania had asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenaemia, suggesting that CRAG screening would be worthwhile in the Tanzanian ART programme. The LFA is a reliable, cheap and practical alternative to LA for detection of CRAG. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Cryptococcal antigen; HIV; Lateral flow assay; Screening; Tanzania	antiretrovirus agent; bacterial antigen; Cryptococcal antigen; unclassified drug; antigen; bioassay; disease control; disease prevalence; disease treatment; fungus; human immunodeficiency virus; infectious disease; adult; antigen antibody reaction; antigen detection; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical feature; cross-sectional study; cryptococcal meningitis; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; outpatient; point of care testing; prevalence; Tanzania; cryptococcal antigen; HIV; lateral flow assay; screening; Tanzania; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anti-HIV Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antigens, Fungal; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryptococcus; Female; Humans; Male; Meningitis, Cryptococcal; Middle Aged; Point-of-Care Systems; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Tanzania; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of the European Foundation Initiative into African Research in Neglected Tropical Diseases by the African Fellows	O'Neill H.G., Mzilahowa T., de Deus N., Njenga S.M., Mmbaga E.J., Kariuki T.M.	2013	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	7	3	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002019	Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Malaria Alert Centre, Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya	O'Neill, H.G., Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Mzilahowa, T., Malaria Alert Centre, Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; de Deus, N., Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Mmbaga, E.J., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kariuki, T.M., Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya	[No abstract available]	None	Africa; article; clinical research; demography; follow up; funding; health care personnel; health care policy; health program; health survey; human; medical education; non profit organization; research student; tropical disease; Africa; Biomedical Research; Europe; Foundations; Humans; International Cooperation; Neglected Diseases	None
None	None	Evaluation of HIV antibody and antigen/antibody combination ELISAs for use in an alternative confirmatory HIV testing strategy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Aboud S., Urassa W., Lyamuya E., Mhalu F., Biberfeld G.	2006	Journal of Virological Methods	135	2	10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.005	Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology, Tumorbiology Centre, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 82 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	Aboud, S., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Urassa, W., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lyamuya, E., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mhalu, F., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Biberfeld, G., Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology, Tumorbiology Centre, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 82 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) [Vironostika Uni-Form II plus O and Enzygnost® anti-HIV-1/2 Plus], and two antigen/antibody combination ELISAs [Murex and Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II] for use in an alternative confirmatory HIV diagnostic testing strategy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Altogether, 1380 serum samples were included. All ELISA reactive samples were tested using the Inno-Lia antibody assay and discrepant samples were tested on the Innotest p24 antigen assay. Three hundred and one (21.8%) samples were confirmed HIV-1 antibody positive by Inno-Lia including 27/508 (5.3%) from blood donors, 65/511 (12.7%) from pregnant women and 209/361 (57.9%) from hospital patients. The sensitivity at initial testing was 100% (95% CI; 98.8-100%) for all assays except Vironostika Uni-Form II plus O (99.7%; 95% CI; 98.2-99.9%) which showed one false negative sample at initial testing but 100% sensitivity after repeat testing. The final specificity at repeat testing was 100% (95% CI; 99.7-100%) for Enzygnost® anti-HIV-1/2 Plus, 99.4% (95% CI; 98.8-99.8%) for each of the antigen/antibody combination ELISAs and 97.9% (95% CI; 96.8-98.6%) for Vironostika plus O ELISA. An alternative confirmatory HIV testing strategy based on initial testing on any of the two antigen/antibody assays followed by testing of reactive samples on the Enzygnost® anti-HIV-1/2 Plus assay gave 100% specificity (95% CI; 99.7-100%). © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Alternative confirmatory strategy; HIV antigen/antibody combination assay; p24 antigen	antigen p24; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; antigen antibody complex; antigen binding; article; blood donor; blood sampling; clinical article; confidence interval; diagnostic test; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; false negative result; female; hospital patient; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; pregnant woman; priority journal; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; HIV Antibodies; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Sensitivity and Specificity; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Murex	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of amplicor HIV-1 DNA test, version 1.5, by manual and automated dna extraction methods using venous blood and dried blood spots for HIV-1 DNA pcr testing	Nsojo A., Aboud S., Lyamuya E.	2010	Tanzania Journal of Health Research	12	4	None	Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 82 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	Nsojo, A., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Aboud, S., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 82 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Lyamuya, E., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test using venous blood sample has been used for many years in low resource settings for early infant diagnosis of HIV infection in children less than 18 months. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance characteristics of Amplicor HIV-1 DNA assay version 1.5 following processing of venous blood and dried blood spot (DBS) samples by Roche manual DNA extraction and automated Roche MagNA Pure LC instrument (MP) for HIV-1 DNA PCR testing in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in order to scale up early infant diagnosis of HIV infection in routine practice. Venous blood samples from children under 18 months born to HIV-infected mothers between January and April 2008 were collected. Venous blood was used to prepare cell pellet and DBS samples. DNA extractions by manual procedure and MP were performed each on cell pellet, venous blood and DBS samples and tested by Amplicor HIV-1 DNA assay. Of 325 samples included, 60 (18.5%) were confirmed HIV-infected by manual extraction performed on cell pellets. Sensitivity of the assay following MP processing of venous blood was 95% (95% CI; 86.1-99.0%) and 98.3% (95% CI; 91.1 to 99.9%) for the manual extraction and processing by MP performed on DBS samples. Specificity of the assay with all DNA extraction methods was 99.6% (95% CI; 97.9 to 100%). Performance of the assay with Roche manual extraction and processing by MP on DBS samples compared well with Roche manual extraction performed on cell pellet samples. The choice of DNA extraction method needs to be individualized based on the level of laboratory facility, volume of testing and cost benefit analysis before it is adopted for use.	Dna extraction; Dried blood spot; Human immunodeficiency virus; Polymerase chain reaction; Venous blood	article; blood sampling; controlled study; DNA extraction; dried blood spot; early diagnosis; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; infant; polymerase chain reaction; predictive value; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; venous blood	None
None	None	Impact of simian immunodeficiency virus infection on chimpanzee population dynamics	Rudicell R.S., Jones J.H., Wroblewski E.E., Learn G.H., Li Y., Robertson J.D., Greengrass E., Grossmann F., Kamenya S., Pintea L., Mjungu D.C., Lonsdorf E.V., Mosser A., Lehman C., Collins D.A., Keele B.F., Goodall J., Hahn B.H., Pusey A.E., Wilson M.L.	2010	PLoS Pathogens	6	9	10.1371/journal.ppat.1001116	Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Fauna and Flora International, Monrovia, Liberia; Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, VA, United States; Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, United States; The AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States	Rudicell, R.S., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Jones, J.H., Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Wroblewski, E.E., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Learn, G.H., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Li, Y., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Robertson, J.D., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Greengrass, E., Fauna and Flora International, Monrovia, Liberia; Grossmann, F., Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Kamenya, S., Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; Pintea, L., The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, VA, United States; Mjungu, D.C., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Lonsdorf, E.V., Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, United States; Mosser, A., Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; Lehman, C., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Collins, D.A., Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania; Keele, B.F., The AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States; Goodall, J., The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, VA, United States; Hahn, B.H., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Pusey, A.E., Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Wilson, M.L., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States, Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States	Like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) can cause CD4+ T cell loss and premature death. Here, we used molecular surveillance tools and mathematical modeling to estimate the impact of SIVcpz infection on chimpanzee population dynamics. Habituated (Mitumba and Kasekela) and non-habituated (Kalande) chimpanzees were studied in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Ape population sizes were determined from demographic records (Mitumba and Kasekela) or individual sightings and genotyping (Kalande), while SIVcpz prevalence rates were monitored using non-invasive methods. Between 2002-2009, the Mitumba and Kasekela communities experienced mean annual growth rates of 1.9% and 2.4%, respectively, while Kalande chimpanzees suffered a significant decline, with a mean growth rate of -6.5% to -7.4%, depending on population estimates. A rapid decline in Kalande was first noted in the 1990s and originally attributed to poaching and reduced food sources. However, between 2002-2009, we found a mean SIVcpz prevalence in Kalande of 46.1%, which was almost four times higher than the prevalence in Mitumba (12.7%) and Kasekela (12.1%). To explore whether SIVcpz contributed to the Kalande decline, we used empirically determined SIVcpz transmission probabilities as well as chimpanzee mortality, mating and migration data to model the effect of viral pathogenicity on chimpanzee population growth. Deterministic calculations indicated that a prevalence of greater than 3.4% would result in negative growth and eventual population extinction, even using conservative mortality estimates. However, stochastic models revealed that in representative populations, SIVcpz, and not its host species, frequently went extinct. High SIVcpz transmission probability and excess mortality reduced population persistence, while intercommunity migration often rescued infected communities, even when immigrating females had a chance of being SIVcpz infected. Together, these results suggest that the decline of the Kalande community was caused, at least in part, by high levels of SIVcpz infection. However, population extinction is not an inevitable consequence of SIVcpz infection, but depends on additional variables, such as migration, that promote survival. These findings are consistent with the uneven distribution of SIVcpz throughout central Africa and explain how chimpanzees in Gombe and elsewhere can be at equipoise with this pathogen.	None	Africa; article; chimpanzee; demography; genotype; growth rate; habitat quality; infection rate; mathematical model; nonhuman; population dynamics; population growth; Simian immunodeficiency virus; survival; Tanzania; virus infection; virus transmission; Animals; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Computer Simulation; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Statistical; Pan troglodytes; Phylogeny; Population Dynamics; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Tanzania; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Pan; Simian immunodeficiency virus	None
None	None	Evaluation of detection methods for Campylobacter infections among under-fives in Mwanza City, Tanzania	Mushi M., Paterno L., Tappe D., Pendo A., Seni J., Moremi N., Mirambo M., Mshana S.	2014	Pan African Medical Journal	19	None	10.11604/pamj.2014.19.392.4242	Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania	Mushi, M., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Paterno, L., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Tappe, D., Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Pendo, A., Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Seni, J., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Moremi, N., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mirambo, M., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mshana, S., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania	Introduction: Campylobacter species are recognized as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans throughout the world. The diagnosis is mainly based on stool culture. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of staining methods (Gram stain using 0.3% carbol fuchsin as counter stain and 1% carbol fuchsin direct stain) versus culture as the gold standard.Methods: A Total of 300 children attending Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) and the Sekou Toure regional hospital with acute watery diarrhea were enrolled. Two sets of slides were prepared stained with 1% carbol fuchsin for 30 seconds first set, and the second set stained with Gram's stain using 0.3% carbol fuchsin as counter stain for five minutes. Concurrently, stool samples were inoculated on Preston Agar selective.Results: Of 300 stool specimens, 14(4.7%) showed positive culture after 48 hours of incubation and 28 (9.3%) shows typical morphology of Campylobacter species by both Gram stain and direct stain. The sensitivity of the Gram stain using 0.3% carbol fuchsin as counter stain and 1% carbol fuchsin simple stain versus culture as gold standard was 64.3%, with a specificity of 93.4%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 32.1% and 98.2% respectively.Conclusion: The detection of Campylobacter by 1% carbol fuchsin is simple, inexpensive, and fast, with both a high sensitivity and specificity. Laboratories in settings with high prevalence of campylobacteriosis and/or limited resources can employ 1% carbol fuchsin direct stain in detecting campylobacter infections. © Martha Mushi et al.	1% carbol fuchsin; Acute watery diarrhea; Campylobacteriosis; Gram stain; Preston agar	carbol fuchsine; dye; unclassified drug; carbol-fuchsin solution; crystal violet; fuchsine; Gram's stain; phenazine derivative; agar medium; Article; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; campylobacteriosis; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diarrhea; feces analysis; female; gold standard; Gram staining; human; incubation time; infant; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; microbial morphology; nonhuman; predictive value; preschool child; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; Campylobacter Infections; evaluation study; feces; mass screening; microbiological examination; microbiology; procedures; staining; Bacteriological Techniques; Campylobacter Infections; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Gentian Violet; Humans; Infant; Male; Mass Screening; Phenazines; Rosaniline Dyes; Staining and Labeling; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of existence and transmission of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria from post-delivery women to neonates at Bugando Medical Center, Mwanza-Tanzania	Nelson E., Kayega J., Seni J., Mushi M.F., Kidenya B.R., Hokororo A., Zuechner A., Kihunrwa A., Mshana S.E.	2014	BMC Research Notes	7	1	10.1186/1756-0500-7-279	Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania	Nelson, E., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kayega, J., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Seni, J., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mushi, M.F., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kidenya, B.R., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Hokororo, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zuechner, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kihunrwa, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mshana, S.E., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania	Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria (ESBL) are common causes of neonatal sepsis worldwide. Neonatal sepsis due to ESBL is associated with increased morbidity and mortality at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC). Due to limited information on the sources of these ESBL strains at BMC, this study was conducted to evaluate the existence, magnitude and transmission of ESBL from post-delivery women to neonates at BMC, Mwanza-Tanzania. Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted at obstetrics and neonatal wards from May to July 2013, involving post-delivery women and their neonates. Rectal swabs were collected and processed to identify the ESBL strains and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Patients' data were obtained using a standardized data collection tool. We enrolled 113 women and 126 neonates with mean age of 26.5 ± 5.5 years and median gestation age [IQR] of 39 [35-40] weeks respectively. The prevalence of ESBL carriage among women and neonates were 15% (17/113) and 25.4% (32/126) respectively. The acquisition of ESBL isolates among neonates on day 1, day 3 and day 7 were 60.0% (21/35), 25.7% (9/35) and 14.3% (5/35) respectively. There was no phenotypic similarity between ESBL strains from women and their respective neonates, suggesting other sources of transmission. Neonates given antibiotics were more likely to carry ESBL than those not given [100% (32/32) versus 86% (81/94), p = 0.018]. Conclusion: The carriage rate of ESBL strains among post-delivery women and neonates at BMC is high. Our findings suggest that neonates acquire these strains from sources other than post-delivery women and more than half acquire them on the first day of life. More studies are recommended to further explore the sources of ESBL strains among neonates. © 2014 Nelson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	ESBL; Neonates; Post-delivery women; Tanzania	antiinfective agent; beta lactamase; adult; antibiotic resistance; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; biosynthesis; delivery; drug effects; enzymology; female; heterozygote; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; newborn; Tanzania; transmission; bacterium; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; beta-Lactamases; Carrier State; Delivery, Obstetric; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Tanzania	None
None	None	Performance of biofilm carriers in anaerobic digestion of sisal leaf waste leachate	Mshandete A.M., Björnsson L., Kivaisi A.K., Rubindamayugi M.S.T., Mattiasson B.	2008	Electronic Journal of Biotechnology	11	1	None	Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden	Mshandete, A.M., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Björnsson, L., Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden; Kivaisi, A.K., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Rubindamayugi, M.S.T., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mattiasson, B., Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden	Three methanogenic biofilm bioreactors were studied to evaluate the performance of three types of carriers. The carrier material were consisted of sisal fibre waste, pumice stone and porous glass beads, and the bioprocess evaluated was the methanogenesis anaerobic digestion of sisal leaf waste leachate. Process performance was investigated by increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) step-wise. The best results were obtained from the bioreactor packed with sisal fibre waste. It had the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies in the range of 80-93% at OLRs in the range of 2.4-25 g COD L -1d -1. The degradation pattern of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) showed that the degradation of propionate was limiting at higher OLRs. The stable pH and higher partial alkalinity (PA) of the outflow illustrated that packed-bed bioreactors have a good ability to withstand the variations in load and volatile fatty acid concentrations that can occur in a two-stage anaerobic process. In conclusion, sisal fibre waste was shown to be a novel promising biofilm carrier and would work very well in methanogenic biofilm bioreactors treating sisal leaf tissue waste leachate. Furthermore both sisal wastes are available in the neighbourhood of sisal industries, which makes anaerobic digestion scale up at sisal factory level feasible and cost-effective. © 2007 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.	Biogas; Methanogenesis; Packed-bed bioreactors; Packing media	Biofilms; Biofilters; Bioreactors; Chemical oxygen demand; Chemical reactors; Civil aviation; Industrial chemicals; Leaching; Nonmetals; Oxygen; Removal; Wastewater treatment; Anaerobic (UASB); Bio films; Bio processes; Bio reactor; Biofilm carriers; Carrier materials; Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal; Leachate; Methanogenesis; Organic loading rate (OLD); Porous glasses; Process performance; Sisal fibre; Anaerobic digestion; fatty acid; alkalinity; article; biofilm; bioprocess; chemical oxygen demand; cost effectiveness analysis; leaching; methanogenesis; pH measurement; sisal; Agave sisalana	None
None	None	Entomological evaluation of malaria vectors at different altitudes in Hai District, Northeastern Tanzania	Kulkarni M.A., Kweka E., Nyale E., Lyatuu E., Mosha F.W., Chandramohan D., Rau M.E., Drakeley C.	2006	Journal of Medical Entomology	43	3	10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[580:EEOMVA]2.0.CO;2	Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Que. H9X 3V9, Canada; Joint Malaria Programme, P.O. Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Kulkarni, M.A., Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Que. H9X 3V9, Canada, Joint Malaria Programme, P.O. Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Kweka, E., Joint Malaria Programme, P.O. Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Nyale, E., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Lyatuu, E., Joint Malaria Programme, P.O. Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Mosha, F.W., Joint Malaria Programme, P.O. Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Chandramohan, D., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Rau, M.E., Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Que. H9X 3V9, Canada; Drakeley, C., Joint Malaria Programme, P.O. Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Entomological monitoring in four villages situated along an altitude transect in the Hai District of Northeastern Tanzania identified Anopheles arabiensis Patton as the principal vector of malaria and detected seasonal changes in vector behavior. Over a 13-mo sampling period, 10,557 mosquitoes were collected with CDC light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit traps of which 5,969 (56.5%) were An. arabiensis, 762 (7.2%) were Anopheles funestus Giles s.l., 3,578 (33.9%) were culicines, and 248 (2.3%) were nonvector anophelines. Vector densities declined rapidly with increasing altitude, demonstrating a 50% decrease in annual human biting rate for every 86-m rise in altitude. Light traps were found to be more efficient than spray catches for the collection of An. arabiensis. This observation was attributed to increased exophily of this species, most notably in the wet season, and is supported by seasonal changes in the human blood index and fed/gravid ratio. These results indicate that spray catches may underestimate the abundance of exophilic vectors such as An. arabiensis and that entomological monitoring may require more than one collection method, especially at low vector densities. The annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR) decreased sharply with increasing altitude, with large variation around the estimate at low vector densities. Increased transmission because of unpredictable short rains at low altitudes and spatial clustering of infective mosquitoes may contribute to elevated EIR estimates. © 2006 Entomological Society of America.	Altitude; Anopheles arabiensis; Entomological inoculation rate; Malaria; Tanzania	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus	None
None	None	Impact of change in maternal age composition on the incidence of Caesarean section and low birth weight: Analysis of delivery records at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania, 1999-2005	Muganyizi P.S., Kidanto H.L.	2009	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	9	None	10.1186/1471-2393-9-30	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Muganyizi, P.S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kidanto, H.L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Previous studies on change in maternal age composition in Tanzania do not indicate its impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes. We sought to establish temporal changes in maternal age composition and their impact on annual Caesarean section (CS) and low birth weight deliveries (LBWT) at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania. Methods: We conducted data analysis of 91,699 singleton deliveries that took place in the hospital between 1999 and 2005. The data were extracted from the obstetric data base. Annual proportions of individual age groups were calculated and their trends over the years studied. Multiple logistic analyses were conducted to ascertain trends in the risks of CS and LBWT. The impact of age composition changes on CS and LBWT was estimated by calculating annual numbers of these outcomes with and without the major changes in age composition, all others remaining equal. In all statistics, a p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The proportion of teenage mothers (12-19 years) progressively decreased over time while that of 30-34 years age group increased. From 1999, the risk of Caesarean delivery increased steadily to a maximum in 2005 [adjusted OR = 1.7; 95%CI (1.6-1.8)] whereas that of LBWT declined to a minimum in 2005 (adjusted OR = 0.76; 95% CI (0.71-0.82). The current major changes in age trend were responsible for shifts in the number of CS of up to206 cases per year. Likewise, the shift in LBWT was up to 158 cases per year, but the 30-34 years age group had no impact on this. Conclusion: The population of mothers giving birth at MNH is progressively becoming older with substantial impact on the incidence of CS and LBWT. Further research is needed to estimate the health cost implications of this change. © 2009 Muganyizi and Kidanto; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; adolescent pregnancy; adult; age distribution; article; cesarean section; child; controlled study; female; human; incidence; low birth weight; maternal age; parity; pregnancy outcome; risk assessment; school child; Tanzania; tertiary health care; middle aged; multivariate analysis; newborn; pregnancy; risk factor; statistical model; statistics; utilization review; Adolescent; Adult; Cesarean Section; Child; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Maternal Age; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Risk Factors; Tanzania	None
None	None	The impact of diversity and equality management on firm performance: Beyond high performance work systems	Armstrong C., Flood P.C., Guthrie J.P., Liu W., MacCurtain S., Mkamwa T.	2010	Human Resource Management	49	6	10.1002/hrm.20391	Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland; Dublin City University, Ireland; University of Kansas, United States; Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China; University of Limerick, Ireland; Saint Augustine University of Tanzania, Tanzania	Armstrong, C., Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland; Flood, P.C., Dublin City University, Ireland; Guthrie, J.P., University of Kansas, United States; Liu, W., Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China; MacCurtain, S., University of Limerick, Ireland; Mkamwa, T., Saint Augustine University of Tanzania, Tanzania	This article demonstrates that a diversity and equality management system (DEMS) contributes to firm performance beyond the effects of a traditional high-performance work system (HPWS), which consists of bundles of work practices and policies used extensively in high-performing firms. A DEMS typically includes diversity training and monitoring recruitment, pay, and promotion across minority or other disadvantaged groups. Our analysis of quantitative data from service and manufacturing organizations in Ireland confirms that HPWS practices are associated with positive business performance and finds specifically that DEMS practices are positively associated with higher labor productivity and workforce innovation and lower voluntary employee turnover. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Diversity and equality management; Firm-level performance; High performance work system; Labor productivity; Voluntary turnover; Workforce innovation	None	None
None	None	Malocclusion, psycho-social impacts and treatment need: A cross-sectional study of Tanzanian primary school-children	Mtaya M., Astrom A.N., Brudvik P.	2008	BMC Oral Health	8	1	10.1186/1472-6831-8-14	Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Norway; Centre for International Health, UoB, Norway; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Odontology- Orthodontics, UoB, Norway, Norway	Mtaya, M., Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Norway, Centre for International Health, UoB, Norway, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Astrom, A.N., Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Norway, Centre for International Health, UoB, Norway; Brudvik, P., Department of Odontology- Orthodontics, UoB, Norway, Norway	Background. studies on the relationship between children's malocclusion and its psycho-social impacts are so far largely unexplored in low-income countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malocclusion, reported dental problems and dissatisfaction with dental appearance among primary school children in Tanzania. The relationship of dissatisfaction with socio-demographic characteristics, clinically defined malocclusion and psychosocial impacts of dental anomalies was investigated. Orthodontic treatment need was estimated using an integrated socio-dental approach. Method. One thousand six hundred and one children (mean age 13 yr) attending primary schools in the districts of Kinondoni and Temeke completed face to face interviews and a full mouth clinical examination. The survey instrument was designed to measure a Kiswahili translated and culturally adapted Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) frequency score, reported dental problems, dissatisfaction with dental appearance/function and socio-demographic characteristics. Results. The prevalence of malocclusion varied from 0.9% (deep bite) to 22.5% (midline shift) with a total of 63.8% having at least one type of anomaly. Moderate proportions of children admitted dental problems; ranging from 7% (space position) to 20% (pain). The odds ratio of having problems with teeth position, spaces, pain and swallowing if having any malocclusion were, respectively 6.7, 3.9, 1.4 and 6.8. A total of 23.3% children were dissatisfied with dental appearance/function. Children dissatisfied with their dental appearance were less likely to be Temeke residents (OR = 0.5) and having parents of higher education (OR = 0.6) and more likely to reporting problem with teeth position (OR = 4.3) and having oral impacts (OR = 2.7). The socio-dental treatment need of 12% was five times lower than the normative need assessment of 63.8%. Conclusion. Compared to the high prevalence of malocclusion, psycho social impacts and dissatisfaction with appearance/function was not frequent among Tanzanian schoolchildren. Subjects with malocclusion reported problems most frequently and malocclusion together with other psycho-social impact scores determined children's satisfaction with teeth appearance- and function. © 2008 Mtaya et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of quality of life among patients after extirpation of mandibular ameloblastoma	Simon E.N.M., Merkx M.A.W., Kalyanyama B.M., Shubi F.M., Stoelinga P.J.W.	2005	East African Medical Journal	82	6	None	Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, Tanzania; School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Simon, E.N.M., Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Merkx, M.A.W., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Kalyanyama, B.M., Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, Tanzania; Shubi, F.M., Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, Tanzania; Stoelinga, P.J.W., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Objective: To evaluate the quality of life (QOL) based on the functional, aesthetic and personal satisfaction among patients with ameloblastoma who underwent either partial or total mandibulectomy without reconstruction. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: The Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry; Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Tanzania. Subjects: Patients surgically treated for ameloblastoma without reconstruction. Results. The postoperative problems were mostly associated with eating of solid foods, appearance and speech. All patients treated by total mandibulectomy had moderately severe problems with eating of solid foods and were dissatisfied with their appearance. Conclusion: The relatively small tumours resulted in a much better QOL. Public awareness programmes to avoid late referral and treatment is the most effective way to reduce the number of patients who after treatment suffer a poor QOL.	None	adolescent; adult; ameloblastoma; article; cross-sectional study; dental care; esthetics; female; human; male; mandible; mandible tumor; middle aged; oral surgery; pathology; pathophysiology; patient satisfaction; postoperative period; psychometry; quality of life; questionnaire; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Ameloblastoma; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Service, Hospital; Esthetics; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mandibular Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Oral Surgical Procedures; Patient Satisfaction; Postoperative Period; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Tanzania	None
None	None	Performance of the fourth-generation Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of HIV infection in Southern Africa	Piwowar-Manning E., Fogel J.M., Richardson P., Wolf S., Clarke W., Marzinke M.A., Fiamma A., Donnell D., Kulich M., Mbwambo J.K.K., Richter L., Gray G., Sweat M., Coates T.J., Eshleman S.H.	2015	Journal of Clinical Virology	62	None	10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.023	Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Probability and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Muhimbili University Teaching Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, Universities of the Witwatersrand, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Center for World Health, David Geffen School of Medicine and UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States	Piwowar-Manning, E., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Fogel, J.M., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Richardson, P., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Wolf, S., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Clarke, W., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Marzinke, M.A., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Fiamma, A., University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Donnell, D., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kulich, M., Department of Probability and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Mbwambo, J.K.K., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Muhimbili University Teaching Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Richter, L., DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, Universities of the Witwatersrand, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Gray, G., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Sweat, M., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Coates, T.J., Center for World Health, David Geffen School of Medicine and UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Eshleman, S.H., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Fourth-generation HIV assays detect both antigen and antibody, facilitating detection of acute/early HIV infection. The Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab assay (Bio-Rad Combo) is an enzyme immunoassay that simultaneously detects HIV p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in serum or plasma. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the Bio-Rad Combo assay for detection of HIV infection in adults from Southern Africa. Study design: Samples were obtained from adults in Soweto and Vulindlela, South Africa and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (300 HIV-positive samples; 300 HIV-negative samples; 12 samples from individuals previously classified as having acute/early HIV infection). The samples were tested with the Bio-Rad Combo assay. Additional testing was performed to characterize the 12 acute/early samples. Results: All 300 HIV-positive samples were reactive using the Bio-Rad Combo assay; false positive test results were obtained for 10 (3.3%) of the HIV-negative samples (sensitivity: 100%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 98.8-100%); specificity: 96.7%, 95% CI: 94.0-98.4%). The assay detected 10 of the 12 infections classified as acute/early. The two infections that were not detected had viral loads. <. 400. copies/mL; one of those samples contained antiretroviral drugs consistent with antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: The Bio-Rad Combo assay correctly classified the majority of study specimens. The specificity reported here may be higher than that seen in other settings, since HIV-negative samples were pre-screened using a different fourth-generation test. The assay also had high sensitivity for detection of acute/early infection. False-negative test results may be obtained in individuals who are virally suppressed. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Africa; Diagnosis; Enzyme immunoassay; Fourth-generation; HIV	antigen p24; antiretrovirus agent; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Article; Bio Rad Combo assay; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; enzyme immunoassay; false negative result; HIV CLIA kit; HIV rapid test; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory diagnosis; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; Tanzania; virus load	None
None	None	Evaluation of atrial septal defect using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: Comparison with surgical findings	Mweri S.T., Deng Y., Cheng P., Lin H., Wang H., Mkangara O.B., Xia Z., Hu X., Bi X., Wu Y., Bapumiia M., Shentu W., Liu R., Li Y., Zhu M.	2009	Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Medical Science	29	2	10.1007/s11596-009-0225-y	Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Aghakhan Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mweri, S.T., Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Deng, Y., Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Cheng, P., Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Lin, H., Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wang, H., Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Mkangara, O.B., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China; Xia, Z., Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hu, X., Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Bi, X., Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular and Rheumatic Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wu, Y., Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Bapumiia, M., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Aghakhan Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Shentu, W., Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Liu, R., Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Li, Y., Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Zhu, M., Department of Medical Ultrasound, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China	The present study evaluated the application of three dimensional echocardigraphy (3DE) in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect (ASD) and the measurement of its size by 3DE and compared the size with surgical findings. Two-dimensional and real-time three dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) was performed in 26 patients with atrial septal defect, and the echocardiographic data were compared with the surgical findings. Significant correlation was found between defect diameter by RT3DE and that measured during surgery (r=0.77, P<0.001). The defect area changed significantly during cardiac cycle. Percentage change in defect size during cardiac cycle ranged from 6%-70%. Our study showed that the size and morphology of atrial septal defect obtained with RT3DE correlate well with surgical findings. Therefore, RT3DE is a feasible and accurate non-invasive imaging tool for assessment of atrial septal size and dynamic changes. © 2009 Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Springer-Verlag GmbH.	Atrial septal defect; Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography; Two dimensional echocardiography	adolescent; adult; article; child; comparative study; evaluation; female; heart septum defect; human; male; middle aged; pathology; preschool child; three dimensional echocardiography; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; Female; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult	None
None	None	Priority setting for the implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy policy in Tanzania: Evaluation against the accountability for reasonableness framework	Mori A.T., Kaale E.A.	2012	Implementation Science	7	1	10.1186/1748-5908-7-18	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mori, A.T., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Kaale, E.A., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Priority setting for artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs has become an integral part of malaria treatment policy change in malaria-endemic countries. Although these drugs are more efficacious, they are also more costly than the failing drugs. When Tanzania changed its National Malaria Treatment Policy in 2006, priority setting was an inevitable challenge. Artemether-lumefantrine was prioritised as the first-line drug for the management of uncomplicated malaria to be available at a subsidized price at public and faith-based healthcare facilities.Methods: This paper describes the priority-setting process, which involved the selection of a new first-line antimalarial drug in the implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy policy. These descriptions were further evaluated against the four conditions of the accountability for reasonableness framework. According to this framework, fair decisions must satisfy a set of publicity, relevance, appeals, and revision and enforcement conditions.In-depth interviews were held with key informants using pretested interview guides, supplemented with a review of the treatment guideline. Purposeful sampling was used in order to explore the perceptions of people with different backgrounds and perspectives. The analysis followed an editing organising style.Results: Publicity: The selection decision of artemether-lumefantrine but not the rationale behind it was publicised through radio, television, and newspaper channels in the national language, Swahili. Relevance: The decision was grounded on evidences of clinical efficacy, safety, affordability, and formulation profile. Stakeholders were not adequately involved. There was neither an appeals mechanism to challenge the decision nor enforcement mechanisms to guarantee fairness of the decision outcomes.Conclusions: The priority-setting decision to use artemether-lumefantrine as the first-line antimalarial drug failed to satisfy the four conditions of the accountability for reasonableness framework. In our understanding, this is the first study to evaluate priority-setting decisions for new drugs in Tanzania against the accountability for reasonableness framework. In addition to the demand for enhanced stakeholder involvement, publicity, and transparency, the study also calls for the institution of formal appeals, revision, and regulatory mechanisms in the future change of malaria treatment policies. © 2012 Mori and Kaale; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; article; cost benefit analysis; drug combination; drug industry; economics; health care planning; human; information processing; malaria falciparum; multidrug resistance; sample size; social behavior; Tanzania; treatment outcome; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Data Collection; Drug Combinations; Drug Industry; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Ethanolamines; Fluorenes; Health Priorities; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Sample Size; Social Responsibility; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome	None
None	None	Development and validation of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide in a fixed dosage combination tablet	Vedaste K., Egide K., Claver K.P., Kaale E.	2014	Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC	27	5	10.1556/JPC.27.2014.5.11	Department of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 117, Butare, Rwanda; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania	Vedaste, K., Department of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 117, Butare, Rwanda; Egide, K., Department of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 117, Butare, Rwanda; Claver, K.P., Department of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 117, Butare, Rwanda; Kaale, E., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania	[No abstract available]	High-performance thin-layer chromatography; Isoniazid; Tuberculosis; Validation	isoniazid plus rifampicin; pyrazinamide; rifampicin; absorption spectroscopy; accuracy; Article; controlled study; densitometry; drug determination; drug formulation; fixed dosage combination tablet; high performance thin layer chromatography; process development; tablet; validation process	None
None	None	Initial quality performance results using a phantom to simulate chest computed radiography	Muhogora W., Padovani R., Msaki P.	2011	Journal of Medical Physics	36	1	10.4103/0971-6203.75468	Department of Physics, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Fisica Sanitaria, Ospedale Universitario, P.le Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy	Muhogora, W., Department of Physics, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Padovani, R., Fisica Sanitaria, Ospedale Universitario, P.le Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy; Msaki, P., Department of Physics, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The aim of this study was to develop a homemade phantom for quantitative quality control in chest computed radiography (CR). The phantom was constructed from copper, aluminium, and polymenthylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates as well as Styrofoam materials. Depending on combinations, the literature suggests that these materials can simulate the attenuation and scattering characteristics of lung, heart, and mediastinum. The lung, heart, and mediastinum regions were simulated by 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm, 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm and 10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm copper plates, respectively. A test object of 100 mm × 100 mm and 0.2 mm thick copper was positioned to each region for CNR measurements. The phantom was exposed to x-rays generated by different tube potentials that covered settings in clinical use: 110-120 kVp (HVL=4.26-4.66 mm Al) at a source image distance (SID) of 180 cm. An approach similar to the recommended method in digital mammography was applied to determine the CNR values of phantom images produced by a Kodak CR 850A system with post-processing turned off. Subjective contrast-detail studies were also carried out by using images of Leeds TOR CDR test object acquired under similar exposure conditions as during CNR measurements. For clinical kVp conditions relevant to chest radiography, the CNR was highest over 90-100 kVp range. The CNR data correlated with the results of contrast detail observations. The values of clinical tube potentials at which CNR is the highest are regarded to be optimal kVp settings. The simplicity in phantom construction can offer easy implementation of related quality control program.	Computed radiography; contrast-to-noise ratio; image quality; quality control phantom	aluminum; copper; poly(methyl methacrylate); polystyrene; article; chest computed radiography; contrast radiography; correlation analysis; digital mammography; heart; image processing; lung; mediastinum; phantom; quality control; radiation dose distribution; simulation; thorax radiography; tube; X ray	None
