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None	None	Performance of the ALICE VZERO system	Abbas E., Abelev B., Adam J., Adamová D., Adare A.M., Aggarwal M.M., Aglieri Rinella G., Agnello M., Agocs A.G., Agostinelli A., Ahammed Z., Ahmad N., Ahmad Masoodi A., Ahmed I., Ahn S.A., Ahn S.U., Aimo I., Ajaz M., Akindinov A., Aleksandrov D., Alessand	2013	Journal of Instrumentation	8	10	10.1088/1748-0221/8/10/P10016	Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, Egypt; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Bose Institute, Department of Physics, Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India; Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation; California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States; Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Centre de Calcul de lIN2P3, Villeurbanne, France; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy; Chicago State University, Chicago, United States; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy; Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Fachhochschule Köln, Köln, Germany; Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea; Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, (IITI), India; Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, KoŠice, Slovakia; Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India; Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey; Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russian Federation; Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea; Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Rudjer BoŠković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom; SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia; Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; University of Texas at Austin, Physics Department, Austin, TX, United States; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; University of Technology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Vestfold University College, Tonsberg, Norway; V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Fachhochschule Worms, Worms, Germany; M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V.Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland	Abbas, E., Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, Egypt; Abelev, B., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Adam, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Adamová, D., Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Adare, A.M., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Aggarwal, M.M., Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Aglieri Rinella, G., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Fachhochschule Köln, Köln, Germany; Agnello, M., Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Agocs, A.G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Agostinelli, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Ahammed, Z., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Ahmad, N., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Ahmad Masoodi, A., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Ahmed, I., COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Ahn, S.A., Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; Ahn, S.U., Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; Aimo, I., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Ajaz, M., COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Akindinov, A., Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Aleksandrov, D., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Alessandro, B., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Alexandre, D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Alfaro Molina, R., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Alici, A., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Alkin, A., Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Almaráz Aviña, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Alme, J., Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Alt, T., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Altini, V., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Altinpinar, S., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Altsybeev, I., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Andrei, C., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Andronic, A., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Anguelov, V., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Anielski, J., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Anson, C., Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Antičic, T., Rudjer BoŠković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Antinori, F., Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Antonioli, P., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Aphecetche, L., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Appelshauser, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Arbor, N., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Arcelli, S., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Arend, A., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Armesto, N., Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Arnaldi, R., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Aronsson, T., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Arsene, I.C., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Arslandok, M., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Asryan, A., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Augustinus, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Averbeck, R., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Awes, T.C., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Äystö, J., Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Azmi, M.D., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Bach, M., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Badalà, A., Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Baek, Y.W., Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Bailhache, R., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bala, R., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Baldisseri, A., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bán, J., Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, KoŠice, Slovakia; Baral, R.C., Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India; Barbera, R., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Barile, F., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Barnaföldi, G.G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Barnby, L.S., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Barret, V., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Bartke, J., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Basile, M., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Bastid, N., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Basu, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Bathen, B., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Batigne, G., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Batyunya, B., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Batzing, P.C., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Baumann, C., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bearden, I.G., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Beck, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Behera, N.K., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Belikov, I., Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France; Bellini, F., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Bellwied, R., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Belmont-Moreno, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Bencedi, G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Beole, S., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Berceanu, I., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Bercuci, A., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Berdnikov, Y., Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russian Federation; Berenyi, D., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Bergognon, A.A.E., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Bertens, R.A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Berzano, D., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Betev, L., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bhasin, A., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Bhati, A.K., Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Bhom, J., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Bianchi, L., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Bianchi, N., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Bianchin, C., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Bielčík, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Bielčíková, J., Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Bilandzic, A., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bjelogrlic, S., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Blanco, F., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Blanco, F., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Blau, D., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Blume, C., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Boccioli, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Böttger, S., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bogdanov, A., Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Bøggild, H., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bogolyubsky, M., Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Boldizsár, L., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Bombara, M., Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Book, J., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Borel, H., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Borissov, A., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Bossu, F., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Botje, M., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Botta, E., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Braidot, E., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Braun-Munzinger, P., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Bregant, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Breitner, T., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Broker, T.A., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Browning, T.A., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Broz, M., Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Brun, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bruna, E., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Bruno, G.E., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Budnikov, D., Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Buesching, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bufalino, S., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Buncic, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Busch, O., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Buthelezi, Z., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Caffarri, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Cai, X., Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Caines, H., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Calvo Villar, E., Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Camerini, P., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Canoa Roman, V., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cara Romeo, G., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Carena, W., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Carena, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Carlin Filho, N., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Carminati, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Casanova Díaz, A., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Castillo Castellanos, J., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Castillo Hernandez, J.F., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Casula, E.A.R., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Catanescu, V., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Cavicchioli, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Ceballos Sanchez, C., Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba; Cepila, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Cerello, P., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Chang, B., Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland, Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Chapeland, S., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Charvet, J.L., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Chattopadhyay, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Chattopadhyay, S., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Cherney, M., Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Cheshkov, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Cheynis, B., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Chibante Barroso, V., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Chinellato, D.D., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Chochula, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Chojnacki, M., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Choudhury, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Christakoglou, P., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Christensen, C.H., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Christiansen, P., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; Chujo, T., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Chung, S.U., Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea; Cicalo, C., Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Cifarelli, L., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Cindolo, F., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Cleymans, J., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Colamaria, F., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Colella, D., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Collu, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Conesa Balbastre, G., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Conesa Del Valle, Z., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Connors, M.E., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Contin, G., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Contreras, J.G., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cormier, T.M., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Corrales Morales, Y., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Cortese, P., Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy; Cortés Maldonado, I., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Cosentino, M.R., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Costa, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Cotallo, M.E., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Crescio, E., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Crochet, P., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Cruz Alaniz, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Cruz Albino, R., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cuautle, E., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Cunqueiro, L., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Dainese, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Dang, R., Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Danu, A., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Das, K., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Das, I., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Das, S., Bose Institute, Department of Physics, Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India; Das, D., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Dash, S., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Dash, A., Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; De, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; De Barros, G.O.V., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; De Caro, A., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; De Cataldo, G., Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; De Cuveland, J., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; De Falco, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; De Gruttola, D., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Delagrange, H., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Deloff, A., National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; De Marco, N., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Dénes, E., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; De Pasquale, S., Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Deppman, A., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; D Erasmo, G., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; De Rooij, R., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Diaz Corchero, M.A., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Di Bari, D., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Dietel, T., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Di Giglio, C., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Di Liberto, S., Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Di Mauro, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Di Nezza, P., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Divià, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Djuvsland, Ø., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dobrin, A., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Dobrowolski, T., National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; Dönigus, B., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany, Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Dordic, O., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dubey, A.K., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Dubla, A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Ducroux, L., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Dupieux, P., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Dutta Majumdar, A.K., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Elia, D., Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Emschermann, D., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Engel, H., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Erazmus, B., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Erdal, H.A., Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Eschweiler, D., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Espagnon, B., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Estienne, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Esumi, S., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Evans, D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Evdokimov, S., Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Eyyubova, G., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Fabris, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Faivre, J., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Falchieri, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Fantoni, A., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Fasel, M., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Fehlker, D., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Feldkamp, L., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Felea, D., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Feliciello, A., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Fenton-Olsen, B., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Feofilov, G., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Fernández Téllez, A., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Ferretti, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Festanti, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Figiel, J., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Figueredo, M.A.S., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Filchagin, S., Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Finogeev, D., Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Fionda, F.M., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Fiore, E.M., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Floratos, E., Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Floris, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Foertsch, S., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Foka, P., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Fokin, S., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Fragiacomo, E., Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Francescon, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Frankenfeld, U., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Fuchs, U., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Furget, C., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Fusco Girard, M., Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Gaardhøje, J.J., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gagliardi, M., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Gago, A., Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Gallio, M., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Gangadharan, D.R., Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Ganoti, P., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Garabatos, C., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Garcia-Solis, E., Chicago State University, Chicago, United States; Gargiulo, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Garishvili, I., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Gerhard, J., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Germain, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Geuna, C., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Gheata, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Gheata, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Ghidini, B., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Ghosh, P., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Gianotti, P., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Giubellino, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Gladysz-Dziadus, E., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Glassel, P., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Gomez, R., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Ferreiro, E.G., Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; González-Trueba, L.H., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; González-Zamora, P., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Gorbunov, S., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Goswami, A., Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Gotovac, S., Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia; Grabski, V., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Graczykowski, L.K., Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Grajcarek, R., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Grelli, A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Grigoras, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grigoras, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grigoriev, V., Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Grigoryan, A., A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Grigoryan, S., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Grinyov, B., Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Grion, N., Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Gros, P., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; Grosse-Oetringhaus, J.F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grossiord, J.-Y., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Grosso, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Guber, F., Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Guernane, R., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Guerzoni, B., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Guilbaud, M., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Gulbrandsen, K., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gulkanyan, H., A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Gunji, T., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Gupta, A., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Gupta, R., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Haake, R., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Haaland, Ø., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hadjidakis, C., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Haiduc, M., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Hamagaki, H., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Hamar, G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Han, B.H., Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; Hanratty, L.D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Hansen, A., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Harmanová-Tothová, Z., Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000271954100013	A Critical Analysis of the Social and Economic Impact of Asian Diaspora in Kenya	Afolabi, N,Akala, Winston Jumba,Falola, T,Kiruthu, Felix,Ogino, Francis	2007	TRANS-ATLANTIC MIGRATION: THE PARADOXES OF EXILE	None	None	None	Catholic University of Eastern Africa, University of Nairobi	"Akala, Winston Jumba: Catholic University of Eastern Africa","Kiruthu, Felix: University of Nairobi","Ogino, Francis: University of Nairobi"	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000303591700010	Capitalizing on the Characteristics of mHealth to Evaluate Its Impact	Burbach, Ryan,Cole-Lewis, Heather,Cosmaciuc, Roxana,Dusabe, Schadrack,Kanter, Andrew S.,Kaonga, Nadi Nina,Mechael, Patricia,Namakula, Patricia,Nemser, Bennett,Ohemeng-Dapaah, Seth,Shemsanga, Muhadili	2012	JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION	18	SUPPL. 1	10.1080/10810730.2012.679848	Columbia University, Millennium Dev Goal Ctr W Africa, Millennium Villages Project	"Burbach, Ryan: Columbia University","Cole-Lewis, Heather: Columbia University","Cosmaciuc, Roxana: Columbia University","Kanter, Andrew S.: Columbia University","Kaonga, Nadi Nina: Columbia University","Mechael, Patricia: Columbia University","Nemser, Bennett: Columbia University",	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000309891600011	Evaluation of scaling-up should take into account financial access Comment on: Evaluating the scale-up for maternal and child survival: a common framework	Assefa, Yibeltal,Bermejo, Raoul,Hercot, David,Van Damme, Wim	2012	INTERNATIONAL HEALTH	4	1	10.1016/j.inhe.2011.11.002	Fed HIV AIDS Prevent & Control Off, Inst Trop Med	None	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000304090900002	The Jamaican Historical Experience of the Impact of Educational Interventions on Sickle Cell Disease Child Mortality	Amendah, Djesika,Atrash, Hani K.,Grosse, Scott D.,Odame, Isaac,Piel, Frederic B.,Williams, Thomas N.	2012	AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE	42	6	10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.005	Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University College London, University of London, University of Oxford, University of Toronto, African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, CDC, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, INDEPTH Network Demog Surveillance Sites, KEMRI Ctr Geog Med Res Coast	"Odame, Isaac: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust","Odame, Isaac: Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)","Odame, Isaac: University College London","Odame, Isaac: University of London","Odame, Isaac: University of Toronto","Piel, Frederic B.: University of Oxford",	None	,COHORT,LESSONS,SURVIVAL	None	None
WoS	WOS:000303523600010	Gender Impacts of Agricultural Liberalization: Evidence from Ghana	Ackah, Charles,BUSSOLO, M,DeHoyos, RE,Lay, Jann	2009	GENDER ASPECTS OF THE TRADE AND POVERTY NEXUS: A MACRO-MICRO APPROACH	None	None	None	University of Ghana, Kiel Inst World Econ	"Ackah, Charles: University of Ghana",	None	,EXPENDITURE,"MENS CROPS",PATTERNS,TRANSITION,"WOMENS CROPS"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000288998900005	Community resource centres in Mtwara, Lindi and Ruvuma regions in Tanzania: an evaluation of their development needs, usefulness, and the way forward	Charbonneau, DH,Mcharazo, Alli A. S.	2008	GLOBAL INFORMATION INEQUALITIES: BRIDGING THE INFORMATION GAP	None	None	None	Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci	None	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000331390500014	Monitoring and Evaluation of African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD): An Exemplar of Managing for Impact in Development Evaluation	Brandon, Paul R.,Noordeloos, Marco,Ofir, Zenda,Smith, Nick L.	2014	AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EVALUATION	35	1	10.1177/1098214013509876	Stellenbosch University, Syracuse University, University of Hawaii Manoa, University of Hawaii System, African Women Agr Res & Dev	"Brandon, Paul R.: University of Hawaii Manoa","Brandon, Paul R.: University of Hawaii System","Ofir, Zenda: Stellenbosch University","Smith, Nick L.: Syracuse University",	None	Africa,"development evaluation","monitoring and evaluation","theory of change","WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000300690500019	The World Bank's poverty and social impact analysis	Beddies, Sabine,Dani, Anis,Esteves, AM,Vanclay, F	2011	NEW DIRECTIONS IN SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCES	None	None	None	The World Bank, EU, UN	"Dani, Anis: The World Bank",	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000301791400094	The impact of microcredit programmes on survivalist women entrepreneurs in The Gambia and Senegal	Casier, Bart,Chant, S	2010	INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF GENDER AND POVERTY: CONCEPTS, RESEARCH, POLICY	None	None	None	TRIAS Reg Off	None	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000302027500004	Climate Change Impacts in the Developing World: Implications for Sustainable Development	Brainard, L,Jones, A,Nyong, Anthony,Purvis, N	2009	CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL POVERTY: A BILLION LIVES IN THE BALANCE	None	None	None	University of Jos, Int Dev Res Ctr	None	None	,AFRICA,"HEALTH SECTOR",MODEL,RISK,VARIABILITY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000289962900028	A new approach to large-scale effectiveness evaluation	Curtis, Sian,Kunyanga, Edward,Pill, Charles,Spencer, John	2011	LANCET	377	9774	None	University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, APHIA II Evaluat, MEASURE Evaluat	"Curtis, Sian: University of North Carolina","Curtis, Sian: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Spencer, John: University of North Carolina","Spencer, John: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill",	None	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000300690500004	Looking beyond impact assessment to social sustainability	Aucamp, Ilse,Aucamp, San-Marie,Bron, Anita,Esteves, AM,Perold, Jan,Vanclay, F,Woodborne, Stephan	2011	NEW DIRECTIONS IN SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCES	None	None	None	University of Pretoria, University of Witwatersrand, Environm Div Aurecon, Equispect Res & Consulting Serv, Ptersa Environm Management Consultants, SIA Working Grp	None	None	,"ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000300690500018	Conflict-sensitive impact assessment	Esteves, AM,Kapelus, Paul,Richards, Emily,Sherwin, Hope,Vanclay, F	2011	NEW DIRECTIONS IN SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCES	None	None	None	University of Witwatersrand, African Inst Corp Citizenship, AICC, Buyani Trust, ClimateCare Trust, Natl Human Rights Commiss, Oxfam, Synergy Global Consulting, World Econ Forum	None	None	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845335195	Effect of β-xylanase supplementation of boiled castor seed meal-based diets on the performance, nutrient absorbability and some blood constituents of pullet chicks	Babalola T.O.O., Apata D.F., Atteh J.O.	2006	Tropical Science	46	4	10.1002/ts.181	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Babalola, T.O.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Apata, D.F., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Atteh, J.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	β-xylanase addition improved apparent nitrogen and fibre absorption as well as feed transit time. Up to 150 g kg-1 boiled castor seed meal could be incorporated into pullet chick diets without any adverse effect on growth performance or blood constituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	β-xylanase; Blood constituents; Castor seed meal; Growth; Nutrient absorbability; Pullet chicks	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879869114	β-lactam-synthon-interceded synthesis of isatin-imidazolidine-2-thione conjugates with structural validation using molecular dynamic simulations and cytotoxic evaluation	Nisha, Singh P., Hendricks D., Bisetty K., Kumar V.	2013	Synlett	24	14	10.1055/s-0033-1339315	Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa	Nisha, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Singh, P., Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Hendricks, D., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Bisetty, K., Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Kumar, V., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India	β-Lactam-synthon-interceded synthesis of isatin-imidazolidine-2-thione conjugates was carried out via base-assisted intermolecular amidolysis of 3-isothiocyanato-2-azetidinones with C-5 substituted isatins. The observed enolization in the assigned structure of the conjugates was validated using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations performed under explicit solvent conditions. The synthesized scaffolds were also evaluated for their cytotoxic profiles against the oesophageal cancer cell line WHCO1. © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.	β-lactam synthon; cytotoxicity; imidazolidine-2-thione; intermolecular amidolysis; molecular dynamic simulations	2 azetidinone derivative; 3 isothiocyanato 2 azetidinone derivative; beta lactam derivative; beta lapachone; cytotoxic agent; imidazolidine derivative; isatin derivative; isatin imidazolidine 2 thione conjugate; lapachol; solvent; unclassified drug; amidolysis; article; cancer cell; chemical reaction; conjugation; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug structure; drug synthesis; enolization; IC 50; molecular dynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874911480	Synthesis, characterisation, docking analysis and biological evaluation of α,α′-bis(p-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-γ- methylcyclohexanone	Shalini S., Girija C.R., Karunakar P., Jotani M.M., Venugopala K.N., Venkatesha T.V.	2013	Indian Journal of Chemistry - Section B Organic and Medicinal Chemistry	52	2	None	Chemistry Research Centre, SSMRV Degree College, 4th 'T' Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560 041, India; Department of Biotechnology, PES Institute of Technology, BSK III Stage, Bangalore 560 085, India; Department of Physics, Bhavan's Sheth R. A. College of Science, Khanpur, Ahmedabad 380 001, India; Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta 577 451, India	Shalini, S., Chemistry Research Centre, SSMRV Degree College, 4th 'T' Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560 041, India; Girija, C.R., Chemistry Research Centre, SSMRV Degree College, 4th 'T' Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560 041, India; Karunakar, P., Department of Biotechnology, PES Institute of Technology, BSK III Stage, Bangalore 560 085, India; Jotani, M.M., Department of Physics, Bhavan's Sheth R. A. College of Science, Khanpur, Ahmedabad 380 001, India; Venugopala, K.N., Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; Venkatesha, T.V., Department of Chemistry, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta 577 451, India	α,α′-bis(p-Dimethylaminobenzylidene)-γ- methylcyclohexanone (BMABMC) C25H30ON2, has been synthesised and characterised by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The single crystal XRD studies of the title compound reveals the presence of C-H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions linking inversion-related molecules into a dimer forming a ring of graph set R2 2(22). The antibacterial activitiy of the compound has been screened in vitro against the organisms. To evaluate the inhibition of HIV-1 integrase activity, molecular docking was performed and the study reveals a hydrophobic interaction with the catalytic core residues showing moderate inhibitory activity on HIV-1 integrase. The semi-empirical quantum chemical calculations were also performed using MOPAC2009 (PM3) for optimization of the geometry and the chemical activity of molecule. HOMO-LUMO transition implied an electron density transfer from C-N and C-C bonds at the edge of the molecule towards C-O and C-C bonds linked to central distorted cyclohexanone ring. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 7.778 eV reflects the chemical activity of the molecule thereby resulting charge transfer interaction.	Antimicrobial activity; Crystal structure; Cyclohexanone derivatives; Molecular docking analysis; MOPAC calculations	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876371789	Evaluation of oxine-type ligand coordination to zirconium (IV)	Steyn M., Visser H.G., Roodt A.	2013	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	113	2	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Free State, South Africa	Steyn, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Free State, South Africa; Visser, H.G., Department of Chemistry, University of Free State, South Africa; Roodt, A., Department of Chemistry, University of Free State, South Africa	[Zr(C9H6NO)4]·(HCON(CH 3)2)·(H2O), where (C9H 6NO) = 8-hydroxy quinoline (oxH), was synthesized and characterized. This tetrakiscoordinated zirconium complex crystallized in the triclinic crystal system (Pi, Z=2) along with water and N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvate in the asymmetric unit. The metal atom is surrounded by four N,O-donating bidentate ox-ligands that are arranged around the metal centre to give a square antiprismatic coordination polyhedron with a small distortion towards a dodecahedral geometry. Crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular interactions of adjacent oxine ring systems in neighbouring molecules, as well as hydrogen bonding of the aqua and DMF solvate molecules, linking the molecular entities into a supramolecular three-dimensional network. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2013.	Quinolinato; Tetrakis coordination; Zirconium	Coordination polyhedra; Intermolecular interactions; Ligand coordination; Molecular entities; Quinolinato; Tetrakis; Three-dimensional networks; Zirconium complexes; Complex networks; Hydrogen bonds; Ligands; Molecules; Organic solvents; Zirconium; Zirconium compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865455099	Nutrient content and sensory evaluation of hawked and home-made Roselle (Zobo) drink	Davidson G.I.	2011	Journal of Home Economics Research	15	None	None	Department of Home Science, Nutrition and Dietetics University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Davidson, G.I., Department of Home Science, Nutrition and Dietetics University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Zobo (Roselle) drinks prepared by boiling and soaking methods were flavoured with pineapple juice and granulated sugar respectively. Hawked zobo drink was also purchased as consumed. All these samples were subjected to both chemical and sensory evaluation. The different zobo drinks contained appreciable amount of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron. Hawked zobo drink had lower nutrient content and organoleptic attributes than the home-made drinks. Among the home-made zobo drinks, pineapple flavoured was of more nutritional value than the sugar flavoured. Also, soaking method of preparation produced drinks of higher nutritional value than the boiling method.	Content; Nutrient; Sensory evaluation; Zobo	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920414663	Enhanced performance and stability of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell by incorporating zirconium hydrogen phosphate in catalyst layer	Barron O., Su H., Linkov V., Pollet B.G., Pasupathi S.	2015	Journal of Power Sources	278	None	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.139	HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa	Barron, O., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Su, H., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Linkov, V., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Pollet, B.G., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Pasupathi, S., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa	Zirconium hydrogen phosphate (ZHP) together with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer binder is incorporated into the catalyst layers (CLs) of ABPBI (poly(2,5-benzimidazole))-based high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFCs) to improve its performance and durability. The influence of ZHP content (normalised with respect to dry PTFE) on the CL properties are structurally characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Electrochemical analyses of the resultant membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) are performed by recording polarisation curves and impedance spectra at 160 °C, ambient pressure and humidity. The result show that a 30 wt.% ZHP/PTFE content in the CL is optimum for improving fuel cell performance, the resultant MEA delivers a peak power of 592 mW cm-2 at a cell voltage of 380 mV. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) indicate that 30% ZHP in the CL can increase the proton conductivity compared to the pristine PTFE-gas diffusion electrode (GDE). A short term stability test (∼500 h) on the 30 wt.% ZHP/PTFE-GDE shows a remarkable high durability with a degradation rate as low as ∼19 μV h-1 at 0.2 A cm-2, while 195 μV h-1 was obtained for the pristine GDE. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Catalyst layer; Gas diffusion electrode; High temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell; Membrane electrode assembly; Poly(2 5-benzimidazole); Zirconium hydrogen phosphate	Catalysts; Degradation; Diffusion in gases; Durability; Electrochemical electrodes; Electrodes; Fuel cells; Hydrogen; Membranes; Polyelectrolytes; Polymers; Polytetrafluoroethylenes; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC); Scanning electron microscopy; Solid solutions; Zirconium; Catalyst layers; Gas diffusion electrodes; High temperature polymer electrolyte membranes; Membrane electrode assemblies; Poly(2 5-benzimidazole); Zirconium hydrogen phosphate; Solid electrolytes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052100135	The impact of blood and seminal plasma zinc and copper concentrations on spermogram and hormonal changes in infertile Nigerian men	Akinloye O., Abbiyesuku F.M., Oguntibeju O.O., Arowojolu A.O., Truter E.J.	2011	Reproductive Biology	11	2	None	Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Akinloye, O., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa, Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa; Abbiyesuku, F.M., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Oguntibeju, O.O., Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa; Arowojolu, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Truter, E.J., Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa	Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in sera and seminal plasma of 60 infertile males (40 oligozoospermic and 20 azoospermic) and 40 males with evidence of fertility (normozoospermic; controls) were estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were correlated with the subject's spermogram and hormonal levels in order to determine their relationship and significance in male infertility. The mean serum concentration of zinc was significantly (p<0.01) higher in oligozoospermic males when compared to azoospermic subjects and controls. The ratios of serum Zn to seminal plasma Zn were 1:1, 1:3 or 1:4 in oligozoospermic, normozoospermic or azoospermic subjects, respectively. While the mean Cu concentration was significantly higher in serum than seminal plasma in all groups, the Zn concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in seminal plasma than serum. The Cu/Zn ratio in seminal plasma was significantly (p<0.01) higher in controls compared with other groups. A significant (p<0.01) inverse correlation was observed between serum Zn and sperm counts. Similarly, seminal plasma Zn negatively correlated with spermatozoa viability. In conclusion, the measurement of serum Zn level, apart from being a good index of the assessment of prostatic secretion and function, may be considered a useful tool in addition to other parameters in assessing male infertility. Also, a lower Cu/Zn ratio in seminal plasma may serve as a supportive tools in assessing male infertility.	Copper; Hormones; Male infertility; Seminal plasma; Serum; Spermogram; Zinc	copper; zinc; adult; article; blood; chemistry; drug effect; human; male; male infertility; metabolism; middle aged; Nigeria; sperm; spermatogenesis; spermatozoon; spermatozoon count; Adult; Copper; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Semen; Sperm Count; Spermatogenesis; Spermatozoa; Young Adult; Zinc	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48549089388	Evaluating the impact of land redistribution: A CGE microsimulation application to Zimbabwe	Chitiga M., Mabugu R.	2008	Journal of African Economies	17	4	10.1093/jae/ejm039	Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Financial and Fiscal Commission, Midrand, South Africa	Chitiga, M., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Mabugu, R., Financial and Fiscal Commission, Midrand, South Africa	Zimbabwe has recently gone through a widely criticised land reform process. The country has suffered immensely as a result of this badly orchestrated reform process. Yet land reform can potentially increase average incomes, improve income distribution and as a consequence reduce poverty. This paper presents a counterfactual picture of what could have happened had land reform been handled differently. The paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model coupled with a microsimulation model in order to quantify the impact of land redistribution in terms of poverty, inequality and production. This is to our knowledge the first attempt to apply such an approach to the study of the impact of land reform on poverty and distribution in the context of an African country. The results for the land reform simulations show that the reform could have had the potential of generating substantial reductions in poverty and inequality in the rural areas. The well-off households, however, would have seen a slight reduction in their welfare. What underpins these positive outcomes are the complementary adjustments in the fiscal deficit and external balance, elements that were generally lacking from the way Zimbabwe's land reform was actually executed. These results tend to suggest that well planned and executed land reforms can still play an important role in reducing poverty and inequality. © The author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved.	None	computable general equilibrium analysis; computer simulation; economic impact; fiscal reform; income distribution; land reform; land use planning; poverty; rural area; rural economy; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883464939	Modelling the impact of the 'fast track' land reform policy on Zimbabwe's maize sector	Kapuya T., Meyer F.H., Kirsten J.F.	2013	Development Southern Africa	30	3	10.1080/0376835X.2013.797232	Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP), Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Kapuya, T., Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Meyer, F.H., Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP), Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kirsten, J.F., Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Zimbabwe has recently gone through a widely criticised land reform process that is argued to be the cause of subdued agricultural production. This paper attempts to present a counterfactual picture of the maize market in Zimbabwe had land reform been managed appropriately. The counterfactual is developed through a partial equilibrium framework in order to quantify the impact of the land reform programme. This, to our knowledge, is the first attempt at applying a partial equilibrium framework to an analysis of the impact of land reform. The results of the post-2000 land reform policy simulation showed that actual total maize output was lower than what could have been produced if it was under a pre-2000 land reform system. The study validates the assertion that land reforms contributed to the contraction of output. These results suggest the need for a well planned and executed land reform process, which can still play an important role in output growth and food security. © 2013 Copyright Development Bank of Southern Africa.	land reform policy; maize; partial equilibrium model; Zimbabwe	agricultural production; land reform; maize; modeling; policy approach; reform process; Zimbabwe; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748902768	Zimbabwean mine dumps and their impacts on river water quality - a reconnaissance study	Meck M., Love D., Mapani B.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.029	Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Geology Department, University of Namibia, P. Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia	Meck, M., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Mapani, B., Geology Department, University of Namibia, P. Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia	Zimbabwe has a substantial number of mines and 67 minerals have been mined in the country since 1900 but at present only 30 different minerals are being mined. Exploitation of a variety of ores, in rocks of diverse composition, provides the potential for a range of pollution problems. The severity and extent of contamination differs with the type of minerals mined. This paper presents part of the results of a broad study, carried out across Zimbabwe, which assessed the potential of different mine tailings dumps to cause environmental problems. The dumps considered in the study were divided into six dump types, namely: gold-mine dumps, base-metal mine dumps (dumps associated with the mining of nickel, zinc, copper and lead), minor-metals mine dumps (dumps associated with mining of antimony, arsenic, and selenium), platinum-group metal mine dumps, chromite and asbestos mine dumps, and sulphur (pyrite) mine dumps. The elemental chemistry of the dumps and physical characteristics (pH, total dissolved solids) of the dumps, tailings' leachates, and stream waters around the dumps were used to assess the potential of the dumps to pollute water bodies. Samples were collected in both the dry and wet seasons. The dispersion and pollution patterns were derived from Eh-pH conditions around the dumps after considering the mobility of the elements present in these dumps under different Eh-pH conditions. In this paper potential to pollute is considered as the likelihood of the elements to disperse under the prevailing conditions at the dump. The concentrations of elements, type of elements and the potential dispersion and pollution patterns from each dump were used to characterise potential risk of water pollution associated with the different dump types. The results showed a slight increase in concentrations of most elements studied in downstream waters compared to upstream waters. The dump conditions varied from acidic to alkaline, and so the elements studied have different mobilities in different dumps. The elements that pose environmental risks differed from one dump type to another thus different dumps have different potentials to pollute the water bodies. From the study it emerged that the minor metals dumps show the worst pollution risk, followed by base metal dumps, gold-mine dumps, platinum group metals mine dumps, chromite asbestos mine dumps and sulphur mine dumps. The pH values of 79% of the waters sampled in streams both before and after the dumps were neutral, though the pH values of the leachates themselves was frequently very acidic (pH < 4). The low pH levels in leachate are associated with elevated metal and metalloid concentrations in the leachate and in adjacent streams. From this study, a decrease in stream water pH is only expected when there is severe contamination. However, most streams were sampled near the dumps, and results from such samples would not represent entire stream profiles. The general trend from the results is that pH increases downstream as the leachate and run-off from a dump are diluted. Although concentrations of elements are affected the pH for streams did not show significant changes as near the dumps the overall pH of the stream water was not affected. The dumps rarely dry up, and leachate continues to seep from dumps throughout the year, suggesting that AMD is a continuous process. © 2006.	Environmental geochemistry; Mine drainage; Mine dumps; Waste management; Water pollution; Water quality	Contamination; Environmental impact; Mining; Precious metals; Rivers; Waste management; Water pollution; Water quality; Environmental geochemistry; Gold-mine dumps; Platinum group metals mine dumps; River water quality; Water analysis; environmental impact; environmental impact assessment; mine drainage; mine waste; pollution effect; river water; tailings dam; waste management; water pollution; water quality; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875240382	The impact of ICT in learning through distance education programmes at Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU): Roles of ict in learning through distance education programmes	Mpofu J., Chimhenga S., Mafa O.	2013	Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education	14	1	None	Department of Languages and Media Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Centre for Student Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe	Mpofu, J., Department of Languages and Media Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Chimhenga, S., Centre for Student Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Mafa, O., Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe Distance Open University is enrols students from both urban and rural settings. The majority of students living and working in rural areas have limited or no access to computers and electricity as a result the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the learning process is very limited. Though government has realized the importance of developing ICT for learning purposes, in practice very little has materialized in the provision of the ICT technology especially in rural areas. The majority of Zimbabwe Open University students have expressed difficulties in coping with their studies partly due to lack of supplementary reading materials from internet.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51449110309	Influence of culm age, particle size and board density on the performance of particleboard made from Ethiopian highland bamboo (Yushania alpina)	Kelemwork S., Md. Tahir P., Wong E.D., Sudin R.	2007	Journal of Bamboo and Rattan	6	42433	None	Forest Products Utilization Research Centre, 2322 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Kelemwork, S., Forest Products Utilization Research Centre, 2322 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Md. Tahir, P., Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Wong, E.D., Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Sudin, R., Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Yushania alpina, one of the most widespread bamboo species in Ethiopia, was investigated for its suitability as a raw material for particleboard production. A total of 105 culms from three different age groups (1-, 2- and 3-year-old) were harvested from farmers' bamboo plantation in Ethiopia. Fine (0.5-1 mm) and coarse (1-2 mm) particle sizes from each age group were used for making single-layer particleboards at 600 and 750 kg/m3 board target density levels. Urea formaldehyde resin was used as a binder at the rate of 10 per cent of the oven dry weight of the particles. The particleboards produced were tested for mechanical properties and dimensional stability. Performance characteristics including bending strength (MOR), stiffness (MOE), internal bond (IB) strength, thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) were assessed. The results showed that culm age, particle size and board density significantly affected the internal bond strength, thickness swelling and water absorption properties, whereas culm age did not show significant effect on bending and stiffness properties. The results obtained in this study showed that 2-year-old culms can be successfully used as an alternative lignocellulosic raw material for the manufacture of general purpose particleboard, using relatively low resin content. © KFRI 2007.	Board density; Culm age; Dimensional stability; Particle size; Particleboard; Strength properties; Yushania alpina	Yushania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84914665086	Exploitation of beneficial alleles from maize (Zea mays L.) landraces to enhance performance of an elite variety in water stress environments	Meseka S., Menkir A., Obeng-Antwi K.	2015	Euphytica	201	1	10.1007/s10681-014-1214-1	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crops Research Institute, 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	Meseka, S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obeng-Antwi, K., Crops Research Institute, 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	Yield losses of maize due to drought stress (DS) in environments with limited rains can reach 100 %. Introgression of favorable alleles from diverse landraces into adapted elite varieties will improve performance, hence reducing losses. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of BC populations under DS and multiple locations (ML) after introgression of alleles from diverse maize landraces into an elite variety. Twelve backcross (BC1F2) populations together with their recurrent parent (TZLCOMP4C1) and a commercial hybrid (Oba Super1) were evaluated under DS, well watered (WW) conditions during the dry season, and in seven ML trials in Nigeria. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all traits except for ear aspect score under DS conditions. Grain yield and most agronomic traits measured were highly significant (p &lt; 0.001) under WW conditions and across ML trials. In DS, eight of the 12 BC1F2 populations had similar mean grain yield compared to their recurrent parent. Four of these populations produced 3–7 % more grains than the recurrent parent. Yield improvement was accompanied by reduced barrenness, days to flowering, plant height and ear placement, and good plant and ear aspect scores. The eight BC1F2 populations should be subjected to recurrent selection under controlled DS, while four other BC1F2 populations with low grain yields could be subjected to additional backcross to increase frequency of favorable alleles for improved performance in stress environments. The resulting improved populations can be invaluable source materials for developing drought tolerant varieties and parental lines of hybrids. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Backcross; Beneficial alleles; Drought stress; Introgression; Maize landrace	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899657448	Evaluation of fungicide application rates, spray schedules and alternative management options for rust and angular leaf spot of snap beans in Uganda	Paparu P., Katafiire M., Mcharo M., Ugen M.	2014	International Journal of Pest Management	60	1	10.1080/09670874.2014.903445	National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda; Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern Central Africa (ASARECA), P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda	Paparu, P., National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda; Katafiire, M., Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern Central Africa (ASARECA), P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda; Mcharo, M., Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern Central Africa (ASARECA), P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda; Ugen, M., National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda	Yield losses due to rust and angular leaf spot (ALS) of snap beans may reach 100% in Eastern Africa. Where susceptible varieties are grown, farmers control these diseases with routine fungicide applications. To determine an optimum application rate and spray schedule for Orius® (tebuconazole 250 g/L), we sprayed 10 mL and 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water twice at two trifoliate leaf stage and 50% flowering, and three times at the same stages, with an additional application at pod initiation. In farmers' fields, we tested the effect of fungicide sprays, use of resistant variety, intercropping, increased plant spacing and farmyard manure on rust and ALS diseases. Application three times of 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water reduced rust severity scores by 5.7 and 2.4 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Lowest rust and ALS severities were observed when a resistant variety, fungicide or farmyard manure was used. Pod yield increments due to disease management ranged between 13% and 242%. Prophylactic fungicide application, use of resistant varieties and farmyard manure can be used to reduce disease severity and improve snap bean quality on smallholder farms. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	common bean; disease management; green bean; Phaseolus vulgaris; Pseudocercospora griseola; snap bean	disease control; fungicide; leaf; manure; smallholder; spray; yield response; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049454307	Evaluation of yields of seven upland rice (Oryzae sativa) cultivars sown by three methods in Anyigba, Kogi state, Nigeria	Oyewole C.I., Ajayi O., Ojuekaiye R.O.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	16	None	Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria	Oyewole, C.I., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Ajayi, O., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Ojuekaiye, R.O., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria	Yield is the characteristic by which a cultivar is commonly judge. A cultivar may be considered satisfactory only if it is able to produce a good yield in comparison to others at various times and in various situations. Trials were conducted in the rainy seasons of 2007 and 2008 at the Kogi State University Teaching and Research Farm (Longitude 07°061 N; 43°E), Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria to investigate the response of seven cultivars of upland (NERICA 1-7) rice sown by three sowing methods: broadcasting, dibbling and drilling. Treatments consisted of three sowing methods (drilling at 20 cm apart, dibbling at 20 × 20 cm and even broadcasting of seeds) of seven NERICA varieties. Results of statistical analysis revealed that crop establishment responded significantly to sowing method and cultivar. Significant influence of cultivar was also observed on final plant height and paddy yield. Significant interactions (sowing method × cultivar) were observed on establishment count and paddy yield/ha. The combined results of both seasons show that NERICA 5 gave the highest paddy yield. However, considering the individual years, the most consistent cultivar was NERICA 6. Thus, it is recommended for the experimental area. © 2010 Academic Journals.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896859112	Evaluation of White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) genotypes for arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, leaf nutrient concentrations and tuber yield under NPK fertilizer application	Dare M.O., Fagbola O., Abaidoo R.C., Asiedu R.	2014	Journal of Plant Nutrition	37	5	10.1080/01904167.2013.867988	Department of Soil Science and Land Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Dare, M.O., Department of Soil Science and Land Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fagbola, O., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Abaidoo, R.C., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Asiedu, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria	Yield decline in yam may not only be due to soil nutrient depletion but also to the activity of soil microflora. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis helps in plant nutrition but may be affected by the application of fertilizer. The effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates on the AM colonization, leaf nutrient concentrations, and tuber yields of eleven genotypes of Dioscorea rotundata were investigated at Ibadan, Nigeria. The soil was ferric luvisol. Eleven genotypes were selected from the previously conducted screening of 75 genotypes of D. rotundata for fertilizer response. Four application rates: 0, 200, 400, and 600 kg ha-1 of NPK 15-15-15 were applied in a split plot design with four replications. Fertilizer rate was the main plot and variety was the sub plot. Percentage AM colonization was significantly reduced at 600 kg ha-1 but not at lower rates when compared to zero rate and it was negatively correlated with leaf N, P, and zinc (Zn) concentrations. Leaf N concentrations were significantly increased at 200 kg ha-1 in five genotypes and at 600 kg ha-1 in two genotypes compared to zero application. Leaf P and K concentrations were decreased with the application of fertilizer in most of the genotypes. The NPK fertilizer of 15-15-15 at the rate of 200-400 kg ha-1 gave yield response in eight genotypes of D. rotundata, with minimal or no effect on their AM colonization when compared to zero application. Long term study on the effect of fertilizer application on AM symbiosis in yam is recommended.© Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.	arbuscular mycorrhiza; fertilizer; leaf nutrient concentrations; tuber yield; yam	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48949090293	Health impact optimization model for the Nigerian National Onchocerciasis Control Program (NOCP)	Inyama S.C., Ogbugh C.C.	2007	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	68	02-Jan	None	Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Polytechnics, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria	Inyama, S.C., Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Ogbugh, C.C., Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Polytechnics, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria	Yearly, the National Onchocerciasis Control Programme (NOCP) commits its resources to the control/ eradication of Onchocerciasis, otherwise known as River blindness. This paper therefore aims at finding the optimal way of allocating this meager resources to achieve an optimum health impact. To achieve this, data was collected from Global 2000 River Blindness Programme, National Onchoocerciasis Control Programme and National Population Commission on the eight hyper-endemic Local Government areas of Imo State. A regression model of the health impact (Y) on the five facilities provided by NOCP (xi, i=1,2,3,4,5) was obtained as: Y=-39.6898932+0.0001377x1+0. 004225x2-0.635122x3+0.072234x4+1.94289x 5. The health impact (Y) is standardized and an optimization model constructed in linear programming form. This was solved using the simplex method which determines the resource combination that gives the maximum health impact. This yields a maximum health impact of 88.88% a year.	Global 2000; Health impact; Hyper-endemic; Onchocerciasis; Simplex method	Eye protection; Food processing; Population statistics; Regression analysis; River control; Control programs; Global 2000; Health impact; Health impacts; Hyper-endemic; Local Government Areas; Nigerian; Onchocerciasis; Optimization modeling; Regression modelling; Simplex method; Concurrency control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922341709	Impact of Xpert MTB/RIF for TB Diagnosis in a Primary Care Clinic with High TB and HIV Prevalence in South Africa: A Pragmatic Randomised Trial	Cox H.S., Mbhele S., Mohess N., Whitelaw A., Muller O., Zemanay W., Little F., Azevedo V., Simpson J., Boehme C.C., Nicol M.P.	2014	PLoS Medicine	11	11	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001760	Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Statistical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Khayelitsha Health, City of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland	Cox, H.S., Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa; Mbhele, S., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Mohess, N., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Whitelaw, A., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Muller, O., Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa; Zemanay, W., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Azevedo, V., Khayelitsha Health, City of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Simpson, J., National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Boehme, C.C., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland; Nicol, M.P., Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Xpert MTB/RIF is approved for use in tuberculosis (TB) and rifampicin-resistance diagnosis. However, data are limited on the impact of Xpert under routine conditions in settings with high TB burden. A pragmatic prospective cluster-randomised trial of Xpert for all individuals with presumptive (symptomatic) TB compared to the routine diagnostic algorithm of sputum microscopy and limited use of culture was conducted in a large TB/HIV primary care clinic. The primary outcome was the proportion of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases not initiating TB treatment by 3 mo after presentation. Secondary outcomes included time to TB treatment and mortality. Unblinded randomisation occurred on a weekly basis. Xpert and smear microscopy were performed on site. Analysis was both by intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol. Between 7 September 2010 and 28 October 2011, 1,985 participants were assigned to the Xpert (n = 982) and routine (n = 1,003) diagnostic algorithms (ITT analysis); 882 received Xpert and 1,063 routine (per protocol analysis). 13% (32/257) of individuals with bacteriologically confirmed TB (smear, culture, or Xpert) did not initiate treatment by 3 mo after presentation in the Xpert arm, compared to 25% (41/167) in the routine arm (ITT analysis, risk ratio 0.51, 95% CI 0.33–0.77, p = 0.0052). The yield of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases among patients with presumptive TB was 17% (167/1,003) with routine diagnosis and 26% (257/982) with Xpert diagnosis (ITT analysis, risk ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.32–1.87, p<0.001). This difference in diagnosis rates resulted in a higher rate of treatment initiation in the Xpert arm: 23% (229/1,003) and 28% (277/982) in the routine and Xpert arms, respectively (ITT analysis, risk ratio 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.44, p = 0.013). Time to treatment initiation was improved overall (ITT analysis, hazard ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.92, p = 0.005) and among HIV-infected participants (ITT analysis, hazard ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.53–0.85, p = 0.001). There was no difference in 6-mo mortality with Xpert versus routine diagnosis. Study limitations included incorrect intervention allocation for a high proportion of participants and that the study was conducted in a single clinic.These data suggest that in this routine primary care setting, use of Xpert to diagnose TB increased the number of individuals with bacteriologically confirmed TB who were treated by 3 mo and reduced time to treatment initiation, particularly among HIV-infected participants. © 2014 Cox et al.	None	rifampicin; tuberculostatic agent; adult; Article; controlled study; diagnostic test; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intention to treat analysis; major clinical study; male; mortality; outcome assessment; prevalence; primary health care; prospective study; randomized controlled trial; South Africa; sputum cytodiagnosis; time to treatment; tuberculosis; Xpert MTB RIF test; adolescent; aged; antibiotic resistance; complication; genetics; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; microbiology; middle aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; outpatient department; primary health care; procedures; real time polymerase chain reaction; time to treatment; tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prevalence; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin; South Africa; Time-to-Treatment; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Young Adult	CG2007_40200_009, EDCTP, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
None	None	Development of a lateral flow device for in-field detection and evaluation of PCR-based diagnostic methods for Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, the causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt	Hodgetts J., Karamura G., Johnson G., Hall J., Perkins K., Beed F., Nakato V., Grant M., Studholme D.J., Boonham N., Smith J.	2015	Plant Pathology	64	3	10.1111/ppa.12289	The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; National Agricultural Research Laboratories, PO Box 7064, Kampala, Uganda; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - Tanzania, PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - Uganda, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Hodgetts, J., The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Karamura, G., The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom, National Agricultural Research Laboratories, PO Box 7064, Kampala, Uganda; Johnson, G., The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Hall, J., The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Perkins, K., The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Beed, F., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - Tanzania, PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nakato, V., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - Uganda, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Grant, M., Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Studholme, D.J., Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Boonham, N., The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Smith, J., The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom	Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) is the causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt, a major threat to banana production in eastern and central Africa. The pathogen is present in very high levels within infected plants and can be transmitted by a broad range of mechanisms; therefore early specific detection is vital for effective disease management. In this study, a polyclonal antibody (pAb) was developed and deployed in a lateral flow device (LFD) format to allow rapid in-field detection of Xcm. Published Xcm PCR assays were also independently assessed: only two assays gave specific amplification of Xcm, whilst others cross-reacted with non-target Xanthomonas species. Pure cultures of Xcm were used to immunize a rabbit, the IgG antibodies purified from the serum and the resulting polyclonal antibodies tested using ELISA and LFD. Testing against a wide range of bacterial species showed the pAb detected all strains of Xcm, representing isolates from seven countries and the known genetic diversity of Xcm. The pAb also detected the closely related Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vasculorum (Xav), primarily a sugarcane pathogen. Detection was successful in both naturally and experimentally infected banana plants, and the LFD limit of detection was 105 cells mL-1. Whilst the pAb is not fully specific for Xcm, Xav has never been found in banana. Therefore the LFD can be used as a first-line screening tool to detect Xcm in the field. Testing by LFD requires no equipment, can be performed by non-scientists and is cost-effective. Therefore this LFD provides a vital tool to aid in the management and control of Xcm. © 2014 British Society for Plant Pathology.	Diagnostics; ELISA; LFD; Polyclonal antibody	antibody; bacterial disease; developmental biology; disease control; disease transmission; genetic differentiation; herb; host-pathogen interaction; polymerase chain reaction; Africa; Bacteria (microorganisms); Oryctolagus cuniculus; Xanthomonas; Xanthomonas axonopodis; Xanthomonas campestris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949126110	Comparative evaluation of wound healing effects of ocimum gratissimum, vernonia amygdaline and zingiber officinalis extracts on incision wound model in rats	Eyo J.E., Uzoibiam B.O., Ogbanya K.C., Nnaji T.O.	2014	Pharmacologyonline	3	None	None	Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Eyo, J.E., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Uzoibiam, B.O., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Ogbanya, K.C., Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Nnaji, T.O., Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Wound healing effects of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdaline and Zingiber officinalis extracts were investigated using incisional wound model in rats. Twenty five (25) male Wistar albino rats, weighing between 100-150 grams were used for the study. They were divided into five groups of five rats each. Group A received the extract of Zingiber officinalis whereas groups B and C received the extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina, respectively. Group D served as positive control and received hydrogen peroxide and group E served as negative control and received normal saline. Wound healing indices such as wound contraction, re-epithelialization and whooping (fluid exudation) were subjectively and grossly studied. Area of wound contraction was observed to be time dependent regardless of the extract in both groups. In all extracts, wound contraction improved with duration of exposure to extract, being least at day 2 and highest at day 18. Similar results were obtained for both the positive and negative control using hydrogen peroxide and normal saline. The extracts enhanced wound contraction with more percentage area of wound contraction occurring for the group of animals treated with V. amygdalina than for the other extracts. Ranging of extracts wound healing effect were noted to be thus V. amygdalina > O. gratissimum > Z. officinalis. Although, animals treated with V. amygdalina showed greater healing than other animals of the positive and negative control but it showed no significant difference (p<0.05) when analyzed statistically. Wound epithelialization occurred on the average of two weeks independent of the groups or the extract used. The data from the experiment showed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean days of epithelialization for all the five groups. Animals treated with Vernonia amygdalina had lesser day of wound epithelialization in comparison to animals treated with other extracts but yet showed no significant difference (p<0.05) when analyzed statistically. Exudation was mostly observed in the untreated wounds. The observation in the course of the experiment shows that whooping occurred in early stage of the wound for some extracts. Animals treated with plant extracts of Z. officinalis, O. Gratissimum, V. amygdalina and even hydrogen peroxide showed significant difference (p<0.05) in exudation when compared to animals treated with normal saline. However, Vernonia amygdaline proved more efficacious than any other extract for the treatment of all the phases of wound healing because it has the highest percentage area of wound contraction in almost all the days post-wounding. © 2015, SILAE (Italo-Latin American Society of Ethnomedicine). All rights reserved.	Incisional wound; Plant extracts; Rats; Wound healing	None	None
WoS	WOS:000271954100006	"The Uprooted Emigrant": The Impact of Brain Drain, Brain Gain, and Brain Circulation on Africa's Development	Afolabi, N,Falola, T,Okeke, Godwin S. M.	2007	TRANS-ATLANTIC MIGRATION: THE PARADOXES OF EXILE	None	None	None	University of Lagos	None	Worsening economic conditions in many African countries have uprooted many of its people from their home countries, voluntarily and involuntarily, in search of the "golden fleece" abroad. This has led to brain drain, brain gain and brain circulation. Brain drain is synonymous with knowledge loss or drain. Brain gain is the reverse side of brain drain, in which Africans in the diaspora return to their various countries with high skills to contribute to their countries' development. Brain circulation entails a continuous and counter-balancing in-flow of highly skilled personnel. The nature of most economies in Africa today has warranted this jigsaw puzzle. The outcome of bad management of the economy and the generalized violent conflict on the continent has not helped matters. Some survivors in war-torn countries, both skilled and unskilled, look outside of their countries for a better life. In some African countries people run away from economic hardship to improve their lives abroad where things are expectedly better. This phenomenon cuts across all manners of people, including professionals and other skilled labor. This situation is true of many countries in Africa, including Nigeria, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone, to mention just a few. Some of those who are not well educated travel and get educated and develop and acquire better skills and make positive contributions to those societies. These movements do not take place only outside Africa, but also within Africa. The consequences of these developments are many and varied. Aside from the image problem it creates for Africa, it portrays Africans as people who are not serious and their governments as irresponsible and corrupt, especially Africa south of the Sahara. There are also those who have made Africa proud in various fields of human endeavor. But the problem remains that the recipe which made them succeed abroad never works at home. Against this background, this chapter investigates the impact of this type of crisscrossing migration on Africa's development, and how far the benefits or otherwise can go to assist in the sustainable development of Africa.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857975408	Land degradation impact on soil carbon losses through water erosion and CO 2 emissions	Mchunu C., Chaplot V.	2012	Geoderma	None	None	10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.038	Soil Fertility and Analytical Services, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X 9059, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa; IRD - BIOEMCO c/o School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Rabie Saunders Building, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Box X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Mchunu, C., Soil Fertility and Analytical Services, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X 9059, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa; Chaplot, V., IRD - BIOEMCO c/o School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Rabie Saunders Building, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Box X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Worldwide concerns with global change and its effects on our future environment require an improved understanding of the impact of land cover changes on the global C cycle. Overgrazing causes a reduction in plant cover with accepted consequences on soil infiltration and soil erosion, yet the impact on the loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its associated processes remain unaccounted for. In this study performed in South Africa, our main objective was to evaluate the impact of plant cover reduction on (i) SOC erosion by water in both particulate (POC) and dissolved (DOC) forms, and (ii) soil CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. The study performed under sandy-loam Acrisols investigated three proportions of soil surface coverage by plants (Cov), from 100% (Cov100) for the "non-degraded" treatment to 25-50% (Cov50) and 0-5% (Cov5). POC and DOC losses were evaluated using an artificial rainfall of 30mmh -1 applied for a period of 30min on bounded 1×1m 2 microplots (n=3 per treatment). CO 2 emissions from undisturbed soil samples (n=9) were evaluated continuously at the laboratory over a 6-month period. At the "non-degraded" treatment of Cov100, plant-C inputs to the soil profile were 1950±180gCm -2y -1 and SOC stocks in the 0-0.02m layer were 300.6±16.2gCm -2. While soil-C inputs by plants significantly (P&lt;0.05 level) decreased by 38.5±3.5% at Cov50 and by 75.4±6.9% at Cov5, SOC, the losses by water erosion of 0.75gCm -2 at Cov100 increased from 66% at Cov50 (i.e. 3.76±1.8gCm -2) to a staggering 213% at Cov5 (i.e. 7.08±2.9gCm -2). These losses were for the most part in particulate form (from 88.0% for Cov100 to 98.7% for Cov5). Plant cover reduction significantly decreased both the cumulative C-CO 2 emissions (by 68% at Cov50 and 69% at Cov5) and the mineralization rate of the soil organic matter (from 0.039 gC-CO 2gC -1 at Cov100 to 0.031gC-CO 2gC -1 at Cov5). These results are expected to increase our understanding of the impact of land degradation on the global C cycle. Further in-situ research studies, however, need to investigate whether or not grassland degradation induces net C-emissions to the atmosphere. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..	Global c Cycle; Land use change; Particulate and dissolved SOC forms; South africa; Water erosion	Global c Cycle; Land use change; Particulate and dissolved SOC forms; South Africa; Water erosion; Air pollution; Erosion; Forestry; Rating; Soils; Vegetation; Carbon dioxide; Acrisol; air-soil interaction; carbon cycle; carbon dioxide; carbon emission; infiltration; land degradation; land use change; mineralization; overgrazing; rainfall; sandy loam; soil carbon; soil emission; soil erosion; soil organic matter; soil profile; soil surface; vegetation cover; water erosion; South Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000294754600003	Potential sociological impacts of unfair treatment of seafarers	Manuel, Michael Ekow	2011	MARITIME POLICY &amp; MANAGEMENT	38	1	10.1080/03088839.2010.533714	Reg Maritime Univ	None	World trade is dependent on shipping. The ships which facilitate this trade are crewed by thousands of men and women from many different nations. In light of recent incidents/accidents which have drawn adverse media attention to the industry, there has been increased focus on international shipping via various legislative and administrative measures. One consequence of the adverse attention seems to be the way that individuals who crew the ships are being treated in various jurisdictions. This paper discusses some potential sociological impacts of what is often perceived to be the unfair treatment of seafarers and how such sociological impacts may have more technical consequences (impacts) related to risk. It generates some hypothetical positions for the purposes of discussion and is not based on empirical findings.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951133657	Discrimination practices during workplace learning: Their extent and impact on student learning and lives	Ramrathan L., Ramrathan S.	2009	International Journal of Learning	16	10	None	University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Ramrathan, L., University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Ramrathan, S., Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Workplace learning is currently a crucial component of most programmes leading to professional and technical careers. Universities of Technologies expect their students to spend up to a year of their training programme at the site of envisaged work, while professional programmes in, e.g. teaching, are requiring a longer period of time to be spent in schools. The new framework for teacher education in South Africa gazetted in 2007 requires a student teacher to be in schools for up to a year. In fact, the length of school-based placement within teacher development programmes is central to the conceptualizations of theoretical models (e.g. master-apprentice model, applied science model and professional model fo teacher development) that frame teacher development across the centuries. This signals that workplace learning, either through internships or bouts of school placements spread across the programme, is now being conceptualized as a crucial component of learning. Currently, the major focus on workplace learning is on curriculum, policy and process issues. Little research has focused on discriminatory practices that impact on students learning and lives when students go on these workplace learning activities. This paper draws on empirical evidence from two different occupational specific training programme (Hospitality training and teaching), using surveys and narrative enquiry with students and staff of industries and schools, to identify the major forms of discriminatory practices that students are exposed to during their workplace learning and its resultant impact on their learning and lives. The paper finally alludes to curriculum intervention in the learning programme to help address theses gaps in training programmes. © Common Ground, Labby Ramrathan, Sathishah Ramrathan.	Discriminatory practices; Workplace learning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901928798	The effect of workforce diversity on organizational performance of selected firms in Nigeria	Ogbo A.I., Anthony K.A., Ukpere W.I.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	10 SPEC. ISSUE	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n10p231	Department of Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Industrial Psychology and people Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	Ogbo, A.I., Department of Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Anthony, K.A., Department of Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Ukpere, W.I., Department of Industrial Psychology and people Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	Workforce diversity includes the differences and similarities of the employees. Organizational performance is the extent to which the organizational objectives and goals are being achieved. Most business organizations fail in Nigeria because galvanizing diverse workforce to work as a team has been ineffective in terms of policy, training, exposure and approach to specific and overall goals. This has made profitability index difficult to measure in Nigeria. The objectives of the paper are: To determine whether workforce diversity has a positive influence on customer related issues; and to ascertain the effect of education as a tool, on the management of workforce diversity to enhance high profitability index. Findings revealed that workforce diversity has a positive effect on customer related issues in an organisation. In addition, it is found that education as a tool could be effectively utilized in managing workforce diversity to enhance high profitability. Workforce Diversity has been identified as a tool to improved organizational performance and has been as old as the first organization in Nigeria right from the barter system era of the early 1750 and at the industrial revolution and scientific management periods of 1911 to the modern epoch. A combination of the use of secondary data, oral interview, and content analysis was adopted. A spearman's rank correlation coefficient of 0.95 was obtained. Findings in line with the objectives revealed positive influence of workforce diversity on organizational performance of the selected organisations in Nigeria. Conclusion and recommendation was drawn along that regard.	Diversity; Managing; Organizational performance; Workforce	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881290608	Will woody plant encroachment impact the visitor experience and economy of conservation areas?	Gray E.F., Bond W.J.	2013	Koedoe	55	1	10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1106	South African Environmental Observation Network Fynbos Node, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Gray, E.F., South African Environmental Observation Network Fynbos Node, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Bond, W.J., Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Woody plant encroachment into savannas is a globally prevalent phenomenon and impacts ecosystem goods and services such as biodiversity, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, grazing and hydrology. The direct ecological and economic consequences for rangelands have been fairly well studied, but, to our knowledge, the economic impact on conservation efforts has not been investigated. African savannas are important as conservation areas because they support large numbers of the world's remaining megafauna. This study used visitor surveys and long-term mammal distribution data to investigate how an increase in tree density might affect the visibility of animals in a conservation area, which could reduce the satisfaction of visitors to the area. We found that apparent herd sizes and density of animals were much reduced in woody areas, suggesting that visibility is negatively impacted. Visitor surveys determined that a large fraction (almost half) of potential future visitors to the park may be lost if animals became more difficult to see and that the majority of these would be the higherspending visitors. Responses differed depending on the origin of visitors, with international visitors being more interested in seeing animals, whilst local visitors were more content with just being away from the city. The results suggest that woody plant encroachment may have significant impacts on visitor numbers to savanna conservation areas, whilst animal numbers and densities may also be significantly impacted. Conservation implications: The results pointed to potentially significant economic consequences for conservation efforts as visitors become less satisfied with their experience. Perceptions of visitors are important for management decisions as park fees contribute significantly to conservation efforts. This could ultimately result in a reduced capacity for African conservation areas to conserve their biodiversity effectively. The results suggest that management may need to re-evaluate their approach to controlling woody plant encroachment. © 2013. The Authors.	None	biodiversity; economic impact; ecosystem service; fauna; nature conservation; rangeland; savanna; woody plant; Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549099309	Nitrogen dynamics in land cleared of alien vegetation (Acacia Saligna) and impacts on groundwater at Riverlands nature reserve (Western Cape, South Africa)	Jovanovic N.Z., Israel S., Tredoux G., Soltau L., Le Maitre D., Rusinga F., Rozanov A., van der Merwe N.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	Jovanovic, N.Z., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Israel, S., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Tredoux, G., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Soltau, L., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Le Maitre, D., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Rusinga, F., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa, Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Rozanov, A., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; van der Merwe, N., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Woody invading alien plants, many of which are nitrogen-fixing legumes (Fabaceae family), are currently cleared in South African catchments to reduce water loss and preserve streamflow, and for the restoration of the ecosystem. This study tested the hypothesis that clearing invasive alien vegetation may disturb the vegetation-micro-organism-soil N cycling system by producing a large once-off input of fresh tree litterfall rich in N and by eliminating a large N sink. Three experimental plots were established at the Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa): a site invaded by Acacia saligna to be used as control; a site cleared of Acacia saligna; and a site with natural vegetation to be used as background. Nitrogen concentrations in soil and groundwater, volumetric soil water contents, root density and weather conditions were measured during 2007. Oxidised forms of nitrogen, in particular NO3-, were dominant in the system. Recharge and leachate were simulated with the HYDRUS-2D model and used as inputs into Visual MODFLOW to predict the spatial distribution of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) in groundwater. NOx levels in soil and groundwater were higher in alien-invaded areas compared to fynbos-covered land. A quick release of NOx into groundwater was observed due to high residual N reserves in the rooting zone, decreased evapotranspiration and increased recharge in the treatment cleared of alien vegetation. In the long run, high NOx concentrations in groundwater underlying cleared land will last only until all the excess nitrogen has been leached from the soil. A decrease in NOx concentration in groundwater can be expected thereafter. Clearing land of alien invasive legumes may therefore have a beneficial effect by reducing groundwater contamination from NOx and reducing water losses in catchments.	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve; Catchments; Contamination; Evapotranspiration; Forestry; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Hydrogeology; Leaching; Nitrogen; Nitrogen fixation; Runoff; Size distribution; Soil moisture; Underground reservoirs; Underwater soils; Vegetation; Water supply; Water treatment; catchment; concentration (composition); evapotranspiration; forest clearance; groundwater flow; groundwater pollution; hydrogeochemistry; hydrological modeling; hypothesis testing; introduced species; leachate; leaching; legume; nitrogen cycle; nitrogen fixation; nitrogen oxides; pollution control; recharge; restoration ecology; soil nitrogen; soil water; streamflow; Forestry; Geology; Ground Water; Land; Leaching; Natural Resources; Nitrate Groups; Nitrogen; Pollution; Reserves; Rivers; Soil Analysis; Transpiration; Water Quality; Water Treatment; Africa; Riverlands Provincial Nature Reserve; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape; Acacia; Acacia saligna; Fabaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874060648	Performance of a rapid self-test for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in South Africa and Brazil	Jones H.E., Lippman S.A., Caiaffa-Filho H.H., Young T., Van De Wijgert J.H.H.M.	2013	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	51	3	10.1128/JCM.01547-12	CUNY School of Public Health at Hunter College, New York, NY, United States; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Centre for Evidence-Based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Acad. Med. Ctr. of the Univ. of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Jones, H.E., CUNY School of Public Health at Hunter College, New York, NY, United States; Lippman, S.A., University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Caiaffa-Filho, H.H., University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Young, T., Centre for Evidence-Based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van De Wijgert, J.H.H.M., Acad. Med. Ctr. of the Univ. of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Women participating in studies in Brazil (n∇695) and South Africa (n∇230) performed rapid point-of-care tests for Trichomonas vaginalis on self-collected vaginal swabs. Using PCR as the gold standard, rapid self-testing achieved high specificity (99.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 98.2 to 99.6%) and moderate sensitivity (76.7%; 95% CI, 61.4 to 88.2%). These tests may be considered an alternative to syndromic management in resource-poor settings.	None	adolescent; adult; article; Brazil; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; dysuria; female; human; lower abdominal pain; major clinical study; nonhuman; parasite identification; point of care testing; polymerase chain reaction; predictive value; priority journal; rapid test; resource allocation; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; test strip; Trichomonas vaginalis; vagina discharge; vagina smear; vaginal pruritus; Adolescent; Adult; Brazil; Female; Humans; Parasitology; Point-of-Care Systems; Self-Examination; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Trichomonas vaginalis; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644867347	Ruling out pregnancy among family planning clients: The impact of a checklist in three countries	Stanback J., Diabate F., Dieng T., de Morales T.D., Cummings S., Traoré M.	2005	Studies in Family Planning	36	4	10.1111/j.1728-4465.2005.00073.x	Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Stanback, J., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Diabate, F., AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Dieng, T., Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; de Morales, T.D., Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Cummings, S., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Traoré, M., Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Women in many countries are often denied vital family planning services if they are not menstruating when they present at clinics, for fear that they might be pregnant. A simple checklist based on criteria approved by the World Health Organization has been developed to help providers rule out pregnancy among such clients, but its use is not yet widespread. Researchers in Guatemala, Mali, and Senegal conducted operations research to determine whether a simple, replicable introduction of this checklist improved access to contraceptive services by reducing the proportion of clients denied services. From 2001 to 2003, sociodemographic and service data were collected from 4,823 women from 16 clinics in three countries. In each clinic, data were collected prior to introduction of the checklist and again three to six weeks after the intervention. Among new family planning clients, denial of the desired method due to menstrual status decreased significantly from 16 percent to 2 percent in Guatemala and from 11 percent to 6 percent in Senegal. Multivariate analyses and bivariate analyses of changes within subgroups of nonmenstruating clients confirmed and reinforced these statistically significant findings. In Mali, denial rates were essentially unchanged, but they were low from the start. Where denial of services to nonmenstruating family planning clients was a problem, introduction of the pregnancy checklist significantly reduced denial rates. This simple, inexpensive job aid improves women's access to essential family planning services. © 2005 The Population Council, Inc.	None	adult; anamnesis; article; clinical trial; contraception; family planning; female; health care delivery; human; menstruation; methodology; multicenter study; patient abandonment; prediction and forecasting; world health organization; Adult; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Medical History Taking; Menstruation; Predictive Value of Tests; Refusal to Treat; World Health Organization; Access; Family Planning; Guatemala; Mali; Pregnancy; Senegal; contraceptive use; family planning; multivariate analysis; pregnancy; Africa; Central America; Guatemala [Central America]; Mali; Senegal; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51249087895	Effects of gender on the performance of micro and small enterprises in Malawi	Chirwa E.W.	2008	Development Southern Africa	25	3	10.1080/03768350802212139	Department of Economics, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, South Africa	Chirwa, E.W., Department of Economics, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, South Africa	Women are increasingly venturing into ownership of micro and small enterprises, either on their own or in partnership with male entrepreneurs. Using national survey data from Malawi, this study compares the performance of enterprises owned by females with those owned by males. The results show that the relationship between gender and business performance is complex. While there are no significant differences in profit margins, female-owned enterprises tend to grow more rapidly in terms of employment than male-owned ones. Gender-based regression results also show that while there are common factors that affect the performance of both kinds of enterprise, there are also differential effects in which education is a critical factor for the success of female-owned enterprises.	None	entrepreneur; firm ownership; gender role; microenterprise; small and medium-sized enterprise; Africa; East Africa; Malawi; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880287523	Towards an OPNET modeler based performance comparison of routing protocols in mobile Ad-hoc networks using voice over IP traffic	Mbougni M., Polite Ncube Z., Oukouomi Noutchie S.C.	2013	Life Science Journal	10	3	None	Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa; Department of Mathematics, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa	Mbougni, M., Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa; Polite Ncube, Z., Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa; Oukouomi Noutchie, S.C., Department of Mathematics, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa	With the increasing use of mobile devices and advances in wireless technologies, Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has drawn great attention for being part of ubiquitous networks. MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile and/or fixed nodes that can communicate together over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links, and the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time. Unlike the conventional network, MANET is decentralized radio wireless network that can be established in situations where no infrastructure exists or where deployment of infrastructure is expensive or inconvenient. As a result, routing protocols play a crucial role in managing the formation, configuration, and maintenance of the topology of the network. There has been an extensive research on performance analysis of routing protocols in MANETs. However, most of the work done on the performance evaluation of routing protocols is done using the Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic. This paper presents the performance analysis of MANETs routing protocols such as Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA), and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traffic. The performance metrics used for the analysis of these routing protocols are delay and throughput. The overall results show that the proactive routing protocol (OLSR) performs better in terms of delay and throughput than the reactive Suares Clovis Oukouomi Noutchie.	MANET; Routing protocols; VoIP	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748085679	Statistical monitoring of a grinding circuit: An industrial case study	Groenewald J.W.d.V., Coetzer L.P., Aldrich C.	2006	Minerals Engineering	19	11	10.1016/j.mineng.2006.05.009	Process Control and Instrumentation Department, Anglo Platinum Management Services, P.O. Box 62179, Marshalltown, 2107 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	Groenewald, J.W.d.V., Process Control and Instrumentation Department, Anglo Platinum Management Services, P.O. Box 62179, Marshalltown, 2107 Johannesburg, South Africa; Coetzer, L.P., Process Control and Instrumentation Department, Anglo Platinum Management Services, P.O. Box 62179, Marshalltown, 2107 Johannesburg, South Africa; Aldrich, C., Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa	With the increasing availability of large amounts of real-time process data and a better fundamental understanding of the operation of mineral processing units, statistical monitoring of mineral processing plants is becoming increasingly widespread. Process plants are typically too complex to model from first principles and therefore models based on historical process data are used instead. Multivariate methods such as principal component analysis are indispensable in these analyses and in this paper, it is shown how the statistical analysis of process data from a grinding circuit and a sound fundamental knowledge of the operation of mineral processing plants complement one another. For this purpose a philosophy for the statistical monitoring and cause and effect analysis of a process was outlined. It was shown how a well defined process hierarchy with complementing performance measures can effectively be used to detect a shift in the operation of a mineral processing plant and find the root cause of the shift. Visualisation of the results was found fundamental in communicating the findings of the statistical analysis to the processing plant. This resulted in the requirement for multidimensional visualisation of the process for which principal component analysis plots and process performance graphs in the form of two-dimensional histogram plots and parallel plots were found to be the most effective. Data availability, process variable selection, process hierarchy definition and performance measure selection were also found to be critical factors directly impacting on the success of statistically monitoring a process. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Comminution; Flotation; Mineral processing; Process control	Comminution; Data reduction; Flotation; Graph theory; Hierarchical systems; Industrial plants; Process control; Real time systems; Statistical methods; Grinding circuits; Mineral processing; Mineral processing plants; Real-time process data; Minerals	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52749095519	Operational impact of DDT reintroduction for malaria control on Anopheles arabiensis in Mozambique	Coleman M., Casimiro S., Hemingway J., Sharp B.	2008	Journal of Medical Entomology	45	5	10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[885:OIODRF]2.0.CO;2	Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Rd., Durban, South Africa; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique	Coleman, M., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Rd., Durban, South Africa, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Casimiro, S., National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique; Hemingway, J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Sharp, B., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Rd., Durban, South Africa	With the increase in indoor residual spraying in many internationally and nationally funded malaria control programs, and affirmation by World Health Organization (WHO) that DDT is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, DDT has been reintroduced as a major malaria control intervention in Africa. Indoor residual spraying with DDT was reintroduced into Mozambique for malaria control in 2005, and it is increasingly becoming the main insecticide used for malaria vector control in Mozambique. The selection of DDT in Mozambique is evidence-based, taking account of the susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis (Patton) and Anopheles gambiae (Giles) s.s. to all the available insecticide choices, as well as relative costs of the insecticide and the logistical costs of spraying. Before this time in Mozambique, DDT was replaced by λ-cyhalothrin in 1993. Resistance occurred quickly to this insecticide, and in 2000 the pyrethroid was phased out and the carbamate bendiocarb was introduced. Low-level resistance was detected by biochemical assay to bendiocarb in 1999 in both Anopheles funestus (Giles) and An. arabiensis, although this was not evident in WHO bioassays of the same population. In the 2000-2006 surveys the levels of bendiocarb resistance had been selected to a higher level in An. arabiensis, with resistance detectable by both biochemical and WHO bioassay. The insecticide resistance monitoring program includes assessment of field populations by standard WHO insecticide susceptibility assays and biochemical assays. Monitoring was established in 1999, and it was maintained as part of an operational monitoring and evaluation program thereafter. © 2008 Entomological Society of America.	Anopheles; Insecticide resistance; Management; Mozambique	chlorphenotane; insecticide; animal; Anopheles; article; disease carrier; drug effect; female; housing; infection control; insecticide resistance; malaria; methodology; mosquito; Mozambique; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Female; Fumigation; Housing; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Mozambique; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953252394	Monitoring solar home systems with pulse width modulation charge control	Williams N.J., Van Dyk E.E., Vorster F.J.	2011	Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME	133	2	10.1115/1.4003586	Centre for Energy Research, Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Williams, N.J., Centre for Energy Research, Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Van Dyk, E.E., Centre for Energy Research, Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Vorster, F.J., Centre for Energy Research, Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	With the high cost of grid extension and approximately 1.6 billion people still living without electrical services, the solar home system is an important technology in the alleviation of rural energy poverty across the developing world. The performance monitoring and analysis of these systems provide insights leading to improvements in system design and implementation in order to ensure high quality and robust energy supply in remote locations. Most small solar home systems now use charge controllers using pulse width modulation (PWM) to regulate the charge current to the battery. A rapid variation in current and voltage resulting from PWM creates monitoring challenges, which, if not carefully considered in the design of the monitoring system, can result in the erroneous measurement of photovoltaic (PV) power. In order to characterize and clarify the measurement process during PWM, a mathematical model was developed to reproduce and simulate measured data. The effects of matched scan and PWM frequency were studied with the model, and an algorithm was devised to select appropriate scan rates to ensure that a representative sample of measurements is acquired. Furthermore, estimation methods were developed to correct for measurement errors due to factors such as nonzero "short circuit" voltage and current/voltage peak mismatches. A more sophisticated algorithm is then discussed to more accurately measure PV power using highly programmable data loggers. The results produced by the various methods are compared and reveal a significant error in the measurement of PV power without corrective action. Estimation methods prove to be effective in certain cases but are susceptible to error during conditions of variable irradiance. The effect of the measurement error has been found to depend strongly on the duty cycle of PWM as well as the relationship between scan rate and PWM frequency. The energy measurement error over 1 day depends on insolation and system conditions as well as on system design. On a sunny day, under a daily load of about 20 A h, the net error in PV energy is found to be 1%, whereas a system with a high initial battery state of charge under similar conditions and no load produced an error of 47.6%. This study shows the importance of data logger selection and programming in monitoring accurately the energy provided by solar home systems. When appropriately considered, measurement errors can be avoided or reduced without investment in more expensive measurement equipment. © 2011 American Society of Mechanical Engineers.	measuring errors; monitoring; pulse width modulation; solar home system	Battery state of charge; Charge control; Charge controllers; Charge current; Corrective actions; Data logger; Developing world; Duty cycles; Electrical services; Energy measurements; Estimation methods; Grid extension; High costs; High quality; Measured data; Measurement equipment; Measurement process; Measuring errors; Monitoring system; No load; Performance monitoring and analysis; Pulse width; PV energy; Rapid variation; Remote location; Representative sample; Robust energy; Rural energy; Scan rates; Short circuit; solar home system; System conditions; System design; Algorithms; Design; Developing countries; Energy utilization; Estimation; Instruments; Investments; Lead acid batteries; Mathematical models; Measurement errors; Modulation; Potential flow; Pulse width modulation; Solar buildings; Solar energy; Systems analysis; Monitoring	None
