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Scopus	2-s2.0-22444447492	Breeding efficiency, lifetime lactation and calving performance of Friesian-Boran crossbred cows at Cheffa farm, Ethiopia	Goshu G.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	7	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Goshu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Records of 602 cows maintained at Cheffa farm from 1976 to 1997 were used to analyze the variables breeding efficiency, herd life, and effective productive herd life, number of parity completed, number of calves produced and lifetime milk yield. The fixed factors considered were four levels of Friesian inheritance, three levels of season of birth or calving, nine levels of parity and 21 levels of year. General Linear Model was used to estimate the effect of independent factors. The overall mean for breeding efficiency was 66.3±0.49 and affected significantly (P<0.001) by all factors. The overall mean for herd life and effective productive herd life were 2858±57.3 and 1301±47.6 days, respectively. Level of Friesian inheritance and year of birth effected significantly (P<0.001) both traits. The overall mean for initiated parity and number of calves produced were 4.23±0.12 and 3.58±0.13, respectively and affected (P<0.001) by level of inheritance and birth year of the cow but not by season of birth. Lifetime milk yield was 12749±483kg and significantly affected (P<0.001) by level of inheritance and year of birth. Season of birth did not affect the trait significantly. The study showed that the F1 and 3/4Friesian inheritance cows had performed better than 15/16 groups. Breeding efficiency and lifetime productivity can be improved by placing efficient reproduction, feeding and health management at the farm.	Breeding efficiency; Cattle; Crossbreeds; Herd life; Season	Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944434103	Reproductive performances of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses in Andassa ranch, Northwestern Ethiopia	Gebeyehu G., Asmare A., Asseged B.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Asmare, A., Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Asseged, B., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A study was conducted in Andassa Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch (ACBIR), northwestern Ethiopia, with the aims of assessing the reproductive performance of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses. The study involved the use of data compiled on record books and individual animal cards, and monitoring. General Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze the data. The overall mean age at first service (AFS), number of services per-conception (NSC) and days open (DO) were 40.6±8 months, 1.62±0.1 and 305±10 days respectively. AFS was significantly affected by breed group; NSC and DO were significantly affected by parity of the cows; whereas season of birth/calving does not seem to have a significant effect on any of the traits measured. Although wide variations were recorded among study subjects, the performance of the breed (and the crosses) was low indicating that poor management prevails in the center. The wide ranges of values recorded, however, create an avenue to improve the performance of the breed or its crosses through rigorous selection procedures.	Crossbred; Fogera; Friesian; Parity; Season	Animalia; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23744470700	Bread making quality evaluation of Ethiopian wheat cultivars using direct and indirect measures of quality traits	Dessalegn T., Labuschagne M.T., Van Deventer C.S.	2005	Cereal Research Communications	33	42403	None	Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Dessalegn, T., Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Labuschagne, M.T., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Van Deventer, C.S., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O.Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The bread making quality of Ethiopian cultivars was studied using 18 quality traits at low and high protein environments. Significant variation was observed between genotypes with a broad range of milling, rheological and baking traits. Three different quality prediction models were constructed explaining 48% to 73% of the variation of mixing time and loaf volume, respectively. SDS-sedimentation alone accounted for 56% of the variation in loaf volume at the high protein environment. The variation of mixing time due to protein content alone was 37% at the low protein environment. SDS-sedimentation and mixograph mixing time were common in the three models. SDS-sedimentation, protein content and mixing time can be used as selection criteria in breeding programs where resources are limited. Hectoliter weight and grain weight also contributed to the variation of loaf volume and mixing time.	Loaf volume; Quality; Wheat	Triticum aestivum; Triticum aethiopicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19144362045	The impact of adult mortality on the living arrangements of older people in rural South Africa	Hosegood V., Timæus I.M.	2005	Ageing and Society	25	3	10.1017/S0144686X0500365X	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Hosegood, V., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Timæus, I.M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	This paper examines changes in households with older people in a northern rural area of KwaZulu Natal province, South Africa, between January 2000 and January 2002. The focus is the impact of adult deaths, especially those from AIDS, on the living arrangements of older people. The longitudinal data are from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System. In 2000, 3,657 older people (women aged 60 years or older, men 65 years or older) were resident in the area, and 3,124 households had at least one older member. The majority (87%) of older people lived in three-generation households. Households with older people were significantly poorer, more likely to be headed by a woman, and in homesteads with poorer quality infrastructure than households without older members. By January 2002, 316 (8%) of the older people in the sample had died. Of all the households with an older person, 12 per cent experienced at least one adult death from AIDS. The paper shows that older people, particularly those living alone or with children in the absence of other adults, were living in the poorest households. They were also coping with an increasing burden of young adult deaths, the majority of which were attributable to AIDS. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	Adult children; AIDS; Children; HIV; Household composition; Mortality; Older people; South Africa	elderly population; household structure; mortality; rural area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60949700706	The impact of translation activities on the development of African languages in a multilingual society: Duramazwi reMimhanzi as a case-study	Mheta G.	2005	Lexikos	15	None	None	African Languages Research Institute, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mheta, G., African Languages Research Institute, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	The article examines the impact of translation activities on the development of African languages in the multilingual Zimbabwean society. It analyses Shona musical terms created through translation processes and strategies such as borrowing, coining, compounding and derivation. Focus is on the way this ongoing term-creation is contributing to improving or hindering the development of Shona. The importance of such processes and strategies are discussed in the broader context of empowering African languages. The article also offers recommendations on how best to produce systematized terminology in music and other specialized fields.	Borrowing; Coining; Compounding; Derivation; Development of African languages; Multilingual societies; Terminography; Terminology; Translation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745454177	The impact of cultural practices on the spread of HIV/AIDS: An anthropological study of selected countries in sub-Sarahan Africa	Nkwi P.N.	2005	Discovery and Innovation	17	SPEC. ISS.	None	African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Nkwi, P.N., African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Africa is a continent plagued by population problems. These problems have no common solution because they occur in such culturally diverse populations. What works under some cultural conditions simply may not work under others. Deeply entrenched cultural practices have serious implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS, as well as other communicable diseases. In Africa, HIV is spread largely through high-risk, heterosexual behaviours. People know the consequences of these behaviours, but changing them requires knowing their causes, both cultural and material. Community-based research by African Population Advisory Council (APAC) finds that cultural practices such as widow inheritance (the levirate), early marriage, polygamy, bodily scarifications, funeral sexual rites, concubinage, sexual initiation of girls, forced remarriage of widows, and various forms of genital cutting have enhanced, and continue to enhance, the spread of HIV/AIDS. Dealing with these practices must be part of an integrated policy on confronting the HIV/AIDS pandemic.	None	Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-8744262025	Impact assessment of a community-based animal health project in Dollo Ado and Dollo Bay districts, southern Ethiopia	Admassu B., Nega S., Haile T., Abera B., Hussein A., Catley A.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	1	10.1023/B:TROP.0000047932.70025.44	African Union/Interafrican Bur. A., PO Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya; Veterinary Services Team, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Natl. Animal Health Research Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Action Contre la Faim, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia, Ethiopia	Admassu, B., African Union/Interafrican Bur. A., PO Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya; Nega, S., Veterinary Services Team, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Haile, T., Natl. Animal Health Research Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Abera, B., Action Contre la Faim, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Hussein, A., Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Catley, A., African Union/Interafrican Bur. A., PO Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya	Participatory methods were used to assess the impact of a community-based animal health worker (CAHW) project in two remote pastoralist districts of Ethiopia. The CAHW project had been operating for 3 years at the time of the assessment. Participatory methods were standardized and repeated with 10 groups of informants in the project area. The assessment showed significant reductions in disease impact for diseases handled by CAHWs compared with diseases not handled by CAHWs. In camels, there was significant reduction (p<0.001) in the impact of mange, trypanosomosis, helminthosis, anthrax and non-specific respiratory disease. In cattle there was a signficant reduction (p<0.001) in the impact of blackleg, anthrax and helminthosis. In sheep and goats there was a sign reduction (p<0.001) in the impact of mange, helminthosis, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, orf and non-specific diarrhoea. In order of importance, these reductions in disease impact were attributed to (1) increased use of modern veterinary services provided by CAHWs, (2) vaccination campaigns involving CAHWs, (3) good rainfall and availability of grazing and (4) decreased herd mobility. Decreased herd mobility was also associated with negative impact of tick infestation. Community-based animal health workers were considered to be highly accessible, available, affordable and trustworthy relative to other service providers. They were also perceived to be suppliers of a good quality service. Specific types of positive impact attributed to CAHW activities were increases in milk, meat, income and draught power.	