None	None	The effects of calcium, phosphorus and zinc supplementation on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows in Tanzania	Phiri E.C.J.H., Nkya R., Pereka A.E., Mgasa M.N., Larsen T.	2007	Tropical Animal Health and Production	39	5	10.1007/s11250-007-9016-2	Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Surgery, and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark	Phiri, E.C.J.H., Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Nkya, R., Department of Surgery, and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Pereka, A.E., Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mgasa, M.N., Department of Surgery, and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Larsen, T., Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark	The effects of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on reproductive performance of grazing dairy cows was studied. Forty-eight cows in their first to third parity were allocated to eight groups of 6 animals each, based on stage of lactation and milk yield. Groups 1 (control), 2 (Ca), 3 (P) and 4 (Zn) received, respectively, no mineral supplement, 10 g Ca, 8 g P and 400 mg Zn. The rest of the groups received a combination of Ca/P, Ca/Zn, P/Zn or Ca/P/Zn. Animals were drenched daily. Ovarian activity was determined by progesterone concentrations in milk. Prepartum body condition score (BCS) measured using scale 1-5 was 2.5-3.5. Reproductive problems were observed in all groups except that supplemented with Ca. Cows supplemented with Ca, P, Ca/P, Ca/Zn and Ca/P/Zn had significantly (p < 0.05) shorter interval (30 days) from calving to resumption of oestrus as compared to control (69 days). Intervals from calving to conception and between calvings did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05), but were shorter in Ca-supplemented cows. Furthermore, cows in groups 2 and 3 needed an average of 2 services per conception against 3 for cows in other groups. Hence, supplementation with Ca, P and Zn of deficient dairy cows appears to improve reproductive performance. © 2007 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.	Crossbred Zebu cows; Grazing; Mineral supplementation; Reproductive performance	phosphorus; progesterone; zinc; animal; article; calcium intake; cattle; chemistry; dairying; diet supplementation; drug effect; female; metabolism; milk; physiology; regression analysis; reproduction; Tanzania; Animals; Calcium, Dietary; Cattle; Dairying; Dietary Supplements; Female; Milk; Phosphorus; Progesterone; Regression Analysis; Reproduction; Tanzania; Zinc; Animalia; Bos; Bos indicus	None
None	None	Field evaluation for resistance to the black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in cabbage (Brassica oleracea)	Jensen B.D., Massomo S.M.S., Swai I.S., Hockenhull J., Andersen S.B.	2005	European Journal of Plant Pathology	113	3	10.1007/s10658-005-2799-y	Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tengeru Horticultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 1253, Arusha, Tanzania; Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Africa Regional Program, P.O. Box 10, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania	Jensen, B.D., Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Massomo, S.M.S., Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Swai, I.S., Tengeru Horticultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 1253, Arusha, Tanzania, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Africa Regional Program, P.O. Box 10, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania; Hockenhull, J., Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Andersen, S.B., Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, (Xcc), is one of the most serious diseases of crucifers world-wide. Forty-nine genotypes were evaluated for resistance under field conditions in Tanzania after artificial inoculation with Xcc race 1. Open pollinated white cabbage cultivars were generally susceptible, while Portuguese and pointed cabbages exhibited partial resistance. Some F1 white cabbage cultivars were highly susceptible, whereas others exhibited a high level of partial resistance. The most promising of the hybrid cultivars were T-689 F1, Gianty F1, No. 9690 F1, N 66 F1, and SWR-02 F1. Breeding line Badger I-16 exhibited the highest level of resistance of all genotypes. The genotypes accounted for 72.9-75.5% of the variation of the disease severity when assessed on the leaves, and 71.4% of the variation when assessed as internal black rot in heads at harvest. High correlations (equal to or above 0.7) were found between disease severities assessed on leaves three times during the growing season and also with the amount of internal black rot in heads. Leaf loss also was correlated with disease severity. The high genetic determination of the trait and the high correlations between disease assessments indicate that selection for resistance to black rot will be efficient when field screenings are carried out. Evaluation of genotypes for disease severity on leaves during the growing season combined with evaluations of head resistance in the most promising genotypes may be a simple method to select resistant cultivars. © Springer 2005.	Bacterial plant disease; Breeding; Crucifers; Disease control; Genetic determination; Tanzania	bacterial disease; disease control; disease resistance; disease severity; genotype; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Bacteria (microorganisms); Brassica oleracea; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Taxidea taxus; Xanthomonas campestris; Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris	None
None	None	Watching the watcher: An evaluation of local election observers in Tanzania	Makulilo A.B.	2011	Journal of Modern African Studies	49	2	10.1017/S0022278X11000036	Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 75, 116 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Makulilo, A.B., Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 75, 116 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The unfolding of the Third Wave of democracy cast a mounting weight on election observation in transition countries, partly due to the inability of regimes in power to conduct free and fair elections. However, observation is not always neutral. Sometimes observers distance themselves from the data they collect, leading to controversial certification of elections. In this case stakeholders may view them as partial, hence downsizing their credibility and trust. Yet observers' reports have rarely been reviewed. This article evaluates three reports by the leading election observer in Tanzania, the Tanzania Election Monitoring Committee (TEMCO) for the 1995, 2000 and 2005 general elections. It notes that despite the prevalence of the same factors that TEMCO considered as irregularities in the 1995 and 2000 general elections when it certified those elections as free but not fair, it issued a clean, free and fair verdict on the 2005 general elections. This conclusion, at variance from the data, reveals problems in assuring observer neutrality. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.	None	democracy; election; historical perspective; political history; stakeholder; Tanzania	None
None	None	Impact of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) on the treatment profile in pilot government dental clinics in tanzania	Kikwilu E.N., Frencken J., Mulder J.	2009	BMC Oral Health	9	1	10.1186/1472-6831-9-14	Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nijmegen International Centre for Oral Health Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Kikwilu, E.N., Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Frencken, J., Nijmegen International Centre for Oral Health Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Mulder, J., Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Background. The predominant mode of treatment in government dental clinics in Tanzania has been tooth extraction because the economy could not support the conventional restorative care which depends on expensive equipment, electricity and piped water systems. Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) was perceived as a suitable alternative. A 3.5-year study was designed to document the changes in the treatment profiles ascribed to the systematic introduction of ART in pilot government dental clinics. Methods. Dental practitioners who were working in 13 government dental clinics underwent a 7-day ART training. Treatment record data on teeth extracted and teeth restored by the conventional and ART approaches were collected from these clinics for the three study periods. The mean percentage of ART restorations to total treatment, ART restorations to total restorations, and total restorations to total treatments rendered were computed. Differences between variables were determined by ANOVA, t-test and Chi-square. Results. The mean percentage of ART restorations to total treatment rendered was 0.4 (SE = 0.5) and 11.9 (SE = 1.1) during the baseline and second follow-up period respectively (ANOVA mixed model; P &lt; 0.0001). The mean percentage of ART restorations to total restorations rendered at baseline and 2ndfollow-up period was 8.4% and 88.9% respectively (ANOVA mixed model; P &lt; 0.0001). The mean percentage of restorations to total treatment rendered at baseline and 2ndfollow-up was 3.9% and 13.0%, respectively (ANOVA mixed model; P &lt; 0.0001). Ninety-nine percent of patients were satisfied with ART restorations, 96.6% willing to receive ART restoration again in future, and 94.9% willing to recommend ART treatment to their close relatives. Conclusion. ART introduction in pilot government dental clinics raised the number of teeth saved by restorative care. Countrywide introduction of the ART approach in Tanzania is recommended. © 2009 Kikwilu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
None	None	The impact of mobility on HIV control: A modelling study	Vissers D.C.J., De Vlas S.J., Bakker R., Urassa M., Voeten H.A.C.M., Habbema J.D.F.	2011	Epidemiology and Infection	139	12	10.1017/S0950268811000069	Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania	Vissers, D.C.J., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; De Vlas, S.J., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Bakker, R., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Urassa, M., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Voeten, H.A.C.M., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Habbema, J.D.F., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands	Mobility is associated with HIV due to more risky sexual behaviour of mobile groups such as travellers and migrants. Limited participation of such groups may reduce the effectiveness of HIV interventions disproportionally. The established STDSIM model, which simulates transmission and control of HIV and STD, was extended to simulate mobility patterns based on data from Tanzania. We explored the impact of non-participation of mobile groups (travellers and recent migrants) on the effectiveness of two interventions: condom promotion and health education aiming at partner reduction. If mobile groups do not participate, the effectiveness of both interventions could be reduced by 40%. The impact of targeting travellers with a combined HIV campaign is close to that of a general population intervention. In conclusion, it is important to account for possible non-participation of migrants and travellers. If non-participation is substantial, impact of interventions can be greatly improved by actively approaching these people. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.	Control; HIV; migration; modelling; travel	adolescent; adult; article; condom; controlled study; female; health promotion; high risk behavior; HIV education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection control; intervention study; male; migration; prevalence; safe sex; sexual behavior; simulation; social participation; Adolescent; Adult; Computer Simulation; Emigration and Immigration; Female; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Program Evaluation; Risk-Taking; Tanzania; Travel; Young Adult	None
None	None	The impact of time use differentials on poverty levels in the Eastern and Northern Zones of Tanzania	Akarro R.	2008	European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences	None	13	None	Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam - Tanzania, P.O. Box 35047, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Akarro, R., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam - Tanzania, P.O. Box 35047, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Development is positively correlated with poverty. People who are poor are generally less developed compared with the rich. Analysis of poverty levels in Northern and Eastern Zones of Tanzania is hereby presented. These zones were selected because they are a representative of coastal and upcountry cultures respectively. Principal component analysis was used in constructing poverty index. The households possessions that were used are type of the house roof, floor type, distance to water point, type of wall and type of toilet if any. Using principal component analysis, these factors explained about 51% of the total variation. Analysis showed that there were significant differences in poverty levels by regions. One of the determinants proposed to explain differences in poverty levels is time use. Time use variable was obtained from survey data that was collected by the NUFU project. Time use variable was collected for household head, spouse and the two eldest children. The contribution for spouse appeared to be highly significant for Mtwara and Tanga implying that the contribution of spouse to households welfare was eminent. The contribution by head of the household in Arusha and other regions in the Northern zones did not differ much from those by spouse. © EuroJournals, Inc. 2008.	Development; Gender; Poverty index; Principal component analysis; Time use	None	None
None	None	Culture and its impact on the education of the Maasai and the coastal women of Tanzania	Akarro R.R.J.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	6	3	None	Department of Statistics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Akarro, R.R.J., Department of Statistics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The percentage of educated women vs that of men in Tanzania and indeed in the whole of sub Saharan Africa is not the same. The percentage of educated women lags that of men. Traditional culture is singled out as a significant factor contributing to this anomaly in Tanzania. This factor is analyzed for selected tribes of Tanzania, namely the coastal people with their menarche culture and he Maasai with their circumcision culture. Although the two cultures are significantly different, they have the same impact on marriage and education for the women in their respective tribes. Even through the analysis has been done primarily to the Maasai and the Coastal women of Tanzania, the phenomenon of education neglect for women is prevalent to most of the tribes in Tanzania. Recommendations are made to show what should be done to rectify the situation so as to narrow the gap between the proportion of women educated and that of men.	Circumcision; Coastal women; Education; Maasai; Marriage; Menarche; Tribal culture	None	None
None	None	The performance of spray-irrigated ulva lactuca (Ulvophyceae, chlorophyta) as a crop and as a biofilter of fishpond effluents	Msuya F.E., Neori A.	2010	Journal of Phycology	46	4	10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00843.x	Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilat 88112, Israel	Msuya, F.E., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Neori, A., Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilat 88112, Israel	The seaweed Ulva lactuca L. was spray cultured by mariculture effluents in a mattress-like layer, held in air on slanted boards by plastic netting. Air-agitated seaweed suspension tanks were the reference. Growth rate, yield, and ammonia-N removal rate were 11.8% · d-1, 171 g fresh weight (fwt) · m-2 · d-1, and 5 g N · m-2 · d-1, respectively, by the spray-cultured U. lactuca, and 16.9% · d-1, 283 g fwt · m-2 · d-1, and 7 g N · m-2 · d-1, respectively, by the tank U. lactuca. Biomass protein content was similar in both treatments. Dissolved oxygen in the fishpond effluent water was raised by &gt;3 mg · L-1 and pH by up to half a unit, upon passage through both culture systems. The data suggest that spray-irrigation culture of U. lactuca in this simple green-mattress-like system supplies the seaweed all it needs to grow and biofilter at rates close to those in standard air-agitated tank culture. © 2010 Phycological Society of America.	Biofilter; Macroalgae; Seaweed culture technology; Seaweed production cost; Spray culture	Chlorophyta; Ulva; Ulva lactuca; Ulvophyceae	None
None	None	Performance analyses of adaptive IIR notch filters using a PSD-based approach	Mvuma A., Nishimura S., Hinamoto T.	2006	IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences	None	7	10.1093/ietfec/e89-a.7.2079	Department of Telecommunications Engineering, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Shimane University, Matsue-shi, 690-9504, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima-shi, 739-8527, Japan	Mvuma, A., Department of Telecommunications Engineering, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nishimura, S., Shimane University, Matsue-shi, 690-9504, Japan; Hinamoto, T., Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima-shi, 739-8527, Japan	In this letter we present steady-state analyses of a gradient algorithm (GA) for second-order adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) notch filters. A method for deriving more accurate estimation mean square error (MSE) expressions than the recently proposed method is presented. The method is based on the estimation error power spectral density (PSD). Moreover, an expression for the estimation bias for the adaptive IIR notch filter with constrained poles and zeros is shown to be obtained from the estimation MSE expression. Simulations are presented to confirm the validity of the analyses. Copyright © 2006 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.	Adaptive IIR notch filters; Bias; Gradient algorithm (GA); Mean square error (MSE); Power spectral density (PSD)	Adaptive systems; Algorithms; Computer simulation; Error analysis; IIR filters; Poles and zeros; Gradient algorithm (GA); Infinite impulse response (IIR); Mean square error (MSE); Power spectral density (PSD; Notch filters	None
None	None	Field evaluation of spatial repellency of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips against anopheles gambiae complex in bagamoyo, Coastal Tanzania	Kawada H., Temu E.A., Minjas J.N., Matsumoto O., Iwasaki T., Takagi M.	2008	Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association	24	3	10.2987/5743.1	Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Muhimbili University College of Health Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Agricultural Chemicals Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan; Environmental Health Division, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan	Kawada, H., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Temu, E.A., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Minjas, J.N., Muhimbili University College of Health Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Matsumoto, O., Agricultural Chemicals Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan; Iwasaki, T., Environmental Health Division, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Takagi, M., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan	Metofluthrin is a newly synthesized pyrethroid possessing high knockdown and lethal activity against mosquitoes. Studies of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips have been performed with dengue vectors. This study reports the efficacy of the new prototypes of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips against malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae complex, in the Kongo villages of Bagamoyo district in coastal Tanzania. The study, using 20 houses, half intervention, half control, was conducted for a 124-day period. Pyrethrum spray sheets and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps were used to sample mosquito population indices. The mosquito density indices of the intervention houses were observed to be significantly lower than those of the control houses when pyrethrum spray sheet collection was used (F 4.61, 1 df, P 0.038; 98.7 reduction of total mosquito collection compared with that for the controls). These low indices were observed despite the large openings found in Bagamoyo houses, which were predicted to have a considerable negative effect on the spatial repellency of metofluthrin. Based on the present results, the pyrethrum spray sheet collection was the better of the 2 collection methods. © 2008 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.	Mosquito population sampling; Pyrethroid, malaria vector; SumiOne™; Traps	Anopheles gambiae; (2,3,5,6 tetrafluoro 4 methoxymethylphenyl)methyl 2,2 dimethyl 3 (1 propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate; (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methoxymethylphenyl)methyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate; cyclopropane derivative; fluorobenzene; insect repellent; unclassified drug; animal; Anopheles gambiae; article; disease carrier; disease transmission; malaria; methodology; mosquito; Tanzania; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Cyclopropanes; Fluorobenzenes; Insect Repellents; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Tanzania	None
None	None	Impact of farmer education on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in southern Tanzania: A case for Taenia solium control	Ngowi H.A., Mkupasi E.M., Lekule F.P., Willingham A.L., Thamsborg S.M.	2011	Livestock Research for Rural Development	23	1	None	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Ngowi, H.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mkupasi, E.M., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lekule, F.P., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Willingham, A.L., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Thamsborg, S.M., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	A comparative study was conducted with pre- and post-intervention assessments on the same subjects to evaluate a health education intervention administered to smallholder pig farmers in Iringa Rural (n = 750) and Chunya (n = 700) districts, southern Tanzania. A total of 366 respondents (249 in Iringa Rural, 117 in Chunya) undertook a self assessment questionnaire regarding knowledge on Taenia solium, its impact and mode of transmission, and attitudes towards consumption of infected pork. McNemar and Bhapkar Chi-square P values were computed in SPSS and MH to assess significant differences. The study revealed that health education intervention significantly improved the knowledge and attitudes towards Taenia solium control (P < 0.001) and thus would reduce the consumption of infected pork. It recommends that health education, particularly to women be integrated as an essential component of prevention and control programmes for Taenia solium infections. The Government of Tanzania should revise its pork inspection regulations to include practical ways of controlling porcine cysticercosis.	Health education effect; Paired analysis; Porcine cysticercosis control	Suidae; Sus; Taenia solium	None
None	None	Implementation and evaluation of a health-promotion strategy for control of Taenia solium infections in northern Tanzania	Ngowi H.A., Mlangwa J.E.D., Mlozi M.R.S., Tolma E.L., Kassuku A.A., Carabin H., Willingham III A.L.	2009	International Journal of Health Promotion and Education	47	1	None	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3002, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, United States; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 801 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Emerging and Other Parasitic Zoonoses, Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Ngowi, H.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mlangwa, J.E.D., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mlozi, M.R.S., Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3002, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tolma, E.L., Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, United States; Kassuku, A.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Carabin, H., Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 801 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; Willingham III, A.L., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Emerging and Other Parasitic Zoonoses, Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Introduction: Education of pig farmers on health and pig management practices can have an important contribution to the control of Taenia solium infections in endemic areas, leading to potential for providing long-term control of the parasite. In this paper, we describe the application of a health promotion model to implement and evaluate evidence-based strategies for control of T. solium infections in northern Tanzania. Design and methods: We used the PRECEDE-PROCEED model as a guide to implement two previously planned health-promotion strategies (enhancing the quality provided by the public health extension services, and conducting seminars for smallholder pig farmers). We carried out a randomised-controlled field trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: Process evaluation revealed a good strategy delivery and a moderate participation of the smallholder pig farmers in the training. The impact evaluation revealed a significant reduction of consumption of pork infected with cysticercosis by the intervention (reduction by 20 per cent, P = 0.005). The outcome evaluation revealed a reduction of the incidence rate of porcine cysticercosis by 43 per cent by the intervention. Conclusion: The PRECEDE-PROCEED model may provide an efficient means for designing, implementing, and evaluating effective strategies for control of T. solium infections in any endemic setting.	Health promotion evaluation; PRECEDE-PROCEED model; Taenia solium control; Tanzania	None	None
None	None	Socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania	Chengula A.A., Mdegela R.H., Kasanga C.J.	2013	SpringerPlus	2	1	10.1186/2193-1801-2-549	Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	Chengula, A.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mdegela, R.H., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kasanga, C.J., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. Using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of RVF and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling RVF in selected areas of Tanzania. Data were collected in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants. Results indicate that there was little knowledge on disease (all clinical signs scored <50%) and the difference between the three regions was statistically significant (P = 0.00459). Socio-economic impacts of RVF shown by this study included; animal and human deaths, disruption of livestock market chains, inability of pastoralists to achieve their daily demands, inability to obtain protein leading to malnutrition and monetary loss at individual and national level during control of the disease. These findings have demonstrated low knowledge of the community on RVF, thus, more education and engagement is needed in order to develop more effective and efficient control strategies. © 2013 Chengula et al.	Awareness; Pastoralists; Rift Valley fever; Socio-economic losses; Tanzania	None	None
None	None	Mature glycoprotein G presents high performance in diagnosing herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in sera of different Tanzanian cohorts	Görander S., Mbwana J., Lyamuya E., Lagergård T., Liljeqvist J.-Å.	2006	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	13	6	10.1128/CVI.00051-06	Department of Virology, Göteborg University, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Virology, University of Göteborg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden	Görander, S., Department of Virology, Göteborg University, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden, Department of Virology, University of Göteborg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; Mbwana, J., Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lyamuya, E., Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lagergård, T., Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; Liljeqvist, J.-Å., Department of Virology, Göteborg University, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden	Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common sexually transmitted infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Glycoprotein G (gG) of HSV-2 elicits a type-specific antibody response and is widely used for serodiagnosis. gG is cleaved into a secreted portion (sgG-2) and a highly O-glycosylated mature portion (mgG-2). The performances of these two native immunosorbent purified antigens were compared in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format with a commercially available assay (FOCUS2) using sera from blood donors (n = 194) and individuals (n = 198) with genital ulcer disease (GUD) from Tanzania. Discordant results were resolved by Western blotting. The HSV-2 seroprevalence for blood donors was estimated as 42%, and that for the GUD cohort was estimated as 78%. The prevalence increased significantly with age for both cohorts and was higher among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals than among HIV-negative subjects. In the GUD cohort with a high HSV-2 prevalence, all three assays showed statistically similar performances, with sensitivities between 97% and 99% and specificities in the range of 86% to 91%. In contrast, among blood donors with a lower seroprevalence, the mgG-2-based ELISA presented significantly higher specificity (97%) than the sgG-2 ELISA (89%) and FOCUS2 (74%). Overall, the mgG-2 ELISA gave a high performance, with negative and positive predictive values of 96% for blood donors and a negative predictive value of 95% and a positive predictive value of 97% for the GUD cohort. We conclude that native purified mgG-2 showed the highest accuracy for detection of HSV-2 in patient sera from Tanzania and is therefore suitable for seroprevalence studies as well as in clinical settings. Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	glycosylated protein; immunoglobulin M antibody; thrombospondin; adolescent; adult; aged; antibody response; article; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; genital ulcer; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; priority journal; protein degradation; protein glycosylation; protein processing; protein purification; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; seroprevalence; sexually transmitted disease; Tanzania; Western blotting; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Blotting, Western; Cells, Cultured; Cohort Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Infection; Male; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sex Factors; Tanzania; Viral Envelope Proteins	None
None	None	Seasonal changes in nutritional status and reproductive performance of Zebu cows kept under a traditional agro-pastoral system in Tanzania	Kanuya N.L., Matiko M.K., Nkya R., Bittegeko S.B.P., Mgasa M.N., Reksen O., Ropstad E.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	6	10.1007/s11250-006-4419-z	Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway	Kanuya, N.L., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Matiko, M.K., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Nkya, R., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Bittegeko, S.B.P., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mgasa, M.N., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Reksen, O., Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; Ropstad, E., Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway	The objectives of this study were to assess changes in nutritional status/body condition score, percentage pregnancy and calving rate in Zebu cows and to establish the relationship between body condition score loss and postpartum interval to resumption of ovarian activity. A total of 198 cows and postpubertal heifers of the Tanzanian Shorthorn Zebu kept under a traditional management system were randomly selected from 200 smallholder herds. Factors investigated during bi-weekly visits include body condition score (BCS), heart-girth circumference, milk yield and reproductive status of the animals, pregnancy/non-pregnancy and cyclicity/non-cyclicity. Local weather conditions and dates of occurrence of other reproductive events such as calving were also recorded. Calvings occurred all year round but with a strong seasonal distribution characterized by annual peaks observed between April and July. The annual calving pattern was closely related to rainfall, with peak precipitation occurring a few months before peak calving. The overall percentage pregnancy varied from 30% to 50% throughout the year. Postpartum cows exhibited minimum mean BCS and heart-girth circumference 12-14 weeks after calving, and cows with BCS loss >1 point exhibited the longest time interval from calving to onset of ovarian activity. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.	Agro-pastoral system; Body condition score; Reproductive performance; Zebu cows	rain; animal; animal food; article; body constitution; cattle; estrus cycle; female; nutritional status; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; puerperium; reproduction; season; Tanzania; time; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Body Constitution; Cattle; Estrous Cycle; Female; Nutritional Status; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Rain; Reproduction; Seasons; Tanzania; Time Factors; Animalia; Bos indicus	None
None	None	Bull selection and use for improved performance in pastoral herds of Tanzania	Kashoma I.P.B., Luziga C., Mgongo F.O.K.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	1	None	Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kashoma, I.P.B., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania; Luziga, C., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mgongo, F.O.K., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania	Tanzania shorthorn zebu (TSHZ) cattle are extensively reared in pastoral herds under natural multiple-breeding system in Tanzania. However, no study has been carried out to describe the reproductive performance of TSHZ bulls. The objective of this study was to measure scrotal circumference (SC) and correlate it with age, heart girth (HG), spermatozoa quality and body condition (BC). 303 healthy TSHZ breeding bulls were evaluated. SC measured by using standard scrotal metal. Age was determined by dentition. HG circumference was measured by tape. BC was estimated by visual assessment. Sperm cells were collected by epididymal aspiration procedure and stained with Carbol-fuchsin. One hundred spermatozoa were counted per slide and each classified into normal or abnormal. Three parenchyma samples were taken after slaughter and processed for histological examination by staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. Forty sections of seminiferous tubules per section were evaluated and classified into either normal or abnormal. Bulls were retrospectively classified into two groups; normal (55.8%) and abnormal (44.2%). The mean SC in normal bulls was 28.9±1.8 cm and positively correlated with age, years (r=0.67, P< 0.01) and HG, cm (r=0.82, P< 0.01). The mean percentages of spermatozoa abnormalities in normal and abnormal bulls were 15.6 ± 2.5 and 39.0 ± 9.1, respectively. Bulls with large testicular lesions had poorer seminal characteristics than bulls with normal testicles and the spermatozoa abnormalities increased with severity of testicular abnormalities (P < 0.01). This study revealed that large numbers of inferior bulls are used for breeding in pastoral system that partly contributes to poor performance and low genetic improvement that currently exist in pastoral system. Also the study established the average values of SC for normal TSHZ bulls, however further studies should be done to establish the origin and effects of stump-tail spermatozoa abnormalities that had high prevalence in this study.	Scrotal circumference; Spermatozoa abnormalities; Tanzania shorthorn zebu bulls	Bos; Bos indicus	None
None	None	Performance of five food regimes on Anopheles gambiaesenso stricto larval rearing to adult emergence in insectary	Kivuyo H.S., Mbazi P.H., Kisika D.S., Munga S., Rumisha S.F., Urasa F.M., Kweka E.J.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	10	10.1371/journal.pone.0110671	Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, Arusha, Tanzania; Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania	Kivuyo, H.S., Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania; Mbazi, P.H., Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania; Kisika, D.S., Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania; Munga, S., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Rumisha, S.F., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Urasa, F.M., Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania; Kweka, E.J., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, Arusha, Tanzania, Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania	Background: Rearing of Anopheles gambiae s.s mosquitoes in insectary with quality cheap food sources is of paramount importance for better and healthy colony. This study evaluated larval survival and the development rate of aquatic stages of An.gambiae s.s under five food regimes; tetramin fish food (a standard insectary larval food), maize pollen, Cerelac, green filamentous algae and dry powdered filamentous algae.Methods: Food materials were obtained from different sources, cerelac was made locally, fresh filamentous algae was taken from water bodies, dry filamentous algae was ground to powder after it was dried under shade, and maize pollen was collected from the flowering maize. Each food source type was used to feed three densities of mosquito larvae 20, 60, and 100 in six replicates each. Larval age structure was monitored daily until pupation and subsequently adult emergence. Tetramin was used and taken as a standard food source for An. gambiae s.s. larvae feeding in Insectary.Results: Larval survivorship using maize pollen and Tetramin fish food was statistically insignificant (P = 0.564). However when compared to other food regime survivorship was significantly different with Tetramin fish food performing better than cerelac (P<0.001), dry algae (P<0.001) and fresh algae (P<0.001). The pupation rates and sex ratio of emerging adults had significant differences among the food regimes.Conclusion: The findings of this study have shown that maize pollen had closely similar nutritional value for larval survivorship to tetramin fish food, a standard larvae food in insectary. Further studies are required to assess the effect of food sources on various life traits of the emerged adults. © 2014 Kivuyo et al.	None	adult; animal experiment; animal food; Anopheles gambiae; aquatic stage; arthropod larva; arthropod life cycle stage; Article; cerelac; controlled study; density; dry powder; female; filamentous alga; food quality; imago; insect development; larval development; maize; male; nonhuman; nutritional value; organism colony; pollen; pupation; rearing; sex ratio; survival rate; tetramin fish food; animal; Anopheles gambiae; diet; food; growth, development and aging; larva; pupa; survival; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Diet; Female; Food; Larva; Male; Pupa; Sex Ratio; Survival Analysis; Zea mays	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of the Ifakara tent trap-B, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Sikulu M., Govella N.J., Ogoma S.B., Mpangile J., Kambi S.H., Kannady K., Chaki P.C., Mukabana W.R., Killeen G.F.	2009	Malaria Journal	8	1	10.1186/1475-2875-8-197	Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Sikulu, M., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Govella, N.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Ogoma, S.B., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Mpangile, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Kambi, S.H., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Kannady, K., Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Chaki, P.C., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Mukabana, W.R., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Killeen, G.F., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background. Frequent, sensitive and accurate sampling of Anopheles mosquitoes is a prerequisite for effective management of malaria vector control programmes. The most reliable existing means to measure mosquito density is the human landing catch (HLC). However, the HLC technique raises major ethical concerns because of the necessity to expose humans to vectors of malaria and a variety of other pathogens. Furthermore, it is a very arduous undertaking that requires intense supervision, which is severely limiting in terms of affordability and sustainability. Methods. A community-based, mosquito sampling protocol, using the Ifakara tent trap-B (ITT-B) and standardized resting boxes (SRB), was developed and evaluated in terms of the number and sample composition of mosquitoes caught by each, compared to rigorously controlled HLC. Mosquitoes were collected once and three times every week by the HLC and the alternative methods, respectively, in the same time and location. Results. Overall, the three traps caught 44,848 mosquitoes. The ITT-B, HLC and SRB caught 168, 143 and 46 Anopheles gambiae s.l. as well as 26,315, 13,258 and 4,791 Culex species respectively. The ITT-B was three- and five-times cheaper than the HLC per mosquito caught for An. gambiae and Cx. Species, respectively. Significant correlations between the numbers caught by HLC and ITT-B were observed for both An. gambiae s.l. (P < 0.001) and Cx. species (P = 0.003). Correlation between the catches with HLC and SRB were observed for Cx. species (P < 0.001) but not An. gambiae s.l. (P = 0.195), presumably because of the low density of the latter. Neither ITT-B nor SRB exhibited any obvious density dependence for sampling the two species. Conclusion. SRBs exhibited poor sensitivity for both mosquito taxa and are not recommended in this setting. However, this protocol is affordable and effective for routine use of the ITT-B under programmatic conditions. Nevertheless, it is recommended that the trap and the protocol be evaluated further at full programmatic scales to establish effectiveness under fully representative conditions of routine practice. © 2009 Sikulu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Anopheles gambiae; article; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; Culex; human; intermethod comparison; malaria; nonhuman; parasite control; parasite vector; Tanzania; animal; Anopheles gambiae; classification; comparative study; Culex; evaluation; female; instrumentation; mosquito; population density; sensitivity and specificity; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Culex; Female; Humans; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of quantiferon microtube, using 0.9 ml blood, for diagnosing tuberculosis infection	Rose M.V., Kimaro G., Kroidl I., Hoelscher M., Bygbjerg I.C., Mfinanga S.M., Ravn P.	2013	European Respiratory Journal	41	4	10.1183/09031936.00194311	Dept of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dept for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark; Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Dept of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Dept of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Hillerød, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 HillerØd, Denmark	Rose, M.V., Dept of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Kimaro, G., Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kroidl, I., NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania, Dept of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Hoelscher, M., Dept of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Bygbjerg, I.C., Dept of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mfinanga, S.M., Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ravn, P., Dept for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark, Dept of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Hillerød, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 HillerØd, Denmark	The performance of QuantiFERON microtube (QFT-MT), using 0.9 mL blood, and QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test (QFT-IT) (3 mL blood), for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) was compared in children and adults in an endemic setting. In 152 children with suspected TB and 87 adults with confirmed TB, QFT-IT was compared with two QFT-MT concentrations (QFT-MT A and B). Proportions of positive and indeterminate results, interferon (IFN)-γ responses, interassay agreement and sensitivity were assessed. We found similar proportions of indeterminate results, levels of IFN-γ and comparable sensitivity. The interassay agreement was moderate in all children (QFT-IT versus QFT-MT A: 85%, k50.44 and QFT-IT versus QFT-MT B: 88%, k=50.50) and adults (QFT-IT versus QFT-MT A: 88%, k50.50 and QFT-IT versus QFT-MT B: 89%, k=50.49). Sensitivity was low (QFT-IT 23%, QFTMT A 18% and B 19%) in children with confirmed or highly probable TB compared with adults (83%, 86% and 88%, respectively). The QFT-MT test can be reliably performed using less than one-third of the blood volume used in QFT-IT. The reduced volume may be useful for research and future diagnosis of paediatric TB. The poor sensitivity and high indeterminate rate of both IFN-c release assays in severely ill children, with immature or impaired immunity in an endemic setting, warrants further investigations. Copyright © ERS 2013.	Children; Interferon-γ release assay; QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube; Tuberculin skin test; Tuberculosis	gamma interferon; adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; blood sampling; blood volume; child; controlled study; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme release; female; human; immunostimulation; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; priority journal; QuantiFERON microtube; quantiferon tb gold in tube test; risk factor; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculin test; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Interferon-gamma Release Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis; Young Adult	None
None	None	Evaluation of wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats	Mekala S., Kumar Naresh M., Das L., Shetty N., Amuthan A., Vulli V., Bhogireddy N.	2014	International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences	6	1	None	Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Dept. of Pharmacology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Science and Research Center, Bangalore, India; Dept. of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, India; Dept. of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, India; CSIR- SRF Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Guntur, India; Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania	Mekala, S., Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Kumar Naresh, M., CSIR- SRF Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Guntur, India; Das, L., Dept. of Pharmacology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Science and Research Center, Bangalore, India; Shetty, N., Dept. of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, India; Amuthan, A., Dept. of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, India; Vulli, V., Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Bhogireddy, N., Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Lantana camara (Verbanacea) is a commonly available medicinal plant throughout India. Wound healing property of the plant in various wound models has been studied. Thorough literature survey revealed that the wound healing property of Lantana camara in diabetic wound was not studied. This study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing property of Lantana camara in diabetic rats. Methods: Group-1 rats served as normal control in which excision wound was created in normal, non-diabetic rats and wound was topically applied with vehicle. To induce diabetes mellitus in group 2-5, a single injecting of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.p.) prepared by dissolving in 0.9% ice cold citrate buffer was given. Excision wound was inflicted in the back of the rats. Group-2 was the diabetic control in which diabetic rats received vehicle ointment topically. Group 3, 4 and 5 were the test drug groups in which diabetic rats were topically applied ethanolic extract of Lantana camara in three doses 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. Wound healing parameters such as percentage of wound contraction rate and epithelialization period were observed. Data was analyzed using SPSS software by one way ANOVA and the statistical significance was fixed as p < 0.005. Results: There was a delay in wound healing in diabetic rats compared to non-diabetic rats. The extract showed dose dependent increase in wound contraction rate and hastened the epithelialization period. Extracts enhanced contraction rate only during later phase of wound healing process. High dose (20%) extract showed maximum healing effect. Conclusion: Topical application of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara showed dose dependent wound healing activity in diabetic rats.	Ayurveda; Diabetic ulcer; Excision wound; Lantana camara; Siddha	alkaloid; flavonoid; Lantana camara extract; saponin; tannin; triterpene; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; drug megadose; epithelization; male; nonhuman; rat; streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus; wound contraction; wound healing	None