WoS	WOS:000279623000003	The impact of a food security program on household food consumption in Northwestern Ethiopia: A matching estimator approach	Abebaw, Degnet,Fentie, Yibeltal,Kassa, Belay	2010	FOOD POLICY	35	4	10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.01.002	Haramaya University, Ethiopian Econ Policy Res Inst, United Nations World Food Program	"Kassa, Belay: Haramaya University",	With the financial support from various development partners, Ethiopia has designed and implemented several programs to improve household food security. Yet, food insecurity is still a major challenge to several millions of people in the country and it is questionable whether the different food security programs implemented over the past years have been successful. Using a propensity score matching method to control for pre-intervention differences, this study examined the impact on household food calorie intake of an integrated food security program (IFSP), which had been implemented in Northwestern Ethiopia by two non-governmental organizations as a case study. The estimated results provide evidence that IFSP has a positive and statistically significant effect on food calorie intake. In particular, IFSP has raised physical food calorie intake by 30% among the beneficiary households. However, we also found that IFSP has differential impact depending on family size, landownership and gender of head of household. Overall, the paper provides evidence that supporting integrated food security programs is important to improve food security in rural areas. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	ETHIOPIA,"FOOD SECURITY","PROGRAM EVALUATION","propensity score matching",CAUSAL,DIARRHEA,"ECONOMETRIC EVALUATION ESTIMATOR",INDIA,PROPENSITY-SCORE	None	None
None	None	The impact of antenatal HIV diagnosis on postpartum childbearing desires in northern Tanzania: A mixed methods study	Keogh S.C., Urassa M., Roura M., Kumogola Y., Kalongoji S., Kimaro D., Changalucha J., Zaba B.	2012	Reproductive Health Matters	20	None	10.1016/S0968-8080(12)39634-1	Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Population Studies Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Keogh, S.C., Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Urassa, M., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Roura, M., Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kumogola, Y., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kalongoji, S.; Kimaro, D.; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zaba, B., Population Studies Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	With the expansion of routine antenatal HIV testing, women are increasingly discovering they are HIV-positive during pregnancy. While several studies have examined the impact of HIV on childbearing in Africa, few have focused on the antenatal/postpartum period. Addressing this research gap will help tailor contraceptive counseling to HIV-positive women's needs. Our study measures how antenatal HIV diagnosis affects postpartum childbearing desires, adjusting for effects of HIV before diagnosis. A baseline survey on reproductive behavior was administered to 5,284 antenatal clients before they underwent routine HIV testing. Fifteen months later, a follow-up survey collected information on postpartum reproductive behavior from 2,162 women, and in-depth interviews with 25 women investigated attitudes toward HIV and childbearing. HIV diagnosis was associated with a long-term downward adjustment in childbearing desires, but not with changes in short-term postpartum desires. The qualitative interviews identified health concerns and nurses' dissuasion as major factors discouraging childbearing post-diagnosis. At the same time, pronatalist social norms appeared to pressure women to continue childbearing. Given the potential for fertility desires to change following antenatal HIV diagnosis, contraceptive counseling should be provided on a continuum from antenatal through postpartum care, taking into account the conflicting pressures faced by HIV-positive women in relation to childbearing.	Antenatal care; Fertility desires; HIV and pregnancy; Post-partum period; Reproductive health services; Tanzania	antiretrovirus agent; age distribution; article; attitude to pregnancy; educational status; family decision making; family size; female; follow up; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; maternal attitude; parity; paternal attitude; prenatal diagnosis; prevalence; priority journal; puerperium; qualitative analysis; reproductive rights; risk reduction; rural population; sexual behavior; Tanzania; virus transmission; women's health; women's rights; Adolescent; Adult; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Intention; Middle Aged; Motivation; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Prevalence; Qualitative Research; Reproductive History; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906684265	Evaluation of the synergistic activities of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)	Li H., Bouwer G.	2014	Journal of Invertebrate Pathology	121	None	10.1016/j.jip.2014.06.005	School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Li, H., School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Bouwer, G., School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	With the aim of identifying Cry proteins that would be useful in the management of the economically important lepidopteran pest Helicoverpa armigera, the larvicidal activities of binary combinations (1:1 ratios) of six Cry proteins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Cry2Aa and Cry9Aa) were evaluated against H. armigera neonate larvae using droplet feeding bioassays. Determination of the LD50 values of individual Cry proteins and mixtures of Cry proteins enabled assessment of the nature of the interactions between Cry proteins in H. armigera. There was a more than 6000-fold difference between the LD50 values of the Cry protein mixture with the lowest larvicidal activity and the mixture with the highest larvicidal activity. Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa mixtures and Cry1Ac and Cry1Ca mixtures had the highest larvicidal activity against H. armigera, with Cry1Ac and Cry1Ca interacting synergistically. Differences in the magnitudes of the antagonistic interactions observed for different binary mixtures of Cry1A-class proteins are consistent with a model of more than one binding site for some Cry1A-class proteins in H. armigera. Binary combinations of Cry1A-class and Cry9Aa proteins showed additive interactions in neonate larvae of H. armigera, whereas combinations of Cry1Ca and Cry9Aa were statistically synergistic. The results suggest that products containing mixtures of Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa or Cry1Ac and Cry1Ca may be useful components of H. armigera pest management programs. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.	Bacillus thuringiensis; Cry proteins; Helicoverpa armigera; Interaction; Larvicidal activity; Synergism	bacterial protein; crystal protein, Bacillus subtilis; animal; biological pest control; chemistry; drug effects; drug potentiation; larva; LD50; moth; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Synergism; Larva; Lethal Dose 50; Moths; Pest Control, Biological	None
WoS	WOS:000277529200009	Monitoring environmental management at primary schools in South Africa	Craenhals, Eric,Hens, Luc,Raath, Schalk,Renders, Paul,Richter, Barry,Stone, Riana,Wiedemann, Torsten	2010	JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION	18	7	10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.11.001	Free University of Brussels, Siemens AG, Tshwane University of Technology, Flemish Govt, Museum Pk Enviro Ctr	"Craenhals, Eric: Siemens AG","Hens, Luc: Free University of Brussels","Renders, Paul: Siemens AG","Stone, Riana: Tshwane University of Technology","Wiedemann, Torsten: Free University of Brussels",	With the aid of universities Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) were developed and implemented in 39 primary schools in Northern Gauteng and Southern Limpopo Provinces, South Africa in 2005. Between 2006 and 2008, the assisting universities monitored the implementation process to evaluate the progress the schools made in environmental management and performance. The monitoring results exposed the main parameters, which lead to an improvement of the environmental performance of the schools. These results can be used to improve the process of EMS implementation in the future. This paper presents the monitoring results and discusses the correlations between the different managerial aspects on the one hand and the environmental performances on the other hand. The major observations were: a) The elaboration of the managerial aspects seems to evolve in a similar way at the different schools, independent from the social-economic type of the schools (urban, rural or township). b) Successful implementation of the EMS starts with the implementation of managerial instruments: The integration of environmental aspects in the management of the school is positively correlated with the environmental performance of the schools (water, waste and greening), but not with energy-related environmental performances. c) The implementation of managerial instruments starts with good planning, followed by communication and co-operation, where the whole school team has to be involved. d) Universities have important opportunities to take the lead in this hardly explored area of research. The results open interesting opportunities for further research on how to optimize the functioning of the EMS in primary schools in the Northern part of South Africa. A model that relates the determinants of a successful EMS might be a first step. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	"capacity building",eco-schools,"ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT",MONITORING,"Primary schools in South Africa","sustainable living"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880723820	Roadmap for the international collaborative epidemiologic monitoring of safety and effectiveness of new high priority vaccines	Izurieta H.S., Zuber P., Bonhoeffer J., Chen R.T., Sankohg O., Laserson K.F., Sturkenboom M., Loucq C., Weibel D., Dodd C., Black S.	2013	Vaccine	31	35	10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.027	Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, United States; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Brighton Collaboration Foundation, Basel, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hanoi Medical School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; University of Children's hospital, University of Cincinnati, OH, United States	Izurieta, H.S., Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, United States; Zuber, P., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Bonhoeffer, J., Brighton Collaboration Foundation, Basel, Switzerland, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Chen, R.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States; Sankohg, O., INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Hanoi Medical School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Laserson, K.F., International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Sturkenboom, M., University of Children's hospital, University of Cincinnati, OH, United States; Loucq, C., KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya; Weibel, D., University of Children's hospital, University of Cincinnati, OH, United States; Dodd, C., Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Black, S., Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands	With the advent of new vaccines targeted to highly endemic diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and with the expansion of vaccine manufacturing globally, there is an urgent need to establish an infrastructure to evaluate the benefit-risk profiles of vaccines in LMIC. Fortunately the usual decade(s)-long time gap between introduction of new vaccines in high and low income countries is being significantly reduced or eliminated due to initiatives such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) and the Decade of Vaccines for the implementation of the Global Vaccine Action Plan. While hoping for more rapid disease control, this time shift may potentially add risk, unless appropriate capacity for reliable and timely evaluation of vaccine benefit-risk profiles in some LMIC's are developed with external assistance from regional or global level. An ideal vaccine safety and effectiveness monitoring system should be flexible and sustainable, able to quickly detect possible vaccine-associated events, distinguish them from programmatic errors, reliably and quickly evaluate the suspected event and its association with vaccination and, if associated, determine the benefit-risk of vaccines to inform appropriate action. Based upon the demonstrated feasibility of active surveillance in LMIC as shown by the Burkina Faso assessment of meningococcal A conjugate vaccine or that of rotavirus vaccine in Mexico and Brazil, and upon the proof of concept international GBS study, we suggest a sustainable, flexible, affordable and timely international collaborative vaccine safety monitoring approach for vaccines being newly introduced. While this paper discusses only the vaccine component, the same system could also be eventually used for monitoring drug effectiveness (including the use of substandard drugs) and drug safety. © 2013.	Adverse events; Benefit-risk; Effectiveness; Safety; Vaccine	Rotavirus vaccine; vaccine; article; Brazil; clinical evaluation; communicable disease; demography; disease control; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; drug safety; drug surveillance program; endemic disease; epidemiological monitoring; health care personnel; hospitalization; human; international cooperation; lowest income group; mass immunization; Mexico; priority journal; risk benefit analysis; therapy effect; vaccination; vaccine failure; Adverse events; Benefit-risk; Effectiveness; Safety; Vaccine; Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases; Epidemiological Monitoring; Humans; Risk Assessment; Vaccination; Vaccines	Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449119917	Improving daily production capacity and energy efficiency in sugar refineries and sugar mills with CarboUA high performance process aids	Bushong J.H., Bogari A., González C.A.D., Odipo W., Marroquin J.M.P., Massucato A.L., Sarir E.M.	2008	International Sugar Journal	110	1313	None	CarboUA, Philadelphia, United States; United Sugar Company, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; CarboUA, CaIi, Colombia; CarboUA, Nairobi, Kenya; CarboUA, Guatemala City, Guatemala; CarboUA, São Paulo, Brazil; CarboUA, Beverly Hills, United States	Bushong, J.H., CarboUA, Philadelphia, United States; Bogari, A., United Sugar Company, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; González, C.A.D., CarboUA, CaIi, Colombia; Odipo, W., CarboUA, Nairobi, Kenya; Marroquin, J.M.P., CarboUA, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Massucato, A.L., CarboUA, São Paulo, Brazil; Sarir, E.M., CarboUA, Beverly Hills, United States	With reference to case studies, this paper describes and discusses the use of CarboUA high performance process aids for increasing sugar refinery and sugar mill process efficiency via improvements in daily sugar process throughput (from increased operating Brix and/or higher average process flow rates), an increase in conversion rate of feed sugar to raw sugar (mill) or refined sugar (refinery), an associated reduction in energy, and improvements in final product quality.	Efficiency; Energy; Mill; Production; Refinery; Sugar	Conversion rates; Daily production; Energy; Mill; Process efficiency; Process throughput; Refined sugars; Refinery; Efficiency; Production; Refining; Sugar factories; Sugars; Energy efficiency; Polygala incarnata	None
None	None	Diagnostic X-ray facilities as per quality control performances in Tanzania	Sungita Y.Y., Mdoe S.S.L., Msaki P.	2006	Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics	7	4	None	Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 743, Arusha, Tanzania; Physics Department, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35063, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Sungita, Y.Y., Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 743, Arusha, Tanzania; Mdoe, S.S.L., Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 743, Arusha, Tanzania; Msaki, P., Physics Department, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35063, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Without appropriate quality control (QC) and preventative maintenance (PM) measures for X-ray machines in place, the benefits of reduced dose to the patient and early diagnosis will not be realized. Quality control and PM also make it possible to unify X-ray-imaging practices in the country using international image quality guidelines. The impetus for the present work resulted from the concern that with the recent increase in the numbers of X-ray machines in Tanzania, but with limited technical support to maintain and operate them, can increase radiation risk to patients and lower diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this work is to report on the current status of diagnostic X-ray machines in Tanzania in order to produce the data needed to formulate QC and PM policies and strategies. These policies and strategies are needed to ensure that patients receive the lowest possible radiation risk and maximum health benefits from X-ray examinations. Four QC tests were performed on a total of 196 X-ray units. Accurate beam alignment and collimation were tested on 80 (41%) units, the timer accuracy was tested on 120 (61%) units, and a radiation leakage test was performed on 47(24%) units. Preventative maintenance tests were performed on all 196 X-ray units. The results showed that of the units tested for QC, 59% failed the kilovoltage (kVp) test, 57% failed the timer accuracy test, 60% failed the beam alignment test, and 20% failed the radiation leakage test. Only 13% of the units passed the PM test: 53% of the units were defective, and 34% were out of order. As a result of the PM findings, the government has introduced a rehabilitation project to service X-ray units and replace nonoperational X-ray units. The new units have full support service contracts signed by their suppliers. As a result of the QC findings, X-ray maintenance retraining programs have been introduced. © 2006 Am. Coll. Med. Phys.	Preventative maintenance; Quality control; Repair	article; equipment; evaluation; human; instrumentation; quality control; radiography; social control; standard; Tanzania; total quality management; validation study; Equipment Failure; Facility Regulation and Control; Humans; Quality Control; Radiography; Tanzania; Total Quality Management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907281063	Unannounced quizzes: A teaching and learning initiative that enhances academic performance and lecture attendance in large undergraduate classes	Derera E., Naude M.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	20	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p1193	School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Derera, E., School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Naude, M., School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Without a doubt, lecture non-attendance is a growing trend at tertiary institutions. Many academics confront this challenge by implementing different teaching initiatives that encourage lecture attendance. However, lecture attendance does not necessarily mean that learning is taking place. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish whether the use of unannounced quizzes improves class attendance, the module pass rate and academic performance in a large undergraduate class at a university in South Africa. This is an exploratory study which adopted a mixed method research approach to collect data over a period of two semesters during the 2012 academic year. The three data sources used include observations, a questionnaire survey and the university student data base. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse data. The findings reveal that the use of unannounced quizzes has merit; significant positive effects were seen in all three areas-class attendance, module pass rate and students’ academic performance. The study contributes to the field of teaching and learning in three ways, by: (1) exploring a teaching and learning initiative that encourages class attendance; (2) responding to a call for new thinking about how universities could increase their throughput ratio; and (3) possibly reviving future debate about how to effectively impact knowledge creation in a large class situation. © MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research.	Higher education practices; Large classes; Teaching and learning; Unannounced quizzes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864947140	Comparative performance of irrigated and rainfed agriculture in Ethiopia	Tilahun H., Teklu E., Michael M., Fitsum H., Awulachew S.B.	2011	World Applied Sciences Journal	14	2	None	Melkasa Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box: 436, Nazareth, Ethiopia; International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Freie University of Berlin, Malteserstr, 74-100, Haus H, Raum H-152, 12249, Berlin, Germany	Tilahun, H., Melkasa Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box: 436, Nazareth, Ethiopia; Teklu, E., International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Michael, M., Freie University of Berlin, Malteserstr, 74-100, Haus H, Raum H-152, 12249, Berlin, Germany; Fitsum, H., International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Awulachew, S.B., International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box: 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	With its an estimated human population of 85 million which increases annually at about 2.7 per cent, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) only after Nigeria. Agriculture contributes about 45% and 85% to the GDP and the export earnings, respectively. However, agriculture largely depends on the highly variable rainfall. Accentuated with the rampant land degradation, the seasonal and annual variation in rainfall severely impedes agricultural productivity. In the face of soaring global food prices, importing agricultural products is becoming more challenging. This entails a substantial increase in water and land productivity through investment in both rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Irrigation projects often require huge financial and capital investment. As a result, rain fed agriculture may continue to play a major role in the near future, especially in areas with sufficient rainfall. Therefore, prioritization and resources allocation to the rainfed and irrigated agriculture should ensure the efficient use of the limited resources. This study compared the efficiency of the small-scale irrigation (SSI) and the large-scale irrigated agricultural schemes in different river basins against the rain fed system. The study indicated that irrigated agriculture is more efficient both in terms of water use and economics regardless of the typology or the basins considered. The large-scale schemes are more efficient than the small-scale ones. This may be attributed to the use of other complementary crop management technologies such as fertilizers and the use of improved crop varieties. Although rainfed agriculture remains important for a long period to come, gradual transformation to irrigation particularly to large-scale schemes may lead to efficient use of resources for economic development. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.	Large-scale irrigation; River basins; Small-scale irrigation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38649129788	Land area eligible for afforestation and reforestation within the clean development mechanism: A global analysis of the impact of forest definition	Zomer R.J., Trabucco A., Verchot L.V., Muys B.	2008	Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change	13	3	10.1007/s11027-007-9087-4	International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; c/o IWMI, P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Zomer, R.J., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka, c/o IWMI, P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Trabucco, A., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Verchot, L.V., World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Muys, B., Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium	Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol, countries have significant latitude to define a forest. The most important parameter affecting area designated as forest is the minimum crown cover which can be set between 10 and 30%. The choice will have implications for the amount of land available in a country for afforestation and reforestation activities within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM-AR). In this paper, we present an analysis of the regional differences in land availability for CDM-AR projects. We then examine how the choice of a high or low threshold value for crown cover will affect the area available for CDM activities and how the limitations imposed by this element of the definition compares to other factors that are likely to limit CDM activities. Results represent a global analysis that included all countries not included in Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol, and examined the effect on land availability of a range of crown cover thresholds ranging from 10-30%. Of the 140 Non-Annex One countries, 107 countries were found to have a potential for CDM-AR projects. Asia had the largest amount of combined area suitable for CDM-AR at the 10% crown cover threshold level. However, at 30%, South America had the greatest amount of land available, and a large change in available land area, which increased by almost five times compared to what was available at the 10% threshold. The area available in Africa increased by a factor of 5.5. Central America showed the largest increase, to almost 10 times more at the 30% threshold. By contrast, within Asia, the area increase was comparatively less, but still the area nearly doubled. Globally, a low threshold of 10% crown cover excluded almost 2/3 of the land identified that was eligible at 30%, over 5 million km2. The spatial analyses showed not only the effects of the choice of the crown cover criterion, but also where the land was available for CDM activities within each country at different thresholds. Protected areas account for 10-20% of the CDM-AR eligible area in most countries. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.	Afforestation/Reforestation; Carbon sequestration; CDM-AR; Clean development mechanism; Climate change mitigation; Forest definition; Global spatial analysis; Land suitability modeling; Land use land cover and forestry (LULUCF)	afforestation; clean development mechanism; comparative study; environmental impact assessment; forest cover; reforestation; spatial analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347324108	Coalescence methods reveal the impact of vicariance on the spatial genetic structure of Elephantulus edwardii (Afrotheria, Macroscelidea)	Smit H.A., Robinson T.J., Van Vuuren B.J.	2007	Molecular Ecology	16	13	10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03334.x	Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Smit, H.A., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Robinson, T.J., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Van Vuuren, B.J., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private BagX1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Within the Macroscelidea 15 species of elephant-shrews are recognized, of which nine occur in the southern African subregion. The Cape rock elephant-shrew (Elephantulus edwardii) is the only strictly endemic South African elephant-shrew species. Recent distribution data suggest that E. edwardii is continuously distributed from Namaqualand in the Western Cape Province to Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province. Molecular sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and variable control region indicate significant substructure within the Cape rock elephant-shrew across its distribution. Our data unequivocally showed the presence of a northern Namaqua and central Fynbos clade with four evolutionary lineages identified within the latter. The geographical delimitation of the northern and central clades corresponds closely with patterns reported for other rock-dwelling vertebrate species, indicating a shared biogeographical history for these taxa in South Africa. A coalescent method revealed the effects of ancestral polymorphism in shaping the Namaqua and Fynbos populations since their divergence ∼1.7 million years ago. Furthermore, our analyses uncovered a distinct Karoo lineage(s) that does not correspond to any of the previously described and/or currently recognized species, and we therefore argue for the possible recognition of a new sister taxon to E. edwardii. The taxonomic affinities of this clade were examined by sequencing corresponding regions from the type specimens of species described in the past, but which presently are synonimized within E. edwardii. Our results reveal the morphological misidentification of one of these types, accentuating the problems of field identification. © 2007 The Authors.	Cape Fold Mountains; Elephant-shrew; Knersvlakte; Phylogeography; Sengi; South Africa	cytochrome b; mitochondrial DNA; animal; article; classification; ecosystem; genetic variability; genetics; geography; shrew; South Africa; Animals; Cytochromes b; DNA, Mitochondrial; Ecosystem; Geography; Shrews; South Africa; Variation (Genetics); Afrotheria; Elephantulus edwardii; Loxodonta; Macroscelidea; Soricidae; Vertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870425835	The social-emotional impact of instrumental music performance on economically disadvantaged South African students	Devroop K.	2012	Music Education Research	14	4	10.1080/14613808.2012.685456	School of Music, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Devroop, K., School of Music, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Within the literature there exists a large volume of research studies attesting to the positive relationships between studying music and various psychological and sociological variables. A close examination of these studies reveals that only a handful were conducted on disadvantaged populations. Accordingly, it remains unclear to what extent these findings hold true for disadvantaged students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the social-emotional impact of instrumental music instruction on disadvantaged South African students. The two specific questions addressed in this study were (1) what impact did instrumental music instruction have on student's self-esteem, optimism, sense of happiness and perseverance and (2) do any relationships exist between instrumental music instruction and the variables under investigation? The results indicated that there were generally increased levels of self-esteem, optimism, happiness and perseverance after participation in an instrumental music programme. There was also an increase in subject's optimism and sense of happiness. There were moderate to moderately strong positive relationships between participation in instrumental music and self-esteem, optimism, happiness and perseverance. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	disadvantaged students; instrumental music performance; social-emotional impact	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923096068	Testing the performance of state-of-the-art dust emission schemes using DO4Models field data	Haustein K., Washington R., King J., Wiggs G., Thomas D.S.G., Eckardt F.D., Bryant R.G., Menut L.	2015	Geoscientific Model Development	8	2	10.5194/gmd-8-341-2015	School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Cape Town, Environmental and Geographical Science, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France	Haustein, K., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Washington, R., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; King, J., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Wiggs, G., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Thomas, D.S.G., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Eckardt, F.D., University of Cape Town, Environmental and Geographical Science, Cape Town, South Africa; Bryant, R.G., Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Menut, L., Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France	Within the framework of the Dust Observations for Models (DO4Models) project, the performance of three commonly used dust emission schemes is investigated in this paper using a box model environment. We constrain the model with field data (surface and dust particle properties as well as meteorological parameters) obtained from a dry lake bed with a crusted surface in Botswana during a 3 month period in 2011. Our box model results suggest that all schemes fail to reproduce the observed horizontal dust flux. They overestimate the magnitude of the flux by several orders of magnitude. The discrepancy is much smaller for the vertical dust emission flux, albeit still overestimated by up to an order of magnitude. The key parameter for this mismatch is the surface crusting which limits the availability of erosive material, even at higher wind speeds. The second-most important parameter is the soil size distribution. Direct dust entrainment was inferred to be important for several dust events, which explains the smaller gap between modelled and measured vertical dust fluxes. We conclude that both features, crusted surfaces and direct entrainment, need to be incorporated into dust emission schemes in order to represent the entire spectra of source processes. We also conclude that soil moisture exerts a key control on the threshold shear velocity and hence the emission threshold of dust in the model. In the field, the state of the crust is the controlling mechanism for dust emission. Although the crust is related to the soil moisture content to some extent, we are not as yet able to deduce a robust correlation between state of crust and soil moisture. © Author(s) 2015.	None	atmospheric pollution; data set; dust; emission; magnitude; meteorology; numerical model; parameterization; performance assessment; pollutant source; size distribution; soil moisture; Botswana	NE/H021841/1, NERC, Natural Environment Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84955251161	Employee turnover rate and organizational performance in South Africa	Rijamampianina R.	2015	Problems and Perspectives in Management	13	4	None	Management Advancement Programmes, Wits Business School, University of Witwatersrand (WITS), South Africa	Rijamampianina, R., Management Advancement Programmes, Wits Business School, University of Witwatersrand (WITS), South Africa	Within the business community, employee turnover is widely assumed to affect organizational performance. Different variations of this relationship have been proposed over the years. This study seeks to confirm if a curvilinear relationship exists between employee turnover rates and organizational performance that could inform an optimal employee turnover rate for organizations in South Africa. To this purpose, a cross-sectional study that collected quantitative data through the use of a self-administered questionnaire was employed. Through multiple linear and nonlinear regression, the results indicate that voluntary employee turnover rate significantly predicted financial and organizational performance through a cubic function. The optimal functional voluntary employee turnover rate for organizations in South Africa was calculated to be between 14 and 19%. © Rasoava Rijamampianina, 2015.	Curvilinear; Employee turnover rate; Optimal; Organizational performance; Voluntary turnover	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904088064	Job motivation, job performance and gender relations in the broadcast sector in Nigeria	Ufuophu-Biri E., Iwu C.G.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	16	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p191	Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	Ufuophu-Biri, E., Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Iwu, C.G., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	Within management scholarship, a common link has been established between motivation and job performance. This is based on the argument that high job motivation will likely lead to high job performance. Also, studies have argued that gender seems to play a significant role in employees' job motivation and job performance in some professions, especially in developing countries. Therefore determining if gender has any association to job motivation and performance in the broadcast sector in Delta State of Nigeria could lead to improvements in the workplace that will help broadcast staff to remain satisfied with their jobs. This was based on previous research that has linked job motivation and job performance to organisational commitment, turnover intentions and absenteeism. Data for this study was collected with the help of a questionnaire, which contained closed-ended, open-ended and Likert scaled questions. The sample of 600 respondents was selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure.The study found no significant correlation between gender and job motivation and job performance respectively.	Delta State; Digital broadcasting tools; Job motivation; Job performance; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84882996014	Use of volcanic ash and its impact on algae proliferation in drinking water filtration	Mpagi K.H., Rose K., Elzbieta P.	2013	Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development	3	2	10.2166/washdev.2013.080	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; External Services, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, P.O. Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Brinellvägen 32, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden	Mpagi, K.H., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Rose, K., External Services, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, P.O. Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda; Elzbieta, P., Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Brinellvägen 32, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden	With increasing pollution of the available water resources, development of safe drinking water supplies is increasingly becoming a challenge, both for developing and developed countries. To alleviate the prevailing difficulties, approaches should focus on sustainable water supply and treatment systems that require minimal maintenance and operator skills. In this study, a pre-treatment of water containing algae using a combination of volcanic ash (VA) and sand in a filtration system was assessed. The results indicated that a combination of VA and sand performed better in the removal of algae than sand alone. However, it was noted that different algae genera were removed at different rates within the two types of media arrangement. In addition, there was an increase in the filtration run length of the ash-sand columns with VA on top of sand of about two and half times compared with the sand columns. It is therefore anticipated that pre-treatment of raw water laden with algae using ash-sand would probably improve on the performance of the subsequent conventional processes in removing intact cells of algae and thus reduce the threat of releasing toxins into the water that may not be removed by the subsequent conventional treatment processes. © IWA Publishing 2013.	Algae; Drinking water; Filtration; Intact cells; Pre-treatment; Volcanic ash	None	None
WoS	WOS:000232495400004	Methodological issues in measuring the impact of interventions against female genital cutting	ASKEW, I	2005	CULTURE HEALTH &amp; SEXUALITY	7	5	10.1080/13691050410001701939	None	None	With increasing efforts being made to introduce systematic interventions for encouraging abandonment of female genital cutting (FGC) comes the need to better understand how such interventions work and what effects they have. Many interventions are based on theoretical models of behaviour change and so studies to evaluate them should develop indicators appropriate to the type of behaviour change anticipated. Systematic evaluations need also to use some form of quasiexperimental design to be able to attribute change to the intervention and not to any 'natural' change in FGC behaviour or other activities that may be concurrent. A sustained change in the prevalence of FGC is the ultimate indicator and there are several ways this can be measured, although with many limitations given the intimate nature of the practice. Moreover, appropriate sample sizes must be calculated and used to be able to draw valid conclusions. Many of those implementing FGC interventions are not familiar with such basic research principles and so there is an urgent need to ensure that projects are well designed so that valid conclusions concerning their effectiveness can be drawn.	,CIRCUMCISION,CONSEQUENCES,DECLINE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877265674	On farm evaluation of Kenyan Top bar hive (KTBH) for honey production in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia	Gebremedhn H., Estifanos A.	2013	Livestock Research for Rural Development	25	5	None	Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 258, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia	Gebremedhn, H., Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 258, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Estifanos, A., Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia	With high adoption of the modern beehive in the Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia, there is shortage of beeswax for preparation of the foundation sheet. Thus there is high demand of beeswax by the beekeepers and its cost has been increasing dramatically from time to time. Hence a study was designed to familiarize alternative new technology, Kenyan top bar hive (KTBH) and to evaluate its honey productivity under farmers' condition. A total of 15 honeybee colonies which had similar strength were selected for comparison of KTBH with Modern beehive (MH) under farmers' condition. Honey yield data from each hive per harvesting season was recorded immediately after harvest. The collected data were analyzed using GLM analysis of variance procedure. There was significant difference between modern and Kenyan top bar hive for honey yield. The potential productivity of the modern hive (22.8 kg/hive) was higher than the KTBH (17.8 kg/hive). In Begasheka honey yield from the modern hive (25.7 kg/harvest) was significantly higher than the Kenyan top bar hive (17.8 Kg/harvest). While, in Debrekidan there was no significant difference between both hives. It is therefore recommended to use the KTBH as an alternative technology in areas like Debrekidan watershed for farmers with little skill in modern hive management and to minimize the shortage of beeswax.	Honey yield; Kenyan top bar hive; Modern bee hive	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954920925	Evaluation of the efficiency of patient flow at three HIV clinics in Uganda	Wanyenze R.K., Wagner G., Alamo S., Amanyire G., Ouma J., Kwarisima D., Sunday P., Wabwire-Mangen F., Kamya M.	2010	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	24	7	10.1089/apc.2009.0328	Makerere University, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States; Reachout Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	Wanyenze, R.K., Makerere University, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Wagner, G., RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States; Alamo, S., Reachout Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Amanyire, G., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Ouma, J., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Kwarisima, D., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Sunday, P., Reachout Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Makerere University, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	With dramatic increases in antiretroviral therapy (ART) provision, many clinics in sub-Saharan Africa are congested, but little attention has focused on the efficiency of clinics. Between April and June 2008, we conducted a time-and-motion study to assess patient flow at three HIV clinics in Uganda. Mulago HIV Clinic had 6,700 active patients, compared with 2,700 at Mbarara Municipal Council Clinic (MMC) and 2,800 at Reachout Mbuya (ROM). Mulago had six doctors and eight nurses; MMC had two doctors and two nurses, and ROM had two doctors and 12 nurses. Mulago and MMC used a doctor-led model, whereas ROM used a nurse-led model. Randomly selected patients were tracked, with data collected on time waiting and time spent with providers. Patients were categorized as new, preparing for ART, early ART, stable ART, or non-ART. Doctors indicated whether the patients they saw warranted their consultation. Data were collected on 689 patients (230 at Mulago, 229 at MMC, and 230 at ROM). Overall waiting time was longest at ROM (274 min; 209-346) and Mulago ISS (270 min; 230-336) compared with MMC (183 min; 148-233). Nurse-clinicians at ROM spent twice the time with patients compared with the doctors at Mulago. At Mulago, doctors indicated that 27% of the patients they reviewed did not need to see a doctor, compared with 45% at MMC. Task-shifting may not be efficient in terms of time. More-effective triage and longer visit intervals could improve patient flow and capacity for cost-effective scale-up. © 2010, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2010.	None	Africa; article; clinical effectiveness; consultation; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; emergency health service; female; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; information processing; major clinical study; male; nurse; outpatient department; patient care; patient selection; physician; Uganda; virotherapy; ambulatory care; clinical practice; economics; evaluation study; health care quality; health care survey; HIV Infections; hospital management; organization and management; outpatient department; statistics and numerical data; task performance; time management; Uganda; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anti-HIV Agents; Appointments and Schedules; Efficiency, Organizational; Health Care Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Office Visits; Physician's Practice Patterns; Quality of Health Care; Time and Motion Studies; Time Management; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943010703	Ownership, structure, and performance of architectural firms	Oluwatayo A.A., Amole D.	2013	Frontiers of Architectural Research	2	1	10.1016/j.foar.2012.12.001	Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Oluwatayo, A.A., Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Amole, D., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	With architectural firms, owners are often managers whose characteristics may influence the firm structure. This study investigated the relationships between ownership characteristics, organizational structure, and performance of architectural firms. Utilizing a sample of architectural firms from Nigeria, a questionnaire survey of 92 architectural firms was carried out. Data were analyzed using multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) and regression analyses. A generally low level of specialization of duties was observed even though professional service firms were defined as highly specialized firms. For most of the firms, level of formalization was moderate or high, while level of centralization was mostly low. Results revealed a direct significant relationship between legal ownership form and formalization dimension of structure. In addition, the centralization dimension of structure influenced firm performance. However, no direct relationship between ownership characteristics and performance was noted, although different fits of ownership characteristics and structural variables were observed. The results suggest that principals of architectural firms should match their characteristics with the firm structure to enhance performance in relation to profit. © 2013 Higher Education Press Limited Company.	Architectural firm; Organizational structure; Ownership; Performance; Professional service firm	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746301127	Feasibility of structural monitoring with vibration powered sensors	Elvin N.G., Lajnef N., Elvin A.A.	2006	Smart Materials and Structures	15	4	10.1088/0964-1726/15/4/011	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, Engineering Building 3573, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Elvin, N.G., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, Engineering Building 3573, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Lajnef, N., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, Engineering Building 3573, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Elvin, A.A., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Wireless sensors and sensor networks are beginning to be used to monitor structures. In general, the longevity, and hence the efficacy, of these sensors are severely limited by their stored power. The ability to convert abundant ambient energy into electric power would eliminate the problem of drained electrical supply, and would allow indefinite monitoring. This paper focuses on vibration in civil engineering structures as a source of ambient energy; the key question is can sufficient energy be produced from vibrations? Earthquake, wind and traffic loads are used as realistic sources of vibration. The theoretical maximum energy levels that can be extracted from these dynamic loads are computed. The same dynamic loads are applied to a piezoelectric generator; the energy is measured experimentally and computed using a mathematical model. The collected energy levels are compared to the energy requirements of various electronic subsystems in a wireless sensor. For a 5cm3 sensor node (the volume of a typical concrete stone), it is found that only extreme events such as earthquakes can provide sufficient energy to power wireless sensors consisting of modern electronic chips. The results show that the optimal generated electrical power increases approximately linearly with increasing sensor mass. With current technology, it would be possible to self-power a sensor node with a mass between 100 and 1000g for a bridge under traffic load. Lowering the energy consumption of electronic components is an ongoing research effort. It is likely that, as electronics becomes more efficient in the future, it will be possible to power a wireless sensor node by harvesting vibrations from a volume generator smaller than 5cm3. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.	None	Earthquakes; Electric power systems; Electronic equipment; Energy efficiency; Problem solving; Vibration control; Structural monitoring; Vibration powered sensors; Volume generators; Sensors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884689244	Performance evaluation of routing protocols in wireless mesh networks	Edwin Sejake M., Polite Ncube Z., Gasela N.	2013	Life Science Journal	10	SPL.ISSUE10	None	Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa	Edwin Sejake, M., Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa; Polite Ncube, Z., Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa; Gasela, N., Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa	Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are the set of wireless nodes that can communicate with each other and forwarding each other's packets. WMNs are multi-hop networks consisting of routers, gateways and mobile nodes. WMNs act as a key technology for next generation WMNs. Because of their low cost and relative ease of deployment, they are an attractive paradigm and are advantageous to other wireless networks. The aim of WMNs is to guarantee connectivity. WMNs build a multihop wireless backbone to interconnect isolated Local Area Networks and to extend backhaul access to users not within range of typical access points. This research has carried out current/existing literature in WMNs. It has analysed routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA used in WMNs where AODV and DSR are reactive routing protocols, OLSR and GRP are proactive routing protocols and TORA is a hybrid routing protocol. The routing protocols have been analysed with the performance metrics of throughput and delay under the simulation of ftp traffic. The simulator used is OPNET. With the help of OPNET, results show that in terms of ftp traffic load, TORA has very long delay. For throughput, OLSR outperforms the other routing protocols.	Delay; ftp traffic; Routing protocols; Throughput; WMN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945940863	Evaluation of spatial and temporal characteristics of wind and wind resources: A case study of some nigerian cities	Ngene B.U., Agunwamba J.C., Tenebe I.T., Emenike P.C.	2015	International Journal of Applied Engineering Research	10	19	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Ngene, B.U., Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Agunwamba, J.C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Tenebe, I.T., Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Emenike, P.C., Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Wind Energy available in 24 Nigeria cities is estimated using monthly wind speed data. The country is grouped into zones, namely: Coastal, Inland, Middle Belt and far Northern regions for effective characterization into areas of similar climatic conditions. To analyze the wind data, a check on the reliability is made to ensure adequacy for the estimation of spatial and temporal characteristics of the nation’s wind resources. The long-term average wind speed, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, shape and scale factors and wind power densities are estimated for each city and averaged for zones. From the results generated, the classification of the 24 stations into class 1-7 is made. Classification indicates class 1 for the weakest location for siting of wind power generators to class 7 the strongest possible site for electric energy generator site. Sites with high altitude mostly in the Northern part of the country, such as Jos, Minna, Sokoto, Gusau, Katsina and Kano show potentials for investment in wind power generators. In the southern part of the country, possible offshore wind generator is advocated. For cities such as Ikeja, Enugu and Ikom, generators may be considered though not very economical when average yearly wind speed is the subject. © Research India Publications.	Seasons and characteristics; Wind power; Wind speed; Zones	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897383318	Toxicological evaluation of Melocia corchorifolia leaves (L.) fed to albino rat	Umar K.J., Hassan L.G., Dangoggo S.M., Maigandi S.A., Sani N.A., Dogonyaro A.I.	2014	International Journal of Biological Chemistry	8	1	10.3923/ijbc.2014.48.57	Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; College of Science and Technology, Department of Science, Sokoto St	Umar, K.J., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Hassan, L.G., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Dangoggo, S.M., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Maigandi, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Sani, N.A., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Dogonyaro, A.I., College of Science and Technology, Department of Science, Sokoto State Polytechnic, Sokoto, Nigeria	Wild leafy vegetables are widely eaten in developing countries and serves as nutrient supplements. The present study examined the effect of feeding albino rats with 75% Melocia corchorifolia leaves with respect to their body weight, liver and kidney biochemical, haematological and histological response. Results showed that the rats fed with M. corchorifolia leaves experience decrease in body weight compared to the control group. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), platelets, Mean Carpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Carpuseular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Carpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) and leukocyte (lymphocyte, neutophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) differential counts were not significantly (p>0.05) different between control and treatment. Similarly, serum total protein, globulin and bilirubin were not significantly different, but that of albumin was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the treatment than control group. The serum enzyme activities, i.e., aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in sample treatment than the control; which is an indication of organ toxicity by cellular destruction induced by the phyto-toxin present in the fed. Renal function indices-serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and electrolytes were not significantly different (p>0.05) between control and treatment. The results of this study showed that Melocia corchorifolia leaves have a relatively low or no toxicity profile. © 2014 Academic Journals Inc.	Albino rat; Haematology; Histology; Melocia corchorifolia; Serum biochemistry; Toxicity; Vegetables	None	None
None	None	Long-term impacts of poaching on relatedness, stress physiology, and reproductive output of adult female African elephants	Gobush K.S., Mutayoba B.M., Wasser S.K.	2008	Conservation Biology	22	6	10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01035.x	Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3015, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Gobush, K.S., Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States; Mutayoba, B.M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3015, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Wasser, S.K., Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States	Widespread poaching prior to the 1989 ivory ban greatly altered the demographic structure of matrilineal African elephant (Loxodonta africana) family groups in many populations by decreasing the number of old, adult females. We assessed the long-term impacts of poaching by investigating genetic, physiological, and reproductive correlates of a disturbed social structure resulting from heavy poaching of an African elephant population in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, prior to 1989. We examined fecal glucocorticoid levels and reproductive output among 218 adult female elephants from 109 groups differing in size, age structure, and average genetic relatedness over 25 months from 2003 to 2005. The distribution in group size has changed little since 1989, but the number of families with tusked old matriarchs has increased by 14.2%. Females from groups that lacked an old matriarch, first-order adult relatives, and strong social bonds had significantly higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those from groups with these features (all females R2 = 0.31; females in multiadult groups R2 = 0.46). Females that frequented isolated areas with historically high poaching risk had higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those in low poaching risk areas. Females with weak bonds and low group relatedness had significantly lower reproductive output (R2[U] = 0.21). Females from disrupted groups, defined as having observed average group relatedness 1 SD below the expected mean for a simulated unpoached family, had significantly lower reproductive output than females from intact groups, despite many being in their reproductive prime. These results suggest that long-term negative impacts from poaching of old, related matriarchs have persisted among adult female elephants 1.5 decades after the 1989 ivory ban was implemented. © 2008 Society for Conservation Biology.	Gene-drop analysis; Glucocorticoids; Loxodonta africana; Microsatellite DNA; Poaching; Relatedness	glucocorticoid; microsatellite DNA; DNA; elephant; group size; hormone; physiology; poaching; population distribution; relatedness; reproductive health; animal; article; chemistry; comparative study; demography; elephant; feces; female; fertility; genetics; pedigree; physiological stress; physiology; season; Tanzania; Animals; Demography; Elephants; Feces; Female; Fertility; Glucocorticoids; Microsatellite Repeats; Pedigree; Seasons; Stress, Physiological; Tanzania; Africa; East Africa; Mikumi National Park; Morogoro [Tanzania]; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Elephantidae; Loxodonta; Loxodonta africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052397989	Impact of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on the health of breast-fed, HIV-exposed, HIV-negative infants in a resource-limited setting	Coutsoudis A., Kindra G., Esterhuizen T.	2011	AIDS	25	14	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834ad699	Department Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Programme of Biostatistics Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Family and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Coutsoudis, A., Department Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kindra, G., Department Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Esterhuizen, T., Programme of Biostatistics Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Family and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	WHO guidelines recommend cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (CTXP) in all HIV-exposed negative infants who are still breastfeeding. This is based on the evidence of efficacy in HIV-infected infants, but there is no evidence of benefit in HIV-negative, breast-fed infants. We assessed the impact of CTXP on diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity in breast-fed, HIV-exposed negative infants in a community programme. CTXP for more than 60 days showed no consistent evidence of benefit for incidence of lower respiratory tract infection [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-1.26; P=0.241] but an increased incidence of diarrhoea (IRR=1.38, 95% CI 0.98-1.94; P=0.065). The guidelines should be reconsidered by conducting a randomized control trial. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	cotrimoxazole; article; breast feeding; diarrhea; drug efficacy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; lower respiratory tract infection; major clinical study; morbidity; priority journal; prophylaxis; socioeconomics; vertical transmission; Breast Feeding; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Rural Population; South Africa; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904105334	Modelling the effects of market orientation enablers on business performance among SMEs in a developing country	Dubihlela J., Dhurup M.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	16	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p33	Vaal University of Technology, 11 Dick King Street, SE 6, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, South Africa; Vaal University of Technology, Andries Portgieter Blvd, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa	Dubihlela, J., Vaal University of Technology, 11 Dick King Street, SE 6, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, South Africa; Dhurup, M., Vaal University of Technology, Andries Portgieter Blvd, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa	Whilst studies have contributed to the notion that market orientation and its elements drive business performance, very few research efforts has specifically focussed on the relationship between the enablers of market orientation and business performance. The current study provides a succinct relationship between the enablers of market orientation and the relationship with business performance in small and medium enterprises within a South African context. The study was approached from a quantitative paradigm through a structured questionnaire to examine the relationships. Through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations path modelling, the results established that enablers of market orientation (market-based rewards, interdepartmental cohesion, owners/managers influence and management risk exposure) influence the business performance of SMEs in the region. A significant positive relationship was noted between market orientation enablers and business performance. These variables need to be further unpacked in order to provide synergy and strength for SMEs to survive in competitive environments.	Business performance; Enablers; Managers; Market orientaion; Owners; SMEs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942134689	The impact of customer demographic variables on the adoption and use of internet banking in developing economies	Ameme B.K.	2015	Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce	20	2	10.4172/1204-5357.1000114	Information Communication and Technology Management, Ghana Technology University College, Accra, Ghana	Ameme, B.K., Information Communication and Technology Management, Ghana Technology University College, Accra, Ghana	Whilst most banks introduced internet banking services for the benefit of their customers, the adoption and use of the service had been very low. Strategies to increase the adoption and use of internet banking services eventually lead to the banks’ goal of maximizing profit. It is therefore essential for banks to understand the factors that affect the adoption of internet banking services. The purpose of this paper is to determine demographic factors that influence the adoption of internet banking services in a bid to improving the situation. Due to the limitations in accessing the population of developing economies, a sample of one bank was selected from a developing nation, Ghana. Ghana was strategically chosen due to the high internet penetration rate. Out of 506,203 customers of the chosen bank, only 32,337 customers who subscribed to the internet banking services were used for data analysis. 31, 886 representing 98.61% of internet banking customers were resident in Ghana whilst the remaining 451 representing 1.39% were non-residents, suggesting that the data for analysis represented the behavior of Ghanaians as citizens of developing economies, though the restriction to just one bank may limit the generalization of the findings. Chi-square techniques were employed in the study, using historical data of over eight years. The findings of the study revealed that demographic factors such as gender do not have significant effect on customers in adopting and using internet banking services. The study further concluded that there is a strong correlation between employment status, educational level and customer adoption and usage of internet banking services in Ghana. These findings will help banks to develop appropriate strategies in attracting and retaining their customers, through the design of specific marketing campaigns geared towards certain category of internet banking customers who are likely to adopt and use internet banking services. © 2015 Ameme BK.	Adoption; Demographic; Internet banking; Security	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953757154	Wildlife damage and its impact on public attitudes towards conservation: A comparative study of Kenya and Botswana, with particular reference to Kenya's Laikipia Region and Botswana's Okavango Delta Region	Sifuna N.	2010	Journal of Asian and African Studies	45	3	10.1177/0021909610364776	Moi University School of Law, PO Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya	Sifuna, N., Moi University School of Law, PO Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya	While wildlife is a valuable natural resource with several beneficial values to the people of Kenya and Botswana, wild animals in both countries usually cause damage to society in terms of attacks on people and livestock, damage to crops and other property such as infrastructure, and disruption of peaceful existence in local communities living in close proximity to wildlife areas. Wildlife damage would ordinarily result in people having negative attitudes towards conservation. Interestingly, however, people's perceptions of wildlife in these countries seem to be diametrically different in that whereas public attitudes in Kenya are generally negative, in Botswana they are remarkably positive. This study set out to establish the reasons for this variance in conservation attitudes. It established that the major cause for this variance in perception is that while in Kenya wildlife conservation is more often thought of in terms of wildlife welfare and hardly in terms of human welfare, in Botswana human welfare concerns have been mainstreamed in conservation efforts. People have, for instance, been allowed to derive direct benefits from wildlife through consumptive utilization, unlike in Kenya where only indirect benefits through non-consumptive uses are permitted. These direct benefits seem to mitigate the effects of wildlife damage, especially the resultant negative attitudes of people towards wildlife. The present and future survival of wildlife in many parts of the world, and especially in African countries such as Kenya and Botswana, depends to a large measure on the goodwill of the people, particularly local communities, in their everyday contact with it. © The Author(s) 2010.	Human-wildlife conflicts; Laikipia; Livelihoods; Local communities; Okavango; Public attitudes; Wildlife damage	comparative study; natural resource; nature conservation; nature-society relations; perception; public attitude; survival; Kenya; Laikipia; Namibia; Okavango; Rift Valley; Animalia	None
None	None	Impact of tissue culture banana technology on farm household income and food security in Kenya	Kabunga N.S., Dubois T., Qaim M.	2014	Food Policy	45	None	10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.12.009	International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), P.O. Box 28565, Kampala, Uganda; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda; Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), P.O. Box 10, Diluti, Arusha, Tanzania	Kabunga, N.S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), P.O. Box 28565, Kampala, Uganda; Dubois, T., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda, The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), P.O. Box 10, Diluti, Arusha, Tanzania; Qaim, M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany	While tissue culture (TC) technology for vegetative plant propagation is gradually gaining in importance in Africa, rigorous assessment of broader welfare effects for adopting smallholder farm households is lacking. Using survey data and accounting for selection bias in technology adoption, we analyze the impact of TC banana technology on household income and food security in Kenya. To assess food security outcomes, we employ the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) - a tool that has not been used for impact assessment before. Estimates of treatment-effects models show that TC banana adoption, combined with improved crop management, causes considerable increases in farm and household income. Technology adoption also reduces relative food insecurity in a significant way. These results indicate that TC technology can be welfare enhancing for adopting farm households. Adoption should be further promoted through upscaling appropriate technology delivery systems. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Food security; Household income; Impact assessment; Technology adoption; Tissue culture	crop plant; food policy; food security; fruit; household income; smallholder; technology adoption; welfare economics; welfare impact; Kenya	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53549093601	The linkages between FDI and domestic investment: Unravelling the developmental impact of foreign investment in sub-Saharan Africa	Ndikumana L., Verick S.	2008	Development Policy Review	26	6	10.1111/j.1467-7679.2008.00430.x	African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia; UN Economic Commission for Africa and IZA, P.O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ndikumana, L., African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia; Verick, S., UN Economic Commission for Africa and IZA, P.O. Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	While the recent increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) to African countries is a welcome development, the impact of these resource inflows on economic development remains in doubt. This article argues that a key channel is its effects on domestic factor markets, especially domestic investment, and analyses the two-way linkages between FDI and domestic investment in sub-Saharan Africa. The results suggest, first, that FDI crowds in domestic investment and, secondly, that private investment is a driver of FDI, implying that African countries will gain much from improving the domestic climate. Moreover, there are alternatives to resource endowments as a means of attracting foreign investment to non-resource-rich countries. © 2008 Overseas Development Institute.	FDI; Privatein vestment; Public investment; Sub-Saharan Africa	capital flow; economic development; economic impact; foreign direct investment; private sector; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953534671	Impact of off-farm income on food security and nutrition in Nigeria	Babatunde R.O., Qaim M.	2010	Food Policy	35	4	10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.01.006	University of Ilorin, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, PMB, 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria; Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 37073 Goettingen, Germany	Babatunde, R.O., University of Ilorin, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, PMB, 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria; Qaim, M., Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 37073 Goettingen, Germany	While the poverty implications of off-farm income have been analyzed in different developing countries, much less is known about the impact of off-farm income on household food security and nutrition. Here, this research gap is addressed by using farm survey data from Nigeria. Econometric analyses are employed to examine the mechanisms through which off-farm income affects household calorie and micronutrient supply, dietary quality, and child anthropometry. We find that off-farm income has a positive net effect on food security and nutrition. The prevalence of child stunting, underweight, and wasting is lower in households with off-farm income than in households without. Using a structural model, we also show that off-farm income contributes to higher food production and farm income by easing capital constraints, thus improving household welfare in multiple ways. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Child anthropometry; Farm households; Food security; Micronutrients; Off-farm income	developing world; diet; econometrics; food security; household income; numerical model; nutritional status; nutritive value; off-farm employment; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73449106812	Patterns of income diversification in rural Nigeria: Determinants and impacts	Babatunde R.O., Qaim M.	2009	Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture	48	4	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany	Babatunde, R.O., Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Qaim, M., Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany	While the determinants of rural income diversification have been analyzed in various developing countries, the results remain somewhat ambiguous. Likewise, many previous studies failed to consider the impacts of diversification. Hence, more research is needed to understand what conditions lead to what outcomes and to identify appropriate policy responses. Here, we analyze the situation in rural Nigeria based on recent survey data. The majority of households is fairly diversified; 50% of total income is from off-farm sources. Strikingly, richer households tend to be more diversified, suggesting that diversification is not only considered a risk management strategy but also a means to increase overall income. Econometric analysis confirms that the marginal income effect is positive. Yet, due to market imperfections, resource- poor households are constrained in diversifying their income sources. Reducing market failures through infrastructure improvements could enhance their situation, while, at the same time, promoting specialization among the relatively better off.	Farm households; Income diversification; Nigeria; Off-farm activities	developing world; development strategy; econometrics; income distribution; off-farm employment; policy approach; rural area; rural economy; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56049105154	Contextual determinants and performance implications of information systems strategy planning within South African firms	Cohen J.F.	2008	Information and Management	45	8	10.1016/j.im.2008.09.001	School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Cohen, J.F., School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	While studies have shown the effect of context on IS planning as important, the incorporation of contextual factors has not been systematic and the categorization of factors has not been made explicit and some factors have only been superficially examined. My study examined the interrelationships amongst four domains of context and considered their influence on IS planning. The corresponding impact of planning on performance was also assessed. Data was collected from 116 South African companies and results revealed that the internal IS context mediated the effects of environmental and organisational level variables on IS planning practice. Results further showed that IS planning intensity and degree of integration with business planning was strongly influenced by managerial planning expertise, and had positive effects on business management's commitment to IS as well as on IS contribution to business performance. Results have important implications in organisational IS planning and performance. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Commitment; Context; Environment; IS performance; Planning expertise; Strategic IS planning; Strategy	Information retrieval systems; Regional planning; Strategic planning; Commitment; Context; Environment; IS performance; Strategic IS planning; Strategy; Planning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871258311	Genetic diversity of indigenous Bradyrhizobium nodulating promiscuous soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] varieties in Kenya: Impact of phosphorus and lime fertilization in two contrasting sites	Wasike V.W., Lesueur D., Wachira F.N., Mungai N.W., Mumera L.M., Sanginga N., Mburu H.N., Mugadi D., Wango P., Vanlauwe B.	2009	Plant and Soil	322	1	10.1007/s11104-009-9902-7	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), P.O. Box 57811-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; CIRAD, PERSYST Department, UPR Ecosystems of Plantations, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cen. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya	Wasike, V.W., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), P.O. Box 57811-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Lesueur, D., CIRAD, PERSYST Department, UPR Ecosystems of Plantations, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cen. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Wachira, F.N., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; Mungai, N.W., Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Mumera, L.M., Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Mburu, H.N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Mugadi, D., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Wango, P., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Vanlauwe, B., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya	While soybean is an exotic crop introduced in Kenya early last century, promiscuous (TGx) varieties which nodulate with indigenous rhizobia have only recently been introduced. Since farmers in Kenya generally cannot afford or access fertilizer or inoculants, the identification of effective indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains which nodulate promiscuous soybean could be useful in the development of inoculant strains. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating seven introduced promiscuous soybean varieties grown in two different sites in Kenya was assayed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PCR-RFLP analysis directly applied on 289 nodules using Msp I distinguished 18 intergenic spacer groups (IGS) I-XVIII. Predominant IGS groups were I, III, II, IV and VI which constituted 43.9%, 24.6%, 8.3% 7.6% and 6.9% respectively of all the analyzed nodules from the two sites while IGS group VII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIV, XVI, XVII, XVIII each constituted 1% or less. The IGS groups were specific to sites and treatments but not varieties. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all indigenous strains belong to the genus Bradyrhizobium. Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Bradyrhizobium spp and Bradyrhizobium japonicum related strains were the most predominant and accounted for 37.9%, 34.5%, and 20.7% respectively while B. yuanmigense related accounted for 6.9% of all strains identified in the two combined sites. The diversity identified in Bradyrhizobium populations in the two sites represent a valuable genetic resource that has potential utility for the selection of more competitive and effective strains to improve biological nitrogen fixation and thus increase soybean yields at low cost. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009.	Agro-ecological zones; Genetic diversity; Polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism; Promiscuous soybean	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908374644	The issue of personal safety on dolomite: A probability-based evaluation with respect to two- and three-storey residential units	Kirsten H.A.D., Heath G.J., Venter I.S., Oosthuizen A.C.	2014	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	56	2	None	PO Box 17, Fontainebleau, Johannesburg, South Africa; Private Bag X5, Westonaria, South Africa; PO Box 36114, Menlo Park, Pretoria, South Africa; Private Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa	Kirsten, H.A.D., PO Box 17, Fontainebleau, Johannesburg, South Africa; Heath, G.J., Private Bag X5, Westonaria, South Africa; Venter, I.S., PO Box 36114, Menlo Park, Pretoria, South Africa; Oosthuizen, A.C., Private Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa	While single-storey (single-house) residential developments were considered in a previous paper, two- and three-storey (multiple house) residential developments, which result in significantly higher densities of land occupation, are considered in this paper. The overall probability of injury for the occupants of two- and three-storey dwelling units is defined as co-dependent probabilities of sinkhole occurrence, coincidence of the sinkhole with a dwelling unit, structural collapse of the dwelling unit, occupancy of the dwelling unit, occupants in residence when the sinkhole occurs and fatal injury as a result of the event. The probability of sinkhole occurrence is determined by the associated infiltration regime for residential development, and the geological ground profile. The probability of coincidence between a sinkhole and a dwelling unit is treated in terms of overlapping geometric shapes. The probabilities for the remaining events are subjectively assigned by engineering judgement. The resulting overall probability of injury enables the number of dwelling units and the associated population densities for each of the Inherent Hazard Classes to be determined. It is found that the allowable population densities for two- and three-storey residential units amount to 890, 425, 170, 125, 40, 0, 0 and 0 people per hectare respectively for the eight Inherent Hazard Classes of dolomite land. This corresponds in principle with the allowable population densities for single-storey dwelling houses of 800, 400, 150, 100, 30, 0, 0 and 0 people per hectare respectively for the eight Inherent Hazard Classes. © 2014, South African Institute of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved.	Coincidence; Dolomite; Hazard; Multiple housing; Probability; Risk; Sinkhole	Probability; Risks; Coincidence; Dolomite; Personal safety; Sinkhole; Hazards	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887140836	Business owner's expertise, employee skills training and business performance: A small business perspective	Chinomona R.	2013	Journal of Applied Business Research	29	6	None	Department of Logistics, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	Chinomona, R., Department of Logistics, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	While researches on small businesses have grown substantially, there seem to be a paucity of researches that specifically investigate the effects of small business owner's expertise on employees' skills training and small business performance. In order to fill this void the current study examined the direct effects of small business owner expertise on small business performance and the mediating influence of employee skills training in this relationship. To empirically test the three (3) posited hypotheses, a sample data of 221 was collected from small business employees in Zimbabwe. The results indicate that small business owner's expertise positively influence employees' skills training and small business performance in a significant way. Managerial implications of the findings are discussed and limitations and future research directions are indicated. © author(s) Creative Commons License CC-BY.	Business performance; Employee training; Expert power; Small and medium enterprises	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887132647	Market Orientation and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Ghanaian Microenterprises	Spillan J.E., Kara A., King D.O., McGinnis M.A.	2013	Journal of Global Marketing	26	5	10.1080/08911762.2013.825040	University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, United States; The Pennsylvania State University-York Campus, York, PA, United States; NUISTODOK Consultants, Kumasi, Ghana; The Pennsylvania State University-New Kensington Campus, New Kensington, PA, United States	Spillan, J.E., University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, United States; Kara, A., The Pennsylvania State University-York Campus, York, PA, United States; King, D.O., NUISTODOK Consultants, Kumasi, Ghana; McGinnis, M.A., The Pennsylvania State University-New Kensington Campus, New Kensington, PA, United States	While previous researchers have explored the relationship between market orientation and firm performance in larger organizations, such studies in microenterprises are scarce. This empirical study uses a structural equation model to examine the role of market orientation on firm performance of microenterprises operating in Ghana. To measure market orientation, we used a well-known scale (MARKOR), and the data (N = 347) for this study were collected from Ghanaian microenterprises using personal interviews. Study results indicated that the MARKOR scale provided a good measure of market orientation in Ghanaian microenterprises. The conceptualized model provided a good fit to the relationship between market orientation and the performance of Ghanaian microenterprises, indicating that market orientation as measured by MARKOR had a statistically significant positive impact on performance. However, the explanatory power of the model was relatively low, indicating the potential impact of other factors that were not incorporated in the model. Study implications are discussed. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Ghana; Market orientation; MARKOR scale; microenterprises (MEs)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84911991008	Gender differences in South African men and women's access to and evaluation of informal sources of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information	Stern E., Cooper D., Gibbs A.	2015	Sex Education	15	1	10.1080/14681811.2014.947363	Women'Health Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; HEARD (Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Stern, E., Women'Health Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cooper, D., Women'Health Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Gibbs, A., HEARD (Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	While much research has documented unsatisfactory sexual and reproductive health (SRH) awareness among young people in South Africa, understanding of gender differences in access to and evaluation of SRH information is limited. This paper concerned itself with men and women's informal sources and content of SRH, and gendered divergences around accessibility, evaluation, and impact of such information. Fifty sexual history narrative interviews and twenty-five narrative interviews with women were conducted with participants purposively sampled from a range of ages, cultural and racial backgrounds, and in urban and rural sites across five provinces in South Africa. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. While young women were more likely to learn about SRH information from family members, they also reported greater regulation concerning their sexuality. This could enhance stigma surrounding women's sexuality and hinder open communication. Men predominantly learned about sex through pornography and peers, which was reported to encourage sexual prowess to the neglect of practising safer sex. Lack of adequate SRH instruction for young people as revealed through the narratives had significant and often negative implications for men and women's early safer sex behaviours. In response to these insights, recommendations are offered to strengthen informal sources of SRH awareness. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	gender; informal sources; sexual and reproductive health; South Africa; young people	None	None
WoS	WOS:000295735200015	Evaluation of a Peer Network-Based Sexual Risk Reduction Intervention for Men in Beer Halls in Zimbabwe: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial	Chasakara, Charles,Chirowodza, Admire,Fritz, Katherine,Kellogg, Timothy,Makumbe, Knox,Mashoko, Chamunorwa,McFarland, Willi,Woelk, Godfrey,Wyrod, Robert	2011	AIDS AND BEHAVIOR	15	8	10.1007/s10461-011-9922-1	Research Triangle Institute, University of California San Francisco, University of California System, University of Michigan, University of Michigan System, University of Zimbabwe, Harare Beer Hall Intervent, Int Ctr Res Women, RTI Int, San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth	"Wyrod, Robert: University of Michigan","Wyrod, Robert: University of Michigan System",	While much emphasis has been placed on involving men in AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa, there remain few rigorously evaluated interventions in this area. A particularly appealing point of intervention is the sexual risk behavior associated with men's alcohol consumption. This article reports the outcomes of The Sahwira HIV Prevention Program, a male-focused, peer-based intervention promoting the idea that men can assist their friends in avoiding high-risk sexual encounters associated with alcohol drinking. The intervention was evaluated in a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) implemented in 24 beer halls in Harare, Zimbabwe. A cadre of 413 male beer hall patrons (similar to 20% of the patronage) was trained to assist their male peers within their friendship networks. Activities included one-on-one interactions, small group discussions, and educational events centering on the theme of men helping their male friends avoid risk. Venues were randomized into 12 control versus 12 intervention beer halls with little cross-contamination between study arms. The penetration and impact of the intervention were assessed by pre- and post-intervention cross-sectional surveys of the beer hall patronage. The intervention was implemented with a high degree of fidelity to the protocol, with exposure to the intervention activities significantly higher among intervention patrons compared to control. While we found generally declining levels of risk behavior in both study arms from baseline to post-intervention, we found no evidence of an impact of the intervention on our primary outcome measure: episodes of unprotected sex with non-wife partners in the preceding 6 months (median 5.4 episodes for men at intervention beer halls vs. 5.1 among controls, P = 0.98). There was also no evidence that the intervention reduced other risks for HIV. It remains an imperative to find ways to productively engage men in AIDS prevention, especially in those venues where male bonding, alcohol consumption, and sexual risk behavior are intertwined.	ALCOHOL,"Beer halls",HIV,MEN,ZIMBABWE,AIDS,BEHAVIOR,"DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS","GAY MEN",HIV/AIDS,"HIV-PREVENTION INTERVENTION","OPINION LEADERS","PARTNER VIOLENCE","SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907680981	Is consumer confidence an indicator of JSE performance?	Solanki K., Seetharam Y.	2014	Contemporary Economics	8	3	10.5709/ce.1897-9254.144	University of the Witwatersrand, School of Economic and Business Sciences, South Africa	Solanki, K., University of the Witwatersrand, School of Economic and Business Sciences, South Africa; Seetharam, Y., University of the Witwatersrand, School of Economic and Business Sciences, South Africa	While most studies examine the impact of business confidence on market performance, we instead focus on the consumer because consumer spending habits are a natural extension of trading activity on the equity market. This particular study examines investor sentiment as measured by the Consumer Confidence Index in South Africa and its effect on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). We employ Granger causality tests to investigate the relationship across time between the Consumer Confidence Index and market performance. The results show weak evidence of a contemporaneous relationship; however, significant evidence of a Granger caused relationship is apparent. Further, changes in investor sentiment Granger-cause changes in the two indices used, generally with a lag of 9 and 12 months, but not vice versa. Thus, we find that Consumer Confidence leads JSE performance during our sample period. Our research provides evidence contradicting the common perception of consumer confidence lagging market performance, particularly in the South African context. © 2007 University of Finance and Management in Warsaw & Vizja Press&IT.	Behavioral finance; Consumer confidence; Financial markets; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548515505	Magnetic imaging of the Vredefort impact crater, South Africa	Muundjua M., Hart R.J., Gilder S.A., Carporzen L., Galdeano A.	2007	Earth and Planetary Science Letters	261	42433	10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.044	iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France	Muundjua, M., iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Hart, R.J., iThemba Labs, P. Bag 11, Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gilder, S.A., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Carporzen, L., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Galdeano, A., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Equipe de Paléomagnétisme, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France	While most impact craters are characterised by negative magnetic anomalies over their central regions, aeromagnetic surveys over the Vredefort meteorite impact crater reveal multiple concentric magnetic patterns with no significant anomaly at its centre. We performed ground magnetic surveys across a portion of a prominent negative magnetic anomaly that extends in a broad semicircular belt about half way into the basement floor of the crater. Magnetic anomalies defined by our data are most often negative and occur over a wide range of wavelengths. The longest wavelength negative anomaly coincides well with aeromagnetic data. We find that this feature is centred over the amphibolite to granulite metamorphic facies transition exposed in the basement floor. The transition zone is analogous to the Conrad discontinuity, observed at depths of about 20 km elsewhere in the Kaapvaal craton. Petrographic studies show a marked increase in the intensity of the impact-related thermal and shock metamorphism at this transition, which we explain by the focusing and defocusing of shock waves at a rheologic interface during impact. We therefore suggest that the magnetic signature at this boundary is caused by a combination of both thermal and shock effects related to the impact event. A numerical model of the long wavelength anomaly suggests that it is underlain by a body of coherently magnetised rock whose direction and intensity are similar to those found in pseudotachylites and impact melts that formed during impact. On the other hand, negative anomalies occurring over smaller (100 to 20 m) wavelengths often do not coincide with the surface geology. These features cannot be modeled using the same criteria as that for the long wavelength anomaly. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	magnetic survey; magnetism; meteorite impact; plasma; Vredefort crater	Magnetic imaging; Magnetic survey; Metamorphism; Geomagnetism; Mathematical models; Metamorphic rocks; Meteorites; Petrography; Rheology; Tectonics; aeromagnetic survey; crater; granulite; impact structure; magnetic anomaly; magnetic field; metamorphic facies; petrography; shock metamorphism; wavelength; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37649003663	Virtual international experiences in veterinary medicine: an evaluation of students' attitudes toward computer-based learning	French B.C., Hird D.W., Romano P.S., Hayes R.H., Nijhof A.M., Jongejan F., Mellor D.J., Singer R.S., Fine A.E., Gaye J.M., Davis R.G., Conrad P.A.	2007	Journal of Veterinary Medical Education	34	4	None	US Air Force; Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis Medical Center, PSSB 2400, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, United States; Computer Assisted Learning Facility, Office of the Dean, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL 3508 Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Department of Tropical Veterinary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Population Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, United States; Field Disease Investigation Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647010, Pullman, WA 99164-7010, United States; Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50013, United States; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States	French, B.C., US Air Force; Hird, D.W., Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Romano, P.S., Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis Medical Center, PSSB 2400, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, United States; Hayes, R.H., Computer Assisted Learning Facility, Office of the Dean, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Nijhof, A.M., Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL 3508 Utrecht, Netherlands; Jongejan, F., Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Tropical Veterinary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Mellor, D.J., Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Singer, R.S., Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Fine, A.E., Population Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, United States; Gaye, J.M., Field Disease Investigation Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647010, Pullman, WA 99164-7010, United States; Davis, R.G., Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50013, United States; Conrad, P.A., Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States	While many studies have evaluated whether or not factual information can be effectively communicated using computer-aided tools, none has focused on establishing and changing students' attitudes toward international animal-health issues. The study reported here was designed to assess whether educational modules on an interactive computer CD elicited a change in veterinary students' interest in and attitudes toward international animal-health issues. Volunteer veterinary students at seven universities (first-year students at three universities, second-year at one, third-year at one, and fourth-year at two) were given by random assignment either an International Animal Health (IAH) CD or a control CD, ParasitoLog (PL). Participants completed a pre-CD survey to establish baseline information on interest and attitudes toward both computers and international animal-health issues. Four weeks later, a post-CD questionnaire was distributed. On the initial survey, most students expressed an interest in working in the field of veterinary medicine in another country. Responses to the three pre-CD questions relating to attitudes toward the globalization of veterinary medicine, interest in foreign animal disease, and inclusion of a core course on international health issues in the veterinary curriculum were all positive, with average values above 3 (on a five-point scale where 5 represented strong agreement or interest). Almost all students considered it beneficial to learn about animal-health issues in other countries. After students reviewed the IAH CD, we found a decrease at four universities, an increase at one university, and no change at the remaining two universities in students' interest in working in some area of international veterinary medicine. However, none of the differences was statistically significant. © 2007 AAVMC.	Computer-based; Education; International; Veterinary medicine	adolescent; adult; article; attitude; attitude to computers; education; female; human; international cooperation; Internet; male; methodology; psychological aspect; questionnaire; student; teaching; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude; Attitude to Computers; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Education, Distance; Education, Veterinary; Female; Humans; International Cooperation; Internet; Male; Questionnaires; Students; Animalia	None