community-based animal health worker; Ethiopia; impact assessment; participatory methods	rain; animal; animal disease; animal husbandry; animal welfare; article; community care; developing country; domestic animal; Ethiopia; health care quality; human; methodology; organization and management; paramedical personnel; standard; vaccination; veterinary medicine; Animal Husbandry; Animal Technicians; Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Community Networks; Developing Countries; Ethiopia; Humans; Quality of Health Care; Rain; Vaccination; Veterinary Medicine; Acari; Animalia; Anthrax; Bos taurus; Camelidae; Capra; Capra hircus; Mycoplasma; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23344435343	Performance of the CardioChek™ PA and Cholestech LDX® point-of-care analysers compared to clinical diagnostic laboratory methods for the measurement of lipids	Panz V.R., Raal F.J., Paiker J., Immelman R., Miles H.	2005	Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa	16	2	None	Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Panz, V.R., Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Raal, F.J., Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paiker, J., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Immelman, R., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Miles, H., National Health Laboratory Services, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Point-of-care (POC) blood testing is intended to provide results more rapidly than can be obtained from a central laboratory. Precision and accuracy of the CardioChek PA and Cholestech LDX analysers were compared to clinical diagnostic laboratory methods. In 100 patients, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured by both analysers and compared to those analysed by the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratory. Data were evaluated for conformance with National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Results were grouped into low, middle and high ranges and were similar to those obtained by the NHLS, except in the high range where TC and LDL-C levels were under-read by both analysers. All analytes measured by both analysers correlated significantly with NHLS (p < 0.0001). With the exception of LDL-C, both analysers showed reasonable compliance with NCEP goals for coefficients of variation and bias measurements. Both analysers met NCEP guidelines for all analytes at two clinical cut-off points. We concluded that, compared to NHLS methods, performance of the CardioChek PA and Cholestech LDX analysers is acceptable and that they offer healthcare professionals a rapid, POC method for the measurement of lipids.	None	high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; biological marker; lipid; analytic method; article; blood testis barrier; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; hospital information system; human; laboratory test; lipid analysis; major clinical study; triacylglycerol blood level; blood; blood examination; comparative study; diagnosis, measurement and analysis; evaluation; hyperlipoproteinemia type 2; methodology; sensitivity and specificity; Biological Markers; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Laboratory Techniques and Procedures; Lipids; Point-of-Care Systems; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444448818	Impact and mechanisms of action of neurotensin on cardiac contractility in the rat left ventricle	Osadchii O., Norton G., Deftereos D., Badenhorst D., Woodiwiss A.	2005	European Journal of Pharmacology	520	42372	10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.014	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Osadchii, O., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Deftereos, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Badenhorst, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Using immunoassay measurements, neurotensin was identified in rat ventricular tissue and in coronary effluent samples. Exogenous neurotensin evoked contractile responses in isolated ventricular preparations, which were equivalent in magnitude to those of norepinephrine and histamine, but greater than those for serotonin and angiotensin II. EC50 values revealed neurotensin to be as potent as serotonin, but more potent than norepinephrine, histamine and angiotensin II. Structure-activity studies indicated that the contractile effects are attributed to the C-terminal portion of neurotensin. Neurotensin-induced responses were decreased by SR 48692, a specific neurotensin receptor antagonist. Neurotensin elicited an increase in coronary effluent norepinephrine concentrations, and a strong relationship between the magnitude of neurotensin-induced contractile effects and increments in myocardial norepinephrine release were noted. Neurotensin-induced contractile responses were abolished by β-adrenoceptor antagonists, but not by histamine, serotonin or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. In conclusion, neurotensin increases ventricular contractility through stimulation of myocardial norepinephrine release. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Inotropic effect; Neurotensin; Ventricular contractility	2 [[1 (7 chloro 4 quinolinyl) 5 (2,6 dimethoxyphenyl) 3 pyrazolyl]carbonylamino] 2 adamantanecarboxylic acid; angiotensin; angiotensin II antagonist; antihistaminic agent; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; histamine; inotropic agent; neurotensin; neurotensin receptor antagonist; noradrenalin; serotonin; serotonin antagonist; animal tissue; article; beta adrenergic receptor blocking; carboxy terminal sequence; comparative study; concentration response; controlled study; drug activity; drug effect; drug inhibition; drug mechanism; drug potency; evoked muscle response; heart left ventricle contractility; heart muscle contractility; heart stimulation; immunoassay; inotropism; isolated heart; male; nonhuman; noradrenalin release; pathophysiology; priority journal; rat; structure activity relation; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Coronary Circulation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Fluid; Heart Ventricles; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Neurotensin; Norepinephrine; Perfusion; Pyrazoles; Quinolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844443523	The impact of reduced drug prices on the cost-effectiveness of HAART in South Africa	Nattrass N., Geffen N.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	1	None	AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Nattrass, N., AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Geffen, N., Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	South Africa has started 'rolling out' highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) through the public health sector, but implementation has been slow. Studies have shown that in Africa AIDS prevention may be more cost-effective than providing HAART; such published results provide some support for the South African government's apparent reluctance to implement a large-scale rapid HAART roll-out. However, previous studies have not linked treatment and prevention plans, and do not, for the most part, consider the potential savings to the public health sector (e.g., fewer hospital admissions) that may arise from the introduction of HAART. The South African costing exercise summarised here avoids both these limitations. It provides an update of earlier work and takes into account the recent decline in antiretroviral drug prices. It shows that once HIV-related hospital costs are included in the calculation, the cost per HIV infection averted is lower in a treatment-plus-prevention intervention scenario than it is in a prevention-only scenario. This suggests that it is economically advantageous to fund a large-scale comprehensive intervention plan and that the constraints for doing so are political. Once human-rights considerations are included, the case for providing HAART is even more compelling. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS; Prevention; Public health; Treatment	antiretrovirus agent; article; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; cost of illness; drug cost; drug utilization; government; health care planning; health program; health promotion; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hospital cost; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; nonhuman; patient counseling; preventive health service; public health service; South Africa; vertical transmission; virus transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21444456142	Cross-national performance of the RAPS4/RAPS4-QF for tolerance and heavy drinking: Data from 13 countries	Cherpitel C.J., Ye Y., Bond J., Borges G., Cremonte M., Marais S., Poznyak V., Sovinova H., Moskalewicz J., Swiatkiewicz G.	2005	Journal of Studies on Alcohol	66	3	None	Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; National Institute of Psychiatry, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland	Cherpitel, C.J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Ye, Y., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Bond, J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States; Borges, G., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National Institute of Psychiatry, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Cremonte, M., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Marais, S., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Poznyak, V., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Sovinova, H., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Moskalewicz, J., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Swiatkiewicz, G., Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709, United States, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland	Objective: There are little data available on the performance of brief screening instruments for alcohol-use disorders cross-nationally; therefore, we analyzed the performance of one such instrument in a number of countries. Method: Performance of the RAPS4 for tolerance and the RAPS4-QF for heavy drinking are analyzed from emergency room data across 13 countries included in the combined Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP) and the World Health Organization Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injuries, Results: The RAPS4 showed good sensitivity and specificity for tolerance across most of the countries, but was higher in countries that were higher on societal-level detrimental drinking patterns. Prevalence of tolerance was also higher in those countries with high detrimental drinking pattern scores. Sensitivity of the RAPS4-QF for heavy drinking was uniformly high across countries, while maintaining good specificity, and did not vary by detrimental drinking patterns. Conclusions: Findings suggest the RAPS4 and RAPS4-QF may hold promise cross-nationally. Future research should more fully address the performance of brief screening instruments for alcohol-use disorders (using standard diagnostic criteria) cross-nationally, with consideration of the impact of societal drinking patterns.	None	alcohol; adult; alcohol consumption; alcoholism; article; diagnostic accuracy; drinking behavior; emergency ward; human; screening test; Alcoholism; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; International Cooperation; Mass Screening; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20144361977	Valuing the impacts of climate change on protected areas in Africa	Velarde S.J., Malhi Y., Moran D., Wright J., Hussain S.	2005	Ecological Economics	53	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.07.024	Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom	Velarde, S.J., Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Malhi, Y., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Moran, D., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Wright, J., Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Hussain, S., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom	This study quantifies the economic costs of climate change impacts on protected areas in Africa. Downscaled results from four Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are used to classify different ecosystems in accordance with the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) system. A benefits transfer approach is then used to place an economic value on the predicted ecosystem shifts resulting from climate change in protected areas. The results provide approximations for the impacts on biodiversity in Africa under the "business-as-usual" scenario established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the middle and end of the 21st century. The geographical analysis shows that there are twenty HLZs in Africa and all of them are represented in the protected area network. Three of these HLZs do not change in extent as a result of climate change. Assuming initially that the willingness to pay (WTP) values and the preferences for different ecosystem services remain constant, three of the GCM models show an (undiscounted) negative economic impact of climate change for protected areas in Africa for the year 2100. The worst-case damage scenario totals USD 74.5 million by 2100. However, the model for the year 2065 shows a higher undiscounted value than the present. The finding of positive net impacts from warming is consistent with the predictions of other macro models that show potential gains from warming scenarios. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	African protected areas; Benefits transfer; Climate change; Ecosystem shifts; Holdridge life zones	climate change; economic impact; environmental impact; protected area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544475944	Effect of constant photoperiods on the laying performance of broiler breeders allowed conventional or accelerated growth	Lewis P.D., Backhouse D., Gous R.M.	2005	Journal of Agricultural Science	143	1	10.1017/S0021859605005010	Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom	Lewis, P.D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa, Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom; Backhouse, D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	An experiment was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal to assess the effect of constant photoperiods on sexual maturity and egg-laying performance in broiler breeders given two levels of control-feeding during the rearing phase. Cobb broiler breeder females were grown to reach 2.1 kg body weight at 17 or 21 weeks, and maintained on 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 16-h photoperiods from 2 days to 68 weeks of age. There were no significant interactions between photoperiod and growth rate for any production parameter. The time required reaching 2.1 kg increased proportionally with photoperiod but, because of delayed sexual development, birds on longer photoperiods consumed more feed to, and were heavier at, sexual maturity than shorter daylengths. The longer-photoperiod birds also had inferior rates of lay in the first half of the cycle, but superior in the second, which, together with the photoperiodic effects on maturity, resulted in birds on 11, 13 or 14 h producing most eggs to 68 weeks, and those on 16 h fewest. It is possible that the pattern of egg production was due to some of the birds on ≥ 13-h photoperiods becoming photorefractory, having a mid-cycle pause, and then spontaneously resuming egg production in the latter half of the cycle. However, a hinge-analysis of current and other data to the more usual depletion age of 60 weeks showed that the combined effects of photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production resulted in constant 10-h birds producing the highest number of eggs, with numbers decreasing by 3.6 eggs/h of photoperiod above the hinge and 7.8 eggs/h of photoperiod below it. Mean egg weight increased by 0.4 g/h of photoperiod, but the proportion of abnormally large and floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were unaffected by daylength. For each photoperiod, accelerated growth resulted in body weights being heavier than controls at sexual maturity, despite the mean age at maturity being 10 days earlier for the faster-growing birds. Body weights for the two growth groups were not significantly different at 68 weeks. Faster-growth birds consumed 1 kg less feed to 2.1 kg body weight, but 1.3 kg more feed to sexual maturity and 2.7 kg more to 68 weeks, and produced 6 more eggs than, but had similar patterns of egg production to, the conventionally managed controls. Mean egg weight, the proportion of floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were similar for both groups. Notwithstanding that the overall production of abnormally large eggs was low (1.1 eggs per bird); the faster-growing birds produced significantly more than the controls. Egg weight was positively influenced by age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity and photoperiod, but was unaffected by rate of growth to 2.1 kg per se. These findings show that there are differences between broiler breeders and egg-type pullets in their response to constant photoperiods. It is likely that the factors responsible for these differences, particularly in terms of sexual development, are the exhibition of photorefractoriness by, and the retardational effects of controlled feeding on, broiler breeders. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	photoperiod; poultry; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944389566	Rapid measurement and evaluation of the effect of drying conditions on harpagoside content in Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) root	Joubert E., Manley M., Gray B.R., Schulz H.	2005	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	53	9	10.1021/jf047930c	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Institute for Plant Analysis, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Neuer Weg 22-23, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	Joubert, E., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Manley, M., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Gray, B.R., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa; Schulz, H., Institute for Plant Analysis, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Neuer Weg 22-23, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	The effect of drying conditions on harpagoside (HS) retention, as well as the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapid quantification of the iridoids, HS, and 8-ρ-coumaroyl harpagide (8ρCHG) and moisture, in dried Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) root was investigated. HS retention was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in sun-dried samples as compared to tunnel-dried (60 °C, 30% relative humidity) and freeze-dried samples. The best retention of HS was obtained at 50 °C when evaluating tunnel drying at dry bulb temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C and 30% relative humidity. NIRS can effectively predict moisture content with a standard error of prediction (SEP) and correlation coefficient (r) of 0.24% and 0.99, respectively. The HS and 8ρCHG NIRS calibration models established for both iridoid glucosides can be used for screening purposes to get a semiquantitative classification of devil's claw roots (for HS: SEP = 0.236%, r = 0.64; for 8ρCHG: SEP = 0.048%, r = 0.73). © 2005 American Chemical Society.	8-ρ-coumaroyl harpagide; Controlled drying; Devil's claw; Harpagophytum procumbens; Harpagoside; HPLC; Moisture content; NIRS	glycoside; harpagoside; pyran derivative; article; chemistry; comparative study; desiccation; freeze drying; Harpagophytum; methodology; pharmaceutics; plant root; sunlight; temperature; Desiccation; Freeze Drying; Glycosides; Harpagophytum; Plant Roots; Pyrans; Sunlight; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Temperature; Harpagophytum; Harpagophytum procumbens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349648781	The influence of second language teaching on undergraduate mathematics performance	Gerber A., Harding A.F., Engelbrecht J., Rogan J.	2005	Mathematics Education Research Journal	17	3	10.1007/BF03217419	Arcus GIBB, PO Box 35007, Menlo Park, 0102, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Science Education Research Group, University of KwaZuluNatal, Pietermartizburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3202, South Africa	Gerber, A., Arcus GIBB, PO Box 35007, Menlo Park, 0102, Pretoria, South Africa; Harding, A.F., Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Engelbrecht, J., Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Rogan, J., Science Education Research Group, University of KwaZuluNatal, Pietermartizburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3202, South Africa	Understanding abstract concepts and ideas in mathematics, if instruction takes place in the first language of the student, is difficult. Yet worldwide students often have to master mathematics via a second or third language. The majority of students in South Africa - a country with eleven official languages - has to face this difficulty. In a quantitative study of first year calculus students, we investigated two groups of students. For one group tuition took place in their home language; for the second group, tuition was in English, a second or even a third language. Performance data on their secondary mathematics and first year tertiary calculus were analysed. The study showed that there was no significant difference between the adjusted means of the entire group of first language learners and the entire group of second language learners. Neither was there any statistically significant difference between the performances of the two groups of second language learners (based on the adjusted means). Yet, there did seem to be a significant difference between the achievement of Afrikaans students attending Afrikaans lectures and Afrikaans students attending English lectures.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244493000	Tidal impact on breeding African Black Oystercatchers on Robben Island, Western Cape, South Africa	Calf K.M., Underhill L.G.	2005	Ostrich	76	42433	None	Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; School of Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Clarendon Way, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom	Calf, K.M., Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Clarendon Way, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Underhill, L.G., Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	Haematopus bachmani	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944469924	An evaluation of library automation in some Ghanaian university libraries	Amekuedee J.-O.	2005	Electronic Library	23	4	10.1108/02640470510611508	Balme Library, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway	Amekuedee, J.-O., Balme Library, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway	Purpose - The study was undertaken to find out which library processes have been automated in Ghana's three older public university libraries namely, the Balme Library, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Library and the University of Cape Coast (UCC) Library. Design/methodology/approach - Using data obtained through the use of questionnaires, the study examined areas of general automation, automation of specific library processes, networking, internet connectivity, training, and major constraints to library automation. Findings - The study found out that even though the university libraries realize the importance of library automation, they are hampered by lack of funds, lack of support from the university administrations, and lack of skilled staff to embark on automation of all library processes. It was also revealed that none of the libraries have on OPAC (online public access catalogue). Originality/value - The study concludes with recommendations that would enhance the university libraries drive towards automation of their library processes and ensure effective and efficient use of the new technology to raise the image of the libraries and give their library clients more services. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Automation; Ghana; Internet; Libraries; Universities	Developing countries; Information technology; Internet; Office automation; Online searching; Statistical methods; Ghana; Online public access catalogue; University libraries; Digital libraries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844564684	Evaluation of the efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution against cestone (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis, and Echinicoccus multilocularis) infections in cats	Charles S.D., Altreuther G., Reinemeyer C.R., Buch J., Settje T., Cruthers L., Kok D.J., Bowman D.D., Kazacos K.R., Jenkins D.J., Schein E.	2005	Parasitology Research	97	SUPPL. 