None	None	CYP3A5 genotype has an impact on the metabolism of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir	Josephson F., Allqvist A., Janabi M., Sayi J., Aklillu E., Jande M., Mahindi M., Burhenne J., Bottiger Y., Gustafsson L.L., Haefeli W.E., Bertilsson L.	2007	Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics	81	5	10.1038/sj.clpt.6100117	Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany	Josephson, F., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Allqvist, A., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Janabi, M., Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Sayi, J., Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Aklillu, E., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Jande, M., Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili College of Health Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Mahindi, M., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Burhenne, J., Department of Internal Medicine VI, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Bottiger, Y., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Gustafsson, L.L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Haefeli, W.E., Department of Internal Medicine VI, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Bertilsson, L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden	CYP3A is the main enzyme subfamily involved in the metabolism of the HIV protease-inhibitor saquinavir. We hypothesized that individuals homozygous for CYP3A5*1 might have a higher oral clearance of saquinavir, compared with subjects lacking functional CYP3A5 alleles. A single-dose pharmacokinetic trial of saquinavir soft gel capsules, 1,200 mg, was performed in 16 black Tanzanian healthy volunteers with two functional CYP3A5 alleles (*1/*1) and in 18 volunteers without functional CYP3A5 alleles (both alleles being either *3, *6, or *7). The median area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)0-24 reached among subjects with two functional alleles was 1,410 ng h/ml (interquartile range (IQR) 826-1,929), whereas it was 2,138 ng h/ml (IQR 1,380-3,331) in subjects without (P=0.0533, Mann-Whitney U-test). The median ratio of saquinavir over its M2 plus M3 hydroxy metabolites in urine was 64 (IQR 52-73) in subjects with two functional alleles, whereas it was 145 (IQR 89-181) in those without (P=0.000078, Mann-Whitney U-test). In conclusion, saquinavir is metabolized by CYP3A5. The median AUC0-24 for saquinavir among individuals with two functional CYP3A5 alleles was 34% lower than among those with no functional alleles. To clarify the clinical importance of the CYP3A5 polymorphism, further studies should be conducted on saquinavir, dosed to steady state, in the presence of ritonavir boosting.	None	cytochrome P450 3A5; ritonavir; saquinavir; adult; allele; area under the curve; article; clinical article; controlled study; drug clearance; drug formulation; drug metabolism; female; genetic polymorphism; genotype; human; male; metabolite; normal human; priority journal; rank sum test; single drug dose; steady state; Tanzania; time; Adult; Alleles; Area Under Curve; Capsules; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Endpoint Determination; Female; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Hydroxylation; Male; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Genetic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Saquinavir	None
None	None	The effect of maize bran or maize bran mixed with sunflower cake on the performance of smallholder dairy cows in urban and peri-urban area in Morogoro, Tanzania	Mlay P.S., Pereka A.E., Balthazary S.T., Phiri E.C.J., Hvelplund T., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	Mlay, P.S., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Pereka, A.E., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Balthazary, S.T., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Phiri, E.C.J., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Hvelplund, T., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Weisbjerg, M.R., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Madsen, J., Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding milking cows a supplement of maize bran alone (MB) or maize bran mixed with sunflower meal (MBS) during the dry season. Eighteen smallholder farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Morogoro practising complete zero grazing with not less than two milking cows participated in the trial. Forty-eight cows were used with ranges of body weight 232-556 kg, previous milk yield 3-13 litres/day, body condition score 2.5-5, parity 2-5, and 3-6 months post calving. For each farm, both MBS and MB treatments were randomly distributed to the cows. Body weights and body condition scores were taken before, at 6th and 12th week of treatment. Daily milk production was recorded three weeks before, 12 weeks during and 3 weeks after the withdrawal of treatments. Milk samples were collected during the 12th week of treatment and analysed for butterfat (BF), crude protein (CP) and total solids (TS). The economic viability of the dairy enterprises in relation to supplementation was also assessed. MBS fed cows had significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) milk yield compared to MB fed cows. No differences were observed in milk composition parameters, body weights and body condition changes. The economic return for sunflower meal incorporation in MBS was found to be very high. It is concluded that using sunflower meal mixed with maize bran was effective in increasing milk yield during the dry season and was economically profitable compared to maize bran alone.	Dairy cows; Maize bran; Milk yield; Sunflower cake; Supplementation	Bos taurus; Helianthus; Zea mays	None
None	None	Field evaluation of a rapid point-of-care assay for targeting antibiotic treatment for trachoma control: a comparative study	Michel C.-E.C., Solomon A.W., Magbanua J.P., Massae P.A., Huang L., Mosha J., West S.K., Nadala E.C., Bailey R., Wisniewski C., Mabey D.C., Lee H.H.	2006	Lancet	367	9522	10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68695-9	Diagnostics Development Unit, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; District Medical Office, Monduli District, Tanzania; Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Michel, C.-E.C., Diagnostics Development Unit, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Solomon, A.W., Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Magbanua, J.P., Diagnostics Development Unit, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Massae, P.A., Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Huang, L., Diagnostics Development Unit, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Mosha, J., District Medical Office, Monduli District, Tanzania; West, S.K., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nadala, E.C., Diagnostics Development Unit, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Bailey, R., Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Wisniewski, C., Diagnostics Development Unit, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Mabey, D.C., Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lee, H.H., Diagnostics Development Unit, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom	Background: Trachoma results from repeated episodes of conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and is the leading infectious cause of blindness. To eliminate trachoma, control programmes use the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Face cleanliness, and Environmental improvement). The A component is designed to treat C trachomatis infection, and is initiated on the basis of the prevalence of the clinical sign trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF). Unfortunately, TF correlates poorly with C trachomatis infection. We sought to assess a newly developed point-of-care (POC) assay compared with presence of TF for guiding the use of antibiotics for trachoma control. Methods: We compared performance outcomes of the POC assay and presence of TF using commercial PCR as a comparator in 664 children aged 1-9 years in remote, trachoma-endemic villages in Tanzania. Signs of trachoma were graded according to the WHO simplified trachoma grading system. Findings: Of 664 participants, 128 (19%) were positive for ocular C trachomatis infection by PCR. Presence of TF had a sensitivity of 64·1% (95% CI 55·8-72·4), specificity of 80·2% (76·8-83·6), and positive predictive value of 43·6% (36·5-50·7). By contrast, the POC assay had a sensitivity of 83·6% (77·2-90·0), specificity of 99·4% (98·8-100·0), and positive predictive value of 97·3% (94·2-100·3). Interagreements and intra-agreements between four novice operators were 0·988 (0·973-1·000) and 0·950 (0·894-1·000), respectively. Interpretation: The POC assay is substantially more accurate than TF prevalence in identifying the presence or absence of infection. Additional studies should assess the use of the assay in the planning and monitoring of trachoma control activities. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	antibiotic therapy; article; child; Chlamydia trachomatis; controlled study; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; drug targeting; field experiment; human; immunoassay; major clinical study; point of care testing; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; trachoma; treatment outcome; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blindness; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydia trachomatis; Humans; Infant; Point-of-Care Systems; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Tanzania; Trachoma	None
None	None	Development and validation of a normal-phase high-performance thin layer chromatographic method for the analysis of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in co-trimoxazole tablets	Shewiyo D.H., Kaale E., Risha P.G., Dejaegher B., Smeyers-Verbeke J., Vander Heyden Y.	2009	Journal of Chromatography A	1216	42	10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.076	Directorate of Laboratory Services, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium	Shewiyo, D.H., Directorate of Laboratory Services, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Kaale, E., School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Risha, P.G., School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Dejaegher, B., Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Smeyers-Verbeke, J., Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vander Heyden, Y., Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium	Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is often the ultimate mortal cause for immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV/AIDS patients. Currently, the most effective medicine for treatment and prophylaxis is co-trimoxazole, a synergistic combination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP). In order to ensure a continued availability of high quality co-trimoxazole tablets within resource-limited countries, Medicines Regulatory Authorities must perform quality control of these products. However, most pharmacopoeial methods are based on high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. Because of the lack of equipment, the Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA) laboratory decided to develop and validate an alternative method of analysis based on the TLC technique with densitometric detection, for the routine quality control of co-trimoxazole tablets. SMX and TMP were separated on glass-backed silica gel 60 F254 plates in a high-performance thin layer chromatograph (HPTLC). The mobile phase was comprised of toluene, ethylacetate and methanol (50:28.5:21.5, v:v:v). Detection wavelength was 254 nm. The Rf values were 0.30 and 0.61 for TMP and SMX, respectively. This method was validated for linearity, precision, trueness, specificity and robustness. Cochran's criterion test indicated homoscedasticity of variances for the calibration data. The F-tests for lack-of-fit indicated that straight lines were adequate to describe the relationship between spot areas and concentrations for each compound. The percentage relative standard deviations for repeatability and time-different precisions were 0.98 and 1.32, and 0.83 and 1.64 for SMX and TMP, respectively. Percentage recovery values were 99.00% ± 1.83 and 99.66% ± 1.21 for SMX and TMP, respectively. The method was found to be robust and was then successfully applied to analyze co-trimoxazole tablet samples. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Co-trimoxazole tablets; Method development; Method validation; Normal-phase HPTLC; Sulfamethoxazole (SMX); Trimethoprim (TMP)	Co-trimoxazole tablets; Method development; Method validation; Normal-phase HPTLC; Sulfamethoxazole (SMX); Trimethoprim (TMP); High performance liquid chromatography; Laws and legislation; Methanol; Quality assurance; Quality function deployment; Silica; Silica gel; Thermomechanical pulping process; Thin films; Toluene; Total quality management; Quality control; acetic acid ethyl ester; cotrimoxazole; methanol; sulfamethoxazole; toluene; trimethoprim; accuracy; article; calibration; controlled study; densitometry; drug identification; drug structure; high performance thin layer chromatography; priority journal; process development; product recovery; quality control; reproducibility; separation technique; tablet; validation process; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Linear Models; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sulfamethoxazole; Tablets; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination; Pneumocystis carinii	None
None	None	Optimization of a reversed-phase-high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the separation of isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in fixed-dose combination antituberculosis tablets	Shewiyo D.H., Kaale E., Risha P.G., Dejaegher B., Smeyers-Verbeke J., Vander Heyden Y.	2012	Journal of Chromatography A	1260	None	10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.044	Directorate of Laboratory Services, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium	Shewiyo, D.H., Directorate of Laboratory Services, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Kaale, E., School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Risha, P.G., School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65526, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Dejaegher, B., Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Smeyers-Verbeke, J., Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vander Heyden, Y., Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium	This paper presents the development of a new RP-HPTLC method for the separation of pyrazinamide, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol in a four fixed-dose combination (4 FDC) tablet formulation. It is a single method with two steps in which after plate development pyrazinamide, isoniazid and rifampicin are detected at an UV wavelength of 280nm. Then ethambutol is derivatized and detected at a VIS wavelength of 450nm. Methanol, ethanol and propan-1-ol were evaluated modifiers to form alcohol-water mobile phases. Systematic optimization of the composition of each alcohol in the mobile phase was carried out using the window diagramming concept to obtain the best separation. Examination of the Rf distribution of the separated compounds showed that separation of the compounds with the mobile phase containing ethanol at the optimal fraction was almost situated within the optimal Rf-values region of 0.20-0.80. Therefore, ethanol was selected as organic modifier and the optimal mobile phase composition was found to be ethanol, water, glacial acetic acid (&gt;99% acetic acid) and 37% ammonia solution (70/30/5/1, v/v/v/v). The method is new, quick and cheap compared to the actual method in the International Pharmacopoeia for the assay of the 4 FDC tablets, which involves the use of two separate HPLC methods. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Ethambutol; Isoniazid; Mobile phase optimization; Pyrazinamide; Reversed-phase HPTLC; Rifampicin	Ethambutol; Isoniazid; Mobile-phase optimization; Pyrazinamide; Reversed phase; Rifampicin; Acetic acid; Chromatography; Ethanol; Hydrazine; Methanol; Optimization; pH; Separation; Drug products; acetic acid; alcohol; ammonia; ethambutol; ethambutol plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide plus rifampicin; isoniazid; methanol; propanol; pyrazinamide; rifampicin; water; analytic method; article; chemical composition; derivatization; drug structure; high performance thin layer chromatography; priority journal; reversed phase high performance thin layer chromatography; tablet formulation; ultraviolet radiation; Antitubercular Agents; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Ethambutol; Ethanol; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Reproducibility of Results; Rifampin; Tablets	None
None	None	Welfare impacts of smallholder farmers’ participation in maize and pigeonpea markets in Tanzania	Mmbando F.E., Wale E.Z., Baiyegunhi L.J.S.	2015	Food Security	7	6	10.1007/s12571-015-0519-9	Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Selian Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), P.O. Box 6024, Arusha, Tanzania	Mmbando, F.E., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Selian Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), P.O. Box 6024, Arusha, Tanzania; Wale, E.Z., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Baiyegunhi, L.J.S., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	This paper evaluates the impact of maize and pigeonpea market participation and the level of participation on household welfare measured by consumption expenditure in rural Tanzania. The study used cross-sectional farm household level data collected in 2010 from 700 randomly selected households in northern and eastern zones of Tanzania. Propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression techniques were employed to address the welfare impacts of market participation for binary treatment, while linear regression was employed to address the welfare impacts of the level of market participation. Maize and pigeonpea market participation and the level of participation had positive and significant impacts on the welfare of rural households. On average, maize and pigeonpea market participation increased consumption expenditure per capita in the range of 19.2–20.4 % and 28.3–29.4 %, respectively. Similarly, a one unit increase in the predicted level of market participation increased per capita consumption expenditure by 0.5 and 0.3 %, for both maize and pigeonpea, respectively. This confirms the potential role of market participation and the level of participation in improving rural household welfare, as higher consumption expenditures from market participation also mean improved food security and reduced poverty. Policies aimed at reducing the transaction costs of accessing markets such as improved market information, rural infrastructure and household capacity to produce surplus production are critical to the improvement of household welfare. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and International Society for Plant Pathology.	Endogenous switching; Market participation; Propensity score matching; Rural household welfare; Tanzania	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of four different strategies to characterize plasma membrane proteins from banana roots [Avaliação de quatro estratégias diferentes para caracterizar proteínas da membrana plasmática de raízes de banana]	Garcia S.A.L., Panis B., Swennen R., Carpentier S.C.	2014	Ciencia e Agrotecnologia	38	5	10.1590/S1413-70542014000500002	Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Bioversity International, Leuven, Belgium; IITA, Arusha, Tanzania; Facility for Systems Biology based Mass Spectrometry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Garcia, S.A.L., Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Panis, B., Bioversity International, Leuven, Belgium; Swennen, R., Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Bioversity International, Leuven, Belgium, IITA, Arusha, Tanzania; Carpentier, S.C., Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Facility for Systems Biology based Mass Spectrometry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Plasma membrane proteins constitute a very important class of proteins. They are involved in the transmission of external signals to the interior of the cell and selective transport of water, nutrients and ions across the plasma membrane. However, the study of plasma membrane proteins is challenging because of their poor solubility in aqueous media and low relative abundance. In this work, we evaluated four different strategies for the characterization of plasma membrane proteins from banana roots: (i) the aqueous-polymer two-phase system technique (ATPS) coupled to gelelectrophoresis (gel-based), and (ii) ATPS coupled to LC-MS/MS (gel free), (iii) a microsomal fraction and (iv) a full proteome, both coupled to LC-MS/ MS. Our results show that the gel-based strategy is useful for protein visualization but has major limitations in terms of time reproducibility and efficiency. From the gel-free strategies, the microsomal-based strategy allowed the highest number of plasma membrane proteins to be identified, followed by the full proteome strategy and by the ATPS based strategy. The high yield of plasma membrane proteins provided by the microsomal fraction can be explained by the enrichment of membrane proteins in this fraction and the high throughput of the gel-free approach combined with the usage of a fast high-resolution mass spectrometer for the identification of proteins. © 2014, Federal University of Lavras. All rights reserved.	Aqueous-polymer two-phase system technique; Microsomal and full proteome fractions; Protein identification	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of the burden of unsuspected pulmonary tuberculosis and co-morbidity with non-communicable diseases in sputum producing adult inpatients	Bates M., O'Grady J., Mwaba P., Chilukutu L., Mzyece J., Cheelo B., Chilufya M., Mukonda L., Mumba M., Tembo J., Chomba M., Kapata N., Rachow A., Clowes P., Maeurer M., Hoelscher M., Zumla A.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0040774	Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania; Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany	Bates, M., Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; O'Grady, J., Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mwaba, P., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; Chilukutu, L., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mzyece, J., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Cheelo, B., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Chilufya, M., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mukonda, L., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mumba, M., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Tembo, J., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Chomba, M., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Kapata, N., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; Rachow, A., Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania; Clowes, P., Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania; Maeurer, M., Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Hoelscher, M., Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania, Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Zumla, A., Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia	Background: A high burden of tuberculosis (TB) occurs in sub-Saharan African countries and many cases of active TB and drug-resistant TB remain undiagnosed. Tertiary care hospitals provide an opportunity to study TB co-morbidity with non-communicable and other communicable diseases (NCDs/CDs). We evaluated the burden of undiagnosed pulmonary TB and multi-drug resistant TB in adult inpatients, regardless of their primary admission diagnosis, in a tertiary referral centre. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this prospective study, newly admitted adult inpatients able to produce sputum at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, were screened for pulmonary TB using fluorescent smear microscopy and automated liquid culture. The burden of pulmonary TB, unsuspected TB, TB co-morbidity with NCDs and CDs was determined. Sputum was analysed from 900 inpatients (70.6% HIV infected) 277 (30.8%) non-TB suspects, 286 (31.8%) TB suspects and 337 (37.4%) were already receiving TB treatment. 202/900 (22.4%) of patients had culture confirmed TB. TB co-morbidity was detected in 20/275 (7.3%) NCD patients, significantly associated with diabetes (P = 0.006, OR 6.571, 95%CI: 1.706-25.3). 27/202 (13.4%) TB cases were unsuspected. There were 18 confirmed cases of MDR-TB, 5 of which were unsuspected. Conclusions/Significance: A large burden of unsuspected pulmonary TB co-morbidity exists in inpatients with NCDs and other CDs. Pro-active sputum screening of all inpatients in tertiary referral centres in high TB endemic countries is recommended. The scale of the problem of undiagnosed MDR-TB in inpatients requires further study. © 2012 Bates et al.	None	isoniazid; rifampicin; adult; aged; antibiotic resistance; article; bacterium culture; bronchus secretion; clinical evaluation; communicable disease; comorbidity; diabetes mellitus; disease association; disease course; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory automation; liquid culture; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; screening; sputum analysis; sputum smear; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Female; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Sputum; Tertiary Care Centers; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
None	None	Evaluation of the Abbott m2000rt RealTime™ HIV-1 assay with manual sample preparation compared with the ROCHE COBAS® AmpliPrep™/AMPLICOR™ HIV-1 MONITOR® v1.5 using specimens from East Africa	Crump J.A., Scott L.E., Msuya E., Morrissey A.B., Kimaro E.E., Shao J.F., Stevens W.S.	2009	Journal of Virological Methods	162	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.08.013	Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, PO Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag 3, Parktown, Wits 2050, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, South Africa	Crump, J.A., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27710, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, PO Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Scott, L.E., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag 3, Parktown, Wits 2050, South Africa; Msuya, E., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Morrissey, A.B., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Kimaro, E.E., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Shao, J.F., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, PO Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Stevens, W.S., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag 3, Parktown, Wits 2050, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, South Africa	The performance of the Abbott m2000rt RealTime™ HIV-1 assay (RealTime HIV-1) with manual sample preparation was compared against the ROCHE COBAS® AmpliPrep™/AMPLICOR™ HIV-1 MONITOR® Test v1.5 (CAP/CA HIV-1) using samples collected from 100 donors infected with HIV and 20 donors not infected with HIV in northern Tanzania where HIV-1 subtypes A, C, D, and their recombinant forms predominate. The RealTime HIV-1 appeared to have more within-run variability at high HIV-1 RNA concentrations, but total assay variability over the dynamic range tested was within the manufacturer's claim of &lt;0.3 SD copies/mL. Accuracy studies showed 100% concordance for positive and negative values. When continuous values were examined, CAP/CA HIV-1 yielded higher values than the RealTime HIV-1 at higher nominal HIV-1 RNA concentrations. The RealTime HIV-1 assay showed excellent linearity between 2.5 and 7.0 log copies/mL. Of negative samples, 100% showed negative results, and &gt;95% of samples with nominal concentrations of 40 copies/mL were detected at ≥40 copies/mL by RealTime HIV-1. Manual sample preparation may contribute to higher total assay variability. This study suggests that the Abbott m2000rt RealTime HIV-1 assay with manual sample preparation is an acceptable and feasible alternative to the conventional ROCHE COBAS AmpliPrep/AMLICOR HIV-1 Monitor v1.5 assay and that the RealTime HIV-1 assay performs well on samples from East Africa. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	HIV; Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; Tanzania; Validation studies; Viral load	virus RNA; accuracy; Africa; article; blood sampling; comparative study; controlled study; donor; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; major clinical study; nonhuman; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; RNA extraction; standard; Tanzania; Blood Donors; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Reproducibility of Results; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Tanzania; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
None	None	Performance of nucleic acid amplification following extraction of 5 milliliters of whole blood for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia	Crump J.A., Tuohy M.J., Morrissey A.B., Ramadhani H.O., Njau B.N., Maro V.P., Reller L.B., Procop G.W.	2012	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	50	1	10.1128/JCM.05963-11	Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	Crump, J.A., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Tuohy, M.J., Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Morrissey, A.B., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Ramadhani, H.O., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Njau, B.N., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Maro, V.P., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Reller, L.B., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Procop, G.W., Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	To investigate the performance of a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia, 5-ml aliquots of blood were inoculated into bioMérieux mycobacterial (MB) bottles and incubated, and 5-ml aliquots of blood were extracted and tested by real-time PCR. Of 25 samples from patients with M. tuberculosis bacteremia, 9 (36.0%) were positive and 1 (1.5%) of 66 control samples was positive by NAAT. The NAAT shows promise, but modifications should focus on improving sensitivity. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	article; blood culture; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic value; human; incubation time; inoculation; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nucleic acid amplification; predictive value; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteremia; Bacteriological Techniques; Blood; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Tuberculosis; Young Adult; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
None	None	Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. and its evaluation on colonies, culture broths, and stool	Taniuchi M., Walters C.C., Gratz J., Maro A., Kumburu H., Serichantalergs O., Sethabutr O., Bodhidatta L., Kibiki G., Toney D.M., Berkeley L., Nataro J.P., Houpt E.R.	2012	Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease	73	2	10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.03.008	Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, PO Box 801340, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, Virginia Department of General Services, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Biotechnology Laboratory, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States	Taniuchi, M., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, PO Box 801340, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Walters, C.C., Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, Virginia Department of General Services, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Gratz, J., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, PO Box 801340, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States, Biotechnology Laboratory, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Maro, A., Biotechnology Laboratory, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Kumburu, H., Biotechnology Laboratory, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Serichantalergs, O., Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Sethabutr, O., Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Bodhidatta, L., Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Kibiki, G., Biotechnology Laboratory, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania; Toney, D.M., Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, Virginia Department of General Services, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Berkeley, L., Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Nataro, J.P., Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Houpt, E.R., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, PO Box 801340, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States	Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) typically depends on identification of virulence genes from stool cultures, not on stool itself. We developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that detects key DEC virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae, bfpA, ipaH, LT, STh, aaiC, aatA). The assay involved a multiplex PCR reaction followed by detection of amplicon(s) using Luminex beads. The assay was evaluated on over 100 colony and broth specimens. We then evaluated the assay using DNA extracted from stool, colony pools, and Gram-negative broths, using stool spiked with known quantities of DEC. Performance of the assay on stool DNA was most quantitative, while stool broth DNA offered the lowest limit of detection. The assay was prospectively evaluated on clinical specimens in Tanzania. Stool DNA yielded higher sensitivity than colony pools compared with broth DNA as the standard. We propose using this assay to screen for DEC directly in stool or stool broths. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.	Diarrhea; Diarrheagenic E. coli; Enteroaggregative E. coli; Enterohemorrhagic E. coli; Enteroinvasive E. coli; Enteropathogenic E. coli; Enterotoxigenic E. coli; Luminex; Multiplex PCR; PCR; Shiga toxin-producing E. coli; Shigella; Virulence genes	DNA; aaiC gene; aatA gene; amplicon; article; bacterial gene; bacterial virulence; bacterium colony; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; bfpA gene; diarrheagenic Escherichia coli; DNA extraction; eae gene; feces; feces culture; gene identification; ipaH gene; limit of detection; LT gene; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; Shigella; stx1 gene; stx2 gene; Tanzania; virulence gene; Colony Count, Microbial; Diarrhea; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Feces; Humans; Limit of Detection; Molecular Typing; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prospective Studies; Shigella; Statistics, Nonparametric	None
None	None	Performance of urine lipoarabinomannan assays for paediatric tuberculosis in Tanzania	Kroidl I., Clowes P., Reither K., Mtafya B., Rojas-Ponce G., Ntinginya E.N., Kalomo M., Minja L.T., Kowuor D., Saathoff E., Kroidl A., Heinrich N., Maboko L., Bates M., O'Grady J., Zumla A., Hoelscher M., Rachow A.	2015	European Respiratory Journal	46	3	10.1183/09031936.00003315	Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Medical Services and Diagnostic, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Medical Services and Diagnostic (Swiss TPH), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Dept. for Paediatrics and Child Health, Mbeya Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania; Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom	Kroidl, I., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Clowes, P., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Reither, K., Medical Services and Diagnostic, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Medical Services and Diagnostic (Swiss TPH), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Mtafya, B., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Rojas-Ponce, G., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Ntinginya, E.N., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Kalomo, M., Dept. for Paediatrics and Child Health, Mbeya Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania; Minja, L.T., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania, Medical Services and Diagnostic, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Medical Services and Diagnostic (Swiss TPH), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Kowuor, D., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Saathoff, E., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; Kroidl, A., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Heinrich, N., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; Maboko, L., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Bates, M., University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; O'Grady, J., University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Zumla, A., University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Hoelscher, M., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Rachow, A., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania	We evaluated the diagnostic performance of two tests based on the release of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) into the urine, the MTB-LAM-ELISA assay and the Determine TB-LAM-strip assay, in children with suspected tuberculosis (TB) in a high TB/HIV-prevalence setting. In a prospective study, 132 children with suspected active TB were assigned to diagnostic subgroups. Urine samples were subjected to testing by both assays to ascertain sensitivity and specificity. Host factors associated with positive LAM results were investigated and LAM excretion monitored after antituberculous treatment initiation. 18 (13.6%) children had culture-confirmed pulmonary TB. The assays' sensitivity was higher in HIVpositive versus HIV-negative children: 70% (95% confidence interval 35-93%) versus 13% (0-53%) for MTB-LAM-ELISA and 50% (19-81%) versus 0% (0-37%) for Determine TB-LAM. In 35 (27%) children with excluded active TB, both assays showed a specificity of 97.1% (85-100%). Proteinuria and low body mass index were independently associated with LAM positivity. In most patients, LAM excretion declined to zero during or at conclusion of antituberculous treatment. HIV/TB co-infected children might benefit from LAM-based tests to aid early TB diagnosis and subsequent positive impact on morbidity and mortality. Using LAM as a rule-in and treatment-monitoring tool may also show further potential. Copyright © ERS 2015.	None	lipoarabinomannan; Article; body mass; child; childhood disease; controlled study; diagnostic equipment; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lipid analysis; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; observational study; priority journal; prospective study; proteinuria; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzanian; urinalysis; urinary excretion; urine level	None
None	None	The impact of endemic and epidemic malaria on the risk of stillbirth in two areas of Tanzania with different malaria transmission patterns	Wort U.U., Hastings I., Mutabingwa T.K., Brabin B.J.	2006	Malaria Journal	5	None	10.1186/1475-2875-5-89	Division of International Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Gates Malaria Partnership, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Emma Kinderziekenhuis, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Alder Hey, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Wort, U.U., Division of International Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hastings, I., Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Mutabingwa, T.K., Gates Malaria Partnership, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Brabin, B.J., Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Emma Kinderziekenhuis, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Alder Hey, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: The impact of malaria on the risk of stillbirth is still under debate. The aim of the present analysis was to determine comparative changes in stillbirth prevalence between two areas of Tanzania with different malaria transmission patterns in order to estimate the malaria attributable component. Methods: A retrospective analysis was completed of stillbirth differences between primigravidae and multigravidae in relation to malaria cases and transmission patterns for two different areas of Tanzania with a focus on the effects of the El Niño southern climatic oscillation (ENSO). One area, Kagera, experiences outbreaks of malaria, and the other area, Morogoro, is holoendemic. Delivery and malaria data were collected over a six year period from records of the two district hospitals in these locations. Results: There was a significantly higher prevalence of low birthweight in primigravidae compared to multigravidae for both data sets. Low birthweight and stillbirth prevalence (17.5% and 4.8%) were significantly higher in Kilosa compared to Ndolage (11.9% and 2.4%). There was a significant difference in stillbirth prevalence between Ndolage and Kilosa between malaria seasons (2.4% and 5.6% respectively, p < 0.001) and during malaria seasons (1.9% and 5.9% respectively, p < 0.001). During ENSO there was no difference (4.1% and 4.9%, respectively). There was a significant difference in low birthweight prevalence between Ndolage and Kilosa between malaria seasons (14.4% and 23.0% respectively, p < 0.001) and in relation to malaria seasons (13.9% and 25.2% respectively, p < 0.001). During ENSO there was no difference (22.2% and 19.8%, respectively). Increased low birthweight risk occurred approximately five months following peak malaria prevalence, but stillbirth risk increased at the time of malaria peaks. Conclusion: Malaria exposure during pregnancy has a delayed effect on birthweight outcomes, but a more acute effect on stillbirth risk. © 2006 Wort et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; birth weight; controlled study; endemic disease; epidemic; human; major clinical study; malaria; medical record; prevalence; primigravida; risk factor; stillbirth; Tanzania; virus transmission; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Rain; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Stillbirth; Tanzania; Time Factors	None
None	None	Field and laboratory evaluation of bioefficacy of an insect growth regulator (Dimilin) as a larvicide against mosquito and housefly larvae	Msangi S., Lyatuu E., Kweka E.J.	2011	Journal of Tropical Medicine	None	None	10.1155/2011/394541	Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease, Vector Control Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania	Msangi, S., Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease, Vector Control Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Lyatuu, E., Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease, Vector Control Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Kweka, E.J., Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease, Vector Control Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania	The inhibitory function of Dimilin (Diflubenzuron), mostly a chitin synthesis regulator, on the ecdysis of mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae s.l., Culex quinquefasciatus) and housefly was evaluated in the field and in laboratory. Three formulations of Diflubenzuron were evaluated in this study: Dimilin, Wettable powder (25), Dimilin granules (2), and Dimilin tablets (2). The laboratory and field evaluation used different rates of concentrations of these formulations. Generally, at higher dosages larvae developments, eggs hatchability and pupation were impossible. The development of mosquitoes was significantly higher in control while highly depressed in different dosages of treatment in both laboratory and field experiments. In houseflies, the adult population decreased sharply after treatment of their breeding sites while pupae mortality was noticed to be high in laboratory-treated samples. Dimilin could be opted as one of the choice of the larval control chemicals to be incorporated in the integrated vector control programmes in urban and rural areas. Copyright © 2011 Shandala Msangi et al.	None	diflubenzuron; larvicidal agent; Anopheles gambiae; article; Culex quinquefasciatus; disease carrier; drug granule; hatching; house fly; insect control; insect development; insecticidal activity; larval development; molting; nonhuman; powder; priority journal; pupation; rural area; tablet formulation; urban area; vector control	None
None	None	mHealth for Safer Deliveries: A mixed methods evaluation of the effect of an integrated mobile health intervention on maternal care utilization	Battle J.D., Farrow L., Tibaijuka J., Mitchell M.	2015	Healthcare	3	4	10.1016/j.hjdsi.2015.10.011	D-tree International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Battle, J.D., D-tree International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Farrow, L., D-tree International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tibaijuka, J., D-tree International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mitchell, M., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of in-hospital management for febrile illness in northern Tanzania before and after 2010 World Health Organization guidelines for the treatment of malaria	Moon A.M., Biggs H.M., Rubach M.P., Crump J.A., Maro V.P., Saganda W., Reddy E.A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0089814	Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Mawenzi Regional Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania	Moon, A.M., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Biggs, H.M., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Rubach, M.P., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Crump, J.A., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Maro, V.P., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Saganda, W., Mawenzi Regional Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania; Reddy, E.A., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania	Objective: In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) published updated guidelines emphasizing and expanding recommendations for a parasitological confirmation of malaria before treating with antimalarials. This study aimed to assess differences in historic (2007-2008) (cohort 1) and recent (2011-2012) (cohort 2) hospital cohorts in the diagnosis and treatment of febrile illness in a low malaria prevalence area of northern Tanzania. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from two prospective cohort studies that enrolled febrile adolescents and adults aged ≥13 years. All patients received quality-controlled aerobic blood cultures and malaria smears. We compared patients' discharge diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes to assess changes in the treatment of malaria and bacterial infections. Results: In total, 595 febrile inpatients were enrolled from two referral hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Laboratory-confirmed malaria was detected in 13 (3.2%) of 402 patients in cohort 1 and 1 (0.5%) of 193 patients in cohort 2 (p = 0.041). Antimalarials were prescribed to 201 (51.7%) of 389 smear-negative patients in cohort 1 and 97 (50.5%) of 192 smear-negative patients in cohort 2 (p = 0.794). Bacteremia was diagnosed from standard blood culture in 58 (14.5%) of 401 patients in cohort 1 compared to 18 (9.5%) of 190 patients in cohort 2 (p = 0.091). In cohort 1, 40 (69.0%) of 58 patients with a positive blood culture received antibacterials compared to 16 (88.9%) of 18 patients in cohort 2 (p = 0.094). In cohort 1, 43 (10.8%) of the 399 patients with known outcomes died during hospitalization compared with 12 (6.2%) deaths among 193 patients in cohort 2 (p = 0.073). Discussion: In a setting of low malaria transmission, a high proportion of smear-negative patients were diagnosed with malaria and treated with antimalarials despite updated WHO guidelines on malaria treatment. Improved laboratory diagnostics for non-malaria febrile illness might help to curb this practice.	None	antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; adolescent; adult; aged; article; bacteremia; blood culture; cohort analysis; controlled study; female; fever; hospital discharge; hospital management; hospital patient; hospitalization; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; mortality; outcome assessment; parasite prevalence; practice guideline; smear; Tanzania; world health organization; differential diagnosis; fever; malaria; practice guideline; prospective study; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Antimalarials; Cohort Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; Fever; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Malaria; Prospective Studies; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome; World Health Organization	None
None	None	Validation, performance under field conditions, and cost-effectiveness of Capillus HIV-1/HIV-2 and determine HIV-1/2 rapid human immunodeficiency virus antibody assays using sequential and parallel testing algorithms in Tanzania	Mayhood M.K., Afwamba I.A., Odhiambo C.O., Ndanu E., Thielman N.M., Morrissey A.B., Shao J.F., Pence B.W., Crump J.A.	2008	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	46	12	10.1128/JCM.01045-08	Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Kikundi Cha Wanawake Kilimanjaro Kupambana na UKIMWI (KIWAKKUKI; Women Against AIDS in Kilimanjaro), Moshi, Tanzania; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3867, Durham, NC 27710, United States	Mayhood, M.K., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Afwamba, I.A., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Odhiambo, C.O., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Ndanu, E., Kikundi Cha Wanawake Kilimanjaro Kupambana na UKIMWI (KIWAKKUKI; Women Against AIDS in Kilimanjaro), Moshi, Tanzania; Thielman, N.M., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Morrissey, A.B., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Shao, J.F., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Pence, B.W., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Crump, J.A., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3867, Durham, NC 27710, United States	Rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests support the effort to expand access to HIV testing and counseling services in remote, rural, and poor parts of the world. We validated the Capillus HIV-1/HIV-2 (Trinity Biotech PLC, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland) and Determine HIV-1/2 (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) rapid tests in a reference laboratory using patient samples from Tanzania and evaluated the performance of the tests under field conditions in northern Tanzania. We used the resulting data to study sequential and parallel testing algorithms. In the validation study, sensitivity, specificity, the predictive value of a positive test (PV+), and the predictive value of a negative test (PV-) were all 100% for Capillus and Determine. In the field evaluation among 12,737 clients, sensitivity, specificity, PV+, and PV- were 99.7%, 99.8%, 98.7%, and 99.9%, respectively, for Capillus and 99.6%, 99.9%, 99.5%, and 99.9%, respectively, for Determine. A sequential testing algorithm that did not confirm a negative initial Capillus result with a Determine result cost $7.77 per HIV diagnosis but missed 0.3% of HIV infections. A sequential testing algorithm that did not confirm a negative initial Determine result with a Capillus result cost $7.64 per HIV diagnosis but missed 0.4% of HIV infections. A parallel testing algorithm cost $13.46 per HIV diagnosis but detected more HIV-infected clients. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	virus antibody; algorithm; article; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; performance measurement system; priority journal; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; sequential analysis; Tanzania; validation study; Cost-Benefit Analysis; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Immunoassay; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2	None