WoS	WOS:000333512700004	The impact of physical and psychosocial risks on employee well-being and quality of life: The case of the mining industry in Ghana	Amponsah-Tawiah, Kwesi,Cox, Tom,Hollis, David,Jain, Aditya,Leka, Stavroula	2014	SAFETY SCIENCE	65	None	10.1016/j.ssci.2013.12.002	University of Nottingham, Univ Ghana Business Sch	"Cox, Tom: University of Nottingham","Hollis, David: University of Nottingham","Jain, Aditya: University of Nottingham","Leka, Stavroula: University of Nottingham",	While in recent years there has been a growing awareness among mining companies of the need to address physical injuries and environmental issues, there remains a lack of knowledge about how psychosocial risks independently and in conjunction with physical risks affect the health, general well-being and quality of life of mine workers. A cross sectional survey was administered to 330 employees of five large scale mining companies producing three different mineral products (gold, manganese and bauxite) to examine physical and psychosocial hazards in the Ghanaian mining industry and their potential impact on the quality of life and general well-being of employees. Responses from 307 participants showed mining equipment, ambient conditions, and work demands and control as being significant predictors of quality of life and general well-being after controlling for demographics. Age as a demographic variable also had important implications, with older workers experiencing better well-being and quality of life. Implications of findings for the mining sector in Ghana and other developing countries are discussed as a starting point towards developing further initiatives in this area. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	"DEVELOPING COUNTRY",MINING,"Physical and psychosocial risks","QUALITY OF LIFE",WELL-BEING,HEALTH,"INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS",INJURIES,INTERVENTION,JOB-STRESS,MINERS,NOISE,"OCCUPATIONAL STRESS",WORKERS	None	None
None	None	Modelling the impact of vaccination and screening on the dynamics of human papillomavirus infection	Shaban N., Mofi H.	2014	International Journal of Mathematical Analysis	8	42625	10.12988/ijma.2014.312302	Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Box 35062, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Box 8944, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Shaban, N., Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam, Box 35062, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Box 8944, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mofi, H., Box 8944, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	While human papillomavirus has been a recognized disease for a long time, the control of outbreaks remains a challenge. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of screening and vaccination as control strategies in curtailing the spread of the disease. Using the next generation matrix, the disease free equilibrium has be shown to be asymptotically stable. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is then per-formed on the key parameters driving HPV dynamics in order to detrmine their relative importance and potential impact in HPV dynamics and to dertmine the impacts of vaccination and screening in the spread of HPV. Numerical results in-dicate that HPV infection can be reduced hwn both interventions, that is screenig and vaccination, are implemented in order to reduce the burden of the disease.Copyright. © 2014 Nyimvua Shaban and Hawa Mofi.	HPV infection; Reproduction number; Screening; Treatment; Vaccination	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857854110	Heterospecific egg destruction by Wattled Starlings and the impact on Pied Babbler reproductive success	Ridley A.R., Thompson A.M.	2011	Ostrich	82	3	10.2989/00306525.2011.618247	Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 209 Culloden Road, Marsfield, Sydney, NSW 2122, Australia; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, The Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Ridley, A.R., Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 209 Culloden Road, Marsfield, Sydney, NSW 2122, Australia, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, The Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Thompson, A.M., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, The Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	While egg destruction by brood parasites is a relatively well-known phenomenon, such destruction by non-brood-parasitic heterospecifics is less common. Here, we provide the first evidence of egg destruction by Wattled Starlings Creatophora cinerea on Pied Babblers Turdoides bicolor. We find that the incubation success of Pied Babblers decreases significantly following the arrival of Wattled Starlings at the study site, and we provide video evidence of Wattled Starlings destroying Pied Babbler eggs. This behaviour is costly to Pied Babblers, whose current reproductive attempt is abandoned, with subsequent reproductive attempts delayed by several weeks. We found no evidence that egg destruction occurred for nutritional benefit: Wattled Starlings never consumed the eggs they destroyed. Rather, this behaviour appears to represent a form of resource competition, since Wattled Starlings only predate babbler nests in habitats where the starlings also build their nests. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	None	Creatophora cinerea; Sturnidae; Timaliidae; Turdoides bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951882580	Impacts of land certification on tenure security, investment, and land market participation: Evidence from Ethiopia	Deininger K., Ali D.A., Alemu T.	2011	Land Economics	87	2	None	Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Deininger, K., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ali, D.A., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Alemu, T., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	While early attempts at land titling in Africa were often unsuccessful, factors such as new legislation, low-cost methods, and increasing demand for land have generated renewed interest. A four-period panel allows use of a pipeline and difference-indifferences approach to assess impacts of land registration in Ethiopia. We find that the program increased tenure security, land-related investment, and rental market participation and yielded benefits significantly above the cost of implementation. © 2011 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.	None	certification; implementation process; land market; land registration; land tenure; rental sector; tenure system; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845650264	Does the location of arts festivals matter for the economic impact?	Saayman M., Saayman A.	2006	Papers in Regional Science	85	4	10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00094.x	Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; School of Economics, Risk Management and International Trade, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Saayman, M., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Saayman, A., School of Economics, Risk Management and International Trade, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	While cultural events are primarily hosted to enhance, expand and celebrate a certain culture, the economic role that these events play in the host towns are often overlooked. The economic importance stems from the expenditure by attendants that filters through the local economy, stimulating output in the economy. This note makes use of primary data obtained from visitor (demand side) and business (supply side) surveys to determine the local economic impact of the three leading arts festivals in South Africa. The results indicate that the location and size of the town is an important factor in the impact of the event on the town and the region. © 2006 the author(s). Journal compilation © 2006 RSAI.	Economics of the arts; Impact analysis; South Africa; Tourism	art; economic impact; festival; local economy; tourism economics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000302270600009	Meaningful involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda through linkages between network groups and health facilities: An evaluation study	Kalibala, Samuel,Kim, Young Mi,Lukwago, John,Neema, Stella,Weiss, Deborah C.	2012	PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH &amp; MEDICINE	17	2	10.1080/13548506.2011.592844	Johns Hopkins University, Hlth Consult Ltd, Makerere Inst Social Res	"Kim, Young Mi: Johns Hopkins University",	While community-based groups are able to provide vital support to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV), their organizational and technical capacities are limited, and they frequently operate in isolation from PLHIV groups. We evaluated a three-year project implemented by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance in Uganda to increase the involvement of PLHIV in the HIV/AIDS response and to improve access to and utilization of prevention, treatment, care, and support services for households affected by HIV/AIDS. Information sources included project monitoring data, interviews with 113 key informants, and 17 focus group discussions in 11 districts. The evaluation found that PLHIV groups reached large numbers of people with education and awareness activities and made a growing number of referrals to health facilities and community-based services. The project trained individuals living openly with HIV as service providers in the community and at designated health facilities. Their presence helped to reduce the stigma that previously deterred PLHIV from seeking care and encouraged individuals to disclose their HIV status to spouses and family members. The project has put into practice the widely endorsed principles of greater and meaningful involvement of PLHIV in a systematic manner and on a large scale. A wide audience-ranging from grassroots PLHIV networks and AIDS service organizations to national-level non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and international organizations-can benefit from the lessons learned.	Africa,HIV/AIDS,"meaningful involvement of people living with HIV",UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960312308	The impact of mega-sport events on tourist arrivals	Fourie J., Santana-Gallego M.	2011	Tourism Management	32	6	10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.011	Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Applied Economics Department, Instituto Universitario de Desarrollo Regional, University of La Laguna, Spain	Fourie, J., Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Santana-Gallego, M., Applied Economics Department, Instituto Universitario de Desarrollo Regional, University of La Laguna, Spain	While a mega-sport event is scheduled at least once every year somewhere in the world, these events are rare occurrences for the host cities and countries. The benefits of such events seem lucrative; the very fact that many countries bid to host these events suggests that the benefits - be they tangible or intangible - more often than not outweigh the costs. Using a standard gravity model of bilateral tourism flows between 200 countries from 1995 to 2006, this paper measures a very direct benefit of such mega-events: the increase in tourist arrivals to the host country. In general, the results suggest that mega-sport events promote tourism but the gain varies depending on the type of mega-event, the participating countries and whether the event is held during the peak season or off-season. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Displacement; Gravity equation; Mega-sport events; Olympics; Tourism; World Cup	numerical model; Olympic Games; tourism development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892578494	Competitive forces influencing business performance of bicycle Taxis in Kisumu City, Kenya	Kokwaro P.L., Ajowi J.O., Kokwaro E.A.	2013	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	4	2	10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n2p719	Box 30-40100, Kisumu, Kenya; School of Education, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, University of Science and Technology, Kenya; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, University of Science and Technology, Box 210 - 40601, Bondo, Kenya	Kokwaro, P.L., Box 30-40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Ajowi, J.O., School of Education, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, University of Science and Technology, Kenya; Kokwaro, E.A., Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, University of Science and Technology, Box 210 - 40601, Bondo, Kenya	Whether domestically or globally, transport is the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another. It enables trade between people and organizations. Globally, transport is the key necessity for specialization. Domestically, not only is Kenya connected by various categories of transport infrastructure but even by different modes, each competing with the other to get the better of the market. In Kisumu City, for example, there is fierce business competition among minivans, locally known as matatus, rick - shaws, referred to in Kenya as tuk-tuks, motor cycles and bicycle taxis. Started in 1960s in Busia County along the Kenya/Uganda border, the bicycle taxis are significantly affected by the current business competition. Before this study commenced, a preliminary survey in April, 2011 indicated that the number of bicycle taxis in Kisumu City had dropped by 61%. Whereas the decline had been variously attributed to the threat of substitutes, new entrants, consumer bargaining power, supplier bargaining power and rivalry among the current competitors, it was not clear which factors influenced the decline and to what extent. Neither had there been any study done to establish the cause of the decline. This study intended to determine competitive forces influencing the business performance of bicycle taxis in Kisumu City. The study used Porter's Five Forces Framework, which analyses industry competition. Also, this study used cross sectional survey design to analyze and discover occurrences, since the researcher's intention was to describe events without manipulating variables. The study population was 632 bicycle taxi riders, 28 of whom came from the lake Market cluster, 90 in the stage market, 26 in Varsity plaza area and 77 in the Oile/Coca Cola square cluster. There were 99 in A-Z Anvi Emporium Cluster, 188 from Kibuye market cluster and 124 from Kondele cluster. A sample of 90 was obtained for analyzing bicycle taxi-riders in Kisumu City. Primary data was obtained through the administration of structured and semi structured questionnaires of the sample of 90 taxi-riders. Secondary data was obtained from journals, publications and from records of the Municipal Council of Kisumu. Quantitative data was analyzed using Chi square and Percentage techniques. The key findings of this study was that 60.97% of bicycle taxi riders in Kisumu City considered substitutes as the main competitive threat. The next most important competitive forces influencing business performance were new entrants at 57.31%, customer bargaining power at 52.43% and rivalry among current competitors at 42.68% respectively. The significance of this study is that it adds towards knowledge about the relevance of Porter's Five Forces Framework to small-scale business industries in developing countries like Kenya. Stakeholders in public transport, like the Government and researchers with an interest to improve public transport would also find this study useful. This study concludes that substitute public transport services are the major competitive threat to bicycle taxis in Kisumu City.	Business performance; Kisumu City; Public transport	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40349096731	Using radar charts with qualitative evaluation: Techniques to assess change in blended learning	Kaczynski D., Wood L., Harding A.	2008	Active Learning in Higher Education	9	1	10.1177/1469787407086743	University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	Kaczynski, D., University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Wood, L., Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Harding, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	When university academics implement changes in learning, such as introducing blended learning, it is conventional practice to examine and evaluate the impact of the resulting curriculum reform. Judging the worth and impact of an educational development is a complex task involving subtle differences in learning. Qualitative methods to explore these deep processes in learning include using interviews, observations and open-ended questionnaires targeting all stakeholders in the process, such as students, teachers, administration and technical staff. These evaluation tasks generate a mass of raw data that many faculty members in higher education are unaccustomed to analyzing. This article provides a framework using radar charts adapted from the field of organizational development. A modified six-zone radar chart was used to assess the extent of blended learning in order to compare changes in the learning environment. Data collection included interviews, classroom observations and electronic records generated during educational delivery over a 1-year period of time. A purposeful sample of online course data was collected by three participating universities in South Africa, Australia, and the United States. © 2008 SAGE Publications.	Blended learning; Curriculum development; Evaluation; Instructional assessment; International education; Qualitative research; Radar chart	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956741731	Measuring quality performance of cadastral survey and deeds registration work processes	Chimhamhiwa D., Mutanga O., van der Molen P.	2011	Land Use Policy	28	1	10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.04.007	University of KwaZulu Natal, Land Information Management Programme, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; University of Twente, Faculty of Geo Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500AA Enschede, Netherlands	Chimhamhiwa, D., University of KwaZulu Natal, Land Information Management Programme, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Mutanga, O., University of KwaZulu Natal, Land Information Management Programme, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; van der Molen, P., University of Twente, Faculty of Geo Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500AA Enschede, Netherlands	When land parcel boundaries are surveyed for purposes of registration in most southern African countries, the cadastral survey records and diagrams prepared have to be examined and approved by the Surveyor General first before they can be registered in the Deeds Registries. For such records to be approved, their quality must conform to requirements stipulated in relevant acts and regulations. Where regulatory requirements are not met, the records are rejected and returned for corrections and resubmission. From a cross-organizational context, poor quality documents lodged upstream have the effect of congesting examination processes downstream as records are rejected and returned backwards due to quality failure. The paper proposes a quality performance measurement model to analyze quality performance in land administration work processes. The developed model is tested on 2 survey examination and approval sites and 3 deeds registration sites in Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Based on below expected quality results obtained at one of the sites, a root cause analysis was conducted to establish recurring and underlying causal factors upon which quality improvement strategies can be built on. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Cadastral survey examination; Deeds examination; Process yield; Quality performance; Root causes	administration; cadastre; land registration; quality control; surveying; Namibia; South Africa; Zimbabwe	None
WoS	WOS:000297213800001	When does rigorous impact evaluation make a difference? The case of the Millennium Villages	Clemens, Michael A.,Demombynes, Gabriel	2011	JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS	3	3	10.1080/19439342.2011.587017	The World Bank, Ctr Global Dev	"Demombynes, Gabriel: The World Bank",	When is the rigorous impact evaluation of development projects a luxury, and when a necessity? The authors study one high-profile case: the Millennium Villages Project (MVP), an experimental and intensive package intervention to spark sustained local economic development in rural Africa. They illustrate the benefits of rigorous impact evaluation in this setting by showing that estimates of the project's effects depend heavily on the evaluation method. Comparing trends at the MVP intervention sites in Kenya, Ghana, and Nigeria with trends in the surrounding areas yields much more modest estimates of the project's effects than the before-versus-after comparisons published thus far by the MVP. Neither approach constitutes a rigorous impact evaluation of the MVP, which is impossible to perform due to weaknesses in the evaluation design of the project's initial phase. These weaknesses include the subjective choice of intervention sites, the subjective choice of comparison sites, the lack of baseline data on comparison sites, the small sample size, and the short time horizon. The authors describe one of many ways that the next wave of the intervention could be designed to allow proper evaluation of the MVP's impact at little additional cost.	evaluation,"millennium development goals",PACKAGE,VILLAGE,ECONOMICS,KENYA,RANDOMIZATION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952564124	Signal level Simulator for netted text radar waveforms evaluation	Paichard Y., Brooker M., Inggs M.	2010	IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine	25	3	10.1109/MAES.2010.5463953	Radar AndRemoe Sensing Group, University of CapeTown, South Africa	Paichard, Y., Radar AndRemoe Sensing Group, University of CapeTown, South Africa; Brooker, M., Radar AndRemoe Sensing Group, University of CapeTown, South Africa; Inggs, M., Radar AndRemoe Sensing Group, University of CapeTown, South Africa	When evaluating the performances of radar waveforms, it is crucial to understand how the signal is affected by multiple interactions with the environment and the system hardware. Analysis of complex radar systems, such as multistatic and netted designs (see Figure 1) is often intractable without the application of a dedicated radar simulation system. Recent research into radar simulation has focused primarily on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems [1] and is not entirely applicable to traditional radar systems concerned with the location and tracking of remote targets. A complete simulator has been designed for the accurate simulation of raw returns in complex, multistatic, and netted radars, and is applicable to pulsed and continuous wave (CW) systems, and both active and passive radar systems. The Flexible Simulator for Multistatic Radars (FERS) can be used to simulate radar systems with arbitrary waveforms and arbitrary numbers of receivers, transmitters, and scatterers. Herein, algorithms for the simulation of raw radar return signals are presented, based on interpolation and modification of the transmitted signal and modeling of the radar hardware and environment. The algorithms are expected to be especially valuable for the simulation of emerging radar technologies, such as Passive Coherent Location (PCL) [2], netted radar and phased array radar. Preliminary results, presented herein, suggest that these algorithms can simulate physical systems with excellent accuracy. © 2006 IEEE.	None	Arbitrary number; Arbitrary waveform; Continuous waves; Flexible simulators; Multi-static; Multiple interactions; Netted radar; Passive coherent locations; Passive radars; Phased array radars; Physical systems; Radar returns; Radar simulation; Radar technology; Radar waveforms; Signal level; System hardware; Transmitted signal; Algorithms; Continuous wave radar; Imaging systems; Multistatic radars; Radar; Radar simulators; Simulators; Synthetic aperture radar; Radar systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863038121	Investigation of factors influencing the determination of discount rate in the economic evaluation of mineral development projects	Park S.-J., Matunhire I.I.	2011	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	111	11	None	University of Pretoria, South Africa	Park, S.-J., University of Pretoria, South Africa; Matunhire, I.I., University of Pretoria, South Africa	When evaluating mining investment opportunities, one should consider the risks associated with mineral exploration and development. These are commonly classified as technical, economic, and political risks, and are accounted for in the investment decision by changing the discount rate. Thus, a company may use different discount rates associated with varying risks in order to compensate for the variability of success. The discount rate has a tremendous effect on the economic evaluation of mineral projects. Even when all other factors used as inputs for calculating the NPV (net present value) are equal, the project under consideration may be accepted or rejected depending upon the discount rate. Determining a realistic discount rate for a given project is therefore the most difficult and important aspect of cash flow analysis. It should be determined with the consideration of proper technical, economic, and political conditions surrounding the specific project undergoing economic evaluation. One key problem for determining the appropriate discount rate is that it typically depends more on subjective perception of the degree of risk or other experience factors than on a systematic approach. Thus, this study aims to identify, analyse, and document the type, role, and impact of risk factors influencing the determination of discount rates, and then to determine discount rate by using the aforementioned factors. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2011.	Discount rate; Economic evaluation; Mine development; Risk factors	Cash flow analysis; Degree of risks; Discount rates; Economic evaluation; Economic evaluations; Investment decisions; Mine development; Mineral development; Mineral projects; Mining investment; Net present value; Political conditions; Political risks; Risk factors; Investments; Mineral exploration; Mineral resources; Risk perception	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907330626	A framework for monitoring social process and outcomes in environmental programs	Chapman S.	2014	Evaluation and Program Planning	47	None	10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2014.07.004	Institute for Monitoring and Evaluation, Section of Organisational Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa	Chapman, S., Institute for Monitoring and Evaluation, Section of Organisational Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa	When environmental programs frame their activities as being in the service of human wellbeing, social variables need to be integrated into monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks. This article draws upon ecosystem services theory to develop a framework to guide the M&E of collaborative environmental programs with anticipated social benefits. The framework has six components: program need, program activities, pathway process variables, moderating process variables, outcomes, and program value. Needs are defined in terms of ecosystem services, as well as other human needs that must be addressed to achieve outcomes. The pathway variable relates to the development of natural resource governance capacity in the target community. Moderating processes can be externalities such as the inherent capacity of the natural system to service ecosystem needs, local demand for natural resources, policy or socio-economic drivers. Internal program-specific processes relate to program service delivery, targeting and participant responsiveness. Ecological outcomes are expressed in terms of changes in landscape structure and function, which in turn influence ecosystem service provision. Social benefits derived from the program are expressed in terms of the value of the eco-social service to user-specified goals. The article provides suggestions from the literature for identifying indicators and measures for components and component variables, and concludes with an example of how the framework was used to inform the M&E of an adaptive co-management program in western Kenya. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Adaptive co-management; Collaborative adaptive management; Community based natural resource management; Conceptual framework; Conservation; Ecosystems services theory; Environmental programs; Indicators; Monitoring and evaluation; Theory-based evaluation	adaptive management; comanagement; community resource management; conceptual framework; conservation; ecosystem service; environmental planning; monitoring; social impact; environmental management; Kenya; cooperation; environmental health; environmental protection; human; Kenya; methodology; organization and management; policy; procedures; program evaluation; socioeconomics; sociology; Conservation of Natural Resources; Cooperative Behavior; Environmental Health; Humans; Kenya; Policy; Program Evaluation; Research Design; Social Sciences; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71949099485	Indicator patches: Exploiting spatial heterogeneity to improve monitoring systems	Stokes C.J., Yeaton R.I., Bayer M.B., Bestelmeyer B.T.	2009	Rangeland Journal	31	4	10.1071/RJ08021	Department of Botany, Research Unit for Plant Growth and Development, University of Natal, P/Bag X01, Scotsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; BElsenberg Agricultural Development Institute, Department of Agricultural Development, Private Bag, Elsenberg 7607, South Africa; CUSDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Box 30003 MSC3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; CSIRO Davies Laboratory, PMB PO Aitkenvale, QLD 4814, Australia; Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Altair # 200, Fracc. Del Llano, San Luis Potosí 78377, Mexico; 29 Weltevrede St, Paarl 7646, South Africa	Stokes, C.J., Department of Botany, Research Unit for Plant Growth and Development, University of Natal, P/Bag X01, Scotsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa, CSIRO Davies Laboratory, PMB PO Aitkenvale, QLD 4814, Australia; Yeaton, R.I., Department of Botany, Research Unit for Plant Growth and Development, University of Natal, P/Bag X01, Scotsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa, Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Altair # 200, Fracc. Del Llano, San Luis Potosí 78377, Mexico; Bayer, M.B., BElsenberg Agricultural Development Institute, Department of Agricultural Development, Private Bag, Elsenberg 7607, South Africa, 29 Weltevrede St, Paarl 7646, South Africa; Bestelmeyer, B.T., CUSDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Box 30003 MSC3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States	When choosing which environmental attributes to monitor in assessing disturbance, it is important to consider not only which metric will provide the most sensitive indicator of disturbance, but also the spatial considerations of where in the landscape that metric will be most responsive to change. Degradation in landscapes is often unevenly expressed because: (i) disturbance is spatially localised, (ii) landscape elements differ in their sensitivity to disturbance, and (iii) degradation following localised disturbance is spatially contagious. The spatial heterogeneity of degradation has proven to be a key obstacle to rangeland monitoring (e.g. where the initiating processes of broad-scale degradation are concentrated in landscape locations that are not detected by surveys) but can also provide opportunities to focus monitoring efforts. We propose that the effectiveness of monitoring could be enhanced by identifying and selectively monitoring 'indicator patches', i.e. specific landscape locations that provide the most management-relevant and timely information about the consequences of a monitored disturbance. We tested and demonstrated the utility of the 'indicator patch' concept in the rangelands of the Succulent Karoo in southern Africa. We contrasted the grazing response of dominant 'representative' vegetation, with responses of interspersed patches of distinct vegetation associated with zoogenic mounds. Since mound vegetation is more palatable and preferentially grazed by sheep, we tested whether mounds could serve as 'indicator patches' in providing a sensitive measure of grazing disturbance. Percentage canopy cover measurements in dominant off-mound vegetation provided a poor indicator of grazing disturbance (although more intensive plant size measurements did reveal grazing impacts on plant population dynamics). In contrast, vegetation on mounds displayed patterns of changes in species abundances that were easier to detect and useful for interpreting and quantifying the effects of grazing. Mound vegetation could, therefore, be used as 'indicator patches' and targeted for exclusive sampling as a sensitive method for monitoring rangeland condition and detecting early warnings of vegetation change. This approach could be widely employed to better harness the extensive knowledge base regarding the patchy, spatially localised nature of degradation-initiating processes in numerous other landscapes. Routinely incorporating this understanding into the design of monitoring programs could improve the effectiveness of sampling effort, allow detection of more subtle trends (changes), and provide earlier warning of impending degradation so remedial action can be taken before degradation becomes severe and widespread. © 2009 Australian Rangeland Society.	Karoo; Plant demographics; Rangeland	Harness; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649773344	Estimating expenditure impacts without expenditure data using asset proxies	Wittenberg M.	2011	Economics Letters	110	2	10.1016/j.econlet.2010.11.009	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Wittenberg, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa	When asset indices are used in regressions the coefficients obtained are typically difficult to interpret. We show how lower bounds on expenditure effects can be extracted, if the relationship between the assets and expenditure can be calibrated on an auxiliary data set. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Asset index; Attenuation; Obesity; Proxy variables	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84958102539	Monitoring of Extraction Efficiency by a Sample Process Control Virus Added Immediately Upon Sample Receipt	Ruhanya V., Diez-Valcarce M., D’Agostino M., Cook N., Hernández M., Rodríguez-Lázaro D.	2015	Food and Environmental Virology	7	4	10.1007/s12560-015-9214-4	Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Food Technology Section, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain; Microbiology Section, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bauñuelos s/n, Burgos, Spain	Ruhanya, V., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Diez-Valcarce, M., Food Technology Section, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; D’Agostino, M., Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Cook, N., Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom; Hernández, M., Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain; Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain, Microbiology Section, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bauñuelos s/n, Burgos, Spain	When analysing food samples for enteric viruses, a sample process control virus (SPCV) must be added at the commencement of the analytical procedure, to verify that the analysis has been performed correctly. Samples can on occasion arrive at the laboratory late in the working day or week. The analyst may consequently have insufficient time to commence and complete the complex procedure, and the samples must consequently be stored. To maintain the validity of the analytical result, it will be necessary to consider storage as part of the process, and the analytical procedure as commencing on sample receipt. The aim of this study was to verify that an SPCV can be recovered after sample storage, and thus indicate the effective recovery of enteric viruses. Two types of samples (fresh and frozen raspberries) and two types of storage (refrigerated and frozen) were studied using Mengovirus vMC0 as SPCV. SPCV recovery was not significantly different (P &gt; 0.5) regardless of sample type or duration of storage (up to 14 days at −20 °C). Accordingly, samples can be stored without a significant effect on the performance of the analysis. The results of this study should assist the analyst by demonstrating that they can verify that viruses can be extracted from food samples even if samples have been stored. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Enteric viruses; Molecular detection; Quality control; Real-time PCR; Sample process control; Storage	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883459818	Performance measures for dynamic multi-objective optimisation algorithms	Helbig M., Engelbrecht A.P.	2013	Information Sciences	250	None	10.1016/j.ins.2013.06.051	Meraka Institute, CSIR, Scientia, Meiring Naudé Road, 0184, Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Helbig, M., Meraka Institute, CSIR, Scientia, Meiring Naudé Road, 0184, Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Engelbrecht, A.P., Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	When algorithms solve dynamic multi-objective optimisation problems (DMOOPs), performance measures are required to quantify the performance of the algorithm and to compare one algorithm's performance against that of other algorithms. However, for dynamic multi-objective optimisation (DMOO) there are no standard performance measures. This article provides an overview of the performance measures that have been used so far. In addition, issues with performance measures that are currently being used in the DMOO literature are highlighted. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Dynamic multi-objective optimization; erformance measure	Algorithm's performance; Dynamic multiobjective optimization; erformance measure; Performance measure; Standard performance; Multiobjective optimization; Algorithms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144485903	Evaluation and application of the ROMS 1-way embedding procedure to the central california upwelling system	Penven P., Debreu L., Marchesiello P., McWilliams J.C.	2006	Ocean Modelling	12	42371	10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.05.002	Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France; Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, Laboratoire de Modélisation et Calcul, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Unité Mixte de Recherche LEGOS, Centre IRD de Bretagne, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France	Penven, P., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Debreu, L., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble, Laboratoire de Modélisation et Calcul, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Marchesiello, P., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213 rue Lafayette, Paris, France, Unité Mixte de Recherche LEGOS, Centre IRD de Bretagne, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France; McWilliams, J.C., Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, United States	What most clearly distinguishes near-shore and off-shore currents is their dominant spatial scale, O (1-30) km near-shore and O (30-1000) km off-shore. In practice, these phenomena are usually both measured and modeled with separate methods. In particular, it is infeasible for any regular computational grid to be large enough to simultaneously resolve well both types of currents. In order to obtain local solutions at high resolution while preserving the regional-scale circulation at an affordable computational cost, a 1-way grid embedding capability has been integrated into the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). It takes advantage of the AGRIF (Adaptive Grid Refinement in Fortran) Fortran 90 package based on the use of pointers. After a first evaluation in a baroclinic vortex test case, the embedding procedure has been applied to a domain that covers the central upwelling region off California, around Monterey Bay, embedded in a domain that spans the continental U.S. Pacific Coast. Long-term simulations (10 years) have been conducted to obtain mean-seasonal statistical equilibria. The final solution shows few discontinuities at the parent-child domain boundary and a valid representation of the local upwelling structure, at a CPU costs only lightly greater than for the inner region alone. The solution is assessed by comparison with solutions for the whole US Pacific Coast at both low and high resolutions and to solutions for only the inner region at high resolution with mean-seasonal boundary conditions. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Boundary conditions; Coastal upwelling; Eddy kinetic energy; Embedding; Mesoscale eddies; Ocean models	Algorithms; Approximation theory; Boundary conditions; Kinetic energy; Mathematical models; Numerical methods; Ocean currents; Polynomials; Statistical methods; Coastal upwelling; Eddy kinetic energy; Mesoscale eddies; Ocean models; Oceanography; boundary condition; kinetic energy; mesoscale eddy; upwelling; California Shelf; Pacific Ocean	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84918586205	Use of the myocardial performance index as a prognostic indicator of adverse fetal outcome in poorly controlled gestational diabetic pregnancies	Bhorat I.E., Bagratee J.S., Pillay M., Reddy T.	2014	Prenatal Diagnosis	34	13	10.1002/pd.4471	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Bhorat, I.E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Bagratee, J.S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Reddy, T., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	What is known about the topic?Fetal complications in gestational diabetes without microvascular complications are related to fetal hyperinsulinism. Our present prenatal surveillance techniques in diabetic pregnancies are neither appropriate nor sufficient as a monitoring tool. Impaired cardiac function in fetuses of diabetic pregnancies has been documented, but no link to adverse outcome has been demonstrated. What this study adds to the topic?This study has established an association between fetal cardiac dysfunction and abnormal fetal outcomes in poorly controlled gestational diabetic pregnancies. There seems to be an association between severity of the myocardial performance index elevation and rates of abnormal outcomes. Myocardial performance index may be an attractive monitoring tool of the fetus in poorly controlled diabetic pregnancy. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are any changes in cardiac function in fetuses of poorly controlled gestational diabetics and whether these changes influence perinatal outcome. Methods: Twenty-nine pregnant women with severe gestational diabetes on insulin therapy in the third trimester of pregnancy were recruited and matched with 29 women with normal pregnancies (control group). Using Doppler echocardiography, the modified myocardial performance index (Mod-MPI) and E wave/A wave peak velocities (E/A) ratios were determined. Placental resistance Doppler markers were also determined in both groups. Adverse perinatal outcome was defined as perinatal death, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, cord pH <7.15, 5-min Apgar score <7 and presence of cardiomyopathy. Results: The median Mod-MPI was increased (0.59 vs 0.38; p<0.0001) and the E/A ratio was decreased (0.65 vs 0.76; p<0.0001) in fetuses of diabetic mothers compared with controls. An MPI >0.52 had a sensitivity of 100% [95% confidence interval (CI) 85-100%] and specificity of 92% (95% CI 70-92%) for prediction of adverse perinatal outcome, including one stillbirth and one neonatal death. No abnormal outcomes occurred in the control group. Conclusions: There is significant impairment of cardiac function in fetuses of poorly controlled gestational diabetics. Mod-MPI and E/A ratio have the potential to improve fetal surveillance in diabetic pregnancies. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	adult; clinical trial; cross-sectional study; female; fetus heart; heart function test; human; pathophysiology; pregnancy; pregnancy diabetes mellitus; pregnancy outcome; prospective study; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Fetal Heart; Heart Function Tests; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905019402	Using clickers to facilitate interactive engagement activities in a lecture room for improved performance by students	Tlhoaele M., Hofman A., Naidoo A., Winnips K.	2014	Innovations in Education and Teaching International	51	5	10.1080/14703297.2013.796725	Teaching and Learning with Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Teacher Education, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Curriculum Development and Support, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Tlhoaele, M., Teaching and Learning with Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Hofman, A., Teacher Education, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Naidoo, A., Curriculum Development and Support, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Winnips, K., Teacher Education, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands	What impact can interactive engagement (IE) activities using clickers have on students' motivation and academic performance during lectures as compared to attending traditional types of lectures? This article positions the research on IE within the comprehensive model of educational effectiveness and Gagné's instructional events model. For the study on which this article is based, an IE model was designed and explored within a pilot group. This model identified situations that make the model effective in terms of improving students' motivation and academic performance. Personal response systems (PRS, also referred to as 'clickers') were used to promote interaction. A pre-test/post-test control group design was used. Data were collected through a questionnaire and class tests. The results indicated the significance of IE activities amongst students in this research. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.	class discussion; group discussion; individual effort; interactive engagement; personal response system	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861831370	Evidence on the impact of minimum wage laws in an informal sector: Domestic workers in South Africa	Dinkelman T., Ranchhod V.	2012	Journal of Development Economics	99	1	10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.12.006	Dartmouth College, United States; University of Cape Town, South Africa	Dinkelman, T., Dartmouth College, United States; Ranchhod, V., University of Cape Town, South Africa	What happens when a previously uncovered labor market is regulated? We exploit the introduction of a minimum wage in South Africa and variation in the intensity of this law to identify increases in wages for domestic workers and no statistically significant effects on employment on the intensive or extensive margins. These large, partial responses to the law are somewhat surprising, given the lack of monitoring and enforcement in this informal sector. We interpret these changes as evidence that strong external sanctions are not necessary for new labor legislation to have a significant impact on informal sectors of developing countries, at least in the short-run. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Africa; Domestic workers; Informal sector; Minimum wage	developing world; domestic work; informal sector; law enforcement; legislation; minimum wage; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249281963	From pastoralism to tourism: The historical impact of changing land use practices in Namaqualand	Hoffman M.T., Rohde R.F.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	70	4	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.05.014	Botany Department, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Centre for African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 4 Carlton Street, Edinburgh, EH4 1NJ Scotland, United Kingdom	Hoffman, M.T., Botany Department, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Rohde, R.F., Centre for African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 4 Carlton Street, Edinburgh, EH4 1NJ Scotland, United Kingdom	We use the concept of ecological revolutions to explain the environmental history of Namaqualand, from the advent of pastoralism 2000 years BP, to colonial settlement in the 18th century and finally to the recent trend of de-agrarianization from the middle of the 20th century. Early traveller's records and census data are used to assess changes in the human population of the region and how this affected wildlife and agricultural practices. Pre-colonial indigenous hunter-gatherer (Bushmen) and pastoralist (Khoekhoen) populations in Namaqualand consisted of probably no more than a few thousand individuals. Over the next three centuries, the general population rose steadily to more than 65,000 people but has fallen in recent years. Wildlife appears not to have been abundant in Namaqualand's pre-colonial landscapes and large springbok 'treks' were probably a rare event. The number of domestic livestock in Namaqualand peaked in 1957 largely as a result of an increase in the number of sheep which have fallen steadily since this time. Crop production was absent from Namaqualand's pre-colonial landscapes but increased to cover nearly 30,000 ha in the early 1970s. The area under cultivation has declined by nearly two thirds since this time largely as a result of the large-scale abandonment of wheat farming in marginal environments. We touch on differences between the communal areas and private farms, particularly in terms of their human populations and agricultural impact on the land. Repeat landscape photographs support our main findings which suggest that both rocky, upland habitats and rivers have not been transformed substantially by land use practices in Namaqualand. Instead, sandy pediments have borne the brunt of human impacts in the region. Finally, we highlight the beginning of a new ecological revolution in Namaqualand due to changes in the global and national political economy. © 2006.	Degradation; Environmental history; Human impact; Population; Repeat photography	anthropogenic effect; environmental history; historical geography; human settlement; land use change; pastoralism; tourism; twentieth century; Africa; Namaqualand; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Antidorcas marsupialis; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
None	None	The Impact of Trade Credit on Customer Switching Behaviour: Evidence from the Tanzanian Rice Market	Hermes N., Kihanga E., Lensink R., Lutz C.	2012	Journal of Development Studies	48	3	10.1080/00220388.2011.615921	Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Faculty of Commerce, Mzumbe University, Tanzania; Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands	Hermes, N., Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Kihanga, E., Faculty of Commerce, Mzumbe University, Tanzania; Lensink, R., Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Lutz, C., Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands	We use primary survey data to analyse the relationship between trade credit and customer switching in the context of trade transactions between wholesalers and retailers in the Tanzanian rice market. Results reveal a negative relation of trade credit and customer switching, that is, trade credit acts as a switching barrier; retailers are reluctant to move to another supplier if they depend on trade credit as a source of external finance. This interpretation fits with the underdeveloped financial markets in Tanzania, in which access to external finance is poor among rice retailers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	None	credit provision; financial market; market system; retailing; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857544257	Geostatistical inversion for 3D confidence evaluation of facies prediction: A Gulf of Guinea example	Araman A., Cadoret T., Pernia L., Minken D., Moyen R.	2011	SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts	30	1	10.1190/1.3627539	Total E and P, France; Total Upstream Nigeria Limited, Nigeria; CGG Veritas, France	Araman, A., Total E and P, France; Cadoret, T., Total E and P, France; Pernia, L., Total E and P, France; Minken, D., Total Upstream Nigeria Limited, Nigeria; Moyen, R., CGG Veritas, France	We use lithoseismic classification on geostatistical inverted seismic data to access multiple realizations of lithofacies attribute cubes. We study the variability of predicted lithofacies values to compute in 3D a confidence attribute cube. This confidence cube helps the interpreter to evaluate the robustness of a predicted lithofacies value at any point for further reservoir model building. As a result, a case study on a Gulf of Guinea dataset led to a probabilistic characterization of the connectivity between producing intervals. © 2011 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.	Africa; Inversion; Lithology; Reservoir characterization; Statistical	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904544191	The Impact of Common Property Right Forestry: Evidence from Ethiopian Villages	Gelo D., Koch S.F.	2014	World Development	64	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.020	University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa	Gelo, D., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa; Koch, S.F., University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa	We use inverse probability weighting to examine the effects of a unique two-pronged common-property forestry program in the Gimbo district of Ethiopia, which includes Joint Forestry Management and improved non-timber forest product marketing efforts. The program was found to have affected household access to agricultural land, and, thus, reduced livestock holdings, due to program strictures. Furthermore, despite those reductions, there is evidence that the program had economically significant effects on other activities. Households were able to increase their earnings from non-timber forest products, partly due to an increased labor allocation toward non-timber forest product collection. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Community forestry; Matching and Ethiopia; Treatment effects	agricultural land; common property resource; community resource management; forest management; labor supply; nontimber forest product; probability; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548625221	Assessment of the impacts of land use changes on the hydrological regime of a small rural catchment in South Africa	Troy B., Sarron C., Fritsch J.M., Rollin D.	2007	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	32	15-18	10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.049	IRD, UMR G-eau, P.O. Box 542, Newtown 2113, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Rennes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X 813, Silverton 0127 Pretoria, South Africa	Troy, B., IRD, UMR G-eau, P.O. Box 542, Newtown 2113, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sarron, C., Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Rennes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Fritsch, J.M., IRD, UMR G-eau, P.O. Box 542, Newtown 2113, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rollin, D., International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X 813, Silverton 0127 Pretoria, South Africa	Wetlands provide various environmental services and support livelihoods of poor populations in many parts of the world. Nevertheless knowledge about the quantification of the hydrological functions provided by wetlands is still limited. The current study was carried out on a small rural catchment in South Africa (263 km2), where according to the locals, a change in hydrological regime has occurred during the past decade. A small wetland area occupies the bottom of the catchment, and this wetland has been drastically reduced by small scale farming activities. The purpose of the study was twofold; on the one hand to determine if any hydrological change occurred, and on the other hand to relate it to the land use change, which is considered the cause of the change by conservationist groups. A comparative analysis of the land use of the catchment during the past decade was carried out using satellite images. The hydrological behavior of the basin during the last two decades was then studied using the conceptual rainfall-runoff model GR4J. Indeed the available climate and hydrological data was very poor and only a scarce-parameters lumped model could be used. According to Nash coefficient of efficiency, the model was able to simulate the observed runoff of the catchment with acceptable accuracy. The method showed that under similar rainfall conditions, the basin was generating more runoff in recent years than in the early 1990s. This observation matched an observed reduction in the wetland area. To check if this change in land use could be the cause of the hydrological change, rapid estimations were made of the water transfer processes in the different land use units. It appears that, in particular in the wetlands area, the processes related to land use change only account for a small proportion of the observed increase in runoff at the catchment scale. Under conditions of inaccurate hydrometeorological information, the approach used is appropriate to study the changes in the water balance at the catchment scale. We suggest that future applications of this method should in addition include an uncertainty assessment. Moreover it may be relevant to analyse if this method performs better than other parsimonious empirical models. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	GR4J; Land use changes; Olifants River; Rainfall-runoff modeling; Wetlands	Catchments; Climatology; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Rain; Rivers; Runoff; Weather forecasting; Wetlands; Hydrometeorological information; Land use changes; Rainfall-runoff modeling; Rural catchment; Land use; accuracy assessment; agriculture; catchment; comparative study; efficiency measurement; environmental assessment; environmental impact; hydrological cycle; hydrological regime; land use change; rainfall-runoff modeling; rural area; wetland management; Africa; Olifants River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746454751	Impact of land use on vegetation composition, diversity, and selected soil properties of wetlands in the southern Drakensberg mountains, South Africa	Walters D.J.J., Kotze D.C., O'Connor T.G.	2006	Wetlands Ecology and Management	14	4	10.1007/s11273-005-4990-5	Mondi Wetlands Project, Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, WWF-South Africa, P.O. Box 493, Merrivale 3291, South Africa; Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits, 2050, South Africa	Walters, D.J.J., Mondi Wetlands Project, Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, WWF-South Africa, P.O. Box 493, Merrivale 3291, South Africa; Kotze, D.C., Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; O'Connor, T.G., Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits, 2050, South Africa	Wetlands provide the ecosystem services of enhancing water quality, attenuating floods, sequestrating carbon and supporting biodiversity. In southern Africa, the pattern and intensity of land use is influenced by whether land tenure is public (state), private (individual ownership), or communal (shared agricultural and grazing resources). The influence of land tenure and its associated use on service provision was compared for communal tenure (grazing, maize production), wildlife conservation, and commercial agriculture (grazing, planted pastures) in the southern Drakensberg. Ordination analyses revealed that oxbow marshes, hill slope seepages and hygrophilous grasslands, the main hydro-geomorphic units, supported distinct plant communities that differed in their response to land use because of wetness or slope. Oxbows, uncultivated because of wetness, were inherently species poor with few exotics. Composition of hill slope seepages, uncultivated because of saturated slopes, varied among tenure types most likely in relation to grazing pressure. Seepages were threatened by the exotic invasive Rubus cuneifolius. Eighty-five percent of hygrophilous grassland had been cultivated by 1953, most of which was subsequently abandoned to secondary grassland. Primary hygrophilous grassland and hill slope seepages were the main repository for indigenous plant diversity, while communal maize fields supported a diverse mixture of mainly exotic species. Soil carbon concentrations decreased from oxbows to pastures, seepages, primary hygrophilous grassland, secondary grassland, and maize on former grassland (7.0, 4.1, 4.0, 3.5, 2.4, and 1.7%, respectively). The pattern for total soil nitrogen and sulphur were the same. Cultivation of hygrophilous grassland was estimated to have reduced soil carbon stocks to 69% of pre-settlement levels by 1953 (∼150 years BP). Stocks then increased by 8% to 2001 following crop abandonment. Cultivation has impaired water quality enhancement and flood attenuation because of greater amounts of bare ground and shorter vegetation. Further improvement of ecosystem services will depend on the influence of socio-economic factors on communal cropping. © Springer 2006.	Carbon; Communal; Cultivation; DCA; Invasives; Oxbows; Plant diversity; South Africa	community composition; grazing pressure; land use; ordination; plant community; soil carbon; soil nitrogen; soil property; vegetation; wetland; Africa; Drakensberg; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Rubus cuneifolius; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872616856	Floods and livelihoods: The impact of changing water resources on wetland agro-ecological production systems in the Tana River Delta, Kenya	Leauthaud C., Duvail S., Hamerlynck O., Paul J.-L., Cochet H., Nyunja J., Albergel J., Grünberger O.	2013	Global Environmental Change	23	1	10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.09.003	IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya; IRD, UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux (PALOC), France; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom; AgroParisTech, Comparative Agriculture and Agricultural Development Research Unit, Paris, France; KWS, Nairobi, Kenya	Leauthaud, C., IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France, Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya; Duvail, S., Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya, IRD, UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux (PALOC), France; Hamerlynck, O., Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom; Paul, J.-L., IRD, UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux (PALOC), France; Cochet, H., AgroParisTech, Comparative Agriculture and Agricultural Development Research Unit, Paris, France; Nyunja, J., Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya, KWS, Nairobi, Kenya; Albergel, J., IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; Grünberger, O., IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France	Wetlands are highly dynamic and productive systems that have been under increased pressure from changes in land use and water management strategies. In Eastern Africa, wetlands provide resources at multiple spatial and temporal levels through farming, fishing, livestock ownership and a host of other ecosystem services that sustain the local economy and individual livelihoods. As part of a broader effort to describe future development scenarios for East African coastal wetlands, this qualitative study focuses on understanding the processes by which river water depletion has affected local food production systems in Kenya's Tana River Delta over the past 50 years, and how this situation has impacted residents' livelihoods and well-being. Interviews performed in six villages among various ethnic groups, geographical locations and resource profiles indicated that the agro-ecological production systems formerly in place were adapted to the river's dynamic flooding patterns. As these flooding patterns changed, the local population diversified and abandoned or adopted various farming, fishing and livestock-rearing techniques. Despite these efforts, the decrease in water availability affected each subcomponent of the production systems under study, which led to their collapse in the 1990s. Water depletion negatively impacted local human well-being through the loss of food security. The current study provides a detailed account of the dynamics of agro-ecological production systems facing the effects of river water depletion in a wetland-associated environment in Sub-Saharan Africa. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Food production; Human well-being; River water depletion; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainability; Wetland	agroecology; delta; ecosystem service; ethnic group; flood; food production; food security; land use; qualitative analysis; river water; sustainability; water availability; water management; water resource; wetland; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tana River [Kenya]	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936744886	Herd Size-Dependent Effects of Restricted Foraging Time Allowance on Cattle Behavior, Nutrition, and Performance	Odadi W.O., Rubenstein D.I.	2015	Rangeland Ecology and Management	68	4	10.1016/j.rama.2015.05.009	Department of Natural Resources, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States	Odadi, W.O., Department of Natural Resources, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; Rubenstein, D.I., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States	We tested the influence of herd size on the effects of restricted foraging time on cattle (Bos indicus) foraging behavior, nutrition, and performance in a Kenyan savanna rangeland. Using a randomized block design, we compared weight gain, forage intake, diet selection, dietary crude protein (CP) and digestible organic matter (DOM), bite and step rates, distance travelled, and activity time budgets between steers allowed unlimited foraging time (DNG) in predator-free areas with those herded diurnally in predator-accessible areas in large (200 steers; LDG), medium (150 steers; MDG), or small (100 steers; SDG) herds and corralled at night. Daily weight gain was greater (P < 0.01) in DNG (0.61 kg) or SDG (0.56 kg) than in LDG (0.19 kg) or MDG (0.29 kg) but did not differ (P = 0.591 ) between DNG and SDG. Likewise, daily organic matter intake was greater (P < 0.05) in DNG (6.2 kg) or SDG (5.4 kg) than in LDG (3.7 kg) or MDG (3.7 kg) but did not differ (P = 0.288) between DNG and SDG. Grazing time was lower (P < 0.01) in DNG (42.2%) than in LDG (71.3%), MDG (72.2%), or SDG (69.5%), while the reverse was the case for ruminating and/or resting time (47.1%, 12.1%, 11.9%, and 10.3% in DNG, LDG, MDG, and SDG, respectively). Bite rate was lower in DNG (13.1 bites · min-1) than LDG (21.0 bites · min-1; P = 0.068), MDG (27.7 bites · min-1; P = 0.13) or SDG (26.2 bites · min-1; P = 0.007). However, diet selection, CP, DOM, step rate, and distance travelled did not differ among treatments. Our findings demonstrate subdued negative effects of restricted foraging time when cattle are herded diurnally in small-sized herds. Application of this strategy could reduce the need for eliminating wild carnivores to facilitate unrestricted foraging time for cattle. © 2015 Society for Range Management. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	corralling; human-wildlife conflict; livestock predation; predatory wild carnivores; savanna rangelands; unrestricted foraging time allowance	carnivore; cattle; food intake; foraging behavior; livestock farming; predation risk; rangeland; savanna; travel behavior; wild population; Kenya; Bos; Bos indicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876378203	Optimization of pollution control performance of wet detention ponds in tropical urban catchments using particle swarm optimization	Dan'Azumi S., Shamsudin S., Aris A.	2013	Journal of Hydroinformatics	15	2	10.2166/hydro.2012.206	Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University Kano, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria; Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysi	Dan'Azumi, S., Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University Kano, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Shamsudin, S., Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Aris, A., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia	Wet detention ponds are the best management systems for the control of urban stormwater. The objective of this study is to develop optimum pollution control performance of wet detention ponds using an analytical probabilistic model (APM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). An urban catchment, in a tropical region, was selected as a case study and APM parameters were developed using long-term rainfall data. Firstly, the active storage was kept constant while the permanent pool was varied and PSO simulations conducted. Secondly, PSO simulations were conducted, keeping the permanent pool constant and varying the active storage. The pollution control increased with increasing detention time, reached a peak value and thereafter declined. However, the pollution control was more sensitive to permanent pool than active storage as higher pollution control is attained at a shorter time using the former. The PSO captures the optimum detention time and the corresponding peak pollution control performance by five iterations and the computational time required for the PSO is much shorter than the APM which has to be exhaustively enumerated. The optimum detention time in tropical climates is found to be shorter than temperate regions and recommendations given in existing literature cannot be applied to tropical regions. © IWA Publishing 2013.	Active storage; Detention pond; Particle swarm optimization; Permanent pool; Pollution control; Wet pond	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894245776	Strengthening impact assessment: A call for integration and focus	Morrison-Saunders A., Pope J., Gunn J.A.E., Bond A., Retief F.	2014	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	32	1	10.1080/14615517.2013.872841	School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA6150, Australia; School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Integral Sustainability, P.O. Box 79, South Fremantle, WA6162, Australia; Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA6102, Australia; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7T0A9, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NorfolkNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom	Morrison-Saunders, A., School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA6150, Australia; Pope, J., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa, Integral Sustainability, P.O. Box 79, South Fremantle, WA6162, Australia, Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA6102, Australia; Gunn, J.A.E., Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7T0A9, Canada; Bond, A., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NorfolkNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Retief, F., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	We suggest that the impact assessment community has lost its way based on our observation that impact assessment is under attack because of a perceived lack of efficiency. Specifically, we contend that the proliferation of different impact assessment types creates separate silos of expertise and feeds arguments for not only a lack of efficiency but also a lack of effectiveness of the process through excessive specialisation and a lack of interdisciplinary practice. We propose that the solution is a return to the basics of impact assessment with a call for increased integration around the goal of sustainable development and focus through better scoping. We rehearse and rebut counter arguments covering silo-based expertise, advocacy, democracy, sustainability understanding and communication. We call on the impact assessment community to rise to the challenge of increasing integration and focus, and to engage in the debate about the means of strengthening impact assessment. © 2014 © 2014 IAIA.	focus; integration; inter-disciplinarity; proliferation; scoping; silo-based expertise	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646249415	Performance of hardcoded finite automata	Ngassam E.K., Kourie D.G., Watson B.W.	2006	Software - Practice and Experience	36	5	10.1002/spe.708	School of Computing, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; School of Computing, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Ngassam, E.K., School of Computing, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa, School of Computing, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Kourie, D.G., Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Watson, B.W., Fastar Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	We study the performance of a hardcoded algorithm for recognizing strings of a finite automaton's language and compare it with the use of the more conventional table-driven algorithm. In both cases, performance depends on the finite automaton's dimensions such as alphabet size and the number of states. However, the respective processing mechanisms that influence the performance, in particular cache memory usage, depend on the details of the processor's underlying architecture. In the hardcoded case, the automaton's dimensions determine the size of the code which is, in turn, the primary determinant of the way in which cache memory is used. In the table-driven case, cache memory usage is primarily determined by the way in which portions of the transition table are stored in it. Using statistical regression analysis, we provide multivariate equations to model the observed time efficiency of both methods. The equations obtained are cross-compared and conclusions are drawn. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Cache memory; Finite automata; Hardcoding; Performance; Regression analysis	Algorithms; Cache memory; Codes (symbols); Computer architecture; Information technology; Regression analysis; Statistical methods; Hardcoding; Multivariate equations; Processing mechanisms; Table-driven algorithms; Finite automata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946474311	The impact of ENSO on Southern African rainfall in CMIP5 ocean atmosphere coupled climate models	Dieppois B., Rouault M., New M.	2015	Climate Dynamics	45	42623	10.1007/s00382-015-2480-x	African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Oceanography, MARE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nansen-Tutu Center for Marine Environmental Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Dieppois, B., African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Oceanography, MARE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Rouault, M., Department of Oceanography, MARE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Nansen-Tutu Center for Marine Environmental Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; New, M., African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	We study the ability of 24 ocean atmosphere global coupled models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) to reproduce the teleconnections between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Southern African rainfall in austral summer using historical forced simulations, with a focus on the atmospheric dynamic associated with El Niño. Overestimations of summer rainfall occur over Southern Africa in all CMIP5 models. Abnormal westward extensions of ENSO patterns are a common feature of all CMIP5 models, while the warming of the Indian Ocean that happens during El Niño is not correctly reproduced. This could impact the teleconnection between ENSO and Southern African rainfall which is represented with mixed success in CMIP5 models. Large-scale anomalies of suppressed deep-convection over the tropical maritime continent and enhanced convection from the central to eastern Pacific are correctly simulated. However, regional biases occur above Africa and the Indian Ocean, particularly in the position of the deep convection anomalies associated with El Niño, which can lead to the wrong sign in rainfall anomalies in the northwest part of South Africa. From the near-surface to mid-troposphere, CMIP5 models underestimate the observed anomalous pattern of pressure occurring over Southern Africa that leads to dry conditions during El Niño years. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	CMIP5; Coupled model; El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO); Rainfall; Southern Africa; Teleconnection	atmosphere-ocean coupling; atmospheric convection; atmospheric dynamics; climate modeling; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; rainfall; teleconnection; Southern Africa	NRF, Water Research Commission; WRC, Water Research Commission
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955761735	Development and evaluation of a new epitope-blocking ELISA for universal detection of antibodies to West Nile virus	Sotelo E., Llorente F., Rebollo B., Camuñas A., Venteo A., Gallardo C., Lubisi A., Rodríguez M.J., Sanz A.J., Figuerola J., Jiménez-Clavero M.Á.	2011	Journal of Virological Methods	174	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.015	Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Ctra Algete-El Casar, S/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; INGENASA, C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain; ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain	Sotelo, E., Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Ctra Algete-El Casar, S/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; Llorente, F., Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Ctra Algete-El Casar, S/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; Rebollo, B., INGENASA, C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain; Camuñas, A., INGENASA, C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain; Venteo, A., INGENASA, C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain; Gallardo, C., Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Ctra Algete-El Casar, S/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; Lubisi, A., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Rodríguez, M.J., INGENASA, C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain; Sanz, A.J., INGENASA, C/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain; Figuerola, J., Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain; Jiménez-Clavero, M.Á., Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Ctra Algete-El Casar, S/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain	West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of hosts, including birds, horses and humans. The development and evaluation of the performance of a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are described for rapid detection of WNV-specific antibodies in samples originating from an extensive range of vertebrates susceptible to WNV infection. The assay uses a monoclonal antibody (MAb) which binds whole virus particles and neutralizes infection in vitro by recognizing a neutralizing epitope within the envelope (E) glycoprotein of the virus. This MAb, labelled with horseradish peroxidase, was used to compete with WNV-specific serum antibodies for virus-binding in vitro. The epitope-blocking ELISA was optimized in a manner that enabled its validation with a number of experimental and field sera, from a wide range of wild bird species, and susceptible mammals. The new ELISA exhibited high specificity (79.5-96.5%) and sensitivity (100%), using the virus-neutralization test as reference standard. It also required a much lower volume of sample (10 μl per analysis) compared to other ELISAs available commercially. This new method may be helpful for diagnosis and disease surveillance, particularly when testing samples from small birds, which are available in limited amounts. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Antibody detection; Epitope-blocking ELISA; Flavivirus; Monoclonal antibody; West nile virus; Wild birds	epitope; horseradish peroxidase; monoclonal antibody; virus antibody; virus glycoprotein; animal cell; antibody detection; antigen binding; article; bird; controlled study; diagnostic value; disease surveillance; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; in vitro study; infection sensitivity; intermethod comparison; mammal; mouse; nonhuman; priority journal; rabbit; sensitivity and specificity; Vero cell; vertebrate; virus attachment; virus neutralization; virus particle; West Nile fever; West Nile flavivirus; wild species; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epitopes; Humans; Neutralization Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vertebrates; Viral Envelope Proteins; Virology; West Nile Fever; West Nile virus; Armoracia rusticana; Aves; Equidae; Flavivirus; Mammalia; Vertebrata; West Nile virus	None
WoS	WOS:000332072800013	School-based intervention: evaluating the role of water, latrines and hygiene education on trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections in Ethiopia	Aboset, Nigusu,Berhane, Yemane,Gelaye, Bizu,Kumie, Abera,Williams, Michelle A.	2014	JOURNAL OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT	4	1	10.2166/washdev.2013.060	Addis Ababa University, Harvard University, University of Washington, University of Washington Seattle, Addis Continental Inst Publ Hlth, Family Hlth Int	"Williams, Michelle A.: Harvard University",	We sought to evaluate the impact of a hygiene and sanitation intervention program among school-children to control active trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections. This longitudinal epidemiologic study was conducted among 630 students in rural Ethiopia. Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted to evaluate the impact of a three-pronged intervention program: (i) construction of ventilated improved pit latrines; (ii) provision of clean drinking water; and (iii) hygiene education. Socio-demographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Presence of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections were evaluated using standard procedures. At baseline, 15% of students had active trachoma, while 6.7% of them were found to have active trachoma post-intervention (p &lt; 0.001). Similar improvements were noted for parasitic infections. At baseline, 7% of students were reported to have helminthic infections and 30.2% protozoa infections. However, only 4% of students had any helminthic infection and 13.4% (p &lt; 0.001) of them were found to have any protozoa infection during follow-up surveys. Improvements were also noted in students' knowledge and attitudes towards hygiene and sanitation. In summary, the results of our study demonstrated that provision of a comprehensive and targeted sanitation intervention program was successful in reducing the burden of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infection among schoolchildren.	ETHIOPIA,INTERVENTION,"PARASITIC INFECTION",SANITATION,SCHOOL,TRACHOMA,"ACTIVE TRACHOMA",ALBENDAZOLE,CHILDREN,DISTRICT,EFFICACY,PREVALENCE,PROMOTION,RISK-FACTORS,"SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS",TANZANIA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866483016	Regional climate change scenarios and their impacts on water requirements for wheat production in Iran	Roshan G.R., Grab S.W.	2012	International Journal of Plant Production	6	2	None	Department of Geography, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Roshan, G.R., Department of Geography, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran; Grab, S.W., School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	We simulate the effect of climate change on water requirements of cold season wheat in various climatic zones of Iran. The research considers both observed climate (temperature and precipitation) changes during recent decades (1960-2009) based on instrumental records and projected future changes to 2100 based on the MAGICC/SCENGEN 5.3 compound model. 20 General Circulation models are used based on a single scenario known as P50, which is the average of SRES or emission scenarios. Results indicate that whilst winter precipitation has marginally increased across the country as a whole, a significant decline in mean spring precipitation is recorded between 1960 and 2009. However, considerable variability in trends is measured across various climatic regions of Iran. Mean annual temperature / rainfall ° changes in the various climate zones of Iran for the period 1960-2009 follow: +0.1 C / decade / +0.43 mm / decade in arid regions, -0.1 °C / decade / -1.7 mm / decade in ° semi-arid regions, +0.1 C / decade / -1.33 mm / decade in Mediterranean / semihumid regions and -0.01 C / decade / -0.04 mm / decade in humid / hyper humid regions. Temperature projections to 2100 indicate an overall temperature rise of ca. 4.25 °C relative to that for 1961-1990, with increases projected for all climatic regions of Iran. Despite an overall projected mean precipitation increase of 36% for the year 2100, relative to that for 1961-1990, these are insufficient to compensate for temperature increases. Consequently, calculated water deficits during the growing season (autumn to spring) in Iran' s wheat producing areas are expected to increase from 5.2% in 1980 to over 23% by 2050 and 38% by 2100.	Autumn; GCM; Iran; Simulation; Water requirement; Wheat	Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054720467	Global assessment of the fishing impacts on the Southern Benguela ecosystem using an EcoTroph modelling approach	Gasche L., Gascuel D., Shannon L., Shin Y.-J.	2012	Journal of Marine Systems	90	1	10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.07.012	Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR Agrocampus Ouest/INRA Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; IRD, UMR 212 Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Gasche, L., Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR Agrocampus Ouest/INRA Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Gascuel, D., Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR Agrocampus Ouest/INRA Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Shannon, L., Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Shin, Y.-J., IRD, UMR 212 Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	'We show that the EcoTroph model based on trophic spectra is an efficient tool to build ecosystem diagnoses of the impact of fishing. Using the Southern Benguela case study as a pretext, we present the first thorough application of the model to a real ecosystem. We thus review the structure and functioning of EcoTroph and we introduce the user to the steps that should be followed, showing the various possibilities of the model while underlining the most critical points of the modelling process. We show that EcoTroph provides an overview of the current exploitation level and target factors at the ecosystem scale, using two distinct trophic spectra to quantify the fishing targets and the fishing impact per trophic level. Then, we simulate changes in the fishing mortality, facilitating differential responses of two groups of species within the Southern Benguela ecosystem to be distinguished. More generally, we highlight various trends in a number of indicators of the ecosystem's state when increasing fishing mortality and we show that this ecosystem is moderately exploited, although predatory species are at their MSY. Finally, trophic spectra of the fishing effort multipliers EMSY and E0.1 are proposed as tools for monitoring the ecosystem effects of fishing. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Ecosystem indicators; EcoTroph; Fishing impact; Overfishing; Southern Benguela; Trophic modelling	Ecosystem indicators; EcoTroph; Fishing impact; Overfishing; Southern Benguela; Trophic modelling; Fisheries; Ecosystems; assessment method; environmental monitoring; exploitation; fishing effort; fishing mortality; numerical model; predator; spectral analysis; trophic level; Atlantic Ocean; Benguela Current	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949083807	Outcome of emergency caesarean sections in Calabar, Nigeria: Impact of the seniority of the medical team	Ekanem A.D., Udoma E.J., Etuk S.J., Eshiet A.I.	2008	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	28	2	10.1080/01443610801912329	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Department of Anaethesia, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Departmen	Ekanem, A.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P. M. Box 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Udoma, E.J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Etuk, S.J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Eshiet, A.I., Department of Anaethesia, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria	We set out to assess the maternal outcome of emergency caesarean sections in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) in relationship to the seniority and experience of medical personnel involved in the operation. This was a review of 349 cases of emergency caesarean sections in UCTH over a 2-year period (January 2000-December 2001). The sociodemographic data, antenatal booking status and clinical condition of the patients as well as the seniority of the medical staff who participated in the operations were extracted from the case notes of the patients. A total of 280 (80.0%) booked patients and 69 (20.0%) unbooked mothers were delivered by emergency caesarean sections. The consultants performed only 16.4% of the emergency caesarean sections, while the residents performed 83.6%. Similarly consultant anaesthetists administered anaesthesia in 12.9% of the cases. A total of 12 maternal deaths occurred from emergency caesarean sections in which six (1.7%) were due to sepsis, three (0.8%) due to severe haemorrhage and three (0.8%) due to anaesthetic complications. None of the deaths occurred in operations in which consultant obstetricians and anaesthetists were involved. The intraoperative blood loss was more in operations performed by the residents than in those performed by the consultants. Similarly, morbidity was higher in patients operated upon by residents. The maternal morbidity and mortality associated with emergency caesarean sections in UCTH would be reduced significantly if consultant obstetricians and anaesthetists were more involved in these operative procedures. © 2008 Informa UK Ltd.	Emergency caesarean section; Medial team; Outcome	anesthesia; article; bleeding; cesarean section; controlled study; emergency care; female; health care personnel; human; major clinical study; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; medical practice; Nigeria; outcome assessment; priority journal; resident; sepsis; Age Factors; Cesarean Section; Clinical Competence; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Medical Staff, Hospital; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925396731	Impacts of Large-scale Land Investments on Income, Prices, and Employment: Empirical Analyses in Ethiopia	Baumgartner P., von Braun J., Abebaw D., Müller M.	2015	World Development	72	None	10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.02.017	University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome; Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Baumgartner, P., University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome; von Braun, J., University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abebaw, D., Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Müller, M., University of Bonn (ZEF), Germany c-Ethiopian Economics Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	We review the trend and types of large-scale land transaction in Ethiopia since 1992 and assess the impacts of one such investment using four scenarios: (i) a baseline scenario; (ii) the forest loss resulting from the land transfer; (iii) the operation of the investment at full scale and (iv) an alternative scenario of a smaller investment paired with a more inclusive rural development policy. Results showed that forest resources are important for the rural poor, but that losses can be offset by gains from employment generation and business opportunities. The alternative scenario indicated opportunities for better social and environmental sustainability. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Africa; Agricultural labor markets; Ethiopia; Land markets; Land rights; Rural development	agricultural labor; agricultural land; business; employment generation; forest resource; income; investment; labor market; land rights; rural development; rural policy; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938745237	Evaluation of screening and treatment of cryptococcal antigenaemia among HIV-infected persons in Soweto, South Africa	Govender N.P., Roy M., Mendes J.F., Zulu T.G., Chiller T.M., Karstaedt A.S.	2015	HIV Medicine	16	8	10.1111/hiv.12245	National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Community Health, Gauteng Department of Health, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa	Govender, N.P., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Roy, M., Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Mendes, J.F., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Community Health, Gauteng Department of Health, Johannesburg, South Africa; Zulu, T.G., National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chiller, T.M., Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Karstaedt, A.S., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa	We retrospectively evaluated clinic-based screening to determine the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenaemia and management and outcome of patients with antigenaemia. Methods: Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening of HIV-infected adults who attended the HIV clinic at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital was conducted over 19 months. Data collected from CrAg-positive patients included CD4 T-lymphocyte count at screening, prior or subsequent cryptococcal meningitis (CM), antifungal and antiretroviral treatment and outcome after at least 8 months. Results: Of 1460 patients with no prior CM, 30 (2.1%) had a positive CrAg test. The prevalence of antigenaemia among patients with a CD4 count <100 cells/μl and no prior CM was 2.8% (20 of 708). Of 29 evaluable CrAg-positive patients with no prior CM, 14 (48%) did not return for post-screening follow-up. Of these 14, five developed CM and one (7%) was known to be alive at follow-up. Of 15 patients who returned for follow-up, two already had evidence of nonmeningeal cryptococcosis. Overall, 11 received fluconazole, one did not and fluconazole treatment was unknown for three. Among these 15, one developed CM and 10 (67%) were known to be alive at follow-up. Overall, 18 (62%) of 29 CrAg-positive patients died or were lost to follow-up. Seven (0.5%) of 1430 CrAg-negative patients developed CM a median of 83 days post-screening (range 34 to 219 days). Conclusions: Loss to follow-up is the major operational issue relevant to scale-up of screen-and-treat. Patient outcomes may be improved by rapid access to CrAg results and focus on linkage to and retention in HIV care. © 2015 British HIV Association.	Cryptococcal antigen; Cryptococcal meningitis; Evaluation; Screen-and-treat; South Africa	fluconazole; adult; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; cryptococcal antigenaemia; cryptococcal antigenaemia; cryptococcal meningitis; cryptococcosis; disease course; evaluation study; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; prevalence; priority journal; retrospective study; screening	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945926134	Ru(II) and Co(II) complexes of bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid: Synthesis, photo physical studies and evaluation of solar cell conversion efficiencies	Motaung M.P., Ajibade P.A.	2015	International Journal of Electrochemical Science	10	10	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, South Africa	Motaung, M.P., Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, South Africa; Ajibade, P.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, South Africa	We report the synthesis of two nitrogen chelating ligands: 2,6-bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine (L1); 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)pyridine (L2) and their corresponding ruthenium(II) and cobalt(II) complexes formulated as [RuL1L(NCS)2] (C1), [RuL2L(NCS)2] (C2), [CoL1L(NCS)2] (C3) and [CoL2L(NCS)2] (C4) where L= pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid. The synthesis of the ligands were confirmed by 1HNMR spectroscopy and FTIR spectra studies confirmed the bonding of the Ru and Co ions to the ligands via the nitrogen atoms. Electronic absorption spectra indicates the geometries around the metal ions are six coordinate octahedral in which L1 or L2 acts as tridentate chelating ligands. In the cyclic voltammetry, cobalt(II) complexes exhibited lager redox potentials as compared to the ruthenium(II) complexes. The conversion efficiencies of the fabricated solar cells using the complexes as sensitizers showed that [RuL2L(NCS)2], C2 on TiO2 semiconductor produced the highest open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 87.3 × 10-3 mV, short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc) of 0.022 mA/cm-2 and the solar conversion efficiency was 101 × 10-5 %. © 2015 The Authors.	Conversion efficiency; Dye sensitizer; Dye-sensitized solar cells; Electrochemistry; Photo physical studies	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84933565123	Hybrid nanostructured thin-films by PLD for enhanced field emission performance for radiation micro-nano dosimetry applications	Manikandan E., Kennedy J., Kavitha G., Kaviyarasu K., Maaza M., Panigrahi B.K., Mudali U.K.	2015	Journal of Alloys and Compounds	647	None	10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.06.102	UNESCO-UNISA AFNET in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Western-Cape, South Africa; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand; PGand Research Dept of Physics, AM Jain College Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, India; Materials Science Group (MSG), Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India; Corrosion Science and Technology Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India; Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH), Bharath University, Chrompet Chennai, India	Manikandan, E., UNESCO-UNISA AFNET in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Western-Cape, South Africa, Materials Science Group (MSG), Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India, Corrosion Science and Technology Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH), Bharath University, Chrompet Chennai, India; Kennedy, J., UNESCO-UNISA AFNET in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Western-Cape, South Africa, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand; Kavitha, G., UNESCO-UNISA AFNET in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Western-Cape, South Africa, PGand Research Dept of Physics, AM Jain College Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, India; Kaviyarasu, K., UNESCO-UNISA AFNET in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Western-Cape, South Africa; Maaza, M., UNESCO-UNISA AFNET in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, Western-Cape, South Africa; Panigrahi, B.K., Materials Science Group (MSG), Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India, Corrosion Science and Technology Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India; Mudali, U.K., Materials Science Group (MSG), Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India, Corrosion Science and Technology Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India	We report the observation of hybrid nanostructured thin-films such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) signature on the ZnO epitaxial thin-films grown onto the device silicon/quartz substrate by reactive pulsed laser deposition (r-PLD) under the argon-oxygen (Ar|O<inf>2</inf>) ambient at 573 K. Undoped and Carbon (C) doped epitaxial ZnO thin-film layer formation is revealed by the accelerator based ion-beam analysis (IBA) technique of resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RRBS), glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) pattern, micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS) and field-emission (F-E) studies. The RRBS and GIXRD results show the deposition of epitaxial thin-films containing C into ZnO. The μ-RS technique is a standard nondestructive tool (NDT) for the characterization of crystalline, nano-crystalline, and amorphous carbons (a-C). As grown ZnO and C-doped ZnO thin-films μ-RS result reveal the doping effect of C-impurities that appear in the form of DLC evident from Raman peaks at 1357 and 1575 cm-1 along with a wurtzite structure peak at 438 cm-1 with E<inf>2</inf>(h) phonon of ZnO. The electron transport F-E result shows the hybrid thin-films has high conductivity than the un-doped film. Fabricated hybrid nanostructured thin-films materials could be very useful for the emerging applications of micro-nano dosimetry. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Diamond-like carbon; Field-emission; Laser processing; Nanocrystalline materials; Raman spectroscopy; ZnO thin-films	Amorphous carbon; Argon lasers; Carbon; Carbon films; Characterization; Crystalline materials; Deposition; Diamond like carbon films; Dosimetry; Electron transport properties; Field emission; Films; Hybrid materials; Ion beams; Laser materials processing; Metallic films; Nanocrystalline materials; Nondestructive examination; Optical films; Pulsed laser deposition; Pulsed lasers; Raman spectroscopy; Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy; Semiconductor doping; Thin films; X ray diffraction; Zinc oxide; Zinc sulfide; Diamond like carbon; Glancing incidence x-ray diffractions; Laser process; Micro Raman Spectroscopy; Nanostructured thin film; Reactive pulsed laser deposition; Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry; ZnO thin film; Epitaxial growth	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944448208	Use of stored serum from Uganda for development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm involving multiple rapid immunoassays	Singer D.E., Kiwanuka N., Serwadda D., Nalugoda F., Hird L., Bulken-Hoover J., Kigozi G., Malia J.A., Calero E.K., Sateren W., Robb M.L., Wabwire-Mangen F., Wawer M., Gray R.H., Sewankambo N., Birx D.L., Michael N.L.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	10	10.1128/JCM.43.10.5312-5315.2005	Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	Singer, D.E., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Kiwanuka, N., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Hird, L., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Bulken-Hoover, J., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Malia, J.A., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Calero, E.K., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Sateren, W., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Robb, M.L., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Wawer, M., Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; Sewankambo, N., College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Birx, D.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Michael, N.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	We report the development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm consisting of three rapid antibody detection tests. Stored serum samples from Uganda were utilized with a final algorithm sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.9% (95% confidence interval, 98.6% to 99.3%). Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	algorithm; antibody detection; article; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunoassay; mass screening; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; serum; Uganda; virus identification; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Algorithms; Confidence Intervals; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serum; Specimen Handling; Time Factors; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899056568	Testing the performance of registered herbicides on the control of Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Asteraceae) in South African grasslands	Goodall J.M., Witkowski E.T.F.	2014	Weed Research	54	3	10.1111/wre.12071	Restoration and Conservation Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Hilton, South Africa	Goodall, J.M., Restoration and Conservation Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Hilton, South Africa; Witkowski, E.T.F., Restoration and Conservation Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	We report on the performance of the registered herbicides picloram and metsulfuron-methyl on the control of Campuloclinium macrocephalum (pompom weed) in grasslands. Herbicide trials in hydric and xeric grasslands were treated for three consecutive years in either summer (February) or autumn (April) and monitored for an additional 3 years after spraying ceased. Uncontrolled factors such as a host-specific rust, fire and drought were observed from the second year of the study. Metsulfuron-methyl and picloram did not differ in efficacy according to the timing of applications, but average mortality of marked plants was &lt;80% expected of registered herbicides. Populations of C. macrocephalum in plots were reduced proportionately to the percentage mortality of marked plants. Picloram and metsulfuron-methyl applied at 252 g a.i. ha-1 and 45 g a.i. ha-1, respectively, were not detectable by gas chromatography in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile during any of the sampling intervals from 0 to 56 days after treatment. Three annual applications of registered herbicide did not reduce C. macrocephalum successfully, and it is estimated that between five (summer) to seven (autumn) annual treatments are required to reduce weed density to &lt;1 plant per plot (25 m2). Future research should focus on rust-herbicide interactions, the role of fire in seedbank management and fire as a treatment that could be integrated with chemical control. © 2014 European Weed Research Society.	Disease; Drought; Environmental factors; Fire; Mortality; Pompom weed; Recruitment; Regrowth; Seedlings	chemical control; dicotyledon; disease treatment; drought; environmental factor; fire; gas chromatography; grassland; mortality; performance assessment; regrowth; research work; rust disease; seed bank; soil profile; weed control; South Africa; Asteraceae; Campuloclinium macrocephalum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66949141795	The global gas and dust budget of the Large Magellanic Cloud: AGB stars and supernovae, and the impact on the ISM evolution	Matsuura M., Barlow M.J., Zijlstra A.A., Whitelock P.A., Cioni M.-R.L., Groenewegen M.A.T., Volk K., Kemper F., Kodama T., Lagadec E., Meixner M., Sloan G.C., Srinivasan S.	2009	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	396	2	10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14743.x	National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, South Africa; NASSP, Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, United Kingdom; Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720, United States; Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Astronomy Department, Cornell University, 610 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Homewood Campus, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States	Matsuura, M., National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Barlow, M.J., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Zijlstra, A.A., Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Whitelock, P.A., South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, South Africa, NASSP, Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Cioni, M.-R.L., Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, United Kingdom; Groenewegen, M.A.T., Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; Volk, K., Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720, United States; Kemper, F., Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Kodama, T., National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Lagadec, E., Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Meixner, M., Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Sloan, G.C., Astronomy Department, Cornell University, 610 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, United States; Srinivasan, S., Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Homewood Campus, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States	We report on an analysis of the gas and dust budget in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Recent observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope enable us to study the mid-infrared dust excess of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the LMC. This is the first time we can quantitatively assess the gas and dust input from AGB stars over a complete galaxy, fully based on observations. The integrated mass-loss rate over all intermediate and high mass-loss rate carbon-rich AGB candidates in the LMC is 8.5 × 10 -3 M ⊙ yr -1, up to 2.1 × 10 -2 M ⊙ yr -1. This number could be increased up to 2.7 × 10 -2 M ⊙ yr -1 if oxygen-rich stars are included. This is overall consistent with theoretical expectations, considering the star formation rate (SFR) when these low- and intermediate-mass stars where formed, and the initial mass functions. AGB stars are one of the most important gas sources in the LMC, with supernovae (SNe), which produces about 2-4 × 10 -2 M ⊙ yr -1. At the moment, the SFR exceeds the gas feedback from AGB stars and SNe in the LMC, and the current star formation depends on gas already present in the ISM. This suggests that as the gas in the ISM is exhausted, the SFR will eventually decline in the LMC, unless gas is supplied externally. Our estimates suggest 'a missing dust-mass problem' in the LMC, which is similarly found in high-z galaxies: the accumulated dust mass from AGB stars and possibly SNe over the dust lifetime (400-800 Myr) is significant less than the dust mass in the ISM. Another dust source is required, possibly related to star-forming regions. © 2009 RAS.	Dust, extinction; Galaxies: evolution; Galaxies: individual: the Magellanic Clouds; Stars: AGB and post-AGB; Stars: mass-loss; Supernovae: general	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897556744	In situ generation of a high-performance Pd-polypyrrole composite with multi-functional catalytic properties	Choudhary M., Islam R.U., Witcomb M.J., Mallick K.	2014	Dalton Transactions	43	17	10.1039/c3dt53567c	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland-Park 2006, South Africa; DST, NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa	Choudhary, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland-Park 2006, South Africa; Islam, R.U., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland-Park 2006, South Africa; Witcomb, M.J., DST, NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa; Mallick, K., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland-Park 2006, South Africa	We report on a bottom up approach for the synthesis of a Pd-polypyrrole nanocomposite material. The composite material was characterized by means of different techniques, such as UV-vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy, which offered information about the chemical structure of the polymer, whereas electron microscopy images provided information regarding the morphology of the composite material and the distribution of the metal particles in the polymer matrix. During the synthesis of the nanocomposite, the Pd nanoparticles act as a catalyst for a model proton-coupled electron transfer reaction. The Pd-polypyrrole nanocomposite material was also used as a catalyst for the electro-catalytic detection of tryptophan, a precursor for some neurotransmitters. This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2014.	None	Amino acids; Catalysts; Nanocomposites; Polypyrroles; Bottom up approach; Catalytic properties; Electron microscopy images; Multi-functional; PD nano particle; Proton-coupled electron transfer reactions; Situ generation; Structure of the polymers; Composite materials	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940424532	Synthesis of CdS flower-like hierarchical microspheres as electrode material for electrochemical performance	Kaviyarasu K., Manikandan E., Maaza M.	2015	Journal of Alloys and Compounds	648	None	10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.06.010	UNESCO-UNISA, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department (MSD), IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, 7129, Somerset West, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Central Research Laboratory, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chrompet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India	Kaviyarasu, K., UNESCO-UNISA, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department (MSD), IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, 7129, Somerset West, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Manikandan, E., Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department (MSD), IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, 7129, Somerset West, Western Cape Province, South Africa, Central Research Laboratory, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chrompet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Maaza, M., UNESCO-UNISA, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department (MSD), IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation (NRF), 1 Old Faure Road, 7129, Somerset West, Western Cape Province, South Africa	We report in this paper, a facile hydrothermal route for the preparation of CdS nanocrystals at room temperature (RT). Composition, structure and morphology of the products were analyzed and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that the hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for periods ranging from 0 to 1440 min caused no significant modification of the long range order structure subjected to hydrothermal treatment. From the XRD analysis the diffraction peaks pertaining to 26.75°, 43.89° and 52.34° are attributed to the (111), (220) and (311) planes of cubic zinc blende structure. The Photoluminescence (PL) spectra are dominated by a strong narrow band edge emission tunable in the blue region of the visible spectra indicating the narrow size distribution of CdS nanocrystals. TEM observation shows that the CdS nanocrystals synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis are well dispersed and the average crystallite size was found to be ∼10 nm. The confocal microscopic studies reveal that each flower like spheres is due to Ostwald's ripening with numerous nanoparticles aggregating a surface. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	CdS; Confocal microscopy; Current-voltage studies; Nanocrystals; PL; TEM	Cadmium sulfide; Confocal microscopy; Crystallite size; Nanocrystals; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray diffraction; Zinc sulfide; CdS; Current voltage; Electrochemical performance; Hierarchical microspheres; Narrow size distributions; Photoluminescence spectrum; PL; Structure and morphology; Hydrothermal synthesis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649263223	Pyridine-derived N-heterocyclic carbenes: An experimental and theoretical evaluation of the bonding in and reactivity of selected normal and abnormal complexes of nickel(II) and palladium(II)	Stander-Grobler E., Schuster O., Heydenrych G., Cronje S., Tosh E., Albrecht M., Frenking G., Raubenheimer H.G.	2010	Organometallics	29	22	10.1021/om100431u	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Inorganic Chemistry Department, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland	Stander-Grobler, E., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Schuster, O., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Heydenrych, G., Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Cronje, S., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Tosh, E., Inorganic Chemistry Department, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany; Albrecht, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Frenking, G., Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Raubenheimer, H.G., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa	We report a thorough investigation of a series of isomeric complexes with the general formula trans-(pyridylidene)M(PPh3)2Cl (M = Pd, Ni). For the first time, a systematic comparison of normal, abnormal, and remote bonding modes is presented. X-ray structural and 13C NMR data indicate the importance of carbenoid mesomeric contributions in their compound class. The catalytic performance of the palladium complexes trans-(pyridylidene) Pd(PPh3)2Cl as precursors in Suzuki-Miyaura-type cross-coupling suggests a correlation of remote bonding with catalyst robustness and effectivity. When metal precursors M(PPh3)4 are reacted with 2,4-dichloropyridinium salts, preferential formation of remote carbene complexes occurs and indications are that electronic parameters rather than steric influences are responsible for the observed selectivity. Calculations at the BP86/TZ2P level of theory support interpretation of the results. © 2010 American Chemical Society.	None	Bonding modes; Carbene complexes; Carbenoids; Catalytic performance; Cross-couplings; Electronic parameters; Isomeric complex; Metal precursor; N-heterocyclic carbenes; NMR data; Palladium complexes; Steric influence; Suzuki-Miyaura; Theoretical evaluation; Carbon inorganic compounds; Nickel compounds; Organic compounds; Palladium; Palladium compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858766258	Early impacts of orphaning: Health, nutrition, and food insecurity in a cohort of school-going adolescents in South Africa	DeSilva M.B., Skalicky A., Beard J., Cakwe M., Zhuwau T., Quinlan T., Simon J.	2012	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	7	1	10.1080/17450128.2011.648968	Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	DeSilva, M.B., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Skalicky, A., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Beard, J., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Cakwe, M., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Zhuwau, T., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Quinlan, T., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Simon, J., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	We recruited a cohort of 157 recent orphans and 480 non-orphans aged 9-15 in a region of high HIV/AIDS mortality in South Africa using stratified cluster sampling to determine the impact of recent parental death on health and food insecurity of school-going orphans compared to non-orphans over time. Between September 2004 and June 2007, household heads, caregivers, and children were interviewed at three annual intervals. Bivariate associations and multivariate models were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). In the health domain, compared to non-orphans, double orphans were more likely to report worse health status and being very ill in the previous 12 months. For those who reported being very ill, maternal or paternal orphans were more than twice as likely not to seek care than non-orphans; no differences were found for double orphans. For nutrition and food insecurity, maternal or paternal orphans were more likely not to have eaten dinner and to have gone to bed hungry the previous night compared to non-orphans; no differences were found for double orphans. Overall, recent school-aged orphans were disadvantaged in health and food insecurity within two years after the death of a parent, compared to their non-orphaned counterparts, but the disparities were smaller than expected. No changes in health, nutritional status, or food insecurity were apparent over the three study rounds. Longer term effects into adulthood may well be more pronounced and warrant careful longitudinal investigation. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	food insecurity; health; nutrition; orphans; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873456353	The impact of the global food crisis on self-assessed food security	Headey D.D.	2013	World Bank Economic Review	27	1	10.1093/wber/lhs033	International Food Policy Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Headey, D.D., International Food Policy Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	We provide the first large-scale survey-based evidence on the impact of the global food crisis of 2007-08 using an indicator of self-assessed food security from the Gallup World Poll. For the sampled countries as a whole, this subjective indicator of food security remained the same or even improved, seemingly owing to a combination of strong economic growth and limited food inflation in some of the most populous countries, particularly India. However, these favorable global trends mask divergent trends at the national and regional levels, with a number of countries reporting substantial deterioration in food security. The impacts of the global crisis therefore appear to be highly context specific. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. All rights reserved.	None	crisis management; economic growth; food security; trend analysis; India	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870864167	Changing sediment yield and sediment dynamics in the karoo uplands, south africa; post-european impacts	Foster I.D.L., Rowntree K.M., Boardman J., Mighall T.M.	2012	Land Degradation and Development	23	6	10.1002/ldr.2180	School of Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Newton Building, Northampton NN2 6JD, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom	Foster, I.D.L., School of Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Newton Building, Northampton NN2 6JD, United Kingdom, Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Rowntree, K.M., Department of Geography, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Boardman, J., Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Mighall, T.M., Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom	We provide an overview of published results and a significant body of new data from an ongoing research programme designed to reconstruct sediment yields and sources in small (&lt;60km2) catchments in the Eastern Cape, South Africa over the last 150years. Our analysis of four catchments has determined that sediment yield increased significantly in the latter half of the 20th century but that the exact timing of these increases was different in each of the four catchments. In two high altitude locations, sediment yield increases were not associated with a significant change in sediment source although, in one case, areas of former cultivation appear to have made a slightly greater contribution since the 1960s. In a third catchment, increases in sediment yield appear to have been driven by the development of badlands and by an increase in connectivity between the badlands and the main channel network in the 1960s. In the fourth catchment, increased connectivity between the main catchment and dam occurred as a result of the construction of a causeway to carry a main road and by the construction of culverts beneath the road. Occasional changes in sediment source have also been identified in the sedimentary record, but these were not linked directly to road construction. Research to date shows the complexity of sediment delivery in these semi-arid catchment systems and emphasises the need to combine sediment yield with source ascription to better understand the dynamics of these systems. © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	Catchment connectivity; Karoo; Land use change; Sediment sources; Sediment yield; Weather and climate	Karoo; Land-use change; Sediment sources; Sediment yields; Weather and climate; Digital storage; Dynamics; Landforms; Roads and streets; Runoff; Sedimentology; Sediments; Catchments; badlands; catchment; cultivation; land use change; road; sediment yield; upland region; Eastern Cape; Karoo; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549108514	Impact of style of processing on retention and bioaccessibility of β-carotene in cassava (manihot esculanta, crantz)	Thakkar S.K., Huo T., Maziya-Dixon B., Failla M.L.	2009	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	57	4	10.1021/jf803053d	Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB, 5	Thakkar, S.K., Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Huo, T., Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Maziya-Dixon, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Failla, M.L., Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States, Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States, Department of Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, 325 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States	We previously demonstrated that the quantity of β-carotene (BC) partitioning in mixed micelles during simulated small intestinal digestion, i.e., the bioaccessibility, of boiled cassava is highly correlated with the BC content of different cultivars. However, cassava is also traditionally prepared by fermentation and roasting. These different methods of preparation have the potential to affect both the retention and bioaccessibility of BC. Here, we first compared retention of BC in boiled cassava, gari (fermentation followed by roasting), and fufu (fermentation followed by sieving and cooking into a paste) prepared from roots of three cultivars. BC content in unprocessed cultivars ranged from 6-8 μg/g wet weight, with cis isomers accounting for approximately one-third of total BC. Apparent retention of BC was approximately 90% for boiled cassava and fufu. In contrast, roasting fermented cassava at 195 °C for 20 min to prepare gari decreased BC content by 90%. Retention was increased to 63% when temperature was decreased to 165 °C and roasting was limited to 10 min. Processing was also associated with a decline in all-trans-BC and concomitant increase in 13-cis-BC. The efficiency of micellarization of all-trans and cis isomers of BC during simulated digestion was 25-30% for boiled cassava and gari and independent of cultivar. However, micellarization of BC isomers during digestion of fufu was only 12-15% (P < 0.05). These differences in retention and bioaccessibility of BC from cassava products prepared according to traditional processing methods suggest that gari and fufu may provide less retinol activity equivalents than isocaloric intake of boiled cassava. © 2009 American Chemical Society.	Bioaccessibility; Biofortification; Cassava; Fufu; Gari; In vitro digestion; Processing; Provitamin a carotenoids; Retention	beta carotene; article; bioavailability; cassava; chemistry; comparative study; digestion; fermentation; food handling; heat; methodology; micelle; plant root; beta Carotene; Biological Availability; Digestion; Fermentation; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Manihot; Micelles; Plant Roots; Gari; Manihot; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957874200	Interpretation of a cross-cultural usability evaluation: A case study based on a hypermedia system for rare species management in Namibia	Paterson B., Winschiers-Theophilus H., Dunne T.T., Schinzel B., Underhill L.G.	2011	Interacting with Computers	23	3	10.1016/j.intcom.2011.03.002	Animal Demography Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; School of IT, Polytechnic of Namibia, Private Bag 13388, Windhoek, Namibia; Department of Statistical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Abteilung Modellbildung und Soziale Folgen, Institut für Informatik und Gesellschaft, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Friedrichstr. 50, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Marine Research (Ma-Re) Institute and Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3 Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Paterson, B., Animal Demography Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Marine Research (Ma-Re) Institute and Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3 Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa; Winschiers-Theophilus, H., School of IT, Polytechnic of Namibia, Private Bag 13388, Windhoek, Namibia; Dunne, T.T., Department of Statistical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Schinzel, B., Abteilung Modellbildung und Soziale Folgen, Institut für Informatik und Gesellschaft, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Friedrichstr. 50, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Underhill, L.G., Animal Demography Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	We present the results of a usability evaluation of a locally developed hypermedia information system aiming at conservation biologists and wildlife managers in Namibia. Developer and end user come from different ethnic backgrounds, as is common to software development in Namibia and many developing countries. To overcome both the cultural and the authoritarian gap between usability evaluator and user, the evaluation was held as a workshop with usability evaluators who shared the target users' ethnic and social backgrounds. Different data collection methods were used and results as well as specific incidences recorded. Results suggest that it is difficult for Namibian computer users to evaluate functionality independently from content. Users displayed evidence of a passive search strategy and an expectation that structure is provided rather than self generated. The comparison of data collection methods suggests that questionnaires are inappropriate in Namibia because they do not elicit a truthful response from participants who tend to provide answers they think are "expected". The paper concludes that usability goals and methods have to be determined and defined within the target users' cultural context. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cross-cultural usability evaluation; Dialogical usability methods; International usability evaluation; Participation; Usability methods	Dialogical usability methods; International usability evaluation; Participation; Usability evaluation; Usability methods; Conservation; Data acquisition; Developing countries; Hypermedia systems; Information management; Software design; Surveys; Usability engineering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940845174	Notes on Russellian cosmogony. II. A procedure for theoretical evaluation of relative atomic mass and internal energy	Obande O.P.	2015	Physics Essays	28	1	10.4006/0836-1398-28.1.78	Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Obande, O.P., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	We present results of an investigation of factors that set values of relative atomic mass mr and the atom's internal energy E<inf>int</inf>. The results do suggest the possibility for a consistent formalism for accurate evaluation of m<inf>r.</inf> It is shown that: (i) Avogradro constant (Loschmidt number) can be evaluated from fundamental principles to yield N<inf>A</inf>=6.623×1043 u/mol; (ii) A clear distinction exists between the transverse e-m radiation, c=2.99792458×108 m/s, normally associated with speed of light in "vacuum" and the same radiation of tangible matter described here as "molar" radiation c∗=co=c′=3.715352291×10-14 m/s; for a given v, c determines values of absolute atomic mass, i.e., m=hv/c2 and co sets values of relative atomic mass, e.g., mo<inf>r</inf> = hvo<inf>r</inf>=co2; (iii) co is identifiable with the cosmic microwave background revealing that the latter is actually intrinsic e-m radiation of tangible matter; (iv) complete description of the atom's internal energy requires not one but combinations of the parameters v, m, and c as each relates to the atom's wave or particulate form and its domain; (v) with v<inf>e</inf>=1.0 Hz Planck constant turns out to be a measure of the electron's internal energy and indeed nature's fundamental energy unit; (vi) macrocosmic matter and energy constitute only 0.02% and 0.01% of total cosmic values, respectively, the bulk of 99.98% and 99.99% belongs, respectively, to invisible microcosmic (dark) matter and energy; and (vii) conversion of the particle (mass) to the wave (energy) does not destroy the atom's absolute mass. Copyright © 2015 Physics Essays Publication.	Atomic; Cosmogony; Evaluation; Mass; Relative; Russell	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650715330	Effects of spectral variation on the device performance of copper indium diselenide and multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules	Okullo W., Munji M.K., Vorster F.J., Van Dyk E.E.	2011	Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells	95	2	10.1016/j.solmat.2010.10.018	Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	Okullo, W., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Munji, M.K., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Vorster, F.J., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Van Dyk, E.E., Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	We present results of an experimental investigation of the effects of the daily spectral variation on the device performance of copper indium diselenide and multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. Such investigations are of importance in characterization of photovoltaic devices. The investigation centres on the analysis of outdoor solar spectral measurements carried out at 10 min intervals on clear-sky days. We have shown that the shift in the solar spectrum towards infrared has a negative impact on the device performance of both modules. The spectral bands in the visible region contribute more to the short circuit current than the bands in the infrared region while the ultraviolet region contributes least. The quantitative effects of the spectral variation on the performance of the two photovoltaic modules are reflected on their respective device performance parameters. The decrease in the visible and the increase in infrared of the late afternoon spectra in each case account for the decreased current collection and hence power and efficiency of both modules. © 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.	CuInSe2; Multi-crystalline silicon; Performance; Photovoltaic modules; Spectral variation	CuInSe2; Multi-crystalline silicon; Performance; Photovoltaic modules; Spectral variation; Crystalline materials; Indium; Selenium compounds; Photovoltaic effects	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244476876	Geochemical and petrographic characteristics of impactites and Cretaceous target rocks from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico: Implications for target composition	Tuchscherer M.G., Reimold W.U., Koeberl C., Gibson R.L.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Tuchscherer, M.G., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	We present major and trace element data as well as petrographic observations for impactites (suevitic groundmass, bulk suevite, and melt rock particles) and target lithologies, including Cretaceous anhydrite, dolomite, argillaceous limestone, and oil shale, from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chixculub impact structure. The suevitic groundmass and bulk suevite have similar compositions, largely representing mixtures of carbonate and silicate components. The latter are dominated by melt rock particles. Trace element data indicate that dolomitic rocks represented a significant target component that became incorporated into the suevites; in contrast, major elements indicate a strong calcitic component in the impactites. The siliceous end-member requires a mafic component in order to explain the low SiO2 content. Multicomponent mixing of various target rocks, the high alteration state, and dilution by carbonate complicate the determination of primary melt particle compositions. However, two overlapping compositional groups can be discerned - a high-Ba, low-Ta group and a high-Fe, high-Zn, and high-Hf group. Cretaceous dolomitic rocks, argillaceous limestone, and shale are typically enriched in U, As, Br, and Sb, whereas anhydrite contains high Sr contents. The oil shale samples have abundances that are similar to the North American Shale Composite (NASC), but with a comparatively high U content. Clastic sedimentary rocks are characterized by relatively high Th, Hf, Zr, As, and Sb abundances. Petrographic observations indicate that the Cretaceous rocks in the Yaxcopoil-1 drill core likely register a multistage deformation history that spans the period from pre- to post-impact. Contrary to previous studies that claimed evidence for the presence of impact melt breccia injection veins, we have found no evidence in our samples from a depth of 1347-1348 m for the presence of melt breccia. We favor that clastic veinlets occur in a sheared and altered zone that underwent intense diagenetic overprint prior to the impact event. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	Cretaceous; geochemistry; impact structure; impactite; petrography; Atlantic Ocean; Bay of Campeche; Chicxulub Crater; Gulf of Mexico; Yucatan Peninsula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73849141686	Geoelectric evidence for centripetal resurge of impact melt and breccias over central uplift of Araguainha impact structure	Tong C.H., Lana C., Marangoni Y.R., Elis V.R.	2010	Geology	38	1	10.1130/G30459.1	Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Instituto de Astronomia Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil	Tong, C.H., Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Lana, C., Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Marangoni, Y.R., Instituto de Astronomia Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Elis, V.R., Instituto de Astronomia Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil	We present five profiles from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), with surface constraints and gravity data, in the central uplift of the Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil. The central uplift, the overlying polymict breccias, and decameter-scale impact melt rocks are characterized by contrasting ranges of electrical resistivity. Our resistivity model provides empirical evidence that supports the existing model in which impact melt and breccias resurged toward the crater center in the final stages of the cratering process. On the basis of our results from the first use of ERT in impact cratering studies, we conclude that the deposition and flow of impact melt and breccias over the central uplift were influenced by the geometry of the lithologic boundaries in the central uplift. © 2010 Geological Society of America.	None	Electrical resistivity; Electrical resistivity tomography; Empirical evidence; Geoelectric; Gravity data; Impact cratering; Impact melt; Impact structures; Surface constraints; Electric conductivity; Geomorphology; Radiative transfer; Tomography; Rocks; breccia; crater; deposition; electrical resistivity; geoelectric field; impact structure; lithology; melt; tomography; uplift; Araguainha Dome; Brazil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956159784	Comparative evaluation of ectoparasiticide efficacy: Non-inferiority and superiority assessment	Schall R., Luus H.G.	2011	Veterinary Parasitology	178	42371	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.028	Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science (IB75), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, Bloemfontein 9321, South Africa	Schall, R., Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science (IB75), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Luus, H.G., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, Bloemfontein 9321, South Africa	We present a statistical framework for the comparative evaluation of ectoparasiticide efficacy in controlled animal studies. Such a comparative evaluation can have one of two objectives: an assessment of non-inferiority of a test parasiticide to a reference parasiticide, or an assessment of superiority of one treatment over another. We show that the observed efficacy of an ectoparasiticide can be viewed as a point estimate of its conditional " kill" probability. Thus concepts used in the comparative evaluation of human antibiotics, which involve the comparison of cure probabilities, can be applied to the situation of comparing parasiticide efficacy. In particular, we define non-inferiority of a test parasiticide to a reference parasiticide in terms of the " test - reference" difference of their efficacies. We outline the hypothesis testing framework and associated statistical decision rules for declaring either non-inferiority or superiority. Both non-inferiority and superiority can be evaluated statistically using confidence intervals. SAS and R code for data analysis is presented, and the methodology is applied to a data set from a controlled animal study. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Abbott's formula; Ectoparasiticides; Efficacy; Generalized linear model; Non-inferiority trial; Over-dispersion; Superiority trial	antiparasitic agent; article; controlled study; intermethod comparison; mathematical analysis; nonhuman; outcome assessment; probability; statistical analysis; treatment indication; treatment response; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Insecticides; Models, Biological; Models, Statistical; Research Design; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955776318	Effect of output coupling ratio on the performance of ring-cavity Brillouin fiber laser	Hambali N.A.M.A., Mahdi M.A., Al-Mansoori M.H., Saripan M.I., Abas A.F., Ajiya M.	2010	Laser Physics	20	7	10.1134/S1054660X10130049	Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional, Selango	Hambali, N.A.M.A., Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Mahdi, M.A., Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Al-Mansoori, M.H., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional, Selangor 43009, Malaysia; Saripan, M.I., Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Abas, A.F., Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Ajiya, M., Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria	We present a single-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser utilizing a ring-cavity configuration. Performances and characteristics of the laser system have been investigated at different output coupling ratios. The optimum output power of the system stood at 7.3 mW, which was obtained at 90% output coupling ratio. A low Brillouin threshold power of 0.9 mW was obtained at 10% output coupling ratio when the Brillouin pump was set at its maximum power of 24 mW. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.	None	Brillouin fiber laser; Brillouin pump; Brillouin threshold; Laser systems; Maximum power; Output coupling; Output power; Ring cavities; Ring cavity configuration; Single wavelength; Fiber lasers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907364089	Wild flower harvesting on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa: Impact of harvesting intensity under a simulated commercial harvesting regime for two re-seeding and two re-sprouting fynbos species	Privett S.D.J., Krug R.M., Forbes G., Gaertner M.	2014	South African Journal of Botany	94	None	10.1016/j.sajb.2014.06.015	Fynbos Ecoscapes, Witkrans, Gansbaai 7220, South Africa; CapeNature, Walker Bay Nature Reserve, 16 17th Avenue, Hermanus, 7200, South Africa; Laboratoire de l'Ecology, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag x1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Environmental Resource Management Department (ERMD), Westlake Conservation Office, City of Cape Town, Ou Kaapse Weg, Tokai 7966, Cape Town, South Africa	Privett, S.D.J., Fynbos Ecoscapes, Witkrans, Gansbaai 7220, South Africa; Krug, R.M., Laboratoire de l'Ecology, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag x1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Forbes, G., CapeNature, Walker Bay Nature Reserve, 16 17th Avenue, Hermanus, 7200, South Africa; Gaertner, M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag x1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Environmental Resource Management Department (ERMD), Westlake Conservation Office, City of Cape Town, Ou Kaapse Weg, Tokai 7966, Cape Town, South Africa	We present a simple method for assessing the medium-term sustainability of different flower harvesting intensities (i.e. percentage of number of stems harvested per individual) for two re-seeders and re-sprouters of fynbos plants on the Agulhas Plain in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. We interpret our results from an ecological point of view, looking at impacts of harvesting on vegetative re-growth and survival of frequently harvested fynbos species, and an economic point of view, determining the cumulative number of stems harvested per year.We analysed the impact of different harvesting intensities on two obligate re-seeding (Erica corifolia (L.) and Erica imbricata (L.)) and two strongly re-sprouting species (Brunia laevis (Thunb.) and Staavia radiata (L. Dahl)) on different flower farms. Seventy-five randomly selected plants of each species were experimentally harvested in the same way as is done by flower harvesters. Fifteen plants of each species were left as controls (un-harvested) and 15 each were harvested (cut 15-20. cm below the inflorescence) such that 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the inflorescences were removed. Harvested stems were labelled and the number of new shoots counted. Additionally we recorded plant height and mortality.100% harvesting resulted in high mortality rates for both re-seeders (for both species 100% of the individuals were dead at the end of the experiment) and resprouters (for one species all 15 individuals were dead at the end of the experiment and for the other species 4 of 15). Re-seeders in particular were highly susceptible to harvesting below the first branching node, which generally also resulted in plant death. Both guilds can survive up to 75% harvesting (resprouters experienced no mortality for one species, while in the other 4 out of 15 died; of the re-seeders, 9 out of 15 died in the one species, while only 1 out of 15 in the other) and are still able to grow in height. For both seeders and resprouters we recommend that flower harvesters do not harvest in young veld. To ensure sufficient seed set and to avoid seed bank depletion we recommend to preferably only harvest between 25 and 50% of stems per individual. © 2014 South African Association of Botanists.	Cape Floristic Region; Conservation; Flower farming; Fynbos; Threshold	flower; growth response; mortality; seed bank; species diversity; wild population; Agulhas Plain; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249733716	Single-walled carbon nanotube-induced crystallinity on the electropolymeric film of tetraaminophthalocyaninatonickel(II) complex: Impact on the rate of heterogeneous electron transfer	Pillay J., Ozoemena K.I.	2007	Chemical Physics Letters	441	42372	10.1016/j.cplett.2007.04.095	Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Pillay, J., Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	We present a fundamental investigation on the impact of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) on the film structure and redox behaviour of tetraaminophthalocyaninatonickel(II) complex (NiTAPc) electropolymer immobilized on a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (BPPGE). SWCNT induces crystallinity on the NiTAPc electropolymeric film structure and increases its apparent electron transfer rate constant (kapp). We proved that there is potential advantage of using electrode based on the SWCNT-poly-NiTAPc hybrid for catalytic and sensing applications as it enhances the catalytic current for the detection of nitric oxide more than twice compared to bare BPPGE, BPPGE-SWCNT and other electrodes without SWCNTs. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	None	Electron transitions; Electropolymerization; Graphite electrodes; Nickel compounds; Rate constants; Thin films; Electron transfer; Electropolymeric film structure; Electropolymeric films; Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857837922	The world café in South Africa: A case study on improving performance and commitment	Eriaan O., Cady S.H.	2012	Organization Development Journal	30	1	None	ChangeWright Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa	Eriaan, O., ChangeWright Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cady, S.H., ChangeWright Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa	We present a case study based on a body of methodologies within a field referred to as whole system collaboration and change, large-group methods or interventions, and large-scale change. The World Café conversational process was utilized as part of an intervention designed to improve employee commitment and ensure continued effort in a service improvement program at an Information and Communications Technology (ICT) company. We describe the process for evaluating the impact of interventions; and, we report that the intervention appeared to improve an objective measure of performance and positively impact attitudes within the organization.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903997164	Modelling the long-term impacts on affected children of adult HIV: Benefits, challenges and a possible approach	Desmond C., Bruce F., Tomlinson M., Marlow M.B., Aber J.L., Ouifki R., Welte A.	2014	AIDS	28	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000329	Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, 750 Francois Road, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, NY, United States	Desmond, C., Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, 750 Francois Road, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa; Bruce, F., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa; Tomlinson, M., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Marlow, M.B., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Aber, J.L., Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, NY, United States; Ouifki, R., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa; Welte, A., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa	We outline the benefits, challenges and possible approaches to developing mathematical models that could be used to estimate the magnitude of negative consequences of adult HIV infection for children. Adult HIV infection can lead to numerous negative consequences for dependent children, including depression, anxiety, withdrawal from school and early sexual debut, among others. For advocacy and planning purposes, it is important to highlight and consider as many of these as possible. A focus solely on orphan numbers, which is the typical summary measure for children affected by HIV and AIDS, can be misleading. The complexity of child development that is characterized by the interaction of a multitude of proximal and distal factors, coupled with a significant lack of data on child development in the context of adult HIV infection make the development of models a challenging task. Although it may not be possible in the first attempt to develop a population-based model capable of examining family dynamics, the negative consequences together with the impact of interventions, steps in that direction can be taken. We propose approaches and assumptions that we believe will allow the development of a useful first set of models. We conclude with a brief discussion of the type of data that, if collected, would facilitate refinement and development of these models. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	affected children; child development; modelling; orphans	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult disease; anxiety; article; child development; child health; childhood disease; depression; disease course; environmental factor; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; maternal welfare; priority journal; risk factor; adult; child; child parent relation; family health; female; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mental disease; preschool child; psychology; theoretical model; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Family Health; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Mental Disorders; Models, Theoretical; Parent-Child Relations	USAID, National Research Foundation; National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960798554	Evaluation of cortisol concentrations in saliva as a measure of stress in patients having routine dental extractions	Umeanuka O.T., Saheeb B.D., Uguru C.C., Chukwuneke F.N.	2015	British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	53	6	10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.03.011	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria; University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria	Umeanuka, O.T., Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria; Saheeb, B.D., University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Uguru, C.C., Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria; Chukwuneke, F.N., Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria	We measured changes in the salivary concentrations of cortisol as an index of stress, and to find out if patients were stressed during routine intra-alveolar dental extractions. A total of 126 patients (63 experimental and 63 controls) matched for age and sex with a mean (SD) age of 26 (5) years (range 18-40) were recruited. Samples of saliva from patients whose glands had not been stimulated were collected twice from the study group (30 minutes before, and 10 minutes after, the procedure) and once from the control subjects. All samples were collected between 10.00 and 14.00 hours to standardise the method and control for the diurnal variation of cortisol. There was a slight but not significant increase in the mean salivary concentration of cortisol between the preoperative samples (mean (SD) 12.3 (1.5) ng/ml and the postoperative samples 12.8 (2.3) ng/ml in the study group) and the control 8.7 (1.0) ng/ml. However, there was no difference between the sexes. The study highlights a simple but effective way of evaluating stress in patients having intra-alveolar dental extraction, and emphasises the invaluable role of salivary cortisol in the evaluation of stress (particularly in our environment). © 2015 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.	Extraction; Salivary cortisol; Stress	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886610054	Hydrochemical characterization and quality evaluation of groundwater in parts of the basement complex area of Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria	Ojo T.A., Niyi T.M.	2013	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences	56	2	None	Department of Geology, Ekiti State Umversny, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ojo, T.A., Department of Geology, Ekiti State Umversny, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Niyi, T.M., Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Well water (88 samples) were collected across various bedrock units in the basement terrain of Ekiti area, Southwestern Nigeria. They were subjected to in-situ physico-chemical measurement and hydrochemical analyses using ICP-OES and ion-chromatography methods for cations and anions, respectively. To understand the water quality and utilisation aspects of groundwater, chemical indices like sodium %, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Wilcox diagram and salinity diagram were constructed based on the analytical results. The results show pH values ranging between 6.0-7.8 and total hardness (TH) 3.2-508.7 mg/L. Major cations concentrations were in the order of Ca2+ &gt;K+ &gt;Na+ &gt;Mg2+ with average values of 28.5, 26.8, 24.2 and 7.9 mg/L, respectively whtie that of the anions were HCO3 - &gt;CI &gt;S04 2-&gt;N03-with average values of 118.7, 54.2, 23.8 and 0.92 mg/L. The mam hydrochemical facies being Ca-HC03 waters. The ionic orders of abundance varied in different rocks of the study area. These concentration trends show a low total dissolved solids (130-1544 μS/cm) indicating a low water-rock interaction due to low residence time which is an indication of CO2 dominated infiltration recharge with limited migratory history typical of the shallow basement terrain in the study area. Quality assessment revealed a potable groundwater system with chemical parameters within the acceptable limits of the WHO and SON drinking water standards with exception of Fe, Mn and Pb in a couple of locations. Also, the estimated SAR alongside TDS revealed a shallow groundwater system suitable for irrigation purposes.	Basement; Irrigation; Salinity; Sodium adsorption ratio; Water-rock interaction	absorption; basement rock; bedrock; concentration (composition); dissolved load; drinking water; groundwater resource; hydrogeochemistry; infiltration; irrigation; physicochemical property; recharge; salinity; sodium; water quality; water-rock interaction; well water; Ekiti; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849127570	Correlating multiple Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic impact spherule layers between South Africa and Western Australia	Simonson B.M., Sumner D.Y., Beukes N.J., Johnson S., Gutzmer J.	2009	Precambrian Research	169	42373	10.1016/j.precamres.2008.10.016	Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1052, United States; Geology Department, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; Paleoproterozoic Mineralization Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Simonson, B.M., Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1052, United States; Sumner, D.Y., Geology Department, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Beukes, N.J., Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Johnson, S., Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1052, United States; Gutzmer, J., Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596 Freiberg, Germany, Paleoproterozoic Mineralization Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Well-studied successions in the Griqualand West Basin (South Africa) and the Hamersley Basin (Western Australia) that both straddle the Archean-Proterozoic boundary have been correlated on the basis of numerous lithostratigraphic similarities. Each succession hosts a minimum of three impact spherule layers, implying a minimum of three large impacts by extraterrestrial objects over a time span of about 140 million years. The occurrences of the youngest spherule layers in both basins in comparable stratigraphic positions in banded iron formations that have already been correlated suggest the youngest pair of layers were formed by a single impact. Close similarities in stratigraphic setting, age, and petrographic characteristics of the spherules, as well as the restriction of distinctive irregular melt particles to only these layers, suggest the oldest layers in the two basins were likewise formed by a single impact. In contrast, the middle layers on the two continents differ significantly in both their stratigraphic positions and the textures of the spherules, suggesting they are products of different impact events. These results suggest that using impact spherule layers to establish a global network of high-resolution stratigraphic markers for early Precambrian successions may be an achievable goal, but careful comparisons between potentially correlative layers will be necessary to achieve it. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Hamersley; Impact ejecta; Impact spherules; Neoarchean; Paleoproterozoic; Transvaal	Archean; lithostratigraphy; Proterozoic; spherule; Africa; Australasia; Australia; Griqualand West Basin; Hamersley Basin; Northern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Australia; Spherules	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349634072	Corporate governance and firm performance: Evidence from Ghanaian listed companies	Kyereboah-Coleman A., Adjasi C.K.D., Abor J.	2006	Corporate Ownership and Control	4	8.33333333333333E-02	None	Finance Department, University of Ghana Business School, Ghana	Kyereboah-Coleman, A., Finance Department, University of Ghana Business School, Ghana; Adjasi, C.K.D., Finance Department, University of Ghana Business School, Ghana; Abor, J., Finance Department, University of Ghana Business School, Ghana	Well governed firms have been noted to have higher firm performance. The main characteristic of corporate governance identified include board size, board composition, and whether the CEO is also the board chairman. This study examines the role corporate governance structures play in firm performance amongst listed firms on the Ghana Stock Exchange. Results reveal a likely optimal board size range where mean ROA levels associated with board size 8 to 11 are higher than overall mean ROA for the sample. Significantly, firm performance is found to be better in firms with the twotier board structure. Results show further that having more outside board members is positively related to firm performance. It is clear that corporate governance structures influence firm performance in Ghana, indeed within the governance structures the two-tier board structure in Ghana is seen to be more effective in view of the higher firm level mean values obtained compared to the one-tier system.	Board composition; CEO; Corporate governance; Ghana; Performance; ROA	None	None
None	None	Teaching and educational scholarship in Tanzania: Faculty initiative to improve performance of health professions' students	Mkony C.A., O'Sullivan P.S., Owibingire S.S., Fyfe M.V., Omer S., Freeman P., Makubi A., Mloka D.A., Portillo C.J., Leyna G.H., Tarimo E., Kaaya E.E., MacFarlane S.B.	2012	Journal of Public Health Policy	33	None	10.1057/jphp.2012.45	School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), P.O. Box 650013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States; School of Dentistry, MUHAS, Tanzania; Global Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Center for Social Policy, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, University of Massachusetts, Boston, United States; School of Pharmacy, MUHAS, Tanzania; School of Public Health and Social Sciences, MUHAS, Tanzania; School of Nursing, MUHAS, Tanzania; School of Medicine, and Global Health Sciences, UCSF, United States	Mkony, C.A., School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), P.O. Box 650013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; O'Sullivan, P.S., School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States; Owibingire, S.S., School of Dentistry, MUHAS, Tanzania; Fyfe, M.V., Global Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Omer, S., Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Freeman, P., Center for Social Policy, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, University of Massachusetts, Boston, United States; Makubi, A., School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), P.O. Box 650013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mloka, D.A., School of Pharmacy, MUHAS, Tanzania; Portillo, C.J., School of Public Health and Social Sciences, MUHAS, Tanzania; Leyna, G.H., School of Public Health and Social Sciences, MUHAS, Tanzania; Tarimo, E., School of Nursing, MUHAS, Tanzania; Kaaya, E.E., School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), P.O. Box 650013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; MacFarlane, S.B., School of Medicine, and Global Health Sciences, UCSF, United States	Well-educated and competent health professionals influence the health system in which they work to improve health outcomes, through clinical care and community interventions, and by raising standards of practice and supervision. To prepare these individuals, training institutions must ensure that their faculty members, who design and deliver education, are effective teachers. We describe the experience of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) in encouraging improvements in the teaching capacity of its faculty and postgraduate students triggered by a major institutional transition to competency-based education. We employed a multi-stage process that started by identifying the teaching and learning needs and challenges of MUHAS students and faculty. Collaborating with the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), MUHAS responded to these needs by introducing faculty to competency-based curricula and later to strategies for long term continuing improvement. We demonstrate that teaching faculty members are keen for local institutional support to enable them to enhance their skills as educators, and that they have been able to sustain a program of faculty development for their peers. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.	assessment; competencies; faculty development; health professions education; Tanzania; teaching	article; curriculum; education; health service; human; medical education; medical profession; medical school; methodology; organization and management; standard; Tanzania; teaching; university hospital; Academic Medical Centers; Competency-Based Education; Education, Medical; Faculty, Medical; Health Occupations; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Tanzania; Teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929257117	Structural and photoelectrochemical properties of p-Cu<inf>2</inf>O nano-surfaces prepared by oxidizing copper sheets with a slow heating rate exhibiting the highest photocurrent and H<inf>2</inf> evaluation rate	Liyanaarachchi U.S., Fernando C.A.N., Foo K.L., Hashim U., Maza M.	2015	Chinese Journal of Physics	53	2	10.6122/CJP.20141222B	Nano-Technology Research Lab, Department of Electronics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka; Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), University of Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chairin Nano sciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa; Nano sciences African Network iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Old Faure Road, Western Cape Province, South Africa	Liyanaarachchi, U.S., Nano-Technology Research Lab, Department of Electronics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka; Fernando, C.A.N., Nano-Technology Research Lab, Department of Electronics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka; Foo, K.L., Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), University of Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; Hashim, U., Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), University of Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; Maza, M., UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chairin Nano sciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa, Nano sciences African Network iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Old Faure Road, Western Cape Province, South Africa	Well cleaned commercially available copper sheets were heated maintaining different temperature profile heating rates for fabricating p-Cu<inf>2</inf>O nano-surfaces. Initially a heating rate of 10 °C min-1 was provided inside the furnace with copper sheets starting from room temperature until the temperature reached, respectively, 300 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C, and 700 °C, then the temperature was kept constant for 30 min, and then cooled down to room temperature. A single phase nano-p-Cu<inf>2</inf>O was found for the 300 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C temperature profiles, this may be due to maintaining a slow heating rate avoiding the formation of CuO. Samples prepared from 700 °C temperature profile contained both the p-Cu<inf>2</inf>O and CuO phases. Different surface morphology changes were observed from the AFM micrographs for the samples prepared with the different temperature profiles. A photo-current enhancement was found for the photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) with p-Cu<inf>2</inf>O nano-surfaces produced from the 450 °C temperature profile in comparison to that of the samples prepared from the other temperature profiles. Material characterization from XRD, AFM, FTIR spectra, diffuse reflectance spectra, VI characteristics, time development of the photo-current, Mott-Schottky plots, and estimated band positions were presented for discussing the mechanism of the photo-current enhancement and the highest H<inf>2</inf> generation for the 450 °C temperature profile produced p-Cu<inf>2</inf>O PEC. The highest photocurrent (≈ 10 mAcm-2) and H<inf>2</inf> evolution rate (≈ 130×10-4 Moles l-1min-1) was observed in the presence of a 1 M Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> electrolyte buffered at a pH of 4.9 with a biased voltage -0:4 V vs Ag/AgCl for the nano-surfaces produced from the 450 °C temperature profile, with comparison to the recently reported highest H<inf>2</inf> evolution rate and highest photocurrent studied by Gratzel and co-workers [A. Parachino, V. Laporte, K. Sivula, M. Gratzel, and E. Thimsen, Nature. Mat. 10, 456 (2011)] providing the same experimental conditions that they have maintained in their experimental work. © 2015 THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48849098160	Performance of turbo interference cancellation receivers in space-time block coded DS-CDMA Systems	Mashwama D.B., Bejide E.O.	2008	Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking	2008	None	10.1155/2008/473796	Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Mashwama, D.B., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Bejide, E.O., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	We investigate the performance of turbo interference cancellation receivers in the space time block coded (STBC) direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system. Depending on the concatenation scheme used, we divide these receivers into the partitioned approach (PA) and the iterative approach (IA) receivers. The performance of both the PA and IA receivers is evaluated in Rayleigh fading channels for the uplink scenario. Numerical results show that the MMSE front-end turbo space-time iterative approach receiver (IA) effectively combats the mixture of MAI and intersymbol interference (ISI). To further investigate the possible achievable data rates in the turbo interference cancellation receivers, we introduce the puncturing of the turbo code through the use of rate compatible punctured turbo codes (RCPTCs). Simulation results suggest that combining interference cancellation, turbo decoding, STBC, and RCPTC can significantly improve the achievable data rates for a synchronous DS-CDMA system for the uplink in Rayleigh flat fading channels. Copyright © 2008 D. B. Mashwama and E. O. Bejide.	None	Code division multiple access; Codes (standards); Codes (symbols); Decoding; Dielectric relaxation; Error analysis; Fading (radio); Fading channels; Information theory; Intersymbol interference; Multiple access interference; Power amplifiers; Radio interference; Space division multiple access; Space time adaptive processing; Turbo codes; Data rates; Direct-sequence code-division multiple-access; Interference cancellation; Iterative approaches; Numerica l results; Rate compatible punctured turbo codes; Rayleigh flat-fading channels; Rayleigh-fading channels; Simulation results; Space-time block coded; Space-Time Block coding; Synchronous DS-CDMA; Turbo decoding; Rayleigh fading	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886582405	Highly charged ion impact induced nanodefects in diamond	Makgato T.N., Sideras-Haddad E., Shrivastava S., Schenkel T., Ritter R., Kowarik G., Aumayr F., Crespo López-Urrutia J., Bernitt S., Beilmann C., Ginzel R.	2013	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms	314	None	10.1016/j.nimb.2013.04.062	School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, Physics Building, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Makgato, T.N., School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Sideras-Haddad, E., School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, Physics Building, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Shrivastava, S., School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Schenkel, T., E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Ritter, R., Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Kowarik, G., Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Aumayr, F., Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Crespo López-Urrutia, J., Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Bernitt, S., Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Beilmann, C., Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Ginzel, R., Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany	We investigate the interaction of slow highly charged ion (SHCI) beams with insulating type Ib diamond (1 1 1) surfaces. Bismuth and Xenon SHCI beams produced using an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) and an Electron Cyclotron Resonance source (ECR) respectively, are accelerated onto type Ib diamond (1 1 1) surfaces with impact velocities up to ≈0.4 υBohr. SHCIs with charge states corresponding to potential energies between 4.5 keV and 110 keV are produced for this purpose. Atomic Force Microscopy analysis (AFM) of the diamond surfaces following SHCI impact reveals surface morphological modifications characterized as nanoscale craters (nano-craters). To interpret the results from Tapping Mode AFM analysis of the irradiated diamond surfaces we discuss the interplay between kinetic and potential energy in nano-crater formation using empirical data together with Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) Monte Carlo Simulations. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diamond; Electron beam ion trap; Highy charged ions; Nano-craters; Nanostructuring	Charged ions; Electron beam ion traps; Highly charged ions; Impact velocities; Morphological modification; Nano-craters; Nano-structuring; Stopping and range of ions in matters; Atomic force microscopy; Charged particles; Ion bombardment; Ion sources; Monte Carlo methods; Particle beam injection; Potential energy; Diamonds	None
None	None	Wildlife Conservation in Zambia: Impacts on Rural Household Welfare	Richardson R.B., Fernandez A., Tschirley D., Tembo G.	2012	World Development	40	5	10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.019	Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; United Nations World Food Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia	Richardson, R.B., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; Fernandez, A., United Nations World Food Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tschirley, D., Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; Tembo, G., University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia	We investigate the impact of wildlife conservation policies in Zambia on household welfare in game management areas (GMAs), which are buffer zones around national parks. Analysis of data from a nationwide survey of rural households shows that GMAs are positively associated with household income and crop damage from wildlife conflicts. Gains and damages were greatest among households in GMAs with greater wildlife diversity, with net gains relatively greater for wealthier households. Households in prime (well stocked) GMAs were more likely to participate in off-farm wage and self-employment compared to other rural households, but they were also more likely to suffer crop losses related to wildlife conflicts. The findings suggest that wildlife conservation and tourism development can contribute to pro-poor development, but may be sustainable only if human-wildlife conflicts are minimized or compensated. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Africa; National parks; Rural development; Wildlife conservation; Zambia	buffer zone; conservation management; household survey; national park; nature conservation; rural development; self employment; sustainability; tourism development; wage; welfare impact; wildlife management; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904977852	Impact of quantum entanglement on spectrum of cosmological fluctuations	Kanno S.	2014	Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics	2014	7	10.1088/1475-7516/2014/07/029	Cosmology and Gravity Center, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Kanno, S., Cosmology and Gravity Center, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	We investigate the effect of entanglement between two causally separated open charts in de Sitter space on the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations. We consider a free massive scalar field, and construct the reduced density matrix by tracing out the vacuum state for one of the open charts, as recently derived by Maldacena and Pimentel. We formulate the mean-square vacuum fluctuations by using the reduced density matrix and show that the scale invariant spectrum of massless scalar field is realized on small scales. On the other hand, we find that the quantum entanglement affects the shape of the spectrum on large scales comparable to or greater than the curvature radius.	ination; quantum cosmology; quantum field theory on curved space	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956361360	Temperament and character correlates of neuropsychological performance	Cassimjee N., Murphy R.	2010	South African Journal of Psychology	40	2	None	Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Applied Psychology, University College, Cork, Ireland	Cassimjee, N., Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Murphy, R., Department of Applied Psychology, University College, Cork, Ireland	We Investigate the association between temperament and character dimensions, on the one hand, and computerised neuropsychological test performance, on the other hand. Temperament and character dimensions were operationalised as scores on the subscales of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), a 240-item measure that Is based on the psychobiologlcal theory of personality. Neuropsychological outcomes were measured on six computerised tests of executive functioning and abstract reasoning from the University of Pennsylvania Computerised Neuropsychological Test Battery (PennCNP). The executive and abstract reasoning tasks included a test of Motor Praxis (MPRAXIS), the Penn Abstraction, Inhibition and Working Memory Task (AIM), the Letter-N-Back (LNB2), the Penn Conditional Exclusion Task (PCET), the Penn Short Logical Reasoning Task (SPVRT) and the Short Raven's Progressive Matrices (SRAVEN). Results from this exploratory study yielded significant associations between neuropsychological performance and temperament and character traits. The temperament traits of Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence were positively correlated with reaction time on the AIM and the SPVRT. The character dimension of Self-Transcendence was significantly associated with performance accuracy on the AIM and the temperament dimension of Novelty Seeking was inversely related to performance accuracy on the LNB2. These results confirm the importance of addressing the temperament and character correlates of neuropsychological performance in both clinical and non-clinical studies. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Character; Executive functioning; Neuropsychology; Personality; Psychobiological theory; Temperament	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74949119586	Geochemistry of impactites and crystalline basement-derived lithologies from the ICDP-USGS Eyreville A and B drill cores, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA	Schmitt R.T., Bartosova K., Reimold W.U., Mader D., Wittmann A., Koeberl C., Gibson R.L.	2009	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	458	None	10.1130/2009.2458(22)	Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Department of Lithospheric Research, Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3600 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, United States	Schmitt, R.T., Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Bartosova, K., Department of Lithospheric Research, Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Mader, D., Department of Lithospheric Research, Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Wittmann, A., Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3600 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, United States; Koeberl, C., Department of Lithospheric Research, Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa	We investigated whole-rock chemical compositions of 318 samples of Exmore breccia (diamicton), impactite (suevite, impact melt rock, polymict lithic impact breccia), and crystalline basement-derived rocks from 444 to 1766 m depth in the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP)-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Eyreville A and B drill cores (Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA). Here, we compare the average chemical compositions for the Exmore breccia (diamicton), the impactites and their subunits, sandstone, granite, granitic gneiss, and amphibolite of the lithic block section (1095.7-1397.2 m depth), cataclastic gneiss of the impact breccia section, and schist and pegmatite/granite of the basal crystalline section (1551.2-1766.3 m depth). The granite of the megablock (1097.7-1371.1 m depth) is of I-type and is seemingly related to a syncollisional setting. The amphibolite (1377.4-1387.5 m depth) of the lithic block section is of igneous origin and has a tholeiitic character. Based on chemical composition, the Exmore breccia (diamicton) can be subdivided into five units (444.9-450.7, 450.7-468, 468-518, 518-528, and 528-̃865 m depth). The units in the depth intervals of 450.7-468 and 518-528 m are enriched in TiO2, MgO, Sc, V, Cr, and Zn contents compared to the other Exmore breccia units. In some samples, especially at ̃451-455 m depth, the Exmore breccia contains significant amounts of P2O 5. The Exmore breccia is recognized as a mixture of all sedimentary and crystalline target components, and, when compared to the impactites, it contains a significant amount of a SiO2-rich target component of sedimentary origin. The chemical composition of the impactites overlaps the compositional range for the Exmore breccia. The impactites generally display a negative correlation of SiO2 and CaO, and a positive correlation of TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO with depth. This is the result of an increasing basement schist component, and a decreasing sedimentary and/or granitic component with depth. Suevite units S2 and S3 display distinct enrichment of Na2O by a factor of ̃2 compared to all other impactite units, which is interpreted to reflect a higher granitic component in these units. © 2009 The Geological Society of America.	None	amphibolite; basement rock; breccia; chemical composition; coastal sediment; crystalline rock; enrichment; gneiss; I-type rock; impact structure; impactite; lithology; research program; sandstone; schist; sediment chemistry; Chesapeake Bay; United States; Virginia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890125981	Influence of acute and chronic physical activity on cognitive performance and saliva testosterone in preadolescent school children	Niemann C., Wegner M., Voelcker-Rehage C., Holzweg M., Arafat A.M., Budde H.	2013	Mental Health and Physical Activity	6	3	10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.08.002	Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University Bremen GGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany; Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Centre for Human Performance Science, Stellenbosch University, 1011 Jannie Maraishuis, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany	Niemann, C., Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University Bremen GGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany; Wegner, M., Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Voelcker-Rehage, C., Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University Bremen GGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany; Holzweg, M., Centre for Human Performance Science, Stellenbosch University, 1011 Jannie Maraishuis, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Arafat, A.M., Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Budde, H., Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany	We investigated whether the chronic physical activity participation had an impact on the acute effects of a short bout of 12 min of intensive physical activity on cognitive performance and testosterone concentration in primary school students (n = 42, mean age = 9.69, SD =.44; experimental group (EG), n = 27; control group (CG), n = 15). Furthermore, we looked for associations between testosterone concentration and cognitive performance. After the intervention, participants of the EG showed better cognitive performances as compared to the CG. We further observed a significant group (EG, CG) × test (pre, post) × activity level (high, low) interaction. Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that after acute physical activity the testosterone concentration was diminished only in habitually low active children. The results indicate that intensive physical activity only attenuates the reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in habitually low active preadolescents, but had a beneficial effect on cognitive performance for all participants independent of their physical activity level and testosterone. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Children; Cognition; Physical activity (acute chronic); School; Testosterone	testosterone; academic achievement; arithmetic; article; body mass; child; clinical article; cognition; controlled study; female; human; hypothalamus hypophysis gonad system; male; mental performance; metabolic equivalent; physical activity; physical education; primary school; priority journal; reading; saliva analysis; saliva level; school child; selective attention; writing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856119401	Towards an Understanding, Through Action Research, of the Socio-Organizational Issues Impacting on Mobile Technology Adoption and Diffusion Within a Small-to-Medium South African Construction Company	Abrahamse J., Lotriet H.	2012	Systemic Practice and Action Research	25	1	10.1007/s11213-011-9202-z	Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Computing, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Abrahamse, J., Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Lotriet, H., School of Computing, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	We investigated, through an action research approach, social issues that impact on mobile technology adoption and diffusion in a professional construction management team of a small-to-medium sized South African construction company. The outcome of the study resulted in a framework of thinking that integrates social factors at individual and organisational levels that impacted on the adoption of mobile technologies in the organisation. At the methodological level the study is part of a limited collection of papers that used AR in the study of technology adoption and diffusion and it presents an example of the capability of AR as a method to allow for the integration of the social contexts of users into adoption frameworks. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Action research; Adoption; Construction; Mobile technology; Socio-organisational issues; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885866082	Halogenated pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic bird eggs: Converging patterns of pollutant profiles, and impacts and risks from high levels	Bouwman H., Viljoen I.M., Quinn L.P., Polder A.	2013	Environmental Research	126	None	10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.003	Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; The Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Oslo, Norway	Bouwman, H., Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Viljoen, I.M., Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Quinn, L.P., Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Polder, A., The Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Oslo, Norway	We investigated the presence, levels, relationships, and risks of HCHs, DDTs, chlordanes, mirex, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in terrestrial and aquatic bird eggs from an area in South Africa where DDT is used for malaria control. We found one of the highest σDDT levels reported this century; 13. 000. ng/g. wm (wet mass) in Grey Heron eggs which exceeds critical levels for reproductive success (3000. ng/g. wm) calculated for Brown Pelicans, with a no-effect level estimated at 500. ng/g. wm. Even higher σDDT levels at 16. 000. ng/g. wm were found in House Sparrow eggs (possibly the highest ever recorded for sparrows), with a maximum of 24. 400. ng/g. wm. Significant eggshell thinning in Cattle Egrets (33% between thickest and thinnest) was associated with increased levels of p,. p'-DDT and p,. p'-DDE. There were indications of unknown use of DDT and lindane. Relative to DDT, PCBs and BFRs levels were quite low. Ordinated data showed that different terrestrial pollutant profiles converged to a homogenised aquatic profile. Converging profiles, high levels of DDT in heron and sparrow eggs, and thinning eggs shells, indicate risk and impacts at release, in the aquatic environment, and in between. If characteristic life-strategies of birds in warm areas (e.g. longer-lived and fewer eggs per clutch) increases the risk compared with similar birds living in colder regions when both experience the same environmental pollutant levels, then malaria control using DDT probably has more significant impacts on biota than previously realised. Therefore, risk assessment and modelling without hard data may miss crucial impacts and risks, as the chemical use patterns and ecologies in Africa and elsewhere may differ from the conditions and assumptions of existing risk assessment and modelling parameters. Consideration of other findings associated with DDT from the same area (intersex in fish and urogental birth defects in baby boys), together with the findings of this study (high levels of DDT in bird eggs, eggshell thinning in the Cattle Egrets, and the apparent absence of breeding piscivore birds in the sprayed area) are strongly suggestive of negative impacts from DDT spraying for Malaria control. Our data presents strong arguments for an expedited process of replacing DDT with sustainable methods. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	Bird eggs; DDT; Eggshell thinning; Indoor residual spraying; Malaria control; South Africa	bromine derivative; chlorphenotane; flame retardant; lindane; mirex; polychlorinated biphenyl derivative; aquatic environment; biota; bird; breeding; data set; DDT; eggshell; HCH; malaria; piscivore; pollutant; reproductive success; risk assessment; air pollutant; aquatic environment; aquatic species; article; birth defect; breeding; egg; egg shell; halogenation; malaria control; nonhuman; Passer domesticus; priority journal; reproductive success; risk assessment; soil pollutant; South Africa; terrestrial species; South Africa; Ardea cinerea; Aves; Bubulcus; Passer domesticus; Passeridae; Pelecanus occidentalis; Bird eggs; DDT; Eggshell thinning; Indoor residual spraying; Malaria control; South Africa; Animals; Birds; Environmental Pollutants; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; Multivariate Analysis; Ovum; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929932856	Particle boards produced from cassava stalks: Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties	Aisien F.A., Amenaghawon A.N., Bienose K.C.	2015	South African Journal of Science	111	06-May	10.17159/sajs.2015/20140042	Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Aisien, F.A., Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Amenaghawon, A.N., Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Bienose, K.C., Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	We investigated the potential use of cassava stalks for the production of bonded particle boards. Particle boards were produced from cassava stalks using urea-formaldehyde as a binder. Water absorption and thickness swelling tests were carried out to determine dimensional stability of the boards while modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity tests were carried out to assess the mechanical strength of the boards. Particle boards produced using an adhesive-cassava stalk ratio of 3:1 gave the best results in terms of the lowest mean values of water absorption (20%) and thickness swelling (6.26%), as well as the highest values of modulus of rupture (4×106 N/m2) and modulus of elasticity (2366.74×106 N/m2). The particle boards produced met the ANSI/A208.1-1999 standard for general-purpose boards. The results of analyses of variance carried out revealed that the adhesive-cassava stalk ratio had a marked influence (p<0.05) on the physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) but not on the mechanical properties (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity). © 2015. The Author(s).	Cassava stalks; Dimensional stability; Particle board; Thickness swelling; Urea-formaldehyde	absorption; cassava; mechanical property; physical property; swelling; variance analysis; wood; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846347337	Maasai perception of the impact and incidence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in southern Kenya	Bedelian C., Nkedianye D., Herrero M.	2007	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	78	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.012	International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom	Bedelian, C., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Nkedianye, D., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Herrero, M., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom	We investigated the perceived impact of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) to pastoralists in Isinya Division, a wildlife dispersal area of Nairobi National Park, and used a range of participatory epidemiology methodologies. We compared the relative importance, incidence and impact of MCF compared to other locally defined important diseases with a total of 158 respondents in 11 group meetings and 21 household meetings in July 2004. Direct losses due to disease were investigated through lowered prices as a result of the emergency sale of disease-infected animals. Overall, Maasai in Isinya Division perceived east coast fever (ECF) to be the most important cattle disease and to have the highest incidence. Anthrax was considered to have the largest impact. In areas within or adjacent to the wildebeest calving zone, MCF was perceived to be the most important cattle disease and also to have the largest impact. Outside the calving zone, MCF was considered the fourth-most important disease with the fourth largest impact, and these were areas where wildebeest were less common. MCF was also the fourth-most common disease, and across the Division incidence was estimated at 5% in calves and 10% in adults. However, MCF incidence varied greatly throughout the study area, from 3% to 12%, and the highest incidence risks were found in areas where wildebeest came to calve. The percent drop in sale price per animal infected with MCF was estimated at 50% for MCF for the year 2003-2004. Forced avoidance movements away from wildebeest calves were reported to decrease livestock production due to loss of access to prime grazing sites. As suggested by pastoralists in this study, the development of compensation schemes or incentives from wildlife would reduce the conflict between livestock keeping and wildlife conservation. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease impact; Disease incidence; Kenya; Maasai pastoralists; Malignant catarrhal fever; Participatory appraisal; Participatory epidemiology	animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; anthrax; article; cattle; cattle disease; female; foot and mouth disease; incidence; Kenya; male; mortality; season; time; virology; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Anthrax; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Incidence; Kenya; Male; Malignant Catarrh; Seasons; Theileriasis; Time Factors; Animalia; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893093893	European athletes dominate performances in Double Iron ultra-triathlons - A retrospective data analysis from 1985 to 2010	Rüst C.A., Knechtle B., Knechtle P., Lepers R., Rosemann T., Onywera V.	2014	European Journal of Sport Science	14	SUPPL.1	10.1080/17461391.2011.641033	Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen, Switzerland; INSERM U1093, University of Dijon, Dijon, France; Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya	Rüst, C.A., Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Knechtle, B., Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Knechtle, P., Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Lepers, R., INSERM U1093, University of Dijon, Dijon, France; Rosemann, T., Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Onywera, V., Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya	We investigated the participation and performance trends of ultra-endurance triathletes from all nationalities competing in a Double Iron ultra-triathlon (7.6-km swim, 360-km cycle and 84.4-km run) from 1985 to 2010. A total of 1854 athletes participated in 92 Double Iron ultra-triathlons. The majority of the winners came from Europe with 72 victories, followed by North America with 17 victories. The race time for the European ultra-triathletes was 1340 (s=95.3) min, decreasing highly significantly (r2=0.28; P&lt;0.0001) across the years. North American ultra-triathletes finished the races within 1556 (s=124.5) min; their race time showed no changes across the years (r2=0.045; P=0.07). The race time for the Europeans was highly significantly faster compared to the North Americans (P&lt;0.0001). Future studies should investigate each country in Europe and North America in order to find the country with the largest participation of athletes and their best performance. © 2014 Copyright European College of Sport Science.	cycling; running; Swimming; ultra-endurance	analysis of variance; article; athlete; athletic performance; Europe; female; human; male; North America; physiology; sport; statistical model; Analysis of Variance; Athletes; Athletic Performance; Europe; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Male; North America; Sports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958152209	The impact of African elephants on Acacia tortilis woodland in northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe	Gandiwa E., Magwati T., Zisadza P., Chinuwo T., Tafangenyasha C.	2011	Journal of Arid Environments	75	9	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.017	Scientific Services, Gonarezhou National Park, Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Private Bag 7003, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe; Mushandike College of Wildlife Management, Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Private Bag 9036, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886 Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa; Geography Department and Environmental Science, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886 Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa	Gandiwa, E., Scientific Services, Gonarezhou National Park, Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Private Bag 7003, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe; Magwati, T., Mushandike College of Wildlife Management, Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Private Bag 9036, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Zisadza, P., Scientific Services, Gonarezhou National Park, Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Private Bag 7003, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe; Chinuwo, T., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886 Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa; Tafangenyasha, C., Geography Department and Environmental Science, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886 Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa	We investigated the impact of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) on the structure and composition of Acacia tortilis woodland in northern Gonarezhou National Park, southeast Zimbabwe. A. tortilis woodland was stratified into high, medium and low elephant utilisation categories based on evidence of elephant habitat use as determined through dung-count surveys in relation to distance of woodland patches from perennial and natural surface water sources. The following variables were recorded in each study plot: tree height, species name, number of species, plant damage, basal circumference and number of stems per plant. A total of 824 woody plants and 26 woody species were recorded from the sampled A. tortilis woodland patches. Mean tree densities, basal areas, tree heights and species diversity were lower in areas with medium and high elephant utilisation as compared to low elephant utilisation areas. Plants damaged by elephants increased with increasing elephant utilisation. The study findings suggest that A. tortilis woodland is gradually being transformed into an open woodland. We recommended that protected area management in arid and semi-arid areas should consider (i) formulating clear thresholds of potential concern to allow for the conservation of sensitive woodlands such as A. tortilis woodlands and (ii) establishing long-term vegetation monitoring programmes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	African savanna; Elephant utilisation; Loxodonta africana; Water sources; Woody plants	basal area; community structure; conservation management; damage; ecological impact; elephant; environmental monitoring; habitat use; legume; national park; semiarid region; stem; water availability; woodland; Gonarezhou National Park; Masvingo; Zimbabwe; Acacia; Acacia tortilis; Elephantidae; Loxodonta; Loxodonta africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859450037	Impact of Acacia drepanolobium (an invasive woody species) on Gum-resin resources and local livelihood in Borana, southern Ethiopia	Terefe B., Limenih M., Gure A., Angassa A.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	14	3	None	Samara University, Ethiopia; Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resource Management, Hawassa University, Ethiopia; Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, Ethiopia; Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany	Terefe, B., Samara University, Ethiopia; Limenih, M., Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resource Management, Hawassa University, Ethiopia; Gure, A., Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resource Management, Hawassa University, Ethiopia; Angassa, A., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, Ethiopia, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany	We investigated the impact of Acacia drepanolobium, a species threatening rangeland resources including Gum-resin production and pastoralists' livelihoods in Borana. Data were collected through vegetation surveys, key informant interviews, use of formal questionnaires and focus group discussions. We found a total of 22 woody species in the study area. A. drepanolobium was found to be the most dominant (22%) and abundant (65%) invasive woody species with an importance value index (IVI) of 103. According to our respondents, A. drepanolobium was the first widely expanded woody species followed by Dichrostachys cinerea and A. mellifera. Eighty seven percent of our respondents ranked A. drepanolobium as the most invading woody species during their life time. Overall, our results demonstrated that the impact of A. drepanolobium had greatly affected the condition of rangeland vegetation. The implication is that the reduction in the capacity of rangelands for livestock grazing could reduce the resilience of local livelihood under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, pastoralists' perception indicated that the expansion of A. drepanolobium had reduced the survival of Gum-resin producing species. Generally, the shift from cattle based pastoral economy to mixed livestock types could be attributed to the expansion of A. drepanolobium that forced the community to shift their mode of production. We confirmed that A. drepanolobium is an invasive indigenous woody species with multiple effects on the ecology of rangelands and on the livelihood security of pastoral communities.	Acacia drepanolobium; Borana; Bush encroachment; Importance value index; Invasiveness; Livelihood security; Rangeland ecology	Acacia; Acacia drepanolobium; Acacia mellifera; Bos; Dichrostachys cinerea	None