1	10.1007/s00436-005-1442-3	Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, R and D Parasiticides, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; East Tennessee Clinical Research, Knoxville, TN, United States; Professional Laboratory Research Services, NC, United States; ClinVet International, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; School of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and International Animal Health, Berlin, Germany	Charles, S.D., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Altreuther, G., Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health Division, R and D Parasiticides, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; Reinemeyer, C.R., East Tennessee Clinical Research, Knoxville, TN, United States; Buch, J., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Settje, T., Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, KS, United States; Cruthers, L., Professional Laboratory Research Services, NC, United States; Kok, D.J., ClinVet International, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Bowman, D.D., Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; Kazacos, K.R., Cheri Hill Kennel R and D, MI, United States; Jenkins, D.J., School of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; Schein, E., Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and International Animal Health, Berlin, Germany	Emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was developed to provide broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal parasites in cats. Eight controlled studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a topical solution of emodepside (3 mg/kg) and praziquantel (12 mg/kg) (Profender®, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) against feline infections with three species of cestodes. Studies featured naturally acquired infections of Dipylidium caninum or Taenia taeniaeformis, or experimental infections with Echinococcus multilocularis that were placebo-controlled, randomized and blinded. Cats were euthanatized and necropsied between 2 and 11 days after treatment, depending on the target parasite. The efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was 100% against D. caninum and T. taeniaeformis, and 98.5- 100% against E. multilocularis. No significant systemic or local adverse reactions to treatment were noted in cats that received the combination. Topical treatment of cats with emodepside+praziquantel topical solution was safe and highly effective against cestode infections.	None	anthelmintic agent; emodepside; placebo; praziquantel; profender; unclassified drug; anthelmintic activity; article; autopsy; cat; cestodiasis; controlled study; drug efficacy; Echinococcus multilocularis; euthanasia; intestine parasite; nonhuman; priority journal; safety; Taenia taeniaeformis; Administration, Topical; Animals; Anthelmintics; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cestoda; Cestode Infections; Depsipeptides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Praziquantel; Cestoda; Dipylidium caninum; Echinococcus multilocularis; Felidae; Taenia taeniaeformis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644398419	Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisae fermented cassava flour	Oboh G., Akindahunsi A.A.	2005	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	18	7	10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.013	Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Oboh, G., Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria; Akindahunsi, A.A., Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Pure strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae was used to ferment cassava pulp for 72 h with the aim of increasing the protein content of the cassava product. The mash obtained was processed to cassava flour, one of the forms in which cassava product is commonly consumed in Nigeria. The nutritional and toxicological potentials of the fungus fermented cassava flour were evaluated using rat bioassay. S. cerevisae fermented cassava flour (40%) fed to albino rat for 21 days had high feed conversion and digestibility (apparent and dry matter). Moreover, this level of cassava incorporation had no negative haematological (packed cell volume, red blood cell counts and white blood cell counts) effect. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) rise in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activities indicating a possible damage to the liver (hepatotoxic) and/or heart (cardiotoxic), while there was no significant (P > 0.05) rise in the serum albumin and bilirubin. Further pathological investigation revealed that the spleen showed some dark red colouration while the liver had some necrotic lesion. The possible cause of this damage is the theme of further investigation in our laboratory. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Cassava flour; Fermentation; Nutrition; S. cerevisae; Toxicology	alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; protein; serum albumin; alanine aminotransferase blood level; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; cardiotoxicity; cassava; controlled study; digestion; fermentation; flour; food analysis; food poisoning; food processing; food quality; liver necrosis; liver toxicity; Nigeria; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein content; rat; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; spleen; Fungi; Manihot esculenta; Saccharomyces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24344464067	Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change	Araújo M.B., Pearson R.G., Thuiller W., Erhard M.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	9	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01000.x	Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom; Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain	Araújo, M.B., Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom, Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Pearson, R.G., Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TD, United Kingdom, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Thuiller, W., Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x7, Claremont 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Erhard, M., Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Increasing concern over the implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to the use of species-climate envelope models to project species extinction risk under climate-change scenarios. However, recent studies have demonstrated significant variability in model predictions and there remains a pressing need to validate models and to reduce uncertainties. Model validation is problematic as predictions are made for events that have not yet occurred. Resubstituition and data partitioning of present-day data sets are, therefore, commonly used to test the predictive performance of models. However, these approaches suffer from the problems of spatial and temporal autocorrelation in the calibration and validation sets. Using observed distribution shifts among 116 British breeding-bird species over the past ∼20 years, we are able to provide a first independent validation of four envelope modelling techniques under climate change. Results showed good to fair predictive performance on independent validation, although rules used to assess model performance are difficult to interpret in a decision-planning context. We also showed that measures of performance on nonindependent data provided optimistic estimates of models' predictive ability on independent data. Artificial neural networks and generalized additive models provided generally more accurate predictions of species range shifts than generalized linear models or classification tree analysis. Data for independent model validation and replication of this study are rare and we argue that perfect validation may not in fact be conceptually possible. We also note that usefulness of models is contingent on both the questions being asked and the techniques used. Implementations of species-climate envelope models for testing hypotheses and predicting future events may prove wrong, while being potentially useful if put into appropriate context. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Bioclimatic-envelope models; Breeding birds; Britain; Climate change; Model accuracy; Uncertainty; Validation	biodiversity; bird; breeding population; climate change; extinction risk; Eurasia; Europe; United Kingdom; Western Europe; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22744456563	Tryptic digests of sorghum malt sprouts: Evaluation of their stimulatory roles during very-high-gravity ethanol fermentation	Ezeogu L.I., Okolo B.N., Ogbonna J.C.	2005	Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists	63	3	10.1094/ASBCJ-63-0121	Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Ezeogu, L.I., Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Okolo, B.N., Brewing Science Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ogbonna, J.C., Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan	Tryptic digests of sprouts from two Nigerian sorghum cultivars were evaluated for their effects on very-high-gravity-fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae WY1006. Yeast growth, fermentation vigor, and ethanol production were considerably (P &lt; 0.05) enhanced by small amounts (1.25 to 6.25 g/L) of digests. CO2 emission rates after 24 hr were 48.3 to 69.2 mg/hr (Local White [TDSS-LW] digest) and 67.1 to 89.2 mg/hr (Local Red [TDSS-LR] digest) compared with 41.3 mg/hr in the unsupplemented control. Yeast growth increased 1.6- to 2.0- and 1.7- to 2.2-fold, respectively with TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR. At 83.7 to 105.0 and 102.0 to 128.8 g/L, respectively, TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR supported significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher ethanol production than did the control (64.0 g/L). Final ethanol values with TDSS-LR were always (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those with TDSS-LW, but very comparable with values from yeast extract-supplemented media (105.9 to 137.5 g/L). Sprout digest concentrations supporting maximum ethanol production were 5.0 and 3.75 g/L, respectively for TDSS-LW and TDSS-LR. At 3.75 g/L or below, more ethanol was produced by yeast in media with TDSS-LR than was observed in corresponding yeast extract-containing media. Results suggest that tryptic digests of sorghum sprouts can serve as viable alternatives to expensive yeast extract in ethanologenic fermentation. © 2005 American Society of Brewing Chemists, Inc.	Ethanol production; Fermentation vigor; Supplementation; Yeast growth	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944479221	The impact of the use of energy sources on the quality of life of poor communities	Martins J.	2005	Social Indicators Research	72	3	10.1007/s11205-004-5583-z	Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Martins, J., Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Over the last few decades, the energy literature has been dominated by a theory of transition. The theory of transition is based on the notion that households gradually ascend an 'energy ladder', which begins with traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal), moves through modern commercial fuels (kerosene and liquid petroleum gas (LPG)) and culminates with the advent of electricity. The ascent of the 'energy body', though not fully understood, is thought to be associated with rising income and increasing levels of urbanisation. Empirical evidence on energy and poverty issues has been to suggest that reality is rather more complex than the simple transitional theory would appear to suggest. To choose an appropriate set of indicators to measure the impact of electrification, this paper takes three basic different perspectives on human welfare, namely, basic needs, monetary, and non-monetary into consideration. According to the basic needs approach, welfare relates to people's ability to satisfy their basic material needs. In the monetary approach it is a generally accepted view that the purchasing power of the household provides the best overall indicator of welfare. According to the non-monetary approach there has been a trend towards complementing economic measures of deprivation with non-monetary measures to obtain a multidimensional view of human well being, particularly by tracking health and education indicators. In the rest of the paper the two primary research projects conducted in two provinces in South Africa, namely KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, will be discussed. The one research project is still in process. However, the methodology will be discussed. In this project a comparison will be made of households' experiences in villages with and without electricity to see if and to what extent electrification contributed to the welfare of the communities. In the second project households were interviewed about their experiences in the use of paraffin as source of energy. © Springer 2005.	