None	None	Evaluation of Tanzanian local chicken reared under intensive and semi-intensive systems: I. Growth performance and carcass characteristics	Mbaga S.H., Sanka Y.D.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	7	None	Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, P.O. Box 9152, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Mbaga, S.H., Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, P.O. Box 9152, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sanka, Y.D., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rearing systems, sex and age at slaughter on growth performance and carcass traits of local chicken. A total of 96 local weaned chicks (two months old) were bought from farmers in Morogoro peri-urban and reared under two different rearing system viz. intensive and semi-intensive systems. The birds were initially weighed and randomly assigned to each rearing system with equal number of males and females (48 birds per system). Two pens with deep litter were used to house the birds. Spacing for birds in both systems was 4birds/m2. However, birds under semi-intensive system had free access to grassy paddock (1 bird/10m2). All birds were offered the same diet with semi-intensive group receiving half of what was offered to the intensive group. Random sample of 24 males and 24 females in each rearing system were slaughtered at five and seven month. Body weights at slaughter and body weight gain of birds from semi-intensive system were significantly lower than of those kept in intensive system. There was no difference in dressing percentage between the two rearing systems, the values being 65.2% and 65.7% for intensive and semi-intensive respectively. Dressing percent was higher (67.7%) at seven month than at five month of age (63.2%). The rearing systems significantly affected the breast percentage, being higher in semi-intensive (25.1%) compared to intensive system (23.3%). Thigh percent was not influenced by rearing system or slaughter age, while drum stick percent was significantly lower at seven month old bird compared to five month old birds. From the study, it is concluded that local chicken with modest supplementation and assuming availability of scavenging feed resources, semi-confinement system of chicken rearing could be more appropriate for the small holder poultry keepers.	Age at slaughter; Foraging; Rearing system; Scavenging; SFB	None	None
None	None	Effect of cell length on the performance of segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells fabricated using decalcomania method	An Y.-T., Ji M.-J., Hwang H.J., Park S.E., Choi B.-H.	2015	Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi/Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan	123	1436	10.2109/jcersj2.123.178	Electronic Materials Module Team, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Ceramic Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nelsom Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania	An, Y.-T., Electronic Materials Module Team, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Seoul, South Korea; Ji, M.-J., Electronic Materials Module Team, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Seoul, South Korea; Hwang, H.J., Department of Ceramic Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; Park, S.E., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nelsom Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Choi, B.-H., Electronic Materials Module Team, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Seoul, South Korea	Segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells (SIS-SOFC) have been stacked on all sides of a porous ceramic support using decalcomania method. When cells are stacked using decalcomania method, the cell components do not penetrate into the porous support or neighboring layers, resulting in excellent interfacial bonding. The cell components formed uniform thickness as well. Since the current flows laterally in SIS-SOFC, the cells are prepared having dimensions of 8 and 5mm in length to minimize their lateral resistance. Subsequent power output characteristics have been studied. As cell length decrease from 8 to 5 mm, the open circuit voltage and maximum power density increase. This is attributed to the lower lateral resistance due to shorter current path. Impedance analysis also shows that ohmic resistances decrease substantially with decreasing cell length. © 2015 The Ceramic Society of Japan.	Cell length; Decalcomania paper; Ohmic resistance; Segmented-in-series; Solid oxide fuel cell	Fuel cells; Ohmic contacts; Open circuit voltage; Cell lengths; Impedance analysis; Interfacial bonding; Lateral resistance; Maximum power density; Ohmic resistance; Power output characteristics; Segmented-in-series; Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)	None
None	None	The impact of uniform and mixed species blood meals on the fitness of the mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae s.s: Does a specialist pay for diversifying its host species diet?	Lyimo I.N., Keegan S.P., Ranford-Cartwright L.C., Ferguson H.M.	2012	Journal of Evolutionary Biology	25	3	10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02442.x	Environmental and Biomedical Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Lyimo, I.N., Environmental and Biomedical Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Keegan, S.P., Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Ranford-Cartwright, L.C., Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Ferguson, H.M., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	We investigated the fitness consequences of specialization in an organism whose host choice has an immense impact on human health: the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. We tested whether this mosquito's specialism on humans can be attributed to the relative fitness benefits of specialist vs. generalist feeding strategies by contrasting their fecundity and survival on human-only and mixed host diets consisting of blood meals from humans and animals. When given only one blood meal, An. gambiae s.s. survived significantly longer on human and bovine blood, than on canine or avian blood. However, when blood fed repeatedly, there was no evidence that the fitness of An. gambiae s.s. fed a human-only diet was greater than those fed generalist diets. This suggests that the adoption of generalist host feeding strategies in An. gambiae s.s. is not constrained by intraspecific variation in the resource quality of blood from other available host species. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2011 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.	Constraints; Host-parasite interaction; Insects; Life history evolution; Malaria; Natural selection; Trade-offs	disease vector; fecundity; fitness; generalist; hemophagy; host-parasite interaction; life history theory; malaria; mosquito; natural selection; public health; specialist; specialization; survival; trade-off; adaptation; animal; animal food; Anopheles gambiae; article; cattle; dog; feeding behavior; fertility; host parasite interaction; human; physiology; proportional hazards model; species difference; survival; Adaptation, Biological; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Cattle; Dogs; Feeding Behavior; Fertility; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Proportional Hazards Models; Species Specificity; Survival Analysis; Animalia; Anopheles gambiae; Aves; Bovinae; Hexapoda	None
None	None	Comparative field evaluation of combinations of long-lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying, relative to either method alone, for malaria prevention in an area where the main vector is Anopheles arabiensis	Okumu F.O., Mbeyela E., Lingamba G., Moore J., Ntamatungiro A.J., Kavishe D.R., Kenward M.G., Turner E., Lorenz L.M., Moore S.J.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-46	Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Okumu, F.O., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mbeyela, E., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Lingamba, G., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Moore, J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ntamatungiro, A.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kavishe, D.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kenward, M.G., Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Turner, E., Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lorenz, L.M., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Moore, S.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are commonly used together in the same households to improve malaria control despite inconsistent evidence on whether such combinations actually offer better protection than nets alone or IRS alone. Methods. Comparative tests were conducted using experimental huts fitted with LLINs, untreated nets, IRS plus untreated nets, or combinations of LLINs and IRS, in an area where Anopheles arabiensis is the predominant malaria vector species. Three LLIN types, Olyset®, PermaNet 2.0® and Icon Life® nets and three IRS treatments, pirimiphos-methyl, DDT, and lambda cyhalothrin, were used singly or in combinations. We compared, number of mosquitoes entering huts, proportion and number killed, proportions prevented from blood-feeding, time when mosquitoes exited the huts, and proportions caught exiting. The tests were done for four months in dry season and another six months in wet season, each time using new intact nets. Results: All the net types, used with or without IRS, prevented >99% of indoor mosquito bites. Adding PermaNet 2.0® and Icon Life®, but not Olyset® nets into huts with any IRS increased mortality of malaria vectors relative to IRS alone. However, of all IRS treatments, only pirimiphos-methyl significantly increased vector mortality relative to LLINs alone, though this increase was modest. Overall, median mortality of An. arabiensis caught in huts with any of the treatments did not exceed 29%. No treatment reduced entry of the vectors into huts, except for marginal reductions due to PermaNet 2.0® nets and DDT. More than 95% of all mosquitoes were caught in exit traps rather than inside huts. Conclusions: Where the main malaria vector is An. arabiensis, adding IRS into houses with intact pyrethroid LLINs does not enhance house-hold level protection except where the IRS employs non-pyrethroid insecticides such as pirimiphos-methyl, which can confer modest enhancements. In contrast, adding intact bednets onto IRS enhances protection by preventing mosquito blood-feeding (even if the nets are non-insecticidal) and by slightly increasing mosquito mortality (in case of LLINs). The primary mode of action of intact LLINs against An. arabiensis is clearly bite prevention rather than insecticidal activity. Therefore, where resources are limited, priority should be to ensure that everyone at risk consistently uses LLINs and that the nets are regularly replaced before being excessively torn. Measures that maximize bite prevention (e.g. proper net sizes to effectively cover sleeping spaces, stronger net fibres that resist tears and burns and net use practices that preserve net longevity), should be emphasized. © 2013 Okumu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	chlorphenotane; cyhalothrin; insecticide; phosphorothioic acid derivative; pirimophosmethyl; unclassified drug; aerosol; chlorphenotane; insecticide; nitrile; phosphorothioic acid derivative; pirimiphos methyl; pyrethroid; adult; Anopheles arabiensis; article; bed net; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; gene amplification; human; human experiment; insect bite; malaria; malaria control; male; mortality; pesticide spraying; protection; treatment duration; adolescent; aerosol; animal; Anopheles; comparative study; drug effects; housing; insecticide resistance; mosquito; physiology; procedures; Tanzania; time; transmission; young adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Housing; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins; Tanzania; Time Factors; Young Adult	None
None	None	Using a new odour-baited device to explore options for luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors: A report on design and field evaluation of the Mosquito Landing Box	Matowo N.S., Moore J., Mapua S., Madumla E.P., Moshi I.R., Kaindoa E.W., Mwangungulu S.P., Kavishe D.R., Sumaye R.D., Lwetoijera D.W., Okumu F.O.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-137	Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Matowo, N.S., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Moore, J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Mapua, S., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Madumla, E.P., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Moshi, I.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kaindoa, E.W., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mwangungulu, S.P., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kavishe, D.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Sumaye, R.D., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Lwetoijera, D.W., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Okumu, F.O., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania	Background: Mosquitoes that bite people outdoors can sustain malaria transmission even where effective indoor interventions such as bednets or indoor residual spraying are already widely used. Outdoor tools may therefore complement current indoor measures and improve control. We developed and evaluated a prototype mosquito control device, the 'Mosquito Landing Box' (MLB), which is baited with human odours and treated with mosquitocidal agents. The findings are used to explore technical options and challenges relevant to luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors in endemic settings. Methods. Field experiments were conducted in Tanzania to assess if wild host-seeking mosquitoes 1) visited the MLBs, 2) stayed long or left shortly after arrival at the device, 3) visited the devices at times when humans were also outdoors, and 4) could be killed by contaminants applied on the devices. Odours suctioned from volunteer-occupied tents were also evaluated as a potential low-cost bait, by comparing baited and unbaited MLBs. Results: There were significantly more Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus, Culex and Mansonia mosquitoes visiting baited MLB than unbaited controls (P≤0.028). Increasing sampling frequency from every 120 min to 60 and 30 min led to an increase in vector catches of up to 3.6 fold (P≤0.002), indicating that many mosquitoes visited the device but left shortly afterwards. Outdoor host-seeking activity of malaria vectors peaked between 7:30 and 10:30pm, and between 4:30 and 6:00am, matching durations when locals were also outdoors. Maximum mortality of mosquitoes visiting MLBs sprayed or painted with formulations of candidate mosquitocidal agent (pirimiphos-methyl) was 51%. Odours from volunteer occupied tents attracted significantly more mosquitoes to MLBs than controls (P<0.001). Conclusion: While odour-baited devices such as the MLBs clearly have potential against outdoor-biting mosquitoes in communities where LLINs are used, candidate contaminants must be those that are effective at ultra-low doses even after short contact periods, since important vector species such as An. arabiensis make only brief visits to such devices. Natural human odours suctioned from occupied dwellings could constitute affordable sources of attractants to supplement odour baits for the devices. The killing agents used should be environmentally safe, long lasting, and have different modes of action (other than pyrethroids as used on LLINs), to curb the risk of physiological insecticide resistance. © 2013 Matowo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; pirimiphos methyl; unclassified drug; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; article; controlled study; Culex; disease carrier; field study; human; malaria; mansonia; medical device; mortality; mosquito; mosquito landing box; nonhuman; odor; Tanzania; vector control; Adult; Animals; Anopheles; Behavior, Animal; Culex; Entomology; Equipment and Supplies; Human Experimentation; Humans; Insect Vectors; Male; Pheromones; Smell; Sterculiaceae; Tanzania; Anopheles arabiensis	None
None	None	The mode of action of spatial repellents and their impact on vectorial capacity of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto	Ogoma S.B., Ngonyani H., Simfukwe E.T., Mseka A., Moore J., Maia M.F., Moore S.J., Lorenz L.M.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0110433	Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz, Basel, Switzerland	Ogoma, S.B., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ngonyani, H., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Simfukwe, E.T., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Mseka, A., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Moore, J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Maia, M.F., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Petersplatz, Basel, Switzerland; Moore, S.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Petersplatz, Basel, Switzerland; Lorenz, L.M., Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Malaria vector control relies on toxicity of insecticides used in long lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying. This is despite evidence that sub-lethal insecticides reduce human-vector contact and malaria transmission. The impact of sub-lethal insecticides on host seeking and blood feeding of mosquitoes was measured. Taxis boxes distinguished between repellency and attraction inhibition of mosquitoes by measuring response of mosquitoes towards or away from Transfluthrin coils and humans. Protective effective distance of coils and long-term effects on blood feeding were measured in the semi-field tunnel and in a Peet Grady chamber. Laboratory reared pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes were used. In the taxis boxes, a higher proportion of mosquitoes (67%-82%) were activated and flew towards the human in the presence of Transfluthrin coils. Coils did not hinder attraction of mosquitoes to the human. In the semi-field Tunnel, coils placed 0.3 m from the human reduced feeding by 86% (95% CI [0.66; 0.95]) when used as a "bubble" compared to 65% (95% CI [0.51; 0.76]) when used as a "point source". Mosquitoes exposed to coils inside a Peet Grady chamber were delayed from feeding normally for 12 hours but there was no effect on free flying and caged mosquitoes exposed in the semi-field tunnel. These findings indicate that airborne pyrethroids minimize human-vector contact through reduced and delayed blood feeding. This information is useful for the development of target product profiles of spatial repellent products that can be used to complement mainstream malaria vector control tools. © 2014 Ogoma et al.	None	insect repellent; insecticide; pyrethroid; insecticide; Anopheles gambiae; Article; controlled study; feeding; indoor residual spraying; malaria; mosquito; nonhuman; parasite vector; vector control; animal; Anopheles gambiae; disease carrier; drug effects; female; human; malaria; mosquito; procedures; transmission; Anopheles gambiae; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Female; Humans; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control	None
None	None	The impact of host species and vector control measures on the fitness of African malaria vectors	Lyimo I.N., Haydon D.T., Russell T.L., Mbina K.F., Daraja A.A., Mbehela E.M., Reeve R., Ferguson H.M.	2013	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	280	1754	10.1098/rspb.2012.2823	Environmental Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Lyimo, I.N., Environmental Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Haydon, D.T., Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Russell, T.L., Environmental Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Mbina, K.F., Environmental Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Daraja, A.A., Environmental Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mbehela, E.M., Environmental Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Reeve, R., Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Ferguson, H.M., Environmental Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom	Many malaria vector mosquitoes in Africa have an extreme preference for feeding on humans. This specialization allows them to sustain much higher levels of transmission than elsewhere, but there is little understanding of the evolutionary forces that drive this behaviour. In Tanzania, we used a semi-field system to test whether the well-documented preferences of the vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) for cattle and humans, respectively, are predicted by the fitness they obtain from host-seeking on these species relative to other available hosts. Mosquito fitness was contrasted, when humans were fully exposed and when they were protected by a typical bednet. The fitness of both vectors varied between host species. The predicted relationship between host preference and fitness was confirmed in An. arabiensis, but not in An. gambiae s.s., whose fitness was similar on humans and other mammals. Use of typical, imperfect bednets generated only minor reductions in An. gambiae s.s. feeding success and fitness on humans, but was predicted to generate a significant reduction in the lifetime reproductive success of An. arabiensis on humans relative to cows. This supports the hypothesis that such human-protective measures could additionally benefit malaria control by increasing selection for zoophily in vectors.	Bednets; Host specialization; Malaria; Mosquito vectors; Selection	cattle; disease transmission; disease vector; feeding behavior; fitness; malaria; mosquito; reproductive success; selection; specialization; Africa; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; Bos; Mammalia	None
None	None	The impact of probiotic yogurt on HIV positive women in Tanzania	Dols J.A.M., Boon M.E., Monachese M., Changalucha J., Butamanya N., Varriano S., Vihant O., Hullegie Y., van Tienen A., Hummelen R., Reid G.	2011	International Dairy Journal	21	8	10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.03.001	Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands; Lawson Health Research Institute, Canadian Research Development Centre for Probiotics, London, Canada; Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Sekou-Toure Regional Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania	Dols, J.A.M., Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands; Boon, M.E., Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands; Monachese, M., Lawson Health Research Institute, Canadian Research Development Centre for Probiotics, London, Canada, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Changalucha, J., National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Butamanya, N., Sekou-Toure Regional Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania; Varriano, S., Lawson Health Research Institute, Canadian Research Development Centre for Probiotics, London, Canada; Vihant, O., Lawson Health Research Institute, Canadian Research Development Centre for Probiotics, London, Canada; Hullegie, Y., Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; van Tienen, A., Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Hummelen, R., Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Lawson Health Research Institute, Canadian Research Development Centre for Probiotics, London, Canada; Reid, G., Lawson Health Research Institute, Canadian Research Development Centre for Probiotics, London, Canada, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada	In a randomized, double blind study, 145 HIV+ women receiving anti-retroviral therapy at Sekou-Toure Regional Hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania were enrolled. Participants were randomly allocated to receive 125 mL daily regular yogurt or 125 mL probiotic supplemented yogurt for 29 days. Subject interviews at day 0 and 29 revealed fewer vaginal symptoms and signs, better appetite, less stomach gas and more energy for work, irrespective of the treatment group. The Nugent scoring showed almost 40% women had improved vaginal microbiota over the month, albeit the addition of the probiotic did not differ from the standard yogurt group. Therefore, yogurt provides a safe nutritious food that can be made locally and taken daily by HIV-subjects receiving anti-retroviral therapy. It has the potential to transfer health benefits to the gut and vagina, but the extent to which a probiotic can add to this through rectal to perineal transfer remains to be determined. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	None	Health benefits; Microbiotas; Probiotic yogurt; Probiotics; Tanzania; Treatment group; Dairy products; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
None	None	The impact of cost recovery and sharing system on water policy implementation and human right to: A case of Ileje, Tanzania	Kibassa D.	2011	Water Science and Technology	63	11	10.2166/wst.2011.482	Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS), Ardhi University (ARU), P.O. Box 35124, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kibassa, D., Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS), Ardhi University (ARU), P.O. Box 35124, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	In Tanzania, the National Water Policy (NAWAPO) of 2002 clearly stipulates that access to water supply and sanitation is a right for every Tanzanian and that cost recovery is the foundation of sustainable service delivery. To meet these demands, water authorities have introduced cost recovery and a water sharing system. The overall objective of this study was to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on water policy implementation and human rights to water in four villages in the Ileje district. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on the availability of water to the poor, (2) to assess user willingness to pay for the services provided, (3) to assess community understanding on the issue of water as a human right, (4) to analyse the implications of the results in relation to policies on human rights to water and the effectiveness of the implementation of the national water policy at the grassroots, and (5) to establish the guidelines for water pricing in rural areas. Questionnaires at water demand, water supply, ability and willingness to pay and revenue collection were the basis for data collection. While 36.7% of the population in the district had water supply coverage, more than 73,077 people of the total population of 115,996 still lacked access to clean and safe water and sanitation services in the Ileje district. The country's rural water supply coverage is 49%. Seventy-nine percent of the interviewees in all four villages said that water availability in litres per household per day had decreased mainly due to high water pricing which did not consider the income of villagers. On the other hand, more than 85%of the villagers were not satisfied with the amount they were paying because the services were still poor. On the issue of human rights to water, more than 92% of the villagers know about their right to water and want it exercised by the government. In all four villages, more than 78% of the interviewees are willing to pay for water provided that the tariffs are affordable. Water policy implementation continues slowly: regardless of the fact that more than five years have passed since policy inception, 60% of the villagers in Itumba still have no water services at all. The study shows that government fulfilment of human rights to water has a long way to go, especially in rural areas where people cannot afford to pay for water and some of the villages still depend on water from wells and seasonal rivers. © IWA Publishing 2011.	Affordability; Cost recovery; Human right to water; Water policy; Willingness to pay	Affordability; Cost recovery; Human rights; Water policy; Willingness to pay; Depreciation; Economics; Rating; Recovery; Rural areas; Sanitation; Surveys; Water management; Water supply; Costs; cost-benefit analysis; data acquisition; environmental policy; governance approach; grassroots level; guideline; human rights; policy implementation; pricing policy; public access; questionnaire survey; sanitation; service provision; sustainability; village; water availability; water demand; water economics; water management; water planning; water supply; willingness to pay; article; awareness; consumer; cost; cost recovery; government; human; human rights; national water policy; normal human; policy; practice guideline; prospective pricing; public health service; questionnaire; right to water; rural area; rural population; Tanzania; tax; water availability; water supply; Consumer Participation; Human Rights; Humans; Poverty; Public Policy; Rural Population; Tanzania; Water Supply; Ileje; Mbeya [Tanzania]; Tanzania	None
None	None	The Impact of Trade Credit on Customer Switching Behaviour: Evidence from the Tanzanian Rice Market	Hermes N., Kihanga E., Lensink R., Lutz C.	2012	Journal of Development Studies	48	3	10.1080/00220388.2011.615921	Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Faculty of Commerce, Mzumbe University, Tanzania; Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands	Hermes, N., Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Kihanga, E., Faculty of Commerce, Mzumbe University, Tanzania; Lensink, R., Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Lutz, C., Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands	We use primary survey data to analyse the relationship between trade credit and customer switching in the context of trade transactions between wholesalers and retailers in the Tanzanian rice market. Results reveal a negative relation of trade credit and customer switching, that is, trade credit acts as a switching barrier; retailers are reluctant to move to another supplier if they depend on trade credit as a source of external finance. This interpretation fits with the underdeveloped financial markets in Tanzania, in which access to external finance is poor among rice retailers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	None	credit provision; financial market; market system; retailing; Tanzania	None
None	None	Minimal impact of an iron-fortified lipid-based nutrient supplement on Hb and iron status: A randomised controlled trial in malnourished HIV-positive African adults starting antiretroviral therapy	James P., Friis H., Woodd S., Rehman A.M., PrayGod G., Kelly P., Koethe J.R., Filteau S.	2015	British Journal of Nutrition	114	3	10.1017/S0007114515001920	Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States	James, P., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Friis, H., Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Woodd, S., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Rehman, A.M., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; PrayGod, G., Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kelly, P., University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Koethe, J.R., Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Filteau, S., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Anaemia, redistribution of Fe, malnutrition and heightened systemic inflammation during HIV infection confer an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in HIV patients. We analysed information on Fe status and inflammation from a randomised, double blind, controlled phase-III clinical trial in Lusaka, Zambia and Mwanza, Tanzania. Malnourished patients (n 1815) were recruited at referral to antiretroviral therapy (ART) into a two-stage nutritional rehabilitation programme, randomised to receive a lipid-based nutrient supplement with or without added micronutrients. Fe was included in the intervention arm during the second stage, given from 2 to 6 weeks post-ART. Hb, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were measured at recruitment and 6 weeks post-ART. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the impact of the intervention, and the effect of reducing inflammation from recruitment to week 6 on Hb and Fe status. There was no effect of the intervention on Hb, serum ferritin, sTfR or serum CRP. A one-log decrease of serum CRP from recruitment to week 6 was associated with a 1·81 g/l increase in Hb (95 % CI 0·85, 2·76; P< 0·001), and a 0·11 log decrease in serum ferritin (95 % CI - 0·22, 0·03; P= 0·012) from recruitment to week 6. There was no association between the change in serum CRP and the change in sTfR over the same time period (P= 0·78). In malnourished, HIV-infected adults receiving dietary Fe, a reduction in inflammation in the early ART treatment period appears to be a precondition for recovery from anaemia. © The Authors 2015.	Antiretroviral therapy; Ferritin; Hb; HIV; Inflammation; Lipid-based nutrient supplement; Transferrin receptor	antiretrovirus agent; C reactive protein; efavirenz; emtricitabine; ferritin; hemoglobin; lamivudine; lipid; nevirapine; tenofovir; transferrin receptor; zidovudine; antiretrovirus agent; C reactive protein; ferritin; hemoglobin; iron; iron intake; lipid; adult; anemia; Article; blood sampling; controlled study; disease association; disease severity; double blind procedure; female; hemoglobin blood level; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; inflammation; iron blood level; iron metabolism; iron therapy; male; malnutrition; phase 3 clinical trial; protein blood level; randomized controlled trial; Tanzania; treatment duration; treatment response; administration and dosage; anemia; blood; complication; deficiency; diet supplementation; diet therapy; HIV Infections; iron intake; malnutrition; metabolism; mortality; Zambia; Adult; Anemia; Anti-Retroviral Agents; C-Reactive Protein; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ferritins; Food, Fortified; Hemoglobins; HIV Infections; Humans; Inflammation; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Lipids; Male; Malnutrition; Tanzania; Zambia	None
None	None	Performance of HRP-2 based rapid diagnostic test for malaria and its variation with age in an area of intense malaria transmission in southern tanzania	Laurent A., Schellenberg J., Shirima K., Ketende S.C., Alonso P.L., Mshinda H., Tanner M., Schellenberg D.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-294	Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland	Laurent, A., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Schellenberg, J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Shirima, K., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ketende, S.C., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alonso, P.L., Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain; Mshinda, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanner, M., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Schellenberg, D., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background. The use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been widely advocated to improve Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis, especially in settings where quality microscopy is not available. RDTs based on the detection of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2) can remain positive for several weeks after an infection is cured, due to the persistence of HRP-2 antigens. As a result, test specificity may vary between age groups with different prevalence of P. falciparum infection. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional survey, carried out in southern Tanzania in July and August 2004, evaluated the performance of the Paracheck Pf in comparison with microscopy (number of P. falciparum parasites/200 leucocytes). A sample of 598 individuals living in an area of intense malaria transmission had demographic data collected before an RDT was performed. HRP-2 test sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated and compared between distinct age groups, using microscopy as "gold standard". Results. The overall malaria prevalence was 34.3% according to microscopy and 57.2% according to the HRP-2 test. The HRP-2 test had a sensitivity of 96.1%, a specificity of 63.1%, a positive predictive value of 57.6% and a negative predictive value of 96.9%. The test sensitivity was higher (ranging from 98% to 100%) amongst people less than 25 years of age, but decreased to 81.3% in older adults. The HRP-2 test specificity varied between age groups, ranging from 25% among children of five to nine years of age, to 73% among adults aged 25 or more. The test positive predictive value increased with malaria prevalence, while the negative predictive value was consistently high across age groups. Conclusions. These results suggest that the performance of HRP-2 tests in areas of intense malaria transmission varies by age and the prevalence of P. falciparum infection. The particularly low specificity among children will lead to the over-estimation of malaria infection prevalence in this group. © 2010 Laurent et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	histidine rich protein 2; protozoal protein; unclassified drug; HRP 2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; HRP-2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; parasite antigen; protozoal protein; adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; child; controlled study; demography; diagnostic test; female; gold standard; human; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; parasite transmission; Plasmodium falciparum; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; age; comparative study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic test; evaluation; infant; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; methodology; newborn; parasitology; predictive value; preschool child; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Antigens, Protozoan; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Microscopy; Parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Predictive Value of Tests; Protozoan Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Community health workers to improve antenatal care and PMTCT uptake in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A quantitative performance evaluation	Lema I.A., Sando D., Magesa L., Machumi L., Mungure E., Sando M.M., Geldsetzer P., Foster D., Kajoka D., Naburi H., Ekström A.M., Spiegelman D., Li N., Chalamilla G., Fawzi W., Bärnighausen T.	2014	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	67	None	None	Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Global Health and Population, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; PMTCT Department, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Lema, I.A., Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sando, D., Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Magesa, L., Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Machumi, L., Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mungure, E., Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sando, M.M., Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geldsetzer, P., Department of Global Health and Population, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Foster, D., Department of Global Health and Population, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Kajoka, D., PMTCT Department, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Naburi, H., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ekström, A.M., Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Spiegelman, D., Department of Global Health and Population, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Li, N., Department of Global Health and Population, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Chalamilla, G., Familia Salama Trial Unit, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Fawzi, W., Department of Global Health and Population, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Bärnighausen, T., Department of Global Health and Population, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Methods: Over a 16-month period, we carried out a quantitative evaluation of the performance of CHW in reaching women early in pregnancy and before they have attended ANC in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Background: Home visits by community health workers (CHW) could be effective in identifying pregnant women in the community before they have presented to the health system. CHW could thus improve the uptake of antenatal care (ANC), HIV testing, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services.Results: As part of the intervention, 213 CHW conducted more than 45,000 home visits to about 43,000 pregnant women. More than 75% of the pregnant women identified through home visits had not yet attended ANC at the time of the first contact with a CHW and about 40% of those who had not yet attended ANC were in the first trimester of pregnancy. Over time, the number of pregnant women the CHW identified each month increased, as did the proportion of women who had not yet attended ANC. The median gestational age of pregnant women contacted for the first time by a CHW decreased steadily and significantly over time (from 21/22 to 16 weeks, P-value for test of trend <0.0001).Conclusions: A large-scale CHW intervention was effective in identifying pregnant women in their homes early in pregnancy and before they had attended ANC. The intervention thus fulfills some of the conditions that are necessary for CHW to improve timely ANC uptake and early HIV testing and PMTCT enrollment in pregnancy. Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antenatal care; Community health workers; Maternal and child health; Performance evaluation; Tanzania	adult; Article; compensation; evaluation study; female; gestational age; government; health auxiliary; health care cost; HIV test; human; organization and management; pregnancy; prenatal care; prevention of mother to child transmission; preventive health service; professional practice; public health; quantitative analysis; Tanzania; child; community care; epidemiology; health auxiliary; HIV Infections; infant; male; newborn; organization and management; patient referral; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; prenatal care; preschool child; prevention and control; professional practice; program evaluation; standards; statistics and numerical data; transmission; vertical transmission; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; HIV Infections; House Calls; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Care; Program Evaluation; Referral and Consultation; Tanzania	None
None	None	Integrating family planning services into HIV care and treatment clinics in Tanzania: Evaluation of a facilitated referral model	Baumgartner J.N., Green M., Weaver M.A., Mpangile G., Kohi T.W., Mujaya S.N., Lasway C.	2014	Health Policy and Planning	29	5	10.1093/heapol/czt043	FHI 360, Washington, DC 20009, United States; FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; TUNAJALI II, Deloitte, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Futures Group, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Baumgartner, J.N., FHI 360, Washington, DC 20009, United States; Green, M., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Weaver, M.A., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Mpangile, G., TUNAJALI II, Deloitte, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kohi, T.W., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mujaya, S.N., Futures Group, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lasway, C., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States	Background Many clients of HIV care and treatment services have unmet contraceptive needs. Integrating family planning (FP) services into HIV services is an increasingly utilized strategy for meeting those unmet needs. However, numerous models for services integration are potentially applicable for clients with diverse health needs. This study developed and tested a 'facilitated referral' model for integrating FP into HIV care and treatment in Tanzania with the primary outcome being a reduction in unmet need for contraception among female clients. Methods The facilitated referral model included seven distinct steps for service providers. A quasi-experimental, pre-and post-test, repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the model. Female clients at 12 HIV care and treatment clinics (CTCs) were interviewed pre-and post-intervention and CTC providers were interviewed post-intervention. Results A total of 323 CTC clients were interviewed pre-intervention and 299 were interviewed post-intervention. Among all clients, the adjusted decrease in proportion with unmet need (3%) was not significant (P = 0.103) but among only sexually active clients, the adjusted decrease (8%) approached significance (P = 0.052). Furthermore, the proportion of sexually active clients using a contraceptive method post-intervention increased by an estimated 12% (P = 0.013). Dual method use increased by 16% (P = 0.004). Increases were observed for all seven steps of the model from pre-to post-intervention. All providers (n = 45) stated that FP integration was a good addition although there were implementation challenges. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the facilitated referral model is a feasible strategy for integrating FP into HIV care and treatment services. The findings show that this model resulted in increased contraceptive use among HIV-positive female clients. By highlighting the distinct steps necessary for facilitated referrals, this study can help inform both programmes and future research efforts in services integration. © 2013 The Author.	family planning; HIV; referrals; service integration; Tanzania	None	None
None	None	Seeing the wood for the trees: An assessment of the impact of participatory forest management on forest condition in Tanzania	Blomley T., Pfliegner K., Isango J., Zahabu E., Ahrends A., Burgess N.	2008	ORYX	42	3	10.1017/S0030605308071433	Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, c/o Royal Danish Embassy, P.O Box 9171, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Faculty of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, P.O. Box 1854, Morogoro, Tanzania; Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3103, Morogoro, Tanzania; York Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Dynamics, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Conservation Science Group, Zoology Department, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Conservation Science Program, WWF-USA, 1250 24th Street, NW, Washington, DC, United States	Blomley, T., Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, c/o Royal Danish Embassy, P.O Box 9171, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Pfliegner, K., Faculty of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Isango, J., Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, P.O. Box 1854, Morogoro, Tanzania; Zahabu, E., Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3103, Morogoro, Tanzania; Ahrends, A., York Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Dynamics, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Burgess, N., Conservation Science Group, Zoology Department, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Conservation Science Program, WWF-USA, 1250 24th Street, NW, Washington, DC, United States	Over the past 15 years the Tanzanian government has promoted participatory forest management (both joint forest management and community-based forest management) as a major strategy for managing natural forests for sustainable use and conservation. Such management is currently either operational or in the process of being established in > 3.6 million ha of forest land and in > 1,800 villages. Data from three case studies of forests managed using participatory and non-participatory forest management approaches suggest that community involvement in forest management is correlated with improving forest condition. In our first case study we demonstrate increasing basal area and volume of trees per ha over time in miombo woodland and coastal forest habitats under participatory forest management compared with similar forests under state or open access management. In our second case study three coastal forest and sub-montane Eastern Arc forests under participatory forest management show a greater number of trees per ha, and mean height and diameter of trees compared to three otherwise similar forests under state management. In our third case study levels of cutting in coastal forest and Eastern Arc forests declined over time since initiation in participatory forest management sites. We conclude that participatory forest management is showing signs of delivering impact in terms of improved forest condition in Tanzanian forests but that further assessments need to be made to verify these initial findings. © 2008 Fauna & Flora International.	Eastern Arc; Forest condition; Participatory forest management; Sustainable use; Tanzania	assessment method; forest management; habitat conservation; local participation; sustainable forestry; wood; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
None	None	Performance of four-year-old Australian and Papua New Guinean Acacia species/provenances at Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania	Kindo A., Mndolwa M.A., Edward E., Chamshama S.A.O.	2010	Southern Forests	72	1	10.2989/20702620.2010.481077	Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 426, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, PO Box 30021, Kibaha, Tanzania; Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kindo, A., Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 426, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mndolwa, M.A., Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, PO Box 30021, Kibaha, Tanzania; Edward, E., Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chamshama, S.A.O., Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania	This study to compare performance of three Australian-Papua New Guinean Acacia species/provenances (A. mangium, A. auriculiformis, A. crassicarpa) and A. julifera was conducted at Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania. Species/provenances were evaluated for survival, growth (diameter, height and volume), wood basic density and wood biomass. The trial was laid out using a randomised complete block design with three replications of 22 treatments (species/provenances). Data for survival, diameter at breast height and height was collected at ages 2 and 4 years from the nine inner-plot trees. Six defect-free trees from each treatment were selected at random for volume, wood basic density and biomass measurements. Results showed significant differences in survival, height and diameter growth among species/provenances at all assessment occasions. Average untransformed survival at 4 years ranged from 16.0% to 93.3%. Acacia crassicarpa from Bensbach, Papua New Guinea (PNG), had the largest diameter (13.9 cm) and A. crassicarpa from Bimadebum, PNG, had the largest height (12.6 m). Volume production and wood biomass differed significantly (p &lt; 0.001) among species/provenances. Acacia crassicarpa from Bensbach, PNG, had the highest volume (58.7 m 3 ha -1) and wood biomass (53.4 t ha -1) while A. mangium from Kongowe, Tanzania, had the lowest height (4.6 m), volume (1.92 m 3 ha -1) and wood biomass (2.7 t ha -1). Acacia mangium from Claudie River, Queensland, had the highest basic density (610.6 kg m -3) while the accession from Bituri, PNG, had the lowest (375.2 kg m -3). Ordinal ranking indicated that the three best-performing Australian-PNG Acacia species/ provenances were A. crassicarpa from Bimadebum, PNG; A. crassicarpa from Bensbach, PNG; and A. auriculiformis from south of Coen, Cape York. The three poorest species/provenances were A. mangium from Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania; A. julifera subsp. julifera from Ipswich, Queensland; and A. mangium from Balimo, PNG. The best-performing species/ provenances are recommended for planting in Kongowe and other areas with similar ecological conditions. © NISC (Pty) Ltd.	Australian-papua new guinean acacias; Biomass; Performance; Tanzania	Acacia; Acacia auriculiformis; Acacia crassicarpa; Acacia julifera; Acacia mangium	None