None	None	The impact of uniform and mixed species blood meals on the fitness of the mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae s.s: Does a specialist pay for diversifying its host species diet?	Lyimo I.N., Keegan S.P., Ranford-Cartwright L.C., Ferguson H.M.	2012	Journal of Evolutionary Biology	25	3	10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02442.x	Environmental and Biomedical Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Lyimo, I.N., Environmental and Biomedical Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Keegan, S.P., Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Ranford-Cartwright, L.C., Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Ferguson, H.M., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	We investigated the fitness consequences of specialization in an organism whose host choice has an immense impact on human health: the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. We tested whether this mosquito's specialism on humans can be attributed to the relative fitness benefits of specialist vs. generalist feeding strategies by contrasting their fecundity and survival on human-only and mixed host diets consisting of blood meals from humans and animals. When given only one blood meal, An. gambiae s.s. survived significantly longer on human and bovine blood, than on canine or avian blood. However, when blood fed repeatedly, there was no evidence that the fitness of An. gambiae s.s. fed a human-only diet was greater than those fed generalist diets. This suggests that the adoption of generalist host feeding strategies in An. gambiae s.s. is not constrained by intraspecific variation in the resource quality of blood from other available host species. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2011 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.	Constraints; Host-parasite interaction; Insects; Life history evolution; Malaria; Natural selection; Trade-offs	disease vector; fecundity; fitness; generalist; hemophagy; host-parasite interaction; life history theory; malaria; mosquito; natural selection; public health; specialist; specialization; survival; trade-off; adaptation; animal; animal food; Anopheles gambiae; article; cattle; dog; feeding behavior; fertility; host parasite interaction; human; physiology; proportional hazards model; species difference; survival; Adaptation, Biological; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Cattle; Dogs; Feeding Behavior; Fertility; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Proportional Hazards Models; Species Specificity; Survival Analysis; Animalia; Anopheles gambiae; Aves; Bovinae; Hexapoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549139714	Seedling performance as affected by bulk density and soil moisture on a typic tropaquept	Onweremadu E.U., Eshett E.T., Ofoh M.C., Nwufo M.I., Obiefuna J.C.	2008	Journal of Plant Sciences	3	1	None	Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal Uni	Onweremadu, E.U., Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Eshett, E.T., Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Ofoh, M.C.; Nwufo, M.I.; Obiefuna, J.C.	We investigated the effects of Bulk Density (BD) and moisture content θv on seedling performance on a Typic Topaquept at Iyienyi Ibeku, Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria in 2005/2006 study session. A transect technique aided field soil sampling at identified physiographic units of Crest, Midslope and Footslope. A 7x7 factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted to create a matrix of BD and θv which enabled better understanding of compaction effects on seedling growth of Citrus sinensis Var Etinan. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS computer software. Results showed that BD and soil strength decreased with mean root length density. Again, BD had significant (p&lt;0.0001) negative correlations with root performance. Moisture content had a significant positive correlation with root performance (R = 0.72; p&lt;0.0001). Soil moisture and BD were good predictors of root length density (R2 = 0.79) with high degree of accuracy (RMSE = 0.07) and slight over-estimation (Bias = + 0.0001): Mean root length density increased downslope and this was the trend in shoot yield. Fairly high values of coefficient of alienation, suggest the inclusion of other relevant variables in future modelling. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Critical moisture limit; Inceptisols; Modelling; Soil physical quality	Citrus sinensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78149299097	Evaluation of the effectiveness of the 360-credit National Professional Diploma in Education (NPDE) programme	Ngidi D., Sibaya P., Sibaya D., Khuzwayo H., Maphalala M., Ngwenya N.	2010	South African Journal of Education	30	1	None	Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Department of Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies, University of Zululand, South Africa	Ngidi, D., Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Sibaya, P., Department of Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Sibaya, D., Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Khuzwayo, H., Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Maphalala, M., Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies, University of Zululand, South Africa; Ngwenya, N., Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa	We investigated the effectiveness of the 360-credit National Professional Diploma (NPDE) as a programme that is aimed at the upgrading of currently serving unqualified and under-qualified educators, with a view to improving the quality of teaching and learning in schools and Further Education and Training colleges. To this end, the National Professional Diploma in Education Effectiveness Scale (NPDEES) and Classroom Observation and Assessment Form (COAF) were used. The findings indicated that educators differed in the extent to which they regarded the 360-credit NPDE programme as effective. The findings also indicated that component 3 (competences relating to teaching and learning processes), component 1 (competences relating to fundamental learning) and component 4 (competences relating to the profession, the school and the community) were the best predictors of the effectiveness of the 360-credit NPDE programme. It was found that educators differed in the extent to which they performed during the classroom-based evaluation. Suggestions are made for measures to improve educators' performance in the classroom. © 2010 EASA.	Classroom-based evaluation; Competences; Components; Exit level outcomes; National Professional Diploma in Education	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866115019	Haematological evaluations of the antimalarial activity of Bridelia ferruginea benth bark	Kolawole O.M., Adebayo J.O., Oguntoye S.O., Okoh A.I., Mazomba N.	2012	Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology	6	2	None	Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Facu	Kolawole, O.M., Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Adebayo, J.O., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oguntoye, S.O., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Okoh, A.I., Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Mazomba, N., Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa	We investigated the antimalarial activity of the methanolic extract of Bridelia ferruginea benth bark at 400 mg/kg body weights in mice (Mus musculus) infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei using the rane test. There was decreased in packed cell volume, RBC and Hb in infected groups from day zero to 14 with a corresponding increase in RBC of the uninfected -extract treated group (p<0.05). The infected - untreated showed continual decreased from day zero to 14 (p<0.05) compared to the infected - treated groups and the uninfected - untreated (control) group. However, decreased in MCHC was recorded by day 14 for the infected - untreated animals. WBC and lymphocytes indices revealed that there was no significant difference in all the groups by day zero, however by day 14, there was significant increased in the WBC and lymphocytes for infected - treated groups compared to all other groups (p<0.05). In the platelets count, by day 14 there was significant decreased in the infected - untreated group compared to others (p<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in the neutrophils for the infected - extract treated, infected - chloroquine treated, control, and uninfected - extract treated groups (p<0.05). The haematological indices further substantiates the promising antimalarial activity of the bark extract.	Antimalarial; Bridelia ferruginea; Haematological indices; Methanolic extract	Bridelia ferruginea extract; chloroquine; hemoglobin; methanol; animal experiment; animal model; antimalarial activity; article; bark; bridelia ferruginea; controlled study; drug effect; erythrocyte count; hematocrit; leukocyte count; lymphocyte count; medicinal plant; mouse; neutrophil count; nonhuman; Plasmodium berghei infection; Animalia; Bridelia ferruginea; Mus; Mus musculus; Plasmodium berghei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881291818	Human impacts on forest structure and species richness on the edges of a protected mountain forest in Uganda	Sassen M., Sheil D.	2013	Forest Ecology and Management	307	None	10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.010	Wageningen University, Po Box 430, 6700AK Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Po Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC), Po Box 44, Kabale, SW, Uganda; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Po Box 0113, BOCBD, Bogor 16000, Indonesia	Sassen, M., Wageningen University, Po Box 430, 6700AK Wageningen, Netherlands; Sheil, D., School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Po Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia, Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC), Po Box 44, Kabale, SW, Uganda, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Po Box 0113, BOCBD, Bogor 16000, Indonesia	We investigated how local scale variation in human impacts influenced forest structure and tree species richness within Mt Elgon National Park, Uganda. We assessed basal area (BA), stem density, diameter at breast height (dbh) and indicators of human activity in 343 plots in four study sites, on transects running inwards from the boundary of the park. Mt Elgon hosts the only remaining natural forest in a densely populated region (150-1000p/km2). All study sites suffered past encroachment for agriculture and were in various stages of recovery or renewed-clearing at the time of the study. Areas recovering from encroachment had lower mean BA (BA=3-11m2/ha), dbh and often also lower stem densities than forest that had never been cleared (BA=21-43m2/ha), even 35years after abandonment and with restoration planting. Human impacts were found beyond 2km into the park. Although most activities decreased with distance inside the boundary, their prevalence varied among sites. High coefficients of variation in BA (Cv=0.8-1.1) and stem density (Cv=1.0-2.2) within sites, together with the evidence of sustained human activities, suggest that forest use histories strongly influenced local forest structure. Mean BA increased with distance inside the boundary in all sites, but stem densities reflected more complex patterns. Large trees (dbh≥20cm) were most affected by former clearing for agriculture. The collection of stems used as crop-supports reduced regeneration and the density of smaller stems at one site. In another site, charcoal making was associated with the smallest mean BA and marked variability in forest structure. Grazed forest consisted of large trees with very little regeneration. On forest margins in two sites grazing, generally together with fire and tree-cutting, had eroded the forest edge and prevented regeneration. Human impacts as well as natural gradients had major impacts on species richness patterns. Several areas in intermediate states of disturbance showed higher tree species richness than either old-growth forest or more severely degraded areas. This study illustrates the fine scale variation due to local impacts within one forest. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Conservation; East Africa; Forest structure; Human disturbance; Tree diversity; Tropical forest	East Africa; Forest structure; Human disturbances; Tree diversity; Tropical forest; Agriculture; Charcoal; Conservation; Reforestation; anthropogenic effect; basal area; clearcutting; disturbance; forest edge; grazing; human activity; montane forest; old-growth forest; population density; regeneration; restoration ecology; species diversity; species richness; transect; tropical forest; Agriculture; Charcoal; Conservation; Reforestation; Mount Elgon National Park; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926459969	Effects of dietary administration of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on the growth performance, biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in juvenile and adult Victoria Labeo (Labeo victorianus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila	Ngugi C.C., Oyoo-Okoth E., Mugo-Bundi J., Orina P.S., Chemoiwa E.J., Aloo P.A.	2015	Fish and Shellfish Immunology	44	2	10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.025	Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Department of Agricultural Resource Management, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Natural Resource, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya; National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Centre - Sagana, P. O. Box 26-10230, Sagana, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya	Ngugi, C.C., Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Department of Agricultural Resource Management, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Oyoo-Okoth, E., School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Natural Resource, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya; Mugo-Bundi, J., School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Natural Resource, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya; Orina, P.S., National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Centre - Sagana, P. O. Box 26-10230, Sagana, Kenya, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya; Chemoiwa, E.J., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya; Aloo, P.A., School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Natural Resource, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya	We investigated effects of dietary administration of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on growth performance, biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in juvenile and adult Victoria Labeo (Labeo victorianus) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were divided into 4 groups and fed for 4 and 16 weeks with 0%, 1%, 2% and 5% of U.dioica incorporated into the diet. Use of U.dioica in the diet resulted in improved biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters. Among the biochemical parameters; plasma cortisol, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol decreased while total protein and albumin in fish increased with increasing dietary inclusion of U.dioica. Among the haematology parameters: red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) counts, haematocrit (Htc), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and netrophiles increased with increasing dietary inclusion levels of U.dioica, some depending on the fish age. Serum immunoglobulins, lysozyme activity and respiratory burst were the main immunological parameters in the adult and juvenile L.victorianus measured and they all increased with increasing herbal inclusion of U.dioica in the diet. Dietary incorporation of U.dioica at 5% showed significantly higher relative percentage survival (up to 95%) against A.hydrophila. The current results demonstrate that using U.dioica can stimulate fish immunity and make L.victorianus more resistant to bacterial infection (A.hydrophila). © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Biochemical parameters; Hematological parameters; Immunity; Immunological parameters; Labeo victorianus; Urtica dioica	Aeromonas hydrophila; Bacteria (microorganisms); Labeo; Labeo victorianus; Urtica dioica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946711294	The impact of ethno-linguistic fractionalization on cultural measures: Dynamics, endogeneity and modernization	Luiz J.M.	2015	Journal of International Business Studies	46	9	10.1057/jibs.2015.6	Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Breakwater Campus, Green Point, Portswood Road, Cape Town, South Africa	Luiz, J.M., Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Breakwater Campus, Green Point, Portswood Road, Cape Town, South Africa	We introduce a measure called ethno-linguistic fractionalization (ELF), which captures the ethnic and/or linguistic diversity in a country and examine its implications on existing cultural measures. Not only do high levels of fractionalization affect the use of statistical means to account for cultural distance (CD), we show that it is not constant and therefore the dynamics of change need to be addressed. We pursue the study of the dynamics and potential endogeneity through an in-depth case study of South Africa over the course of the twentieth century. There is evidence of processes of modernization whereby economic progress impacts upon ELF. There are also complex interactions between the various measures of fractionalization and other sociopolitical and institutional variables. This provides us with an opportunity to bridge the CD and institutional distance literature as institutions impact upon culture and multinational enterprises, and institutional development is, in turn, affected by these. We call for a more realistic assessment of what is being captured in cultural measures and for recognition of the complexity of the notion of identity formation and its dynamics. Countries may have different underlying cultural schisms, including ELF, and its introduction will allow for a richer exploration of distance and diversity in International Business.	cross-cultural research/measurement issues; cultural distance; developing markets/countries/economies; national culture	None	None
WoS	WOS:000276219700027	Evaluation of the Role of School Children in the Promotion of Point-of-Use Water Treatment and Handwashing in Schools and Households-Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007	Blanton, Elizabeth,Mwaki, Alex,Oluoch, Gordon Otieno,Ombeki, Sam,Quick, Rob,Wannemuehler, Kathleen	2010	AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE	82	4	10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0422	Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Cooperat Assistance & Relief Everywhere Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent	None	We installed drinking water and handwashing stations in 17 rural schools and trained teachers to promote water treatment and hygiene to pupils. We gave schools flocculent-disinfectant powder and hypochlorite solution for water treatment. We conducted a baseline water handling survey of pupils' parents from 17 schools and tested stored water for chlorine. We trained teachers and students about hygiene, installed water stations, and distributed instructional comic books to students. We conducted follow-up surveys and chlorine testing at 3 and 13 months. From baseline to 3-month follow-up, parental awareness of the flocculent-disinfectant increased (49-91%, P &lt; 0.0001), awareness of hypochlorite remained high (93-92%), and household use of flocculent-disinfectant (1-7%, P &lt; 0.0001) and hypochlorite (6-13%, P &lt; 0.0001) increased, and were maintained after 13 months. Pupil absentee rates decreased after implementation by 26%. This school-based program resulted in pupil-to-parent knowledge transfer and significant increases in household water treatment practices that were sustained over 1 year.	,"DIARRHEA PREVENTION",DRINKING-WATER,FLOCCULANT-DISINFECTANT,INTERVENTION,KNOWLEDGE,PROGRAM,"RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL","RURAL GUATEMALA","SAFE WATER"	None	None
None	None	Survey of care and evaluation of east African burn unit feasibility: An academic burn center exchange	Mitchell K.B., Giiti G., Gallagher J.J.	2013	Journal of Burn Care and Research	34	1	10.1097/BCR.0b013e318269be63	New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1320 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States; Weill Bugando Medical School, Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania	Mitchell, K.B., New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1320 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States; Giiti, G., Weill Bugando Medical School, Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania; Gallagher, J.J., New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1320 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States	Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, partnered with Weill Bugando Medical College and Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital, in Mwanza, Tanzania, to consider the development of a burn unit there. This institutional partnership provided a unique opportunity to promote sustainable academic exchange and build burn care capacity in the East African region. A Weill Cornell burn surgeon and burn fellow collaborated with the Sekou Toure department of surgery to assess its current burn care capabilities and potential for burn unit development. All aspects of interdisciplinary burn care were reviewed and institutional infrastructure evaluated. Sekou Toure is a 375-bed regional referral center and teaching hospital of Weill Bugando Medical College. In 2010-2011, it admitted 5244 pediatric patients in total; 100 of these patients were burn-injured children (2% of admissions). There was no specific data kept on percentage of body surface burned, degree of burn, length of stay, or complications. No adult, operative, or outpatient burn data were available. There are two operating theaters. Patient's families perform wound care with nursing supervision. Rehabilitation therapists consult as needed. Meals are provided three times daily by a central kitchen. Public health outreach is possible through village-based communication networks. Infrastructure to support the development of a burn care unit exists at Sekou Toure, but needs increased clinical focus, human resource capacity building, and record-keeping to track accurate patient numbers. A multidisciplinary center could improve record-keeping and outcomes, encourage referrals, and facilitate outreach through villages. © 2013 by the American Burn Association.	None	Africa; article; burn; burn unit; capacity building; feasibility study; health survey; hospital bed capacity; human; institutional care; length of stay; major clinical study; meal; operating room; public health; rehabilitation care; teaching hospital; wound care; Burn Units; Feasibility Studies; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; International Cooperation; New York; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052712781	The economic impact of hunting in the Northern Cape province	Saayman M., Van Der Merwe P., Rossouw R.	2011	South African Journal of Wildlife Research	41	1	10.3957/056.041.0115	Institute for Tourism, Wildlife Economics and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Saayman, M., Institute for Tourism, Wildlife Economics and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Der Merwe, P., Institute for Tourism, Wildlife Economics and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Rossouw, R., School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	We here estimate the economic impact of hunting (both biltong and trophy) on South Africa's Northern Cape province economy. This study used the input-output (social accounting matrix) and multiplier analyses to evaluate the economic impact of hunting in the regional economy of the Northern Cape province. Data on biltong hunting were derived from a national survey conducted in 2007 and data on trophy hunting were derived from the Professional Hunting Association of South Africa (PHASA). The results indicated that the direct economic impact of hunting in the Northern Cape province economy, resulting from increased expenditure, exceeded R696.1 million for 2007. This direct impact resulted in a total economic impact in the order of R774.3 million, and consequently, in a multiplier effect of 1.11. With regard to employment, it was estimated that some 9072 jobs plus those of the employees directly involved might be dependent on hunting in the province, thereby supporting the notion that this is a viable and important sector of the tourism industry.	biltong hunting; economic impact; hunting; social accounting matrix; South Africa; tourism; trophy hunting	economic impact; ecotourism; employment; estimation method; hunting; regional economy; tourism economics; Northern Cape; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644745302	The bradykinin β2 receptor (BDKRB2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) genes and endurance performance during Ironman Triathlons	Saunders C.J., Xenophontos S.L., Cariolou M.A., Anastassiades L.C., Noakes T.D., Collins M.	2006	Human Molecular Genetics	15	6	10.1093/hmg/ddl014	MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical Research Council of South Africa, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cardiovascular Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus	Saunders, C.J., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Xenophontos, S.L., Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cariolou, M.A., Molecular Genetics Department B, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Anastassiades, L.C., Cardiovascular Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Collins, M., MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical Research Council of South Africa, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	We have previously shown that the insertion allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene was over-represented in the fastest South-African-born finishers of the South African Ironman Triathlons. As ACE is a component of the skeletal muscle kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), the aim of this study is to determine if there are any further associations between polymorphisms within the BDKRB2 and NOS3 genes, which encode for the KKS components, bradykinin β2 receptor and nitric oxide synthase, respectively, and ultra-endurance performance during the Ironman Triathlons. Four-hundred and forty-three male Caucasian triathletes who completed the 2000 and/or 2001 South African Ironman Triathlons and 203 healthy Caucasian male control subjects were genotyped for the functional -9/+9 polymorphism within exon 1 of the BDKRB2 gene and the G894T NOS3 gene polymorphisms. The BDKRB2 -9/-9 genotype occurred at a significantly higher frequency when the triathlete group (27.0%) was compared with the control group (19.3%, P =0.035). When divided into tertiles, there was also a significant linear trend for the NOS3 GG genotype distribution among the fastest (35.0%), middle (40.4%) and slowest (46.9%) finishers (P =0.039). The overall finishing times of the triathletes with an NOS3 GG genotype together with a BDKRB2 + 9 allele were significantly slower than those with other genotype combinations (P = 0.001). The NOS3/BDKRB2 genotype (β = -0.150, B = -31.48, P=0.002), together with body mass index and age, accounted for 14.6% of the variance in the overall race time for the triathlon. In conclusion, both the NOS3 and BDKRB2 genes are associated with the actual performance during the Ironman Triathlons. © 2006 Oxford University Press.	None	bradykinin B2 receptor; endothelial nitric oxide synthase; analysis of variance; article; athlete; controlled study; DNA polymorphism; endurance sport; exon; functional assessment; functional genomics; gene frequency; genetic association; genetic variability; genotype; human; human experiment; kallikrein kinin system; male; multivariate analysis; normal human; priority journal; protein expression; protein function; South Africa; statistical significance; triathlon; Adult; Bicycling; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Physical Endurance; Receptor, Bradykinin B2; Running; South Africa; Sports; Swimming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899627264	Evaluation of reference genes for accurate normalization of gene expression for real time-quantitative PCR in Pyrus pyrifolia using different tissue samples and seasonal conditions	Imai T., Ubi B.E., Saito T., Moriguchi T.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0086492	Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Biotechnology Research and Development Centre, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Graduate School of Life and Environment	Imai, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Ubi, B.E., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Biotechnology Research and Development Centre, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Saito, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Moriguchi, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan	We have evaluated suitable reference genes for real time (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). We tested most frequently used genes in the literature such as β-Tubulin, Histone H3, Actin, Elongation factor-1α, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, together with newly added genes Annexin, SAND and TIP41. A total of 17 primer combinations for these eight genes were evaluated using cDNAs synthesized from 16 tissue samples from four groups, namely: flower bud, flower organ, fruit flesh and fruit skin. Gene expression stabilities were analyzed using geNorm and NormFinder software packages or by ΔCt method. geNorm analysis indicated three best performing genes as being sufficient for reliable normalization of RT-qPCR data. Suitable reference genes were different among sample groups, suggesting the importance of validation of gene expression stability of reference genes in the samples of interest. Ranking of stability was basically similar between geNorm and NormFinder, suggesting usefulness of these programs based on different algorithms. ΔCt method suggested somewhat different results in some groups such as flower organ or fruit skin; though the overall results were in good correlation with geNorm or NormFinder. Gene expression of two cold-inducible genes PpCBF2 and PpCBF4 were quantified using the three most and the three least stable reference genes suggested by geNorm. Although normalized quantities were different between them, the relative quantities within a group of samples were similar even when the least stable reference genes were used. Our data suggested that using the geometric mean value of three reference genes for normalization is quite a reliable approach to evaluating gene expression by RT-qPCR. We propose that the initial evaluation of gene expression stability by ΔCt method, and subsequent evaluation by geNorm or NormFinder for limited number of superior gene candidates will be a practical way of finding out reliable reference genes. © 2014 Imai et al.	None	actin; annexin; beta tubulin; complementary DNA; elongation factor 1alpha; glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; histone H3; membrane protein; protein SAND; protein TIP41; unclassified drug; 3' untranslated region; animal cell; animal tissue; article; controlled study; gene amplification; gene expression; gene locus; gene targeting; genetic analysis; genetic stability; molecular cloning; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; plant development; plant gene; plant genetics; plant structures; PpCBF2 gene; PpCBF4 gene; Pyrus; Pyrus pyrifolia; quantitative analysis; real time polymerase chain reaction; seasonal variation; 3' Untranslated Regions; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Open Reading Frames; Organ Specificity; Pyrus; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA Stability; Seasons	JSPS, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344400117	Determination of midazolam and its major metabolite 1′- hydroxymidazolam by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in plasma from children	Muchohi S.N., Ward S.A., Preston L., Newton C.R.J.C., Edwards G., Kokwaro G.O.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	821	1	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.015	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Ward, S.A., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Preston, L., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	We have developed a sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) for the simultaneous quantification of midazolam (MDZ) and its major metabolite, 1′-hydroxymidazolam (1′-OHM) in a small volume (200 μl) of human plasma. Midazolam, 1′-OHM and 1′-chlordiazepoxide (internal standard) were extracted from alkalinised (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase HyPURITY™ Elite C18 (5 μm particle size; 100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) analytical column using an acidic (pH 2.8) mobile phase (water-acetonitrile; 75:25% (v/v) containing formic acid (0.1%, v/v)) delivered at a flow-rate of 200 μl/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode at the protonated-molecular ions [M + l] + of parent drug and metabolite. Calibration curves in spiked plasma were linear (r2 ≥ 0.99) from 15 to 600 ng/ml (MDZ) and 5-200 ng/ml (1′-OHM). The limits of detection and quantification were 2 and 5 ng/ml, respectively, for both MDZ and 1′-OHM. The mean relative recoveries at 40 and 600 ng/ml (MDZ) were 79.4 ± 3.1% (n = 6) and 84.2 ± 4.7% (n = 8), respectively; for 1′-OHM at 30 and 200 ng/ml the values were 89.9 ± 7.2% (n = 6) and 86.9 ± 5.6% (n = 8), respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for MDZ were less than 8%, and for 1′-OHM were less than 13%. There was no interference from other commonly used antimalarials, antipyretic drugs and antibiotics. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of MDZ and 1′-OHM in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of MDZ either intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly (i.m.). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	1′-Hydroxymidazolam; Midazolam; Pharmacokinetics in children	Assays; Drug products; Ionization; Mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Solvent extraction; Antimalarials; Electrospray ionization (ESI); Midazolam; Protonated molecular ions; High performance liquid chromatography; 1' chlordiazepoxide; alpha hydroxymidazolam; analgesic agent; antibiotic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; ceftriaxone; chloramphenicol; chlordiazepoxide; chloroquine; cycloguanil; deethylchloroquine; midazolam; midazolam maleate; paracetamol; penicillin G; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; unclassified drug; accuracy; alkalinity; analytic method; anticonvulsant activity; antimalarial activity; article; blood sampling; child; controlled study; device; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; electrospray mass spectrometry; high performance liquid chromatography; human; liquid liquid extraction; malaria; priority journal; reliability; seizure; Anticonvulsants; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Midazolam; Reproducibility of Results; Seizures; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905002841	Atomistic insight into orthoborate-based ionic liquids: Force field development and evaluation	Wang Y.-L., Shah F.U., Glavatskih S., Antzutkin O.N., Laaksonen A.	2014	Journal of Physical Chemistry B	118	29	10.1021/jp503029d	Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, S-971 87, Luleå, Sweden; System and Component Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-10 044, Stockholm, Sweden; Mechanical Construction and Production, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Physics, Warwick University, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Studies (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre, Stellenbosch University, Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Wang, Y.-L., Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Shah, F.U., Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, S-971 87, Luleå, Sweden; Glavatskih, S., System and Component Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-10 044, Stockholm, Sweden, Mechanical Construction and Production, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Antzutkin, O.N., Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, S-971 87, Luleå, Sweden, Department of Physics, Warwick University, CV4 7AL, Coventry, United Kingdom; Laaksonen, A., Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden, Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Studies (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre, Stellenbosch University, Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	We have developed an all-atomistic force field for a new class of halogen-free chelated orthoborate-phosphonium ionic liquids. The force field is based on an AMBER framework with determination of force field parameters for phosphorus and boron atoms, as well as refinement of several available parameters. The bond and angle force constants were adjusted to fit vibration frequency data derived from both experimental measurements and ab initio calculations. The force field parameters for several dihedral angles were obtained by fitting torsion energy profiles deduced from ab initio calculations. To validate the proposed force field parameters, atomistic simulations were performed for 12 ionic liquids consisting of tetraalkylphosphonium cations and chelated orthoborate anions. The predicted densities for neat ionic liquids and the [P6,6,6,14][BOB] sample, with a water content of approximately 2.3-2.5 wt %, are in excellent agreement with available experimental data. The potential energy components of 12 ionic liquids were discussed in detail. The radial distribution functions and spatial distribution functions were analyzed and visualized to probe the microscopic ionic structures of these ionic liquids. There are mainly four high-probability regions of chelated orthoborate anions distributed around tetraalkylphosphonium cations in the first solvation shell, and such probability distribution functions are strongly influenced by the size of anions. © 2014 American Chemical Society.	None	Calculations; Chelation; Distribution functions; Oil field development; Positive ions; Probability distributions; Ab initio calculations; Atomistic simulations; Energy components; Force field development; Force field parameters; Radial distribution functions; Solvation shell; Vibration frequency; Ionic liquids	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890353141	Stable isotope evidence for impact-related pseudotachylite formation at vredefort by local melting of dry rocks	Harris C., Fourie D.S., Fagereng A.	2013	South African Journal of Geology	116	1	10.2113/gssajg.116.1.101	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Harris, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Fourie, D.S., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Fagereng, A., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	We have determined the major element composition, δ18O and δD values, and water content of impact-related granophyre, and pseudotachylite, from various Vredefort Dome localities, aiming to constrain the mechanism of melt formation and the relationship between pseudotachylite and granophyre. The granitoid gneisses and the pseudotachylites they host have almost identical average δD and δ180 values (-67 and 8.6%o, and -67 and 8.4%o, respectively). The water contents of the pseudotachylites are extremely low, consistent with the isolation of the pseudotachylites from free water during and since their formation. There is a bimodal distribution of water content in pseudotachylites, with one group averaging 0.28 ± 0.03 weight % (n = 9) and the other 0.59 ± 0.06 weight % (n = 9). The Vredefort granophyre, which has been interpreted as the pooled product of impact melting, has average δD and δ180 values of -69%o and 7.6%o, respectively (n = 2) and also has a very low water content (0.23 weight %). Differences in major element and O-isotope composition between the granophyre and the pseudotachylites are not consistent with a simple relationship, but can be explained by a higher component of greenstone in the granophyre. A strong correlation between host and pseudotachylite δ18O values is consistent with a system where the melt composition is controlled by the immediate surroundings. The pseudotachylites with higher water content have slightly higher δ18O values (9.1 compared to 8.1‰). This is opposite to the relationship predicted if water content is related to the proportion of biotite entering the melt. It is possible, instead, that this relates to the incorporation of higher proportions of material altered at low temperature in the high-water group. © 2013 June Geological Society of South Africa.	None	formation mechanism; granophyre; greenstone; impact structure; melt; metamorphism; pseudotachylite; stable isotope; water content; Free State; South Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544462587	Assessment of heavy-metal profile of the New Calabar River and its impact on juvenile Clarias gariepinus	Wegwu M.O., Akaninwor J.O.	2006	Chemistry and Biodiversity	3	1	10.1002/cbdv.200690010	Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Wegwu, M.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Akaninwor, J.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	We have determined the heavy-metal status of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River in the Niger Delta region over a 40-km-long distance, and its impact on the development of catfish (juvenile Clarias gariepinus). The total mean concentrations of dissolved trace metals in the river were 0.01, 0.85, 0.56, 2.08, 0.05, 12.0, and 6.59 mg/l for Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, and Zn, respectively. The accumulated concentration of trace metals in the muscles of different mature fish caught from the river were examined, and the results fell within the action levels adopted in most countries. To evaluate the contributions of trace metals to fisheries depletion, eggs of C. gariepinus were hatched in dilution water spiked with the total mean metal levels determined in the river water. Our results indicate substantive inhibition of egg hatch even at very low concentrations of the majority of the trace metals studied, with mortality rates well above 50% after 216 h of exposure (Table 5). These findings suggest that trace metals (except for Zn), even at very low concentrations, negatively affect fish hatch and fry rearing, implying that aquatic milieus contaminated by trace metals are not suitable as nursery grounds for fish cultures. © 2006 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta.	None	cadmium; chromium; copper; heavy metal; iron; lead; mercury; river water; trace metal; zinc; animal tissue; aquatic environment; article; breeding; catfish; concentration (parameters); controlled study; death; environmental exposure; environmental impact assessment; fishery; geography; hatching; Nigeria; nonhuman; pisciculture; river; tissue distribution; water pollution; Age Factors; Animals; Catfishes; Metals, Heavy; Nigeria; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548264707	Electronic structure of trigonal-planar transition-metal - Imido complexes: Spin-state energetics, spin-density profiles, and the remarkable performance of the OLYP functional	Conradie J., Ghosh A.	2007	Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation	3	3	10.1021/ct600337j	Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa	Conradie, J., Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; Ghosh, A., Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway	We have carried out a detailed multifunctional density functional theory study of first-row transition-metal (Cr to Cu) β-diketiminato ("nacnac") imido and oxo complexes. All the complexes studied exhibit essentially the same d-orbital energy ordering, which is a1 (d x 2-z 2) ≤ a2 (d xy) ≤ a1 (dy2) &lt; b2 (d yz) &lt; b1 (dxz), where the metal-imido vector is identified with the z axis and metal-N3 plane is identified with the xz plane. A curious aspect of this orbital ordering is that the metal d z 2-z 2 orbital, one of whose lobes points directly at the imido nitrogen, is considerably lower in energy than the dπ orbitale. We have determined that the remarkable stability of the dσ-type orbitale owes largely to the way these orbitals hybridize or "shape-shift" as a result of the absence of ligands trans or equatorial with respect to the imido (or oxo) group. Of the many functionals examined, OLYP and OPBE, based on the Handy-Cohen OPTX exchange functional, appear to provide the best overall description of the spin-state energetics of the various complexes. In particular, these two functionals predict an S = 3/2 ground state for Fe(III) nacnac imido complexes and an S = 0 ground state for Co(III) nacnac imido complexes, as observed experimentally. In contrast, classic pure functionals such as PW91 predict S = 1/2 ground states or at best equienergetic S = 1/2 and S = 3/2 states for the Fe(III) imido complexes, while hybrid functionals such as B3LYP and O3LYP predict S = 1 or 2 ground states for the Co(III) nacnac imido complexes. © 2007 American Chemical Society.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000284513700001	HIV/AIDS dynamics Impact of economic classes with transmission from poor clinical settings	Pedro, S. A.,Tchuenche, J. M.	2010	JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY	267	4	10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.09.019	University of Dar es Salaam, Eduardo Mondlane Univ	"Tchuenche, J. M.: University of Dar es Salaam",	We formulate and analyze a nonlinear deterministic HIV/AIDS model with two social classes namely the poor and the rich including transmission from poor clinical settings with a randomly variable population Four sub-models are derived from the full model the disease threshold parameters are computed and it is shown that the disease will die down if these initial threshold parameters are less than unity and will persist if they exceed unity The impact of economic classes (along with transmission from poor/inadequate clinical settings) on the disease dynamics is assessed and we observe that even with a single sexual partner the reproduction number is slightly greater than unity implying that the additional transmission can only be from clinical settings Stability (local and global) of both the disease-free and endemic equilibria are then investigated using various techniques of dynamical systems such as Centre Manifold theory and Lyapunov s second method Analysis on the bifurcation parameter is carried out to assess the impact of related HIV transmission from poor clinical settings We estimate some of the model parameter values and numerical simulations of the model are represented graphically Our results show that the prevalence of HIV in rich communities seems to be higher than that in the poor but the disease develops faster in impoverished individuals (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved	"economic classes",HIV/AIDS,"LYAPUNOV FUNCTION","Poor clinical settings",STABILITY,EPIDEMIC,"HIV TRANSMISSION",INFECTIOUS-DISEASES,MODELS,RISK,SPREAD,VIRUS,WORKERS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951515024	Mathematical Analysis of an HIV/AIDS Model: Impact of Educational Programs and Abstinence in Sub-Saharan Africa	Bhunu C.P., Mushayabasa S., Kojouharov H., Tchuenche J.M.	2011	Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms	10	1	10.1007/s10852-010-9134-0	Department of Applied Mathematics, Modelling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0408, United States; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada	Bhunu, C.P., Department of Applied Mathematics, Modelling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, United Kingdom; Mushayabasa, S., Department of Applied Mathematics, Modelling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Kojouharov, H., Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0408, United States; Tchuenche, J.M., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada	We formulate a deterministic HIV/AIDS model to theoretically investigate how counselling and testing coupled with the resulting decrease in sexual activity could affect the HIV epidemic in resource-limited communities. The threshold quantities are determined and stabilities analyzed. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations support the idea that increase in the number of sexually inactive HIV positive individuals who voluntarily abstain from sex has a positive impact on HIV/AIDS control. Results from this theoretical study suggest that effective counselling and testing have a great potential to partially control the epidemic (especially when HIV positive individuals either willingly withdraw from risky sexual activities or disclose their status beforehand) even in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Therefore, more needs to be done in resource-limited settings, such as sub-Saharan Africa, as far as the HIV/AIDS epidemic is concerned and a formalized information, education, and communication strategy should be given prominence in educational campaigns. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Abstinence; HIV/AIDS; Reproduction number; Resource-limited; Testing and counselling	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873747198	Using Large Climate Ensembles to Plan for the Hydrological Impact of Climate Change in the Freshwater Environment	Fung F., Watts G., Lopez A., Orr H.G., New M., Extence C.	2013	Water Resources Management	27	4	10.1007/s11269-012-0080-7	Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom; Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental and Geographic Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Fung, F., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Watts, G., Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom; Lopez, A., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Orr, H.G., Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom; New, M., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Department of Environmental and Geographic Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa, African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Extence, C., Environment Agency of England and Wales, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom	We explore the use of large ensembles of climate scenarios to inform climate change adaptation in response to hydrological impacts on the freshwater environment, using a sensitive chalk river in south east England to illustrate the approach. The climateprediction. net experiment provides large ensembles of transient climate series from 1920 to 2080. We use 246 transient climate series in the CATCHMOD rainfall-run-off model to develop large ensembles of plausible river flows for the River Itchen. This transient ensemble allows the exploration of how flows may change through the twenty-first century, and demonstrates the range of possible consequences for freshwater ecosystems, based on invertebrate community impacts. Hydrological modelling of flow sequences including abstraction allows the continued effectiveness of river support from groundwater to be assessed. A new environmental impact matrix considers the response of the freshwater ecosystem in the Itchen, concentrating particularly on macro-invertebrates. Through the century increasing numbers of models fail the flow targets, with a minority of models suggesting flows that would lead to irreversible change to the invertebrate community. The large ensemble provides a richer picture of the range of possible change, allowing managers to explore a range of different responses. The approach used is illustrative, but demonstrates that large ensembles may be of great value in improving the understanding of the possible impact of climate change, provided that they can be communicated effectively to decision-makers. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Climate change; Decision making; Large ensembles; Macro-invertebrate response; Modelling; River ecosystems; Uncertainty; Water resources	Climate change adaptation; Climate scenarios; Decision makers; England; Freshwater ecosystem; Freshwater environments; Hydrological impacts; Hydrological modelling; Invertebrate communities; Irreversible changes; Large ensembles; Macroinvertebrates; River ecosystem; River flow; Uncertainty; Climate change; Decision making; Ecosystems; Environmental impact; Groundwater; Models; Rivers; Uncertainty analysis; Water resources; Climate models; climate change; climate effect; climate prediction; decision making; ensemble forecasting; environmental impact; freshwater environment; hydrological modeling; macroinvertebrate; rainfall-runoff modeling; river flow; river system; uncertainty analysis; England; Hampshire; Itchen River; United Kingdom; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-72849126411	A qualitative study of the multiple impacts of external workplace violence in two Western Cape communities	Bowman B., Crafford A., Bhamjee F., Eagle G.	2009	South African Journal of Psychology	39	3	None	Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Programme in Industrial Psychology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Bowman, B., Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Crafford, A., Programme in Industrial Psychology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Bhamjee, F., Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Eagle, G., Programme in Industrial Psychology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	We explore the individual, organisational, familial, and community impacts of external workplace violence in a South African telecommunications company, as perceived and experienced by victims of such violence and the members of management mandated to manage and prevent it. Exposure to violence while working dramatically and directly affected the lives of the individual victims. Moreover, its impacts were felt across and within the organisational, familial, and community settings in which these individuals are located daily. The use of conventional crisis management strategies that are traditionally directed at addressing the individual impacts of trauma through specialised psychological interventions were perceived to be ineffective by all of the research participants. Our findings therefore call into question current understandings of the psychologist's role in managing violence in the workplace. Accordingly, ways of re-conceptualising the role and requisite skill set of psychologists working with or in organisations, where violence while working is an everyday reality, are suggested. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Psychologist in the workplace; Trauma; Violence; Work; Workplace violence	None	None
None	None	Employee layoffs, shareholder wealth and firm performance: Evidence from the UK	Hillier D., Marshall A., McColgan P., Werema S.	2007	Journal of Business Finance and Accounting	34	42433	10.1111/j.1468-5957.2007.02042.x	Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom; Faculty of Business Management, Open University of Tanzania, Tanzania; Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Strathclyde, Curran Building, 100 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0LN, United Kingdom	Hillier, D., Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Marshall, A., Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom; McColgan, P., Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Strathclyde, Curran Building, 100 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0LN, United Kingdom; Werema, S., Faculty of Business Management, Open University of Tanzania, Tanzania	We examine the financial performance of UK listed companies surrounding the announcement of permanent employee layoffs. We find that poor operating and stock price performance, increased gearing, and threats from external markets for corporate control precede employee layoffs. Layoff announcements elicit a significantly negative stock price reaction, which is driven by announcements that are reactive to poor financial conditions. We also find that layoffs result in significant increases in employee productivity and corporate focus. We conclude that layoffs represent an efficient response to poor financial conditions, but that their occurrence is strongly dependent on pressure from external control markets. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Corporate control; Corporate restructuring; Employee layoffs; Firm performance	None	None
None	None	Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawthorne Effect	Leonard K., Masatu M.C.	2006	Social Science and Medicine	63	9	10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.003	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maryland, 2200 Symons Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Centre for Educational Development in Health, Arusha, Tanzania	Leonard, K., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maryland, 2200 Symons Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Masatu, M.C., Centre for Educational Development in Health, Arusha, Tanzania	We examine the evidence that the behavior of clinicians is impacted by the fact that they are being observed by a research team. Data on the quality of care provided by clinicians in Arusha region of Tanzania show a marked fall in quality over time as new patients are consulted. By conducting detailed interviews with patients who consulted both before and after our research team arrived we are able to show strong evidence of the Hawthorne effect. Patient-reported quality is steady before we arrive, rises significantly (by 13 percentage points) at the moment we arrive and then falls steadily thereafter. We show that quality after we arrive begins to look similar to quality before we arrived between the 10th and 15th consultations. Implications for quality measurement and policy are discussed. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Audit and feedback; Hawthorne effect; Out patient department quality evaluation; Tanzania	health care; psychology; research work; analytical research; article; consultation; Hawthorne effect; health care quality; human; interview; medical audit; outpatient; outpatient department; policy; Tanzania; Ambulatory Care; Behavior; Effect Modifiers (Epidemiology); Health Personnel; Humans; Observation; Quality of Health Care; Questionnaires; Tanzania; Africa; Arusha [Tanzania]; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649421857	The impact of environment on the dynamical structure of satellite systems	Faltenbacher A.	2010	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	408	2	10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17185.x	Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany; MPA/SHAO Joint Center for Astrophysical Cosmology at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Nandan Road 80, Shanghai 200030, China	Faltenbacher, A., Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa, Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany, MPA/SHAO Joint Center for Astrophysical Cosmology at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Nandan Road 80, Shanghai 200030, China	We examine the effects of environment on the dynamical structure of satellite systems based on the Millennium II Simulation. Satellite haloes are defined as subhaloes within the virial radius of a host halo. The satellite sample is restricted to those subhaloes which showed a maximum circular velocity above 30 km s-1 at the time of accretion. Host halo masses range from 1011 to 1014 h-1 M.. We compute the satellites' average accretion redshift, zacc, velocity dispersion, σ, and velocity anisotropy parameter, β, utilizing stacked satellite samples of equal-mass hosts at similar background densities. The main results are as follows. (1) On an average, satellites within hosts in high-density environments are accreted earlier (Δz≈ 0.1) compared to their counterparts at low densities. For host masses above 5 × 1013 h-1 M. this trend weakens, and may reverse for higher host masses. (2) The velocity dispersion of satellites in low-density environments follows that of the host, i.e. no velocity bias is observed for host haloes at low densities independent of host mass. However, for low-mass hosts in high-density environments the velocity dispersion of the satellites can be up to ~30 per cent larger than that of the host halo, i.e. the satellites are dynamically hotter than their host haloes. (3) The anisotropy parameter depends on host mass and environment. Satellites of massive hosts show more radially biased velocity distributions. Moreover in low-density environments, satellites have more radially biased velocities (Δβ≳ 0.1) as compared to their counterparts in high-density environments. We believe that our approach allows us to predict a similar behaviour for observed satellite galaxy systems. © 2010 The Author. Journal compilation © 2010 RAS.	Dark matter; Galaxies: clusters: general; Galaxies: haloes; Methods: N-body simulations; Methods: numerical	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61549097533	Macroeconomic performance and inequality: Brazil, 1983-94	Bittencourt M.	2009	Developing Economies	47	1	10.1111/j.1746-1049.2009.00075.x	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Bittencourt, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	We examine how poor macroeconomic performance, mainly in terms of high rates of inflation, affected earnings inequality in the 1980s and early 1990s in Brazil. The results, based initially on aggregate time series, and then on sub-national panel time-series data and analysis, show that the extreme inflation, combined with an imperfect process of financial adaptation and incomplete indexation coverage, had a regressive and significant impact on inequality. The implication of the results is that sound macroeconomic policies, which keep inflation low and stable in the long run, should be a necessary first step of any policy package implemented to alleviate inequality in Brazil. © Journal compilation © 2009 Institute of Developing Economies.	Brazil; Financial adaptation; Indexation; Inequality; Inflation	financial system; inflation; macroeconomics; time series analysis; Brazil; South America	None
WoS	WOS:000327073900019	The impact of HIV status, HIV disease progression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms on the health-related quality of life of Rwandan women genocide survivors	Adedimeji, Adebola A.,Anastos, Kathryn,Cohen, Mardge H.,Gard, Tracy L.,Hoover, Donald R.,Mutimura, Eugene,Shi, Qiuhu	2013	QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH	22	8	10.1007/s11136-012-0328-y	Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York Medical College, Rush University, Rutgers State University, Yeshiva University, Kigali Hlth Inst	"Cohen, Mardge H.: Rush University","Hoover, Donald R.: Rutgers State University","Shi, Qiuhu: New York Medical College",	We examined whether established associations between HIV disease and HIV disease progression on worse health-related quality of life (HQOL) were applicable to women with severe trauma histories, in this case Rwandan women genocide survivors, the majority of whom were HIV-infected. Additionally, this study attempted to clarify whether post-traumatic stress symptoms were uniquely associated with HQOL or confounded with depression. The Rwandan Women's Interassociation Study and Assessment was a longitudinal prospective study of HIV-infected and uninfected women. At study entry, 922 women (705 HIV+ and 217 HIV-) completed measures of symptoms of post-traumatic stress and HQOL as well as other demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics. Even after controlling for potential confounders and mediators, HIV+ women, in particular those with the lowest CD4 counts, scored significantly worse on HQOL and overall quality of life (QOL) than did HIV- women. Even after controlling for depression and HIV disease progression, women with more post-traumatic stress symptoms scored worse on HQOL and overall QOL than women with fewer post-traumatic stress symptoms. This study demonstrated that post-traumatic stress symptoms were independently associated with HQOL and overall QOL, independent of depression and other confounders or potential mediators. Future research should examine whether the long-term impact of treatment on physical and psychological symptoms of HIV and post-traumatic stress symptoms would generate improvement in HQOL.	HIV,"post-traumatic stress disorder","QUALITY OF LIFE",RWANDA,WOMEN,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",DEPRESSION,DISORDER,INFECTION,PEOPLE,PREDICTORS,RAPE,SOUTH,TRAUMA,WORLD	None	None
WoS	WOS:000234123500009	Impact of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness on inequalities in child health in rural Tanzania	de Savigny, D,Masanja, H,MSHINDA, H,SCHELLENBERG, JA,VICTORA, CG	2005	HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING	20	None	10.1093/heapol/czi054	Universidade Federal de Pelotas, University of Basel, University of London, Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Swiss Trop Inst, Tanzania Essential Hlth Intervent Project	None	We examined the impact of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy on the equality of health outcomes and access across socioeconomic gradients in rural Tanzania, by comparing changes in inequities between 1999 and 2002 in two districts with IMCI (Morogoro Rural and Rufiji) and two without (Kilombero and Ulanga). Equity differentials for six child health indicators (underweight, stunting, measles immunization, access to treated and untreated nets, treatment of fever with antimalarial) improved significantly in IMCI districts compared with comparison districts (p &lt; 0.05), while four indicators (wasting, DPT coverage, caretakers' knowledge of danger signs and appropriate careseeking) improved significantly in comparison districts compared with IMCI districts (p &lt; 0.05). The largest improvements were observed for stunting among children between 24-59 months of age. The concentration index improved from -0.102 in 1999 to -0.032 in 2002 for IMCI, while it remained almost unchanged -0.122 to -0.133 in comparison districts. IMCI was associated with improved equity for measles vaccine coverage, whereas the opposite was observed for DPT antigens. This study has shown how equity assessments can be incorporated in impact evaluation at relatively little additional cost, and how this may point to specific interventions that need to be reinforced. The introduction of IMCI led to improvements in child health that did not occur at the expense of equity.	"CHILD HEALTH","CHILD SURVIVAL",EQUITY,IMCI,"SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS",CARE,INEQUITIES,MORTALITY,POOR	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12144265481	Impact of African herbal medicines on antiretroviral metabolism	Mills E., Foster B.C., Van Heeswijk R., Phillips E., Wilson K., Leonard B., Kosuge K., Kanfer I.	2005	AIDS	19	1	None	Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mills, E., Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Foster, B.C., University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Van Heeswijk, R., Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Phillips, E., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Wilson, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Leonard, B., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kosuge, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	We examined the effects of two African herbal medicines recommended for HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral metabolism. Extracts from Hypoxis and Sutherlandia showed significant effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism and activated the pregnane X receptor approximately twofold. P-glycoprotein expression was inhibited, with Hypoxis showing 42-51% and Sutherlandia showing 19-31% of activity compared with verapamil. Initiating policies to provide herbal medicines with antiretroviral agents may put patients at risk of treatment failure, viral resistance or drug toxicity.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cytochrome P450 3A4; glycoprotein P; Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; nelfinavir; plant extract; pregnane X receptor; rifampicin; Sutherlandia extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; controlled study; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; enzyme activation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Hypoxis; priority journal; protein expression; treatment failure; virus resistance; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Fabaceae; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hypoxis; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; P-Glycoprotein; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Verapamil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925497945	Human harvesting impacts on managed areas: ecological effects of socially-compatible shellfish reserves	Aswani S., Flores C.F., Broitman B.R.	2014	Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries	25	1	10.1007/s11160-014-9376-4	Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science (DIFS), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; IGP Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile	Aswani, S., Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science (DIFS), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Flores, C.F., Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, IGP Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Broitman, B.R., Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile	We examined how human harvesting impacts on managed areas affect the abundance and size distribution of the edible mangrove shellfish Anadara granosa and Polymesoda spp. in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands. We tested two hypotheses: (1) in areas permanently and temporally closed to human exploitation, abundance and size distribution of these shellfish species is significantly greater than in sites open to exploitation and (2) moderate human disturbance of shell beds, particularly of Polymesoda spp., increases their abundance. Firstly, we studied perceptions of environmental states and processes coupled to foraging and management interventions to assess sociocultural influences on harvesting practices and ascertain the types of management regime that people would consider in a context where poaching and interloping are common practices. Secondly, we compared shellfish abundance and shell size from areas that were permanently protected, temporally reserved for communal harvest, and permanently open for exploitation. Thirdly, drawing from women’s local knowledge, we measured the abundance of Polymesoda spp. in relation to mud compactness in quadrats across the three management regimes. Results showed that both species were significantly more abundant in permanent and temporally closed sites than in open sites. In the mud compactness study, however, while shell abundance was greater in moderately compacted quadrats, there was no statistical relationship between mud compactness and shell abundance within or across the three management regimes. Results suggest that even under the strong impacts of poaching, temporally closed areas have more clams than open areas and are as effective as areas that are permanently closed nominally. The results also suggest that human harvesting regimes can influence the effectiveness of local management decisions and thus are important when designing community-based conservation programs in the Solomon Islands and other Pacific Islands. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Ecological disturbance; Ecological impacts; Foraging; MPAs; Shellfish; Social acceptability; Solomon Islands	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548103853	Field evaluation of a rota- and adenovirus immunochromatographic assay using stool samples from children with acute diarrhea in Ghana	Weitzel T., Reither K., Mockenhaupt F.P., Stark K., Ignatius R., Saad E., Seidu-Korkor A., Bienzle U., Schreier E.	2007	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	45	8	10.1128/JCM.00562-07	Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Regional Health Administration, Ministry of Health, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, D-14050 Berlin, Germany	Weitzel, T., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, D-14050 Berlin, Germany; Reither, K., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Mockenhaupt, F.P., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Stark, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Ignatius, R., Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Saad, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Seidu-Korkor, A., Regional Health Administration, Ministry of Health, Tamale, Ghana; Bienzle, U., Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Schreier, E., Department of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany	We evaluated the Rida Quick rotavirus/adenovirus Combi rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) under field conditions with Ghanaian children with acute diarrhea. Compared to PCR results, sensitivities and specificities were 75% and 95% for rotavirus and 22% and 84% for adenovirus. In resource-poor settings, ICTs may help to overcome difficulties in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	acute diarrhea; Adenovirus; article; childhood disease; chromatography; device; evaluation; feces analysis; Ghana; human; immunochromatographic assay; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; Rotavirus; sensitivity and specificity; Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Affinity; Diarrhea; Ghana; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Virology; Adenoviridae; Rotavirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868592655	Depressive symptoms and their impact on health-seeking behaviors in newly-diagnosed HIV-infected patients in Durban, South Africa	Ramirez-Avila L., Regan S., Giddy J., Chetty S., Ross D., Katz J.N., Freedberg K.A., Walensky R.P., Losina E., Bassett I.V.	2012	AIDS and Behavior	16	8	10.1007/s10461-012-0160-y	Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, United States; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; St. Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill, Durban, South Africa; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States	Ramirez-Avila, L., Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Regan, S., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Giddy, J., McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Chetty, S., McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Ross, D., St. Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill, Durban, South Africa; Katz, J.N., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Freedberg, K.A., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Walensky, R.P., Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Losina, E., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Bassett, I.V., Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States	We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms prior to HIV diagnosis and determined the effect of these symptoms on seeking HIV care at an urban and rural clinic in Durban, South Africa. Adults were administered a questionnaire which included the 5-item Mental Health Index (MHI-5) before HIV testing. We determined the depressive symptoms among HIV-infected subjects. Of 1,545 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected subjects, 55% had depressive symptoms by MHI-5 score. Enrolling at the urban clinic and decreasing functional activity score were associated with depressive symptoms. Subjects with depressive symptoms who were referred for HIV testing by a healthcare provider were less likely to obtain a CD4 count than those without depressive symptoms who self-referred for testing. Depressive symptoms were common among newly-diagnosed HIV-infected participants and impacted CD4 uptake. Depression screening at the time of HIV diagnosis is critical for improving linkage to mental health and HIV services in South Africa. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.	Africa; Depression; Depressive symptoms; HIV; Linkage to care; South Africa	adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; depression; evaluation; female; follow up; health behavior; hospital; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; mass screening; methodology; multivariate analysis; patient attitude; patient referral; prevalence; prospective study; psychological aspect; questionnaire; rural population; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistics; urban population; Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Depression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Behavior; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Rural; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Multivariate Analysis; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Referral and Consultation; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856624708	Comparative MIC evaluation of a generic ceftriaxone by broth microdilution on clinically relevant isolates from an academic hospital complex in South Africa	Lowman W., Aithma N., Coetzee J.F., Dusè A.G., Mer M.	2012	South African Medical Journal	102	2	None	Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand; and Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Lowman, W., Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand; and Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Aithma, N., Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Coetzee, J.F., Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Dusè, A.G., Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand; and Infection Control Services Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mer, M., Department of Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	We evaluated the in vitro microbiological efficacy of a generic ceftriaxone product against several clinically significant organisms collected from sterile sites. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each was determined simultaneously with the reference and the generic ceftriaxone product. Comparative analysis of MICs between the two products for each isolate was performed using both categorical (interpretive) agreement and essential (actual MIC value) agreement. A total of 260 isolates were tested. Overall, there was categorical agreement of 98.9% and essential agreement of 95.8%. The categorical agreement for all isolates (96.7 - 100%) accorded with international standards, as no very major errors were seen and the major error rate was less than 3%. Of the 90 isolates of E. coli (40), Klebsiella spp. (40) and Salmonella spp. (10), 87.6% had an MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l. The generic ceftriaxone product showed equivalent efficacy by MIC determination to the reference formulation. Ceftriaxone remains a viable and useful antimicrobial agent against a variety of clinically relevant organisms in our setting.	None	ceftriaxone; extended spectrum beta lactamase; alpha hemolytic Streptococcus; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterium isolate; broth dilution; comparative study; drug efficacy; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenzae; Klebsiella; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; phenotype; Salmonella; South Africa; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Ceftriaxone; Citrobacter; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Staphylococcus aureus; Viridans Streptococci	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957777259	Impacts of the Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia on livestock and tree holdings of rural households	Andersson C., Mekonnen A., Stage J.	2011	Journal of Development Economics	94	1	10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.12.002	Department of Economics, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 640, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden	Andersson, C., Department of Economics, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Mekonnen, A., Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Stage, J., Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 640, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden	We evaluated the impacts of the Ethiopian Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on rural households' holdings of livestock and forest assets/trees. We found no indication that participation in PSNP induces households to disinvest in livestock or trees. In fact, households that participated in the program increased the number of trees planted, but there was no increase in their livestock holdings. We found no strong evidence that the PSNP protects livestock in times of shock. Shocks appear to lead households to disinvest in livestock, but not in trees. Our results suggest that there is increased forestry activity as a result of PSNP, and that improved credit access encourages households to increase their livestock holdings. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.	Ethiopia; Livestock; Safety nets; Trees	forestry production; household expenditure; livestock; participatory approach; rural economy; rural finance; rural society; social security; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549157498	Effects of night-reading on daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and academic performance of undergraduate pharmacy students in Nigeria	Adeosun S.O., Asa S.O., Babalola O.O., Akanmu M.A.	2008	Sleep and Biological Rhythms	6	2	10.1111/j.1479-8425.2008.00338.x	Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; D	Adeosun, S.O., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Asa, S.O., Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Babalola, O.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria; Akanmu, M.A., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220-005 Osun State, Nigeria	We evaluated the impact of night reading on daytime sleepiness, quality of sleep and performance of student. Pharmacy students (N = 253, 71.5% response rate) completed a sleep and study lifestyle questionnaire, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the Epworth sleepiness scale questionnaires, and their grade indices (were obtained. The results showed that the prevalence of night reading was 76.7% and there was a significant (P < 0.05) association between night reading and sleep quality, and also between sleep quality and academic performance. Thus, habitual night reading may affect academic performance, possibly due to the reduced sleep and poor sleep quality of habitual night readers. © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Japanese Society of Sleep Research.	Academic performance; Daytime sleepiness; PSQI; Sleep education; Sleep quality	academic achievement; adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; daytime somnolence; Epworth sleepiness scale; female; human; human experiment; lifestyle; male; Nigeria; night; normal human; pharmacy student; prevalence; priority journal; questionnaire; reading; scoring system; sex difference; sleep; sleep time	None
None	None	Performance of urine lipoarabinomannan assays for paediatric tuberculosis in Tanzania	Kroidl I., Clowes P., Reither K., Mtafya B., Rojas-Ponce G., Ntinginya E.N., Kalomo M., Minja L.T., Kowuor D., Saathoff E., Kroidl A., Heinrich N., Maboko L., Bates M., O'Grady J., Zumla A., Hoelscher M., Rachow A.	2015	European Respiratory Journal	46	3	10.1183/09031936.00003315	Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Medical Services and Diagnostic, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Medical Services and Diagnostic (Swiss TPH), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Dept. for Paediatrics and Child Health, Mbeya Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania; Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom	Kroidl, I., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Clowes, P., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Reither, K., Medical Services and Diagnostic, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Medical Services and Diagnostic (Swiss TPH), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Mtafya, B., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Rojas-Ponce, G., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Ntinginya, E.N., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Kalomo, M., Dept. for Paediatrics and Child Health, Mbeya Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania; Minja, L.T., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania, Medical Services and Diagnostic, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Medical Services and Diagnostic (Swiss TPH), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Kowuor, D., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Saathoff, E., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; Kroidl, A., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Heinrich, N., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; Maboko, L., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Bates, M., University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; O'Grady, J., University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Zumla, A., University of Zambia, University College London Medical School Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Hoelscher, M., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Rachow, A., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania	We evaluated the diagnostic performance of two tests based on the release of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) into the urine, the MTB-LAM-ELISA assay and the Determine TB-LAM-strip assay, in children with suspected tuberculosis (TB) in a high TB/HIV-prevalence setting. In a prospective study, 132 children with suspected active TB were assigned to diagnostic subgroups. Urine samples were subjected to testing by both assays to ascertain sensitivity and specificity. Host factors associated with positive LAM results were investigated and LAM excretion monitored after antituberculous treatment initiation. 18 (13.6%) children had culture-confirmed pulmonary TB. The assays' sensitivity was higher in HIVpositive versus HIV-negative children: 70% (95% confidence interval 35-93%) versus 13% (0-53%) for MTB-LAM-ELISA and 50% (19-81%) versus 0% (0-37%) for Determine TB-LAM. In 35 (27%) children with excluded active TB, both assays showed a specificity of 97.1% (85-100%). Proteinuria and low body mass index were independently associated with LAM positivity. In most patients, LAM excretion declined to zero during or at conclusion of antituberculous treatment. HIV/TB co-infected children might benefit from LAM-based tests to aid early TB diagnosis and subsequent positive impact on morbidity and mortality. Using LAM as a rule-in and treatment-monitoring tool may also show further potential. Copyright © ERS 2015.	None	lipoarabinomannan; Article; body mass; child; childhood disease; controlled study; diagnostic equipment; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lipid analysis; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; observational study; priority journal; prospective study; proteinuria; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzanian; urinalysis; urinary excretion; urine level	None
None	None	Evaluation of diagnos TB AG, a flow-through immunoassay for rapid detection of pulmonary tuberculosis	Reither K., Saathoff E., Jung J., Minja L.T., Machibya H., Maboko L., Perkins M.D., Hoelscher M., Boehme C.C.	2010	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	14	2	None	Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Mbeya Regional Medical Office, Ministry of Health, Mbeya, Tanzania; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland	Reither, K., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Saathoff, E., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Jung, J., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Minja, L.T., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Machibya, H., Mbeya Regional Medical Office, Ministry of Health, Mbeya, Tanzania; Maboko, L., National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Perkins, M.D., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland; Hoelscher, M., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Boehme, C.C., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland	We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the Diagnos TB AG immunoassay in 171 Tanzanians with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The sensitivity and specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the rapid test for the detection of pulmonary TB in this population were respectively 60.0%, 33.3%, 40.3% and 52.6%. In its current configuration, this test will not help overcome difficulties in the rapid diagnosis of TB. ©2010 The Union.	Diagnostic performance; Flow-through immunoassay; Pulmonary tuberculosis	anorexia; article; clinical feature; clinical trial; diagnostic accuracy; female; fever; flow through immunoassay; hemoptysis; human; immunoassay; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; malaise; male; night sweat; prediction; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sputum analysis; Tanzania; thorax pain; weight reduction; Adult; Antigens, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889052994	Evaluation of window-tinting films for sunlight phototherapy	Vreman H.J., Slusher T.M., Wong R.J., Schulz S., Olusanya B.O., Stevenson D.K.	2013	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	59	6	10.1093/tropej/fmt062	Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, United States; Center for Global Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414-1932, United States; De	Vreman, H.J., Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, United States; Slusher, T.M., Center for Global Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414-1932, United States; Wong, R.J., Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, United States; Schulz, S., Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, United States; Olusanya, B.O., Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria; Stevenson, D.K., Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, United States	We evaluated nine semi-transparent plastic window-tinting films for their ability to block ultraviolet A (UVA) and infrared (IR) radiation and transmit therapeutic blue light (400-520 nm) for treating jaundiced newborns. For indoor testing, three light sources (TL/52 special blue fluorescent, Black Light UVA and IR heat lamps) were positioned above each film and measured successively using a thermocouple thermometer, UVA radiometer and blue light irradiance meter, placed below each film. For outdoor testing, the same setup was used with the sun at zenith and a cloudless sky. Compared with unfiltered radiation, blue light transmission through films ranged from 24 to 83%, UVA transmission was 0.1-7.1% and reductions in IR heat were 6-12°C and 5-10°C for heat lamp and sun, respectively. The data suggest that most of the relatively low-cost window-tinting films tested can effectively reduce sunlight UV and IR and offer a range of significant attenuations of therapeutic blue light. © The Author [2013]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	Bilirubin; Hyperbilirubinemia; Jaundice; Newborn; Phototherapy	article; blue light; controlled study; film; fluorescent lamp; human; infrared radiation; light irradiance; light irradiance meter; newborn jaundice; optical instrumentation; photometer; phototherapy; radiation equipment; reduction; reflector; sun; sun exposure; thermometer; ultraviolet A radiation; ultraviolet detector; bilirubin; Hyperbilirubinemia; Jaundice; Newborn; Phototherapy; Bilirubin; Feasibility Studies; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infrared Rays; Jaundice, Neonatal; Phototherapy; Radiometry; Sunlight; Ultraviolet Rays	None
WoS	WOS:000280743400005	EVALUATION OF A U.S. EVIDENCE-BASED PARENTING INTERVENTION IN RURAL WESTERN KENYA: FROM PARENTS MATTER! TO FAMILIES MATTER!	Buve, Anne,Marum, Elizabeth,Menten, Joris,Miller, Kim S.,Obong'o, Christopher O.,Ochura, Juliet,Otwoma, Nelson J.,Poulsen, Melissa N.,Vandenhoudt, Hilde,Wyckoff, Sarah C.	2010	AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION	22	4	None	Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Inst Trop Med, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr	None	We evaluated Families Matter! Program (FMP), an intervention designed to improve parent-child communication about sexual risk reduction and parenting skills. Parents of 10- to 12-year-olds were recruited in western Kenya. We aimed to assess community acceptability and FMP's effect on parenting practices and effective parent-child communication. Data were collected from parents and their children at baseline and 1 year postintervention. The intervention's effect was measured on six parenting and parent-child communication composite scores reported separately for parents and children. Of 375 parents, 351 (94%) attended all five intervention sessions. Parents' attitudes regarding sexuality education changed positively. Five of the six composite parenting scores reported by parents, and six of six reported by children, increased significantly at 1 year postintervention. Through careful adaptation of this U.S. intervention, FMP was well accepted in rural Kenya and enhanced parenting skills and parent-child sexuality communication. Parents are in a unique position to deliver primary prevention to youth before their sexual debut as shown in this Kenyan program.	,"ADOLESCENT DRUG-ABUSE",AFRICAN-AMERICAN,BEHAVIOR,COMMUNICATION,"CONDOM USE",EDUCATION,HIV,"PRIMARY PREVENTION",SEXUAL-RISK,TRIAL	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544440191	Calculating age-adjusted cancer survival estimates when age-specific data are sparse: An empirical evaluation of various methods	Gondos A., Parkin D.M., Chokunonga E., Brenner H.	2006	British Journal of Cancer	94	3	10.1038/sj.bjc.6602976	Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany; Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gondos, A., Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany; Parkin, D.M., Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Chokunonga, E., Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry, Harare, Zimbabwe; Brenner, H., Department of Epidemiology, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Bergheimer Str. 20, Heidelberg 69115, Germany	We evaluated empirically the performance of various methods of calculating age-adjusted survival estimates when age-specific data are sparse. We have illustrated that a recently proposed alternative method of age adjustment involving the use of balanced age groups or age truncation may be useful for enhancing calculability and reliability of adjusted survival estimates. © 2006 Cancer Research UK.	Age-adjusted survival; Cancer survival; Sparse data	adolescent; adult; aged; article; cancer survival; child; data analysis; human; infant; mathematical analysis; priority journal; reliability; survival; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Research Design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447325607	Evaluation of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) varieties for use as trap plants for the management of African stemborer (Busseola fusca) in a push-pull strategy	Khan Z.R., Midega C.A.O., Wadhams L.J., Pickett J.A., Mumuni A.	2007	Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata	124	2	10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00569.x	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 52, Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana	Khan, Z.R., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Midega, C.A.O., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Wadhams, L.J., Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; Pickett, J.A., Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; Mumuni, A., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 52, Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana	We evaluated eight Napier grass [Pennisetum purpureum Schumach (Poaceae)] varieties, used in various parts of eastern Africa as fodder, for their potential role as trap plants in the management of the African stemborer, Busseola fusca Füller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) through a push-pull strategy. Oviposition preference, larval orientation, settling, arrest and dispersal, feeding, mortality and survival, and development were determined for each of these varieties under laboratory and screen house conditions. Two-choice tests showed that only two of the varieties tested (cv. Bana and cv. Uganda Hairless) were preferentially chosen by gravid female moths for oviposition over a susceptible maize variety, cv. Western Hybrid 502. Larval preference was, however, highly variable. Larval feeding by first instars on the maize leaves was more intense and significantly more than on leaves of all the Napier grass varieties evaluated. Food consumed and amounts assimilated by the third instars over a 24-h period were not different among larvae fed on stems of maize and those fed on stems of the various Napier grass varieties. Larval survival was significantly lower on all the Napier grass varieties (below 3%) than on maize (about 44%). Similarly, larval development was about 2-3 weeks longer on majority of the Napier grass varieties. It was concluded that cv. Bana had potential for use as a trap plant in the management of B. fusca because it was more preferred by the moths for oviposition, equally preferred as maize by the larvae for orientation, settling, and arrest, and allowed minimal survival of the larvae. It can thus be used with such 'push' plants as Desmodium spp. (Fabaceae) in a 'push-pull' strategy, but the effectiveness of such a strategy would strictly depend on proper establishment and management of these companion plants. © 2007 The Authors.	Development; Habitat management; Larval behavior; Lepidoptera; Maize; Noctuidae; Oviposition; Survival	crop pest; feeding behavior; grass; habitat management; larval development; larval settlement; maize; mortality; moth; oviposition; pest control; stem borer; survival; trap crop; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia; Busseola fusca; Desmodium; Fabaceae; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Poaceae; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919391242	The evaluation of candidate biomarkers of cell-mediated immunity for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer)	Goosen W.J., Cooper D., Warren R.M., Miller M.A., van Helden P.D., Parsons S.D.C.	2014	Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology	162	42433	10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.008	DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Goosen, W.J., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Cooper, D., Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Warren, R.M., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Miller, M.A., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; van Helden, P.D., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Parsons, S.D.C., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa	We evaluated commercially available bovine enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a human IP-10 ELISA to measure IP-10, MIG, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and IL1-RA in buffalo plasma in order to identify sensitive markers of the immune response to Mycobacterium bovis-specific peptides. Additionally, we found that all coding mRNA sequences of these cytokines showed very high homology with their homologues in domestic cattle (97-99%) as did the derived amino acid sequences (97-99%). This high sequence homology between cattle and buffaloes supports the use of bovine ELISAs for the detection these cytokines in buffaloes. MCP-1 concentration showed a positive correlation with that of IFN-γ (p=. 0.0077) and appears to occur in far greater abundance in buffaloes when compared to humans. Using a bovine IP-10 ELISA, levels of this cytokine were found to be significantly increased in antigen-stimulated blood samples from M. bovis test positive buffaloes (p < 0.0001) and IP-10 was detected in far greater abundance than IFN-γ. Measurement of IP-10 with this ELISA may prove to be a sensitive marker of M. bovis infection in African buffaloes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	African buffalo; Bovine tuberculosis; Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Interferon gamma; Interferon gamma-induced protein 10	gamma interferon; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein; messenger RNA; monocyte chemotactic protein 1; monocyte chemotactic protein 2; monocyte chemotactic protein 3; biological marker; CXCL9 chemokine; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; interleukin 1 receptor blocking agent; monocyte chemotactic protein; African buffalo; amino acid sequence; Article; blood sampling; bovine tuberculosis; cellular immunity; domestic cattle; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; evaluation study; gene expression assay; immune response; nonhuman; sequence homology; animal; blood; bovine; buffalo; cellular immunity; immunology; microbiology; mycobacteriosis; Mycobacterium bovis; nonparametric test; procedures; veterinary; Bos; Bos taurus; Bovinae; Bubalus; Mycobacterium bovis; Syncerus caffer; Animals; Biological Markers; Buffaloes; Cattle; Chemokine CXCL10; Chemokine CXCL9; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunity, Cellular; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium Infections; Statistics, Nonparametric	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925263610	Clinical evaluation of the OneStep Gonorrhea RapiCard InstaTest for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in symptomatic patients from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Abbai N.S., Moodley P., Reddy T., Zondi T.G., Rambaran S., Naidoo K., Ramjee G.	2015	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	53	4	10.1128/JCM.03603-14	HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Westville, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Infectious Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Infection Prevention and Control, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Abbai, N.S., HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Westville, Durban, South Africa; Moodley, P., Infectious Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Infection Prevention and Control, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa; Reddy, T., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Zondi, T.G., HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Westville, Durban, South Africa; Rambaran, S., Infectious Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, K., Infectious Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ramjee, G., HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Westville, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	We evaluated a point-of-care test for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in patients attending a public health clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The test showed a low sensitivity against PCR and culture (<40%); however, a higher specificity was observed (>95%). This test is unsuitable as a screening tool for gonorrhea. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	bacterial antigen; Article; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; bioassay; female; gonorrhea; human; human tissue; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; nonhuman; OneStep Gonorrhea RapiCard InstaTest; point of care testing; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; strand displacement amplification assay; Neisseria gonorrhoeae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878076609	Field evaluation of predacious mites (acari: Phytoseiidae) for biological control of citrus red mite, panonychus citri (trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)	Fadamiro H.Y., Akotsen-Mensah C., Xiao Y., Anikwe J.	2013	Florida Entomologist	96	1	10.1653/024.096.0111	Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States; Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Mid-Florida REC, Apopka, FL, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Fadamiro, H.Y., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States; Akotsen-Mensah, C., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States; Xiao, Y., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Mid-Florida REC, Apopka, FL, United States; Anikwe, J., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States, Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	We evaluated 3 species of predacious mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus californiens (McGregor), as biological control agents for citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), on citrus in southern Alabama. Three separate experiments were carried out during 2008 and 2011 to evaluate various factors (i.e. release rate, release frequency and initial prey density) that may impact the performance of the predacious mites. In the first experiment conducted in 2008 on trees with moderate initial prey densities (i.e. < 4 P. citri motiles per leaf), one single release of P. persimilis or G. occidentalis at a rate of 100 or 200 per tree effectively prevented the prey from exceeding the economic threshold (5 motiles/leaf) for the entire duration (35 d) of the experiment. The result of the second experiment in 2008 on trees with high initial prey densities (i.e. ≥ 5 motiles per leaf) showed that 2 releases of P. persimilis or G. occidentalis at a rate of 100 or 200 per tree per release could not provide adequate suppression of P. citri below the economic threshold. In both experiments, P. citri densities were significantly lower in most predacious mite treatments compared to the control (no release). Also, lower P. citri densities were recorded at the higher release rate (200 per tree) compared to the lower rate, but this was only significant in a few cases. The third experiment conducted in 2011 in large plots on trees with low initial P. citri densities (i.e. < 1 motile per leaf) showed that 2 releases of N. californiens or P. persimilis at a rate of 200 per tree per release effectively maintained P. citri at low densities (< 1.5 motiles per leaf) throughout the duration (56 d) of the experiment. Limited observations in spring 2012 confirmed the establishment of the predacious mites released in the 2011 study. These results showed that all 3 phytoseiid species were effective in reducing P. citri densities on citrus. However, initial prey density may be an important factor influencing their performance.	biological control; Galendromus occidentalis; Neoseiulus californicus; Panonychus citri; Phytoseiulus persimilis; satsuma citrus	biocontrol agent; biological control; field survey; fruit; mite; Alabama; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891623832	The impact of malaria in pregnancy on changes in blood pressure in children during their first year of life	Ayoola O.O., Omotade O.O., Gemmell I., Clayton P.E., Cruickshank J.K.	2014	Hypertension	63	1	10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02238	Cardiovascular Sciences and Paediatric Endocrinology Groups, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom; Child Health, College of Medi	Ayoola, O.O., Cardiovascular Sciences and Paediatric Endocrinology Groups, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Child Health and Paediatric Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Omotade, O.O., Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Gemmell, I., Department of Primary Care and Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clayton, P.E., Child Health and Paediatric Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Cruickshank, J.K., King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom, Cardiovascular Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, 150 Stamford St, London SE1 9RN, United Kingdom	We established a maternal birth cohort in Ibadan, Nigeria, where malaria is hyperendemic, to assess how intrauterine exposure to malaria affected infant blood pressure (BP) development. In a local maternity hospital, healthy pregnant women had regular blood films for malaria parasites from booking to delivery. Growth and BP were measured on 318 babies, all followed from birth to 3 and 12 months. Main outcomes were standardized measures of anthropometry and change in BP to 1 year. Babies exposed to maternal malaria were globally smaller at birth, and boys remained smaller at 3 months and 1 year. Change in systolic BP (SBP) during the year was greater in boys than in girls (20.9 versus 15.7 mm Hg; P=0.002) but greater in girls exposed to maternal malaria (18.7 versus 12.7 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 1-11 mm Hg; P=0.02). Eleven percent of boys (greater than twice than expected) had a SBP ≥95th percentile (hypertensive, US criteria), of whom 68% had maternal malaria exposure. On regression analysis (β coefficients, mm Hg), sex (boys>girls; β=4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.7; P=0.01), maternal malaria exposure (3.64; 0.3-6.9; P=0.03), and weight change (2.4; 0.98-3.8/1 standard deviation score; P=0.001) all independently increased SBP change to 1 year, whereas increase in length decreased SBP (-1.98; -3.6 to -0.40). In conclusion, malaria-exposed boys had excess hypertension, whereas malaria-exposed girls a greater increase in SBP. Intrauterine exposure to malaria had sex-dependent effects on BP, independent of infant growth. Because infant-child-adult BP tracking is powerful, a malarial effect may contribute to the African burden of hypertension. © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.	Child development; Malaria; Pregnancy	pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; adult; anthropometry; article; birth; blood; blood pressure; blood pressure measurement; child development; clinical assessment; cohort analysis; controlled study; delivery; environmental exposure; female; hospital; human; hypertension; infant; major clinical study; malaria; male; middle aged; Nigeria; outcome assessment; Plasmodium; Plasmodium falciparum; pregnant woman; prevalence; priority journal; sex difference; systolic blood pressure; weight change; young adult; child development; malaria; pregnancy; Anthropometry; Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Child Development; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Infant; Malaria; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Sex Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845781518	The impact of living standards on childhood mortality in South Africa: Evidence from cross-sectional data	Doctor H.V., Simelane S.E.	2005	Journal of Social Development in Africa	20	2	None	University of Western Cape, Department of Statistics, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Centre, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States	Doctor, H.V., University of Western Cape, Department of Statistics, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Simelane, S.E., University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Centre, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States	We employ questions on household characteristics collected in the 1997 and 1998 October Household Surveys (OHSs) in South Africa and those collected in the 1998 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) to examine the relationship between living standards and childhood mortality. Specifically, we examine whether childhood mortality is higher in poor households than in rich households, and whether between 1997 and 1998 the risk of childhood mortality changed. Principal components analysis is employed to combine household assets as a measure of socioeconomic status (SES). An index for SES is used in a negative binomial model to examine its association with childhood mortality. Results are inconsistent between 1997 and 1998. In 1997 the risk of childhood mortality decreases as we move from the lowest quintile to the highest quintile of the SES index. In 1998 higher levels of SES are associated with higher childhood mortality. A comparison of the findings from the 1998 OHS with those from the 1998 SADHS suggests that the 1998 OHS data may be less reliable because they yield results that deviate from the pattern shown in the 1997 OHS and the 1998 SADHS. Policy issues and recommendations for further research are discussed.	None	child mortality; household survey; living standard; mortality risk; policy development; principal component analysis; socioeconomic status; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924755802	Impact of anisotropic stresses during dissipative gravitational collapse	Reddy K.P., Govender M., Maharaj S.D.	2015	General Relativity and Gravitation	47	4	10.1007/s10714-015-1880-x	Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa	Reddy, K.P., Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Govender, M., Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Maharaj, S.D., Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa	We employ a perturbative scheme to study the evolution of a spherically symmetric stellar body undergoing gravitational collapse in the presence of heat dissipation and anisotropic stresses. The Bowers and Liang static model is perturbed, and its subsequent dynamical collapse is studied in the linear perturbative regime. We find that anisotropic effects brought about by the differences in the radial and tangential pressures render the core more unstable than the cooler surface layers. An analysis of the temperature profiles in the interior of the collapsing body shows that the temperature is enhanced in the presence of pressure anisotropy. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Anisotropic stresses; Causal thermodynamics; Dissipative collapse	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34748856220	Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) in Nigeria	Ishaya D.B., Dadari S.A., Shebayan J.A.Y.	2007	Crop Protection	26	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.02.013	Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Ishaya, D.B., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Dadari, S.