Accidents; Electricity; Energy sources; Firewood; Needs; Paraffin; Poor; Welfare	electrification; energy resource; energy use; low income population; quality of life; welfare impact; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; Limpopo; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844272012	Practical process for the air oxidation of cresols: Part B. evaluation of the laboratory-scale oxidation process	Barton B., Logie C.G., Schoonees B.M., Zeelie B.	2005	Organic Process Research and Development	9	1	10.1021/op049844j	Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Barton, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Logie, C.G., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Schoonees, B.M., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Zeelie, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Mechanistic proposals and predictions made in a preceding paper (Part A) were evaluated by carrying out the catalytic air oxidation of p-cresol in an alternative solvent system, comprising either a mixture of ethylene glycol and acetic acid (for oxidations under acidic conditions) or ethylene glycol and water (for oxidations under basic conditions). The results obtained in these experiments confirmed that ethylene glycol acts as a nucleophile in these solvent systems, thereby stabilizing the quinomethide intermediate and resulting in highly efficient oxidations in both alkaline and acidic media. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, the desired product, was thus obtained in isolated yields of up to 98% and purities >99%. The inherent draw-backs associated with alkaline methanol and aqueous acetic acid solutions were thus circumvented, and the result is a highly efficient process for the production of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.	None	acetic acid; cresol; ethylene glycol; quinone derivative; water; acidity; alkalinity; article; catalysis; chemical reaction; molecular mechanics; molecular stability; oxidation kinetics; prediction; reaction analysis; scale up	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944490137	Through the magnifying glass: A descriptive theoretical analysis of the possible impact of the South African higher education policies on academic staff and their job satisfaction	Mapesela M., Hay H.R.	2005	Higher Education	50	1	10.1007/s10734-004-6358-9	Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Mapesela, M., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Hay, H.R., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	This article provides a descriptive theoretical analysis of the most important higher education policies and initiatives which were developed by the democratically elected government of South Africa after 1994 to transform the South African higher education system. The article sheds light on the rationale for the policies under scrutiny; how they take cognisance of academics' diverse needs; as well as how their implementation is bound to affect academics and possibly influence job satisfaction. The article argues that the South African higher education fraternity, currently overwhelmed by mammoth change initiatives, is simultaneously faced with two processes, namely transforming the socio-political state of the country, as well as transformation to respond to national higher education policy imperatives. Seemingly South African policy-makers, in their attempts to break away from the past, are oblivious of the realities of thorough policy implementation and do not take the voluminous nature of policies into consideration as an inhibiting factor. Undoubtedly this could have adverse effects for academic staff who are expected to propel change and transformation, but who are oftentimes confronted with the complexities of implementation which entail among others, dealing with cumbersome procedures, processes, bureaucratic structures as well as increasing workloads. © Springer 2005.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15344344089	Sex-specific performance of routine TB diagnostic tests	Kivihya-Ndugga L.E.A., Van Cleeff M.R.A., Ng'ang'a L.W., Meme H., Odhiambo J.A., Klatser P.R.	2005	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	9	3	None	Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Kivihya-Ndugga, L.E.A., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Van Cleeff, M.R.A., Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ng'ang'a, L.W., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Meme, H., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Odhiambo, J.A., Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Med. Res. Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Nairobi, Kenya; Klatser, P.R., Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, Netherlands	SETTING: City Council Chest Clinic, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine to what extent the performance of smear microscopy is responsible for sex differences in notification rates. METHODOLOGY: Three sputum samples from TB suspects were subjected to smear microscopy with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and auramine (FM) staining. Löwenstein-Jensen culture was used as the gold standard. RESULTS: Of 998 suspects, 600 (60%) were men and 398 (40%) women. The odds of detecting culture-positive patients with ZN was lower for women (OR 0.67). By examining the first spot specimen, ZN detected 35% of culture-positive males and 26% of culture-positive females. These proportions increased to respectively 63% and 53% when examining three specimens, and to 79% and 74% when using FM. The sex difference reduced and became non-significant (P = 0.19) when adjusted for HIV; however, the numbers involved for HIV stratification were low. CONCLUSION: The performance of a diagnostic tool contributes to sex differences in notification rates and influences male/female ratios. Women were less likely to be diagnosed (P = 0.08), and when ZN was used they were less likely to be labelled as smear-positive TB (P < 0.01). The application of more sensitive diagnostic tools such as FM is to the advantage of women. © 2005 The Union.	Gender; Sensitivity/specificity; Sex; Smear microscopy; Tuberculosis	adult; article; auramine stain; bacterium culture; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; lowenstein jensen culture; major clinical study; male; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; sex ratio; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; tuberculosis; ziehl neelsen stain; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteriological Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Regression Analysis; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244438989	Farm-worker housing in South Africa: An evaluation of an off-farm housing project	Hartwig R., Marais L.	2005	Housing Studies	20	6	10.1080/02673030500291165	Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Hartwig, R., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Marais, L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Although farm-worker housing has been neglected in South Africa historically, new policy, tabled in 2004, specifically targets the constraints that have been hampering delivery in rural areas. While either on- or off-farm farm-worker housing is envisioned, constraints with regard to on-farm housing and service provision, such as the prerequisite of security of tenure, prevent generalised delivery to the rural population, despite the fact that ESTA provides for security of tenure under certain conditions. There is a need to upgrade the living conditions of people on farms where they are currently residing, in order to ensure the right to adequate shelter as envisioned by the Constitution. However, under current legislation tenure rights must first be secured before such action can be taken. Research on an off-farm housing project in Bothaville was conducted in order to determine the sustainability of this approach, while simultaneously assessing the broader housing policy context, with a view to making policy recommendations. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Farm worker; Housing; South Africa	farm; housing policy; housing reform; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444439713	New U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age for the Schurwedraai alkali granite: Implications for pre-impact development of the Vredefort Dome and extent of Bushveld magmatism, South Africa	Graham I.T., De Waal S.A., Armstrong R.A.	2005	Journal of African Earth Sciences	43	5	10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.09.009	Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Geoscience, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; PRISE, Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia	Graham, I.T., Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Geoscience, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; De Waal, S.A., Centre for Research on Magmatic Ore Deposits, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Armstrong, R.A., PRISE, Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia	The Schurwedraai alkali granite is one of a number of prominent ultramafic-mafic and felsic intrusions in the Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic sub-vertical supracrustal collar rocks of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. The alkali granite intruded the Neoarchaean Witwatersrand Supergroup and has a peralkaline to peraluminous composition. A new zircon SHRIMP crystallization age of 2052 ± 14 Ma for the Schurwedraai alkali granite places it statistically before the Vredefort impact event at 2023 ± 4 Ma and within the accepted emplacement interval of 2050-2060 Ma of the Bushveld magmatic event. The presence of the alkali granite and associated small ultramafic-mafic intrusions in the Vredefort collar rocks extends the southern extremity of Bushveld-related intrusions to some 120 km south of Johannesburg and about 150 km south of the current outcrop area of the Bushveld Complex. The combined effect of these ultramafic-mafic and felsic bodies may have contributed to a pronouncedly steep pre-impact geothermal gradient in the Vredefort area, and to the amphibolite-grade metamorphism observed in the supracrustal collar rocks of the Vredefort Dome. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Bushveld; Schurwedraai; SHRIMP; Vredefort; Witwatersrand	alkaline rock; geochronology; granite; Precambrian; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444506326	Monitoring and evaluation for social development: A case for social work in South Africa	Noyoo N.	2005	Social Work	41	3	None	Centre for Social Development in Africa, Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Noyoo, N., Centre for Social Development in Africa, Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	This paper discusses the processes of monitoring and evaluation, and argues for its centrality in the sphere of social development. In the discussion the need for social workers to play leading roles in executing these processes for a post-apartheid socio-economic and political context is also illuminated.	