None	None	Evaluation of cervical cancer screening programs in Côte d'Ivoire, Guyana, and Tanzania: Effect of HIV status	Anderson J., Wysong M., Estep D., Besana G., Kibwana S., Varallo J., Sun K., Lu E.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0139242	Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jhpiego/Tanzania, Johns Hopkins University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Anderson, J., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Wysong, M., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Estep, D., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Besana, G., Jhpiego/Tanzania, Johns Hopkins University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kibwana, S., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Varallo, J., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Sun, K., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Lu, E., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: HIV infection increases a woman's risk for cervical cancer, and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in countries with high HIV prevalence and limited resources for screening. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) allows screening and treatment of cervical lesions in a single-visit approach (SVA), but data on its performance in HIV-infected women are limited. This study's objective was to examine cervical cancer screening using VIA/SVA in programs serving HIV-infected women. Methods: A VIA/SVA program with cryotherapy for VIA-positive lesions was implemented in Côte d'Ivoire, Guyana, and Tanzania from 2009 to 2012. The effect of HIV status on VIA positivity and on presence of cryotherapy-eligible lesions was examined using a cross-sectional study design, with Chi-square tests for comparisons and constructed multivariate logistic regression models. A P-value of < 0.05 was significant. Findings: VIA was performed on 34,921 women, 10% (3,580) were VIA positive; 2,508 (85%) eligible women received cryotherapy during the same visit; only 234 (52%) of those who postponed returned for treatment; 622 (17%) VIA-positive women had lesions too large to be treated with cryotherapy and were referred for excisional treatment. In multivariate analysis-controlling for HIV status, location of the screening clinic, facility location, facility type, and country-compared to HIV-uninfected/unknown women, HIV-infected women had higher odds of being VIA positive (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.76, 2.16, P<0.0001) and of having large lesions requiring referral (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.49, 2.51, P< 0.0001). Minor treatment complications occurred in 19 of 3,032 (0.63%) women; none required further intervention. Conclusions: This study found that compared to HIV-uninfected/unknown women, HIV-infected women had nearly twice the odds of being VIA-positive and to require referral for large lesions. SVA was safe and resulted in significant reductions in loss to follow-up. There is increased need for excisional treatment in countries with high HIV prevalence. © 2015 Anderson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	adult; Article; cancer screening; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; cryotherapy; female; health care facility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; rural area; screening test; Tanzania; treatment response; urban area; uterine cervix cancer	None
None	None	Statistical methodology for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy in a phase III multi-centre trial of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children	Lievens M., Aponte J.J., Williamson J., Mmbando B., Mohamed A., Bejon P., Leach A.	2011	Malaria Journal	10	None	10.1186/1475-2875-10-222	GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya	Lievens, M., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium; Aponte, J.J., Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Williamson, J., KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya; Mmbando, B., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Mohamed, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Bejon, P., KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Leach, A., GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium	Background: There has been much debate about the appropriate statistical methodology for the evaluation of malaria field studies and the challenges in interpreting data arising from these trials. Methods. The present paper describes, for a pivotal phase III efficacy of the RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine, the methods of the statistical analysis and the rationale for their selection. The methods used to estimate efficacy of the primary course of vaccination, and of a booster dose, in preventing clinical episodes of uncomplicated and severe malaria, and to determine the duration of protection, are described. The interpretation of various measures of efficacy in terms of the potential public health impact of the vaccine is discussed. Conclusions: The methodology selected to analyse the clinical trial must be scientifically sound, acceptable to regulatory authorities and meaningful to those responsible for malaria control and public health policy. Trial registration. © 2011 Lievens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	malaria vaccine; rts s as 01; unclassified drug; malaria vaccine; Africa; article; child; clinical assessment; clinical evaluation; controlled study; disease severity; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; fever; follow up; groups by age; human; immunization; infant; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; newborn; outcome assessment; parasitemia; phase 3 clinical trial; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; risk assessment; statistical analysis; Africa; biostatistics; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; immunization; immunology; malaria; methodology; treatment outcome; vaccination; Africa; Biostatistics; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Malaria; Malaria Vaccines; Treatment Outcome; Vaccination	None
None	None	Evaluation of using routine infant immunization visits to identify and follow-up HIV-exposed infants and their mothers in Tanzania	Goodson J.L., Finkbeiner T., Davis N.L., Lyimo D., Rwebembera A., Swartzendruber A.L., Wallace A.S., Kimambo S., Kimario C.J., Wiktor S.Z., Luman E.T.	2013	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	63	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31828a3e3f	Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Goodson, J.L., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Finkbeiner, T., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Davis, N.L., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Lyimo, D., Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Rwebembera, A., National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Swartzendruber, A.L., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Wallace, A.S., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kimambo, S., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kimario, C.J., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Wiktor, S.Z., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Luman, E.T., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	BACKGROUND: Without treatment, approximately half of HIV-infected infants die by age 2 years, and 80% die before age 5 years. Early identification of HIV-infected and HIV-exposed infants provides opportunities for life-saving interventions. We evaluated integration of HIV-related services with routine infant immunization in Tanzania. METHODS: During April 2009 to March 2010, at 4 urban and 4 rural sites, mothers' HIV status was determined at first-month immunization using antenatal cards. HIV-exposed infants were offered HIV testing and follow-up care. Impact of integrated service delivery was assessed by comparing average monthly vaccine doses administered during the study period and a 2-year baseline period; acceptance was assessed by interviewing mothers and service providers. FINDINGS: During 7569 visits, 308 HIV-exposed infants were identified and registered; of these, 290 (94%) were tested, 15 (5%) were HIV infected. At urban sites, first-month vaccine doses remained stable (+2% for pentavalent vaccine and -4% for polio vaccine), and vaccine doses given later in life (pentavalent, polio, and measles) increased 12%, 8%, and 11%, respectively. At rural sites, first-month vaccine doses decreased 33% and 35% and vaccine doses given later in life decreased 23%, 28%, and 28%. Mothers and service providers generally favored integrated services; however, HIV-related stigma and inadequate confidentiality controls of HIV testing were identified, particularly at rural sites. INTERPRETATION: Integration of HIV-related services at immunization visits identified HIV-exposed infants, HIV-infected infants, and HIV-infected mothers; however, decreases in vaccine doses administered at rural sites were concerning. HIV-related service integration with immunization visits needs careful monitoring to ensure optimum vaccine delivery. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	early infant diagnosis; HIV; integration; routine immunizations; vaccination	Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; article; clinical evaluation; female; follow up; health care delivery; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunization; infant; major clinical study; male; measles; pediatrics; poliomyelitis; priority journal; rural area; Tanzania; urban area; Adult; Delivery of Health Care; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Early Diagnosis; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunization; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Interviews as Topic; Male; Mothers; Rural Population; Tanzania; Urban Population; Vaccines	None
None	None	The indigenous cattle of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: Distinct phenotypic features, performance and uses	Msanga Y.N., Mwakilembe P.L., Sendalo D.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	7	None	Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, P.O. Box 9152, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Uyole Livestock research Centre, P.O. Box 400 Mbeya, Tanzania; National Livestock research Institute, P.O. Box 202 Mpwapwa, Tanzania	Msanga, Y.N., Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, P.O. Box 9152, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwakilembe, P.L., Uyole Livestock research Centre, P.O. Box 400 Mbeya, Tanzania; Sendalo, D., National Livestock research Institute, P.O. Box 202 Mpwapwa, Tanzania	This study was carried out in the Southern Highlands zone of Tanzania which is in the southwestern part of the country. The study considered two cattle strains which have been raised by the indigenous people for many years. The study areas have a similar farming system in which cattle play a very important role. The strains of cattle studied were Ufipa and Iringa Red. The main objective of this study was to characterize the phenotypic features, the production system, the traits of cattle that are of special interest to the community that keep them and the risky status of the cattle strains. For the Ufipa cattle the study was conducted in February 2007 and covered Sumbawanga rural, Sumbawanga urban and Nkasi districts of Rukwa region. Results showed that the Ufipa cattle are in reasonable number and have got uniform features of body size and conformation, horn size, orientation and spacing. The cattle have both Zebu and Sanga features though the Zebu features dominate. Their coat colour varies and may range from black, brown, and red, to grey. The horns are long with majority of animals showing forward orientation. The results also showed that Ufipa cattle are mainly kept for draft power such that about 35 % of the cattle herd composition is made of castrates. The number of the Ufipa cattle is fairly large and its risky status fall under need to monitor and what puts it at risk is nonselective castration leading to poor breeding bulls. The Iringa Red cattle are found in Iringa region in the South Western part of Tanzania. The study for Iringa Red cattle strain was conducted in two phases, in 2005 it covered Iringa rural and Kilolo districts and in 2007 it covered Mufindi district. The distinguishing features of the Iringa Red cattle are the red coat colour, darkish red and few are brown with white pied or spotted. The colour of the muzzle is brown and none pigmented. The hump is thoracic medium to large and mostly hanging in males. The cattle are of medium body size when compared to other strains of the Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu. In Mufindi district, about 70% of the cattle in the herds belong to the Iringa Red strain. The farmer' main preferences on the Iringa Red cattle are tolerance to disease and better draft power. Unlike the Ufipa cattle there is some selection on bulls to be used for breeding. The major risk factor facing this strain of cattle is introduction of other cattle stains from pastoralists who are moving into the traditional lands of the Iringa red cattle.	Animal genetic resources; Breeding management; Draft power; Iringa red; Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu; Ufipa cattle	Animalia; Bos; Bos indicus; Sanga	None
None	None	The impact of response to the results of diagnostic tests for malaria: Cost-benefit analysis	Lubell Y., Reyburn H., Mbakilwa H., Mwangi R., Chonya S., Whitty C.J.M., Mills A.	2008	BMJ	336	7637	10.1136/bmj.39395.696065.47	Health Economics and Financing Programme, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania	Lubell, Y., Health Economics and Financing Programme, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Reyburn, H., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Mbakilwa, H., Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Mwangi, R., Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Chonya, S., Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Whitty, C.J.M., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Mills, A., Health Economics and Financing Programme, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Objective: Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria seem cost effective in standard analyses, but these do not take account of clinicians' response to test results. This study tested the impact of clinicians' response to rapid diagnostic test or microscopy results on the costs and benefits of testing at different levels of malaria transmission and in different age groups. Design: Cost-benefit analysis using a decision tree model and clinical data on the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for malaria, their costs, and clinicians' response to test results. Setting: Tanzania. Methods: Data were obtained from a clinical trial of 2425 patients carried out in three settings of varying transmission. Results: At moderate and low levels of malaria transmission, rapid diagnostic tests were more cost beneficial than microscopy, and both more so than presumptive treatment, but only where response was consistent with test results. At the levels of prescription of antimalarial drugs to patients with negative tests that have been found in observational studies and trials, neither test method is likely to be cost beneficial, incurring costs 10-250% higher, depending on transmission rate, than would have been the case with fully consistent responses to all test results. Microscopy becomes more cost beneficial than rapid diagnostic tests when its sensitivity under operational conditions approaches that of rapid diagnostic tests. Conclusions: Improving diagnostic methods, including rapid diagnostic tests, can reduce costs and enhance the benefits of effective antimalarial drugs, but only if the consistency of response to test results is also improved. Investing in methods to improve rational response to tests is essential. Economic evaluations of diagnostic tests should take into account whether clinicians' response is consistent with test results.	None	antimalarial agent; adolescent; adult; article; child; clinical study; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; data analysis; decision tree; diagnostic test; groups by age; human; malaria; microscopy; observational study; prescription; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Trees; Humans; Malaria; Microscopy; Models, Economic; Parasitology; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
None	None	Costs and impacts of scaling up voluntary medical male circumcision in Tanzania	Menon V., Gold E., Godbole R., Castor D., Mahler H., Forsythe S., Ally M., Njeuhmeli E.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0083925	HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States; Futures Group, Washington, DC, United States; Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Baltimore, MD, United States; United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States; Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Menon, V., HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States, Futures Group, Washington, DC, United States; Gold, E., Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Baltimore, MD, United States; Godbole, R., HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States, Futures Group, Washington, DC, United States, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States; Castor, D., United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States; Mahler, H., Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Forsythe, S., HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States, Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Ally, M., Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Njeuhmeli, E., United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States	Background: Given the proven effectiveness of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) in preventing the spread of HIV, Tanzania is scaling up VMMC as an HIV prevention strategy. This study will inform policymakers about the potential costs and benefits of scaling up VMMC services in Tanzania. Methodology: The analysis first assessed the unit costs of delivering VMMC at the facility level in three regions - Iringa, Kagera, and Mbeya - via three currently used VMMC service delivery models (routine, campaign, and mobile/island outreach). Subsequently, using these unit cost data estimates, the study used the Decision Makers' Program Planning Tool (DMPPT) to estimate the costs and impact of a scaled-up VMMC program. Results: Increasing VMMC could substantially reduce HIV infection. Scaling up adult VMMC to reach 87.9% coverage by 2015 would avert nearly 23,000 new adult HIV infections through 2015 and an additional 167,500 from 2016 through 2025 - at an additional cost of US$253.7 million through 2015 and US $302.3 million from 2016 through 2025. Average cost per HIV infection averted would be US$11,300 during 2010-2015 and US$3,200 during 2010-2025. Scaling up VMMC in Tanzania will yield significant net benefits (benefits of treatment costs averted minus the cost of performing circumcisions) in the long run - around US$4,200 in net benefits for each infection averted. Conclusion: VMMC could have an immediate impact on HIV transmission, but the full impact on prevalence and deaths will only be apparent in the longer term because VMMC averts infections some years into the future among people who have been circumcised. Given the health and economic benefits of investing in VMMC, the scale-up of services should continue to be a central component of the national HIV prevention strategy in Tanzania.	None	article; circumcision; cost benefit analysis; disease transmission; health care cost; health care facility; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; scale up; Tanzania; voluntary medical male circumcision; volunteer; circumcision; economics; HIV Infections; male; preventive health service; Circumcision, Male; Cost-Benefit Analysis; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Tanzania	None
None	None	Assessing the performance of nurses in the management of malaria patients in Tanzania	Kanamori S., Kohi T.W., Nyamhanga T., Mkude S.	2011	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	57	5	10.1093/tropej/fmq100	IC Net Limited, Saitama, Japan; School of Nursing, Muhimbili University College of Health and Applied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kanamori, S., IC Net Limited, Saitama, Japan; Kohi, T.W., School of Nursing, Muhimbili University College of Health and Applied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nyamhanga, T., School of Nursing, Muhimbili University College of Health and Applied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mkude, S., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: In Tanzania, nurses play an important role in the management of patients with malaria. The study was conducted to identify the current status of the performance of nurses in the management of malaria patients, in order to provide the baseline data before the training intervention.Methods: The study was conducted at 19 government health facilities in four districts of Tanzania. In order to assess the performance of nurses, 60 procedures involved in the management of malaria patients were observed and evaluated. Additionally, exit interviews were conducted with 60 malaria patients or caretakers upon leaving the health facilities.Results: Of the 60 procedures observed, only 4 satisfied the standard established in the national guideline for treatment and diagnosis of malaria. The proportions of the interviewed patients who were able to correctly provide information were: 83.7-88% on home treatment topics; 6.1-33.3% on follow-up after treatment; and 48.3% on preventive measures on malaria.Conclusion: The nurses do not satisfy the required standard in the management of malaria patients. The weak areas identified by the study are the quinine IV administration and health education provided to patients. Conducting a training programme for nurses and the provision of working aids, such as a dosage table and a wall chart, are recommended. Furthermore, in order to alleviate incorrect dosage in intravenous quinine administration associated with dosage calculation, the possibility of adopting treatment drugs that can be administered by other dosage routes could be explored. © The Author [2010]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	quinine; article; caregiver; follow up; health care facility; health education; home care; human; malaria; nurse patient relationship; patient care; performance; Tanzania; Antimalarials; Clinical Competence; Employee Performance Appraisal; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Malaria; Nursing Care; Patient Education as Topic; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Quinine; Tanzania	None
None	None	Experience of safety monitoring in the context of a prospective observational study of artemether-lumefantrine in rural Tanzania: Lessons learned for pharmacovigilance reporting	Kabanywanyi A.M., Mulure N., Migoha C., Malila A., Lengeler C., Schlienger R., Genton B.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-205	Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Pharma Inc, Nairobi, Kenya; Tanzanian Food and Drugs Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland	Kabanywanyi, A.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mulure, N., Novartis Pharma Inc, Nairobi, Kenya; Migoha, C., Tanzanian Food and Drugs Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malila, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lengeler, C., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Schlienger, R., Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Genton, B., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland	Objectives. To identify and implement strategies that help meet safety monitoring requirements in the context of an observational study for artemether-lumefantrine (AL) administered as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in rural Tanzania. Methods. Pharmacovigilance procedures were developed through collaboration between the investigating bodies, the relevant regulatory authority and the manufacturer of AL. Training and refresher sessions on the pharmacovigilance system were provided for healthcare workers from local health facilities and field recorders of the Ifakara Health Demographic Surveillance System (IHDSS). Three distinct channels for identification of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were identified and implemented. Passive reporting took place through IHDSS and health care facilities, starting in October 2007. The third channel was through solicited reporting that was included in the context of a survey on AL as part of the ALIVE (Artemether-Lumefantrine In Vulnerable patients: Exploring health impact) study (conducted only in March-April 2008). Results. Training was provided for 40 healthcare providers (with refresher training 18 months later) and for six field recorders. During the period 1st September 2007 to 31st March 2010, 67 AEs were reported including 52 under AL, five under sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, one under metakelfin, two after antibiotics; the remaining seven were due to anti-pyretic or anti-parasite medications. Twenty patients experienced SAEs; in 16 cases, a relation to AL was suspected. Six of the 20 cases were reported within 24 hours of occurrence. Discussion. Safety monitoring and reporting is possible even in settings with weak health infrastructure. Reporting can be enhanced by regular and appropriate training of healthcare providers. SMS text alerts provide a practical solution to communication challenges. Conclusion. Experience gained in this setting could help to improve spontaneous reporting of AEs and SAEs to health authorities or marketing authorization holders. © 2010 Kabanywanyi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	amodiaquine; amoxicillin; artemether plus benflumetol; fansidar; ivermectin; metakelfin; paracetamol; penicillin G; quinine; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; adolescent; adult; amnesia; article; child; clinical article; convulsion; dizziness; drug eruption; drug safety; drug surveillance program; drug withdrawal; dyspnea; dysuria; erythema; eyelid edema; fatigue; female; fever; headache; health care facility; health care personnel; health survey; human; infant; insomnia; joint stiffness; malaria; male; medical education; muscle twitch; observational study; paraplegia; preschool child; pruritus; refresher course; respiratory distress; rural area; school child; side effect; stiff neck; stillbirth; Tanzania; unspecified side effect; vomiting; drug combination; education; health auxiliary; longitudinal study; methodology; middle aged; patient compliance; patient satisfaction; prospective study; rural population; safety; telecommunication; Adolescent; Adult; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Aides; Drug Combinations; Ethanolamines; Female; Fluorenes; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Patient Satisfaction; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; Safety Management; Tanzania; Telecommunications	None
None	None	Clinical performance of an automated reader in interpreting malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Tanzania	Shekalaghe S., Cancino M., Mavere C., Juma O., Mohammed A., Abdulla S., Ferro S.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-141	Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada	Shekalaghe, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Cancino, M., Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada; Mavere, C., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Juma, O., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Mohammed, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Abdulla, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Ferro, S., Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada	Background: Parasitological confirmation of malaria is now recommended in all febrile patients by the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce inappropriate use of anti-malarial drugs. Widespread implementation of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is regarded as an effective strategy to achieve this goal. However, the quality of diagnosis provided by RDTs in remote rural dispensaries and health centres is not ideal. Feasible RDT quality control programmes in these settings are challenging. Collection of information regarding diagnostic events is also very deficient in low-resource countries. Methods. A prospective cohort of consecutive patients aged more than one year from both genders, seeking routine care for febrile episodes at dispensaries located in the Bagamoyo district of Tanzania, were enrolled into the study after signing an informed consent form. Blood samples were taken for thick blood smear (TBS) microscopic examination and malaria RDT (SD Bioline Malaria Antigen Pf/Pan™ (SD RDT)). RDT results were interpreted by both visual interpretation and Deki Reader™ device. Results of visual interpretation were used for case management purposes. Microscopy was considered the "gold standard test" to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Deki Reader interpretation and to compare it to visual interpretation. Results: In total, 1,346 febrile subjects were included in the final analysis. The SD RDT, when used in conjunction with the Deki Reader and upon visual interpretation, had sensitivities of 95.3% (95% CI, 90.6-97.7) and 94.7% (95% CI, 89.8-97.3) respectively, and specificities of 94.6% (95% CI, 93.5-96.1) and 95.6% (95% CI, 94.2-96.6), respectively to gold standard. There was a high percentage of overall agreement between the two methods of interpretation. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of the Deki Reader in interpretation of SD RDTs were comparable to previous reports and showed high agreement to visual interpretation (>98%). The results of the study reflect the situation in real practice and show good performance characteristics of Deki Reader on interpreting malaria RDTs in the hands of local laboratory technicians. They also suggest that a system like this could provide great benefits to the health care system. Further studies to look at ease of use by community health workers, and cost benefit of the system are warranted. © 2013 Shekalaghe et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Deki Reader; Malaria rapid diagnostic test; mHealth	adolescent; adult; aged; analyzer; article; blood sampling; blood smear; child; cohort analysis; developing country; female; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; patient care; preschool child; prospective study; school child; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; thick blood smear; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Automation, Laboratory; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Parasitology; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Monitoring mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam: Evaluation of resting boxes, window exit traps, CDC light traps, Ifakara tent traps and human landing catches	Govella N.J., Chaki P.P., Mpangile J.M., Killeen G.F.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-40	Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Salvation Army of Tanzania, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, P.O. Box 1273, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Govella, N.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Chaki, P.P., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Mpangile, J.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Salvation Army of Tanzania, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, P.O. Box 1273, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Killeen, G.F., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background. Ifakara tent traps (ITT) are currently the only sufficiently sensitive, safe, affordable and practical method for routine monitoring host-seeking mosquito densities in Dar es Salaam. However, it is not clear whether ITT catches represent indoors or outdoors biting densities. ITT do not yield samples of resting, fed mosquitoes for blood meal analysis. Methods. Outdoors mosquito sampling methods, namely human landing catch (HLC), ITT (Design B) and resting boxes (RB) were conducted in parallel with indoors sampling using HLC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (LT) and RB as well as window exit traps (WET) in urban Dar es Salaam, rotating them thirteen times through a 3 × 3 Latin Square experimental design replicated in four blocks of three houses. This study was conducted between 6th May and 2rd July 2008, during the main rainy season when mosquito biting densities reach their annual peak. Results. The mean sensitivities of indoor RB, outdoor RB, WET, LT, ITT (Design B) and HLC placed outdoor relative to HLC placed indoor were 0.01, 0.005, 0.036, 0.052, 0.374, and 1.294 for Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (96% An. gambiae s.s and 4% An. arabiensis), respectively, and 0.017, 0.053, 0.125, 0.423, 0.372 and 1.140 for Culex spp, respectively. The ITT (Design B) catches correlated slightly better to indoor HLC (r2 = 0.619, P &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.231, P = 0.001) than outdoor HLC (r2 = 0.423, P &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.228, P = 0.001) for An. gambiae s.l. and Culex spp respectively but the taxonomic composition of mosquitoes caught by ITT does not match those of the indoor HLC (χ2 = 607.408, degrees of freedom = 18, P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of An. gambiae caught indoors was unaffected by the use of an LLIN in that house. Conclusion. The RB, WET and LT are poor methods for surveillance of malaria vector densities in urban Dar es Salaam compared to ITT and HLC but there is still uncertainty over whether the ITT best reflects indoor or outdoor biting densities. The particular LLIN evaluated here failed to significantly reduce house entry by An. gambiae s.l. suggesting a negligible repellence effect. © 2011 Govella et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; biological monitoring; blood analysis; breeding; catchment; controlled study; Culex; female; male; mosquito; nonhuman; public health service; Tanzania; taxonomy; urban area; vector control; adult; animal; animal behavior; Anopheles; classification; Culex; disease carrier; growth, development and aging; human; methodology; physiology; zoology; Anopheles gambiae; Adult; Animals; Anopheles; Behavior, Animal; Culex; Disease Vectors; Entomology; Female; Humans; Male; Tanzania	None
None	None	Impact of malaria control on mortality and anemia among Tanzanian children less than five years of age, 1999-2010	Smithson P., Florey L., Salgado S.R., Hershey C.L., Masanja H., Bhattarai A., Mwita A., McElroy P.D.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	11	10.1371/journal.pone.0141112	Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; ICF International, Rockville, MD, United States; United States Agency for International Development, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States; National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Smithson, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Florey, L., ICF International, Rockville, MD, United States; Salgado, S.R., United States Agency for International Development, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Hershey, C.L., United States Agency for International Development, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Masanja, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Bhattarai, A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States; Mwita, A., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; McElroy, P.D., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Mainland Tanzania scaled up multiple malaria control interventions between 1999 and 2010. We evaluated whether, and to what extent, reductions in all-cause under-five child mortality (U5CM) tracked with malaria control intensification during this period. Methods: Four nationally representative household surveys permitted trend analysis for malaria intervention coverage, severe anemia (hemoglobin <8 g/dL) prevalence (SAP) among children 6-59 months, and U5CM rates stratified by background characteristics, age, and malaria endemicity. Prevalence of contextual factors (e.g., vaccination, nutrition) likely to influence U5CM were also assessed. Population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) estimates for malaria interventions and contextual factors that changed over time were used to estimate magnitude of impact on U5CM. Results: Household ownership of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) rose from near zero in 1999 to 64% (95% CI, 61.7-65.2) in 2010. Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy reached 26% (95% CI, 23.6-28.0) by 2010. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine replaced chloroquine in 2002 and artemisinin-based combination therapy was introduced in 2007. SAP among children 6-59 months declined 50% between 2005 (11.1%; 95% CI, 10.0-12.3%) and 2010 (5.5%; 95% CI, 4.7-6.4%) and U5CM declined by 45% between baseline (1995-9) and endpoint (2005-9), from 148 to 81 deaths/1000 live births, respectively. Mortality declined 55% among children 1-23 months of age in higher malaria endemicity areas. A large reduction in U5CM was attributable to ITNs (PAR%= 11) with other malaria interventions adding further gains. Multiple contextual factors also contributed to survival gains. Conclusion: Marked declines in U5CM occurred in Tanzania between 1999 and 2010 with high impact from ITNs and ACTs. High-risk children (1-24 months of age in high malaria endemicity) experienced the greatest declines in mortality and SAP. Malaria control should remain a policy priority to sustain and further accelerate progress in child survival.	None	artemisinin; chloroquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; anemia; Article; attributable risk; bed net; child; childhood mortality; disease severity; endemic disease; female; human; infant; infection prevention; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; male; population risk	None
None	None	Data resource profile: The sentinel panel of districts: Tanzania's national platform for health impact evaluation	Kabadi G.S., Geubbels E., Lyatuu I., Smithson P., Amaro R., Meku S., Schellenberg J.A., Masanja H.	2015	International Journal of Epidemiology	44	1	10.1093/ije/dyu223	Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Kabadi, G.S., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Geubbels, E., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lyatuu, I., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Smithson, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Amaro, R., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Meku, S., National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Schellenberg, J.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Masanja, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The Sentinel Panel of Districts (SPD) consists of 23 districts selected to provide nationally representative data on demographic and health indicators in Tanzania. The SPD has two arms: SAVVY and FBIS. SAVVY (SAmple Vital registration with Verbal autopsY) is a demographic surveillance system that provides nationally representative estimates of mortalities based on age, sex, residence and zone. SAVVY covers over 805 000 persons, or about 2% of the Tanzania mainland population, and uses repeat household census every 4-5 years, with ongoing reporting of births, deaths and causes of deaths. The FBIS (Facility-Based Information System) collects routine national health management information system data. These health service use data are collected monthly at all public and private health facilities in SPD districts, i.e. about 35% of all facilities in Mainland Tanzania. Both SAVVY and FBIS systems are capable of generating supplementary information from nested periodic surveys. Additional information about the design of the SPD is available online: access to some of SPD's aggregate data can be requested by sending an e-mail to [hmasanja@ihi.or.tz]. © The Author 2014.	Demographic and mortality surveillance; Health facility surveillance; Representative sample; Sub-Saharan Africa	birth rate; cause of death; demographic method; health impact; health monitoring; health services; household survey; panel data; Sentinel; Article; health care facility; health care utilization; health impact assessment; health survey; human; medical information system; priority journal; public health; Tanzania; adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; child; demography; epidemiology; female; infant; information processing; male; middle aged; newborn; preschool child; procedures; sex ratio; socioeconomics; very elderly; vital statistics; young adult; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Causality; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Public Health Surveillance; Residence Characteristics; Sex Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors; Tanzania; Vital Statistics; Young Adult	None
None	None	Protocol for the evaluation of a free health insurance card scheme for poor pregnant women in Mbeya region in Tanzania: A controlled-before and after study	Borghi J., Ramsey K., Kuwawenaruwa A., Baraka J., Patouillard E., Bellows B., Binyaruka P., Manzi F.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-0905-1	Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Borghi, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Ramsey, K., Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Kuwawenaruwa, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Baraka, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Patouillard, E., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Bellows, B., Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya; Binyaruka, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Manzi, F., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: The use of demand-side financing mechanisms to increase health service utilisation among target groups and enhance service quality is gaining momentum in many low- and middle-income countries. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of such schemes on equity, financial protection, quality of care, and cost-effectiveness. A scheme providing free health insurance cards to poor pregnant women and their households was first introduced in two regions of Tanzania in 2011 and gradually expanded in 2012. Methods: A controlled before and after study will examine in one district the effect of the scheme on utilization, quality, and cost of healthcare services accessed by poor pregnant women and their households in Tanzania. Data will be collected 4 months before implementation of the scheme and 17 months after the start of implementation from a survey of 24 health facilities, 288 patients exiting consultations and 1500 households of women who delivered in the previous year in one intervention district (Mbarali). 288 observations of provider-client interactions will also be carried out. The same data will be collected from a comparison district in a nearby region. A process evaluation will ascertain how the scheme is implemented in practice and the level of implementation fidelity and potential moderators. The process evaluation will draw from impact evaluation data and from three rounds of data collection at the national, regional, district, facility and community levels. An economic evaluation will measure the cost-effectiveness of the scheme relative to current practice from a societal perspective. Discussion: This evaluation will generate evidence on the impact and cost-effectiveness of targeted health insurance for pregnant women in a low income setting, as well as building a better understanding of the implementation process and challenges for programs of this nature. © 2015 Borghi et al.	Demand-side financing; Economic evaluation; Health insurance; Impact evaluation; Maternal health; Poverty; Process evaluation	None	None
None	None	Health workers' performance in the implementation of Patient Centred Tuberculosis Treatment (PCT) strategy under programmatic conditions in Tanzania: A cross sectional study	Mkopi A., Range N., Amuri M., Geubbels E., Lwilla F., Egwaga S., Schulze A., Van Leth F.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-101	Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Mkopi, A., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Range, N., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Amuri, M., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geubbels, E., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lwilla, F., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Egwaga, S., National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Schulze, A., Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; Van Leth, F., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands, Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Background: Patient Centred Tuberculosis Treatment (PCT) is a promising treatment delivery strategy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). It aims to improve adherence to treatment by giving patients the choice of having drug intake supervised at the health facility by a medical professional or at home by a supporter of their choice. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in three districts of Tanzania during October 2007, one year after PCT was rolled out nationally. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to assess whether key elements of the PCT approach were being implemented, to evaluate supporters' knowledge, to capture opinions on factors contributing to treatment completion, and to assess how treatment completion was measured. Transcripts from open-ended responses were analysed using framework analysis. Results: Interviews were conducted with 127 TB patients, 107 treatment supporters and 70 health workers. In total, 25.2% of TB patients were not given a choice about the place of treatment by health workers, and only 13.7% of those given a choice reported that they were given adequate time to make their decision. Only 24.3% of treatment supporters confirmed that they were instructed how to complete patients' treatment cards. Proper health education was the factor most frequently reported by health workers as favouring successful completion of TB treatment (45.7%). The majority of health workers (68.6%) said they checked returned blister packs to verify whether patients had taken their treatment, but only 20.0% checked patients' treatment cards. Conclusions: The provision of choice of treatment location, information on treatment, and guidance for treatment supporters need to be improved. There is a requirement for regular re-training of health workers with effective supportive supervision if successful implementation of the PCT approach is to be sustained. © 2013 Mkopi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Directly observed treatment; Home-based; Patient centred treatment; PCT; Tanzania; TB	adult; article; cross-sectional study; directly observed therapy; female; health care quality; human; lung tuberculosis; male; medication compliance; paramedical personnel; patient care; patient participation; professional competence; qualitative research; questionnaire; Tanzania; Adult; Allied Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Directly Observed Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Patient Participation; Patient-Centered Care; Professional Competence; Qualitative Research; Quality of Health Care; Questionnaires; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
None	None	Effect of paying for performance on utilisation, quality, and user costs of health services in Tanzania: A controlled before and after study	Binyaruka P., Patouillard E., Powell-Jackson T., Greco G., Maestad O., Borghi J.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0135013	Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Chr. Michelsens Institutt, Jekteviksbakken 31, Bergen, Norway	Binyaruka, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Patouillard, E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Powell-Jackson, T., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Greco, G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Maestad, O., Chr. Michelsens Institutt, Jekteviksbakken 31, Bergen, Norway; Borghi, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Despite widespread implementation across Africa, there is limited evidence of the effect of payment for performance (P4P) schemes in low income countries on the coverage of quality services and affordability, consistent with universal health coverage objectives. We examined the effect of a government P4P scheme on utilisation, quality, and user costs of health services in Tanzania. Methods: We evaluated the effects of a P4P scheme on utilisation of all maternal and child immunization services targeted by the scheme, and non-targeted general outpatient service use.We also evaluated effects on patient satisfaction with care and clinical content of antenatal care, and user costs. The evaluation was done in 150 facilities across all 7 intervention districts and 4 comparison districts with two rounds of data collection over 13-months in January 2012 and February 2013. We sampled 3000 households of women who had delivered in the 12 months prior to interview; 1500 patients attending health facilities for targeted and non-targeted services at each round of data collection. Difference-in-difference regression analysis was employed. Findings: We estimated a significant positive effect on two out of eight targeted indicators. There was an 8.2% (95% CI: 3.6% to 12.8%) increase in coverage of institutional deliveries among women in the intervention area, and a 10.3%(95% CI: 4.4% to 16.1%) increase in the provision of anti-malarials during pregnancy. Use of non-targeted services reduced at dispensaries by 57.5 visits per month among children under five (95% CI: -110.2 to -4.9) and by 90.8 visits per month for those aged over five (95% CI: -156.5 to -25.2). There was no evidence of an effect of P4P on patient experience of care for targeted services. There was a 0.05 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.10) increase in the patient satisfaction score for non-targeted services. P4P was associated with a 5.0% reduction in those paying out of pocket for deliveries (95% CI: -9.3% to -0.7%) but there was no evidence of an effect on the average amount paid. Conclusion: This study adds to the very limited evidence on the effects of P4P at scale and highlights the potential risks of such schemes in relation to non-targeted service use. Further consideration of the design of P4P schemes is required to enhance progress towards universal health coverage, and close monitoring of effects on non-targeted services and user costs should be encouraged. © 2015 Binyaruka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	Africa; Article; controlled study; health care cost; health care delivery; health care facility; health care quality; health care utilization; health insurance; health service; human; immunization; major clinical study; outpatient care; patient satisfaction; performance; prenatal care; Tanzania	None