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Shebayan, J.A.Y., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Weed infestation is one of the major threats to cereal production in the Nigerian Savanna. Two trials were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate different types of herbicides for weed control in sorghum. Among the herbicides tested, pretilachlor+dimethametryne at 2.5 kg a.i./ha, cinosulfuron at 0.05 kg a.i./ha and piperophos+cinosulfuron at 1.5 kg a.i./ha performed best as they effectively controlled weeds, increased crop vigour, plant height, reduced crop injury and produced higher grain yield of sorghum. © 2007.	Control hoe-weeding; Herbicides; Sorghum; Weed	crop production; herbicide; sorghum; weed control; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945306054	Performance of umar-srimat on soil water conservation and weed control in system of rice intensification	Mohammed U., Wayayok A., Soom M.A.M., Abdan K.	2015	Jurnal Teknologi	76	15	10.11113/jt.v76.5956	Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational Education, Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashua, P.M.B. 02, Gashua,	Mohammed, U., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational Education, Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashua, P.M.B. 02, Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria; Wayayok, A., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, Smart Farming Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Soom, M.A.M., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, Smart Farming Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Abdan, K., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia	Weed emergence is among the most important problems in system of rice intensification (SRI) due to extensive planting geometry of at least 25 × 25 cm and moist environment, thereby leading to water loss by means of evaporation from the broad space as a result of the extensive planting geometry, and transpiration by the weeds. This reduces the additional water saving which affect the potential of SRI water productivity. It also reduces rice crop yields up to 70% if there is no weed control attempted. Nowadays, weed is being controlled by manual weeder which is labour demanding, while motorized weeders overcome the problem but still, it able to remove the weeds before rice canopy closure or 30 days after transplanting (DAT). This research was designed to evaluate the performance of UMAR-SRImat on soil moisture conservation and weed control. UMAR-SRImat was made using flaked rice straw and biodegradable adhesive. The design was laid out using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments [without soil cover (T1), SRImat (T2), UMAR-SRImat (T3)] and three replications. The analysis was conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Volumetric moisture content (VMC) was determined at 18 and 25 DAT. Weeds were observed and recorded to determine the weed dry weight and weed control efficiency at 20, 40 and 60 DAT. Plant height per hill was measured at 30 and 50 DAT, likewise, the number of tillers were counted at 30 and 50 DAT. The result of VMC showed that UMAR-SRImat significantly conserved water higher than the control treatment at 18 and 25 DAT of 3100.0a and 2680.0a m3/ha, respectively. The effectiveness of UMARSRImat mulched was 100% at 20 DAT 99.64% at 40 DAT and 97.99% at 60 DAT. This research revealed that UMAR-SRImat mulch could retain soil moisture and suppressed weeds up to 60 DAT. © 2015, Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.	Bio-composite technology; Moisture content; Rice yield; Sustainable farming	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848910202	Predicting the impact of a partially effective HIV vaccine and subsequent risk behavior change on the heterosexual HIV epidemic in low- and middle-income countries: A South African example	Andersson K.M., Owens D.K., Vardas E., Gray G.E., McIntyre J.A., Paltiel A.D.	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	46	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31812506fd	Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States	Andersson, K.M., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Owens, D.K., Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Vardas, E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gray, G.E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States	We developed a mathematical model to simulate the impact of various partially effective preventive HIV vaccination scenarios in a population at high risk for heterosexually transmitted HIV. We considered an adult population defined by gender (male/female), disease stage (HIV-negative, HIV-positive, AIDS, and death), and vaccination status (unvaccinated/vaccinated) in Soweto, South Africa. Input data included initial HIV prevalence of 20% (women) and 12% (men), vaccination coverage of 75%, and exclusive male negotiation of condom use. We explored how changes in vaccine efficacy and postvaccination condom use would affect HIV prevalence and total HIV infections prevented over a 10-year period. In the base-case scenario, a 40% effective HIV vaccine would avert 61,000 infections and reduce future HIV prevalence from 20% to 13%. A 25% increase (or decrease) in condom use among vaccinated individuals would instead avert 75,000 (or only 46,000) infections and reduce the HIV prevalence to 12% (or only 15%). Furthermore, certain combinations of increased risk behavior and vaccines with <43% efficacy could worsen the epidemic. Even modestly effective HIV vaccines can confer enormous benefits in terms of HIV infections averted and decreased HIV prevalence. However, programs to reduce risk behavior may be important components of successful vaccination campaigns. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Africa; AIDS vaccines; Condoms; Heterosexual transmission; Mathematical models; Models/projections; Sexual behavior	Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; behavior change; condom; death; drug efficacy; female; gender; heterosexuality; high risk population; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; major clinical study; male; mathematical model; prevalence; priority journal; risk; South Africa; vaccination; AIDS Vaccines; Computer Simulation; Condoms; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Unsafe Sex	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892494638	Performance measurement in a South African government social services department: A balanced scorecard approach	Mafini C., Pooe D.R.I.	2013	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	4	14	10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n14p23	Vaal University of Technology, Department of Logistics, South Africa; Logistics Department, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	Mafini, C., Vaal University of Technology, Department of Logistics, South Africa; Pooe, D.R.I., Logistics Department, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	We developed a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) questionnaire and used it to measure the performance of a South African government social services department. The quantitative survey approach was adopted in which a questionnaire was administered to a purposively recruited sample of 272 managers and employees of a South African government social services department. We used the four performance measures of the BSC, namely customer satisfaction, innovation and learning, internal processes and financial performance to develop the questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0). We employed simple descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages to determine performance in various strategic and operational areas within the department. We also used the mean score ranking technique to compare overall departmental performance based on the BSC indicators. Using the four performance indicators of the BSC, we were then able to establish performance levels in various areas of the department. Results of the study reveal that performance of the department was highest in five areas, namely promotion of good corporate ethics, service quality, ability to meet client demands, promotion of good corporate values and the fostering of good relations with other organisations. Performance was lowest in five areas, namely attrition of staff, divisional workload, corruption, work to employee ratio and the speed at which departmental programs are implemented. Among the four BSC performance indicators used in the study, performance was highest in two aspects, namely innovation and learning and customer satisfaction, with performance being lowest in internal processes.	Balanced scorecard; Organisational performance; Performance measurement; Social services department; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953429305	Impact of malaria parasitaemia on haematologic parameters in pregnant women at booking in Ilorin, Nigeria	Adesina K.T., Balogun O.R., Babatunde A.S., Sanni M.A., Fadeyi A., Aderibigbe S.	2009	Trends in Medical Research	4	4	10.3923/tmr.2009.84.90	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1459, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology an	Adesina, K.T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1459, Ilorin, Nigeria; Balogun, O.R., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1459, Ilorin, Nigeria; Babatunde, A.S., Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Sanni, M.A., Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Fadeyi, A., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Aderibigbe, S., Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1459, Ilorin, Nigeria	We determined the pattern of haematological parameters in malaria in pregnancy. Five hundred pregnant women who presented for booking in the antenatal clinic of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria were recruited. Their blood samples were analyzed for malaria parasites, MCV, MCHC and MCI IC. WBC, absolute RBC count, platelet count, haemoglobin level and PCV. The prevalence of peripheral malaria parasitaemia at booking was 32.4%, out of which 46.9 and 53.1% had moderate and high parasite densities, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum was the only species identified. The MCHC was higher in malaria parasitaemia (34.28 g dL-1±1.72, p = 0.0452) while RBC was higher without parasitaemia (10.46×1012 L -1±l.30, p = 0.01). The WBC in women with high parasite density (7.02×109 L-1) was higher than the value in those with moderate parasite density (6.26×109 L-l) p = 0.03). Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy is associated with higher MCHC; WBC increases with rise in the parasite density in Ilorin, Nigeria. A rise in MCHC and WBC in pregnancy may indicate malaria. © 2009 Academic Journals Inc.	Booking; Haematological; Malaria; Nigeria; Parameters; Pregnancy	adult; article; blood examination; blood sampling; controlled study; disease association; disease carrier; erythrocyte count; female; hemoglobin blood level; hemoglobin determination; human; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; Nigeria; parasite identification; parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; pregnant woman; prenatal care; prevalence; thrombocyte count	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59049093597	The impact of abandoned pastoral settlements on plant and nutrient succession in an African savanna ecosystem	Muchiru A.N., Western D., Reid R.S.	2009	Journal of Arid Environments	73	3	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.018	African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Collaborative Conservation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States	Muchiru, A.N., African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Western, D., African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 62844, Nairobi, Kenya; Reid, R.S., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Collaborative Conservation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States	We detail the impact of abandoned traditional settlements (or bomas) on plant and nutrient succession in the Amboseli ecosystem, southern Kenya, over the course of a century. Plant and soil data were sampled on and around abandoned settlements. The term, 'onsite', refers to the area within the perimeter fence, 'offsite' to the area up to 200 m beyond the fence. Herbaceous standing biomass onsite increased in the course of succession to peak at twice offsite levels within two decades. Biomass remained elevated for six decades then dropped to the background levels at the limit of sampling distance. Plant species richness onsite increased rapidly in the course of succession, then stabilized on older bomas. Species composition changed throughout succession, with pioneer herbs and grasses giving way to boma-edge species and woody vegetation later in succession. Soil nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen, magnesium and phosphorus, were highly elevated on abandoned settlements. The various nutrients declined at different rates during the course of plant succession. Potassium, phosphorus and magnesium levels remained at twice offsite levels for over a century, creating islands of high fertility and high plant biomass in the savanna landscape. We conclude that the perturbation caused by shifting nomadic settlements creates localized nutrient and plant diversity hotspots in savanna ecosystems that remain distinct from the surrounding savanna for decades, possibly centuries. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biomass; Nutrient hotspots; Pastoralism; Patch dynamics; Species richness; Wildlife	abandoned land; biomass; pastoralism; patch dynamics; plant; savanna; soil nutrient; species richness; succession; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Poaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248190198	Field and laboratory correlates of performance in competitive cross-country mountain bikers	Prins L., Terblanche E., Myburgh K.H.	2007	Journal of Sports Sciences	25	8	10.1080/02640410600907938	Department of Sport Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Prins, L., Department of Sport Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Terblanche, E., Department of Sport Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Myburgh, K.H., Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	We designed a laboratory test with variable fixed intensities to simulate cross-country mountain biking and compared this to more commonly used laboratory tests and mountain bike performance. Eight competitive male mountain bikers participated in a cross-country race and subsequently did six performance tests: an individual outdoor time trial on the same course as the race and five laboratory tests. The laboratory tests were as follows: an incremental cycle test to fatigue to determine peak power output; a 26-min variable fixed-intensity protocol using an electronically braked ergometer followed immediately by a 1-km time trial using the cyclist's own bike on an electronically braked roller ergometer; two 52-min variable fixed-intensity protocols each followed by a 1-km time trial; and a 1-km time trial done on its own. Outdoor competition time and outdoor time trial time correlated significantly (r=0.79, P < 0.05). Both outdoor tests correlated better with peak power output relative to body mass (both r= -0.83, P < 0.05) than absolute peak power output (outdoor competition: r= -0.65; outdoor time trial: r= -0.66; non-significant). Outdoor performance times did not correlate with the laboratory tests. We conclude that cross-country mountain biking is similar to uphill or hilly road cycling. Further research is required to design sport-specific tests to determine the remaining unexplained variance in performance.	Mountain bike; Onset of blood lactate accumulation; Performance; Relative power output; Time trial	adult; article; athlete; bicycle ergometer; body mass; competition; ergometer; fatigue; human; human experiment; laboratory test; male; mountaineering; normal human; physical performance; simulation; sport; Adult; Bicycling; Competitive Behavior; Fatigue; Humans; Lactic Acid; Male; Monitoring, Ambulatory; South Africa; Task Performance and Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874159362	Azide-alkyne cycloaddition en route to 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered 7-chloroquinoline-isatin chimeras: Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation	Raj R., Singh P., Singh P., Gut J., Rosenthal P.J., Kumar V.	2013	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	62	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.032	Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Raj, R., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Singh, P., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Singh, P., Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Gut, J., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Rosenthal, P.J., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kumar, V., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India	We describe the synthesis and antimalarial activities of 1H-1,2,3-triazole tethered 7-chloroquinoline-isatin hybrids. Activity against cultured parasites was dependent on the C-5 substituent of the isatin ring as well as the alkyl chain length between the isatin and 7-chloroquinoline moieties. Compound 8h, with an optimum alkyl chain length (n = 3) and a chloro substituent at the C-5 position of the isatin ring, displayed the best activity among the test compounds, with IC50 value of 1.21 μM against cultured W2-strain Plasmodium falciparum. © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	1H-1,2,3-triazole; 7-Chloroquinoline-isatin conjugates; Antimalarial evaluation; Structure-activity relationship	1 [1 (7 chloro quinolin 4 yl) 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 (7 chloro quinolin 4 yl) 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 5 fluoro 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 (7 chloro quinolin 4 yl) 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 5 methyl 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 [2 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) ethyl] 1h [1,2,3] triazol 4 ylmethyl] 5 methyl 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 [2 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) ethyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 [2 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) ethyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl} 5 fluoro 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 [3 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) propyl] 1h [1,2,3] triazol 4 ylmethyl] 5 fluoro 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 [3 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) propyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 1 [1 [3 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) propyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 5 methyl 1h indole 2,3 dione; 5 bromo 1 [1 [2 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) ethyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 5 bromo 1 [1 [3 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) propyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 5 bromo1 [1 (7 chloro quinolin 4 yl) 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 5 chloro 1 [1 (7 chloro quinolin 4 yl) 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 5 chloro 1 [1 [2 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino) ethyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; 5 chloro 1 [1 [3 (7 chloro quinolin 4 ylamino)propyl] 1h [1,2,3]triazol 4 ylmethyl] 1h indole 2,3 dione; alkyne derivative; antimalarial agent; azide; unclassified drug; antimalarial activity; article; chimera; cycloaddition; IC 50; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Alkynes; Aminoquinolines; Antimalarials; Azides; Cyclization; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Isatin; Molecular Structure; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium falciparum; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942436002	The thermal design, characterization, and performance of the Spider long-duration balloon cryostat	Gudmundsson J.E., Ade P.A.R., Amiri M., Benton S.J., Bock J.J., Bond J.R., Bryan S.A., Chiang H.C., Contaldi C.R., Crill B.P., Dore O., Filippini J.P., Fraisse A.A., Gambrel A., Gandilo N.N., Hasselfield M., Halpern M., Hilton G., Holmes W., Hristov V.V.,	2015	Cryogenics	72	None	10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.09.002	Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States; Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, United States; Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignIL, United States; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research CIFAR Program in Cosmology and Gravity, Toronto, ON, Canada	Gudmundsson, J.E., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Ade, P.A.R., School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Amiri, M., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Benton, S.J., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Bock, J.J., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Bond, J.R., Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Bryan, S.A., Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Chiang, H.C., School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Contaldi, C.R., Theoretical Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Crill, B.P., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Dore, O., Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignIL, United States; Filippini, J.P., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Fraisse, A.A., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Gambrel, A., Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Gandilo, N.N., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Hasselfield, M., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Halpern, M., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, United States; Hilton, G., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States; Holmes, W., Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Hristov, V.V., Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Irwin, K.D., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Jones, W.C., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Kermish, Z., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; MacTavish, C.J., Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Mason, P.V., Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Megerian, K., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States; Moncelsi, L., Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Montroy, T.E., Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Morford, T.A., Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Nagy, J.M., Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Netterfield, C.B., Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research CIFAR Program in Cosmology and Gravity, Toronto, ON, Canada; Rahlin, A.S., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Reintsema, C.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, United States; Ruhl, J.E., Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Runyan, M.C., Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Shariff, J.A., Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Soler, J.D., Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France; Trangsrud, A., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Tucker, C., School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Tucker, R.S., Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Turner, A.D., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States; Wiebe, D.V., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Young, E., Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States	We describe the Spider flight cryostat, which is designed to cool six millimeter-wavelength telescopes during an Antarctic long-duration balloon flight. The cryostat, one of the largest to have flown on a stratospheric payload, uses liquid 4He to deliver cooling power to stages at 4.2 and 1.6 K. Stainless steel capillaries facilitate a high flow impedance connection between the main liquid helium tank and a smaller superfluid tank, allowing the latter to operate at 1.6 K as long as there is liquid in the 4.2 K main tank. Each telescope houses a closed cycle 3He adsorption refrigerator that further cools the focal planes down to 300 mK. Liquid helium vapor from the main tank is routed through heat exchangers that cool radiation shields, providing negative thermal feedback. The system performed successfully during a 17 day flight in the 2014-2015 Antarctic summer. The cryostat had a total hold time of 16.8 days, with 15.9 days occurring during flight. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cosmic microwave background; Cryostat; Instrumentation; Stratospheric payload	Balloons; Cosmology; Cryostats; Heating; Helium; Liquefied gases; Liquids; Meteorological balloons; Sounding rockets; Stainless steel; Tanks (containers); Telescopes; Adsorption refrigerator; Cosmic microwave backgrounds; Instrumentation; Long duration balloons; Millimeter wavelength; Stratospheric payload; Thermal designs; Thermal feedback; Superfluid helium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21044432356	Improving home-based care in Southern Africa: An analysis of project evaluations	Rosenberg A., Mabude Z., Hartwig K., Rooholamini S., Oracca-Tetteh D., Merson M.	2005	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	19	None	Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rosenberg, A., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Mabude, Z., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hartwig, K., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Rooholamini, S., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Oracca-Tetteh, D., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Merson, M., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States	We describe lessons learned from independent evaluations of nine home-based care (HBC) projects in Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. Projects were funded through Bristol-Myers Squibb's Secure the Future (STF) initiative and evaluated through the STF Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (MEU) at Yale University. The objectives of this study were to: ■ Assess the management capacity of the HBC organisations reviewed, concentrating on monitoring and supervision mechanisms. ■ identify innovations in responding to the challenges of delivering care in resource-poor settings, and ■ explore the nature of linkages between HBC projects and governments. Specific strategies to assure quality are discussed, as are policy changes necessary to provide system-wide improvements in quality and the integration of HBC. These are particularly important as governments seek ways to use existing resources to make antiretroviral (ARV) roll-outs successful.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; caregiver; drug industry; government; health care access; health care delivery; health care management; health care organization; health care planning; health care policy; health care quality; health care system; health program; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Lesotho; medical assessment; resource allocation; South Africa; Swaziland	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907032799	Masculinity and Mayhem: The Performance of Gender in a South African Boys’ School	Bantjes J., Nieuwoudt J.	2014	Men and Masculinities	17	4	10.1177/1097184X14539964	University of StellenboschStellenbosch, South Africa; University of South AfricaPretoria, South Africa	Bantjes, J., University of StellenboschStellenbosch, South Africa; Nieuwoudt, J., University of South AfricaPretoria, South Africa	We describe an incident of disruptive behavior which occurred in a boys’ school in South Africa, and the context in which it occurred. The incident of mayhem is deconstructed in order to illuminate what it reveals about the performance of masculinity in the school. Descriptions are offered of practices and rituals which show how gender is performed within an elite boys’ school and how this incident illuminates the gender regime of the institution. The discussion highlights the contradictory and contested nature of performances of masculinity within the school. © The Author(s) 2014.	disruptive behavior; gender; gender regime; hegemony; masculinity; performance of gender; schools	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952298490	Forecasting performance of an estimated DSGE model for the South African economy	Alpanda S., Kotzé K., Woglom G.	2011	South African Journal of Economics	79	1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2011.01260.x	Department of Economics, Amherst College, United States; School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Alpanda, S., Department of Economics, Amherst College, United States; Kotzé, K., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Woglom, G., Department of Economics, Amherst College, United States	We construct a small open-economy New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for South Africa with nominal rigidities, incomplete international risk sharing and partial exchange rate pass-through. The parameters of the model are estimated using Bayesian methods, and its out-of-sample forecasting performance is compared with Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR), classical VAR and random-walk models. Our results indicate that the DSGE model generates forecasts that are competitive with those from other models, and it contributes statistically significant information to combined forecast measures. © 2011 Economic Society of South Africa.	Bayesian estimation; Forecasting; open-economy DSGE model	Bayesian analysis; computer simulation; economic analysis; estimation method; exchange rate; forecasting method; general equilibrium analysis; inflation; interest rate; Keynesian theory; macroeconomics; numerical model; parameterization; performance assessment; stochasticity; vector autoregression; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859202094	Effects of particle Size, Shape, and density on the performance of an air fluidized bed in dry coal beneficiation	Chikerema P., Moys M.	2012	International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization	32	2	10.1080/19392699.2011.640297	University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa	Chikerema, P., University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Moys, M., University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa	We consider here the implementation of dry coal beneficiation using air fluidized bed technology. Although the applications of the fluidized bed dry coal separator have been done successfully on an industrial scale in the past, the process has been characterized by relatively poor Ep values. In this study, a 40×40×60cm dry batch air fluidized bed coal separator with a relatively uniform and stable average magnetite-silica bed density of 1.64 was used for the detailed separations test using particles of the different densities, shapes, and sizes ranging from +9.5-53mm. The separation tests were conducted at relatively low throughput and average Ep values as low as 0.05 were recorded for the separation of +37-53mm and +22-31.5mm particles. On the other hand, the separation of the +16-22mm and +9.5-16mm particles was characterized by relatively high average Ep values of 0.07 and 0.11, respectively. The continuous shift of the cut density for the +9.5-16mm made it difficult to efficiently separate the particles. Particle shape is a difficult parameter to control, but the observed separation trends for the +16-22mm particles of different shapes indicate that it has a significant effect on the separation performance of the dry air fluidized bed just like other parameters such as particle size and density. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Dry coal benefication; Fluidized bed	Bed density; Coal beneficiation; Different shapes; Dry air; Dry coal benefication; Fluidized bed technology; Industrial scale; Particle shape; Separation performance; Coal; Coal industry; Fluidized beds; Separators; Silica; Separation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844309691	Joint modelling of repeated measurements and event time: Application to performance traits and survival of lambs bred in sub-humid tropics	Nguti R., Burzykowski T., Rowlands J., Renard D., Janssen P.	2005	Genetics Selection Evolution	37	2	10.1051/gse:2004043	Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Nguti, R., Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Burzykowski, T., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Rowlands, J., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Renard, D., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Janssen, P., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium	We considered the analysis of a study for Dorper, Red Maasai and crossbred lambs born over a period of 6 years at the Diani Estate, Kenya. The study was designed to compare survival and performance traits of genotypes with differing susceptibilities to helminthiasis. The available data include information on time to death and repeated measurements of body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and faecal egg count (FEC) of the animals. In the paper, we consider joint modelling of the survival time and the repeated measurements. Such an approach allows to account for the possible association between the survival and repeated measurement processes. The advantages and limitations of the joint modelling are discussed and illustrated using the Diani Estate study data. © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2005.	Helminthiasis; Joint modelling; Repeated measurements; Sheep; Time-to-event	parasite resistance; selective breeding; sheep; survival; animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; article; biological model; body weight; comparative study; cross breeding; genetic predisposition; genetics; genotype; hematocrit; Kenya; mortality; parasite identification; parasitology; sheep; sheep disease; tropic climate; Animals; Body Weight; Crosses, Genetic; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Helminthiasis, Animal; Hematocrit; Kenya; Models, Biological; Parasite Egg Count; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tropical Climate; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60749105089	The prevalence of hearing loss among schoolchildren with chronic suppurative otitis media in Nigeria, and its effect on academic performance	Olatoke F., Ologe F.E., Nwawolo C.C., Saka M.J.	2008	Ear, Nose and Throat Journal	87	12	None	Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Department of Surgery, Universi	Olatoke, F., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ologe, F.E., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, P.O. Box 6641, Ilorin, Nigeria; Nwawolo, C.C., Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Saka, M.J., Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria	We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of hearing loss among 1,500 Nigerian schoolchildren aged 9 to 15 years who had chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). We also attempted to ascertain the effect that this hearing loss had on their academic performance. The study population was drawn from three schools in different socioeconomic tiers - low (n = 300), medium (n = 400), and high (n = 800). Overall, CSOM was present in 35 of these children (2.3%) - 12 from the low-status school (4.0%), 11 from the middle-status school (2.8%), and 12 from the high-status school (1.5%); the overall difference in prevalence among the three schools was statistically significant (χ2 = 6.40; degrees of freedom [df] = 2; p = 0.04). In all, 52 ears were affected by CSOM; of these, 18 (34.6%) had a pure-tone average (PTA) within normal limits, 20 (38.5%) had a mild conductive hearing loss, and 14 (26.9%) had a moderate loss. All but 2 of 160 control ears (1.2%) had hearing thresholds within normal limits. The difference in PTAs across groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 114.89; df = 2; p&lt; 0.001). As for academic performance, cumulative average test scores were significantly lower in the CSOM patients than in the controls - χ2 = 14.57; df = 3; p = 0.002. At the higher end of the academic scale, scores of 66% and higher were obtained by 40.0% of patients and 51.3% of controls, and scores of 50 to 65% were achieved by 20.0% of patients and 37.5% of controls. At the lower end, scores of 40 to 49% were obtained by 31.4% of patients and 6.3% of controls, and scores of 39% and lower were obtained by 8.6% and 5.0%, respectively. We conclude that hearing loss was a significant sequela of CSOM in our study population and that it had an adverse effect on their academic performance. Children in the low socioeconomic group appeared to be more vulnerable. © 2009, Vendome Group, LLC. All rights reserved.	None	antibiotic agent; antihistaminic agent; academic achievement; adolescent; adverse outcome; article; auditory threshold; child; chronic suppurative otitis media; clinical feature; conduction deafness; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; hearing loss; high school; human; lowest income group; major clinical study; male; middle school; Nigeria; population research; population risk; prevalence; pure tone audiometry; school child; scoring system; socioeconomics; student; Achievement; Adolescent; Audiometry, Pure-Tone; Auditory Threshold; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hearing Loss, Conductive; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Otitis Media, Suppurative; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897468923	Impact of lower stratospheric ozone on seasonal prediction systems	Mathole K., Ndarana T., Beraki A., Landman W.A.	2014	South African Journal of Science	110	42433	10.1590/sajs.2014/20130161	South African Weather Service - Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Mathole, K., South African Weather Service - Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Ndarana, T., South African Weather Service - Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Beraki, A., South African Weather Service - Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Landman, W.A., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	We conducted a comparison of trends in lower stratospheric temperatures and summer zonal wind fields based on 27 years of reanalysis data and output from hindcast simulations using a coupled oceanatmospheric general circulation model (OAGCM). Lower stratospheric ozone in the OAGCM was relaxed to the observed climatology and increasing greenhouse gas concentrations were neglected. In the reanalysis, lower stratospheric ozone fields were better represented than in the OAGCM. The spring lower stratospheric/ upper tropospheric cooling in the polar cap observed in the reanalysis, which is caused by a direct ozone depletion in the past two decades and is in agreement with previous studies, did not appear in the OAGCM. The corresponding summer tropospheric response also differed between data sets. In the reanalysis, a statistically significant poleward trend of the summer jet position was found, whereas no such trend was found in the OAGCM. Furthermore, the jet position in the reanalysis exhibited larger interannual variability than that in the OAGCM. We conclude that these differences are caused by the absence of long-term lower stratospheric ozone changes in the OAGCM. Improper representation or non-inclusion of such ozone variability in a prediction model could adversely affect the accuracy of the predictability of summer rainfall forecasts over South Africa. © 2014. The Authors. The Authors.	Eddy-driven jet; ENSO; Ozone depletion; Polar vortex; Stratosphere	accuracy assessment; annual variation; atmospheric general circulation model; climate modeling; climate prediction; data set; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; greenhouse gas; hindcasting; jet stream; oceanic general circulation model; ozone; ozone depletion; polar vortex; rainfall; seasonal variation; stratosphere; troposphere; wind field; zonal wind; South Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000308537100023	Process and Outcome Evaluation of a Community Intervention for Orphan Adolescents in Western Kenya	Cho, Hyunsan,Hallfors, Denise D.,Itindi, Janet,Mbai, Isabella,Milimo, Benson	2012	JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH	37	5	10.1007/s10900-012-9548-x	Moi University, Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation (PIRE), Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat	"Itindi, Janet: Moi University","Mbai, Isabella: Moi University","Milimo, Benson: Moi University",	We conducted a 2-year pilot randomized controlled trial (N = 105) in a high HIV-prevalence area in rural western Kenya to test whether providing young orphan adolescents with uniforms, school fees, and community visitors improves school retention and reduces HIV risk factors. The trial was a community intervention, limited to one community. In this paper, we examined intervention implementation and its association with outcomes using longitudinal data. We used both quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the community-based model for orphan HIV prevention, with recommendations for future studies. Despite promising effects after 1 year, GEE analyses showed effects after 2 years. Volunteer community visitors, a key element of the intervention, showed little of the expected effect although qualitative reports documented active assistance to prevent orphans' school absence. For future research, we recommend capturing the transition to high school, a larger sample size, and biomarker data to add strength to the research design. We also recommend a school-based intervention approach to improve implementation and reduce infrastructure costs. Finally, we recommend evaluating nurses as agents for improving school attendance and preventing dropout because of their unique ability to address critical biopsychosocial problems.	"ADOLESCENT HEALTH","community-based intervention","global health","HIV/AIDS PREVENTION","RURAL HEALTH",BEHAVIOR,GIRLS,HIV,"RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL",RISK,SCHOOL,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",YOUNG-WOMEN,ZIMBABWE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939635274	Impact of the energy-loss spatial profile and shear-viscosity to entropy-density ratio for the Mach cone versus head-shock signals produced by a fast-moving parton in a quark-gluon plasma	Ayala A., Castaño-Yepes J.D., Dominguez I., Tejeda-Yeomans M.E.	2015	Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics	92	2	10.1103/PhysRevC.92.024910	Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, México Distrito Federal, Mexico; Centre for Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida de las Américas y Boulevard Universitarios, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico; Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Boulevard Luis Encinas J. y Rosales, Colonia Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico	Ayala, A., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, México Distrito Federal, Mexico, Centre for Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Castaño-Yepes, J.D., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, México Distrito Federal, Mexico; Dominguez, I., Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida de las Américas y Boulevard Universitarios, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico; Tejeda-Yeomans, M.E., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, México Distrito Federal, Mexico, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Boulevard Luis Encinas J. y Rosales, Colonia Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico	We compute the energy and momentum deposited by a fast-moving parton in a quark-gluon plasma using linear viscous hydrodynamics with an energy loss per unit length profile proportional to the path length and with different values of the shear-viscosity to entropy-density ratio. We show that when varying these parameters, the transverse modes dominate over the longitudinal ones and thus energy and momentum is preferentially deposited along the head-shock, as in the case of a constant energy loss per unit length profile and the lowest value for the shear-viscosity to entropy-density ratio. © 2015 American Physical Society. ©2015 American Physical Society.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344276549	Evaluation of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa	Stevens W., Wiggill T., Horsfield P., Coetzee L., Scott L.E.	2005	Journal of Virological Methods	124	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.009	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Wiggill, T., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Horsfield, P., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Coetzee, L., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	We compared the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay (bioMerieux) combined with the manual NucliSens miniMag extraction methodology to the Roche Cobas Ampliprep/Standard Amplicor Monitor methodology (Roche Diagnostics) for HIV-1 RNA quantitation in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa. Plasma samples (284) from HIV sero-positive patients at different stages of infection were analyzed. The distribution of results was typical of the clinical samples received at the laboratory where 20% have viral load results &lt;400 copies/ml (2.6 log) and 18% have viral load results &gt;750 000 copies/ml (5.8 log) using the Roche Amplicor Monitor standard assay. All statistical analyses were performed using log10-transformed values for all the variables in the analyses, i.e. log10EasyQIU/ml, and log10RNA (log 10 copies/ml, Amplicor). Roche values were converted from RNA copies per ml to IU/ml by multiplying the Roche value by 0.51. HIV RNA levels quantitated by the NucliSens EasyQ assay correlated significantly with those of the Roche Cobas Amplicor Monitor assay (r = 0.874, p &lt; 0.0001). Reproducibility of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in the log 6 IU range yielded CV variance of 1.3-2.84% for two well-trained technologists. In addition, a retrospective evaluation of the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in 102 runs (2448) samples was conducted in the laboratory over a 4-month interval. Factors considered during this evaluation included time taken to perform the assay, volume requirements, number of required repeats, potential for contamination. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	HIV viral load laboratory measurement; Method comparison; NucliSens EasyQ; Resource limited setting; Roche Amplicor	virus RNA; article; assay; blood sampling; controlled study; correlation analysis; extraction; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; priority journal; quantitative analysis; reproducibility; South Africa; statistical analysis; virus load; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV-1; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864946809	Tuberculosis among children in Kenya: Epidemiology and impact of HIV in two provinces	Cavanaugh J., Genga K., Marigu I., Laserson K., Ackers M., Cain K.	2012	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	58	4	10.1093/tropej/fmr098	Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Leprosy TB and Lung Disease, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya; Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Cavanaugh, J., Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States, Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Genga, K., Division of Leprosy TB and Lung Disease, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya; Marigu, I., Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya; Laserson, K., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Ackers, M., Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya; Cain, K., Division of TB Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States	We collected clinical register data on children in two provinces of Kenya and conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses to assess characteristics associated with death. Among 987 children with tuberculosis (TB), pulmonary disease was diagnosed in 689 (70%) children. Final outcomes were known for 830 children, 40 (5%) of whom died during TB treatment. HIV test results were available for 670 (68%) children; 371 (55%) of whom tested positive. Only 63 of 134 (47%) of children <1 year were tested for HIV. There were no data on CD4 or anti-retroviral use. The relative risk for death for HIV-infected children compared to HIV-uninfected children was 9.3 for children <1 year [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-69.2], 3.9 for children aged 1-4 (95% CI 0.9-17.7) and 0.9 for children aged 5-14 (95% CI 0.3-2.6). In Kenya, HIV infection in children with TB is common, and our data suggest that HIV is particularly deadly in TB patients <1 year, the group with the lowest rate of testing. Poor data recording and reporting limit our understanding of TB in this age group. Expansion of HIV testing may improve survival, and more complete data recording and reporting will enhance our understanding of pediatric TB. Published by Oxford University Press 2011.	Epidemiology; HIV; Pediatrics; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; adult; article; bivariate analysis; child; childhood disease; clinical assessment; controlled study; epidemiology; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; Kenya; lung disease; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; mortality; multivariate analysis; preschool child; register; school child; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Age Distribution; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938151874	The CIB-lensing bispectrum: Impact on primordial non-gaussianity and detectability for the Planck mission	Curto A., Tucci M., Kunz M., Martínez-González E.	2015	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	450	4	10.1093/mnras/stv849	Instituto de Física de Cantabria, CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Département de Physique Théorique, Center for Astroparticle Physics, Université de Genève, 24 quai Ansermet, Genève 4, Switzerland; African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, South Africa	Curto, A., Instituto de Física de Cantabria, CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain, Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Tucci, M., Département de Physique Théorique, Center for Astroparticle Physics, Université de Genève, 24 quai Ansermet, Genève 4, Switzerland; Kunz, M., Département de Physique Théorique, Center for Astroparticle Physics, Université de Genève, 24 quai Ansermet, Genève 4, Switzerland, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, South Africa; Martínez-González, E., Instituto de Física de Cantabria, CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain	We characterize the cosmic infrared background (CIB)-lensing bispectrum which is one of the contributions to the three-point functions of cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps in harmonic space. We show that the CIB-lensing bispectrum has a considerable strength and that it can be detected with high significance in the Planck high-frequency maps. We also present forecasts of the contamination on different shapes of the primordial non-Gaussianity f<inf>nl</inf> parameter produced by the CIB-lensing bispectrum and by the extragalactic point sources bispectrum in the Planck high-resolution CMB anisotropy maps. The local, equilateral and orthogonal shapes are considered for 'raw' single-frequency (i.e. without applying any component separation technique) and foreground-reduced Planck temperaturemaps. The CIB-lensing correlation seems to mainly affect orthogonal shapes of the bispectrum-with Δf (ort) <inf>nl</inf> = -21 and -88 for the 143 and 217 GHz bands, respectively-while point sources mostly impact equilateral shapes, with Δf (eq) <inf>nl</inf> = 160, 54 and 60 at 100, 143 and 217 GHz. However, the results indicate that these contaminants do not induce any relevant bias on Planck f<inf>nl</inf> estimates when foreground-reduced maps are considered: using SEVEM for the component separation, we obtain Δf (ort) <inf>nl</inf> = 10.5 due to the CIB-lensing and Δf (eq) <inf>nl</inf> = 30.4 due to point sources, corresponding to 0.3σ and 0.45σ in terms of the Planck 2013 fnl uncertainty. The component separation technique is, in fact, able to partially clean the extragalactic source contamination and the bias is reduced for all the shapes. We have further developed singleand multiple-frequency estimators based on the Komatsu, Spergel & Wandelt formalism that can be implemented to efficiently detect this signal. © 2015 The Authors.	Infrared: diffuse background; Methods: data analysis; Methods: statistical; Radio continuum: galaxies	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049271468	The impact of HIV/AIDS and ARV treatment on worker absenteeism: Implications for African firms	Habyarimana J., Mbakile B., Pop-Eleches C.	2010	Journal of Human Resources	45	4	None	Georgetown University, United States; Debswana Diamond Company, Botswana; Columbia University, United States	Habyarimana, J., Georgetown University, United States; Mbakile, B., Debswana Diamond Company, Botswana; Pop-Eleches, C., Columbia University, United States	We characterize medium and long-run labor market impacts of HIV/AIDS and ARV treatment using unique panel data of worker absenteeism and information from an AIDS treatment program at a large mining firm in Botswana. We present robust evidence of an inverse-V shaped pattern in worker absenteeism around the time of ARV treatment inception. Absenteeism one to four years after treatment start is low and similar to nonenrolled workers at the firm. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that for the typical manufacturing firm in Africa, the benefits of treatment to the firm cover 8-22 percent of the cost of treatment. © 2010 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; disease treatment; drug; human immunodeficiency virus; labor market; manufacturing; panel data; public health; Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000282155200070	A proposed model for evaluating the success of WebCT course content management system	Adeyinka, Tella,Mutula, S.	2010	COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR	26	6	10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.007	University of Botswana, University of Ilorin	"Adeyinka, Tella: University of Ilorin","Mutula, S.: University of Botswana"	WebCT is an online course management system which is accessed through the portal. It has a wide range of tools which support teaching and learning and enable online delivery of lecture notes, representations, surveys and quizzes, coursework, discussion boards and much more. Evaluation of WebCT systems success or effectiveness is a fundamental challenge to education institutions. A review of previous e-learning research suggests a focused evaluation approach, thus offering limited discussion of comprehensive views of WebCT systems success or systematic and practical guidance to its evaluations. Based on a prevalent information systems success model, this paper proposes and describes a revised model for evaluating WebCT systems success in educational settings. The study findings suggest that content quality, system quality, support service quality, teaching and learning quality, self-regulated learning, intention to use/use, user satisfaction and net benefits are important factors for evaluating the success of WebCT CCMS. Implications of the proposed model for theory and practice were illustrated. In addition, future research directions that extend the reported study are also preferred. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	BOTSWANA,"Course content management system",e-learning,"Information Communication Technology (ICT)","INFORMATION SYSTEM SUCCESS",WebCT,DELONE,"EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE",INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY,RESPECIFICATION,"USER ACCEPTANCE",VALIDATION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927591622	Temperature Variation and heat wave and cold spell impacts on years of life lost among the urban poor population of Nairobi, Kenya	Egondi T., Kyobutungi C., Rocklöv J.	2015	International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health	12	3	10.3390/ijerph120302735	African Population and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden	Egondi, T., African Population and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kyobutungi, C., African Population and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Rocklöv, J., Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden	Weather extremes are associated with adverse health outcomes, including mortality. Studies have investigated the mortality risk of temperature in terms of excess mortality, however, this risk estimate may not be appealing to policy makers assessing the benefits expected for any interventions to be adopted. To provide further evidence of the burden of extreme temperatures, we analyzed the effect of temperature on years of life lost (YLL) due to all-cause mortality among the population in two urban informal settlements. YLL was generated based on the life expectancy of the population during the study period by applying a survival analysis approach. Association between daily maximum temperature and YLL was assessed using a distributed lag nonlinear model. In addition, cold spell and heat wave effects, as defined according to different percentiles, were investigated. The exposure-response curve between temperature and YLL was J-shaped, with the minimum mortality temperature (MMT) of 26 °C. An average temperature of 21 °C compared to the MMT was associated with an increase of 27.4 YLL per day (95% CI, 2.7–52.0 years). However, there was no additional effect for extended periods of cold spells, nor did we find significant associations between YLL to heat or heat waves. Overall, increased YLL from all-causes were associated with cold spells indicating the need for initiating measure for reducing health burdens. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	Cold spell; Cold-related mortality; Heat wave; Heat-related mortality; Temperature	climate effect; environmental factor; health geography; health impact; informal settlement; mortality; survival; temperature gradient; urban population; Article; cause of death; cold injury; cold spell; controlled study; environmental impact; environmental monitoring; environmental temperature; heat wave; human; Kenya; life expectancy; mortality; outcome assessment; physical phenomena; social status; survival; temperature sensitivity; temperature variation; thermal analysis; urban area; weather; Kenya; Nairobi [Kenya]; Nairobi [Nairobi (CNT)]	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349873676	Climate change impact on SWAT simulated streamflow in western Kenya	Githui F., Gitau W., Mutua F., Bauwens W.	2009	International Journal of Climatology	29	12	10.1002/joc.1828	Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre de Recherches de Climatologie, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France	Githui, F., Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Gitau, W., Centre de Recherches de Climatologie, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; Mutua, F., Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Bauwens, W., Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium	Weather and climate extremes such as droughts and floods have far reaching impacts in Kenya. They have had implications in a variety of sectors including agriculture, water resources, health, energy, and disaster management among others. Lake Victoria and its catchment support millions of people and any impact on its ability to support the livelihoods of the communities in this region is of major concern. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the potential future climatic changes on the Nzoia catchment in the Lake Victoria basin, and how they might affect streamflow. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to investigate the impact of climatic change on streamflow of the study area. The model was set up using readily available spatial and temporal data, and calibrated against measured daily streamflow. Climate change scenarios were obtained from general circulation models. Results obtained showed increased amounts of annual rainfall for all the scenarios but with variations on a monthly basis. All - but one - global circulation models (GCMs) showed consistency in the monthly rainfall amounts. Rainfall was higher in the 2050s than in the 2020s. According to climate change scenarios, temperature will increase in this region, with the 2050s experiencing much higher increases than the 2020s with a monthly temperature change range of 0-1.7 °C. The range of change in mean annual rainfall of 2.4-23.2% corresponded to a change in streamflow of about 6-115%. The analysis revealed important rainfall-runoff linear relationships for certain months that could be extrapolated to estimate amounts of streamflow under various scenarios of change in rainfall. Streamflow response was not sensitive to changes in temperature. If all other variables, e.g. land cover, population growth etc., were held constant, a significant increase in streamflow may be expected in the coming decades as a consequence of increased rainfall amounts. © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society.	Climate change; General circulation models; Hydrology; Modelling; Runoff; Streamflow	Annual rainfall; Climate change impact; Climate change scenarios; Climatic changes; Disaster management; General circulation model; General circulation models; Global circulation model; Lake Victoria; Land cover; Linear relationships; Modelling; Population growth; Rainfall runoff; Soil and Water assessment tools; Study areas; Temperature changes; Temporal Data; Catchments; Disaster prevention; Drought; Rain; Runoff; Stream flow; Thermal effects; Water; Water resources; Climate change; climate change; climate effect; computer simulation; general circulation model; hydrological modeling; rainfall-runoff modeling; streamflow; temperature anomaly; Africa; East Africa; East African Lakes; Kenya; Lake Victoria; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444480278	Bank privatization and performance: Empirical evidence from Nigeria	Beck T., Cull R., Jerome A.	2005	Journal of Banking and Finance	29	8-9 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.03.018	The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Beck, T., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Cull, R., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Jerome, A., Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	We assess the effect of privatization on performance in a panel of Nigerian banks for the period 1990-2001. We find evidence of performance improvement in nine banks that were privatized, which is remarkable given the inhospitable environment for true financial intermediation. Our results also suggest negative effects of the continuing minority government ownership on the performance of many Nigerian banks. Finally, our results complement aggregate indications of decreasing financial intermediation over the 1990s; banks that focused on investment in government bonds and non-lending activities enjoyed a relatively better performance. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bank performance; Bank privatization; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876529124	Evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal potential of Peltophorum africanum: Toxicological effect on human Chang liver cell line	Okeleye B.I., Mkwetshana N.T., Ndip R.N.	2013	The Scientific World Journal	2013	None	10.1155/2013/878735	Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 570, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon	Okeleye, B.I., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 570, South Africa; Mkwetshana, N.T., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 570, South Africa; Ndip, R.N., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 570, South Africa, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon	We assessed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Peltophorum africanum by means of the agar well and macrodilution methods. The toxicity on a normal human liver cell (Chang liver cell) was determined using the CellTiter-Blue cell viability assay, and the compounds contained in the fractions were identified using GC-MS. Zone diameter of inhibition of the extract ranged from 12.5 ± 0.7 to 32 ± 2.8 mm for bacteria and from 7.5 ± 0.7 to 26.4 ± 3.4 mm for yeast. Marked activity of the extract was observed against Plesiomonas shigelloides ATCC 51903, with MIC and MLC values of 0.15625 and 0.3125 mg/mL, respectively. The extract was both bactericidal (MIC index ≤ 2) and bacteriostatic/fungistatic (MIC index &gt; 2) in activity. Lethal dose at 50 (LD50) showed 82.64 ± 1.40 degree of toxicity at 24 hrs, and 95 percentile of cell death dose activity ranged from log 3.12 ± 0.01 to 4.59 ± 0.03. The activity of the eight fractions tested ranged from 1.0 ± 0.5 to 3.7 ± 1.6 mg/mL (IC50) and from 2.1 ± 0.8 to 6.25 ± 0 mg/mL (IC90). The extract was toxic to human Chang liver cell lines. © 2013 Benjamin I. Okeleye et al.	None	Peltophorum africanum extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; plant extract; agar dilution; antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; article; bactericidal activity; cell death; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; human; human cell; LD 50; liver cell culture; mass fragmentography; medicinal plant; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Peltophorum africanum; Plesiomonas shigelloides; bacterial phenomena and functions; Caesalpinia; cell survival; chemistry; drug effect; fungus; liver tumor; pathology; physiology; treatment outcome; tumor cell line; Peltophorum africanum; Plesiomonas shigelloides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Caesalpinia; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Fungi; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Plant Extracts; Treatment Outcome	None
None	None	Impact of measles outbreak response vaccination campaign in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Goodson J.L., Wiesen E., Perry R.T., Mach O., Kitambi M., Kibona M., Luman E.T., Cairns K.L.	2009	Vaccine	27	42	10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.057	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, East and South Inter-country Support Team, Zimbabwe; Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social, Welfare, Tanzania; Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Tanzania	Goodson, J.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Wiesen, E., World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, East and South Inter-country Support Team, Zimbabwe; Perry, R.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Mach, O., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Kitambi, M., Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social, Welfare, Tanzania; Kibona, M., Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Tanzania; Luman, E.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; Cairns, K.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States	We assessed the impact of a measles outbreak response vaccination campaign (ORV) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Age-specific incidence rates were calculated before and after the ORV. Incidence rate ratios for the two time periods were compared and used to estimate expected cases and deaths prevented by ORV. The ratio of measles incidence rates in the age groups targeted and not targeted by ORV decreased from 5.8 prior to ORV to 1.8 (p < 0.0001) after; 506 measles cases and 18 measles deaths were likely averted. These results support the need for revised recommendations concerning ORV in general settings in Africa.	Immunization; Measles; Outbreak; Vaccination	measles vaccine; adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; child; controlled study; epidemic; female; health program; health survey; human; incidence; infant; major clinical study; male; measles; measles vaccination; outbreak response vaccination; outcome assessment; preschool child; priority journal; school child; Tanzania; Adolescent; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Models, Biological; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849128160	Diclofenac Potassium Attenuates Dysmenorrhea and Restores Exercise Performance in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea	Chantler I., Mitchell D., Fuller A.	2009	Journal of Pain	10	2	10.1016/j.jpain.2008.08.006	Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Chantler, I., Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mitchell, D., Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fuller, A., Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	We assessed the efficacy of diclofenac potassium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in alleviating menstrual pain and restoring exercise performance to that measured in the late-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Twelve healthy young women with a history of primary dysmenorrhea completed, in a random order, laboratory exercise-testing sessions when they were in the late-follicular (no menstruation, no pain) phase of the menstrual cycle and when they were experiencing dysmenorrhea and receiving, in a double-blinded fashion, either 100 mg of diclofenac potassium or placebo. We assessed the women's leg strength (1-repetition maximum test), aerobic capacity (treadmill walking test), and ability to perform a functional test (task-specific test). Compared with placebo, diclofenac potassium significantly decreased dysmenorrhea on the day of administration (Visual Analog Scale, P < .001 at all times). When receiving placebo for menstrual pain, the women's performance in the tests was decreased significantly, compared with when they were receiving diclofenac potassium for menstrual pain (P < .05) and compared with when they were in the late-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (P < .05 for treadmill test, P < .01 for task-specific test and 1-repetition maximum test). Administration of diclofenac potassium for menstrual pain restored exercise performance to a level not different from that achieved in the late-follicular phase of the cycle. Perspective: In women with primary dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain, if untreated, decreases laboratory-assessed exercise performance. A recommended daily dose of a readily available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac potassium, is effective in relieving menstrual pain and restoring physical performance to levels achieved when the women were in the late-follicular (no menstruation, no pain) phase of the menstrual cycle. © 2009 American Pain Society.	Menstrual pain; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; physical performance	cataflam d; diclofenac potassium; placebo; unclassified drug; aerobic capacity; article; clinical article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; drug efficacy; dysmenorrhea; exercise; female; follicular phase; human; leg; muscle strength; task performance; treadmill exercise; visual analog scale; walking; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Double-Blind Method; Dysmenorrhea; Exercise; Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Physical Endurance; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862985323	Identification and antibacterial evaluation of bioactive compounds from Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds	Seanego C.T., Ndip R.N.	2012	Molecules	17	6	10.3390/molecules17066585	Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon	Seanego, C.T., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Ndip, R.N., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon	We assessed the bioactivity of G. kola seeds on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Salmonella typhimurium. The crude ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts were screened by the agar-well diffusion method and their activities were further determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays. The extracts were fractionated by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Bioautography was used to assess the activity of the possible classes of compounds present in the more active extracts. Column chromatography was used to purify the active compounds from the mixture, while GC-MS was used to identify the phytocomponents of the fractions. The inhibition zone diameters of the extracts ranged from 0-24 ± 1.1 mm, while MIC and MBC values ranged between 0.04-1.25 mg/mL and 0.081-2.5 mg/mL, respectively. The chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (CEF) solvent system separated more active compounds. The MIC of the fractions ranged between 0.0006-2.5 mg/mL. CEF 3(F3), CEF 11 (F11) and CEF 12 (F12) revealed the presence of high levels of linoleic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl ester, respectively. The results obtained from this study justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine and provide leads which could be further exploited for the development of new and potent antimicrobials. © 2012 by the authors.	Antimicrobial activity; Garcinia kola; GC-MS; Medicinal plants; Minimum Bactericidal Concentration; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration	antiinfective agent; plant extract; article; bacterium; chemistry; drug effect; Garcinia kola; microbiological examination; plant seed; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Garcinia kola; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Seeds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960095934	Monitoring of cholinesterase inhibition among retailers of agrochemicals in Northeastern Nigeria	Hotton A.J., Barminas J.T., Osemeahon S.A., Aboki T.	2010	European Journal of Scientific Research	46	1	None	National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, P.M.B 1018, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 2076, Yola, Adamawa, State, Nigeria; Department of Pediatric, Federal Medical Centre	Hotton, A.J., National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, P.M.B 1018, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria; Barminas, J.T., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 2076, Yola, Adamawa, State, Nigeria; Osemeahon, S.A., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 2076, Yola, Adamawa, State, Nigeria; Aboki, T., Department of Pediatric, Federal Medical Centre, P.M. B1052, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria	We asses cholinesterase level on retailers of pesticide in Northeastern Nigeria, evaluated the prevalence of symptoms and relate levels of inhibition to reported symptoms. Medical evaluation questionnaires were administered to 100 exposed retailers and control. Extracted information included name, sex, age, duration of trade, hygienic behavior, protective clothing and educational levels. The acetycholinesterase activity was measured for both categories at low and high exposure period. 68% of the exposed had poor hygienic behavior with low education and 8% use of overall. 84% of the exposed retailers had change in acetycholinesterase inhibition (≥30%). The grouping on year of involvement in trade shows high inhibition in the exposed, 1-3 years (36.2%) and 3-6 years (40.4%). Symptom prevalence was higher during high exposure, respiratory (18.4%), Central nervous system (16%), eye (15.2%) and cardiovascular (15%) with a significant change in the control. The increase symptom prevalence was found at acetylcholinesterase activities considered to be no adverse compared to WHO threshold of 70% baseline red blood cell. In conclusion, retailers of pesticide in Northeastern Nigeria may have been occupationally exposed due to the sales and handling of pesticide; and the exposure at times is of such magnitude as to be hazardous to retailers. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010.	Cholinesterase inhibition; Health effect; Pesticide retailers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862338892	Evaluation of the acetone and aqueous extracts of mature stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties	Tanih N.F., Ndip R.N.	2012	Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine	2012	None	10.1155/2012/834156	Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon	Tanih, N.F., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Ndip, R.N., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon	We assayed the antimicrobial activity of acetone and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea on some selected bacteria and fungi species including; Streptococcus pyogenes, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhimurium, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida glabrata, Trichosporon mucoides, and Candida krusei using both agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Based on the levels of activity, the acetone extract was examined for total polyphenolic content, radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Total phenols of the extract were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH, ABTS and reducing power. All the bacteria and fungi species were susceptible to the plant extracts. The acetone extract was the most active for the bacterial species with MIC (0.1560.625mg/mL) while the aqueous extract was the most active for the fungi species with MIC (0.31251.25mg/mL). The polyphenolic compounds were found as 27.2mg/g tannic acid equivalent, 25.2mg/g quercetin equivalent, 9.1mg/g quercetin equivalent for phenols, flavonoid and flavonols respectively. The acetone extract exhibited a remarkable ability to scavenge radicals, strong reducing ability and a potential source of natural antioxidants. Both the acetone and aqueous extracts of S. birrea may provide a target for drug discovery. Copyright © 2012 Nicoline F. Tanih and Roland N. Ndip.	None	1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; 2,2' azinobis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid); acetone; amphotericin B; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; ciprofloxacin; flavonoid; flavonol; plant extract; quercetin; scavenger; sclerocarya birrea extract; tannin; unclassified drug; Aeromonas hydrophila; agar diffusion; Anacardiaceae; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; article; bark; Candida glabrata; Candida krusei; controlled study; Cryptococcus neoformans; drug activity; drug screening; drug sensitivity; medicinal plant; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; plant stem; Plesiomonas shigelloides; priority journal; Salmonella typhimurium; Sclerocarya birrea; spectrophotometry; Streptococcus pyogenes; Trichosporon	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149459606	Biotribological evaluation of artificial disc arthroplasty devices: Influence of loading and kinematic patterns during in vitro wear simulation	Grupp T.M., Yue J.J., Garcia Jr. R., Basson J., Schwiesau J., Fritz B., Blömer W.	2009	European Spine Journal	18	1	10.1007/s00586-008-0840-5	Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University, Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Munich, Germany; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Orthopedic Care Center, Aventura, FL, United States; 6o of Freedom, Cape Town, South Africa; Biomechanical Research Laboratory, Aesculap AG Research and Development, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany	Grupp, T.M., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany, Ludwig Maximilian University, Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Munich, Germany, Biomechanical Research Laboratory, Aesculap AG Research and Development, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany; Yue, J.J., Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Garcia Jr., R., Orthopedic Care Center, Aventura, FL, United States; Basson, J., 6o of Freedom, Cape Town, South Africa; Schwiesau, J., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Fritz, B., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Blömer, W., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany	Wear simulation is an essential pre-clinical method to predict the mid- and long-term clinical wear behavior of newly introduced devices for total disc arthroplasty. The main requirement of a suitable method for spinal wear simulation has to be the ability to distinguish between design concepts and allow for a direct comparison of predicate devices. The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of loading and kinematic patterns based on two different protocols for spinal wear simulation (ISO/FDIS 18192-1 (2006) and ASTM F2423-05). In vitro wear simulation was performed with six activ ® L lumbar artificial disc devices (Aesculap Tuttlingen, Germany). The applied kinematic pattern of movement was multidirectional for ISO (elliptic track) and unidirectional with a curvilinear shape for ASTM. Testing was done for 10 million cycles in the ISO loading mode and afterwards with the same specimens for 5 million cycles according to the ASTM protocol with a customized six-station servohydraulic spinal wear simulator (EndoLab Thansau, Germany). Gravimetrical and geometrical wear assessment, a slide track analysis correlated to an optical surface characterization, and an estimation of particle size and morphology were performed. The gravimetric wear rate for the first 10 million cycles was ISOinitial = 2.7 ± 0.3 mg/million cycles. During the ASTM test period (10-15 million cycles) a gravimetric wear rate of 0.14 ± 0.06 mg/million cycles was estimated. The wear rates between the ISO and ASTM driven simulations differ substantially (approximately 20-fold) and statistical analysis demonstrates a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) between the test groups. The main explanation of divergency between ISO and ASTM driven wear simulations is the multidirectional pattern of movement described in the ISO document resulting in a cross-shear stress on the polyethylene material. Due to previous retrieval observations, it seems to be very unlikely that a lumbar artificial disc is loaded with a linear wear path.Testing according to ASTM F2423-05 with pure unidirectional motion does not reflect the kinematics of TDA patients' daily activities. Based on our findings it seems to be more reliable to predict the clinical wear behavior of an artificial disc replacement using the ISO/FDIS 18192-1 method. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Lumbar total disc arthroplasty; Particle analysis; Pattern of movement; Wear simulation	polyethylene; arthroplasty; article; daily life activity; device; geometry; gravimetry; kinematics; lumbar spine; mechanical stress; methodology; morphology; particle size; priority journal; shear stress; simulation; Arthroplasty, Replacement; Biomechanics; Compressive Strength; Intervertebral Disk; Joint Prosthesis; Materials Testing; Polyethylene; Stress, Mechanical; Weight-Bearing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939643524	Evaluation of a consumer fitness-tracking device to assess sleep in adults	De Zambotti M., Claudatos S., Inkelis S., Colrain I.M., Baker F.C.	2015	Chronobiology International	32	7	10.3109/07420528.2015.1054395	Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia; Brain Function Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	De Zambotti, M., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Claudatos, S., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Inkelis, S., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Colrain, I.M., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia; Baker, F.C., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Brain Function Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Wearable fitness-tracker devices are becoming increasingly available. We evaluated the agreement between Jawbone UP and polysomnography (PSG) in assessing sleep in a sample of 28 midlife women. As shown previously, for standard actigraphy, Jawbone UP had high sensitivity in detecting sleep (0.97) and low specificity in detecting wake (0.37). However, it showed good overall agreement with PSG with a maximum of two women falling outside Bland-Altman plot agreement limits. Jawbone UP overestimated PSG total sleep time (26.6 ± 35.3 min) and sleep onset latency (5.2 ± 9.6 min), and underestimated wake after sleep onset (31.2 ± 32.3 min) (p's < 0.05), with greater discrepancies in nights with more disrupted sleep. The low-cost and wide-availability of these fitness-tracker devices may make them an attractive alternative to standard actigraphy in monitoring daily sleep-wake rhythms over several days. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Actigraphy; activity trackers; motion; sleep; wristbands	None	HL103688, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916887285	Evaluation of the trophic structure of the West Florida Shelf in the 2000s using the ecosystem model OSMOSE	Grüss A., Schirripa M.J., Chagaris D., Drexler M., Simons J., Verley P., Shin Y.-J., Karnauskas M., Oliveros-Ramos R., Ainsworth C.H.	2015	Journal of Marine Systems	144	None	10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.11.004	Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, United States; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Sustainable Fisheries Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, United States; Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Center for Coastal Studies Natural Resources Center, Texas A andM University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX, United States; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR EME 212, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète cedex, France; University of Cape Town, Marine Research Institute Ma-Re, Department of Biological Sciences, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Gamarra y General Valle s/n Chucuito, Callao, Peru	Grüss, A., Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, United States, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Sustainable Fisheries Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, United States; Schirripa, M.J., Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Sustainable Fisheries Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, United States; Chagaris, D., Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Drexler, M., University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Simons, J., Center for Coastal Studies Natural Resources Center, Texas A andM University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX, United States; Verley, P., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR EME 212, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète cedex, France; Shin, Y.-J., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR EME 212, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète cedex, France, University of Cape Town, Marine Research Institute Ma-Re, Department of Biological Sciences, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Karnauskas, M., Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Sustainable Fisheries Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, United States; Oliveros-Ramos, R., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR EME 212, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, Sète cedex, France, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Gamarra y General Valle s/n Chucuito, Callao, Peru; Ainsworth, C.H., University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, United States	We applied the individual-based, multi-species OSMOSE modeling approach to the West Florida Shelf, with the intent to inform ecosystem-based management (EBM) in this region. Our model, referred to as 'OSMOSE-WFS', explicitly considers both pelagic-demersal and benthic high trophic level (HTL) groups of fish and invertebrate species, and is forced by the biomass of low trophic level groups of species (plankton and benthos). We present a steady-state version of the OSMOSE-WFS model describing trophic interactions in the West Florida Shelf in the 2000s. OSMOSE-WFS was calibrated using a recently developed evolutionary algorithm that allowed simulated biomasses of HTL groups to match observed biomasses over the period 2005-2009. The validity of OSMOSE-WFS was then evaluated by comparing simulated diets to observed ones, and the simulated trophic levels to those in an Ecopath model of the West Florida Shelf (WFS Reef fish Ecopath). Finally, OSMOSE-WFS was used to explore the trophic structure of the West Florida Shelf in the 2000s and estimate size-specific natural mortality rates for a socio-economically important species, gag grouper (Mycteroperca microlepis). OSMOSE-WFS outputs were in full agreement with observations as to the body size and ecological niche of prey of the different HTL groups, and to a lesser extent in agreement with the observed species composition of the diet of HTL groups. OSMOSE-WFS and WFS Reef fish Ecopath concurred on the magnitude of the instantaneous natural mortality of the different life stages of gag grouper over the period 2005-2009, but not always on the main causes of natural mortality. The model evaluations conducted here provides a strong basis for ongoing work exploring fishing and environmental scenarios so as to inform EBM. From simple size-based predation rules, we were indeed able to capture the complexity of trophic interactions in the West Florida Shelf, and to identify the predators, prey and competitors of socio-economically important species as well as pivotal prey species of the ecosystem. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Gag grouper; Marine ecosystem modeling; Natural mortality; Resource management; Trophic structure; West florida shelf	Biomass; Computer simulation; Fish; Nutrition; Reefs; Florida; Marine ecosystem; Natural mortality; Resource management; Trophic structure; Ecosystems; algorithm; body size; ecosystem modeling; mortality; niche; predation; resource management; socioeconomic status; trophic structure; Atlantic Ocean; Florida Shelf; Epinephelinae; Invertebrata; Mycteroperca microlepis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920281316	Using hydrochemical tracers to assess impacts of unsewered urban catchments on hydrochemistry and nutrients in groundwater	Nyenje P.M., Foppen J.W., Uhlenbrook S., Lutterodt G.	2014	Hydrological Processes	28	24	10.1002/hyp.10070	Department of Water Science and Engineering, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, Delft, Netherlands; Makerere University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Section of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, Delft, Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, Central University College, PO Box DS 2310, Dansoman-Accra, Ghana	Nyenje, P.M., Department of Water Science and Engineering, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, Delft, Netherlands, Makerere University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Foppen, J.W., Department of Water Science and Engineering, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, Delft, Netherlands; Uhlenbrook, S., Department of Water Science and Engineering, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, Delft, Netherlands, Section of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, Delft, Netherlands; Lutterodt, G., Department of Civil Engineering, Central University College, PO Box DS 2310, Dansoman-Accra, Ghana	We applied graphical methods and multivariate statistics to understand impacts of an unsewered slum catchment on nutrients and hydrochemistry of groundwater in Kampala, Uganda. Data were collected from 56 springs (groundwater), 22 surface water sites and 13 rain samples. Groundwater was acidic and dominated by Na, Cl and NO3. These ions were strongly correlated, indicating pollution originating from wastewater infiltration from on-site sanitation systems. Results also showed that rain, which was acidic, impacted on groundwater chemistry. Using Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified three distinct water quality groups. The first group had springs dominated by Ca-Cl-NO3, low values of electrical conductivity (EC), pH and cations, and relatively high NO3 values. These springs were shown to have originated from the acidic rains because their chemistry closely corresponded to ion concentrations that would occur from rainfall recharge, which was around 3.3 times concentrated by evaporation. The second group had springs dominated by Na-K-Cl-NO3 and Ca-Cl-NO3, low pH but with higher values of EC, NO3 and cations. We interpreted these as groundwater affected by both acid rain and infiltration of wastewater from urban areas. The third group had the highest EC values (average of 688μS/cm), low pH and very high concentrations of NO3 (average of 2.15mmol/l) and cations. Since these springs were all located in slum areas, we interpreted them as groundwater affected by infiltration of wastewater from poorly sanitized slums areas. Surface water was slightly reducing and eutrophic because of wastewater effluents, but the contribution of groundwater to nutrients in surface water was minimal because o-PO4 was absent, whereas NO3 was lost by denitification. Our findings suggest that groundwater chemistry in the catchment is strongly influenced by anthropogenic inputs derived from nitrogen-containing rains and domestic wastewater. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Acid rain; Groundwater; Multivariate statistics; Nutrients; Slums; Uganda	Acid rain; Calcium; Catchments; Cluster analysis; Effluents; Groundwater; Groundwater geochemistry; Hierarchical systems; Housing; Infiltration; Multivariant analysis; Nutrients; pH; Positive ions; Precipitation (meteorology); Rain; River pollution; Runoff; Sanitation; Surface waters; Water quality; Electrical conductivity; Groundwater chemistry; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Hydrochemical tracers; Multivariate statistics; On-site sanitation systems; Slums; Uganda; Hydrochemistry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958041852	Evaluation of protein quality of unfermented and fermented blends of cereal based complementary food using rats	Odumodu C.U.	2010	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	9	6	None	Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	Odumodu, C.U., Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	Weanling male rats of 45-55 g were used to compare the protein quality of the unfermented and fermented blends of cereal based complementary food. Paddy rice, parboiled rice, soybean and crayfish were obtained from Jos main market, Nigeria. The paddy rice malted for 72 h and all the foodstuffs were processed into flours. Parboiled rice and soybean mix was formulated in a standard ratio of 70:30 g (PR:DSBo). A modified standard formulation of parboiled rice, soybean, malted rice and crayfish mix in the ratio of 65:25:5:5 g (PR:DSB:MR72:CFo) was made. From the formulation fermentation of different blends at varying periods 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h was carried out. Protein content of the unfermented and fermented blends was determined by the standard assay technique. Seven different diets were fed. Five rats were assigned to each diet for 28-days growth studies and a 7-day N balance period. The rats fed the unfermented modified standard (PR:DSB:MR72:CFo blend had the highest food intake, weight gain, N intake, retained N, BV, and NPU values (69 g, 27 g, 2.96 g, 2.23 g, 83.5 and 75.47, respectively) than the rest of the groups. The result appeared to suggest that fermentation affected the protein quality of the fermented blends negatively making the protein quality of the unfermented modified standard (PR:DSB:MR72:CFo) blend the best. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Fermentation; Malting; Rats complementary	protein; animal experiment; article; cereal; controlled study; crayfish; fermented product; food analysis; food composition; food intake; food preservation; food processing; food safety; male; nitrogen balance; nonhuman; protein content; protein quality; protein synthesis; rat; rice; soybean; weight gain; Astacoidea; Glycine max; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645229620	Reproductive performance of Wistar rats fed Acacia colei seed-based diets	Adewusi S.R.A., Falade O.S., Nwoha P.U., Caxton-Martins A.E., Harwood C.	2006	Journal of Arid Environments	66	1	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.10.014	Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Adewusi, S.R.A., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Falade, O.S., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Nwoha, P.U., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Caxton-Martins, A.E., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Harwood, C., CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Weanling male and female Wistar rats were fed diets incorporating 0%, 20% and 40% Acacia colei seed flour (Leguminosae), to raise three generations of animals. Weight gain decreased with increasing levels of acacia incorporation (crude protein content 12.6%) in first generation animals. Mating, 13 weeks after weaning, resulted in 80%, 60% and 0% pregnancy in female rats, average litter size of 5 and 5.5; and survival rate of 83% and 94% by rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Increasing the protein content to 18% reversed the reproductive failure in the 40% acacia group: pregnancy rate was 80%, 40% and 71%; mean litter size was 8.5, 12 and 3.8 in rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Growth rate was fastest in the 0% acacia group second-generation rats after the first 64 days. Mating this second generation resulted in 82%, 70% and 83% pregnancy over two matings for animals on 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Weights of reproductive and other internal organs were little affected by diet-type indicating that incorporation of acacia into rat diet would not affect reproduction except for the low quality of its protein. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dietary protein; Famine food; Growth; Reproduction	diet; food quality; litter size; reproductive success; rodent; Acacia; Acacia colei; Animalia; Fabaceae; Rattus norvegicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249164083	Development and evaluation of weaning foods from pigeon pea and millet	Onweluzo J.C., Nwabugwu C.C.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	6	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Onweluzo, J.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwabugwu, C.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Weaning foods were formulated by complementing millet with pigeon-pea after sprouting and fermentation pre-treatments. Products were evaluated for composition and functional properties. Nutritional quality was evaluated by animal feeding experiment using 36 weanling male Wister rats (45-55g). Untreated composite, commercial weaning food (Cerelac) and casein diet served as controls. Sprouted pigeon pea and sprouted millet (SPSM) composite had high crude and true proteins which compared with protein of casein diet but differed (p ≤0.05) from the protein content of other diets. Calcium and iron in all formulated diets except SPSM compared with the levels in commercial diet. Viscosity was lower (p ≤0.05) in formulated diets (200-209cps) than in commercial control (303cps). Fermented pigeon-pea and fermented millet (SPFM) and sprouted pigeon-pea and fermented millet (SPFM) diets gave highest (p ≤0.05) weight gain (113.51g and 123.42g), PER (2.15 and 2.02), BV (70.7 and 76.2) and NPU (70.13 and 74.57), respectively thus suggesting their superiority over other diets. Diets FPSM and SPFM promoted growth better than other formulated diets. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Fermentation and sprouting; High energy density food; Protein-energy malnutrition; Unexploited legume and cereal; Weaning food	casein; animal experiment; article; cereal; controlled study; fermentation; food analysis; food composition; food processing; male; millet; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; pigeonpea; rat; viscosity; weaning; weight gain; Animalia; Cajanus cajan; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745685571	Production, acceptability and microbiological evaluation of weaning food formulations	Badau M.H., Jideani I.A., Nkama I.	2006	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	52	3	10.1093/tropej/fmi079	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria	Badau, M.H., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Jideani, I.A., Department of Biological Sciences Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Nkama, I., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Weaning food formulations were produced from pearl millet cultivar (SOSAT C-88), cowpea and groundnut in the ratio of 70:20:10 and 5 per cent malt from six pearl millet cultivars (SOSAT C-88, ZANGO, EX-BORNO, ICMV IS 94206, GWAGWA, GB 8735) and one sorghum cultivar (ICSV III) were added to produce seven formulations plus the one without malt. Microbiological quality of eight weaning food formulations was evaluated. Twenty weaning mothers were used to determine the acceptability of gruels from the eight weaning food formulations using a nine-point hedonic scale. Addition of 5 per cent malt did not affect the microbial count of weaning food formulations. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Klebsiella aerogenes and Aspergillus niger were found in all the weaning food formulations. Shigella and Salmonella were not encountered in this study. Addition of 5 per cent SOSAT C-88, ZANGO, EX-BORNO, ICMV-IS 94206 and GWAGWA malt improved the taste and texture of weaning food formulations. The population of micro-organisms isolated from weaning formulations was not high enough to produce effective dose. However, the need for processors of weaning foods to adopt strict hygiene practices cannot be overemphasized. © 2006 Oxford University Press.	None	article; Aspergillus niger; baby food; controlled study; cowpea; cultivar; food processing; food quality; food texture; hygiene; Klebsiella aerogenes; malt; microbiology; mother; nonhuman; peanut; rating scale; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Salmonella; Shigella; sorghum; taste; weaning; Cereals; Consumer Satisfaction; Diarrhea, Infantile; Food Microbiology; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Nigeria; Panicum; Sorghum; Weaning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749044246	The impact of parental death on school outcomes: Longitudinal evidence from South Africa	Case A., Ardington C.	2006	Demography	43	3	10.1353/dem.2006.0022	Research Program in Development Studies, Princeton University, 367 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, Saldru Research Associate, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Case, A., Research Program in Development Studies, Princeton University, 367 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa; Ardington, C., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa, Department of Statistical Sciences, Saldru Research Associate, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	We analyze longitudinal data from a demographic surveillance area (DSA) in KwaZulu-Natal to examine the impact of parental death on children's outcomes. The results show significant differences in the impact of mothers' and fathers' deaths. The loss of a child's mother is a strong predictor of poor schooling outcomes. Maternal orphans are significantly less likely to be enrolled in school and have completed significantly fewer years of schooling, conditional on age, than children whose mothers are alive. Less money is spent on maternal orphans' educations, on average, conditional on enrollment. Moreover, children whose mothers have died appear to be at an educational disadvantage when compared with non-orphaned children with whom they live. We use the timing of mothers' deaths relative to children's educational shortfalls to argue that mothers' deaths have a causal effect on children's educations. The loss of a child's father is a significant correlate of poor household socioeconomic status. However, the death of a father between waves of the survey has no significant effect on subsequent asset ownership. Evidence from the South African 2001 Census suggests that the estimated effects of maternal deaths on children's outcomes in the Africa Centre DSA reflect the reality for orphans throughout South Africa.	None	adolescent; article; child; death; educational status; female; human; infant; longitudinal study; male; management; newborn; parent; preschool child; South Africa; student; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Death; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Parents; Policy Making; South Africa; Students	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957574914	Housing and construction finance, deposit mobilisation and bank performance in Ghana	Ametefe F., Aboagye A.Q.Q., Sarpong-Kumankoma E.	2011	Journal of Property Research	28	2	10.1080/09599916.2010.538478	Department of Banking and Finance, University of Ghana Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Ghana	Ametefe, F., Department of Banking and Finance, University of Ghana Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Ghana; Aboagye, A.Q.Q., Department of Banking and Finance, University of Ghana Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Ghana; Sarpong-Kumankoma, E., Department of Banking and Finance, University of Ghana Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Ghana	We analyse bank performance in Ghana over the period 2001-2007. We posit a two-equation simultaneous system for return on assets and volatility of earnings. In addition to other explanatory variables, this study is interested in the impact of deposits as a proportion of total assets and the proportion of housing and construction loans that banks extend. The triangular system is estimated by the least squares dummy variable approach. We find that the coefficients of the deposit ratio are very small in both equations and not at all significant. At the 10% significance level, the ratio of total loans to assets is positive and significant in both equations. Housing and construction loans tend to increase return on equity and decrease volatility. Increases in equity to assets ratio increase return on assets and decrease volatility of earnings significantly. The impact of non-interest income is small and tends to increase return on assets and decrease volatility. Nonperforming loan ratio has the expected sign and is significant in the return on assets equation. Increases in inflation decrease profitability and increase volatility. We recommend that banks raise longer-term financing on the capital market to undertake longer-term profitable projects such as housing finance. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.	Bank performance; Deposits; Equity; Loans; Return on assets; Volatility of earnings	banking; finance; housing market; income; least squares method; lending behavior; performance assessment; profitability; Ghana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920066410	Epilepsy-related stigma in European people with epilepsy: Correlations with health system performance and overall quality of life	Brigo F., Igwe S.C., Ausserer H., Tezzon F., Nardone R., Otte W.M.	2015	Epilepsy and Behavior	42	None	10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.11.015	Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neuro-Psychiatry, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi St	Brigo, F., Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy, Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Igwe, S.C., Department of Neuro-Psychiatry, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Ausserer, H., Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Tezzon, F., Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Nardone, R., Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy, Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Otte, W.M., Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands, Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands	We aimed to relate the percentages of encountered epilepsy-related stigma in people with epilepsy with quantitative indicators of the quality of health systems and quality of life by country in Europe. The epilepsy-related stigma percentages were obtained from the largest population-based study in people with epilepsy available. We correlated percentages of people with perceived stigma per European country with data on the country's overall health system performance, health expenditure per capita in international dollars, and the Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index. We found a nonsignificant trend towards negative correlation between the epilepsy-related stigma percentage and the overall health system performance (r. = -. 0.16; p. = 0.57), the health expenditure per capita in international dollars (r. = -. 0.24; p. = 0.4), and the Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index (r. = -. 0.33; p. = 0.91). Living in a European country with a better health system performance and higher health expenditure per capita does not necessarily lead to a reduction in perceived epilepsy-related discrimination, unless the public health system invests on awareness programs to increase public knowledge and reduce stigma. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.	Epilepsy; Health expenditure; Health system performance; Stigma	Article; controlled study; Czech Republic; Denmark; epilepsy; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; health care cost; health care quality; health survey; human; Hungary; Italy; life satisfaction; major clinical study; Netherlands; patient satisfaction; Poland; Portugal; quality of life; quality of life index; social status; Spain; stigma; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; economics; epilepsy; Europe; health care delivery; psychology; social stigma; standards; Delivery of Health Care; Epilepsy; Europe; Health Expenditures; Humans; Quality of Life; Social Stigma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651242373	Using performance indicators as a water loss management tool in developing countries	Mutikanga H., Sharma S., Vairavamoorthy K., Cabrera Jr. E.	2010	Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA	59	8	10.2166/aqua.2010.066	National Water and Sewerage Corporation, PO Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda; UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands; University of Birmingham, School of Civil Engineering, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; ITA-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain	Mutikanga, H., National Water and Sewerage Corporation, PO Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands; Sharma, S., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; Vairavamoorthy, K., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands, University of Birmingham, School of Civil Engineering, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Cabrera Jr., E., ITA-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain	Water utilities in developing countries are facing the challenges of substantial water losses in their water supply systems. In order to deliver water to their customers more efficiently and effectively, utilities must be able to measure and assess the performance of their water supply systems against set management objectives. However, water loss assessment is still not widely practised in developing countries. The task of measuring and evaluating performance is accomplished by performance assessment systems through well-defined performance indicators (PIs). Most PIs currently used are often not applicable in developing countries. This paper presents an eight-step participatory methodology for the selection of indicators and highlights challenges of integrating a PI culture in developing countries. In total, 25 PIs have been proposed as part of a standardized water balance methodology and so far 16 PIs have been tested successfully. The other nine PIs have not been tested, as the costs of generating and collecting reliable data outweigh the added benefits. In addition an appropriate water loss performance indicator computational tool has been developed to promote use of standardized water balance and performance measures by the utilities of developing countries. © IWA Publishing 2010.	Developing countries; Indicators; Performance assessment; Water losses	Computational tools; Indicators; Management objectives; Performance assessment; Performance indicators; Performance measure; Water balance; Water loss; Water loss management; Water losses; Water utility; Benchmarking; Electric utilities; Rating; Reservoirs (water); Waste disposal; Water supply; Water supply systems; Developing countries; developing world; performance assessment; water management; water supply	None