None	post-apartheid; social development; social work; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18144391576	Utilization of cellobiose by recombinant β-glucosidase-expressing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characterization and evaluation of the sufficiency of expression	McBride J.E., Zietsman J.J., Van Zyl W.H., Lynd L.R.	2005	Enzyme and Microbial Technology	37	1	10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.01.034	Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	McBride, J.E., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Zietsman, J.J., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Zyl, W.H., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Lynd, L.R., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States	Two recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the BGL1 (β-glucosidase) gene originating from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were characterized with respect to gene expression and growth on cellobiose under air and nitrogen gas phases. The laboratory strain Y294[ySF1], with β-glucosidase expression from a multi-copy plasmid, grew at comparable rates on cellobiose and glucose under both air and nitrogen gas phases. By contrast, strain N96[ySF1] grew at a much slower rate on cellobiose than on glucose under both gas phases. For the various strain and substrate combinations tested, cell-specific enzyme activity was significantly higher under a nitrogen gas phase as compared to an air gas phase. The ability of these strains to grow on cellobiose, a non-native substrate, was evaluated in terms of a dimensionless 'sufficiency' parameter, S, consisting of the ratio of the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose production from cellobiose to the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose consumption. At sufficiency values substantially less than one, specific growth rates were found to be limited by heterologous enzyme expression, whereas for values of sufficiency near and greater to one, specific growth rates on cellobiose approached their values on glucose. The concept of sufficiency appears to have general utility for work aimed at growth enablement on non-native substrates by virtue of heterologous enzyme expression. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	β-Glucosidase; Cellobiose; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sufficiency	Cell culture; Genes; Glucose; Microorganisms; Strain; Substrates; Cellobiose; Gas phase; Gene expression; Saccharomycel cerevisiae; Enzymes; beta glucosidase; cellobiose; nitrogen; air; article; controlled study; culture medium; fungal metabolism; fungal strain; fungus growth; gene expression; glucose metabolism; growth rate; nonhuman; protein expression; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomycopsis fibuligera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745164279	Deterministic model for predicting gaseous pollutants concentration: An effective tool for pollution monitoring	Odigure J.O., Aregbesola B.O.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	06-May	None	Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Odigure, J.O., Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria; Aregbesola, B.O., Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	There are various methods by which the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere can be obtained. One of the methods is qualitative analytical technique, which involves the use of various chemical reagents and apparatus. There is no single apparatus for this analysis. A method, which is quicker, is by modelling using known parameters and standard equations. This method although is quicker, cleaner and less laborious, is, however, just an estimate but is suitable for decision-making. This is the focus of this paper. The Fundamental principle of this paper is that the presence of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere causes disequilibria in the prevailing meteorological condition. This is in accordance with the existing gas law. Therefore prevailing atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed and vapour pressure are function of the gaseous constituent concentration in the air. This project is aimed at developing a deterministic model for predicting gaseous pollutants' concentration. The developed model is presented as CPOLLUTANT=exp[- ūPPOLLUTANTΔx/KT3/2 The simulated results for concentration of air pollutants and the daily average of these concentrations were found to be comparable with the experimental results obtained from the various agencies in Nigeria. The proposed model can serve as a tool for predicting overall air pollutants' concentration in projects that require the overall impact of pollution. It is not suitable in case where the concentration of a particular pollutant is required.	Concentration; Mathematical modelling; Pollutants; Simulation	Atmospheric pressure; Computer simulation; Environmental impact; Mathematical models; Numerical methods; Parameter estimation; Air pollutants; Pollutants; Pollution monitoring; Meteorology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27144524041	Evaluation of envelope vaccines derived from the South African subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TV1 strain	Lian Y., Srivastava I., Gómez-Román V.R., Zur Megede J., Sun Y., Kan E., Hilt S., Engelbrecht S., Himathongkham S., Luciw P.A., Otten G., Ulmer J.B., Donnelly J.J., Rabussay D., Montefiori D., Van Rensburg E.J., Barnett S.W.	2005	Journal of Virology	79	21	10.1128/JVI.79.21.13338-13349.2005	Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Genetronics/Inovio, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Chiron Corp., 4560 Horton St., Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Food and Drug Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, United States; Department of Medical Virology, Tswane Academic Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lian, Y., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Srivastava, I., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Gómez-Román, V.R., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Zur Megede, J., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Sun, Y., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Kan, E., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Hilt, S., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Engelbrecht, S., University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Himathongkham, S., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States, Food and Drug Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, United States; Luciw, P.A., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Otten, G., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Ulmer, J.B., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Donnelly, J.J., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States; Rabussay, D., Genetronics/Inovio, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Montefiori, D., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Van Rensburg, E.J., University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medical Virology, Tswane Academic Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Barnett, S.W., Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States, Chiron Corp., 4560 Horton St., Emeryville, CA 94608, United States	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C infections are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Therefore, there is a need to develop an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting broadly reactive immune responses against members of this subtype. We show here that modified HIV envelope (env) DNA vaccines derived from the South African subtype C TV1 strain are able to prime for Immoral responses in rabbits and rhesus macaques. Priming rabbits with DNA plasmids encoding V2-deleted TV1 gp140 (gp140TV1ΔV2), followed by boosting with oligomeric protein (o-gp140TV1ΔV2) in MF59 adjuvant, elicited higher titers of env-binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies than priming with DNA vaccines encoding the full-length TV1 env (gp160) or the intact TV1 gp140. Immunization with V2-deleted subtype B SF162 env and V2-deleted TVl env together using a multivalent vaccine approach induced high titers of oligomeric env-binding antibodies and autologous neutralizing antibodies against both the subtypes B and C vaccine strains, HIV-1 SF162 and TV1, respectively. Low-level neutralizing activity against the heterologous South African subtype C TV2 strain, as well as a small subset of viruses in a panel of 13 heterologous primary isolates, was observed in some rabbits immunized with the V2-deleted vaccines. Immunization of rhesus macaques with the V2-deleted TV1 DNA prime/protein boost also elicited high titers of env-binding antibodies and moderate titers of autologous TV1 neutralizing antibodies. The pilot-scale production of the various TV1 DNA vaccine constructs and env proteins described here should provide an initial platform upon which to improve the immunogenicity of these subtype C HIV envelope vaccines. Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	binding protein; DNA vaccine; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; neutralizing antibody; unclassified drug; virus envelope protein; virus envelope vaccine; animal cell; antibody response; antibody titer; article; cytotoxic T lymphocyte; derivatization; evaluation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 subtype c; immune response; immunogenicity; nonhuman; priority journal; South Africa; virus envelope; virus isolation; virus strain; AIDS Vaccines; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Gene Deletion; Gene Products, env; HIV Antibodies; HIV Envelope Protein gp160; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Immunization, Secondary; Injections, Intramuscular; Macaca mulatta; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Neutralization Tests; Rabbits; Sequence Alignment; South Africa; Vaccination; Vaccines, DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Macaca mulatta; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244448282	Impact of genetically modified cotton plants on insect biodiversity: The case of Bt cotton in South Africa [Impact des cotonniers génétiquement modifiés sur la biodiversité de la faune entomologique: Le cas du coton Bt en Afrique du Sud]	Hofs J.-L., Schoeman A., Mellet M., Vaissayre M.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	2	10.1079/IJT200562	CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Hofs, J.-L., CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France; Schoeman, A., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mellet, M., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Vaissayre, M., CIRAD, Département des Cultures Annuelles, Programme Coton, Montpellier, France	For the last three years, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, France) and the University of Pretoria led field research to evaluate the impact of transgenic Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1Ac toxin, on arthropod biodiversity in South Africa. The diversity and the density of insect populations were estimated at different crop development stages using traps, sweep-nets, and direct observations on the cotton plants. In untreated plots, the insect diversity in Bt cotton did not show major changes. The toxin was efficient in controlling one of the major bollworm species, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and reduced the population density of specific larval parasitoids. Predators were present in comparable numbers in both cotton types, except for ladybirds. The toxin did not affect pollinators. In small-scale farming fields, where pesticides are still sprayed for controlling sucking insects, the introduction of Bt cotton did not help meet the expected reduction in insecticide use. © ICIPE 2005.	Bt cotton; Coccinellids; Cry1Ac toxin; Helicoverpa armigera; Impact study; Natural enemies; Pollinators; South Africa	Arthropoda; Coccinellidae; Gossypium hirsutum; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Hexapoda; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844394974	Evaluation of microbial communities colonizing stone ballasts at diesel depots	Maila M.P., Cloete T.E.	2005	Environmentalist	24	3	10.1007/s10669-005-6053-0	Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Maila, M.P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Cloete, T.E., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, we evaluated the heterotrophic microbial communities colonising stone ballasts at diesel depots. The number of bacteria (both total culturable heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria) was proportional to the level of hydrocarbon contamination. However, there was no significant difference in the level of total culturable heterotrophs (TCHs) and the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Addition of nutrients to the ballast stimulated the biological activity and possibly the removal of hydrocarbons. However, this was only evident in the highly contaminated stone ballasts samples. The biological activity was evaluated using CO2 production. The production of CO2 was higher in nutrient amended treatments in which high numbers of TCHs were present. Characterisation of heterotrophic communities using Biolog revealed differences in the microbial metabolic profiles for the different sites. The results suggest that the heterotrophic microbial communities at different diesel depots are different. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Diesel depots; Heterotrophic microbial communities; Hydrocarbons; Stone ballasts; Total culturable heterotrophs (TCHs)	ballast water; bioactivity; hydrocarbon; microbial community; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344249998	Evaluation of microbial diversity of different soil layers at a contaminated diesel site	Maila M.P., Randima P., Surridge K., Drønen K., Cloete T.E.	2005	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation	55	1	10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.06.012	Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway	Maila, M.P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Randima, P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Surridge, K., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Drønen, K., Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Cloete, T.E., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, we evaluated the hydrocarbon removal efficiency and microbial diversity of different soil layers. The soil layers with high counts of recoverable hydrocarbon degrading bacteria had the highest hydrocarbon removal rate compared with soil layers with low counts of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Removal efficiency was 48% in the topsoil, compared with 31% and 11% at depths of 1.5 and 1 m, respectively. In the 1 and 1.5 m soil layers, there was no significant difference between total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal in nutrient amended treatments and controls. The respiration rate reflected the difference in the number of bacteria in each soil layer and the availability of nutrients. High O2 consumption corresponded positively with high TPH removal. Analysis of the microbial diversity in the different soil layers using functional diversity (community-level physiological profile, via Biolog) and genetic diversity using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rDNA revealed differences in, respectively, substrate utilisation patterns and DGGE profiles of 16S rDNA fragments. Microbial diversity as revealed by DNA fragments was lower in the highly contaminated soil layer (1.5 m) than in the topsoil and at 1 m. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Biodegradation; Biodiversity; Contamination; Hydrocarbons; Nutrition; Soils; Microbial diversity; Nutrients; Respiration rate; Soil layers; Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH); Bacteria; biodegradation; diesel; hydrocarbon; soil microorganism; soil pollution; species diversity; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20744436885	Evaluation of aluminium phosphide against house mice (Musmusculus) in Ghana	Adu-Acheampong R., Sarfo J.E., Avemegah R., Odzawo V.	2005	Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars	None	26	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana	Adu-Acheampong, R., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Sarfo, J.E., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Avemegah, R., Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana; Odzawo, V., Quality Control Division, COCOBOD, Takoradi, Ghana	[No abstract available]	Aluminium phosphide; Control; Gastoxin; House mice	Mus musculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444377595	Performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Obioha F.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	3	None	Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted with 150 black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets. Pullets were fed 10% PSM-based diets for 8 weeks. The seeds were either raw or processed (toasted for 30 minutes, boiled for 30 minutes, or soaked in water for 24 hours). Each treatment was replicated three times, with 10 pullets per replicate. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain and feed cost. The results showed that pullets fed 10% raw or processed PSM diets did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in all the performance parameters. PSM diets significantly (P<0.05) reduced total feed cost. It was concluded that PSM is a good protein source for pullets and that 10% raw or processed PSM could be incorporated into pullet chick diets.	Performance; Pigeon pea; Processsing; Pullets; Raw seeds	Cajan; Cajanus cajan; Columba; Gallus gallus; Pisum sativum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19744380189	Performance evaluation of a mango stone decorticator	Jekayinfa S.O., Durowoju M.O.	2005	Nutrition and Food Science	35	2	10.1108/00346650510585903	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Jekayinfa, S.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Durowoju, M.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Purpose - In Nigeria, the mango fruits consumption rate is high during its peak period and this has always resulted in environmental sanitation problem because the mango seeds are thrown to the surroundings immediately the fruits are eaten. Finding more useful application of the kernel would be a way to reduce the environmental pollution. Mechanical decortication of the leathery mango stone remains the only viable option that can support any prospected commercial uses of the mango kernel. Design/methodology/approach - The decorticator consists of a hopper, a decorticating chamber, spiked shaft, screen shaker and discharge spout. The machine performance was evaluated in terms of decorticating efficiency, mechanical damage and sieve loss. Findings - Results of the evaluation show that the optimum performance of the decorticator was at a speed of 900rpm, feed rate of 250kg/h and power requirement of 2.50 kW. Originality/value - Mango stones are useful as substitute for maize in finishing broiler diets. The kernel is also used for medicinal purposes in moderation of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Therefore, the designed mango stone decorticator enhances the complete mechanization processes of mango products. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Food products; Fruits; Nigeria	agriculture; animal food; article; environmental sanitation; equipment design; feeding behavior; food decorticator; food intake; machine; maize; mango; Nigeria; pollution; recycling; waste disposal; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mangifera indica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21644441914	Performance of Pullet chicks fed graded levels of Raw Bambarra groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc) offal diets as replacement for Soybean meal and Maize	Amaefule K.U., Osuagwu F.M.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	5	None	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Osuagwu, F.M., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	One hundred and eighty day-old Lohmann brown pullet chicks were used to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal and maize with Bambarra groundnut offal (BGO) in pullet chick diets. The experiments were in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments, each replicated three times, with nine pullets per replicate. The inclusion levels of BGO in the diets were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Parameters measured were daily weight gain, final live weight at 8th weeks, daily feed and protein intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, mortality and feed cost. The result showed that the performance of chicks fed diet containing 5% BGO did not differ significantly (P&gt;0.05) from that of the control. Pullets fed 10, 15, 20 and 25% BGO diets showed no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in their daily weight gain and final live weight. Pullets fed 20% BGO diet had significantly lower feed intake than others. The inclusion of Bambara groundnut offal in the diets significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the cost per kg of feed. The conclusion was that the BGO could be a valuable feedstuff in pullet chick diets which could be included up to 5% of the pullet diet.	Bambarra groundnut offal; Diets; Performance; Pullet chicks	Arachis hypogaea; Bambara; Glycine max; Vigna subterranea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747072838	Evaluation of the growth performance of brown swiss, n'dama and brown swiss x n'dama crossbred genotypes in the humid tropics	Ozoje M.O., Nwosu I.C., Ngere L.O.	2005	Journal of Genetics and Breeding	59	2	None	Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Animal Sciences and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B.2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ozoje, M.O., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Animal Sciences and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B.2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Nwosu, I.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ngere, L.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Growth performance traits of 549 calves of different genotypes, from a long term crossbreeding programme in a dual-purpose (meat and milk) herd were studied. The effects of genotype (N'Dama, Brown Swiss, F1s, F2s, 25%, 62% and 75% Brown Swiss backcrosses), year of birth, sex and season on growth rate and body weight at birth, weaning and at 365day of age were studied along with estimated genetic parameters. Genotype significantly (P<0.05) affected the growth parameters studied. At birth, the Brown Swiss (BS) calves with average weight of 31.50kg were significantly heavier than the N'Dama calves and the various crossbred progenies. Among the crossbreds, F1s weighing 26.02kg were significantly heavier when compared with the F2s, 75%, 62% and 25% Brown Swiss. At weaning, there was no significant difference between average body weight of F1s and Brown Swiss calves, whereas the differences between the Brown Swiss calves and calves of other genotype groups became wider. The weight advantage of the F1s and the Brown Swiss calves was consistently maintained till yearling age at 365 days. A general heterotic advantage was observed among the crossbred progenies. Individual and maternal heterosis was positive for all traits. Mortality rate was highest among the 75% BS calves. The significant (P<0.05) effect of year of birth affected all growth traits. Calves born in the earlier years were significantly heavier than those born the latter years. The lowest birth weight was recorded in the year 1987, while the heaviest was recorded in 1974. Similar trend was observed at weaning. Calves average daily gains were linearly related to live weight at birth and at weaning. Season significantly (P<0.05) affected weight at birth and at weaning. Calves born in the early dry season (October-December) were heavier at birth and at weaning. The estimate of heritability and repeatability were moderately high. The genetic and phenotypic correlations were all positive ranging from 0.12 to 0.77.	Birth weight; Crossbred calves; Genetic and phenotypic correlations; Heritability; Repeatability; Weaning weight; Yearling weight	Dama	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32544441478	Sparing land for nature: Exploring the potential impact of changes in agricultural yield on the area needed for crop production	Balmford A., Green R.E., Scharlemann J.P.W.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	10	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001035.x	Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom	Balmford, A., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Green, R.E., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom; Scharlemann, J.P.W., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom	How can rapidly growing food demands be met with least adverse impact on nature? Two very different sorts of suggestions predominate in the literature: Wildlife-friendly farming, whereby on-farm practices are made as benign to wildlife as possible (at the potential cost of decreasing yields); and land-sparing, in which farm yields are increased and pressure to convert land for agriculture thereby reduced (at the potential cost of decreasing wildlife populations on farmland). This paper is about one important aspect of the land-sparing idea - the sensitivity of future requirements for cropland to plausible variation in yield increases, relative to other variables. Focusing on the 23 most energetically important food crops, we use data from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the United Nations Population Division (UNPD) to project plausible values for 2050 for population size, diet, yield, and trade, and then look at their effect on the area needed to meet demand for the 23 crops, for the developing and developed worlds in turn. Our calculations suggest that across developing countries, the area under those crops will need to increase very considerably by 2050 (by 23% under intermediate projections), and that plausible variation in average yield has as much bearing on the extent of that expansion as does variation in population size or per capita consumption; future cropland area varies far less under foreseeable variation in the net import of food from the rest of the world. By contrast, cropland area in developed countries is likely to decrease slightly by 2050 (by 4% under intermediate projections for those 23 crops), and will be less sensitive to variation in population growth, diet, yield, or trade. Other contentious aspects of the land-sparing idea require further scrutiny, but these results confirm its potential significance and suggest that conservationists should be as concerned about future agricultural yields as they are about population growth and rising per capita consumption. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Agricultural yield; Agriculture; Conservation; Crop production; Cropland; Diet; Farming; Human population; Land sparing; Trade	agricultural land; crop production; crop yield; food production; land management	None