None	None	Vitamin A supplementation in Tanzania: The impact of a change in programmatic delivery strategy on coverage	Masanja H., Schellenberg J.A., Mshinda H.M., Shekar M., Mugyabuso J.K.L., Ndossi G.D., De Savigny D.	2006	BMC Health Services Research	6	None	10.1186/1472-6963-6-142	Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Human Development Network (HDNHE), World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Essential Health Interventions Project, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Masanja, H., Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Schellenberg, J.A., Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Mshinda, H.M., Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Shekar, M., Human Development Network (HDNHE), World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Mugyabuso, J.K.L., Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ndossi, G.D., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; De Savigny, D., Department of Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Tanzania Essential Health Interventions Project, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Efficient delivery strategies for health interventions are essential for high and sustainable coverage. We report impact of a change in programmatic delivery strategy from routine delivery through the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI+) approach to twice-yearly mass distribution campaigns on coverage of vitamin A supplementation in Tanzania Methods: We investigated disparities in age, sex, socio-economic status, nutritional status and maternal education within vitamin A coverage in children between 1 and 2 years of age from two independent household level child health surveys conducted (1) during a continuous universal targeting scheme based on routine EPI contacts for children aged 9, 15 and 21 months (1999); and (2) three years later after the introduction of twice-yearly vitamin A supplementation campaigns for children aged 6 months to 5 years, a 6-monthly universal targeting scheme (2002). A representative cluster sample of approximately 2,400 rural households was obtained from Rufiji, Morogoro Rural, Kilombero and Ulanga districts. A modular questionnaire about the health of all children under the age of five was administered to consenting heads of households and caretakers of children. Information on the use of child health interventions including vitamin A was asked. Results: Coverage of vitamin A supplementation among 1-2 year old children increased from 13% [95% CI 10-18%] in 1999 to 76% [95%CI 72-81%] in 2002. In 2002 knowledge of two or more child health danger signs was negatively associated with vitamin A supplementation coverage (80% versus 70%) (p = 0.04). Nevertheless, we did not find any disparities in coverage of vitamin A by district, gender, socio-economic status and DPT vaccinations. Conclusion: Change in programmatic delivery of vitamin A supplementation was associated with a major improvement in coverage in Tanzania that was been sustained by repeated campaigns for at least three years. There is a need to monitor the effect of such campaigns on the routine health system and on equity of coverage. Documentation of vitamin A supplementation campaign contacts on routine maternal and child health cards would be a simple step to facilitate this monitoring. © 2006 Masanja et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	retinol; retinol; article; child health; controlled study; cost; health program; health survey; human; preschool child; questionnaire; Tanzania; vitamin supplementation; attitude to health; diet supplementation; economics; evaluation study; health care survey; infant; insurance; nutritional status; organization and management; preventive health service; primary health care; procedures; socioeconomics; supply and distribution; utilization; Vitamin A Deficiency; Child, Preschool; Dietary Supplements; Health Care Surveys; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Nutritional Status; Primary Health Care; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; Tanzania; Universal Coverage; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency	None
None	None	Performance of a redesigned HIV selectest enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay optimized to minimize vaccine-induced seropositivity in HIV vaccine trial participants	Penezina O., Krueger N.X., Rodriguez-Chavez I.R., Busch M.P., Hural J., Kim J.H., O'Connell R.J., Hunter E., Aboud S., Higgins K., Kovalenko V., Clapham D., Crane D., Levin A.E., Rerks-Ngarm S., Pitisuttithum P., Nitayaphan S., Kaewkungwal J., Andrews C.,	2014	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	21	3	10.1128/CVI.00748-13	Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; USAMC-AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Vaccine Trials Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; BIOPHICS, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Venhälsan, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden	Penezina, O., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Krueger, N.X., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Rodriguez-Chavez, I.R., National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Busch, M.P., Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hural, J., HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Kim, J.H., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; O'Connell, R.J., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States, USAMC-AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand; Hunter, E., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Aboud, S., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Higgins, K., Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Kovalenko, V., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Clapham, D., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Crane, D., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Levin, A.E., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Rerks-Ngarm, S., Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Pitisuttithum, P., Vaccine Trials Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Nitayaphan, S., Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Kaewkungwal, J., BIOPHICS, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Andrews, C., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Kilembe, W., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Karita, E., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Allen, S., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Munseri, P., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Joachim, A., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Bakari, M., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mhalu, F., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Aris, E., Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nilsson, C., Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden; Biberfeld, G., Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden; Robb, M., Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Marovich, M., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Sandstrom, E., Venhälsan, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden	Vaccine-induced seropositivity (VISP) or seroreactivity (VISR), defined as the reaction of antibodies elicited by HIV vaccines with antigens used in HIV diagnostic immunoassays, can result in reactive assay results for vaccinated but uninfected individuals, with subsequent misclassification of their infection status. The eventual licensure of a vaccine will magnify this issue and calls for the development of mitigating solutions in advance. An immunoassay that discriminates between antibodies elicited by vaccine antigens and those elicited by infection has been developed to address this laboratory testing need. The HIV Selectest is based on consensus and clade-specific HIV peptides that are omitted in many HIV vaccine constructs. The assay was redesigned to enhance performance across worldwide clades and to simplify routine use via a standard kit format. The redesigned assay was evaluated with sera from vaccine trial participants, HIV-infected and uninfected individuals, and healthy controls. The HIV Selectest exhibited specificities of 99.5% with sera from uninfected recipients of 6 different HIV vaccines and 100% with sera from normal donors, while detecting HIV-1 infections, including intercurrent infections, with 95 to 100% sensitivity depending on the clade, with the highest sensitivities for clades A and C. HIV Selectest sensitivity decreased in very early seroconversion specimens, which possibly explains the slightly lower sensitivity observed for asymptomatic blood donors than for clinical HIV cases. Thus, the HIV Selectest provides a new laboratory tool for use in vaccine settings to distinguish the immune response to HIV vaccine antigens from that due to true infection. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	glycoprotein gp 41; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; placebo; antibody detection; antibody production; antibody response; article; blood sampling; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HIV selectest enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoreactivity; phase 1 clinical trial (topic); phase 3 clinical trial (topic); priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; seroconversion; serology; vaccine induced seropositivity; AIDS Vaccines; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
None	None	HHV-8/KSHV during the development of Kaposi's sarcoma: Evaluation by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry	Pak F., Pyakural P., Kokhaei P., Kaaya E., Pourfathollah A.A., Selivanova G., Biberfeld P.	2005	Journal of Cutaneous Pathology	32	1	10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00256.x	Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Muhimbili Univ. Coll. of Hlth. Sci., Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Immunology, Tarbiat Modaress University, Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran; Microbiol. and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Hospital, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	Pak, F., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Hospital, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Pyakural, P., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Kokhaei, P., Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Kaaya, E., Department of Pathology, Muhimbili Univ. Coll. of Hlth. Sci., Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Pourfathollah, A.A., Department of Immunology, Tarbiat Modaress University, Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran; Selivanova, G., Microbiol. and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biberfeld, P., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	The human γ-herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) was first described in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tumour samples. In this study, we report comparative studies on paraffin-embedded biopsies of AIDS-related KS (AKS) and endemic KS (EKS) with regard to HHV-8 content as evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. DNA was extracted either using Chelex-100 or using Qia-gene kit and was evaluated with the help of a semiquantitative PCR assay. The PCR detection of HHV-8 was more sensitive to the Chelex method than to Qia-gene. The threshold for PCR test sensitivity with the help of serial dilution of DNA was at the level of five plasmid ORF-26 regions, and DNA from 25 body cavity-based lymphoma-1 cells. The results expressed as virus load/actin unit showed progressively higher HHV-8 levels in late (nodular) cases, compared to those in early (patch/plaque) stages. Evaluation of HHV-8 DNA levels in tumour tissues, thus, indicates a correlation between virus load and KS stage. Double immunostaining of spindle cells (SC) in KS biopsies for CD34 and HHV-8/latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) showed an increase in double-positive SC in the lesions of nodular AKS and EKS cases, compared to that in plaque and patch stages. However, 10-15% of CD34+/LANA - SC cells were observed during the development from patch to nodular cases of AKS and EKS. Our results indicate that PCR analysis is a simple and sensitive diagnostic method for HHV-8 evaluation in KS tissues, processed for conventional histopathology.	None	article; cancer staging; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; correlation analysis; DNA determination; DNA extraction; histopathology; human; Human herpesvirus 8; human tissue; immunofluorescence; immunohistochemistry; intermethod comparison; Kaposi sarcoma; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; spindle cell; tumor biopsy; virus detection; virus load; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antigens, CD34; Antigens, Viral; Cell Count; DNA, Neoplasm; DNA, Viral; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Nuclear Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Skin Neoplasms	None
None	None	Impact of the MEMA Kwa Vijana adolescent sexual and reproductive health interventions on use of health services by young people in rural Mwanza, Tanzania: Results of a cluster randomized trial	Larke N., Cleophas-Mazige B., Plummer M.L., Obasi A.I.N., Rwakatare M., Todd J., Changalucha J., Weiss H.A., Hayes R.J., Ross D.A.	2010	Journal of Adolescent Health	47	5	10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.03.020	Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Mwanza, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Clinical Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom	Larke, N., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Cleophas-Mazige, B., African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Mwanza, Tanzania; Plummer, M.L., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Mwanza, Tanzania, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Obasi, A.I.N., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Mwanza, Tanzania, Clinical Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom; Rwakatare, M., African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Mwanza, Tanzania; Todd, J., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Mwanza, Tanzania, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Weiss, H.A., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Hayes, R.J., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Ross, D.A., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Mwanza, Tanzania, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania	Purpose: To assess the impact of an adolescent sexual health intervention on the use of health services by young people in Tanzania. Methods: Twenty communities, including 39 health facilities, were randomly allocated to the intervention or comparison arm. Health workers from the intervention arm were trained in the provision of youth-friendly health services, as part of a package of interventions. Independent process evaluations were conducted in health facilities, and simulated patients visited clinics using sexual and reproductive health problem scenarios. The impact on health facility attendances were assessed in 1998 (baseline) and 1999-2001. Reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms and use of health services were evaluated in young people in the trial cohort. Results: The mean monthly attendance for STI symptoms per health facility, per month was .5 for young males and 1.0 for young females at baseline. Attendance by young males was greater in the intervention communities in 1999-2000 after adjustment for baseline differences (p = .005), and this difference increased over time (p-trend = .022). The mean difference in attendance was however relatively modest, at 1.1 per month in 2001 after adjustment for baseline (95% CI: .5, 1.7). There was weaker evidence of an intervention effect on attendance by young women (p = .087). Few condoms were distributed, although a greater number were distributed in intervention facilities (p = .008). Generally, intervention health workers tended to be less judgmental and provided more comprehensive information. Conclusions: Training staff to provide more youth-friendly health services can increase the utilization of health services for suspected STIs by young people, especially among young men. © 2010 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.	Adolescent; Community randomized trial; Reproductive health services; Sexually transmitted diseases	article; condom; health care facility; health care personnel; health service; human; medical practice; priority journal; reproductive health; rural population; sexual health; sexually transmitted disease; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Reproductive Health Services; Reproductive Medicine; Rural Population; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar	Bhattarai A., Ali A.S., Kachur S.P., Mårtensson A., Abbas A.K., Khatib R., Al-mafazy A.-W., Ramsan M., Rotllant G., Gerstenmaier J.F., Molteni F., Abdulla S., Montgomery S.M., Kaneko A., Björkman A.	2007	PLoS Medicine	4	11	10.1371/journal.pmed.0040309	Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Zanzibar Malaria Control Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Kullbergska Hospital, Katrineholm, Sweden; International Development Group, Research Triangle Institute, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Department of Accident and Emergency, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Italian Co-operation, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Research Centre, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden	Bhattarai, A., Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Ali, A.S., Zanzibar Malaria Control Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Kachur, S.P., Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Mårtensson, A., Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Kullbergska Hospital, Katrineholm, Sweden; Abbas, A.K., Zanzibar Malaria Control Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Khatib, R., Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Al-mafazy, A.-W., Zanzibar Malaria Control Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Ramsan, M., International Development Group, Research Triangle Institute, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Rotllant, G., Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Gerstenmaier, J.F., Department of Accident and Emergency, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Molteni, F., Italian Co-operation, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Abdulla, S., Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Montgomery, S.M., Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Clinical Research Centre, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; Kaneko, A., Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Björkman, A., Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden	Background: The Roll Back Malaria strategy recommends a combination of interventions for malaria control. Zanzibar implemented artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for uncomplicated malaria in late 2003 and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) from early 2006. ACT is provided free of charge to all malaria patients, while LLINs are distributed free to children under age 5 y ("under five") and pregnant women. We investigated temporal trends in Plasmodium falciparum prevalence and malaria-related health parameters following the implementation of these two malaria control interventions in Zanzibar. Methods and Findings: Cross-sectional clinical and parasitological surveys in children under the age of 14 y were conducted in North A District in May 2003, 2005, and 2006. Survey data were analyzed in a logistic regression model and adjusted for complex sampling design and potential confounders. Records from all 13 public health facilities in North A District were analyzed for malaria-related outpatient visits and admissions. Mortality and demographic data were obtained from District Commissioner's Office. P. falciparum prevalence decreased in children under five between 2003 and 2006; using 2003 as the reference year, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were, for 2005, 0.55 (0.28-1.08), and for 2006, 0.03 (0.00-0.27); p for trend < 0.001. Between 2002 and 2005 crude under-five, infant (under age 1 y), and child (aged 1-4 y) mortality decreased by 52%, 33%, and 71%, respectively. Similarly, malaria-related admissions, blood transfusions, and malaria-attributed mortality decreased significantly by 77%, 67% and 75%, respectively, between 2002 and 2005 in children under five. Climatic conditions favorable for malaria transmission persisted throughout the observational period. Conclusions: Following deployment of ACT in Zanzibar 2003, malaria-associated morbidity and mortality decreased dramatically within two years. Additional distribution of LLINs in early 2006 resulted in a 10-fold reduction of malaria parasite prevalence. The results indicate that the Millennium Development Goals of reducing mortality in children under five and alleviating the burden of malaria are achievable in tropical Africa with high coverage of combined malaria control interventions.	None	amodiaquine; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisin; artesunate; chloroquine; fansidar; insecticide; quinine; artemisinin; artemisinin derivative; adolescent; article; bed net; blood transfusion; child care; childhood mortality; combination chemotherapy; controlled study; female; health care facility; health survey; hospital admission; human; infection control; major clinical study; malaria; male; monotherapy; morbidity; outpatient care; parameter; Plasmodium falciparum; prevalence; school child; Tanzania; animal; bed; child; cross-sectional study; drug combination; infant; malaria falciparum; mosquito; newborn; parasitemia; parasitology; preschool child; Tanzania; Adolescent; Animals; Artemisinins; Bedding and Linens; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Insecticides; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mosquito Control; Parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; Tanzania	None
None	None	Using verbal autopsy to measure causes of death: The comparative performance of existing methods	Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Flaxman A.D., Serina P., Phillips D., Stewart A., James S.L., Vahdatpour A., Atkinson C., Freeman M.K., Ohno S.L., Black R., Ali S.M., Baqui A.H., Dandona L., Dantzer E., Darmstadt G.L., Das V., Dhingra U., Dutta A., Fawzi W., Gó	2014	BMC Medicine	12	1	10.1186/1741-7015-12-5	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O. BOX 122 Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Public Health Foundation of India, ISID Campus, 4 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India; Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Global Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA 98012, United States; CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India; Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University, 214A Basement, Vinobapuri Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi 110024, India; Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6018, United States; The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; The George Institute for Global Health, 839C, Road No. 44A, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033, India; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia	Murray, C.J.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Lozano, R., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Flaxman, A.D., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Serina, P., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Phillips, D., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Stewart, A., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; James, S.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Vahdatpour, A., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Atkinson, C., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Freeman, M.K., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Ohno, S.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Black, R., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Ali, S.M., Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O. BOX 122 Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Baqui, A.H., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Dandona, L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Public Health Foundation of India, ISID Campus, 4 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India; Dantzer, E., Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Darmstadt, G.L., Global Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA 98012, United States; Das, V., CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India; Dhingra, U., Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Dutta, A., Johns Hopkins University, 214A Basement, Vinobapuri Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi 110024, India; Fawzi, W., Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6018, United States; Gómez, S., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Hernández, B., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Joshi, R., The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Kalter, H.D., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Kumar, A., Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Kumar, V., Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Lucero, M., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Mehta, S., Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Neal, B., The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Praveen, D., The George Institute for Global Health, 839C, Road No. 44A, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033, India; Premji, Z., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ramírez-Villalobos, D., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Remolador, H., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Riley, I., School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; Romero, M., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Said, M., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sanvictores, D., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Sazawal, S., Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Tallo, V., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Lopez, A.D., University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia	Background: Monitoring progress with disease and injury reduction in many populations will require widespread use of verbal autopsy (VA). Multiple methods have been developed for assigning cause of death from a VA but their application is restricted by uncertainty about their reliability.Methods: We investigated the validity of five automated VA methods for assigning cause of death: InterVA-4, Random Forest (RF), Simplified Symptom Pattern (SSP), Tariff method (Tariff), and King-Lu (KL), in addition to physician review of VA forms (PCVA), based on 12,535 cases from diverse populations for which the true cause of death had been reliably established. For adults, children, neonates and stillbirths, performance was assessed separately for individuals using sensitivity, specificity, Kappa, and chance-corrected concordance (CCC) and for populations using cause specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, with and without additional diagnostic information from prior contact with health services. A total of 500 train-test splits were used to ensure that results are robust to variation in the underlying cause of death distribution.Results: Three automated diagnostic methods, Tariff, SSP, and RF, but not InterVA-4, performed better than physician review in all age groups, study sites, and for the majority of causes of death studied. For adults, CSMF accuracy ranged from 0.764 to 0.770, compared with 0.680 for PCVA and 0.625 for InterVA; CCC varied from 49.2% to 54.1%, compared with 42.2% for PCVA, and 23.8% for InterVA. For children, CSMF accuracy was 0.783 for Tariff, 0.678 for PCVA, and 0.520 for InterVA; CCC was 52.5% for Tariff, 44.5% for PCVA, and 30.3% for InterVA. For neonates, CSMF accuracy was 0.817 for Tariff, 0.719 for PCVA, and 0.629 for InterVA; CCC varied from 47.3% to 50.3% for the three automated methods, 29.3% for PCVA, and 19.4% for InterVA. The method with the highest sensitivity for a specific cause varied by cause.Conclusions: Physician review of verbal autopsy questionnaires is less accurate than automated methods in determining both individual and population causes of death. Overall, Tariff performs as well or better than other methods and should be widely applied in routine mortality surveillance systems with poor cause of death certification practices. © 2014 Murray et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cause of death; InterVA; King-Lu; Random forests; Symptom pattern; Tariff; VA; Validation; Verbal autopsy	article; autopsy; cause of death; controlled study; diagnostic procedure; groups by age; health service; human; medical information system; mortality; physician; stillbirth; verbal autopsy; Adult; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Internationality; Physician's Role; Reproducibility of Results	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of the Sticky-Resting-Box-Trap, the standardised resting-bucket-trap and indoor aspiration for sampling malaria vectors	Kreppel K.S., Johnson P.C.D., Govella N.J., Pombi M., Maliti D., Ferguson H.M.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1066-0	Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy	Kreppel, K.S., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Johnson, P.C.D., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Govella, N.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Pombi, M., Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Maliti, D., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Ferguson, H.M., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Background: Understanding mosquito resting behaviour is important for the control of vector-borne diseases, but this remains a challenge because of the paucity of efficient sampling tools. We evaluated two novel sampling methods in the field: the Sticky Resting Box (SRB) and the Resting Bucket trap (RBu) to test their efficiency for sampling malaria vectors resting outdoors and inside houses in rural Tanzania. The performance of RBu and SRB was compared outdoors, while indoors SRB were compared with the Back Pack Aspiration method (BP). Trapping was conducted within 4 villages in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania over 14 nights. On each night, the performance for collecting Anopheles vectors and Culicinae was compared in 4 households by SRB and RBu outdoors and by SRB or fixed-time Back Pack aspirator in 2 of the 4 focal households indoors. Findings: A total of 619 Anopheles gambiae s.l., 224 Anopheles funestus s.l. and 1737 Culicinae mosquitoes were captured. The mean abundance of An. arabiensis and An. funestus s.l. collected with SRB traps inside and outdoors was significantly lower than with BP or RBu. The SRB however, outperformed BP aspiration for collection of Culicinae indoors. Conclusions: Of the methods trialled indoors (BP and SRB), BP was the most effective, whilst outdoors RBu performed much better than SRB. However, as SRB can passively sample mosquitoes over a week they could provide an alternative to the RBu where daily monitoring is not possible. © 2015 Kreppel et al.	Anopheles arabiensis; Ecology; Exophily; Malaria vector; Resting behaviour; Resting traps; Sticky trap	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; controlled study; Culicinae; indoor aspiration; intermethod comparison; mosquito; nonhuman; population abundance; resting bucket trap; rural area; sampling; Sticky Resting Box Trap; Tanzania	None
None	None	Development and evaluation of mosquito-electrocuting traps as alternatives to the human landing catch technique for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors	Maliti D.V., Govella N.J., Killeen G.F., Mirzai N., Johnson P.C.D., Kreppel K., Ferguson H.M.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-1025-4	Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology Tanzania, PO Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	Maliti, D.V., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology Tanzania, PO Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Govella, N.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Killeen, G.F., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Mirzai, N., Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Johnson, P.C.D., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Kreppel, K., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ferguson, H.M., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Background: The human landing catch (HLC) is the gold standard method for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. However, the HLC is ethically questionable because it requires exposure of humans to potentially infectious mosquito bites. Methods: Two exposure-free methods for sampling host-seeking mosquitoes were evaluated using electrocuting surfaces as potential replacements for HLC: (1) a previously evaluated, commercially available electrocuting grid (CA-EG) designed for killing flies, and (2) a custom-made mosquito electrocuting trap (MET) designed to kill African malaria vectors. The MET and the CA-EG were evaluated relative to the HLC in a Latin Square experiment conducted in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. The sampling consistency of the traps across the night and at varying mosquito densities was investigated. Estimates of the proportion of mosquitoes caught indoors (Pi), proportion of human exposure occurring indoors (πi), and proportion of mosquitoes caught when most people are likely to be indoors (Pfl) were compared for all traps. Results: Whereas the CA-EG performed poorly (&lt;10 % of catch of HLC), sampling efficiency of the MET for sampling Anopheles funestus s.l. was indistinguishable from HLC indoors and outdoors. For Anopheles gambiae s.l., sampling sensitivity of MET was 20.9 % (95 % CI 10.3-42.2) indoors and 58.5 % (95 % CI 32.2-106.2) outdoors relative to HLC. There was no evidence of density-dependent sampling by the MET or CA-EG. Similar estimates of Pi were obtained for An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. from all trapping methods. The proportion of mosquitoes caught when people are usually indoors (Pfl) was underestimated by the CA-EG and MET for An. gambiae s.l., but similar to the HLC for An. funestus. Estimates of the proportion of human exposure occurring indoors (πi) obtained from the CA-EG and MET were similar to the HLC for An. gambiae s.l., but overestimated for An. funestus. Conclusions: The MET showed promise as an outdoor sampling tool for malaria vectors where it achieved &gt;50 % sampling sensitivity relative to the HLC. The CA-EG had poor sampling sensitivity outdoors and inside. With further modification, the MET could provide an efficient and safer alternative to the HLC for the surveillance of mosquito vectors outdoors. © 2015 Maliti et al.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus s.l.; Anopheles gambiae s.l.; Human landing catch; Malaria; Mosquito behaviour; Mosquito electrocuting trap; Outdoor biting; Vector sampling tools	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; environmental exposure; equipment design; host parasite interaction; human landing catch technique; intermethod comparison; malaria control; mosquito; mosquito electrocuting trap; sampling; sensitivity analysis; Tanzania; vector control	None
None	None	Factorial structure and cross-cultural invariance of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances	Åstrøm A.N., Mtaya M.	2009	European Journal of Oral Sciences	117	3	10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00621.x	Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, Bergen, Norway	Åstrøm, A.N., Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, Bergen, Norway; Mtaya, M., Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The issue of cross-cultural construct validation and measurement invariance of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) questionnaire is important. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), this study evaluated a proposed three-factor structure of the OIDP questionnaire in Tanzanian adolescents and adults and assessed whether this model would be replicated in Ugandan adolescents. Between 2004 and 2007, OIDP data were collected from 1,601 Tanzanian adolescents, 1,031 Tanzanian adults, and 1,146 Ugandan adolescents. Model generation analysis was restricted to Tanzanian adolescents, and the model achieved was tested, without modification, in Tanzanian adults and in Ugandan adolescents. A modified three-factor solution with cross-loadings improved the fit of the OIDP model to the data compared with a one-factor model and the original three-factor model within the Tanzanian [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99] and Ugandan (CFI = 0.98) samples. Cross-validation in Tanzanian adults provided a reasonable fit (CFI = 0.98). Multiple-group CFA demonstrated acceptable fit [κ2 = 140.829, degrees of freedom (d.f.) = 24, CFI = 0.98] for the unconstrained model, whereas unconstrained and constrained models were statistically significantly different. Factorial validity was confirmed for the three-factor OIDP model. The results provide evidence for cross-cultural equivalence of the OIDP, suggesting that this measure is comparable, at least to some extent, across Tanzanian and Ugandan adolescents. © 2009 Eur J Oral Sci.	Confirmatory factor analysis; Cross-cultural validity; Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP); Tanzania; Uganda	achievement; adolescent; adult; article; comparative study; cultural factor; daily life activity; eating; emotion; facial expression; factorial analysis; female; health; human; human relation; male; middle aged; mouth hygiene; physiology; quality of life; questionnaire; sleep; speech; Tanzania; Uganda; validation study; Achievement; Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Eating; Emotions; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Rural Health; Sleep; Smiling; Speech; Tanzania; Uganda; Urban Health	None
None	None	Institutional Change and Institutional Performance Under Decentralized Forest Management in Babati District, Tanzania	Babili I.H., Mtalo E., Kajembe G.C., van der Wal H.	2015	Small-scale Forestry	14	3	10.1007/s11842-015-9294-x	Institute of Continuing Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3044, Morogoro, Tanzania; College of Science, Informatics and Built Environment, University of Bagamoyo, P.O Box 31285, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3013, Morogoro, Tanzania; El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma km 15.5, Ranchería El Guineo, Sección II, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico	Babili, I.H., Institute of Continuing Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3044, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mtalo, E., College of Science, Informatics and Built Environment, University of Bagamoyo, P.O Box 31285, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kajembe, G.C., Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3013, Morogoro, Tanzania; van der Wal, H., El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma km 15.5, Ranchería El Guineo, Sección II, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico	In the last three decades, self-governed robust institutions and design principles were emphasized for effective management of the commons including forests. However, little attention was given to institutional change and institutional performance. This paper addresses the relationship between institutional change and institutional performance under decentralized forest management (DFM) in Babati District, Tanzania. It is demonstrated that both constitutional and operational changes occurred under DFM in Babati. Institutional changes were found to be associated with improved condition of forest resources, good governance and sustainable livelihoods. However, cash income accrued from forests under DFM did not improve. Theoretically, a framework of multiple institutional logics of action was found more capable of explaining institutional change and institutional performance than Ostrom’s rational choice institutionalism and design principles. © 2015, Steve Harrison, John Herbohn.	Community-based forest management; Institutional effects; Institutions; Joint forest management; Multiple institutional logics of action	forest management; forest resource; governance approach; institutional reform; performance assessment; Arusha [Tanzania]; Babati; Tanzania	None
None	None	Reducing impact of land degradation in Tanzania: Do incentive market based mechanisms work for sustainable land management?	Silas S.R.	2014	Journal of Sustainable Development	7	6	10.5539/jsd.v7n6p1	Institute of Human Settlements Studies, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Silas, S.R., Institute of Human Settlements Studies, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Governments have traditionally relied on public budgets, bilateral and multilateral cooperation to support sustainable land management (SLM) activities. However, it is becoming evident that such support will not be sufficient neither can be sustainable to reverse land degradation, particularly in dry and degrading lands. Innovative mechanisms to encourage investments in SLM practices and to promote and enable the adoption of good practices in all land use sectors as a means to combat land degradation and address this challenge are needed. The paper addresses the hypothesis that, in Tanzania, impacts of land degradation can be reduced through the application of incentive market based mechanisms that could be implemented by the land users to ensure dual benefits i.e. environmental sustainability and improved human welfare of the land users. Key informants interviews and the desk reviews were the main methodological fronts used in gathering information. In Tanzania the practiced incentive market based mechanisms can be grouped into public payment systems, Open Trading under Regulation, Self Organized Private Deals, and Eco-Labeling of Products and Services. Components of these mechanisms have been tested in various agro-ecological zones in Tanzania and proved to be useful in the process of enhancing sustainable land management at the micro level. Observations therefore suggest that, some incentive market based mechanisms can work to reducing impact of land degradation at the micro level especially when they are related to improved purchasing power of the land users. In order to reduce the dependence of the governments and reduce donor syndrome in enhancing sustainable land management in Tanzania and elsewhere, there is a need of encouraging the use of incentive market based mechanisms that will have contributions to the welfare of the land users as well as contribution to the reduced land degradation. © 2014 by the author(s).	Crop certification; Forest certification; PES; REDD+; Wildlife management areas	None	None
None	None	Weed species diversity on arable land of the dryland areas of central Tanzania: Impacts of continuous application of traditional tillage practices	Shemdoe R.S., Mbago F.M., Kikula I.S., Van Damme P.L.	2008	GeoJournal	71	42403	10.1007/s10708-008-9147-7	Institute of Human Settlements Studies, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Botany, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, Faculty of Bio-Science Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Shemdoe, R.S., Institute of Human Settlements Studies, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mbago, F.M., Department of Botany, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kikula, I.S., Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Van Damme, P.L., Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, Faculty of Bio-Science Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	This paper presents findings from a study that assessed influence of continuous application of a particular traditional tillage practice on weed species richness, diversity and composition and identifies weed species with positive benefits to the communities in semi-arid areas of Mpwapwa district, central Tanzania. In this area farmers apply three different traditional tillage practices which are no-till (NT), shallow tillage (ST) and Ridging System (RT). A total of 36 farm fields were surveyed in 2006/2007 cropping season where 63 weed species from 26 families were identified. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between practices (p < 0.05), with NT practice having highest weed species richness and diversity. Among the five more prevalent weed species appearing, Bidens lineariloba was observed to exist in all the three practices. Community representatives during focus group discussions indicated 9 weed species out of 63 identified to have beneficial uses. These species are Cleome hirta, Amaranthus graecizans, Bidens lineoriloba, Bidens pilosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Launaea cornuta, Heteropogon contortus, Tragus berteronianus and Trichodesma zeylanicum. Their main uses include leaf-vegetable, medicines, fodder and materials for thatching. From this study NT has highest weed species richness and diversity which therefore suggests that much more time is needed for weeding in this practice compared to other practice which was the farmers' concern. It was also noted that although weed species have negative effects in crop production and production costs, they still play a vital role in food security and for the health of different people in marginal areas as well as for the complete ecosystem including micro and macrofauna. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Land uses; Semiarid areas; Tillage systems; Weed flora diversity; Weed species richness	Crops; Ecosystems; Weed control; Semiarid areas; Tillage systems; Weed flora diversity; Weed species richness; Land use; arable land; community composition; cost-benefit analysis; dryland farming; food security; land use; semiarid region; species diversity; species richness; tillage; weed; zero tillage; Africa; Dodoma [Tanzania]; East Africa; Mpwapwa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Amaranthus graecizans; Bidens; Bidens pilosa; Cleome; Cornuta; Dactyloctenium aegyptium; Heteropogon contortus; Launaea; Tragus berteronianus; Trichodesma	None
None	None	Impact of hydrographic parameters and seasonal variation in sediment fluxes on coral status at Chumbe and Bawe reefs, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Muzuka A.N.N., Dubi A.M., Muhando C.A., Shaghude Y.W.	2010	Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science	89	2	10.1016/j.ecss.2010.05.007	Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Muzuka, A.N.N., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Dubi, A.M., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Muhando, C.A., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Shaghude, Y.W., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Coral reefs which are an important resource to coastal communities and nation at large are adversely affected by rate of sediment flux to the reefs. However, there is little information on seasonal trend in sediment flux and its impact at the reefs off Zanzibar. Two years' monthly data on sedimentation at Chumbe and Bawe reefs were used to assess seasonal variability in sediment flux and its implication on the coral status. Sediment flux to the Bawe reefs for the duration of the study ranged from 0.2 to 41.5 mg cm-2 d-1, while it ranged from 0.8 to 65.8 mg cm-2 d-1 at the Chumbe reefs. Sediment fluxes at Bawe reefs were highest between November and March, while they were highest between April and September at Chumbe reefs. Generally, sediment fluxes at Bawe reefs were low compared to those at Chumbe. The total sediment input to the reefs ranged from 4615 to 123,403 kg d-1 for Bawe reefs and 2750 to 79,636 kg d-1 for Chumbe reefs. High sediment fluxes at Bawe reefs between November and March; and the Chumbe reefs between April and September can be attributed to water currents and wind pattern in the east African region which are under the influence of the monsoons. The observed trend suggests that the period for coral transplant as a management option for the two sites should be different. Coral transplant can be undertaken in such a way that stress of the corals due to sedimentation can be felt after they have overcome stress from transplant process and temperature. The results from this study contribute to the much needed information for coral transplant, restoration, and management. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Coral reef; Currents; Sedimentation rate; Tanzania; Waves; Zanzibar	coral reef; hydrography; marine ecosystem; monsoon; restoration ecology; seasonal variation; sedimentation; sedimentation rate; wind-driven current; Tanzania; Zanzibar Island; Anthozoa	None
None	None	Evolution of information and communication technology in Tanzania and its impact on ocean data and information management	Masalu D.C.P.	2005	Ocean and Coastal Management	48	1	10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.11.001	Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Masalu, D.C.P., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Efforts to modernize information technology in Tanzania started as early as 1965 when the first computer in the country was installed in the ministry of finance. Unfortunately, these efforts were hampered by several problems that included the lack of qualified indigenous personnel and uncoordinated planning. The problems were very bad experiences to the government, and as a reaction to that in 1974 the government banned the importation of computers and all related equipment (accessories and peripheries) into Tanzania. This severe decision of the government has had a great negative impact on the development of information technology and computer literacy in all fronts including ocean data and information management in Tanzania. However, the situation has greatly much improved recently following various efforts by the government and the donor community to remedy the situation. Even though, the effects of the 1974 government decision are still noticeable. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO in collaboration with the Flanders Government have played a key role in the improvement and structuring of ocean data and information management in Tanzania through Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA) project. These efforts include capacity building in both human resources and infrastructure, creating/increasing awareness among stakeholders and scientists on the need of having a sound data and information management system in the country, and helping Tanzania to establish a National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODC). © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Information management; Information theory; Management information systems; Oceanography; Personnel; Public policy; Information and communication technology; Infrastructure; Stakeholders; Tanzania; Information technology; information management; marine policy; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World	None