None	None	Understanding watershed dynamics and impacts of climate change and variability in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania	Lalika M.C.S., Meire P., Ngaga Y.M., Chang'a L.	2015	Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology	15	1	10.1016/j.ecohyd.2014.11.002	Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Forest Economics, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Meteorological Agency, P.O. Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Lalika, M.C.S., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Meire, P., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium; Ngaga, Y.M., Department of Forest Economics, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chang'a, L., Tanzania Meteorological Agency, P.O. Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Watersheds and rivers are vital ecological features for the provision of hydrological services for the health, welfare and prosperity of human communities. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities coupled with climate change and climate variability are blamed for degrading watersheds and rivers and decreasing their capacity to irrigate. To address the situation, it is important to understand why and how water shortages are occurring. This paper reports findings of a study carried out to identify and assess drivers of water shortages and adaptation strategies to climate change and variability in Pangani River Basin of Tanzania. To assess the influence of climate change and variability on hydrological flow and water shortages, time series data on rainfall and temperature were compiled from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency. We also used structured questionnaires to collect data on villagers' perceptions about the drivers of water shortages and adaptation strategies. Results indicated a decreasing trend of water flow (p < 0.05) at Kikuletwa-Karangai gauging station along Pangani River Basin. Trend analysis indicated a slight decrease of rainfall and increase of temperature. Although there is no empirical evidence to associate climate change with the decline of rainfall and water flow, adaptation measures need to be put in place in order to mitigate against increasing climate variability, reduced water flow, and projected climate change. Therefore, watershed conservation strategies should also focus on improving the welfare of local communities. Additionally, involvement of stakeholders in the entire PRB is crucial toward watersheds conservation for steady flow of hydrological services. © 2014 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of Polish Academy of Sciences.	Basin; Climate change; Ecosystem services; Pangani; River; Water; Watershed degradation	climate change; climate effect; climate variation; ecosystem service; environmental degradation; river basin; water flow; watershed; Pangani Basin; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957016718	Assessment of the performance of a public water utility: A case study of Blantyre Water Board in Malawi	Kalulu K., Hoko Z.	2010	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	35	None	10.1016/j.pce.2010.07.017	The Polytechnic, University of Malawi, P/Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi; Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Kalulu, K., The Polytechnic, University of Malawi, P/Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi; Hoko, Z., Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Water scarcity, deteriorating water quality and financial limitations to the development of new water sources affect the quality of urban water supply services. The costs would have to be transferred to governments or customers if water supply utilities are to operate effectively. Utilities therefore need to continuously minimize costs and maximize revenue to ensure affordability and consequently access to safe water. This paper presents findings of a study on the performance of Blantyre Water Board compared to best practice targets for developing countries. The study tools employed in this study included interviews and documentation review. Key aspects studied included unaccounted for water, working ratio, bill collection efficiency and; efficiency of operation and maintenance. The working ratio of the utility ranged from 0.69 to 1.3 which was above the proposed target working ratio 0.68 for developing country utilities. It was found that the level of unaccounted for water for the utility ranged from 36% to 47% compared to 25% for developing countries. The utility was not financially sustainable as it had been making losses since 2002, had a working ratio of up to 1.3 implying that the utility was unable to meet its operational and capital cost; and 70% of all the invoiced bills being collected in a maximum of 340 days against an ideal target of 90 days. The staff per thousand connections value was found to be 18 compared to an ideal value of five. It was concluded that the utility was generally performing poorly as most performance indicators were outside the range for best practice targets for utilities in developing countries. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Best practice; Blantyre Water Board; Customers; Utility performance; Water supply	Best-practices; Blantyre Water Board; Capital costs; Collection efficiency; Customers; Ideal values; Operation and maintenance; Performance indicators; Public water utilities; Safe water; Unaccounted for water; Urban water supply; Utility performance; Water boards; Water scarcity; Water source; Water supply utilities; Benchmarking; Customer satisfaction; Developing countries; Electric utilities; Management; Sales; Water pollution; Water quality; Water supply; best management practice; developing world; water industry; water management; water quality; water resource; water supply; Blantyre; Malawi	None
None	None	Formalization of water allocation systems and impacts on local practices in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania	Komakech H.C., van der Zaag P., Mul M.L., Mwakalukwa T.A., Kemerink J.S.	2012	International Journal of River Basin Management	10	3	10.1080/15715124.2012.664774	Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands; Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands; UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands; District Water Engineer, Karatu District Council, PO Box 190, Karatu, Tanzania	Komakech, H.C., Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands, Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands; van der Zaag, P., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands, District Water Engineer, Karatu District Council, PO Box 190, Karatu, Tanzania; Mul, M.L., Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands; Mwakalukwa, T.A., Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands; Kemerink, J.S., Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, DA, Delft, Netherlands	Water scarcity caused by increased demands often leads to competition and conflict over water in many river catchments in Sub-Saharan Africa. At the local level, water users have in many places been able to solve water allocation problems by crafting institutions based on customs and traditions. These self-governing arrangements are not necessarily fair or good, but are able to adapt to the changing resource context. Simultaneously, many African governments have adopted new policies and laws, and established new institutions to achieve equitable and sustainable management of water resources. The formalization of the property right to water is often part of the recipe. This paper analyses the impact of one such government-led formalization process on local water allocation practices. Based on a field study in the Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania, we find that government interventions do not achieve the goal of equitable and sustainable water management. However, we find that the principle of good neighbourhood that still exists between the highland and lowland farmers in Hingilili could form a base to reconcile diverging water interests between the highland and lowland farmers. The paper shows that the concept of bricolage [Cleaver, F., 2002. Reinventing institutions: bricolage and the social embeddedness of natural resourcemanagement. TheEuropean Journal ofDevelopmentResearch, 14 (2), 11-30] is useful to demonstrate the need for new institutions to be sufficiently embedded in existing local practices to succeed, but this is not a sufficient condition. The hydraulic position of the various actors (upstream or downstream) must also be taken into account, and may be considered a driver for institutional innovation. © 2012 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research.	Bricolage; Canal irrigation; Conflicts; Cooperation; Property right; Water allocation	canal; catchment; innovation; irrigation; river water; water management; water resource; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955778908	The impact of the water rights system on smallholder irrigators' willingness to pay for water in Limpopo province, South Africa	Speelman S., Farolfi S., Frija A., D'Haese M., D'Haese L.	2010	Environment and Development Economics	15	4	10.1017/S1355770X10000161	Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; CIRAD, UMR G Eau, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium	Speelman, S., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Farolfi, S., CIRAD, UMR G Eau, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Frija, A., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; D'Haese, M., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; D'Haese, L., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium	Water rights are currently receiving increased attention from scholars and policymakers due to the growing understanding that ill-defined water rights impair efficient use. In South Africa, smallholder irrigation faces problems of low water use efficiency and cost recovery of government investments. This study uses contingent ranking to analyse the willingness to pay (WTP) of smallholder irrigators for changes in the water rights system. The results indicate that smallholders are prepared to pay considerably higher water prices if these are connected to improvements in the water rights system. By segmenting the population it was also shown that the importance attached to water rights dimensions varies in each segment. While lower institutional trust and lower income levels lead to a lower WTP for transferability, experiencing water shortage increases this WTP. Such information is valuable in guiding policy makers in the future design of water rights. © 2010 Cambridge University Press.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953880443	Evaluation of water demand scenarios for the Olifants River catchment, South Africa	Mccartney M., Arranz R.	2009	International Journal of River Basin Management	7	4	10.1080/15715124.2009.9635396	International Water Management Institute, P. O Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States	Mccartney, M., International Water Management Institute, P. O Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Arranz, R., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States	Water resource development has played a key role in the expansion of agriculture, mining and industry in the Olifants River catchment, but the colonial and apartheid regimes have left a legacy of inequity. Currently water deficit is one of the major constraints hampering further development and demand for water continues to grow. Against this background, the Water Evaluation And Planning model was used to provide a preliminary assessment of both the current situation and three plausible future scenarios. For each scenario the model was used to simulate water-use in five sectors (i.e., rural, urban, mining, irrigation and commercial forestry) over a 70-year period of varying rainfall and flow. Levels of assured supply were estimated and the economic cost of failing to supply water was predicted. Current shortfalls are estimated to be costing between US$ 6 and 50 million per year, depending on rainfall and, hence, river flows. If increases in demand are not checked this will increase significantly. Under a high demand scenario, the economic benefits increase greatly but, even with infrastructure development and improvements in demand management, the economic cost of insufficient water supply rises to US$ 10.5 million in most years and, in exceptionally dry years, up to US$ 312 million. © 2009 IAHR, INBO & IAHS.	Infrastructure; Modeling; Olifants River; Scenarios; South Africa; Water demand; Water resource management	catchment; modeling; water demand; water management; water planning; water resource; water supply; water use; Olifants River	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244432664	Impact of refined petroleum spills on water quality, macro-invertebrate and microbial communities of a tropical aquatic environment	Chukwu L.O., Nwachukwu S.C.U.	2005	Journal of Environmental Biology	26	3	None	Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Chukwu, L.O., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, S.C.U., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Water quality characteristics, benthic macro-invertebrates and microbial communities of three first order streams in South West Nigeria were investigated to assess the effects of refined petroleum five months after spillage. All physical and chemical conditions except temperature and pH were significantly different (P<0.01) at the upstream control stations and impacted stations reflecting the perturbational stress. The benthic macro-invertebrate fauna were dominated by arthropods, but the faunal spectrum was dissimilar at all the stations studied. Sampling stations at the epicentre of the spill showed considerable reduction in faunal compositions and relative abundance. Generally, the microbial density and diversity were highest in both soil and water samples from impacted sites than in control sites. There was a significantly higher proportion (P < 0.05) of hydrocarbon utilizers in soil than in water samples in all stations except in samples from stations (P<0.05).	Petroleum spill; Toxicity; Tropical river	hydrocarbon; petroleum; petroleum; water quality; aquatic environment; arthropod; article; benthos; controlled study; environmental impact assessment; fauna; macroinvertebrate; microbial diversity; microflora; Nigeria; nonhuman; oil spill; physical chemistry; soil; stream (river); tropics; water quality; water sampling; Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Disasters; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Invertebrates; Iron; Nigeria; Petroleum; Population Dynamics; Seawater; Soil Microbiology; Sulfur; Temperature; Water Microbiology; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Arthropoda; Invertebrata	None
None	None	Stream biomonitoring using macroinvertebrates around the globe: a comparison of large-scale programs	Buss D.F., Carlisle D.M., Chon T.-S., Culp J., Harding J.S., Keizer-Vlek H.E., Robinson W.A., Strachan S., Thirion C., Hughes R.M.	2015	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	187	1	10.1007/s10661-014-4132-8	Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Pusan, South Korea; Environment Canada and Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Freshwater Ecology, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, Australia; Environment Canada, #201-401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Resource Quality Information Services, Department Water and Sanitation, Private Bag X313, Pretoria, South Africa; Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States	Buss, D.F., Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Carlisle, D.M., U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States; Chon, T.-S., Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Pusan, South Korea; Culp, J., Environment Canada and Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; Harding, J.S., School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Keizer-Vlek, H.E., Department of Freshwater Ecology, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Robinson, W.A., School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, Australia; Strachan, S., Environment Canada, #201-401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Thirion, C., Resource Quality Information Services, Department Water and Sanitation, Private Bag X313, Pretoria, South Africa; Hughes, R.M., Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States	Water quality agencies and scientists are increasingly adopting standardized sampling methodologies because of the challenges associated with interpreting data derived from dissimilar protocols. Here, we compare 13 protocols for monitoring streams from different regions and countries around the globe. Despite the spatially diverse range of countries assessed, many aspects of bioassessment structure and protocols were similar, thereby providing evidence of key characteristics that might be incorporated in a global sampling methodology. Similarities were found regarding sampler type, mesh size, sampling period, subsampling methods, and taxonomic resolution. Consistent field and laboratory methods are essential for merging data sets collected by multiple institutions to enable large-scale comparisons. We discuss the similarities and differences among protocols and present current trends and future recommendations for monitoring programs, especially for regions where large-scale protocols do not yet exist. We summarize the current state in one of these regions, Latin America, and comment on the possible development path for these techniques in this region. We conclude that several aspects of stream biomonitoring need additional performance evaluation (accuracy, precision, discriminatory power, relative costs), particularly when comparing targeted habitat (only the commonest habitat type) versus site-wide sampling (multiple habitat types), appropriate levels of sampling and processing effort, and standardized indicators to resolve dissimilarities among biomonitoring methods. Global issues such as climate change are creating an environment where there is an increasing need to have universally consistent data collection, processing and storage to enable large-scale trend analysis. Biomonitoring programs following standardized methods could aid international data sharing and interpretation. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Biological assessment; Biomonitoring protocols; River management; Standardization; Subsampling taxonomic resolution	Climate change; Digital storage; Ecosystems; Standardization; Water quality; Biological assessment; Biomonitoring; Biomonitoring programs; Discriminatory power; Large-scale programs; River management; Sub-sampling methods; Taxonomic resolution; Data handling; biomonitoring; comparative study; macroinvertebrate; river management; river water; standardization; streamwater; water quality; accuracy; Article; Australia; biological monitoring; Canada; climate change; data analysis; environmental monitoring; European Union; financial management; habitat; information dissemination; information processing; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; macroinvertebrate; methodology; New Zealand; sampler; South Africa; South and Central America; South Korea; standardization; stream (river); taxonomy; time; United States; water quality; water sampling; Latin America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859015262	Evaluation of produced water discharge in the Niger-Delta	Isehunwa S.O., Onovae S.	2011	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	6	8	None	Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Ibadan, Nigeria	Isehunwa, S.O., Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Onovae, S., Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Ibadan, Nigeria	Water produced during petroleum production often contain chemicals, oil and sometimes, naturally occurring radioactive materials which could harm the environment. Management, which involves significant cost and is guided by strict regulations, is normally aimed at minimizing or reducing the toxicity of discharged volumes. This study evaluated the physico-chemical properties and constituents of produced water from three selected flowstations and two oil terminals in the Niger Delta to determine the extent of compliance with standards and global best practices in the treatment and discharge. It was observed that while physico-chemical properties like pH (8.4±0.25) and BOD (6.2±2.0) were within recommended limits, oil and grease content (60±20), TDS (6200±700) and others exceeded limits. Similarly, ion concentrations of Lead, Nickel, Zinc and Sulphates were within acceptable limits while chloride ions (4100 ±500) exceeded limits. There is therefore the need to improve treatment facilities and procedures, while regulatory agencies must improve current guidelines, ensure proper monitoring and enforcing compliance. © 2006-2011 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).	Chemical analysis; Niger delta; Oil terminals; Petroleum production; Produced water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548565629	Evaluation of community-driven smallholder irrigation in dryland South Pare Mountains, Tanzania: A case study of Manoo micro dam	Makurira H., Mul M.L., Vyagusa N.F., Uhlenbrook S., Savenije H.H.G.	2007	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	32	None	10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.020	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands	Makurira, H., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe, UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Mul, M.L., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe, UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Vyagusa, N.F., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP, Mount Pleasant, 167 Harare, Zimbabwe; Uhlenbrook, S., UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Savenije, H.H.G., UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands	Water is the main limiting factor for crop production in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa. This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of community-driven smallholder irrigation schemes using micro dams under current operational practices. The research site is the semi-arid Vudee sub-catchment within the Makanya Catchment, which is part of the Pangani River Basin (Northern Tanzania). A micro dam is presented as a case study. Micro dams are popular in the study area they have water sharing system between upstream and downstream users put in place with minimum input from external agencies. The effectiveness of micro dams on dry spell mitigation is investigated. The significance of dam size, total water diverted per season, system losses and approximate amounts of water received by each farmer in a given season is analysed. Local smallholder farmers have put up the micro dams to address their need for extra water for agriculture. The capacities of the micro dams are very small but without them there is insufficient water to allocate to at least one irrigation event per farmer in a season, the dams serve a useful purpose when operated as night storage reservoirs. The study found out that the micro dam system, under current operational rules, is inefficient as the high system losses put to question the wisdom of irrigating over scattered sites as opposed to one common irrigation plot near the dam site where each participant would be allocated a small piece of land to irrigate. © 2007.	Communal irrigation; Irrigation efficiency; Micro dams; Supplemental irrigation	Catchments; Crops; Cultivation; Dams; Resource allocation; Water management; Water supply; Communal irrigation; Dry spell mitigation; Micro dam; Supplemental irrigation; Irrigation; community resource management; crop production; efficiency measurement; irrigation; semiarid region; smallholder; water availability; water planning; Africa; East Africa; Kilimanjaro [Tanzania]; Pare Mountains; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650970361	Impacts of micro-basin water harvesting structures in improving vegetative cover in degraded hillslope areas of north-east Ethiopia	Derib S.D., Assefa T., Berhanu B., Zeleke G.	2009	Rangeland Journal	31	2	10.1071/RJ09012	Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 74, Woldia, Ethiopia; Global Mountain Program (GMP), C/O ILRI, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Derib, S.D., Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 74, Woldia, Ethiopia; Assefa, T., Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 74, Woldia, Ethiopia; Berhanu, B., Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 74, Woldia, Ethiopia; Zeleke, G., Global Mountain Program (GMP), C/O ILRI, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Water is one of the most important entry points to improve rural livelihoods in drought affected areas of the north-eastern Amhara region in Ethiopia. Various attempts have been made to overcome this problem by making use of different water harvesting structures. However, the choice of structures has been difficult because of a lack of empirical evidence on the relative effectiveness of the different structures. An experiment was conducted from 2002 to 2004 to compare and evaluate three different water harvesting structures (eye-brow basin, half-moon and trench) against the normal seedling plantation practice by farmers (normal pit) as a control. Data on root collar diameter (RCD), diameter at breast height (DBH), height and survival rate of Acacia saligna tree seedlings was collected at 3-month intervals after planting and annual grass biomass production was also measured. Trench and eye-brow basin structures produced 68, 95, 52 and 44% increases in RCD, DBH, height and survival rate, respectively, 15 months after planting compared with the normal pit. Trench structures increased grass biomass by 41.1% compared with normal pits. Eye-brow basins are recommended on hillsides where stone is available while trenchs could be used where stone is scarce. The results indicated that well designed water harvesting micro-basin structures can mitigate the effect of dry spell shocks on tree seedling performance and land cover rehabilitation. They were also very effective in increasing grass biomass production indicating the potential for improving livestock feed on the available barren hillsides. © Australian Rangeland Society 2009.	Biomass production; Seedling performance	Acacia; Acacia saligna	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901585540	Impacts of variable energy prices on the financial sustainability of water facilities: Case from Ghana	Tenkorang S.J., Odai S.N., Adjei K.A., Annor F.O., Kwarteng S.O., Nyarko K.B., Abu-Madi M.O.	2014	International Journal of Water	8	2	10.1504/IJW.2014.060966	C/o Ghana Water Company Limited, PPD Department, P.O. Box M194, Head Office, Accra, Ghana; C/o Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Private Mail Bag, UPO, Kumasi, Ghana; Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Birzeit-the-West-Bank, Palestine	Tenkorang, S.J., C/o Ghana Water Company Limited, PPD Department, P.O. Box M194, Head Office, Accra, Ghana; Odai, S.N., C/o Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Private Mail Bag, UPO, Kumasi, Ghana; Adjei, K.A., C/o Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Private Mail Bag, UPO, Kumasi, Ghana; Annor, F.O., C/o Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Private Mail Bag, UPO, Kumasi, Ghana; Kwarteng, S.O., C/o Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Private Mail Bag, UPO, Kumasi, Ghana; Nyarko, K.B., C/o Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Private Mail Bag, UPO, Kumasi, Ghana; Abu-Madi, M.O., Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Birzeit-the-West-Bank, Palestine	Water is conveyed to consumers through systems that generally rely heavily on energy. The dependence on energy is a major challenge to utility providers because of frequent variation in energy prices. This paper assesses the effect of energy price changes on the financial sustainability of water facilities. It further investigates the proportion of energy cost to total costs of water supply. The study is based on a field survey that targeted five small town water systems and 15 water systems existing under the urban water sector in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions of Ghana. The results show that energy (diesel and electricity) expenditure forms substantial component of water supply cost. The proportions of energy to total supply costs for small town and urban water systems are 31% and 29%, respectively. The total operational costs per water supply stand at 1.19 US$/m3 and 0.44 US$/m3 for small town and urban water systems respectively. The energy costs per water supply for small town and urban water systems are 0.40 US$/m3 and 0.13 US$/m3, respectively. Results further show that diesel-driven water systems are more sensitive to energy price changes than those of electricity-driven systems; therefore making financial profit from diesel-driven systems is highly elastic to diesel price changes. The results thus indicate that urban water systems are more efficient than small town water systems in terms of both energy and operational costs. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Diesel prices; Electricity prices; Ghana; Sustainability; Water facilities	Electricity; Sustainable development; Water supply; Waterworks; Diesel prices; Electricity prices; Financial sustainability; Ghana; Proportion of energy; Urban water systems; Water facility; Water supply costs; Costs; diesel; electricity; expenditure; field survey; pricing policy; small town; sustainability; water economics; water management; water supply; Ashanti; Ghana; Greater Accra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859507579	Digestibility and performance of water hyacinth meal in the diets of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus; Burchell, 1822)	Sotolu A.O., Sule S.O.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	14	1	None	Nasarawa State University Keffi, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sotolu, A.O., Nasarawa State University Keffi, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Sule, S.O., Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Water hyacinth meal (WHM) as an alternative protein source was investigated in this study. Whole water hyacinth plant meal (WPM), water hyacinth leaf meal (WLM) and soya bean meal (SBM) were used to compound three isoproteic (40% crude protein) fish diets. Catfish of 11.2 ± 0.3g average weight were used for the 70-day digestibility study. Data were collected forthnightly on fish growth performance and water qualities (dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia and temperature). Fish, feeds, and faecal wastes were analyzed. Fish fed SBM-based diet had superior performance over those fed WHM-based diets with respect to Mean weight gain (MWG), Specific growth rate (SGR), Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Feed conversion ratio (FCR), Nitrogen metabolism (Nm) and digestibility coefficients (ADC). Fish fed all diets exhibited marginal difference in total feed intake but growth performance and nutrient utilization were significantly higher in fish fed WLM than fish fed WPM probably as a result of high fibre content present in WPM. Extremely low value of ammonia was recorded in water under WPM treatment (0.18±0.06 mg/l) while water under WLM and SBM treatment had significantly higher values of ammonia 0.46± 0.13 mg/l and 0.71± 0.10 mg/l respectively. These observations may be due to the presence of significantly higher fibre content in the WPM than other meals. Consequently this could be responsible for its poor digestibility values but high potential for waste water purification. Water hyacinth leaf meal (WLM) would therefore serve a better option for adoption in ensuring maximum utilization potentials of the aquatic plant both for profitable and sustainable fish production.	Catfish; Fish feed; Fish production; Water hyacinth; Water purification	Clarias gariepinus; Eichhornia crassipes; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890134988	Evaluation of oil recovery and economics of waterflooding in Nigeria	Muonagor C.M., Anyadiegwu C.I.C.	2013	Petroleum and Coal	55	4	None	Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	Muonagor, C.M., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria; Anyadiegwu, C.I.C., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	Waterflooding helps in the recovery of great amount of oil that would have otherwise been abandoned in the reservoir that is depleted. A reservoir in the Niger Delta, Reservoir OB-63 has been used to illustrate this. Reservoir OB-63 had oil initially in place as 9.6346 MMSTB and was produced for some time with the reservoir natural energy. The remaining oil in the reservoir as at the time that the natural energy of the reservoir was no more sufficient to produce oil was 3.88MMSTB. The reservoir has been left as depleted reservoir with the remaining oil in it. But from the analysis conducted in this work it is seen that if secondary oil recovery project by waterflooding is embarked on the reservoir, part of the remaining abandoned oil would be recovered. With the specifications given, about 1.59MMSTB of the 3.88MMSTB of oil in reservoir OB-63 would be produced as at the breakthrough time of 760 days. Moreover, considering the economic aspect of the project, reservoir OB-63 and is good to be invested in. From the NPV calculations performed, it is seen that the NPV of reservoir OB-63 at discount rate of 10% is $5.30 million. Since the NPV at the time of breakthrough is greater than zero, it is worth investing in.	Areal sweep; Displacement; Efficiency; Factor, production; Fractional flow; Injection; Secondary oil recovery; Vertical sweep; Water; Waterflooding	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942984865	Water Delivery Performance at Metahara Large-Scale Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia	Dejen Z.A., Schultz B., Hayde L.	2015	Irrigation and Drainage	64	4	10.1002/ird.1917	UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands; Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia	Dejen, Z.A., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands, Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Schultz, B., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands; Hayde, L., UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands	Water distribution, delivery and hydrodynamics in manually operated gravity irrigation schemes are often complex. The nature of the hydrodynamics and its impacts on water delivery are generally not well understood by operators. The Metahara Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia, with a gross irrigated area of 11 500 ha, is an example of such a scheme. This paper assesses water supply and demand of the scheme and evaluates the water delivery performance to 15 offtakes at head, middle and tail reaches of a 10-km-long canal. Adequacy, efficiency, equity and dependability were used as indicators of water delivery performance. Results indicated that average annual irrigation supply is in excess of demand by 24%. Water delivery at tertiary levels was adequate in terms of quantity, and suggests insignificant field losses. However, a significant amount is lost in the conveyance and distribution canals and to saline swamps at tail ends. Unlike claims of water shortage, the major water management challenge is lack of sound operational rules, which made the delivery inequitable and inefficient. Delivery was inferior in terms of adequacy and dependability at middle reach offtakes. Optimal water diversion and distribution not only save water, but also reduce the danger of waterlogging and salinity in the scheme. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Ethiopia; Gravity irrigation; Metahara; Performance; Water delivery	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890669317	Ceramic water filters impregnated with silver nanoparticles as a point-of-use water-treatment intervention for HIV-positive individuals in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A pilot study of technological performance and human health benefits	Abebe L.S., Smith J.A., Narkiewicz S., Oyanedel-Craver V., Conaway M., Singo A., Amidou S., Mojapelo P., Brant J., Dillingham R.	2014	Journal of Water and Health	12	2	10.2166/wh.2013.185	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, 351 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Bliss Hall 213, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, Public Health Sciences Hospital West, University of Virginia, PO Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA 3181, United States; Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA, United States	Abebe, L.S., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, 351 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Smith, J.A., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, 351 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Narkiewicz, S., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Bliss Hall 213, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Oyanedel-Craver, V., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Bliss Hall 213, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Conaway, M., Department of Public Health Sciences, Public Health Sciences Hospital West, University of Virginia, PO Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA 3181, United States; Singo, A., Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Amidou, S., Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Mojapelo, P., Department of Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Brant, J., Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Dillingham, R., Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA, United States	Waterborne pathogens present a significant threat to people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). This study presents a randomized, controlled trial that evaluates whether a household-level ceramic water filter (CWF) intervention can improve drinking water quality and decrease days of diarrhea in PLWH in rural South Africa. Seventy-four participants were randomized in an intervention group with CWFs and a control group without filters. Participants in the CWF arm received CWFs impregnated with silver nanoparticles and associated safe-storage containers. Water and stool samples were collected at baseline and 12 months. Diarrhea incidence was self-reported weekly for 12 months. The average diarrhea rate in the control group was 0.064 days/week compared to 0.015 days/week in the intervention group (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney). Median reduction of total coliform bacteria was 100% at enrollment and final collection. CWFs are an acceptable technology that can significantly improve the quality of household water and decrease days of diarrhea for PLWH in rural South Africa. © IWA Publishing 2014.	Ceramic water filters; Cryptosporidium parvum; HIV; Point-of-use; South Africa	drinking water; silver nanoparticle; ceramics; diarrheal disease; drinking water; human immunodeficiency virus; nanotechnology; public health; rural area; technological change; water treatment; water use; adult; article; ceramic water fillter; coliform bacterium; container; controlled study; Cryptosporidium; diarrhea; environmental sanitation; feces culture; female; filter; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; incidence; male; pilot study; randomized controlled trial; South Africa; water quality; water sampling; water supply; water treatment; Limpopo; South Africa; Adult; Ceramics; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Diarrhea; Drinking Water; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Feces; Female; Filtration; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Metal Nanoparticles; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rural Population; Silver; South Africa; Water Purification; Water Quality; Young Adult	NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887303478	The environmental impact of crude oil formation water: A multivariate approach	Nnaji C.C., Agunwamba J.C.	2013	Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology	35	5	10.3103/S1063455X13050056	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nnaji, C.C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Agunwamba, J.C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Water bodies receiving effluents from gas flow stations were sampled for ten months (March to December). Fifteen physicochemical parameters were monitored at six locations. Results obtained were analyzed unsing principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Five principal componets accounting for 72.43% of total variance were isolated. The first principal component was a measure of sea water intrusion, the second componet was a measure of total solids, the third component was a measure of organic pollution while the fourth and fifth principal component depicted the impact of effluent discharges. Effluents from gas flow stations were not the major causes of pollution of water resources in the locations of study. Cluster analysis showed no significant variation in the physicochemical characteristics of water samples based on location. Physicochemical parameters exhibited a seasonal pattern as a result of dilution by rainfall, reduced rate of evaporation in rainy season and dissolution of gaseous products of gas flaring in rain. Metals had no significant effect on the quality of water sampled from the six locations during the period of monitoring. © 2013 Allerton Press, Inc.	cluster analysis; effluents; formation water; pollution; principal compoments; rainfall	Effluent discharge; First principal components; Formation water; Multivariate approach; Physicochemical characteristics; Physicochemical parameters; principal compoments; Principal Components; Cluster analysis; Effluents; Environmental impact; Flow of gases; Pollution; Principal component analysis; Rain; Water quality; Water resources; Water pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904381733	Performance evaluation of WMA plant and field trial mixes	Jenkins K.J., Van De Ven M.F.C., Mbaraga A.N., Van Der Walt S.P., Van Den Heever J.	2014	Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions	47	8	10.1617/s11527-014-0326-3	Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa	Jenkins, K.J., Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van De Ven, M.F.C., Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mbaraga, A.N., Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Der Walt, S.P., Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Den Heever, J., Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa	Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology is still in its infancy, with significant scope for further exploration of the benefits of incorporation of higher percentages of recycled asphalt RA as well as modified binders for performance enhancement. The objective of this study was to evaluate three different WMA technologies, namely chemical and organic additives as well as foamed technology, within different mix compositions. The variables in mix composition included 10-20 % RA in surfacing mixes and 20-40 % RA in base layer mixes. The binder variables included two base binders, control mixes (no modifier) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) with or without WMA technologies. A partial factorial experimental design based on the above variables was developed. Full-scale plant mixes and field (construction) mixes were produced and beams were prepared from compacted slabs and tested under 4 point loading to provide master curves and fatigue relations. Comparative results show inconsistent trends between different technologies. control mixes (HMA) can provide both higher and lower flexural stiffness than their WMA counterparts. EVA or SBS modification can provide either superior or inferior mixes to their WMA counterparts depending on the WMA technology. Generally the fatigue results of both the HMA surfacing and base layer mixes at both RA contents are superior to their equivalent WMA counterparts. The implications of these differences are explored in the publication. © 2014 RILEM.	Fatigue properties; Flexural stiffness; Modified binders; Recycled asphalt; Warm mix asphalt; WMA	Asphalt; Stiffness; Styrene; Technology; Fatigue properties; Flexural stiffness; Modified binders; Recycled asphalt; Warm mix asphalts; WMA; Binders	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946730555	Evaluation of a Cape Town safety intervention as a model for good practice: A partnership between researchers, community and implementing agency	Cassidy T., Ntshingwa M., Galuszka J., Matzopoulos R.	2015	Stability	4	1	10.5334/sta.fi	University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa; Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Not-for-profit Company, South Africa; University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Medical Research Council Burden of Disease Research Unit, South Africa	Cassidy, T., University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa; Ntshingwa, M., Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Not-for-profit Company, South Africa; Galuszka, J., Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Not-for-profit Company, South Africa; Matzopoulos, R., University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Medical Research Council Burden of Disease Research Unit, South Africa	VPUU has a wealth of experience to share and is engaged with broader national and international policymakers and implementing agencies. Researchers are grappling with the difficulty of providing a rigorous project evaluation for these collaborations which could identify project elements that work with a view to their replication. This paper traces the evolution of an evidence-based approach to violence prevention in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU) project in Cape Town uses such an approach, and relies on a ‘whole-of-society’ methodology as well. The project and the difficulty of its evaluation are discussed. A partnership between VPUU, researchers, the community and local government has revealed both opportunities and obstacles, which are the subjects of a case study described here. © 2015 The Author(s).	Evaluation; Informal settlements; Urban upgrading; Violence; Violence prevention	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930884256	Multienvironment performance of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato cultivars in South Africa	Laurie S.M., Booyse M., Labuschagne M.T., Greyling M.M.	2015	Crop Science	55	4	10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0664	Agricultural Research Council (ARC)–Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; ARC–Biometry Unit, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. Of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Laurie, S.M., Agricultural Research Council (ARC)–Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; Booyse, M., ARC–Biometry Unit, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Labuschagne, M.T., Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. Of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Greyling, M.M., Agricultural Research Council (ARC)–Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Pretoria, South Africa	Vitamin A deficiency is a serious health problem in South Africa, as in several parts of the world. One strategy to combat micronutrient deficiency is through biofortification, particularly through orange-fleshed sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]. Previously, a shortage existed in South Africa of orange-fleshed genotypes with a combination of high dry mass, good yield, and good taste. Local cream-fleshed parents and orange-fleshed US introductions were used in the local polycross program. This study aimed at testing the agronomic performance, stability, and genetic diversity of newly developed orange-fleshed genotypes. Twelve entries, nine with orange flesh color, were evaluated at four sites for two seasons in multienvironment trials and the data was subjected to ANOVA and genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis. Simple-sequence repeat (SSR) analysis of the 12 entries was done followed by hierarchical clustering. Two of the orange-fleshed cultivars were recommended for production and plant breeders’ rights were registered for these. Cultivar Impilo produced stable, high root yield similar to the commercial control cultivar Beauregard; while the elite breeding line Purple Sunset (2001_5_2) had high yield and specific adaptability. Both displayed average dry mass and acceptable taste. The genetic analysis indicated relatedness of most new genotypes with the cream-fleshed parents used in the polycross program. The improved cultivars offer considerable yield advantage above US introductions previously recommended for combating vitamin A deficiency. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Ipomoea batatas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84912093078	Synthesis and characterization of rhodium doped on TiOHCP for enhanced photocatalytic performance on pentachlorophenol	Sanni S.O., Idemudia O.G.	2014	Journal of Nanomaterials	2014	None	10.1155/2014/287493	Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag x021, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag x1314, Alicee, South Africa	Sanni, S.O., Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag x021, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Idemudia, O.G., Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag x1314, Alicee, South Africa	Visible-light-responsive material based on Rhodium doped on titanium dispersed on dealuminated clinoptilolite (TiOHCP) was synthesized via a combination of the sol-gel method and photoreductive deposition technique. The photocatalyst surface characterization, structural and optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-visible spectra (UV-VIS). Doping TiOHCP with Rh imparts a red shifting of the absorption band into the visible light region according to UV-VIS. The prepared composite materials were evaluated for their photocatalytic activities on pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation under sunlight irradiation. The Rhodium doped TiOHCP exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity and can be considered as a potential photocatalyst in wastewater treatment. © 2014 Saheed Olalekan Sanni and Omoruyi Gold Idemudia.	None	Complexation; Energy dispersive X ray analysis; Gravimetric analysis; Herbicides; Light; Optical properties; Phenols; Photocatalysis; Photocatalysts; Rhodium; Scanning electron microscopy; Sol-gel process; Sol-gels; Thermogravimetric analysis; Wastewater treatment; X ray diffraction; Energy dispersive x-ray; Photocatalytic activities; Photocatalytic performance; Structural and optical properties; Surface characterization; Synthesis and characterizations; Thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA); Visible-light-responsive; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878516947	Development and evaluation of an affordable real-time qualitative assay for determining HIV-1 virological failure in plasma and dried blood spots	Aitken S.C., Kliphuis A., Bronze M., Wallis C.L., Kityo C., Balinda S., Stevens W., Spieker N., De Oliveira T., Rinke De Wit T.F., Schuurman R.	2013	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	51	6	10.1128/JCM.03305-12	University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands; PharmAccess International, Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa; Joint Clinical Research Center (JCRC), Kampala, Uganda; National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands	Aitken, S.C., University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands; Kliphuis, A., PharmAccess International, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bronze, M., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wallis, C.L., Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kityo, C., Joint Clinical Research Center (JCRC), Kampala, Uganda; Balinda, S., Joint Clinical Research Center (JCRC), Kampala, Uganda; Stevens, W., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; Spieker, N., PharmAccess International, Amsterdam, Netherlands; De Oliveira, T., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Rinke De Wit, T.F., PharmAccess International, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Schuurman, R., University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands	Virological failure (VF) has been identified as the earliest, most predictive determinant of HIV-1 antiretroviral treatment (ART) failure. Due to the high cost and complexity of virological monitoring, VF assays are rarely performed in resource-limited settings (RLS). Rather, ART failure is determined by clinical monitoring and to a large extent immunological monitoring. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a low-cost, dried blood spot (DBS)-compatible qualitative assay to determine VF, in accordance with current WHO guideline recommendations for therapy switching in RLS. The assay described here is an internally controlled qualitative real-time PCR targeting the conserved long terminal repeat domain of HIV-1. This assay was applied to HIV-1 subtypes A to H and further evaluated on HIV-1 clinical plasma samples from South Africa (n = 191) and Tanzania (n = 42). Field evaluation was performed in Uganda using local clinical plasma samples (n = 176). Furthermore, assay performance was evaluated for DBS. This assay is able to identify VF for all major HIV-1 group M subtypes with equal specificity and has a lower detection limit of 1.00E+03 copies/ml for plasma samples and 5.00E+03 copies/ml for DBS. Comparative testing yielded accurate VF determination for therapy switching in 89% to 96% of samples compared to gold standards. The assay is robust and flexible, allowing for "open platform" applications and producing results comparable to those of commercial assays. Assay design enables application in laboratories that can accommodate real-time PCR equipment, allowing decentralization of testing to some extent. Compatibility with DBS extends access of sampling and thus access to this test to remote settings. Copyright © 2013, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	article; controlled study; dried blood spot testing; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; intermethod comparison; limit of detection; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; outcome assessment; priority journal; qualitative analysis; real time polymerase chain reaction; reproducibility; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; Tanzania; Uganda; validation process; virus inhibition; virus load; virus strain; Blood; Desiccation; Drug Monitoring; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Specimen Handling; Tanzania; Uganda; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84911380768	Breeding programs for smallholder sheep farming systems: I. Evaluation of alternative designs of breeding schemes	Gizaw S., Rischkowsky B., Valle-Zárate A., Haile A., van Arendonk J.A.M., Mwai A.O., Dessie T.	2014	Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics	131	5	10.1111/jbg.12101	International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya	Gizaw, S., International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Rischkowsky, B., International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Valle-Zárate, A., Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Haile, A., International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; van Arendonk, J.A.M., Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Mwai, A.O., International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya; Dessie, T., International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Village-and central nucleus-based schemes were simulated and evaluated for their relative bio-economic efficiencies, using Ethiopia's Menz sheep as example. The schemes were: village-based 2-tier (Scheme-1) and 1-tier (Scheme-2) cooperative village breeding schemes, dispersed village-based nuclei scheme (Scheme-3), conventional 2-tier central nucleus-based scheme (Scheme-4), and schemes linking a central nucleus and village multiplier nuclei with selection in central nucleus (Scheme-5) or in both central and village nuclei (Scheme-6). Among village-based schemes, Scheme-1 gave the highest genetic progress, while Scheme-2 was economically the most efficient with genetic gain in the breeding objective of Birr 5.6 and a profit of Birr 37.2/ewe/year. The central nucleus schemes were more efficient than the village schemes. Scheme-4 was the most efficient with genetic gain in the breeding objective of Birr 13.5 and a profit of Birr 71.2, but is operationally more difficult as it requires a very large central nucleus. The choice between village and central nucleus-based schemes would depend on local conditions (availability of infrastructure, logistics and technical knowhow and support). Linking central nucleus with village-based nuclei (Scheme-6) would be a feasible option to overcome the operational difficulties of the conventional central nucleus scheme. If a village-based breeding program is envisaged as should be the 1st step in most low-input systems, then Scheme-2 is the most efficient. To scale out to an entire Menz breed level, Scheme-3 would be recommended. © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.	Breeding programs; Nucleus breeding; Sheep; Smallholder system; Village breeding	Ovis aries; animal; animal husbandry; breeding; Ethiopia; evaluation study; genetics; procedures; sheep; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Breeding; Ethiopia; Sheep	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548506064	Froth imaging, air recovery and bubble loading to describe flotation bank performance	Barbian N., Cilliers J.J., Morar S.H., Bradshaw D.J.	2007	International Journal of Mineral Processing	84	42373	10.1016/j.minpro.2006.10.009	Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Barbian, N., Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Cilliers, J.J., Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Morar, S.H., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Bradshaw, D.J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Video image analysis and direct sampling of the froth surface were combined to investigate the relationship between different imaging parameters accounting for the structural features of the froth, and the separation efficiency of a flotation bank. The bubble solids loading and the air recovery were measured to introduce a new structural parameter, the froth volumetric mineral loading, additionally a new image analysis measurement, the cross correlation peak, was investigated. Both parameters were shown to be linked to the mobility of the bubbles on the froth surface. The cross correlation peak was found to be closely related to the volumetric mineral loading measured on the froth surface. Both parameters were found to follow a drop in froth stability and mineral attachment down the bank, which resulted in a relatively wetter and less viscous froth, and therefore a higher bubble mobility on the froth surface. As a result, the cross correlation peak was shown to be related to the mineral grade in the concentrate, while further analysis highlighted the possible use of a combination of air recovery and cross correlation peak to give a closer prediction of the bank performance. © 2006.	Air recovery; Bubble loading; Froth flotation; Froth stability; Image analysis	Bubbles (in fluids); Correlation methods; Froth flotation; Image analysis; Imaging systems; Parameter estimation; Viscous flow; Air recovery; Bubble loading; Flotation banks; Froth stability; Surfaces	None
WoS	WOS:000295231700003	The impact of Gacaca tribunals in Rwanda: Psychosocial effects of participation in a truth and reconciliation process after a genocide	Kanyangara, Patrick,Paez, Dario,Rime, Bernard,Yzerbyt, Vincent	2011	EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY	41	6	10.1002/ejsp.822	University of Basque Country, University of Rwanda, Univ Louvain	"Paez, Dario: University of Basque Country",	Victims (N = 200) of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and prisoners (N = 184) accused of genocidal acts reported their genocide-related emotions and outgroup perceptions before and after their participation to Truth and Reconciliation Gacaca trials. So did control groups of victims (N = 195) and prisoners (N = 176) not yet exposed to Gacaca. The data supported Durkheim's model of social rituals as cultural tools for transforming emotions, reasserting norms, and enhancing cohesion. Specifically, participation entailed the general reactivation of resignation negative emotions, the enhancement of shame among prisoners, and the decrease of shame among victims, whereas the opposite pattern occurred for antagonist emotions. Participation also enhanced social integration by reducing perceived outgroup homogeneity, decreasing ingroup self-categorization, and increasing positive stereotypes among both victim and prisoner participants. Moreover, the increase in genocide-related emotions resulting from participation was associated to positive changes outcomes, suggesting that the increase of negative emotions is an important mechanism at work in collective events of this type. Enhancement of the perception of a positive emotional climate (solidarity and trust) was limited to perpetrator participants. Together, these findings show that Durkheim's model can be extended to restorative justice trials involving both victims and perpetrators. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	,"COLLECTIVE ACTION","EMOTIONAL CLIMATE",FORGIVENESS,"INTERGROUP CONTACT","POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH",RECIPIENTS,RITUALS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856663066	The evaluation of whole-body vibration in a South African opencast mine	Aye S.A., Heyns P.S.	2011	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	111	11	None	Dynamic Systems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Aye, S.A., Dynamic Systems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Heyns, P.S., Dynamic Systems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Vibration levels on a variety of equipment in a South African opencast mine were measured in this study. The well-established ISO 2631-1 (1997) standard methodology was used for the computation of weighted root mean square (WRMS) and vibration dose value (VDV). This method was used to evaluate the wholebody vibration (WBV) on a wide range of equipment in the opencast mine using the two main parameters, namely the daily exposure A(8) which is based on the WRMS concept and the VDV which measures shocks. The results obtained show that while the majority of the equipment rendered exposure levels that are below the exposure limit value (ELV), exposure levels on about half of the equipment do exceed the exposure action levels. The study also highlights the importance of shock in the observed responses. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2011.	Excavators; LHDs; Opencast mine; Other equipment; Whole-body vibration	Exposure level; Exposure limit value; LHDs; Main parameters; Opencast mine; Root Mean Square; Vibration level; Whole-body vibrations; Excavators; Metallurgy; Equipment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949117216	On the evaluation of Fast-SAGD process in naturally fractured heavy oil reservoir	Kamari A., Hemmati-Sarapardeh A., Mohammadi A.H., Hashemi-Kiasari H., Mohagheghian E.	2015	Fuel	143	None	10.1016/j.fuel.2014.10.065	School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa; Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Institut de Recherche en Génie Chimique et Pétrolier (IRGCP), Paris Cedex, France; Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada	Kamari, A., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa; Hemmati-Sarapardeh, A., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Mohammadi, A.H., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa, Institut de Recherche en Génie Chimique et Pétrolier (IRGCP), Paris Cedex, France; Hashemi-Kiasari, H., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Mohagheghian, E., Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada	Very recently, Fast-SAGD as a modification of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been much attended due to lower cumulative steam oil ratio as well as higher cumulative oil production. However, there are still many suspicions about the successful application of this method in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) in which faults, fissures, vugs, micro-fractures, poorly interconnected matrix pore structure as well as undesirable wettability are combined with high-viscosity oil. In this communication, initially, Fast-SAGD has been compared with traditional SAGD in an Iranian naturally fractured heavy oil reservoir with oil wet rock using CMG-STARS thermal simulator. Moreover, the effects of operational parameters on Fast-SAGD method have been investigated. In addition, a novel economical model has been established in which all economical parameters including input cash flow costs such as the rate of oil production and oil price, and the output cash flow costs such as capital expenditures (CAPEX), operating expenditures (OPEX), injection material and pipe line tariffs, have been considered. During the optimization of the operational parameters, it was observed that by increasing steam injection rate into both offset and SAGD wells in Fast-SAGD system, ultimate recovery factor (RF) increased, but ultimate net present value (NPV) increased up to an optimal point which could be due to the increased SOR value. By increasing steam injection pressure into offset well, both the ultimate RF and NPV increased up to an optimal point. To optimally select parameters such as the number of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) cycles, elevation of CSS well and well spacing of SAGD well pair, sensitivity analysis should be performed to achieve the best case economically and technically due to the lack of a decrease or increase trend. In contrast to conventional reservoirs, the performance affected by start-up time at the offset well during Fast-SAGD process in fractured reservoirs indicates that earlier start-up time of steam injection leads to high RF and NPV. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Economic model; Fast-SAGD; Heavy crude oil; Naturally fractured reservoir; Operational parameters	Costs; Crude oil; Heavy oil production; Injection (oil wells); Oil shale; Petroleum reservoir engineering; Petroleum reservoirs; Sensitivity analysis; Steam; Water injection; Well spacing; Well stimulation; Economic modeling; Fast-SAGD; Heavy crude oil; Naturally fractured reservoirs; Operational parameters; Oil wells	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884409131	Vertical electrical sounding investigation for delineation of geoelectric layers and evaluation of groundwater potential in Ajagba, Asa and Ikonifin localities of Ola Oluwa local government area of Osun state, south western Nigeria	Onimisi M., Daniel A., Kolawole M.S.	2013	Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology	6	18	None	Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria; Formerly Hydromarine Engineering Nigeria Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria	Onimisi, M., Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria, Formerly Hydromarine Engineering Nigeria Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria; Daniel, A., Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria; Kolawole, M.S., Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria	Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were carried out at Ajagba, Asa and Ikonifin communities in the north of Ola Oluwa local government area of Osun state, Nigeria in order to delineate the geoelectric layers in the area as well as evaluate the groundwater potential. The area is in the basement complex terrain of Nigeria where the occurrence of groundwater is highly unpredictable and hence requires the use of hydrologic, geophysical and geologic surveys to achieve success in groundwater development programs. The survey delineated a maximum of four geoelectric layers which may be interpreted to correspond to four geologic layers viz the topsoil, weathered basement, partly weathered/fractured basement and the fresh basement. The weathered basement and the partly weathered/fractured basement layers constitute the aquifer units. The partly weathered/fractured layer is significant in enhancing the ground water potential in this area because of its relatively low resistivity resulting from its high fracture frequency. The ground water potential in the area varies from medium to high. Groundwater development is therefore feasible in these communities. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2013.	Basement; Geoelectric layers; Groundwater; Layer thickness; Resistivity; Survey	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444450818	Geoelectric evaluation of groundwater potential: A case study of Alagbaka primary school, Akure, Southwest Nigeria	Ayolabi E.A.	2005	Journal of the Geological Society of India	66	4	None	Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Vertical electrical sounding consisting of three Wenner array and thirteen Schlumberger array has been carried out at the premises of Alagbaka primary school, Akure Southwest Nigeria. The aquiferous unit in this area is composed of weathered and fractured rocks whose resistivity ranges from 26 to 366 Ωm and thickness of 2.4 to 29.3 m. The isopach shows that the overburden thickens towards the east and is thinnest towards the south. The geological map derived from the coefficient of anisotropy of the underlying rocks shows that the Eastern end underlain by migmatites have coefficient of anisotropy ranging between 1.5 and 2.5 while the southwest, west and northwest side is underlain by charnockites of high (3-7.4) coefficient of anisotropy. The eastern end offers a good prospect for groundwater exploration. © Geol. Soc. India.	Akure; Anisotropy; Geoelectrical study; Groundwater; Southwest Nigeria	anisotropy; aquifer; groundwater resource; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Akure; Nigeria; Ondo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949167735	Performance of vernonia as an alternative industrial oil crop in Limpopo Province of South Africa	Shimelis H., Mashela P.W., Hugo A.	2008	Crop Science	48	1	10.2135/cropsci2007.06.0331	Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Dep. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Univ. of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Shimelis, H., Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Mashela, P.W., Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Hugo, A., Dep. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Univ. of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis) is an industrial oil seed crop with potential as a source of natural epoxy fatty acids. Diverse accessions of V. galamensis var. ethiopica were studied at the Limpopo Province in South Africa to determine agronomic performance and to identify suitable germplasm with quantity and quality seed oil content. Thirty-six accessions were subjected to field evaluations using a partially balanced lattice design in 2005 and 2006. Significant differences were observed for days to flowering (88-143 d), plant height (131.6-167.85 cm), number of productive primary head (23-72 head plant-1), number of productive secondary head (12-35 head plant -1), thousand seed weight (1.68-3.63 g), and seed yield (1594.89-3126.09 kg ha-1) between different accessions. Results from oil analysis show significant differences in the contents of seed oil (20.36-35.86%), vernolic acid (70.15-77.92%), linoleic acid (12.05-14.73%), oleic acid (3.72-5.52%), palmitic acid (2.49-3.24%), and stearic acid (1.73-3.28%). Of the five accessions identified as potentially useful, three (Vge-17, Vge-18, and Vge-19) had better seed yield and agronomic performances and two (Vge-4 and Vge-31) increased contents of seed oil and vemolic acid. Accessions Vge-4 and Vge-18 also displayed relatively high oil yield, 966.58 and 801.28 kg ha-1, respectively. The accessions will be used in the strategic improvement of vernonia to maximize seed yield and oil content as an alternative crop in the province and similar environments. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Vernonia; Vernonia galamensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52649089673	The impact of mixed fleet hauling on mining operations at Venetia mine	Krzyzanowska J.	2007	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	107	4	None	University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Krzyzanowska, J., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Venetia Mine, an open-pit diamond mining operation in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, currently has a mixed haul truck fleet consisting of Caterpillar 785B and C; 789C; modified 793D and 793D. Even in an ideal situation these trucks have different cycle times, which causes queuing at the loading area and their different speeds cause bunching on the ramps, leading to higher overall cycle times and lower productivity. This problem was identified but the root causes of the problem were not investigated and quantified. A time and motion study on the haul trucks was thus undertaken to measure actual cycle times and compare them to ideal cycle times as well as to observe any reasons for deviations. Ideal cycle times are partly evaluated on the basis of simulation and partly from production optimization expert input. Several areas that affect production were identified and these include: haul road conditions, the control room, dispatching programme and dispatching data management, as well as truck-shovel matching. The investigation was important in establishing control parameters for haul fleet operation since time spent queuing is production time lost, which defers waste tonnes to later in the life of mine, thus decreasing the tempo at which kimberlite is exposed. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2007.	None	Control parameters; Control rooms; Cycle times; Data management; Diamond mining; Different speeds; Haul trucks; Haul-road conditions; Loading area; Mining operations; Motion study; Open pits; Production Optimization; Production time; Root causes; South Africa; Automobiles; Control system analysis; Control theory; Diamonds; Fleet operations; Management information systems; Mine trucks; Mines; Mining; Mining engineering; Open pit mining; Parameter estimation; Solid wastes; Trucks; Time and motion study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856195899	Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of velvet bean seeds (Mucuna utilis) for domestic consumption and industrial utilization in Nigeria	Balogun I.O., Olatidoye O.P.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	2	None	Department of Food Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Nigeria	Balogun, I.O., Department of Food Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Nigeria; Olatidoye, O.P., Department of Food Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Nigeria	Velvet bean seeds were collected from a farm Ibadan. The mature seed samples were analyzed for proximate and mineral compositions, fatty acid profiles and amino acid composition. The mean values of various parameters for proximate composition (%) were: Moisture (6.02±0.11), crude protein (25.65±0.14), ash (3.60±0.01), ether extract (14.52±0.05), crude fibre (7.23±0.05) and carbohydrate (by difference) (42.98). The calculated fatty acids were (12.49) and gross energy was (1703.95). The investigated seed samples contained higher amounts of crude protein and lipids when compared with most of the commonly consumed pulses. Mineral element (mg/100g) include: Calcium (148.88±0.2), potassium (1472.33±0.2), phosphorus (377.12±0.2), magnesium (23.66±0.3), iron (3.44±0.2) and manganese (5.28±0.1). The fatty acid profiles of the seeds revealed that the seed lipids contained higher concentration of palmitic acid and linoleic acid. Linoleic acid was the dominating fatty acid, followed by palmitic acid and oleic acid. The seed proteins of sample contained higher levels of the essential amino acids such as, threonine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine. Amino acid analysis revealed that velvet bean flour contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Amino acid profiles; Chemical composition; Physico-chemical characteristics; Velvet bean	amino acid; calcium; carbohydrate; essential amino acid; ether; fatty acid; histidine; iron; isoleucine; linoleic acid; lipid; magnesium; manganese; mineral; oleic acid; palmitic acid; phenylalanine; phosphorus; potassium; threonine; tyrosine; valine; vegetable protein; amino acid analysis; amino acid composition; article; ash; calorie; chemical composition; controlled study; dietary fiber; fatty acid analysis; flour; food analysis; food composition; food industry; food intake; lipid composition; moisture; Nigeria; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; physical chemistry; plant seed; velvet bean; Mucuna	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349130706	The rooting performance of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa gaertn) stem cuttings as influenced by wood type, sucrose and rooting hormone	Yeboah J., Lowor S.T., Amoah F.M.	2009	Scientific Research and Essays	4	5	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana	Yeboah, J., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Lowor, S.T., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Amoah, F.M., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana	Vegetative propagation of stem cuttings of different physiological woodtypes of Vitellaria paradoxa was studied in a polythene propagator. The treatments included combinations of wood type (soft, semi-hard and rejuvenated (coppiced) shoots), sucrose application at 0, 15 and 25%, and Seradix '3' powder hormone (active ingredient- indolebutyricacid) at 0 and 8000 ppm. Cuttings of rejuvenated shoots dipped in 15% sucrose solution gave significantly higher rooting and longer roots than both softwood and semihardwood. High levels (P < 0.05) of soluble sugars and total free phenols were recorded for coppiced cuttings which resulted in better rooting performance than the other wood types. Cuttings dipped in Seradix '3' powder hormone significantly recorded higher rooting than the control (no hormone). © 2009 Academic Journals.	Cuttings; Rooting; Rooting hormone; Sucrose; Vitellaria paradoxa gaertn	Vitellaria paradoxa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908200710	Impact of soybean (Glycine maxL.) and maize (Zea mays L.) inter-crop on the vegetative and yield performance of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana (Pers) Schum.)	Aboyeji C.M., Abayomi Y.A., Aduloju M.O., Olofintoye T.A.J.	2014	Tropical Agriculture	91	3	None	Department of Agronomy, University of Ilorin, florin, Nigeria; College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, Omuaran, Nigeria; National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria	Aboyeji, C.M., Department of Agronomy, University of Ilorin, florin, Nigeria; Abayomi, Y.A., Department of Agronomy, University of Ilorin, florin, Nigeria; Aduloju, M.O., College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, Omuaran, Nigeria; Olofintoye, T.A.J., National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria	Vegetative and yield performance of Thevetia peruviana (Pers) Schum. were evaluated under soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems during the 2008 and 2009 rainy seasons at the Research Farm of the Biofuel Alternative and Renewable Energy Ltd, Edidi, Kwara State in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. The treatment included sole T. peruviana, sole soybean, sole maize, T. peruvtana/soybean and T. peruvianalmaize cropping systems with T. peruviana plant population of 2,500 plants ha-1. The treatments were laid out in Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Two rows of maize at one plant/stand were planted in each plot assigned for T. peruviana/maize while four rows of maize were planted in each plot assigned for sole maize. Soybean at two plants/stand was planted in each plot assigned for T. peruvtana/soybean and sole soybean. Results obtained indicated that T. peruvtana/soybean cropping system improved the vegetative growth parameters of the two component crops while T. peruviana/maize cropping system reduced both the vegetative and the yield parameters of the test crop. However the widest stem width was observed under the control T. peruviana. The kernel size of T. peruviana was not significantly affected irrespective of the cropping systems. The kernel yield of T. peruviana under T. peruvtana/soybean cropping system increased although statistically similar with sole T. peruviana while the seed yield of soybean under T. peruvtana/soybean cropping system significantly increased when compared with the sole soybean. The complimentary use of growth resources such as nutrients, water and light in T. peruviana/soybean cropping system resulted into increase plant height, number of branches and the overall yield of the two component crops. Thus, it can be recommended that for higher yield and sustainability T. peruvtana/soybean cropping system is better adopted among the cropping systems. © 2014 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Inter-cropping; Thevetia peruviana; Vegetative growth and Kernel yield	Glycine max; Nerium; Thevetia peruviana; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35948957044	Tillage effects on growth performance of Hevea seedling rootstock and some fertility indices of sandy acid soil in the humid forest area of Nigeria	Okore I.K., Akpobome F.A., Tijani-Eniola H., Oghide E.A.	2007	Journal of Rubber Research	10	2	None	Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Okore, I.K., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Akpobome, F.A., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Tijani-Eniola, H., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Oghide, E.A., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Nigeria	Vast amount of resources are devoted annually for the establishment of Hevea seedling rootstock nursery through conventional tillage, despite global disposition of conservative tillage. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of tillage methods, namely, plough+harrow, plough only, bed and without tillage on the growth performance of Hevea brasiliensis (natural rubber) seedling rootstock and the nutrient status of sandy acid soil in a forest area (Benin) of Nigeria for two years. In both cropping years (2003/2004 and 2004/2005), the effect of tillage methods on seedling height and stem girth did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.05). However, seedling dry matter and budding success (69.8 g/tree and 78% on the average, respectively) were significantly higher in the ploughed plots. The plots with no tillage, followed by raised seedbed treatments, had significantly higher values of organic C, available P and exchangeable bases with low levels of Al3+ and H + at 0 cm-15 cm depth. Having recorded no significant difference in crop performance between the nil-tillage and plough+harrow plots, but higher soil nutrient levels in the treatments without tillage for two years; it could be predicted that land preparation without tillage, in addition to ploughing only or raised seed-bed was a better alternative to plough+harrow which often caused soil degradation in the sandy acid soil of high rainfall areas.	CEC; Growth performance; Hevea seedling; Natural rubber; Nigeria; Nursery; Organic C; Rootstock; Tillage practices	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899857757	Integrating soil water monitoring technology and weather based crop modelling to provide improved decision support for sugarcane irrigation management	Paraskevopoulos A.L., Singels A.	2014	Computers and Electronics in Agriculture	105	None	10.1016/j.compag.2014.04.007	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa	Paraskevopoulos, A.L., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa; Singels, A., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa	Various technologies exist to support scientific irrigation scheduling, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Weather-based crop models are good at estimating evapotranspiration and future irrigation needs over large areas, while electronic soil water sensors are able to provide good estimates of soil water status at a given point. Synergy may be obtained by combining these technologies to enhance their usefulness for irrigation management. The objective of this study was to incorporate real-time field records of soil water status into a weather based sugarcane simulation system and to evaluate its use for supporting irrigation scheduling in 15 sugarcane fields in South Africa. Layered soil water status data from capacitance probes were converted to root zone available soil water content (ASWC) using linear scaling. Field specific calibration coefficients were derived from drainage and extraction patterns. An analysis of simulation outputs and observed cane yields suggested that yields were substantially below potential for seven out of the 15 fields. Two fields had prolonged periods of water stress due to under-irrigation, as reflected by the fact that yields from simulations based on measured soil water data were substantially below the potential yield. Yields in six fields were probably limited by poor husbandry as suggested by the fact that observed yields were well below simulated yields using measured soil water data. The system was demonstrated to commercial and small-scale farmers and extension officers during a series of workshops. The integrated system provides enhanced support for irrigation water management for sugarcane production. Farmers and extension specialists can understand the impact of irrigation practices on the soil water regime and its impact on crop growth and yield. This is a good basis for making adjustments to irrigation practices and for benchmarking crop performance and water use efficiency. It also has value for supporting irrigation scheduling decisions. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Cane yield; Capacitance sensor; Crop model; Irrigation scheduling; Soil water content; Weather data	Benchmarking; Capacitance; Crops; Decision support systems; Plants (botany); Scheduling; Sensors; Soil moisture; Water management; Water supply; Cane yield; Capacitance sensors; Crop model; Irrigation scheduling; Soil water content; Weather data; Irrigation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750994051	Comparative evaluation of EDTA, pyridine and acetic acid for the assessment of available heavy metals from domestic and industrial sludges	Olajire A.A., Bello M.O., Abdul-Hammed M., Olabemiwo O.M.	2006	International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology	3	4	None	Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Olajire, A.A., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Bello, M.O., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Abdul-Hammed, M., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Olabemiwo, O.M., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Various sludge samples from different domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants were analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) to evaluate their total and available contents of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd and Zn). The EDTA pyridine and acetic acid single extraction techniques were applied to these samples with the objective of studying the leaching behavior of the metals in different sludges and also to predict their possible mobility when these wastes are disposed on the environment and landfills. In EDTA higher extraction efficiency was observed for major part of the elements studied in the industrial sludges except for Hg and Cd, which were also considerably released from domestic sludges. Acetic acid and pyridine gave a better extraction efficiency for Zn in industrial sludge than EDTA. Moreover, the results of total digestions were compared, for total metal contents, with those obtained using pseudototal digestion procedure and a good correlation (r2 = 0.95) was found between the two methods of digestion. © Autumn 2006, IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.	Domestic sludges; Heavy metals; Industrial sludges; Pseudototal digestion; Total digestion	Cadmium; Extraction; Leaching; Mercury (metal); Metal recovery; Sewage sludge; Sewage treatment; acetic acid; domestic waste; EDTA; extraction; heavy metal; industrial waste; sludge; wastewater	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547572937	Polymerase chain reaction detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci: evaluation of 9 assays	Robberts F.J.L., Liebowitz L.D., Chalkley L.J.	2007	Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease	58	4	10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.02.014	Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa	Robberts, F.J.L., Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Liebowitz, L.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Chalkley, L.J., Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa	Various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification strategies have been described for detecting Pneumocystis jiroveci in clinical specimens. Different combinations of primer/target and platforms have been reported to yield varying PCR detection rates. PCR was evaluated on clinical specimens using internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA nested, dihydropteroate synthase single and nested, dihydrofolate reductase nested, major surface glycoprotein heminested, mitochondrial large subunit rRNA (mtLSUrRNA) single and nested, 18S rRNA 1-tube nested, and real-time 5S rRNA PCR. The most sensitive PCR was subsequently compared with routine diagnostic immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy. Discrepant PCR and IF results were resolved after review of clinical and histology/cytology records. Major discrepancies were observed among the methods investigated. mtLSUrRNA nested PCR was the most sensitive, produced less false-negative results, and displayed the highest degree of concordance with histology. Direct comparison of mtLSUrRNA nested PCR versus IF yielded low sensitivity and specificity, which were improved for PCR and lowered for IF on review of clinical and laboratory records. © 2007.	Detection; Immunofluorescent microscopy; PcP; PCR; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Pneumocystis pneumonia	dihydrofolate reductase; dihydropteroate synthase; glycoprotein; mitochondrial RNA; protein subunit; ribosome RNA; article; bacterium detection; cytology; false negative result; gene amplification; histology; immunofluorescence microscopy; microbiology; nonhuman; Pneumocystis jiroveci; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; Dihydropteroate Synthase; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Ribosomal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; False Negative Reactions; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pneumocystis Infections; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; RNA, Ribosomal, 5S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646425590	Tomato fruit size, maturity and α-tomatine content influence the performance of larvae of potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)	Mulatu B., Applebaum S.W., Kerem Z., Coll M.	2006	Bulletin of Entomological Research	96	2	10.1079/BER2005412	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel	Mulatu, B., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Applebaum, S.W., Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Kerem, Z., Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Coll, M., Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel	Various physical and chemical properties of host plants influence insect larval performance and subsequent adult fitness. Tomato plants are relatively new hosts to the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), with the fruit being its preferred feeding site. However, it is unclear how the biochemical and physical properties of tomato fruits relate to potato tuber moth performance. Significant amounts of α-tomatine were detected in maturing green and ripening fruits of cherry (cv. Ceres) and processing (cv. Serio) types of tomatoes whereas none was detected in a fresh market variety (cv. Marglobe), at comparable stages. α-Tomatine is negatively and significantly correlated with development rate (head capsule size) of larvae reared in the fruits of the cherry and processing type tomatoes. Generally, survival, growth and development were significantly superior for larvae reared in the ripening fruits of the fresh market cultivar. At this stage, the fruits of this cultivar are also the largest. Based on these results it is concluded that fruit α-tomatine content, as well as fruit size and maturity, all affect performance of P. operculella larvae in the fruits of cultivated tomatoes. © CAB International, 2006.	Herbivory; Insect-plant interactions; Phthorimaea operculella; Potato tuber moth; Secondary plant compounds; Tomatine; Tomato	tomatine; cultivar; fruit production; growth and development; host plant; larval development; moth; analysis of variance; animal; article; body weight; chemistry; comparative study; drug effect; growth, development and aging; larva; Lepidoptera; parasitology; physiology; survival; tomato; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Larva; Lepidoptera; Lycopersicon esculentum; Survival Analysis; Tomatine; Ceres; Gelechiidae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Lycopersicon esculentum; Phthorimaea operculella; Solanum tuberosum	None
None	None	Impact of non-livelihood-based land management on land resources: The case of upland watersheds in Uporoto Mountains, South West Tanzania	Mwanukuzi P.K.	2011	Geographical Journal	177	1	10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00362.x	Department of Geography, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Mwanukuzi, P.K., Department of Geography, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Various land management strategies are used to prevent land degradation and keep land productive. Often land management strategies applied in certain areas focus on the context of the physical environment but are incompatible with the social environment where they are applied. As a result, such strategies are ignored by land users and land degradation becomes difficult to control. This study observes the impacts of land management in the upland watersheds of the Uporoto Mountains in South West Tanzania. In spite of various land management practices used in the area, 38% of the studied area experienced soil fertility loss, 30% gully erosion, 23% soil loss, 6% biodiversity loss and drying up of river sources. Land management methods that were accepted and adopted were those contributing to immediate livelihood needs. These methods did not control land resource degradation, but increased crop output per unit of land and required little labour. Effective methods of controlling land degradation were abandoned or ignored because they did not satisfy immediate livelihood needs. This paper concludes that Integrating poor people's needs would transform non-livelihood-based land management methods to livelihood-based ones. Different ways of transforming these land management methods are presented and discussed. © 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2010 The Royal Geographical Society.	Land degradation; Land management; Land use; Livelihood; Mountain watersheds	environmental impact; gully erosion; land degradation; land management; land use; mountain region; soil fertility; watershed; agriculture; article; catering service; economics; education; environmental protection; ethnology; food handling; geography; history; irrigation (agriculture); legal aspect; organization and management; Tanzania; water supply; Agricultural Irrigation; Agriculture; Conservation of Natural Resources; Food Supply; Food Technology; Geography; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Ownership; Tanzania; Water Supply; Mbeya [Tanzania]; Tanzania; Uporoto Mountains	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901638420	The impact of nitrogenous and phosphorous nutrients from selected point sources in Kisumu City on River Kisat and Nyalenda Wigwa Stream before their discharge into Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria	Musungu P.C., Lalah J.O., Jondiko I.O., Ongeri D.M.K.	2014	Environmental Earth Sciences	71	12	10.1007/s12665-013-2915-9	Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, City Square, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya	Musungu, P.C., Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Lalah, J.O., Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, City Square, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Jondiko, I.O., Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya; Ongeri, D.M.K., Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya	Various industrial facilities including a fish-processing factory, a matchbox factory, a flour mill and a landfill, all in Kisumu City in Kenya, were studied and found to discharge significant amounts of NO2 --N, NO3 --N, org N, total N and total P into River Kisat and Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, with % increases in the mean levels at the outlets of these facilities ranging from 9.6 to 200, 5.9 to 43.5, 9.3 to 96.1, 8.1 to 35.5 and 9.7 to 50.5 %, respectively. The concentrations of NO2 --N, NO3 --N, NH3-N, org N and total N attributable to these facilities increased by 1,509, 51.1, 112.6, 97.5 and 90.6 %, respectively, at the point of entry into Rive Kisat. The Nyalenda Wastewater Stabilization Ponds reduced the mean levels of NO2 --N, NO3 --N, org N, total N and T-P by 50, 10.4, 16.6, 7.8 and 30.8 %, respectively, indicating low efficacy of their removal and potential impact on water quality in Lake Victoria. The efficacy of the Kisat wastewater treatment plant was also found to be very low with % reductions of the analysed nutrients ranging from 2.82 to 41.30 %. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Environmental assessment; Kisumu City; Lake Victoria; N, P nutrients	Nitrogen oxides; Nutrients; Sewage lagoons; Stabilization ponds; Water quality; Environmental assessment; Industrial facilities; Kisumu City; Lake Victoria; Point of entries; Potential impacts; Wastewater stabilization ponds; Wastewater treatment plants; Lakes; ammonia; environmental assessment; food processing; industrialization; landfill; nitrogen; nitrogen dioxide; nutrient; phosphorus; point source; river pollution; stream; wastewater; water quality; East African Lakes; Kenya; Kisumu; Lake Victoria; Nyanza; Winam Gulf	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747166729	Evaluation of screening methods for improved storability of soybean seed	Addai I.K., Safo-Kantanka O.	2006	International Journal of Botany	2	2	10.3923/ijb.2006.152.155	Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Crop Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Addai, I.K., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Safo-Kantanka, O., Department of Crop Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Various forms of accelerated ageing tests have been used to evaluate storability of seed lots but very little work has been done on how these tests correlate or relate well with ambient storage and their effectiveness in selecting for seed storability. In this study, hundred seeds each from three soybean genotypes were subjected to three accelerated ageing tests by soaking the seeds in 20% ethanol solution for two hours, in 20% methanol solution for two hours or in 75°C hot water for seventy seconds. The same quantity of seeds was stored on laboratory wooden shelves for a period of four months at a temperature range of 22-25°C and 30-35% relative humidity. Germination percentage of seeds from these four categories revealed that the ethanol solution predicted seed storability more than hot water and methanol treatments. In another experiment, seeds from individual M 2 plants were screened either by using the ethanol test or by storing threshed and unthreshed seeds at a temperature range of 22-25°C and relative humidity of 30-35% for a period of four months. Only the M 2 plants whose seeds produced germination percentage of 80% or above were selected. Compared to the two ambient storage methods, the ethanol solution was less effective a screening method for improved seed storability but could be used as an initial screening method to predict seed storability in soybeans. However, storability of such seeds should always be confirmed by storage under ambient conditions especially in later generations of selection. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Accelerated ageing tests; Gamma irradiation; Improved storability; Screening methods; Soybean seed	Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650392878	Drying of organic solvents: Quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of several desiccants	Williams D.B.G., Lawton M.	2010	Journal of Organic Chemistry	75	24	10.1021/jo101589h	Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Williams, D.B.G., Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Lawton, M., Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Various commonly used organic solvents were dried with several different drying agents. A glovebox-bound coulometric Karl Fischer apparatus with a two-compartment measuring cell was used to determine the efficiency of the drying process. Recommendations are made relating to optimum drying agents/conditions that can be used to rapidly and reliably generate solvents with low residual water content by means of commonly available materials found in most synthesis laboratories. The practical method provides for safer handling and drying of solvents than methods calling for the use of reactive metals, metal hydrides, or solvent distillation. © 2010 American Chemical Society.	None	Commonly used; Drying agent; Drying process; Gloveboxes; Karl Fischer; Measuring cells; Metal hydrides; Practical method; Quantitative evaluation; Reactive metals; Residual water content; Curing; Distillation; Driers (materials); Hydrides; Organic solvents; Water content; Drying; desiccant; metal; organic solvent; water; article; cell assay; coulometry; distillation; drying; high temperature procedures; quantitative analysis; reliability; synthesis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943363765	Histopathological evaluation of the osteogenic activity of autologous platelet-rich plasma in experimentally induced ulna defect in dogs	Nnaji T., Kene R., Chah K., Udegbunam S., Ogbanya K., Okpe G.	2015	Comparative Clinical Pathology	24	6	10.1007/s00580-015-2121-0	Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nnaji, T., Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kene, R., Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Chah, K., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Udegbunam, S., Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ogbanya, K., Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okpe, G., Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Variety of products and surgical approaches to stimulate biologic factors and promote osteogenesis have been developed over the years, but surgeons still face challenges relating to bone healing. This study was designed to evaluate the histopathologic effects of autologous platelet-rich plasma and cancellous bone grafts on caudolateral ulna ostectomy of Nigerian local dogs. Twelve healthy Nigerian indigenous dogs (males) were used for the study. They were randomly grouped into four viz: platelet-rich plasma-treated group (PRPG) (n = 3), cancellous bone graft-treated group (CBG) (n = 3), platelet-rich plasma/cancellous bone graft-treated group (PRP/CBG) (n = 3), and normal saline-treated control group (CG) (n = 3). Caudolateral ulna defects were created on the left ulna of each dog under general anesthesia and treated as follows: the PRPG were treated by application of autologous PRP on the defects prior to closure, the PRP/CBG defects were treated by applying both PRP and cancellous bone grafts on the defects, and CBG was treated with autologous cancellous bone grafts alone while the control defects were treated by applying normal saline on the defects prior to closure of the soft tissues. Animals were euthanized at week 10 and the bridging callus of the defects analyzed by histopathology. The PRP defects either in combination with cancellous bone grafts or alone demonstrated more matured lamella bone compared to the CBG and control defects. The control defects were characterized with fibrocartillagenous zones of intense cellular activities mainly of chondroblasts and oeteoblasts. The mean histologic indices of the PRPG and PRP/CBG defects varied significantly (p < 0.05) with the CBG and the control defects. The results showed that the PRP has a positive osteogenic effect in treatment of caudolateral ulna ostectomies of dogs but its activity was optimal when combined with autologous cancellous bone grafts. © 2015, Springer-Verlag London.	Bone defect; Bone graft; Dog; Osteogenesis; Platelet-rich plasma	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881479814	Variant ataxia telangiectasia: Clinical and molecular findings and evaluation of radiosensitive phenotypes in a patient and relatives	Claes K., Depuydt J., Taylor A.M.R., Last J.I., Baert A., Schietecatte P., Vandersickel V., Poppe B., De Leeneer K., D'Hooghe M., Vral A.	2013	NeuroMolecular Medicine	15	3	10.1007/s12017-013-8231-4	Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; NRF IThemba LABS, PO Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Department of Neurology and Child Neurology AZ St-Jan, 8000 Brugge, Belgium	Claes, K., Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Depuydt, J., Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Taylor, A.M.R., School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Last, J.I., School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Baert, A., Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Schietecatte, P., Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Vandersickel, V., NRF IThemba LABS, PO Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Poppe, B., Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; De Leeneer, K., Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; D'Hooghe, M., Department of Neurology and Child Neurology AZ St-Jan, 8000 Brugge, Belgium; Vral, A., Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium	Variant ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) may be an underdiagnosed entity. We correlate data from radiosensitivity and kinase assays with clinical and molecular data from a patient with variant A-T and relatives. The coding region of ATM was sequenced. To evaluate the functional effect of the mutations, we performed kinase assays and developed a novel S-G2 micronucleus test. Our patient presented with mild dystonia, moderately dysarthric speech, increased serum α-fetoprotein but no ataxia nor telangiectasias, no nystagmus or oculomotor dyspraxia. She has a severe IgA deficiency, but does not have recurrent infections. She is compound heterozygote for ATM c.8122G>A (p.Asp2708Asn) and c.8851-1G>T, leading to in frame loss of 63 nucleotides at the cDNA level. A trace amount of ATM protein is translated from both alleles. Residual kinase activity is derived only from the p.Asp2708Asn allele. The conventional G0 micronucleus test, based on irradiation of resting lymphocytes, revealed a radiosensitive phenotype for the patient, but not for the heterozygous relatives. As ATM is involved in homologous recombination and G2/M cell cycle checkpoint, we optimized an S-G2 micronucleus assay, allowing to evaluate micronuclei in lymphocytes irradiated in the S and G2 phases. This test showed increased radiosensitivity for both the patient and the heterozygous carriers. Intriguingly, heterozygous carriers of c.8851-1G>T (mutation associated with absence of kinase activity) showed a stronger radiosensitive phenotype with this assay than heterozygous carriers of p.Asp2708Asn (mutation associated with residual kinase activity). The modified S-G2 micronucleus assay provided phenotypic insight into complement the diagnosis of this atypical A-T patient. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	ATM heterozygous carriers; cDNA analysis; In vitro radiosensitivity; Kinase assay; S-G2 micronucleus assay; Variant ataxia telangiectasia	alpha fetoprotein; baclofen; levodopa; psychotropic agent; tetrazepam; adult; anamnesis; article; ataxia telangiectasia; ATM gene; case report; cell cycle checkpoint; cell cycle progression; cerebral palsy; clinical feature; controlled study; disease severity; dystonia; enzyme activity; female; gene; gene locus; gene mutation; gene sequence; genetic transcription; genetic variability; heterozygosity; homologous recombination; human; immunoglobulin A deficiency; mental disease; micronucleus test; missense mutation; molecular typing; mutational analysis; nucleotide sequence; phenotype; priority journal; protein blood level; psychotherapy; radiosensitivity; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; strabismus; Ataxia telangiectasia; Adult; Amino Acid Substitution; Ataxia Telangiectasia; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; Breast Neoplasms; Caffeine; Child; Exons; Female; G2 Phase; Heterozygote; Humans; Lymphocytes; Male; Micronucleus Tests; Mutation, Missense; Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary; Neurologic Examination; Pedigree; Phenotype; Radiation Tolerance; Recombinational DNA Repair; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal; RNA Splice Sites; S Phase; Sequence Analysis, DNA	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904338700	Evaluation of two organosilicone adjuvants at reduced foliar spray volumes in South African citrus orchards of different canopy densities	van Zyl J.G., Sieverding E.G., Viljoen D.J., Fourie P.H.	2014	Crop Protection	64	None	10.1016/j.cropro.2014.06.024	Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit, South Africa; Evonik Africa (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 3739, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Evonik Industries AG, Goldschmidtstraße 100, 45127 Essen, Germany	van Zyl, J.G., Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa, Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit, South Africa; Sieverding, E.G., Evonik Industries AG, Goldschmidtstraße 100, 45127 Essen, Germany; Viljoen, D.J., Evonik Africa (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 3739, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Fourie, P.H., Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa, Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit, South Africa	van Zyl, J.G., Sieverding, E.G., Viljoen, D.J., Fourie, P.H., 2014. Evaluation of two organosilicone adjuvants atreduced foliar spray volumes in South African citrus orchards of different canopy densities Crop Protection 00:0000-0000.Citrus producers in South Africa generally use high spray volumes (6000 to 16,000lha-1) to control pests and diseases adequately for the fresh fruit market. In order to study the benefit of organosilicone adjuvants at reduced spray volumes, trials were conducted with two organo tri-siloxane adjuvants. Two separate spray trials were conducted in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa in uniform navel orange orchards. Break-Thru S240 (super-spreader) and Break-Thru Union (spreader-sticker), at recommended dosages per hectare (300mlha-1, respectively), were sprayed separately in combination with a yellow fluorescent pigment (1mll-1) at a high (20l tree-1≈9600 to 12,100lha-1, depending on tree and inter-row spacing), medium (14l tree-1≈6500 to 8500lha-1) and low (8l tree-1≈3700 to 4800lha-1) spray application volumes. Sprays consisting of the fluorescent pigment in water alone were used as control treatments. Trees were sprayed from both sides with a commercial multi-fan tower sprayer (BSF-Multiwing) at a constant tractor speed (2.4kmh-1) and spray pressure (1500kPa). The different spray volumes were achieved by using different spray nozzles (TeeJet Disc-Core type; full and hollow cone nozzles D3-DC56/46, D4-DC56/46, D5-DC56/46). Leaves were sampled from six canopy positions (inner and outer canopy position at bottom, middle and top of the tree). Deposition quantity and quality of fluorescent pigment were determined on upper and lower leaf surfaces using fluorometry, digital photomacrography and image analyses. Spray uniformity and efficiency were also compared among treatments. Deposition quantity generally increased with increasing spray volume, but normalised values showed better spray efficiency at lower volumes. In pruned and less dense canopies, a beneficial effect of adjuvants was observed in terms of deposition quantity, efficiency and uniformity, especially at reduced volume applications (14l tree-1) on the inside and outside of the canopy. Little improvement in deposition quality was generally observed with the use of adjuvants. These benefits were not as evident in very dense canopies, illustrating the importance of canopy management when spraying at reduced volumes. Data obtained from the study is valuable for future improvement in spray application methodology in South Africa and other developing countries. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Canopy management; Deposition quality; Deposition quantity; Deposition uniformity; Digital image analysis; Fluorometry	biological control; canopy; digital image; evergreen tree; fluorescence; fluorometry; pest control; pigment; silicon; spray; volume; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81855212815	Value based financial performance measures: An evaluation of relative and incremental information content	Erasmus P.	2008	Corporate Ownership and Control	6	0.041666666667	None	Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Erasmus, P., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Value-based (VB) financial performance measures are often advanced as improvements over traditional measures. It is argued that the inclusion of a firms cost of capital in the calculation of these measures facilitates the evaluation of value creation. Furthermore they attempt to remove some accounting distortions resulting from the limitations of conventional accounting information. This paper investigates the ability of four VB measures to explain market-adjusted share returns and compare it to that of some traditional measures. Empirical results indicate that the relative information contents of the VB measures are not greater than that of earnings. The incremental information content tests indicate that their components add significantly to the information content of earnings, but that the level of significance is relatively low.	Accounting information; Cost of capital; Financial performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920937508	Influence of cathode shape on vacuum arc thruster performance and operation	Lun J., Law C.	2015	IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science	43	1	10.1109/TPS.2014.2361439	South African National Space Agency, Hermanus, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lun, J., South African National Space Agency, Hermanus, South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Law, C., School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Vacuum arc thrusters (VATs) are a potentially useful technology for use as microthrusters, given their simplicity, low mass, and low-power requirements. However, further development is still needed to improve and mature their performance and operation. In an effort to improve thruster characteristics, we investigate the use of conically shaped convergent cathode surface profiles in a low-power coaxial VAT design. Experimental measurements of ion current density distribution, thrust, and erosion rate were taken for a range of cathode profiles and materials. Results show that modifying the profile of the cathode face can affect the plasma jet's plume distribution and even improve thrust production in certain cases. One likely cause of the thrust improvement is speculated to be increased charge exchange collisions resulting in a lower average ion charge state of the ejecting plasma. © 1973-2012 IEEE.	Cathode; diagnostics; ion charge state; ion current density distribution (ICDD); microthruster; plasma jet; propulsion; pulsed power; thrust stand; Vacuum arc thruster (VAT).	Cathodes; Charge transfer; Electrodes; Ion exchange; Ions; Plasma diagnostics; Plasma jets; Plasma sources; Propulsion; Vacuum applications; Vacuum technology; Ion charge state; Ion current density; Microthruster; Pulsed-power; Thrust stand; Vacuum arc thruster; Pulsed plasma thrusters	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888371155	Phytotoxicity evaluation of six fast-growing tree species in South Africa	Sunmonu T.O., Van Staden J.	2014	South African Journal of Botany	90	None	10.1016/j.sajb.2013.10.010	Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Sunmonu, T.O., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Van Staden, J., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Vachellia sieberiana, Albizia adianthifolia, Buddleja saligna, Combretum kraussii, Halleria lucida and Rapanea melanophloeos are fast-growing, indigenous tree species in South Africa. They are usually found growing alongside other plants in agricultural systems. In this study, the comparative phytotoxic activity of aqueous leaf extracts of these tree species at different concentrations was investigated using lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.) in a laboratory bioassay. To simulate natural situations, seeds were germinated under 16. h light/8. h darkness in a growth chamber using distilled water as control. The results showed that germination, chlorophyll accumulation and growth indices (plumule and radicle lengths) were significantly inhibited with increasing concentration of plant extracts. The treated lettuce seedlings experienced lipid peroxidation at high extract concentrations (1.0% and 2.0%) as evidenced by increased concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). In response to this, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) increased at low extract concentration but significantly dropped as concentration increased. These results suggest that aqueous extracts of the studied tree species may produce growth inhibitory substances. Thus, our study revealed that these trees possess phytotoxic activity which could be exploited in the management of weeds in agroforestry systems. © 2013 South African Association of Botanists.	Allelochemicals; Antioxidants; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress; Phytotoxicity	agroforestry; aldehyde; allelochemical; antioxidant; bioassay; chlorophyll; comparative study; enzyme activity; evergreen tree; germination; growth regulator; inhibitor; leafy vegetable; legume; lipid; native species; phytotoxicity; plant extract; potential biocontrol agent; seed; weed control; South Africa; Acacia; Albizia; Albizia adianthifolia; Buddleja; Buddleja saligna; Combretum; Halleria lucida; Lactuca; Lactuca sativa; Rapanea melanophloeos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942436098	Immunization routes in cattle impact the levels and neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced against S. aureus immune evasion proteins	Boerhout E., Vrieling M., Benedictus L., Daemen I., Ravesloot L., Rutten V., Nuijten P., Van Strijp J., Koets A., Eisenberg S.	2015	Veterinary Research	46	1	10.1186/s13567-015-0243-7	Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute Part, Edelhertweg 15,Wageningen UR PO box 65, Lelystad, Netherlands	Boerhout, E., Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Vrieling, M., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Benedictus, L., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Daemen, I., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Ravesloot, L., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Rutten, V., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Nuijten, P., Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Van Strijp, J., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Koets, A., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute Part, Edelhertweg 15,Wageningen UR PO box 65, Lelystad, Netherlands; Eisenberg, S., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands	Vaccines against S. aureus bovine mastitis are scarce and show limited protection only. All currently available vaccines are applied via the parenteral (usually intramuscular) route. It is unknown, however, whether this route is the most suitable to specifically increase intramammary immunity to combat S. aureus at the site of infection. Hence, in the present study, immunization via mucosal (intranasal; IN), intramuscular (triangle of the neck; IM), intramammary (IMM) and subcutaneous (suspensory ligament; SC) routes were analyzed for their effects on the quantity of the antibody responses in serum and milk as well as the neutralizing capacity of the antibodies within serum. The experimental vaccine comprised the recombinant S. aureus immune evasion proteins extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) and the leukotoxin subunit LukM in an oil-in-water adjuvant combined with a hydrogel and alginate. The highest titer increases for both Efb and LukM specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels in serum and milk were observed following SC/SC immunizations. Furthermore, the harmful effects of Efb and leukotoxin LukMF' on host-defense were neutralized by serum antibodies in a route-dependent manner. SC/SC immunization resulted in a significant increase in the neutralizing capacity of serum antibodies towards Efb and LukMF', shown by increased phagocytosis of S. aureus and increased viability of bovine leukocytes. Therefore, a SC immunization route should be considered when aiming to optimize humoral immunity against S. aureus mastitis in cattle. © 2015 Boerhout et al.	None	None	None
None	None	Performance of a redesigned HIV selectest enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay optimized to minimize vaccine-induced seropositivity in HIV vaccine trial participants	Penezina O., Krueger N.X., Rodriguez-Chavez I.R., Busch M.P., Hural J., Kim J.H., O'Connell R.J., Hunter E., Aboud S., Higgins K., Kovalenko V., Clapham D., Crane D., Levin A.E., Rerks-Ngarm S., Pitisuttithum P., Nitayaphan S., Kaewkungwal J., Andrews C.,	2014	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	21	3	10.1128/CVI.00748-13	Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; USAMC-AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Vaccine Trials Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; BIOPHICS, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Venhälsan, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden	Penezina, O., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Krueger, N.X., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Rodriguez-Chavez, I.R., National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Busch, M.P., Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hural, J., HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Kim, J.H., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; O'Connell, R.J., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States, USAMC-AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand; Hunter, E., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Aboud, S., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Higgins, K., Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Kovalenko, V., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Clapham, D., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Crane, D., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Levin, A.E., Immunetics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Rerks-Ngarm, S., Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Pitisuttithum, P., Vaccine Trials Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Nitayaphan, S., Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; Kaewkungwal, J., BIOPHICS, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Andrews, C., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Kilembe, W., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Karita, E., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Allen, S., Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Munseri, P., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Joachim, A., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Bakari, M., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mhalu, F., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Aris, E., Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nilsson, C., Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden; Biberfeld, G., Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden; Robb, M., Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Marovich, M., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Sandstrom, E., Venhälsan, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden	Vaccine-induced seropositivity (VISP) or seroreactivity (VISR), defined as the reaction of antibodies elicited by HIV vaccines with antigens used in HIV diagnostic immunoassays, can result in reactive assay results for vaccinated but uninfected individuals, with subsequent misclassification of their infection status. The eventual licensure of a vaccine will magnify this issue and calls for the development of mitigating solutions in advance. An immunoassay that discriminates between antibodies elicited by vaccine antigens and those elicited by infection has been developed to address this laboratory testing need. The HIV Selectest is based on consensus and clade-specific HIV peptides that are omitted in many HIV vaccine constructs. The assay was redesigned to enhance performance across worldwide clades and to simplify routine use via a standard kit format. The redesigned assay was evaluated with sera from vaccine trial participants, HIV-infected and uninfected individuals, and healthy controls. The HIV Selectest exhibited specificities of 99.5% with sera from uninfected recipients of 6 different HIV vaccines and 100% with sera from normal donors, while detecting HIV-1 infections, including intercurrent infections, with 95 to 100% sensitivity depending on the clade, with the highest sensitivities for clades A and C. HIV Selectest sensitivity decreased in very early seroconversion specimens, which possibly explains the slightly lower sensitivity observed for asymptomatic blood donors than for clinical HIV cases. Thus, the HIV Selectest provides a new laboratory tool for use in vaccine settings to distinguish the immune response to HIV vaccine antigens from that due to true infection. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	glycoprotein gp 41; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; placebo; antibody detection; antibody production; antibody response; article; blood sampling; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HIV selectest enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoreactivity; phase 1 clinical trial (topic); phase 3 clinical trial (topic); priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; seroconversion; serology; vaccine induced seropositivity; AIDS Vaccines; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856261743	Growth performance and haematology of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed varying inclusions of Leucaena leucocephala seed meal based-diets [Evaluación del crecimiento y hematología de clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) alimentados con diferentes inc	Sotolu A.O., Faturoti E.O.	2009	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	9	4	None	Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Lafia Campus, P. M. B. 135 Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sotolu, A.O., Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Lafia Campus, P. M. B. 135 Lafia, Nigeria; Faturoti, E.O., Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Utilization of plant protein sources in aquaculture have continued to produce more promising results towards alleviating high cost of feeding. This study examined the utilization of Leucaena leucocephala seed meal (LSM) for sustainable fish production. Six isonitrogenous; 40% crude protein diets were formulated where LSM replaced Soya bean meal (SBM) at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% inclusions. Catfish fingerlings (5.21±0.14g) stocked at 25 fish/70 liters tanks were fed diets in triplicates three times daily for 112 days. Solid wastes were siphoned everyday before feeding while total water exchange with fresh clean water was done when data on fish growth and haematology were collected. Chemical analysis of diets and feeds were carried out before experiment and that of fish alone was repeated after the experiment. Data from the completely randomized experiment were subjected to ANOVA and correlation analysis and L.S.D. was separated at 5% probability level. Mean weight gain (MWG) and Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed 20% LSM were statistically different (p<0.05) from those fish fed LSM at higher inclusion rates. Fish MWG, SGR, PER and FCR significantly (p<0.05) correlated negatively with LSM inclusion rates in fish diet r= -0.62,-0.57,-0.78 and -0.64 respectively. Fish carcass protein, packed cell volume and haemoglobin counts of fish were statistically the same for 0%, 20% and 40% LSM fed fish. In the present study processed leucaena seed meal can be considered as a good alternative raw material in substitution to soya bean meal for Clarias gariepinus fingerlings' diets at 20% inclusion level.	Aquaculture; Fish feeding; Leucaena seed meal; Plant protein; Soya bean meal	Clarias gariepinus; Glycine max; Leucaena; Leucaena leucocephala	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63449087905	Likelihood gradient evaluation using square-root covariance filters	Kulikova M.V.	2009	IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control	54	3	10.1109/TAC.2008.2010989	School of Computational and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa	Kulikova, M.V., School of Computational and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa	Using the array form of numerically stable square-root implementation methods for Kalman filtering formulas, we construct a new square-root algorithm for the log-likelihood gradient (score) evaluation. This avoids the use of the conventional Kalman filter with its inherent numerical instabilities and improves the robustness of computations against roundoff errors. The new algorithm is developed in terms of covariance quantities and based on the "condensed form" of the array square-root filter. © 2009 IEEE.	Gradient methods; Identification; Kalman filtering; Maximum likelihood estimation; Numerical stability	Block codes; Control theory; Convergence of numerical methods; Gradient methods; Kalman filters; Turbo codes; Condensed forms; Identification; Implementation methods; Kalman filtering; Log likelihoods; Numerical instabilities; Numerical stability; Round-off errors; Square roots; Square-root algorithms; Maximum likelihood estimation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957467708	Wastewater use in crop production in peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa: Impacts on health in farm households	Weldesilassie A.B., Boelee E., Drechsel P., Dabbert S.	2011	Environment and Development Economics	16	1	10.1017/S1355770X1000029X	Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), Near National Stadium Blue Building, P.O. Box 2479, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka; Hohenheim University, Institute 410A, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Weldesilassie, A.B., Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), Near National Stadium Blue Building, P.O. Box 2479, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Boelee, E., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Drechsel, P., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka; Dabbert, S., Hohenheim University, Institute 410A, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Using stream water polluted with untreated wastewater in agriculture is controversial due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Using data from a household survey, wastewater and freshwater farmers were analysed comparatively to examine the perceived impacts of irrigation water quality on farmers' health and to evaluate the extent of health damage. Probability of illness was estimated using the theory of utility-maximising behaviour of households subject to the conventional farm household production model, augmented by adding a health production function. Reduced model and instrumental variable probit specifications both show that perceived illness prevalence is significantly higher for household members working on wastewater irrigation farms than for those working with freshwater. Our data entails econometric complications (e.g., endogeneity of farmers' behaviour, unobserved location-specific characteristics). Ignoring these will result in underestimation of the value of policy interventions designed to reduce potential health damage of wastewater use in irrigation. © 2010 Cambridge University Press.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15244345565	Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa	Bomhard B., Richardson D.M., Donaldson J.S., Hughes G.O., Midgley G.F., Raimondo D.C., Rebelo A.G., Rouget M., Thuiller W.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	9	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00997.x	Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany	Bomhard, B., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Donaldson, J.S., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Hughes, G.O., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Midgley, G.F., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Raimondo, D.C., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rebelo, A.G., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rouget, M., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Thuiller, W., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best- to worst-case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche-based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2-16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low-lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biodiversity conservation; Cape Floristic Region; Climate change; Extinction risk; IUCN Red List; Land use change; Niche-based models; Proteaceae; Threatened species	biodiversity; Cape Floristic Region; climate change; extinction risk; land use change; Red List; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908032494	Evaluation of the Effects of Reduced Personal and Corporate Tax Rates on the Growth Rates of the U.S. Economy	Zellner A., Ngoie J.K.	2015	Econometric Reviews	34	None	10.1080/07474938.2014.944468	Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Zellner, A., Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Ngoie, J.K., Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Using several variants of a Marshallian Macroeconomic Model (MMM), see Zellner and Israilevich (2005) and Ngoie and Zellner (2010), this paper investigates how various tax rate reductions may help stimulate the U.S. economy while not adversely affecting aggregate U.S. debt. Variants of our MMM that are shown to fit past data and to perform well in forecasting experiments are employed to evaluate the effects of alternative tax policies. Using quarterly data, our one-sector MMM has been able to predict the 2008 downturn and the 2009Q3 upturn of the U.S. economy. Among other results, this study, using transfer and impulse response functions associated with our MMM, finds that permanent 5 percentage points cut in the personal income and corporate profits tax rates will cause the U.S. real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate to rise by 3.0 percentage points with a standard error of 0.6 percentage points. Also, while this policy change leads to positive growth of the government sector, its share of total real GDP is slightly reduced. This is understandable since short run effects of tax cuts include the transfer of tax revenue from the government to the private sector. The private sector is allowed to manage a larger portion of its revenue, while government is forced to cut public spending on social programs with little growth enhancing effects. This broadens private economic activities overall. Further, these tax rate policy changes stimulate the growth of the federal tax base considerably, which helps to reduce annual budget deficits and the federal debt. © 2015, Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Disaggregation; Impulse response functions; Marshallian macroeconomic model; Transfer functions; U.S. fiscal policy analysis	None	NSF, National Science Foundation
WoS	WOS:000344435700005	How effective are countercyclical policy tools in mitigating the impact of financial and economic crises in Africa?	Bandara, Amarakoon	2014	JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING	36	5	10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.08.003	United Nations Dev Programme	None	Using panel vector auto regression (PVAR) and GMM estimates we provide evidence for the transmission of financial crises to African economies through foreign direct investments and exports. Although many countries resort to stimulus packages to mitigate the impacts of financial crises, we find no evidence for fiscal policy to be considered an effective countercyclical policy tool in the African context. Monetary policy could be an effective tool in mitigating the impact in non-resource rich SSA countries, but not in others. Limited policy space calls for African economies to reconsider their policies towards trade, investment, finance and macroeconomic management. (C) 2014 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	"financial crisis","fiscal stimulus","MONETARY POLICY",TRANSMISSION,"DYNAMIC HETEROGENEOUS PANELS",MARKETS,TIME	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955003761	Business re-engineering and organisational performance in Nigeria: A case study of First Bank Nigeria Plc	Aregbeyen O.	2011	International Business Management	5	3	10.3923/ibm.2011.151.158	Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aregbeyen, O., Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Using paired data samples between 1986 and 2008, this study evaluates the impact of the re-engineering of operational processes on the performance of the First Bank Nigeria Plc. The performance of the bank was assessed focusing on growth, profitability and the extent of financial intermediation. The analysis of the data showed that the re-engineering project significantly, improved the profitability performance of the bank but not for growth and the extents of its financial intermediation. © Medwell Journals, 2011.	Bank; Growth; Nigeria; Performance; Profitability; Re-engineering	None	None
None	None	First-generation undergraduate students and the impacts of the first year of college: Additional evidence	Padgett R.D., Johnson M.P., Pascarella E.T.	2012	Journal of College Student Development	53	2	None	Co-Curricular Assessment and Research, Northern Kentucky University, Division of Student Affairs, UC330-A Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States; United States Agency for International Development(USAID), Tanzania; Mary Louise Petersen Chair in Higher Education, The University of Iowa, United States	Padgett, R.D., Co-Curricular Assessment and Research, Northern Kentucky University, Division of Student Affairs, UC330-A Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States; Johnson, M.P., United States Agency for International Development(USAID), Tanzania; Pascarella, E.T., Mary Louise Petersen Chair in Higher Education, The University of Iowa, United States	Using longitudinal data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, our findings suggest that first-generation students are at a significant disadvantage across cognitive and psychosocial outcomes compared to students whose parents have at least some postsecondary education. Furthermore, we tested for the conditional effects of good practices on firstyear outcomes and found that effects of good practices on both cognitive and psychosocial outcomes differed in magnitude, and sometimes in direction, for first-generation versus non-firstgeneration students.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444448818	Impact and mechanisms of action of neurotensin on cardiac contractility in the rat left ventricle	Osadchii O., Norton G., Deftereos D., Badenhorst D., Woodiwiss A.	2005	European Journal of Pharmacology	520	42372	10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.014	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Osadchii, O., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Deftereos, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Badenhorst, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Using immunoassay measurements, neurotensin was identified in rat ventricular tissue and in coronary effluent samples. Exogenous neurotensin evoked contractile responses in isolated ventricular preparations, which were equivalent in magnitude to those of norepinephrine and histamine, but greater than those for serotonin and angiotensin II. EC50 values revealed neurotensin to be as potent as serotonin, but more potent than norepinephrine, histamine and angiotensin II. Structure-activity studies indicated that the contractile effects are attributed to the C-terminal portion of neurotensin. Neurotensin-induced responses were decreased by SR 48692, a specific neurotensin receptor antagonist. Neurotensin elicited an increase in coronary effluent norepinephrine concentrations, and a strong relationship between the magnitude of neurotensin-induced contractile effects and increments in myocardial norepinephrine release were noted. Neurotensin-induced contractile responses were abolished by β-adrenoceptor antagonists, but not by histamine, serotonin or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. In conclusion, neurotensin increases ventricular contractility through stimulation of myocardial norepinephrine release. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Inotropic effect; Neurotensin; Ventricular contractility	2 [[1 (7 chloro 4 quinolinyl) 5 (2,6 dimethoxyphenyl) 3 pyrazolyl]carbonylamino] 2 adamantanecarboxylic acid; angiotensin; angiotensin II antagonist; antihistaminic agent; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; histamine; inotropic agent; neurotensin; neurotensin receptor antagonist; noradrenalin; serotonin; serotonin antagonist; animal tissue; article; beta adrenergic receptor blocking; carboxy terminal sequence; comparative study; concentration response; controlled study; drug activity; drug effect; drug inhibition; drug mechanism; drug potency; evoked muscle response; heart left ventricle contractility; heart muscle contractility; heart stimulation; immunoassay; inotropism; isolated heart; male; nonhuman; noradrenalin release; pathophysiology; priority journal; rat; structure activity relation; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Coronary Circulation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Fluid; Heart Ventricles; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Neurotensin; Norepinephrine; Perfusion; Pyrazoles; Quinolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin; Ventricular Function, Left	None
None	None	Impact of agricultural technology adoption on asset ownership: the case of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria	Awotide B.A., Alene A.D., Abdoulaye T., Manyong V.M.	2015	Food Security	7	6	10.1007/s12571-015-0500-7	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Awotide, B.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Alene, A.D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; Abdoulaye, T., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi; Manyong, V.M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Using household survey data from a sample of about 850 households selected from six States in south-west Nigeria, this paper analyses the effects of the adoption of improved cassava varieties (ICVs) on asset ownership among smallholder farmers. The results of the linear regression with endogenous treatment effects showed that adoption of ICVs is positively related to asset ownership. The results further showed that ICVs had greater impact on asset ownership among female-headed households. The impact analysis using propensity score matching (PSM) showed a significant and positive effect of adoption of ICVs on asset ownership and a negative effect on asset poverty. The empirical results suggest that improved agricultural technologies can play a key role in strengthening asset ownership of smallholder farmers for increased agricultural productivity and income generation. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and International Society for Plant Pathology.	Adoption; Assets; Cassava; Farmer; Impact; Nigeria; Poverty; PSM	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957238662	Gender differentials in the impact of parental death: Adolescent's sexual behaviour and risk of HIV infection in rural South Africa	Nyirenda M., McGrath N., Newell M.-L.	2010	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	5	3	10.1080/17450128.2010.507804	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	Nyirenda, M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa; McGrath, N., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa, Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	Using data from a longitudinal surveillance study from rural South Africa, we investigated the odds of sexual debut, pregnancy and HIV infection of 15- to 19-year-old adolescents by parental survival. Using descriptive statistics and logistic regressions, we examine the relative risk of orphans compared with non-orphans to have ever had sex, being pregnant and being HIV infected, adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, education, being employed and residency. Of 8274 adolescents, 42% were orphaned (one or both parents died). Over 80% of adolescents remained in school, but orphans were significantly more likely to lag behind in grade for age. Female adolescent maternal (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.07-1.62), paternal (aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.49) and dual (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.05-1.78) orphans were significantly more likely than non-orphaned females to have ever had sex; among males it was only paternal (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.05 1.53) orphans. Maternal (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.03-2.15) and dual (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.11-2.73) female orphans relative to non-orphaned females were significantly more likely to be HIV infected; male paternal (aOR 3.41, 95% CI 1.37-8.46) and dual (aOR 3.54, 95% CI 1.06-11.86) orphans had over three-fold the odds of being infected. There was strong evidence that death of mother for girls was associated with increased vulnerability to earlier sexual debut and HIV infection, while fathers appeared to play a significant role in both their son's and daughter's lives. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Adolescent; HIV/AIDS; Maternal; Orphanhood; Paternal; Sexual behaviour; Vulnerability	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650169956	The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates	Hoffmann M., Hilton-Taylor C., Angulo A., Böhm M., Brooks T.M., Butchart S.H.M., Carpenter K.E., Chanson J., Collen B., Cox N.A., Darwall W.R.T., Dulvy N.K., Harrison L.R., Katariya V., Pollock C.M., Quader S., Richman N.I., Rodrigues A.S.L., Tognelli M.F	2010	Science	330	6010	10.1126/science.1194442	IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, 360 A Bloor Street W., Toronto, ON M5S 1X1, Canada; Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209, United States; World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France; IADIZA-CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, CC 507, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Perth, WA 6986, Australia; CNR-Institute for Ecosystem Studies, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy; Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab.1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123 Torino, Italy; Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Zoo, P.O. Box 20, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Martin Barrios 2230 c/ Pizarro, Barrio Republicano, Asunción, Paraguay; Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Unidad de Investigación Ecología Terrestre, Centro Nacional Patagónico-CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina; Patagonian and Andean Steppe Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina; Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; Systematics Lab., School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; Center for Biodiversity and Biosecurity Studies, Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development, Jalan Bumi Nyiur 101, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; P.O. Box 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13, No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia; Earthwatch Institute, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DE, United Kingdom; Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, United Kingdom; 47B Lewisham Hill, London SE13 7PL, United Kingdom; Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Universidad del Valle, Carrera51, No. 8H-15, Cali, Colombia; WWF Italy-Species Office, Via Po 25/c, 00198 Rome, Italy; British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Bio-Amazonia Conservation International, 1295 William Street, Baltimore, MD 21230, United States; Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Depto. Ciências Pesqueiras, Manaus, AM 60700, Brazil; National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Department of Animal and Human Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy; Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Goerlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Goerlitz, Germany; National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-0153, Washington, DC 20013, United States; Edificio Girasoles 2, Depto 7, Av. Busch, La Paz, Bolivia; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681, Puerto Rico; Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Padre Burgos Avenue, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines; South African National Biodiversity Institute, KRC, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; P.O. Box 5573, Vientiane, Laos; c/o Birds Australia, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; North Orissa University, Takatpur, Baripada 757003, Dist: Mayurbhanj, Orissa, India; IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group, Box 1212, Hilton 3245, South Africa; Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; NatureBureau, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury RG14 5SJ, United Kingdom; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, United States; Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles, 133 Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 7BX, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, United States; NatureServe, 746 Middlepoint Road, Port Townsend, WA 98368, United States; Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, United States; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Environmental Futures Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD 4222, Australia; Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Glos GL2 7BT, United Kingdom; Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, 248001 Uttarakhand, India; Dpto. U-2, Calle Arica 371, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru; School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Zempukuji 2-6-1, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167-8585, Japan; School of Life Sciences and Technologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 10, Jalan Ganesa, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom; School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; Madagasikara Voakajy, B.P. 5181, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar; Iwate Prefectural University, Sugo 152-52, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0193, Japan; Route de la Baroche 12, 2952 Cornol, Switzerland; Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Science Drive 2, #03-01, 117546, Singapore, Singapore; Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation; Laboratorio de Biogeografía, Escuela de Geografía, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela; IUCN Species Programme, c/o 406 Randolph Hill Road, Randolph, NH 03593, United States; Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong; Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; Conservation Breeding Specialist Group-European Regional Office, p/a Annuntiatenstraat 6, 2170 Merksem, Belgium; Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States; Instituto Nacional de Antropologia Y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, 3 de Febrero 1378, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Department of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom; World Pheasant Association, Newcastle University Biology Field Station, Close House Estate, Heddon on the Wall, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 0HT, United Kingdom; 115 Suez Road, Cambridge CB1 3QD, United Kingdom; Wildlife Trust Alliance, Box 2031, Arusha, Tanzania; Zoo Outreach Organisation, 9A Lal Bahadur Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India; El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, C. Panamericana Periferico s/n Col. Maria Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States; CAT, P.O. Box 332, Cape Neddick, ME 03902, United States; Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Departamento de Zoologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico; Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 3333 North Torrey Pines Court, San Diego, CA 92037, United States; International Sturgeon Research Institute, P.O. Box 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom; Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), c/o P.O. Box 202, Cambria, CA 93428, United States; USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, MRC 111, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, United States; Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich Street, Lunenburg, MA 01462, United States; Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Rapid Assessment Program, Conservation International, P.O. Box 1024, Atherton, QLD 4883, Australia; German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH, Pasaje Bernardo Alcedo No 150, El Olivar, San Isidro, Lima 27, Peru; Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Veintimilla, Quito, Ecuador; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong; Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations, 9888 Caroll Centre Road, San Diego, CA 92126, United States; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Darling Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510, Mexico; Big Island Invasive Species Committee, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, 23 East Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, United States; Sirenian International, 200 Stonewall Drive, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, United States; Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8042, Statesboro, GA 30460, United States; IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group, 330 Shareditch Road, Columbia, SC 29210, United States; Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, Durham, NH 03824, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Laboratório de Zoologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I-Q.S., Taguatinga-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Royal Museum for Central Africa, Ichthyology, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat 16115, Indonesia; Aaranyak and International Rhino Foundation, 50 Samanwoy Path (Survey), Post Office Beltola, Guwahati-781 028, Assam, India; Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd., 4 Woodend, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 9LJ, United Kingdom; 2313 Willard Avenue, Madison, WI 53704, United States; Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Vertebrate Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, South Korea; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, P/Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Departamento de Zoologia, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina; Emilio Goeldi Museum, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Belém, Pará 66017-970, Brazil; Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 6553, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; IUCN SSC, African Elephant Specialist Group, c/o IUCN ESARO, P.O. Box 68200, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Global Environment Facility, 1818 H Street NW, G 6-602, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Department of Zoology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland; North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton-by-Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, United Kingdom; Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela; Provita, Apartado 47552, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; National Wildlife Federation, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, United States; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort, P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates	Hoffmann, M., IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Hilton-Taylor, C., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Angulo, A., IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, 360 A Bloor Street W., Toronto, ON M5S 1X1, Canada, Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland; Böhm, M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Brooks, T.M., NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209, United States, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Butchart, S.H.M., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Carpenter, K.E., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Chanson, J., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; Collen, B., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Cox, N.A., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Darwall, W.R.T., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Dulvy, N.K., IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Harrison, L.R., IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Katariya, V., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Pollock, C.M., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Quader, S., National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India; Richman, N.I., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rodrigues, A.S.L., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France; Tognelli, M.F., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, IADIZA-CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, CC 507, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Vié, J.-C., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland; Aguiar, J.M., Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Allen, D.J., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Allen, G.R., Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Perth, WA 6986, Australia; Amori, G., CNR-Institute for Ecosystem Studies, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy; Ananjeva, N.B., Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab.1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Andreone, F., Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123 Torino, Italy; Andrew, P., Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Zoo, P.O. Box 20, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Ortiz, A.L.A., Martin Barrios 2230 c/ Pizarro, Barrio Republicano, Asunción, Paraguay; Baillie, J.E.M., Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Baldi, R., Unidad de Investigación Ecología Terrestre, Centro Nacional Patagónico-CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina, Patagonian and Andean Steppe Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina; Bell, B.D., Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; Biju, S.D., Systematics Lab., School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; Bird, J.P., Center for Biodiversity and Biosecurity Studies, Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development, Jalan Bumi Nyiur 101, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia; Black-Decima, P., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; Blanc, J.J., P.O. Box 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Bolaños, F., Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; Bolivar-G., W., Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13, No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia; Burfield, I.J., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Burton, J.A., Earthwatch Institute, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DE, United Kingdom, Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, United Kingdom; Capper, D.R., 47B Lewisham Hill, London SE13 7PL, United Kingdom; Castro, F., Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Universidad del Valle, Carrera51, No. 8H-15, Cali, Colombia; Catullo, G., WWF Italy-Species Office, Via Po 25/c, 00198 Rome, Italy; Cavanagh, R.D., British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; Channing, A., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Chao, N.L., Bio-Amazonia Conservation International, 1295 William Street, Baltimore, MD 21230, United States, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Depto. Ciências Pesqueiras, Manaus, AM 60700, Brazil, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Chenery, A.M., United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Chiozza, F., Department of Animal and Human Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy; Clausnitzer, V., Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Goerlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Goerlitz, Germany; Collar, N.J., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Collett, L.C., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Collette, B.B., National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-0153, Washington, DC 20013, United States; Cortez Fernandez, C.F., Edificio Girasoles 2, Depto 7, Av. Busch, La Paz, Bolivia; Craig, M.T., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681, Puerto Rico; Crosby, M.J., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Cumberlidge, N., Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, United States; Cuttelod, A., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Derocher, A.E., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Diesmos, A.C., Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Padre Burgos Avenue, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines; Donaldson, J.S., South African National Biodiversity Institute, KRC, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Duckworth, J.W., P.O. Box 5573, Vientiane, Laos; Dutson, G., c/o Birds Australia, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; Dutta, S.K., North Orissa University, Takatpur, Baripada 757003, Dist: Mayurbhanj, Orissa, India; Emslie, R.H., IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group, Box 1212, Hilton 3245, South Africa; Farjon, A., Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; Fowler, S., NatureBureau, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury RG14 5SJ, United Kingdom; Freyhof, J., Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Garshelis, D.L., Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, United States; Gerlach, J., Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles, 133 Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 7BX, United Kingdom; Gower, D.J., Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Grant, T.D., San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, United States; Hammerson, G.A., NatureServe, 746 Middlepoint Road, Port Townsend, WA 98368, United States; Harris, R.B., Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Heaney, L.R., Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, United States; Hedges, S.B., Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Hero, J.-M., Environmental Futures Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD 4222, Australia; Hughes, B., Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Glos GL2 7BT, United Kingdom; Hussain, S.A., Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, 248001 Uttarakhand, India; Icochea M., J., Dpto. U-2, Calle Arica 371, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru; Inger, R.F., Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, United States; Ishii, N., School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Zempukuji 2-6-1, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167-8585, Japan; Iskandar, D.T., School of Life Sciences and Technologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 10, Jalan Ganesa, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Jenkins, R.K.B., Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom, School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom, Madagasikara Voakajy, B.P. 5181, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar; Kaneko, Y., Iwate Prefectural University, Sugo 152-52, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0193, Japan; Kottelat, M., Route de la Baroche 12, 2952 Cornol, Switzerland, Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Science Drive 2, #03-01, 117546, Singapore, Singapore; Kovacs, K.M., Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; Kuzmin, S.L., Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation; La Marca, E., Laboratorio de Biogeografía, Escuela de Geografía, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela; Lamoreux, J.F., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN Species Programme, c/o 406 Randolph Hill Road, Randolph, NH 03593, United States; Lau, M.W.N., Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong; Lavilla, E.O., Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; Leus, K., Conservation Breeding Specialist Group-European Regional Office, p/a Annuntiatenstraat 6, 2170 Merksem, Belgium; Lewison, R.L., Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States; Lichtenstein, G., Instituto Nacional de Antropologia Y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, 3 de Febrero 1378, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Livingstone, S.R., Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Lukoschek, V., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Mallon, D.P., Department of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom; McGowan, P.J.K., World Pheasant Association, Newcastle University Biology Field Station, Close House Estate, Heddon on the Wall, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 0HT, United Kingdom; McIvor, A., 115 Suez Road, Cambridge CB1 3QD, United Kingdom; Moehlman, P.D., Wildlife Trust Alliance, Box 2031, Arusha, Tanzania; Molur, S., Zoo Outreach Organisation, 9A Lal Bahadur Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India; Alonso, A.M., El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, C. Panamericana Periferico s/n Col. Maria Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Musick, J.A., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States; Nowell, K., CAT, P.O. Box 332, Cape Neddick, ME 03902, United States; Nussbaum, R.A., Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Olech, W., Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; Orlov, N.L., Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab.1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Papenfuss, T.J., Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Parra-Olea, G., Departamento de Zoologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico; Perrin, W.F., Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 3333 North Torrey Pines Court, San Diego, CA 92037, United States; Polidoro, B.A., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Pourkazemi, M., International Sturgeon Research Institute, P.O. Box 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran; Racey, P.A., Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom; Ragle, J.S., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland; Ram, M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rathbun, G., Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), c/o P.O. Box 202, Cambria, CA 93428, United States; Reynolds, R.P., USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, MRC 111, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, United States; Rhodin, A.G.J., Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich Street, Lunenburg, MA 01462, United States; Richards, S.J., Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia, Rapid Assessment Program, Conservation International, P.O. Box 1024, Atherton, QLD 4883, Australia; Rodríguez, L.O., German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH, Pasaje Bernardo Alcedo No 150, El Olivar, San Isidro, Lima 27, Peru; Ron, S.R., Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Veintimilla, Quito, Ecuador; Rondinini, C., Department of Animal and Human Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy; Rylands, A.B., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; De Mitcheson, Y.S., School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations, 9888 Caroll Centre Road, San Diego, CA 92126, United States; Sanciangco, J.C., Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Sanders, K.L., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Darling Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Santos-Barrera, G., Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510, Mexico; Schipper, J., Big Island Invasive Species Committee, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, 23 East Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, United States; Self-Sullivan, C., Sirenian International, 200 Stonewall Drive, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, United States, Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8042, Statesboro, GA 30460, United States; Shi, Y., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Shoemaker, A., IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group, 330 Shareditch Road, Columbia, SC 29210, United States; Short, F.T., Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, Durham, NH 03824, United States; Sillero-Zubiri, C., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Silvano, D.L., Laboratório de Zoologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I-Q.S., Taguatinga-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; Smith, K.G., Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Smith, A.T., School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Snoeks, J., Royal Museum for Central Africa, Ichthyology, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Stattersfield, A.J., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Symes, A.J., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Taber, A.B., Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat 16115, Indonesia; Talukdar, B.K., Aaranyak and International Rhino Foundation, 50 Samanwoy Path (Survey), Post Office Beltola, Guwahati-781 028, Assam, India; Temple, H.J., Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd., 4 Woodend, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 9LJ, United Kingdom; Timmins, R., 2313 Willard Avenue, Madison, WI 53704, United States; Tobias, J.A., Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Tsytsulina, K., Vertebrate Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, South Korea; Tweddle, D., South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, P/Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Ubeda, C., Departamento de Zoologia, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina; Valenti, S.V., NatureBureau, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury RG14 5SJ, United Kingdom; Van Dijk, P.P., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Veiga, L.M., Emilio Goeldi Museum, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Belém, Pará 66017-970, Brazil, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; Veloso, A., Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 6553, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile; Wege, D.C., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Wilkinson, M., Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Williamson, E.A., Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; Xie, F., Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; Young, B.E., NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209, United States; Akçakaya, H.R., Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Bennun, L., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom; Blackburn, T.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Boitani, L., Department of Animal and Human Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy; Dublin, H.T., IUCN SSC, African Elephant Specialist Group, c/o IUCN ESARO, P.O. Box 68200, Nairobi 00200, Kenya, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Global Environment Facility, 1818 H Street NW, G 6-602, Washington, DC 20433, United States, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Gascon, C., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Lacher Jr., T.E., Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Mace, G.M., Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Mainka, S.A., IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland; McNeely, J.A., IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland; Mittermeier, R.A., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland; Reid, G.M., North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton-by-Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, United Kingdom; Rodriguez, J.P., Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela, Provita, Apartado 47552, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela; Rosenberg, A.A., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Samways, M.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Smart, J., IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland; Stein, B.A., National Wildlife Federation, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, United States; Stuart, S.N., IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom, Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort, P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates	Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.	None	assessment method; biodiversity; conservation status; endangered species; extinction; invasive species; Red List; vertebrate; Amphibia; article; biodiversity; bird; conservation biology; deterioration; endangered species; mammal; nonhuman; priority journal; Amphibians; Animals; Biodiversity; Birds; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Endangered Species; Extinction, Biological; Introduced Species; Mammals; Population Dynamics; Vertebrates; Amphibia; Aves; Mammalia; Vertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868703048	The impact of cooperatives on agricultural technology adoption: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia	Abebaw D., Haile M.G.	2013	Food Policy	38	1	10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.10.003	Ethiopian Economics Association, Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, P.O. Box 34282, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex Str. D-53113, Germany	Abebaw, D., Ethiopian Economics Association, Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, P.O. Box 34282, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Haile, M.G., Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex Str. D-53113, Germany	Using cross-sectional data and a propensity score matching technique, this paper investigates the impact of cooperatives on adoption of agricultural technologies. Our analysis indicates that cooperative members are more likely to be male-headed households, have better access to agricultural extension services, possess oxen, participate in off-farm work, and have leadership experience. We also found that geographic location and age of household head are strongly associated with cooperative membership. Our estimation results show that cooperative membership has a strong positive impact on fertilizer adoption. The impact on adoption of pesticides turns out to be statistically significant when only agricultural cooperatives are considered. Further analysis also suggests that cooperative membership has a heterogeneous impact on fertilizer adoption among its members. The results suggest that cooperatives can play an important role in accelerating the adoption of agricultural technologies by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Africa; Agricultural technology adoption; Cooperatives; Ethiopia; Impact evaluation	agricultural extension; agricultural technology; cooperative sector; farmers attitude; fertilizer application; smallholder; technology adoption; Ethiopia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953656769	Impact of climate and predation on autumn migration of the Curlew Sandpiper	Barshep Y., Hedenström A., Underhill L.G.	2011	Waterbirds	34	1	10.1675/063.034.0101	Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Theoretical Ecology, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, PMB 13404, Jos, Nigeria	Barshep, Y., Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, PMB 13404, Jos, Nigeria; Hedenström, A., Theoretical Ecology, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Underhill, L.G., Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Using constant-effort catch data, causes of annual variation in the timing of migration of Curlew Sandpipers (Calidris ferruginea) migrating through Ottenby, Sweden, as well as the trend in timing of migration from 1946-2005, was investigated. Variation in the timing of autumn migration of adult and juvenile Curlew Sandpipers was influenced by breeding success connected to predation pressure on the Arctic breeding grounds. Median migration date of adult birds was significantly later in good breeding years compared with poor breeding years while the migration of juveniles was earlier in good breeding years compared with poor breeding years. Also, adults migrated earlier when the average temperature in June was warmer. Median migration dates of adults have advanced by 23 days from 1946-2005, but the migration dates of juveniles have remained unchanged. Unchanged migration dates of juveniles indicate that earlier departure of the adult Curlew Sandpipers from the breeding grounds was not due to earlier breeding. Evidence suggests that declining breeding productivity as a result of increasing predation on broods of shorebirds might, over the years, be the reason for the observed pattern of early departure of adults from the breeding grounds. One possible consequence of earlier migration is a mismatch between timing of migration and periods of food abundance on migration routes and at the wintering grounds, leading to a decline in adult and juvenile survival and population size.	Arctic; breeding success; Calidris ferruginea; Curlew Sandpiper; June temperature; migration; Ottenby; phenology; predation	adult; annual variation; autumn; breeding site; climate change; climate effect; food availability; juvenile; migration; phenology; population decline; population size; predation; reproductive success; wader; Kalmar [Sweden]; Oland; Ottenby; Sweden; Aves; Calidris ferruginea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949114832	China & India as Africa's new donors: The impact of aid on development	McCormick D.	2008	Review of African Political Economy	35	1	10.1080/03056240802011501	Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	McCormick, D., Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Using a two-analytical framework and drawing on a wide range of secondary data, this article attempts to assess the likely impact of aid from China and India on the development of Africa. The framework treats aid as one of four main channels through which China and India influence the shape and performance of particular sectors and, through them, development outcomes. The first stage of analysis examines the varying patterns of Chinese and Indian aid and the multiple impacts such aid has on one key sector: manufacturing. The main findings from this level of analysis have to do with the differing patterns of Indian and Chinese aid, differences between Chinese and Indian aid, and aid from western countries, and the interconnections between the impact channels. India and China have different patterns of aid. India concentrates on non-monetary aid mainly in the form of technical assistance and scholarships, while China offers a wider range of monetary and non-monetary aid packages, which include grants and loans for infrastructure, plant and equipment, as well as scholarships, training opportunities, and technical assistance. Chinese monetary aid is tied to the use of Chinese goods and services, and requires adherence to the 'One China' policy, but does not carry the 'good governance' conditionalities that currently characterise western donors. The impact channels of trade, FDI, aid, and migration overlap to some degree, especially in the case of China. The line between FDI and aid is often blurred, as is the line between aid and trade. The second stage of the analysis looks at the implications of Chinese and Indian aid to manufacturing for development outcomes such as growth, distribution, governance, and environment. The analysis shows clearly that the potential impact of Chinese and Indian aid on Africa is significant, but that the actual effects of these emerging donors on particular countries depends to a large extent on the institutional and structural conditions of the recipients.	None	aid dependency; aid flow; analytical framework; conditionality; development aid; international aid; manufacturing; aid policy; Africa; Asia; China; Eurasia; Far East; India; South Asia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855226718	Evaluating the performance of shared memory parallel computer system using recursive models	Oguike O.E., Ebem D.U., Agu M.N., Echezona S.C., Longe H.O.D., Abass O.	2010	International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology	11	6	None	Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Oguike, O.E., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ebem, D.U., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Agu, M.N., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Echezona, S.C., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Longe, H.O.D., Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Abass, O., Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Using a queuing approach to describe a shared memory parallel computer system, it can be considered as a parallel computer system with a shared single ready queue. This can depict a single queue parallel server queuing model. Some models that are based on probability density function have been used to model the performance of the queuing system. This paper uses recursive models to evaluate the performance of a single queue parallel server queuing model of compute intensive applications of a parallel computer system. The recursive models that this paper uses are efficient models because each recursive model makes one recursive call.	Compute intensive applicationr; Parallel computer queuing system; Performance metrics; Recursive models	Compute intensive applicationr; Parallel computer; Parallel computer systems; Parallel servers; Performance metrics; Queuing systems; Shared-memory parallels; Computer systems; Parallel processing systems; Probability density function; Queueing networks; Queueing theory	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865957348	FDI flows to sub-saharan Africa: The impact of finance, institutions, and natural resource endowment	Ezeoha A.E., Cattaneo N.	2012	Comparative Economic Studies	54	3	10.1057/ces.2012.18	Department of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State 09234, Nigeria; Department of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, South Africa	Ezeoha, A.E., Department of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State 09234, Nigeria; Cattaneo, N., Department of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, South Africa	Using a panel data from 38 Sub-Sahara African (SSA) countries and a dynamic system GMM model, this study examines the individual and interactive impact of financial development, institutional quality, and natural resource endowment on both the stock and the flow of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) to the region. It finds that inward FDI is more dynamic in non-resource-rich than in resource-rich countries; that in non-resource-rich countries, foreign investors rely more on the efficiency of the governance institutions, but in resource-rich countries, the formal financial system provides alternative platform for managing the stock of existing FDI, as well as for providing financial allocative and intermediation roles; that the impact of natural resource endowment and macroeconomic factors are more robust in the stock than it is in the flow of inward FDI; that the capacity of an SSA country's financial system to attract and support foreign investments is dependent on the quality of her telecommunication infrastructure, the quality of legal and governance structures, and the kind of FDI in question; that the positive impact of infrastructure on FDI depends on the size of a country's market; and that although natural resource endowment appears to be key source of inward FDI to SSA countries, its importance has diminished since the start of 2000. © 2012 ACES. All rights reserved.	Africa; FDI; financial development; institutions; resources	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928826910	Semi-analytic solutions for the triangular points of double white dwarfs in the ER3BP: Impact of the body's oblateness and the orbital eccentricity	Umar A., Singh J.	2015	Advances in Space Research	55	11	10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.042	Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	Umar, A., Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria; Singh, J., Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	Using an analytic/numerical approach, we investigate the effects of oblateness and eccentricity of the primaries on the triangular points of compact double degenerate white dwarf binaries. AM CVs stars in which stable mass transfer occur from a Roche-lobe filling white dwarf to its more massive white dwarf companion and detached double white dwarfs (DWDs) which are candidate progenitors of Type Ia supernovae will be models of this problem. They provide an excellent and powerful tool for probing the physics of white dwarfs. The oblateness of the main bodies and their eccentricity affect the positions of the triangular equilibrium points as is shown for ten DWDs. The triangular points are generally stable for 0 < μ < μ<inf>c</inf><inf>;</inf> where μ is the mass ratio (μ ≤ 1/2). The size of the region of stability increases with decrease in oblateness. Our study shows that due to the nature of the masses of these binaries, the mass ratio does not fall in the range of stability: as a result, they are unstable. © 2015 COSPAR.	Celestial mechanics; Double white dwarfs; ER3BP; Triangular points	Astrophysics; Mass transfer; Supernovae; Analytic solution; Celestial mechanics; Dwarf binaries; Equilibrium point; ER3BP; Orbital eccentricity; Region of stabilities; Triangular points; White dwarfs	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861391148	The use of a Marshallian macroeconomic model for policy evaluation: Case of Aouth Africa	Ngoie J.K., Zellner A.	2012	Macroeconomic Dynamics	16	3	10.1017/S1365100510000519	University of Chicago, United States; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Rd, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Ngoie, J.K., University of Chicago, United States, Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Rd, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Zellner, A., University of Chicago, United States	Using a disaggregated Marshallian macroeconomic model, this paper investigates how the adoption of a set of "free market reforms" may affect the economic growth rate of South Africa. Our findings suggest that the institution of the proposed policy reforms would yield substantial growth in aggregate annual real GDP. The resulting annual GDP growth rate could range from 5.3% to 9.8%, depending on which variant of the reform policies was implemented. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.	Disaggregation; Macroeconomic Policy Analysis; Marshallian Macroeconomic Model; Transfer Functions	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960006982	Risk evaluation for production-injection recompletion and sidetrack	Orodu O., Tang Z.	2011	Energy Exploration and Exploitation	29	3	10.1260/0144-5987.29.3.235	Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Ogun State, Nigeria; Faculty of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China	Orodu, O., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Ogun State, Nigeria; Tang, Z., Faculty of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China	Using a decision tree and stochastic parameters, expected monetary value is calculated to evaluate optimal sidetrack time. In view of placing a high confidence level on analytical approach to optimal sidetrack time for a waterflooded reservoir based on possible uncertainty of economic and reservoir parameters and probability of sidetrack success, a major assumption on a parameter in a previous study is re-evaluated. Material balance and displacement efficiency are used to re-evaluate this critical waterflood performance parameter. The change in the relative influence of the stochastic parameters to optimal sidetrack time due to re-evaluation calls for much attention with probable need to further reduce assumptions made, however insignificant the parameter may be. This change will affect the degree of acceptability of the analytical approach. The probability of success of sidetrack sums up the geological and technical uncertainties, deconvolution of these will give the analytical approach an edge.	Expected Monetary Value; Sidetrack; Uncertainty; Waterflood	Analytical approach; Displacement efficiency; Expected monetary values; High confidence; Material balance; Performance parameters; Probability of success; Re-evaluation; Reservoir parameters; Risk evaluation; Sidetrack; Stochastic parameters; Uncertainty; Water flood; Waterflooded reservoirs; Decision trees; Optimization; Rating; Stochastic systems; Parameter estimation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956534382	Intelligent-well completions in Agbami: Value added and execution performance	Adeyemo A.M., Aigbe C., Chukwumaeze I., Meinert D., Shryock S.	2010	JPT, Journal of Petroleum Technology	62	5	None	SPE, Chevron Nigeria, Nigeria	Adeyemo, A.M., SPE, Chevron Nigeria, Nigeria; Aigbe, C., SPE, Chevron Nigeria, Nigeria; Chukwumaeze, I., SPE, Chevron Nigeria, Nigeria; Meinert, D., SPE, Chevron Nigeria, Nigeria; Shryock, S., SPE, Chevron Nigeria, Nigeria	Use of intelligent-well-completion (IWC) technology has grown, even with perceived risks associated with installation and longevity of the systems. In the Agbami field, offshore Nigeria, for which 80% of the development wells are planned with IWC installations, understanding these risks was key in justifying IWCs. The methodology used to quantify the realizable value from zonal control and data acquisition and a review of the execution performance for the initial IWC wells are presented. © 2003 - 2009 Society of Petroleum Engineers.	None	Development wells; Execution performance; Intelligent well completion; Nigeria; Perceived risk; Value added; Zonal control; Installation; Oil well completion; Wells	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868582364	Concomitant herbal medicine and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) use among HIV patients in Western Uganda: A cross-sectional analysis of magnitude and patterns of use, associated factors and impact on ART adherence	Lubinga S.J., Kintu A., Atuhaire J., Asiimwe S.	2012	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	24	11	10.1080/09540121.2011.648600	Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Clinical Trials Unit, Kabwohe Clinical Research Center (KCRC), Bushenyi, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Lubinga, S.J., Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Kintu, A., Clinical Trials Unit, Kabwohe Clinical Research Center (KCRC), Bushenyi, Uganda; Atuhaire, J., Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Asiimwe, S., Clinical Trials Unit, Kabwohe Clinical Research Center (KCRC), Bushenyi, Uganda, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Use of herbal medicines among patients receiving Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) remains by far an uncharacterised phenomenon in Africa and Uganda specifically. We evaluated the use of herbal medicines among patients on ART at the HIV clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), examined factors associated with their concomitant use and their impact on ART adherence. This was a cross-sectional study among 334 systematically sampled patients receiving ART at the HIV clinic of MRRH from February to April 2010. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, perceptions of quality of care received, self-perceived health status, information on ART received, herbal medicines use and ART adherence. Study outcomes were concomitant herbal medicine and ART use, and ART adherence. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were conducted using Stata10.0. Close to half, 155 (46.4%) reported concomitant herbal medicines and ART use, with 133 (39.8%) using herbal medicines at least once daily. Most (71.6%) used herbal medicines to treat HIV-related symptoms. A majority (92.3%) reported that the doctors were unaware of their use of herbal medicines, 68.5% citing its minimal importance to the attending physician. Most frequently used herbs were Aloe vera (25%) and Vernonia amygdalina (21%). Time since start of ART (OR 1.14 95% CI: 1.01-1.28, for each one year increase), number of ART side effects reported (≥3 vs.≤1, OR 2.20 95% CI 1.13-4.26) and self-perceived health status (Good vs. Poor, OR 0.31 95% CI 0.12-0.79) were independently associated with concomitant herbal medicine and ART use. Concomitant herbal medicine and ART use was not associated with poor ART adherence (OR 0.85 95% CI 0.47-1.53). There is widespread concomitant herbal medicines and ART use among our patients, with no association to poor ART adherence. Patients appear to use these therapies to complement as opposed to substituting ART. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	adherence; Antiretroviral Therapy; herbal medicine; Uganda	adolescent; adult; adverse drug reaction; Aloe vera; antiretroviral therapy; antiviral therapy; article; cross-sectional study; educational status; employment status; female; follow up; Gymnanthemum amygdalinum; health status; herbal medicine; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; major clinical study; male; marriage; patient compliance; priority journal; religion; treatment duration; Uganda; wellbeing; Adolescent; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disclosure; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Medication Adherence; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Compliance; Physician-Patient Relations; Phytotherapy; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; Tertiary Care Centers; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548029706	Evaluation of water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) germplasm for reaction to yam anthracnose and virus diseases and their effect on yield	Egesi C.N., Odu B.O., Ogunyemi S., Asiedu R., Hughes J.	2007	Journal of Phytopathology	155	9	10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01273.x	National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Niger	Egesi, C.N., National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Odu, B.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Ogunyemi, S., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Asiedu, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria; Hughes, J., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), PO Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria	Use of genetic resistance is the most practical and economic way to manage major diseases of yams. In a search for sources of resistance, 40 water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) accessions from Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Puerto Rico were screened under natural disease infection conditions in Ibadan, Nigeria. The accessions were evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months after planting (MAP) for severity of yam anthracnose and viral diseases. The effect of the pathogens on yield was also evaluated at harvest 9 MAP. There were significant differences (P &lt; 0.001) between accessions for severities of anthracnose and viral diseases. Eight (20%) of them had lower anthracnose area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) values than the resistant check while 10 (25%) had AUDPC values below the trial mean. There were significant variations (P &lt; 0.001) in yield components among the accessions. There was significant negative correlation of anthracnose severity with fresh tuber yield (r = -0.51) and with number of tubers per plot (r = -0.40). Similarly, significant negative correlations were observed of virus disease severity with fresh tuber yield (r = -0.78) and number of tubers per plot (r = -0.65). Linear regression models also showed that the fresh yield had significant negative relationships with anthracnose (R 2 = 0.26) and viral (R2 = 0.62) diseases. The accessions identified as resistant constitute a valuable resource for breeding of resistant germplasm.	AUDPC; Germplasm; Resistance; Yam anthracnose disease; Yam viruses; Yield	disease control; disease resistance; disease severity; fungal disease; germplasm; monocotyledon; regression analysis; tuber; yield response; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Dioscorea alata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930526201	The impact of vitamin D on the innate immune response to uropathogenic Escherichia coli during pregnancy	Ramos N.L., Sekikubo M., Kironde F., Mirembe F., Sääf M., Brauner A.	2015	Clinical Microbiology and Infection	21	5	10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.010	Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden	Ramos, N.L., Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Sekikubo, M., Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kironde, F., Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mirembe, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Sääf, M., Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Brauner, A., Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden	Urinary tract infections are highly common during pregnancy, and can cause serious complications for the mother and baby. Vitamin D, predominantly obtained from the sunlight, is known to have an effect on the urothelium, with immunomodulatory capacity against Escherichia coli infection. However, its influence at this site remains to be further explored. This study therefore investigated its impact during pregnancy in a population of women who have the possibility of adequate year-round sun exposure. Serum from pregnant Ugandan women (n=32) in each trimester of pregnancy, from women after delivery (n=29) and from never-pregnant controls (n=25) was collected. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), cathelicidin LL-37, human β-defensin 2, interleukin (IL)-8 and soluble CD14 serum concentrations were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay or ELISA. The ability of serum to inhibit E.coli growth was tested. The immunomodulatory capacities of these serum samples and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<inf>3</inf> were investigated in urothelial cells. Increases in 25-OHD and LL-37 levels were observed as pregnancy progressed, peaking in the third trimester. Serum 25-OHD levels were higher in multigravidae than in primigravidae, and correlated positively with maternal age. IL-8 levels were lower in the third trimester than in the first trimester, increased after delivery, but remained below those of never-pregnant women. Similarly, soluble CD14 concentrations increased after delivery. As gestation advanced, serum had an increased capacity to inhibit E.coli growth. Invitro, it modulated the IL-8 response to infection in a vitamin D concentration-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that increasing vitamin D levels as pregnancy advances modulate the innate immune system towards a protective response to infection. © 2014 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.	25-hydroxyvitamin D; Escherichia coli; Interleukin-8; LL-37; Pregnancy; Urinary tract infection	25 hydroxyvitamin D; beta defensin 2; calcitriol; cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL 37; CD14 antigen; interleukin 8; vitamin D; adult; Article; bacterial growth; bladder epithelium; blood level; chemoluminescence; clinical article; controlled study; delivery; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; first trimester pregnancy; growth inhibition; human; human cell; immunomodulation; in vitro study; innate immunity; maternal age; multigravida; nonhuman; pregnancy; primigravida; priority journal; sun exposure; third trimester pregnancy; Ugandan; uropathogenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879527838	Assessing urban water sustainability in South Africa - Not just performance measurement	Carden K., Armitage N.P.	2013	Water SA	39	3	10.4314/wsa.v39i3.1	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Carden, K., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Armitage, N.P., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Urban water management - and the impacts that rapid population growth, industrialisation and climate change are having on it - is gaining increasing attention worldwide. In South Africa (SA), cities are under pressure to respond to not only the challenges of water availability and quality, but also to economic transformation and social division. New solutions for improving the sustainability of cities need to be found, including the development of tools to guide decision-makers. Several benchmarking initiatives have been implemented in the SA water sector - mostly in terms of performance measurement of specific water services for regulatory purposes - but none provide an integrated analysis to enable a deeper understanding of sustainability. The research described in this paper was thus focused on using a systems approach to create an understanding of, and measure the potential for, sustainability in a South African urban water context. This has been achieved through the development and evaluation of a composite index, the Sustainability Index for Integrated Urban Water Management (SIUWM). The first step involved compiling a vision of sustainability for the SA water sector, and expanding it into a sustainability framework to help identify suitable indicators for the assessment process, as well as those which link with existing measurement initiatives. Key performance indicator results from the Department of Water Affairs' Regulatory Performance Management System (RPMS) and the Blue Drop / Green Drop schemes were used as partial input to the SIUWM, and scores were computed for the nine member cities of the South African Cities Network (SACN). The SIUWM links the results from the regulatory systems with a broader sustainability assessment process to provide a more detailed analysis which can be used to establish goals and inform strategic processes to leverage support for improved water services. In this way, the connections that link the different aspects of urban water management can be used to generate a greater awareness of the underlying issues by key decision makers and thus guide appropriate action.	Performance measurement; Sustainability index; Urban water management	Economic transformation; Integrated urban water management; Key performance indicators; Performance measurements; Rapid population growth; Sustainability assessment; Sustainability index; Urban water management; Benchmarking; Climate change; Drops; Management; Population statistics; Sustainable development; Water management; Water supply; Urban growth; decision making; integrated approach; regulatory framework; urban area; water availability; water management; water planning; water quality; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943228551	The hustle and bustle of city life: Monitoring the effects of urbanisation in the African lesser bushbaby	Scheun J., Bennett N.C., Ganswindt A., Nowack J.	2015	Science of Nature	102	9	10.1007/s00114-015-1305-4	Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; School of Environmental and Rural Science, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia	Scheun, J., Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Bennett, N.C., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ganswindt, A., Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Nowack, J., Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia	Urbanisation has become a severe threat to pristine natural areas, causing habitat loss and affecting indigenous animals. Species occurring within an urban fragmented landscape must cope with changes in vegetation type as well as high degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, both of which are possible key mechanisms contributing to behavioural changes and perceived stressors. We attempted to elucidate the effects of urbanisation on the African lesser bushbaby, Galago moholi, by (1) recording activity budgets and body condition (body mass index, BMI) of individuals of urban and rural populations and (2) further determining adrenocortical activity in both populations as a measure of stress via faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels, following successful validation of an appropriate enzyme immunoassay test system (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge test).We found that both sexes of the urban population had significantly higher BMIs than their rural counterparts, while urban females had significantly higher fGCM concentrations than rural females. While individuals in the urban population fed mainly on provisioned anthropogenic food sources and spent comparatively more time resting and engaging in aggressive interactions, rural individuals fed almost exclusively on tree exudates and spent more time moving between food sources. Although interactions with humans are likely to be lower in nocturnal than in diurnal species, our findings show that the impact of urbanisation on nocturnal species is still considerable, affecting a range of ecological and physiological aspects. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.	Anthropogenic disturbance; Faecal glucocorticoids; Increased weight; Provisioned food	aggregation behavior; behavioral ecology; body condition; body mass; environmental disturbance; environmental monitoring; habitat conservation; habitat fragmentation; habitat loss; hormone; immunoassay; metabolite; nocturnal activity; primate; pristine environment; record; rural population; urban area; urban population; urbanization; Africa; Animalia; Galago moholi	DA1031/3-1/2, DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949514438	The impact of urbanization on pattern of physical development in emerging urban fringes of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Olugbenga T.D., Ifesanya K.	2015	Jurnal Teknologi	77	14	10.11113/jt.v77.64520	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Architectural Technology, School of Enviromental Studies, Federal Polytechnic Ado-EkitiEkiti State, Nigeria	Olugbenga, T.D., Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Ifesanya, K., Department of Architectural Technology, School of Enviromental Studies, Federal Polytechnic Ado-EkitiEkiti State, Nigeria	Urban fringe development has become a global concern in the last decade, especially as cities continue to expand phenomenally, particularly in the Global South. Urban fringe development is a complex process that involves activities such as change in land, ownership patterns, land transfer processes, regulatory measures and enforcement. This paper examines the pattern of urban fringe development in Ado-Ekiti in South-Western part of Nigeria, focusing on the character of the population, housing types and conditions, availability and quality of infrastructure and the effects on quality of life. Primary and secondary data were obtained for the study. The study revealed that most of the fringe areas in Ado Ekiti lack adequate basic socio-economic amenities such as schools, health centres, recreational facilities, etc., as well as infrastructural facilities like adequate road network, electricity and water supply, drainage and sewage disposal, etc. Statistical data analysis also revealed that the income level of the population has significant effect on urban fringe development. Some of the recommendations for improving the situation include enlightenment of the citizenry the introduction of physical planning education to schools, proper planning, monitoring and enforcement of physical development activities in the fringe areas by government. © 2015 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.	Ado-Ekiti; Environment; Urban fringe; Urbanisation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916886012	Nutrient balances and economic performance in urban and peri-urban vegetable production systems of three West African cities	Abdulkadir A., Sangaré S.K., Amadou H., Agbenin J.O.	2015	Experimental Agriculture	51	1	10.1017/S0014479714000180	Department of Soil Science, Fac