None	None	Impact of environmental changes on farmed seaweed and farmers: the case of Songo Songo Island, Tanzania	Msuya F.E., Porter M.	2014	Journal of Applied Phycology	26	5	10.1007/s10811-014-0243-4	Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, Canada	Msuya, F.E., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Porter, M., Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, Canada	Tanzania, like many other countries where eucheumatoid seaweeds are farmed, is experiencing die-off of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Farming is failing in many cultivation sites in shallow intertidal areas where it used to grow well. Production has fallen dramatically, and in some areas, hardly any seaweed is produced any longer. This study was carried out in Songo Songo Island, southern Tanzania, one of the most affected areas, during February–May 2009. Water temperature averaged 35.7 ± 2.4°C, higher than what had been observed in seaweed farms in other areas in Tanzania. Salinity was normal seawater at 34.7 ± 0.5ppt. In the abandoned farming sites, signs of ice-ice, epiphytic Neosiphonia and “dark spots” were observed on the seaweed. Fouling was also observed. Seaweed production decreased from 423.9 t worth US$82,000 in 2003 to 26 t in 2008 worth only US$4,500, and 28 t in 2012 worth US$4,300. Number of farmers was highest (809) during the production peak in 2003 then decreased to 320 in 2008. The number of fishing vessels decreased with an increase in number of farmers and seaweed production and increased when the number of farmers and seaweed production fell. Thus, high-surface water temperatures coupled with fouling, epiphytism, and ice-ice disease signs have caused dramatic decrease in seaweed production in Songo Songo. The onetime lucrative seaweed farming activity in Songo Songo Island of Tanzania has been reduced to almost standstill. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Kappaphycus alvarezii; Seaweed farmers; Seaweed farming; Seaweed production; Songo Songo; Surface water temperature	Kappaphycus alvarezii	None
None	None	Evaluation of the potential of the marine sponges of the Zanzibar Island to yield antimalarial and antimicrobial active compounds	Said S.A., Moshi M.J., Nondo R.S.O., Masimba P.J., Innocent E., Guantai A.N.	2010	Tanzania Journal of Health Research	12	3	None	Institute of Marine Sciences, P.O.Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 19676 - KNH, Nairobi, Kenya	Said, S.A., Institute of Marine Sciences, P.O.Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Moshi, M.J., Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nondo, R.S.O., Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Masimba, P.J., Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Innocent, E., Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Guantai, A.N., School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 19676 - KNH, Nairobi, Kenya	Emergence of new and re-emergence of old infections continue to elude prospects of reducing morbidity and mortality caused by microbial infections. Trends of resistance to currently in use antimicrobials and antimalarials threaten to increase mortality caused by these infections. This study explores the potential of marine invertebrates as a source for new antimicrobials and antimalarials. The lactate dehydrogenase method was used to assay marine sponges for activity against Plasmodium falciparum, while the disc diffusion method was used to assay the extracts for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Extracts of some marine sponges from the Zanzibar Island exhibited both antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activities. Among the 55 marine sponge extracts that were tested 23 (41.8%) inhibited Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain by more than 50% at both 250 and 50 μg/ml concentrations. Moderate polar extracts were more active against Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain than polar and non-polar extracts. None of the 12 extracts that were tested on Plasmodium falciparum strain D6 exhibited inhibitory activity reaching 50%. Among 18 marine sponge extracts that were tested for antimicrobial activity 12 (66.7%) showed activity against one or more of the bacteria and fungi used ranging from weak to strong on an arbitrary criterion. The ethyl acetate extracts of Agelas mauritania and Oceanopia sp. exhibited high activity against the fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The best antibacterial profile was exhibited by ethyl acetate extracts of Aplysinopsis sp., Halichondrida sp. 1 and Oceanopia sp. In conclusion, these results support the need for intensified efforts to search for active antimalarial and antimicrobial compounds from the Zanzibar marine sponges.	Antimalarial; Antimicrobial activity; Marine sponges; Zanzibar	acetic acid ethyl ester; Agelas mauritania extract; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; Aplysinopsis extract; clotrimazole; gentamicin; Halichondrida extract; lactate dehydrogenase; marine sponge extract; natural product; Oceanopia extract; unclassified drug; Agelas; Agelas mauritania; antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; Aplysinopsis; article; Candida albicans; concentration response; controlled study; Cryptococcus neoformans; disk diffusion; drug determination; Halichondrida; human; human cell; invertebrate; marine species; nonhuman; Oceanopia; Plasmodium falciparum; sponge (Porifera); Tanzania	None
None	None	Physical performance limitations of luminescent down-conversion layers for photovoltaic applications	Boccolini A., Marques-Hueso J., Chen D., Wang Y., Richards B.S.	2014	Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells	122	None	10.1016/j.solmat.2013.11.005	Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania	Boccolini, A., Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; Marques-Hueso, J., Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; Chen, D., State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Wang, Y., State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Richards, B.S., Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania	An optical model is presented to determine the constraints imparted by self-absorption on the luminescence emitted from down-conversion (DC) materials. An analytical formula was derived demonstrating that, for a given DC material, an optimal thickness exists that maximizes the intensity of the emitted radiation, while minimizing the impact of self-absorption. This defines a new limit for the optical efficiency of a DC material that is governed by its geometry. Subsequently, the model was validated through experimental analysis of a specific down-converting borate glass co-doped with Ce3+-Yb 3+, whose optimal thickness has been determined to be 0.83 mm. The model clarifies the origin of the disparity between the theoretical and the experimental efficiencies reported for some materials. The results from this work assist with the design and implementation of DC layers for photovoltaic devices, as well as providing a framework for optimization of DC materials to other fields of optics and photonics. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Down-conversion; Luminescence; Photovoltaics; Quantum cutting; Spectral conversion; Third generation	Downconversion; Photovoltaics; Quantum cutting; Spectral conversion; Third generation; Light; Luminescence; Optimization; Materials	None
None	None	International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma	Chung K.F., Wenzel S.E., Brozek J.L., Bush A., Castro M., Sterk P.J., Adcock I.M., Bateman E.D., Bel E.H., Bleecker E.R., Boulet L.-P., Brightling C., Chanez P., Dahlen S.-E., Djukanovic R., Frey U., Gaga M., Gibson P., Hamid Q., Jajour N.N., Mauad T., So	2014	European Respiratory Journal	43	2	10.1183/09031936.00202013	National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Dept. of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, United States; Dept. of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States; Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dept. of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States; Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, QC, Canada; Institute for Lung Health, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom; Departement des Maladies Respiratoires, Marseille Universite, Marseille, France; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton School of Medicine and Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; 7th Respiratory Dept. and Asthma Centre, Athens Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece; Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Dept. of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Dept. of Pathology, University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Dept. of Paediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, VA, United States	Chung, K.F., National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Wenzel, S.E., Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Brozek, J.L., Dept. of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, United States; Bush, A., National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Castro, M., Dept. of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States; Sterk, P.J., Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Adcock, I.M., National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom; Bateman, E.D., Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Bel, E.H., Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bleecker, E.R., Dept. of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States; Boulet, L.-P., Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, QC, Canada; Brightling, C., Institute for Lung Health, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom; Chanez, P., Departement des Maladies Respiratoires, Marseille Universite, Marseille, France; Dahlen, S.-E., Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Djukanovic, R., Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton School of Medicine and Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Frey, U., University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Gaga, M., 7th Respiratory Dept. and Asthma Centre, Athens Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece; Gibson, P., Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hamid, Q., Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jajour, N.N., Dept. of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Mauad, T., Dept. of Pathology, University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Sorkness, R.L., Dept. of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Teague, W.G., Division of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Dept. of Paediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, VA, United States	Severe or therapy-resistant asthma is increasingly recognised as a major unmet need. A Task Force, supported by the European Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society, reviewed the definition and provided recommendations and guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of severe asthma in children and adults. A literature review was performed, followed by discussion by an expert committee according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach for development of specific clinical recommendations. When the diagnosis of asthma is confirmed and comorbidities addressed, severe asthma is defined as asthma that requires treatment with high dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a second controller and/or systemic corticosteroids to prevent it from becoming uncontrolled or that remains uncontrolled despite this therapy. Severe asthma is a heterogeneous condition consisting of phenotypes such as eosinophilic asthma. Specific recommendations on the use of sputum eosinophil count and exhaled nitric oxide to guide therapy, as well as treatment with anti-IgE antibody, methotrexate, macrolide antibiotics, antifungal agents and bronchial thermoplasty are provided. Coordinated research efforts for improved phenotyping will provide safe and effective biomarker-driven approaches to severe asthma therapy. Copyright © ERS 2014.	None	Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Asthma; Biological Markers; Clinical Trials as Topic; Comorbidity; Humans; Immune System; Immunoglobulin E; International Cooperation; Phenotype; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Pulmonary Medicine; Risk Factors	None
None	None	Investigating the distribution and fate of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in sewage-impacted mangrove-fringed creeks of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique	Kamau J.N., Kuschk P., Machiwa J., Macia A., Mothes S., Mwangi S., Munga D., Kappelmeyer U.	2015	Journal of Soils and Sediments	15	12	10.1007/s11368-015-1214-3	Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 81651-80100, Mombasa, Kenya; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15D, Leipzig, Germany; University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biological Sciences, University Eduardo Mondlane, P.O Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique	Kamau, J.N., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 81651-80100, Mombasa, Kenya; Kuschk, P., Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15D, Leipzig, Germany; Machiwa, J., University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Macia, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University Eduardo Mondlane, P.O Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Mothes, S., Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15D, Leipzig, Germany; Mwangi, S., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 81651-80100, Mombasa, Kenya; Munga, D., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 81651-80100, Mombasa, Kenya; Kappelmeyer, U., Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15D, Leipzig, Germany	Purpose: Coastal towns in the developing world are faced with the challenge of wastewater treatment. Most of the domestic wastewater generated in these urban areas is discharged raw into the surrounding mangrove forest. The local communities living near mangrove-fringed creeks are artisanal fishers and rely on fish as a source of protein. It is therefore important to determine the impact of sewage input on metal mobility/bioavailability in these mangrove systems. Materials and methods: The fate of heavy metals was investigated in peri-urban mangrove systems of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Enrichment factors (EF) and pollution factors (PF) were applied to investigate the pollution status of selected metals in sewage-impacted creeks of the three countries. The spatial distribution patterns of metals in sediments and in the water column were determined. A sewage factor (SF) index was derived to determine the impact of sewage input on the water column. Results and discussion: Data obtained from sediment analysis revealed that Cd was highly depleted (EF 0.1) at Costa do Sol in Mozambique, inferring that it is highly labile under the prevailing onsite physicochemical parameters. Comparatively, Cr was more enriched in Mozambique sediments than in Kenya and Tanzania. In Tanzania; Zn showed the highest pollution levels (PF, 3.20), with reference to Ras Dege. While in Kenya, zinc was the most polluting metal in all of the sediment segments at Tudor Creek with reference to Gazi Creek. There was a conservative mixing of sediment/particulate-hosted heavy metals at Tudor and Ras Dege. This behaviour was observed for all the metals analysed. At Mtoni, however, the conservative behaviour was only pronounced for Pb and Zn, while for all three sites in Mozambique, metals were distributed evenly across the creeks indicating sinking tendencies. Sewage discharge influenced the concentration of dissolved Cr and Pb at Fort Jesus station during both flood and ebb tide. Conclusions: Changes in physicochemical parameters strongly influence the fate of sediment-hosted Cd as observed at Costa do Sol. The preferential association of Cd onto carbonates enhances Cd enrichment in sediments rich in carbonates. Input of domestic sewage contributes to dissolved Al loading, which is attributed to the use of alumina in fresh water treatment plants. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Enrichment factor; Kenya; Metals; Mozambique; Pollution factor; Tanzania	aluminum oxide; bioavailability; carbonate; enrichment; heavy metal; mangrove; mobility; physicochemical property; sewage; spatial distribution; urban area; wastewater; water column; water treatment; Dar es Salaam [Tanzania]; Kenya; Mozambique; Ras Dege; Tanzania	None
None	None	Maternal and newborn healthcare providers in rural Tanzania: In-depth interviews exploring influences on motivation, performance and job satisfaction	Prytherch H., Kakoko D.C.V., Leshabari M.T., Sauerborn R., Marx M.	2012	Rural and Remote Health	12	3	None	Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam, Tanzania	Prytherch, H., Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Kakoko, D.C.V., School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam, Tanzania; Leshabari, M.T., School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam, Tanzania; Sauerborn, R., Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Marx, M., Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany	Introduction: Major improvements in maternal and neonatal health (MNH) remain elusive in Tanzania. The causes are closely related to the health system and overall human resource policy. Just 35% of the required workforce is actually in place and 43% of available staff consists of lower-level cadres such as auxiliaries. Staff motivation is also a challenge. In rural areas the problems of recruiting and retaining health staff are most pronounced. Yet, it is here that the majority of the population continues to reside. A detailed understanding of the influences on the motivation, performance and job satisfaction of providers at rural, primary level facilities was sought to inform a research project in its early stages. The providers approached were those found to be delivering MNH care on the ground, and thus include auxiliary staff. Much of the previous work on motivation has focused on defined professional groups such as physicians and nurses. While attention has recently broadened to also include mid-level providers, the views of auxiliary health workers have seldom been explored. Methods: In-depth interviews were the methodology of choice. An interview guideline was prepared with the involvement of Tanzanian psychologists, sociologists and health professionals to ensure the instrument was rooted in the socio-cultural setting of its application. Interviews were conducted with 25 MNH providers, 8 facility and district managers, and 2 policy-makers. Results: Key sources of encouragement for all the types of respondents included community appreciation, perceived government and development partner support for MNH, and on-the-job learning. Discouragements were overwhelmingly financial in nature, but also included facility understaffing and the resulting workload, malfunction of the promotion system as well as health and safety, and security issues. Low-level cadres were found to be particularly discouraged. Difficulties and weaknesses in the management of rural facilities were revealed. Basic steps that could improve performance appeared to be overlooked. Motivation was generally referred to as being fair or low. However, all types of providers derived quite a strong degree of satisfaction, of an intrinsic nature, from their work. Conclusions: The influences on MNH provider motivation, performance and satisfaction were shown to be complex and to span different levels. Variations in the use of terms and concepts pertaining to motivation were found, and further clarification is needed. Intrinsic rewards play a role in continued provider willingness to exert an effort at work. In the critical area of MNH and the rural setting many providers, particularly auxiliary staff, felt poorly supported. The causes of discouragement were broadly divided into those requiring renewed policy attention and those which could be addressed by strengthening the skills of rural facility managers, enhancing the status of their role, and increasing the support they receive from higher levels of the health system. Given the increased reliance on staff with lower-levels of training in rural areas, the importance of the latter has never been greater. Results: Key sources of encouragement for all the types of respondents included community appreciation, perceived government and development partner support for MNH, and on-the-job learning. Discouragements were overwhelmingly financial in nature, but also included facility understaffing and the resulting workload, malfunction of the promotion system as well as health and safety, and security issues. Low-level cadres were found to be particularly discouraged. Difficulties and weaknesses in the management of rural facilities were revealed. Basic steps that could improve performance appeared to be overlooked. Motivation was generally referred to as being fair or low. However, all types of providers derived quite a strong degree of satisfaction, of an intrinsic nature, from their work. Conclusions: The influences on MNH provider motivation, performance and satisfaction were shown to be complex and to span different levels. Variations in the use of terms and concepts pertaining to motivation were found, and further clarification is needed. Intrinsic rewards play a role in continued provider willingness to exert an effort at work. In the critical area of MNH and the rural setting many providers, particularly auxiliary staff, felt poorly supported. The causes of discouragement were broadly divided into those requiring renewed policy attention and those which could be addressed by strengthening the skills of rural facility managers, enhancing the status of their role, and increasing the support they receive from higher levels of the health system. Given the increased reliance on staff with lower-levels of training in rural areas, the importance of the latter has never been greater. © H Prytherch, DCV Kakoko, MT Leshabari, R Sauerborn, M Marx, 2012.	Developing countries; Health personnel; Job satisfaction; Maternal-child health services; Motivation; Tanzania	adult; article; career mobility; clinical competence; education; female; health center; health personnel attitude; health promotion; human; interview; job satisfaction; male; manpower; medical staff; methodology; middle aged; motivation; newborn; organization; organization and management; personnel management; psychological aspect; rural health care; standard; statistics; Tanzania; task performance; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Career Mobility; Clinical Competence; Efficiency, Organizational; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Interviews as Topic; Job Satisfaction; Male; Maternal-Child Health Centers; Medical Staff, Hospital; Middle Aged; Motivation; Organizational Culture; Organizational Objectives; Rural Health Services; Staff Development; Tanzania; Task Performance and Analysis	None
None	None	Jointly thinking the post-dam future: Exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji, Tanzania [Imaginer ensemble les impacts d'un barrage: Interactions entre savoirs locaux et savoirs scientifiques sur les lacs de la basse va	Duvail S., Mwakalinga A.B., Eijkelenburg A., Hamerlynck O., Kindinda K., Majule A.	2014	Hydrological Sciences Journal	59	42433	10.1080/02626667.2013.827792	Institute of Research for Development, UMR 208, National Museums of Kenya, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Agriculture Department, Rufiji District Council, Utete, Tanzania; Interuniversity programme in Water Resources Engineering, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium; Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom; Kipo Village, Tanzania; Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Duvail, S., Institute of Research for Development, UMR 208, National Museums of Kenya, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Mwakalinga, A.B., Agriculture Department, Rufiji District Council, Utete, Tanzania; Eijkelenburg, A., Interuniversity programme in Water Resources Engineering, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; Hamerlynck, O., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom; Kindinda, K., Kipo Village, Tanzania; Majule, A., Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A large dam is planned at Stiegler's Gorge in Tanzania. The change in the Rufiji River flood pattern will affect downstream ecosystems. This paper concentrates on the highly productive floodplain lakes that play a vital role in local livelihoods. A participatory monitoring system with village-based observers collected water level, rainfall, fisheries and food data from 2001 to 2011. Water balances of the lakes show dependence on the Rufiji River flood, with varying vulnerability. With the dam design flood of 2500 m3 s-1, lakes with a high threshold and small catchment will dry out quickly. Lakes with a lower threshold and substantial catchment are more robust but may still dry out during prolonged local drought. Analysis of rainfall (1923-2012) indicates a recent decrease. The data were analysed through feedback workshops with local observers, government technical staff and researchers. Through this collaborative approach, local capacity in preparing for the post-dam future was enhanced. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. AcremanCitation Duvail, S. Mwakalinga, A.B. Eijkelenburg, A. Hamerlynck, O. Kindinda, K. and Majule, A. 2014. Jointly thinking the post-dam future: exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji, Tanzania. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3-4), 713-730. © 2014 © 2014 IAHS Press.	climate change; environmental flows; lakes; participatory science; Rufiji River; Stiegler's Gorge Dam; Tanzania	Catchments; Climate change; Dams; Design; Floods; Knowledge management; Lakes; Rain; Water levels; Collaborative approach; Environmental flow; Floodplain lakes; Participatory monitoring; participatory science; Scientific knowledge; Small catchment; Tanzania; Rivers; climate change; dam construction; design flood; floodplain; lake; monitoring system; participatory approach; water budget; Rufiji River; Tanzania	None
None	None	Impacts of population pressure and poverty alleviation strategies on common property resource availability in rural Tanzania	Madulu N.F.	2005	African Journal of Environmental Assessment and Management	10	None	None	Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Madulu, N.F., Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This paper outlines the linkages between population pressure and common property resources availability in Tanzania. It examines on whether population pressure has an influence on diminishing common property resources at the local level and establishes the coping mechanisms of the local communities in response to new circumstances and changing environment. In the course of discussion, an attempt has been made to assess the extent to which population pressure have influenced availability of common property resources at the local level; and identify policy implications and alternatives strategies to cope with diminishing common property resources. Further analysis have been made of the extent to which poverty alleviation strategies at the local level influence non-sustainable use and degradation of common property resources. These issues require a closer examination of the circumstances under which population; development and environment linkages manifest themselves. Whereas the population has shown a continuous increase, there is less information about the rate at which the common property resources are diminishing in response to changing demographic conditions. Similarly, the impacts of various poverty alleviation strategies on diminish common property resources at the local level are not well documented. Small and large-scale mining operations in Mabuki and Maganzo villages has been used as an example to illustrate the transformation in the way local communities use and manage common property resources. The identified long-term implications of the various practices to include increased environmental degradation; accelerated food insecurity, increased poverty, diminishing common property resources, increased land use conflicts, and creation of a landless class at the village level. These implications require policy commitment and support to enable sustainable utilization of common property resources.	Commons property resources; Community conservation; Globalization; Partnership management; Population pressures; Poverty	None	None
None	None	Desired-gain selection indices for improving performance of two tanzania local chicken ecotypes under intensive management	Lwelamira J., Kifaro G.C.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	2	None	Institute of Rural Development Planning, P. O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Lwelamira, J., Institute of Rural Development Planning, P. O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was carried out to evaluate various desired-gain selection indices (Yamada index) in improving performance of two chicken ecotypes of Tanzania viz. Kuchi and Tanzania Medium (Medium). The indices for Kuchi ecotype were geared at improving body weight at 16 (Bwt16) weeks of age while those for Medium ecotype were geared at improving egg production and related traits. These traits included age at first egg (AFE), egg production in the first 90 days after sexual maturity (EN-90) and egg weight (EW). Apart from production traits, antibody responses (Ab) against Newcastle disease virus vaccine was also included in some selection indices in both ecotypes. Furthermore, correlated responses to some egg quality traits namely egg shape index (ESI) and eggshell thickness (STH) were also studied. Results indicated that it would take between 5 to 6 generations of selection in Kuchi to improve Bwt16 either singly or together with Ab from their current levels of 1394 g and 5 (HIlog2) to the desired averages of 1800 g and 6 (HIlog2), respectively. On the other hand results indicated that it would take between 8 to 11 generations of selection in Medium ecotype to improve either AFE and EN-90 or together with EW or Ab or both of them from their current averages of 168 days, 49 eggs, 42 g and 5 (HIlog2) to the desired averages of 154 days, 68 eggs, 50 g, and 6 (HIlog2), respectively. Based on the number of generations required to achieve desired gains and correlated responses, some selection indices were recommended. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Breeding; Desired gain; Local chicken; Selection indices	Newcastle disease virus	None
None	None	Breeding strategies for improving performance of Kuchi chicken ecotype of Tanzania for production under village conditions	Lwelamira J., Kifaro G.C., Gwakisa P.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	11	None	Institute of Rural Development Planning, P.O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	Lwelamira, J., Institute of Rural Development Planning, P.O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Gwakisa, P., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was carried out to evaluate various breeding scenarios geared at improving performance of Kuchi chicken ecotype of Tanzania, a type of native chicken found in drier area of north-west part of the country, for production under extensive (village) management conditions. The purpose of these breeding scenarios was mainly to improve body weight at 16 weeks of age (Bwt16). In some breeding scenarios, primary antibody response against Newcastle disease virus vaccine (Ab) was also considered. Depending on a breeding scenario, results from the present study indicate that it would take approximately 5 to 10 generations of selection, which corresponds to around 3 to 6 years of selection for improving Bwt16 either singly or together with Ab from their current population mean of 974g and 4.8 (HIlog2) to the desired population mean of 1300g and 6(HIlog2), respectively (i.e. improvement by 34 and 25%, respectively). Depending on gain per generation, number of years required to attain the desired mean, expected fitness under village conditions and costs of breeding, some breeding scenarios were recommended.	Body weight; Desired gain; Extensive management; Newcastle disease; Selection	Aves; Newcastle disease virus	None
None	None	Difference in blood pressure readings with mercury and automated devices: Impact on hypertension prevalence estimates in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Chiolero A., Gervasoni J.-P., Rwebogora A., Balampama M., Paccaud F., Bovet P.	2006	European Journal of Epidemiology	21	6	10.1007/s10654-006-9015-z	Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, 17, rue du Bugnon, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland	Chiolero, A., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Gervasoni, J.-P., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Rwebogora, A., Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Balampama, M., Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Paccaud, F., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Bovet, P., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, 17, rue du Bugnon, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland	Objectives: (1) To compare blood pressure (BP) readings with an automated arm cuff oscillometric device (AutoBP) to readings with a mercury sphygmomanometer (HgBP) and (2) to evaluate the impact on the prevalence of hypertension (HBP) in a population-based survey. Methods: (1) In a convenience sample ("Comparison Study"), we measured BP with both AutoBP (Visomat® OZ2) and HgBP and we modeled BP difference (ΔBP = HgBP-AutoBP) with multiple regression analysis. (2) Using ΔBP, we calculated HgBP in a survey previously conducted in Dar es Salaam ("Population Survey") in which BP was measured with the automatic device Visomat® OZ2 and we compared the prevalence of HBP (≥140/90 mmHg or treatment). Results: In the Comparison Study (404 subjects aged 25-64), systolic/diastolic BP was higher by 4.4/4.7 mmHg (SE: 0.4/0.3) with HgBP than AutoBP. The prevalence of HBP was 42% with HgBP and 36% with AutoBP (relative difference of 14%). ΔBP was associated with age, BP and arm circumference. In the Population Survey (9.254 subjects aged 25-64), the prevalence of HBP was 17% with calculated HgBP and 14% with AutoBP (relative difference of 20%). Conclusion: A small systematic bias in BP readings between two different devices had large impact on hypertension prevalence estimates. This suggests that automated devices used in epidemiological studies should be validated with particular care. © Springer 2006.	Blood pressure measurement; Hypertension; Tanzania; Validation protocol	mercury; adult; age; arm circumference; article; automation; blood pressure measurement; body mass; comparative study; controlled study; device; diastolic blood pressure; female; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; multiple regression; prevalence; sphygmomanometer; systolic blood pressure; Tanzania; validation study; Adult; Blood Pressure; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Mercury; Middle Aged; Oscillometry; Prevalence; Sphygmomanometers; Tanzania	None
None	None	Impact of training traditional birth attendants on maternal mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan African countries	Kayombo E.J.	2013	Tanzania Journal of Health Research	15	2	10.4314/thrb.v15i2.7	Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65586, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Kayombo, E.J., Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65586, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	This paper presents discussion on impact of training traditional birth attendants (TBAs) on overall improvement of reproductive health care with focus on reducing the high rate of maternal and new-born mortality in rural settings in sub-Saharan Africa. The importance of TBAs for years has been denied by professional western trained health practitioners and other scientists until during the late 1980s, when World Health Organization through Safe motherhood 1987 found TBAs have a significant role in reducing maternal and newborn mortality. Trained TBAs in sub-Sahara Africa can have positive impact on reducing maternal and new-born mortality if the programme is well implemented with systematic follow-up after training. This could be done through joint meeting between health workers and TBAs as feed and learning experience from problem encountered in process of providing child delivery services. TBAs can help to break socio-cultural barriers on intervention on reproductive health programmes. However projects targeting TBAs should not be of hit and run; but gradually familiarize with the target group, build trust, transparency, and tolerance, willing to learn and creating a better relationship with them. In this paper, some case studies are described on how trained TBAs can be fully utilized in reducing maternal and new-born mortality rate in rural areas. What is needed is to identify TBAs, map their distribution and train them on basic primary healthcare related to child deliveries and complications which need to be referred to conventional health facilities immediately.	Maternal and child health; Sub-Saharan Africa; Traditional birth attendants; Training	Africa; article; case study; cultural anthropology; delivery; education program; follow up; health care delivery; health care facility; health education; health practitioner; health program; human; maternal care; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; newborn mortality; personal experience; pregnancy complication; reproductive health; rural area; rural health care; scientist; traditional birth attendant; world health organization	None
None	None	Evaluation of distribution of presbyopic correction through primary healthcare centres in Zanzibar, East Africa	Laviers H., Burhan I., Omar F., Jecha H., Gilbert C.	2011	British Journal of Ophthalmology	95	6	10.1136/bjo.2010.186890	International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Laviers, H., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Burhan, I., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Omar, F., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Jecha, H., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Gilbert, C., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: A pilot scheme was developed to integrate the distribution of ready-made near spectacles into primary eye-care delivery in six primary healthcare facilities in Zanzibar, East Africa. With the aim of scaling it up to national level, the scheme was evaluated in terms of relevance, effectiveness, equality, sustainability and replicability. Methods: Six medical officers were trained in ocular anatomy, history taking, blindness definitions, ocular abnormalities, preventable blindness, distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, eye examination, record keeping and referral criteria. Each clinic was supplied with 200 near spectacles. The evaluation team revisited the units 6 months later to assess the scheme. Results: The evaluation team recommendations included: a structured approach to planning from the outset, facility selection criteria, raising awareness through community meetings, funding through a revolving fund and the introduction of referral monitoring systems. 372 of the 574 patients attending the facilities had eye complaints; 285 eye infections, 29 distance vision problems and 173 near vision problems. 173 near vision spectacles were dispensed, and 74 people were referred. All medical officers and participants recommended continuing with the scheme. Conclusions: The project is highly relevant and timely, given that presbyopia is now a priority with the WHO. The scheme could easily be adopted at the national level in Zanzibar and other areas in East Africa.	None	adult; aged; anamnesis; article; awareness; blindness; child; eye disease; eye examination; eye infection; female; financial management; health care access; health care quality; health program; human; infant; major clinical study; male; medical documentation; patient referral; presbyopia; primary health care; priority journal; school child; spectacles; staff training; Tanzania; visual acuity; visual disorder; Age Distribution; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Delivery of Health Care; Eyeglasses; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Satisfaction; Pilot Projects; Presbyopia; Tanzania; Visual Acuity	None
None	None	Dispensary level pilot implementation of rapid diagnostic tests: An evaluation of RDT acceptance and usage by providers and patients - Tanzania, 2005	Williams H.A., Causer L., Metta E., Malila A., O'Reilly T., Abdulla S., Kachur S.P., Bloland P.B.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-239	International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Mail Stop F-60, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Australia; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), Tanzania; Malaria Branch, CDC, United States	Williams, H.A., International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Mail Stop F-60, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Causer, L., National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Australia; Metta, E., Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), Tanzania; Malila, A., Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), Tanzania; O'Reilly, T., Malaria Branch, CDC, United States; Abdulla, S., National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Australia; Kachur, S.P., Malaria Branch, CDC, United States; Bloland, P.B., Malaria Branch, CDC, United States	Background. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may assist in diagnosis, improve prescribing practices and reduce potential drug resistance development. Without understanding operational issues or acceptance and usage by providers and patients, the costs of these tests may not be justified. Objectives. To evaluate the impact of RDTs on prescribing behaviours, assess prescribers' and patients' perceptions, and identify operational issues during implementation. Methods. Baseline data were collected at six Tanzanian public dispensaries. RDTs were implemented for eight weeks and data collected on frequency of RDT use, results, malaria diagnoses and the prescription of antimalarials. Patients referred for RDTs completed a standardised exit interview. Qualitative methods assessed attitudes toward and satisfaction with RDTs, perceptions about the test and operational issues related to implementation. Results. Of 595 patients at baseline, 200 (33%) were diagnosed clinically with malaria but had a negative RDT. Among the 2519 RDTs performed during implementation, 289 (11.5%) had a negative result and antimalarials prescribed. The proportion of "over-prescriptions" at baseline was 54.8% (198/365). At weeks four and eight this decreased to 16.1% (27/168) and 16.4% (42/256) respectively. A total of 355 patient or parent/caregiver and 21 prescriber individual interviews and 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. Patients, caregivers and providers trusted RDT results, agreed that use of RDTs was feasible at dispensary level, and perceived that RDTs improved clinical diagnosis. Negative concerns included community suspicion and fear that RDTs were HIV tests, the need for additional supervision in interpreting the results, and increased work loads without added compensation. Conclusion. Overprescriptions decreased over the study period. There was a high degree of patient/caregiver and provider acceptance of and satisfaction with RDTs. Implementation should include community education, sufficient levels of training and supervision and consideration of the need for additional staff. © 2008 Williams et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antimalarial agent; ambulatory care; article; caregiver; clinical evaluation; diagnostic test; diagnostic value; health care personnel; health care utilization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; information processing; interview; major clinical study; malaria; parental attitude; patient attitude; patient referral; perception; prescription; preventive health service; Tanzania; workload; attitude to health; health center; malaria; pilot study; psychological aspect; sensitivity and specificity; standard; statistics; Tanzania; Community Health Centers; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Malaria; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pilot Projects; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of the effectiveness of stainless steel cooking pots in reducing iron-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations	Talley L., Woodruff B.A., Seal A., Tripp K., Mselle L.S., Abdalla F., Bhatia R., Mirghani Z.	2010	Public Health Nutrition	13	1	10.1017/S1368980009005254	International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, MS F-60, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Laayoune, Western Sahara; United Nations World Food Programme, Regional Bureau for Asia, Bangkok, Thailand; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic	Talley, L., International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, MS F-60, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Woodruff, B.A., Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Seal, A., Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Tripp, K., Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Mselle, L.S., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Abdalla, F., United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Laayoune, Western Sahara; Bhatia, R., United Nations World Food Programme, Regional Bureau for Asia, Bangkok, Thailand; Mirghani, Z., United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic	Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of stainless steel (Fe alloy) cooking pots in reducing Fe-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations.Design Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Between December 2001 and January 2003, three surveys among children aged 6-59 months and their mothers were conducted in 110 households randomly selected from each camp. The primary outcomes were changes in Hb concentration and Fe status.Setting Two long-term refugee camps in western Tanzania.Subjects Children (6-59 months) and their mothers were surveyed at 0, 6 and 12 months post-intervention. Stainless steel pots were distributed to all households in Nduta camp (intervention); households in Mtendeli camp (control) continued to cook with aluminium or clay pots.Results: Among children, there was no change in Hb concentration at 1 year; however, Fe status was lower in the intervention camp than the control camp (serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentration: 6.8 v. 5.9 μg/ml; P < 0.001). There was no change in Hb concentration among non-pregnant mothers at 1 year. Subjects in the intervention camp had lower Fe status than those in the control camp (sTfR concentration: 5.8 v. 4.7 μg/ml; P = 0.003).Conclusions: Distribution of stainless steel pots did not increase Hb concentration or improve Fe status in children or their mothers. The use of stainless steel prevents rusting but may not provide sufficient amounts of Fe and strong educational campaigns may be required to maximize use. The distribution of stainless steel pots in refugee contexts is not recommended as a strategy to control Fe deficiency.	Anaemia; Cooking pots; Iron deficiency; Refugees; Stainless steel	aluminum; hemoglobin; stainless steel; transferrin receptor; adolescent; adult; article; blood; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; human; infant; iron deficiency anemia; iron intake; kitchen; male; middle aged; mother; newborn; nutritional status; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; refugee; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Aluminum; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child, Preschool; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iron, Dietary; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Nutritional Status; Receptors, Transferrin; Refugees; Stainless Steel; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Impact of tissue culture banana technology on farm household income and food security in Kenya	Kabunga N.S., Dubois T., Qaim M.	2014	Food Policy	45	None	10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.12.009	International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), P.O. Box 28565, Kampala, Uganda; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda; Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), P.O. Box 10, Diluti, Arusha, Tanzania	Kabunga, N.S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), P.O. Box 28565, Kampala, Uganda; Dubois, T., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda, The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), P.O. Box 10, Diluti, Arusha, Tanzania; Qaim, M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany	While tissue culture (TC) technology for vegetative plant propagation is gradually gaining in importance in Africa, rigorous assessment of broader welfare effects for adopting smallholder farm households is lacking. Using survey data and accounting for selection bias in technology adoption, we analyze the impact of TC banana technology on household income and food security in Kenya. To assess food security outcomes, we employ the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) - a tool that has not been used for impact assessment before. Estimates of treatment-effects models show that TC banana adoption, combined with improved crop management, causes considerable increases in farm and household income. Technology adoption also reduces relative food insecurity in a significant way. These results indicate that TC technology can be welfare enhancing for adopting farm households. Adoption should be further promoted through upscaling appropriate technology delivery systems. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Food security; Household income; Impact assessment; Technology adoption; Tissue culture	crop plant; food policy; food security; fruit; household income; smallholder; technology adoption; welfare economics; welfare impact; Kenya	None
None	None	Evaluation of Serangium n. sp. (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of Bemisia tabaci (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on cassava	Asiimwe P., Ecaat J.S., Guershon M., Kyamanywa S., Gerling D., Legg J.P.	2007	Journal of Applied Entomology	131	2	10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01122.x	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Asiimwe, P., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Ecaat, J.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda; Guershon, M., Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel; Kyamanywa, S., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Gerling, D., Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel; Legg, J.P., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom	The potential of a new, previously unidentified Serangium species (Col., Coccinellidae) to control the high Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) populations on cassava was evaluated. Field and laboratory studies were carried out to determine the abundance and feeding capacity of this Serangium species feeding on B. tabaci on cassava. Serangium nymphs and adults were most abundant in cassava fields late in the season, rising sharply from 5 months after planting (MAP) to a peak at 7-8 MAP. Pre-imaginal development averaged 21.2 days and was longest in eggs and shortest in the L1 instar. Mean total prey consumption of immature Serangium increased with the stage of development with the lowest consumption in the L1 instar and highest in the L4 instar. Mean daily consumption was lowest on the first day after hatching in the L1 instar and rose to a peak on the 13th day after hatching in the L4 instar. Each Serangium larva consumed a mean of over 1000 nymphs during its entire development. These results have demonstrated the potential of this Serangium species to control B. tabaci populations on cassava. © 2007 The Authors Journal compilation 2007 Blackwell Verlag.	Biological control; Pre-imaginal development; Prey abundance; Prey consumption	abundance; beetle; biological control; cassava; crop damage; developmental biology; host plant; host-parasitoid interaction; pest species; potential biocontrol agent; whitefly; Aleyrodidae; Bemisia tabaci; Coccinellidae; Manihot esculenta; Serangium	None
None	None	Does a cassava research-for-development program have impact at the farm level? Evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo	Rusike J., Mahungu N.M., Lukombo S.S., Kendenga T., Bidiaka S.M., Alene A., Lema A., Manyong V.M.	2014	Food Policy	46	None	10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.03.012	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-Tanzania, PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; IITA-Democratic Republic of Congo Avenue des Cliniques 13, Batiment INERA Commune de la GombeKinshasa, Congo; IITA, Chitedze Research Station, PO Box 30258, Lilongwe 3, Malawi; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kinshasa, BP117, Kinshasa 11, Congo	Rusike, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-Tanzania, PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mahungu, N.M., IITA-Democratic Republic of Congo Avenue des Cliniques 13, Batiment INERA Commune de la GombeKinshasa, Congo; Lukombo, S.S., IITA-Democratic Republic of Congo Avenue des Cliniques 13, Batiment INERA Commune de la GombeKinshasa, Congo; Kendenga, T., IITA-Democratic Republic of Congo Avenue des Cliniques 13, Batiment INERA Commune de la GombeKinshasa, Congo; Bidiaka, S.M., IITA-Democratic Republic of Congo Avenue des Cliniques 13, Batiment INERA Commune de la GombeKinshasa, Congo; Alene, A., IITA, Chitedze Research Station, PO Box 30258, Lilongwe 3, Malawi; Lema, A., Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kinshasa, BP117, Kinshasa 11, Congo; Manyong, V.M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-Tanzania, PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This paper evaluates the impact of a cassava research-for-development program on farm level outcomes. The program was implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2001 to 2009. We apply propensity score matching, Rosenbaum bounds on treatment effects, Altonji et al. method of selection on observables and unobservables and endogenous switching regression to farm survey data collected during the 2009 cropping season. We use these methods to test whether the R4D program has a statistically significant effect on outcomes of interest and if these are not driven by selection on unobservables. Using propensity score matching, we find statistically significant positive effects on household participation in cassava markets, adoption of improved varieties and crop management practices and household food adequacy; and no statistically significant effects on yields and profits. The results show that bias due to selection on unobservables is not severe enough to invalidate the impact estimates. Bias may still be a problem that is present in the analysis. But there is evidence that it is not substantial. Although the program does not have a statistically significant positive effect on yields and profits, the significant program effects on market participation, variety adoption, and food adequacy merit further promotion of the program since these positive outcomes tend to be pre-conditions for realizing long-term yield and profit benefits. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Agricultural research-for-development; Cassava; Democratic Republic of Congo; Selection bias; Treatment effects	agricultural research; cassava; crop yield; research and development; Democratic Republic Congo	None
None	None	Maize production in a changing climate. impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies	Cairns J.E., Sonder K., Zaidi P.H., Verhulst N., Mahuku G., Babu R., Nair S.K., Das B., Govaerts B., Vinayan M.T., Rashid Z., Noor J.J., Devi P., San Vicente F., Prasanna B.M.	2012	Advances in Agronomy	114	None	10.1016/B978-0-12-394275-3.00006-7	International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya	Cairns, J.E., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Sonder, K., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Zaidi, P.H., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Verhulst, N., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Mahuku, G., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Babu, R., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Nair, S.K., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Das, B., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya; Govaerts, B., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Vinayan, M.T., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Rashid, Z., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Noor, J.J., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Devi, P., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; San Vicente, F., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Prasanna, B.M., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya	Plant breeding and improved management options have made remarkable progress in increasing crop yields during the past century. However, climate change projections suggest that large yield losses will be occurring in many regions, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. The development of climate-ready germplasm to offset these losses is of the upmost importance. Given the time lag between the development of improved germplasm and adoption in farmers' fields, the development of improved breeding pipelines needs to be a high priority. Recent advances in molecular breeding provide powerful tools to accelerate breeding gains and dissect stress adaptation. This review focuses on achievements in stress tolerance breeding and physiology and presents future tools for quick and efficient germplasm development. Sustainable agronomic and resource management practices can effectively contribute to climate change mitigation. Management options to increase maize system resilience to climate-related stresses and mitigate the effects of future climate change are also discussed. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.	Abiotic stress; Adaptation; Biotic stress; Climate change; Climate projections; Maize; Mitigation; Sub-Saharan Africa	None	None
None	None	Impact of common sweetpotato viruses on total carotenoids and root yields of an orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Tanzania	Kapinga R., Ndunguru J., Mulokozi G., Tumwegamire S.	2009	Scientia Horticulturae	122	1	10.1016/j.scienta.2009.03.020	International Potato Center, Box 22274, Kampala, Uganda; Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Box 977, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kapinga, R., International Potato Center, Box 22274, Kampala, Uganda; Ndunguru, J., Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mulokozi, G., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Box 977, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tumwegamire, S., International Potato Center, Box 22274, Kampala, Uganda	The growing and consumption of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is considered as a mean to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region. However, majority of the field-tested OFSP varieties are susceptible to major diseases especially sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD), which is caused by co-infection of sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) with sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV). A high beta-carotene content but susceptible variety Resisto was used in this study to evaluate the effects of SPVD on total carotenoids content and root yield. Compared with apparently healthy plants, reduction of 43, 16, and 37% of the total carotenoids content in the OFSP variety Resisto were observed in plants infected with SPCSV, SPFMV, and co-infection of both viruses. Storage root fresh weight was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced due to virus infection with high reduction recorded for SPFMV infection followed by co-infection of SPFMV with SPCSV. The same case was for sweetpotato vine length. However, no major reductions were observed in the vine weights. Co-infection of SPFMV with SPCSV caused more severe symptoms than single infections of the two viruses and each isolate caused distinct disease symptoms on the infected sweetpotato plants. In general, there was no direct correlation between sweetpotato virus disease symptom severity and reduction in total carotenoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the negative impact of SPCSV and SPFMV on the total carotenoid accumulation in OFSP varieties. Therefore follow up studies in the area of biochemical analysis should be initiated to gain knowledge on the impacts of SPVD on the biochemical pathways of carotenoid accumulation. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Orange-fleshed sweetpotato; Sweetpotato virus disease; Total carotenoids; Yield	carotenoid; disease severity; potato; viral disease; virus; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Ipomoea batatas; Sweet potato feathery mottle virus	None
None	None	Evaluation of pooled ocular and vaginal swabs by the Cepheid GeneXpert CT/NG assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae compared to the genprobe aptima combo 2 assay	Dize L., West S.K., Mkocha H., Quinn T.C., Gaydos C.A.	2015	Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease	81	2	10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.11.010	International Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kongwa Trachoma Project, Tanzania; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Dize, L., International Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; West, S.K., Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mkocha, H., Kongwa Trachoma Project, Tanzania; Quinn, T.C., International Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Gaydos, C.A., International Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Ocular swabs from Tanzania were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and self-collected vaginal swabs collected through a home collection program, iwantthekit.org, were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and CT to evaluate Cepheid GeneXpert for the use of pooling multiple specimens before testing. GeneXpert shows to be a promising test for pooling. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.	Chlamydia trachomatis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Pooling; Trachoma	Aptima Combo 2 Assay; Article; bacterium detection; Chlamydia trachomatis; controlled study; cost control; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic kit; diagnostic test accuracy study; intermethod comparison; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction system; predictive value; prevalence; prospective study; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity	None
None	None	Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Typhoid Fever in Pemba, Zanzibar: Assessment of the Performance of the WHO Case Definitions	Thriemer K., Ley B.B., Ame S.S., Deen J.L., de Pak G., Chang N.Y., Hashim R., Schmied W.H., Busch C.J.-L., Nixon S., Morrissey A., Puri M.K., Ochiai R.L., Wierzba T., Clemens J.D., Ali M., Jiddawi M.S., von Seidlein L., Ali S.M.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0051823	International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Vienna, Biocenter, Vienna, Austria; Public Health Laboratory (Pemba), Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Tanzania; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia; Duke University, KCMC Collaboration, Moshi, Tanzania	Thriemer, K., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Ley, B.B., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea, University of Vienna, Biocenter, Vienna, Austria; Ame, S.S., Public Health Laboratory (Pemba), Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Tanzania, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Deen, J.L., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia; de Pak, G., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Chang, N.Y., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Hashim, R., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Schmied, W.H., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Busch, C.J.-L., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Nixon, S., Duke University, KCMC Collaboration, Moshi, Tanzania; Morrissey, A., Duke University, KCMC Collaboration, Moshi, Tanzania; Puri, M.K., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Ochiai, R.L., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Wierzba, T., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Clemens, J.D., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Ali, M., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Jiddawi, M.S., Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania; von Seidlein, L., Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia; Ali, S.M., Public Health Laboratory (Pemba), Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Tanzania, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Background: The gold standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever is blood culture (BC). Because blood culture is often not available in impoverished settings it would be helpful to have alternative diagnostic approaches. We therefore investigated the usefulness of clinical signs, WHO case definition and Widal test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Methodology/Principal Findings: Participants with a body temperature ≥37.5°C or a history of fever were enrolled over 17 to 22 months in three hospitals on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Clinical signs and symptoms of participants upon presentation as well as blood and serum for BC and Widal testing were collected. Clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever cases were compared to other cases of invasive bacterial diseases and BC negative participants. The relationship of typhoid fever cases with rainfall, temperature, and religious festivals was explored. The performance of the WHO case definitions for suspected and probable typhoid fever and a local cut off titre for the Widal test was assessed. 79 of 2209 participants had invasive bacterial disease. 46 isolates were identified as typhoid fever. Apart from a longer duration of fever prior to admission clinical signs and symptoms were not significantly different among patients with typhoid fever than from other febrile patients. We did not detect any significant seasonal patterns nor correlation with rainfall or festivals. The sensitivity and specificity of the WHO case definition for suspected and probable typhoid fever were 82.6% and 41.3% and 36.3 and 99.7% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the Widal test was 47.8% and 99.4 both forfor O-agglutinin and H- agglutinin at a cut-off titre of 1:80. Conclusions/Significance: Typhoid fever prevalence rates on Pemba are high and its clinical signs and symptoms are non-specific. The sensitivity of the Widal test is low and the WHO case definition performed better than the Widal test. © 2012 Thriemer et al.	None	agglutinin; antigen; h antigen; O antigen; rain; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; area under the curve; article; blood culture; clinical feature; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; disease association; disease duration; false negative result; female; fever; human; major clinical study; male; medical history; predictive value; prevalence; prospective study; receiver operating characteristic; religion; Salmonella typhi; seasonal variation; sensitivity and specificity; symptomatology; Tanzania; temperature; typhoid fever; WHO case definition; widal reaction; Adolescent; Adult; Agglutination Tests; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Indian Ocean Islands; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Probability; Salmonella typhi; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Typhoid Fever; World Health Organization; Young Adult; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
None	None	Comparative performance of the Mbita trap, CDC light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western Kenya	Mathenge E.M., Misiani G.O., Oulo D.O., Irungu L.W., Ndegwa P.N., Smith T.A., Killeen G.F., Knols B.G.J.	2005	Malaria Journal	4	None	10.1186/1475-2875-4-7	Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Hlth. R. and D. Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Entomology Unit, International Aatomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria	Mathenge, E.M., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya, Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Misiani, G.O., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Oulo, D.O., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Irungu, L.W., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ndegwa, P.N., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Smith, T.A., Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Killeen, G.F., Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Hlth. R. and D. Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Knols, B.G.J., Entomology Unit, International Aatomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria	Background: Mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. However, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. The Mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in Kenya. However, the Mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemiological settings. This study reports a field evaluation of the Mbita trap in a rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. Methods: The mosquito sampling efficiency of the Mbita trap was compared to that of the CDC light trap and the human landing catch in western Kenya. Data was analysed by Bayesian regression of linear and non-linear models. Results: The Mbita trap caught about 17%, 60%, and 20% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in sampling proportionality between the Mbita trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and the culicine species. For An. funestus, the Mbita trap portrayed some density-dependent sampling efficiency that suggested lowered sampling efficiency of human landing catch at low densities. The CDC light trap caught about 60%, 120%, and 552% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in the sampling proportionality between the CDC light trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and An. funestus, whereas for the culicines, there was no simple relationship between the two methods. Conclusions: The Mbita trap is less sensitive than either the human landing catch or the CDC light trap. However, for a given investment of time and money, it is likely to catch more mosquitoes over a longer (and hence more representative) period. This trap can therefore be recommended for use by community members for passive mosquito surveillance. Nonetheless, there is still a need to develop new sampling methods for some epidemiological settings. The human landing catch should be maintained as the standard reference method for use in calibrating new methods for sampling the human biting population of mosquitoes. © 2005 Mathenge et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Anopheles; article; Bayes theorem; cdc light trap; comparative study; controlled study; data analysis; disease control; human landing catch; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; malaria control; mbita trap; mosquito; nonhuman; nonlinear system; sampling; statistical model; Animals; Anopheles; Culicidae; Female; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Population Surveillance	None
None	None	Economic evaluation of an alternative drug to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy	Sicuri E., Fernandes S., Macete E., González R., Mombo-Ngoma G., Massougbodgi A., Abdulla S., Kuwawenaruwa A., Katana A., Desai M., Cot M., Ramharter M., Kremsner P., Slustker L., Aponte J., Hanson K., Menéndez C.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0125072	ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS), Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria	Sicuri, E., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fernandes, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Macete, E., Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; González, R., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; Mombo-Ngoma, G., Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Massougbodgi, A., Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS), Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Abdulla, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kuwawenaruwa, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Katana, A., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Desai, M., Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Cot, M., Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Paris, France, Université René Descartes, Paris, France; Ramharter, M., Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Kremsner, P., Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Slustker, L., Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Aponte, J., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; Hanson, K., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Menéndez, C., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique	Background: Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended in HIV-negative women to avert malaria, while this relies on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (CTXp) in HIV-positive women. Alternative antimalarials are required in areas where parasite resistance to antifolate drugs is high. The cost-effectiveness of IPTp with alternative drugs is needed to inform policy. Methods: The cost-effectiveness of 2-dose IPTp-mefloquine (MQ) was compared with IPTp-SP in HIV-negative women (Benin, Gabon, Mozambique and Tanzania). In HIV-positive women the cost-effectiveness of 3-dose IPTp-MQ added to CTXp was compared with CTXp alone (Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania). The outcomes used were maternal clinical malaria, anaemia at delivery and non-obstetric hospital admissions. The poor tolerability to MQ was included as the value of women's loss of working days. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated and threshold analysis undertaken. Results: For HIV-negative women, the ICER for IPTp-MQ versus IPTp-SP was 136.30 US$ (2012 US$) (95%CI 131.41; 141.18) per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted, or 237.78 US$ (95%CI 230.99; 244.57), depending on whether estimates from Gabon were included or not. For HIV-positive women, the ICER per DALY averted for IPTp-MQ added to CTXp, versus CTXp alone was 6.96 US$ (95%CI 4.22; 9.70). In HIV-negative women, moderate shifts of variables such as malaria incidence, drug cost, and IPTp efficacy increased the ICERs above the cost-effectiveness threshold. In HIV-positive women the intervention remained cost-effective for a substantial (up to 21 times) increase in cost per tablet. Conclusions: Addition of IPTp with an effective antimalarial to CTXp was very cost-effective in HIV-positive women. IPTp with an efficacious antimalarial was more cost-effective than IPTp-SP in HIV-negative women. However, the poor tolerability of MQ does not favour its use as IPTp. Regardless of HIV status, prevention of malaria in pregnancy with a highly efficacious, well tolerated antimalarial would be cost-effective despite its high price. Trials Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 00811421; Pan African Trials Registry PACTR2010020001429343 and PACTR2010020001813440. © 2015, Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.	None	cotrimoxazole; mefloquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; adult; anemia; Article; Benin; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; disability adjusted life year; drug cost; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug tolerability; economic evaluation; female; Gabon; hospital admission; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; monotherapy; Mozambique; outcome assessment; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; quality of life; Tanzania; working time	None
None	None	The Glasgow consensus on the delineation between pesticide emission inventory and impact assessment for LCA	Rosenbaum R.K., Anton A., Bengoa X., Bjørn A., Brain R., Bulle C., Cosme N., Dijkman T.J., Fantke P., Felix M., Geoghegan T.S., Gottesbüren B., Hammer C., Humbert S., Jolliet O., Juraske R., Lewis F., Maxime D., Nemecek T., Payet J., Räsänen K., Roux P.,	2015	International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment	20	6	10.1007/s11367-015-0871-1	IRSTEA, UMR ITAP, ELSA LCA research group and ELSA-PACT Industrial Chair for Environmental and Social Sustainability Assessment, 361 rue Jean-François Breton, BP 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Produktionstorvet 424, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; IRTA, Ctra Cabrils km 2, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain; Quantis, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, 410 Swing Rd., Greensboro, NC, United States; CIRAIG, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (Qc), P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Canada; Pesticides and Environment Management Centre, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P. O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; University of Otago, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; BASF SE, Agricultural Products Center, Limburgerhof, Germany; Environmental Resources Management Ltd, Eaton House Wallbrook Court North Hinksey Lane, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Group for Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Dr. Knoell Consult GmbH, Mannheim, Germany; Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland; Cycleco, 1011 Avenue Léon Blum, Ambérieu-en-Bugey, France; MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland; European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy; Veolia Environnement Recherche & Innovation, Centre de Recherche-Maisons-Laffitte, Chemin de la Digue, B.P. 76, Maisons-Laffitte Cedex, France; Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Bayer Technology Services GmbH, BTS-TD-TI-Sustainability Consulting, Leverkusen, Germany; SIK—Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Box 5401, Göteborg, Sweden	Rosenbaum, R.K., IRSTEA, UMR ITAP, ELSA LCA research group and ELSA-PACT Industrial Chair for Environmental and Social Sustainability Assessment, 361 rue Jean-François Breton, BP 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Produktionstorvet 424, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Anton, A., IRTA, Ctra Cabrils km 2, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain; Bengoa, X., Quantis, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Bjørn, A., Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Produktionstorvet 424, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Brain, R., Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, 410 Swing Rd., Greensboro, NC, United States; Bulle, C., CIRAIG, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (Qc), P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Canada; Cosme, N., Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Produktionstorvet 424, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Dijkman, T.J., Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Produktionstorvet 424, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Fantke, P., Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Produktionstorvet 424, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Felix, M., Pesticides and Environment Management Centre, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P. O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Geoghegan, T.S., University of Otago, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Gottesbüren, B., BASF SE, Agricultural Products Center, Limburgerhof, Germany; Hammer, C., Environmental Resources Management Ltd, Eaton House Wallbrook Court North Hinksey Lane, Oxford, United Kingdom; Humbert, S., Quantis, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Jolliet, O., University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Juraske, R., Group for Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Dr. Knoell Consult GmbH, Mannheim, Germany; Lewis, F., Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Maxime, D., CIRAIG, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (Qc), P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Canada; Nemecek, T., Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland; Payet, J., Cycleco, 1011 Avenue Léon Blum, Ambérieu-en-Bugey, France; Räsänen, K., MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland; Roux, P., IRSTEA, UMR ITAP, ELSA LCA research group and ELSA-PACT Industrial Chair for Environmental and Social Sustainability Assessment, 361 rue Jean-François Breton, BP 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Schau, E.M., European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy; Sourisseau, S., Veolia Environnement Recherche & Innovation, Centre de Recherche-Maisons-Laffitte, Chemin de la Digue, B.P. 76, Maisons-Laffitte Cedex, France; van Zelm, R., Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Nijmegen, Netherlands; von Streit, B., Bayer Technology Services GmbH, BTS-TD-TI-Sustainability Consulting, Leverkusen, Germany; Wallman, M., SIK—Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Box 5401, Göteborg, Sweden	Purpose: Pesticides are applied to agricultural fields to optimise crop yield and their global use is substantial. Their consideration in life cycle assessment (LCA) is affected by important inconsistencies between the emission inventory and impact assessment phases of LCA. A clear definition of the delineation between the product system model (life cycle inventory—LCI, technosphere) and the natural environment (life cycle impact assessment—LCIA, ecosphere) is missing and could be established via consensus building. Methods: A workshop held in 2013 in Glasgow, UK, had the goal of establishing consensus and creating clear guidelines in the following topics: (1) boundary between emission inventory and impact characterisation model, (2) spatial dimensions and the time periods assumed for the application of substances to open agricultural fields or in greenhouses and (3) emissions to the natural environment and their potential impacts. More than 30 specialists in agrifood LCI, LCIA, risk assessment and ecotoxicology, representing industry, government and academia from 15 countries and four continents, met to discuss and reach consensus. The resulting guidelines target LCA practitioners, data (base) and characterisation method developers, and decision makers. Results and discussion: The focus was on defining a clear interface between LCI and LCIA, capable of supporting any goal and scope requirements while avoiding double counting or exclusion of important emission flows/impacts. Consensus was reached accordingly on distinct sets of recommendations for LCI and LCIA, respectively, recommending, for example, that buffer zones should be considered as part of the crop production system and the change in yield be considered. While the spatial dimensions of the field were not fixed, the temporal boundary between dynamic LCI fate modelling and steady-state LCIA fate modelling needs to be defined. Conclusions and recommendations: For pesticide application, the inventory should report pesticide identification, crop, mass applied per active ingredient, application method or formulation type, presence of buffer zones, location/country, application time before harvest and crop growth stage during application, adherence with Good Agricultural Practice, and whether the field is considered part of the technosphere or the ecosphere. Additionally, emission fractions to environmental media on-field and off-field should be reported. For LCIA, the directly concerned impact categories and a list of relevant fate and exposure processes were identified. Next steps were identified: (1) establishing default emission fractions to environmental media for integration into LCI databases and (2) interaction among impact model developers to extend current methods with new elements/processes mentioned in the recommendations. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Consensus; Ecosphere; Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA); Life cycle inventory (LCI); Pesticides; Spatial boundary; Technosphere; Temporal boundary	pesticide; agricultural pest; air pollution; Article; consensus; controlled study; data base; ecosphere; ecosystem; environmental impact assessment; environmental parameters; greenhouse; health practitioner; human; life cycle assessment; life cycle impact assessment; practice guideline; priority journal; risk assessment; technosphere; United Kingdom	None
None	None	Performance of Four Rice Cultivars Transplanted Monthly over Full Year under Irrigated Conditions in Tanzania	Sekiya N., Shayo A.C., Jacob M.K., Oizumi N., Tomitaka M., Araki H.	2015	Rice Science	22	2	10.1016/j.rsci.2015.05.008	Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute Ilonga, Kilosa 66, Morogoro, Tanzania; Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; Institute for Sustainable Agro-ecosystem Services, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA Headquarters, Nibancho Center Building 5-25, Tokyo, Japan	Sekiya, N., Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Institute for Sustainable Agro-ecosystem Services, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Shayo, A.C., Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Centre, Moshi, Tanzania, Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; Jacob, M.K., Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute Ilonga, Kilosa 66, Morogoro, Tanzania, Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; Oizumi, N., Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tomitaka, M., Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA Headquarters, Nibancho Center Building 5-25, Tokyo, Japan; Araki, H., Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan	In Tanzania, the phenology and seasonal variations of the yields of different rice cultivars have rarely been studied, especially under fully-irrigated conditions. A trial was conducted to identify the most suitable calendar for rice production in Tanzania under fully-irrigated conditions. Four popular rice cultivars, NERICA1, Wahiwahi, IR64 and TXD306, were transplanted monthly from January to December 2011. The four cultivars recorded similarly higher or lower yields than the annual means when transplanted in July (0.50-0.57kg/m2) and April (0.07-0.31kg/m2). A yield-ranking analysis showed that plants transplanted in July was the most productive while those transplanted in April was the least productive, and also revealed a yield-seasonality for irrigated rice in Tanzania, a low-yield season (April-May), a high-yield season (June-August), and an unstable-yield season (September-March). These yield seasons would appear to be closely linked to seasonal temperature variations. When transplanted in April-May, plants were exposed to very low temperatures between panicle initiation and flowering, apparently reducing yield through cold-induced sterility. Those transplanted in June-August prolonged their growth under relatively low temperatures and increased yield through increasing biomass production. In September-March, yield levels varied greatly due to the shortened phenological growth durations at higher temperatures. We conclude that under fully-irrigated conditions in Tanzania, rice should be transplanted in July to ensure the maximum production and yield stability. The yield-seasonality suggests that implementing measures to protect plants from low and high temperature stress at critical phenological stages may allow year-round rice production under fully-irrigated conditions in Tanzania. © 2015 China National Rice Research Institute. Hosting by Elsevier B.V.	Irrigated rice; Local variety; Phenological response; Temperature; Yield component; Yield performance	None	None
None	None	Performance of a number of NERICA cultivars in Zanzibar, Tanzania: Yield, yield components and grain quality	Sekiya N., Khatib K.J., Makame S.M., Tomitaka M., Oizumi N., Araki H.	2013	Plant Production Science	16	2	None	Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, P. O. Box 9450, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Zanzibar Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Experimental Farm, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan	Sekiya, N., Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, P. O. Box 9450, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Khatib, K.J., Zanzibar Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Makame, S.M., Zanzibar Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Tomitaka, M., Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, P. O. Box 9450, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Oizumi, N., Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JICA Tanzania Office, P. O. Box 9450, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Araki, H., Experimental Farm, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan	The cultivars of NERICA (New Rice for Africa), which are characterized by early maturity and high yield potential under rainfed conditions, have the potential to increase rice production in Tanzania, where rice cultivation is greatly affected by a short rainy season. Trials were conducted in Zanzibar to examine the yield performances of 14 NERICA cultivars at five locations during the long-rains season (Masika) and at another five locations during the short-rains season (Vuli). The NERICA cultivars produced significantly higher yields than local cultivars at five locations. Yields of 12 NERICA cultivars were associated with rainfall (R2 = 0.367 to 0.732) such that they yielded well during Masika (109 to 343 g m-2) and poorly during Vuli (11 to 68 g m-2). Spikelet number per panicle and percentage of filled spikelets (% filled spikelets) accounted for 70 to 90% of the yield variation in all cultivars, suggesting that yield was determined mainly during the later part of the growth period. In some cultivars, yield was associated with rainfall during the later part of the growth period but the yield of the remainder was associated with rainfall during the early part. A selected group of farmers, extension workers and researchers evaluated grain quality. Some cultivars scored well, especially NERICA 1. We conclude that NERICAs are generally suitable for production during Masika and that NERICA 1 especially should be promoted due to its high grain quality. However, for double cropping of NERICAs, measures must be implemented for increasing or maintaining the water status of the soil during Vuli.	Early maturing variety; Multi-location trial; Palatability test; Rainfed rice; Upland rice	None	None
None	None	"These are not good things for other people to know": How rural Tanzanian women's experiences of pregnancy loss and early neonatal death may impact survey data quality	Haws R.A., Mashasi I., Mrisho M., Schellenberg J.A., Darmstadt G.L., Winch P.J.	2010	Social Science and Medicine	71	10	10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.051	Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom	Haws, R.A., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Mashasi, I., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mrisho, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Schellenberg, J.A., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom; Darmstadt, G.L., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Winch, P.J., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	Little research in low-income countries has compared the social and cultural ramifications of loss in childbearing, yet the social experience of pregnancy loss and early neonatal death may affect demographers' ability to measure their incidence. Ninety-five qualitative reproductive narratives were collected from 50 women in rural southern Tanzania who had recently suffered infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth or early neonatal death. An additional 31 interviews with new mothers and female elders were used to assess childbearing norms and social consequences of loss in childbearing. We found that like pregnancy, stillbirth and early neonatal death are hidden because they heighten women's vulnerability to social and physical harm, and women's discourse and behaviors are under strong social control. To protect themselves from sorcery, spiritual interference, and gossip-as well as stigma should a spontaneous loss be viewed as an induced abortion-women conceal pregnancies and are advised not to mourn or grieve for " immature" (late-term) losses. Twelve of 30 respondents with pregnancy losses had been accused of inducing an abortion; 3 of these had been subsequently divorced. Incommensurability between Western biomedical and local categories of reproductive loss also complicates measurement of losses. Similar gender inequalities and understandings of pregnancy and reproductive loss in other low-resource settings likely result in underreporting of these losses elsewhere. Cultural, terminological, and methodological factors that contribute to inaccurate measurement of stillbirth and early neonatal death must be considered in designing surveys and other research methods to measure pregnancy, stillbirth, and other sensitive reproductive events. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Disclosure; Induced abortion; Miscarriage; Perinatal mortality; Stigma; Stillbirth; Sub-Saharan Africa; Underreporting	childbearing; cultural influence; demographic survey; gender issue; gender relations; infant mortality; infertility; low income population; pregnancy; rural population; rural society; womens status; adult; article; attitude to death; controlled study; cultural factor; female; female infertility; health survey; human; induced abortion; interview; maternal attitude; maternal behavior; maternal welfare; newborn death; pregnancy outcome; rural population; social control; spontaneous abortion; stillbirth; Tanzania; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Surveys; Hierarchy, Social; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infertility; Poverty Areas; Pregnancy; Qualitative Research; Research Design; Rural Health; Social Stigma; Stillbirth; Tanzania; Women; Tanzania	None
None	None	Potential marijuana prevention programs for Hispanic communities: A review article on the impact of various health-related preventive programs targeting adolescents in the United States	Nsimba S.E.D.	2007	Addictive Disorders and their Treatment	6	4	10.1097/ADT.0b013e31802d68aa	Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), P O Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), School of Medicine, PO Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Nsimba, S.E.D., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), P O Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), School of Medicine, PO Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Marijuana and use of other illicit substances is an increasing major public health problem in developed and developing countries in the world. Studies on Hispanics, African-Americans, and other adolescent immigrants in the United States (US) have shown that this problem in this age group greatly increasing. Various studies and preventive approaches have been tried in the US to prevent the associated adverse health outcomes. However, some of these preventive approached which have employed have had limited success on marijuana use among adolescents in the US. However, this problem of marijuana and other illicit substance use continue to grow both in developed countries like the US and developing countries including like Tanzania. Globally, marijuana is locally grown in some parts of urban and rural areas and the stuff is being used most by the adolescents and young adults as it is cheap and easy to get it. Among young adolescents, global use of illicit substances is causing a lot of damages to their physical health, mental health, and social well-being. Physical evidences are vivid from street boys and gangster mobs around most cities/streets. Thus, preventive programs (interventions) need to be tailored to the particular needs of this age groups (youths and adolescents) and should address the key determinants that predict subsequent use in a manner that are culturally appropriate and responsive to the environment in which these young people live. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Adolescents; Illicit drugs; Marijuana; Prevention; Substances of abuse; US; Youths	cannabis; illicit drug; article; cannabis addiction; developed country; health hazard; health program; Hispanic; human; mental health; primary prevention; priority journal; United States; wellbeing	None
None	None	Experimental hut evaluation of the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr on bed nets for the control of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus	Mosha F.W., Lyimo I.N., Oxborough R.M., Malima R., Tenu F., Matowo J., Feston E., Mndeme R., Magesa S.M., Rowland M.	2008	Tropical Medicine and International Health	13	5	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02058.x	Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute of Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Mosha, F.W., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Lyimo, I.N., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Oxborough, R.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Malima, R., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute of Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; Tenu, F., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute of Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; Matowo, J., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Feston, E., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Mndeme, R., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Magesa, S.M., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute of Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; Rowland, M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Objective: To determine the efficacy of chlorfenapyr against Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus in East Africa and to identify effective dosages for net treatment in comparison with the commonly used pyrethroid deltamethrin. Methods: Chlorfenapyr was evaluated on bed nets in experimental huts against A. arabiensis and C. quinquefasciatus in Northern Tanzania, at application rates of 100-500 mg/m2. Results: In experimental huts, mortality rates in A. arabiensis were high (46.0-63.9%) for all dosages of chlorfenapyr and were similar to that of deltamethrin-treated nets. Mortality rates in C. quinquefasciatus were higher for chlorfenapyr than for deltamethrin. Despite a reputation for being slow acting, &gt;90% of insecticide-induced mortality in laboratory tunnel tests and experimental huts occurred within 24 h, and the speed of killing was no slower than for deltamethrin-treated nets. Conclusions: Chlorfenapyr induced low irritability and knockdown, which explains the relatively small reduction in blood-feeding rate. Combining chlorfenapyr with a more excito-repellent pyrethroid on bed nets for improved personal protection, control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes and pyrethroid resistance management would be advantageous. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Anopheles; Chlorfenapyr; Culex; Mosquito nets	chlorfenapyr; deltamethrin; insecticide; unclassified drug; blood; comparative study; disease control; experimental study; impregnated bednet; laboratory method; mortality; mosquito; pesticide resistance; pyrethroid; resistance management; Anopheles; article; bed net; bioassay; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; drug efficacy; female; laboratory test; mortality; nonhuman; pest control; Animals; Anopheles; Bedding and Linens; Culex; Female; Housing; Insecticides; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Pyrethrins; Tanzania; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Anopheles arabiensis; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus	None
None	None	Does training on performance based financing make a difference in performance and quality of health care delivery? Health care provider's perspective in Rungwe Tanzania	Manongi R., Mushi D., Kessy J., Salome S., Njau B.	2014	BMC Health Services Research	14	None	10.1186/1472-6963-14-154	Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P. O. Box 3010, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Manongi, R., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P. O. Box 3010, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Mushi, D., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Kessy, J., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Salome, S., Kilimanjaro Christian