WoS	WOS:000234123500003	Context matters: interpreting impact findings in child survival evaluations	Amaral, J,Bryce, J,El Arifeen, S,HABICHT, JP,HUICHO, L,Manzi, F,Pariyo, G,SCHELLENBERG, JA,Scherpbier, RW,VICTORA, CG	2005	HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING	20	SUPPL. 1	10.1093/heapol/czi050	Cornell University, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Makerere University, National University of San Marcos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Universidade Federal do Ceara, University of Geneva, University of London, World Health Organization, Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, Inst Salud Nino, London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	None	Appropriate consideration of contextual factors is essential for ensuring internal and external validity of randomized and non-randomized evaluations. Contextual factors may confound the association between delivery of the intervention and its potential health impact. They may also modify the effect of the intervention or programme, thus affecting the generalizability of results. This is particularly true for large-scale health programmes, for which impact may vary substantially from one context to another. Understanding the nature and role of contextual factors may improve the validity of study results, as well as help predict programme impact across sites. This paper describes the experience acquired in measuring and accounting for contextual factors in the Multi-Country Evaluation of the IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) strategy in five countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Uganda and Tanzania. Two main types of contextual factors were identified. Implementation-related factors include the characteristics of the health systems where IMCI was implemented, such as utilization rates, basic skills of health workers, and availability of drugs, supervision and referral. Impact-related factors include baseline levels and patterns of child mortality and nutritional status, which affect the scope for programme impact. We describe the strategies used in the IMCI evaluation in order to obtain data on relevant contextual factors and to incorporate them in the analyses. Two case studies - from Tanzania and Peru - show how appropriate consideration of contextual factors may help explain apparently conflicting evaluation results.	,CARE,ILLNESS,"INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT",INTERVENTIONS,PUBLIC-HEALTH,TANZANIA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646193106	Planning and performance of small and medium enterprise operators in a country in transition	Yusuf A., Saffu K.	2005	Journal of Small Business Management	43	4	10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00148.x	Corporate Planning and Development Division, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria; Department of Entrepreneurship, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ont., Canada	Yusuf, A., Corporate Planning and Development Division, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria; Saffu, K., Department of Entrepreneurship, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ont., Canada	This paper examines the relationship between planning and performance of small and medium enterprise operators in a country in economic transition. The literature on planning-performance relationship reports mixed findings. In a period of uncertainty, as exemplified by conditions of economic difficulties, one would expect firms to do more planning. On the contrary, our study shows that economic difficulties do not encourage firms to plan seriously. Our study also shows that firms that plan do not necessarily experience increased performance, with the exception of the manufacturing sector. Other findings of the study include a significant gender difference in the planning sophistication of small firms in Ghana, with firms managed or owned by males having sophisticated planning compared with female managed or female-owned businesses. Size did not moderate planning performance in our study. Planning affected performance equally in both large and small firms in our study. We found no difference among the planning clusters for education. Firms with the highest growth in sales had low-planning sophistication. This study contributes to our understanding and appreciation of situations in which planning does not necessarily add significant value to organizations (by way of increased performance).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74049155522	Enhancement of magnetic signatures of impact structures	Cowan D.R., Cooper G.R.J.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.51	Cowan Geodata Services, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Cooper, G.R.J., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Aeromagnetic surveys are a useful tool in the detection and analysis of terrestrial impact structures. Although gravity anomalies provide clearer and simpler signatures of impact craters, large regional-scale aeromagnetic surveys are more widely available. A combination of many factors, such as the nature of the target rocks, the impact-related magnetization, and effects of crater fill and post-impact cover results in a great variation of magnetic signatures in the terrestrial impact craters. In crystalline basement targets, the most common signature of a complex impact structure is a magnetic low with a central peak or ring uplift magnetic anomaly. Contributions to the magnetic signature include demagnetization, shock remagnetization, and thermal and chemical remanent magnetization effects. Impact craters in sedimentary targets usually are of small magnetic amplitude, depending on the lithology. The origin of the magnetic signatures in sedimentary targets is not well understood. Enhancement of magnetic signatures of terrestrial impact structures using filtering techniques is an important part of detection and analysis. Derivative and derivative-based (such as sunshading) techniques, along with separation filtering, are probably the most used methods. Here we present our new developments of algorithms for fractional order derivatives and circular shaded relief that have dramatically improved filter results. The fractional derivative order can be varied to optimize the separation of the impact magnetic signature. Given a chosen center location, the circular shaded relief algorithm treats all directions equally, thus preventing fade-out of features subparallel to the shading direction evident in conventional shaded relief. Unlike Hough transform based algorithms, the circular sunshading method is not sensitive to the radius of the circular feature being searched for, and no radius parameter is specified during the data processing We illustrate the new fractional derivative and circular shaded relief algorithms using selected Australian and Canadian impact crater data sets involving both crystalline basement and sedimentary targets. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Aeromagnetic surveys; Circular shaded relief; Fractional order derivatives; Impact structures; Magnetization	aeromagnetic survey; algorithm; crater; crystalline rock; data set; gravity anomaly; magnetic anomaly; magnetization; relief; uplift; Australia; Canada	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24144474579	Measuring the impact of HIV and STIs in a community in a coal mining town, Mpumalanga, South Africa	Hurkchand H., Makuluma H., Molefe N., Molapo M.	2005	Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	105	6	None	CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Hurkchand, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Makuluma, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molefe, N., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molapo, M., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2001 to establish the prevalence rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea) in a coalmining town in Mpumalanga. Methods: 155 adults were recruited (79 males and 76 females), by holding community meetings, and by door-to-door recruitment. Saliva and urine specimens were collected for the analysis of HIV and STI prevalence, respectively. Results: The mean age for males was 31.35 years (min = 19 yrs and max = 50 yrs) and the mean age of the female participants was 31.90 years (min = 17 yrs, max = 49 yrs). The prevalence of HIV was found to be 22.78% [95% CI (14.09-33.59)] in the males vs. 47.37% [95% CI (35.79-55.16)] in the females, [p = 0.001, OR = 3.05, 95%CI (1.49-6.26)]. The prevalence of C trachomatis was 7.90% [95% CI (2.95-16.39)] in the males vs. 12.86% [95% CI (6.05-23.00)] in the females, p = 0.324. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoea was 3.79% [95% CI (0.79-1.08)] in the males vs. 9.86% [95% CI (4.06-19.26)] in the females, p = 0.137. HIV was significantly associated with C. trachomatis, [p = 0.032, OR = 3.18, 95% CI (1.04-9.72)], but was not significant when stratified by gender. HIV was not significantly associated with N.gonorrhoea (p = 0.072) but it was significantly associated when stratified by gender, p = 0.001 for females. There were no significant associations between HIV and age (p = 0.408), even upon stratification by gender. Conclusions: HIV prevalence in this community is high, and corresponds to national figures. However, the prevalence of STIs is surprisingly low as it would be expected to be high in a migrant population. Although communities are exposed to expanding peer-education activities that encourage behaviour change, the prevalence of HIV in this group. There is an urgent need for interventions designed to treat or prevent HIV infection in women generally and in women at high risk. © The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2005.	Antenatal; HIV prevalence; Mining; STI prevalence	Antenatal; HIV prevalance; STI prevalance; Disease control; Population statistics; Social aspects; Viruses; Coal mines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745466544	Evaluation of nematicidal action of some botanicals on Meloidogyne incognita in vivo and in vitro	Agbenin N.O., Emechebe A.M., Marley P.S., Akpa A.D.	2005	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	106	1	None	Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Kano Station, Nigeria	Agbenin, N.O., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Emechebe, A.M., International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Kano Station, Nigeria; Marley, P.S., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Akpa, A.D., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Eggmasses or larvae of Meloidogyne incognita were exposed to varying concentrations of neem leaf (fresh and dry), Borelia sp., groundnut leaf and garlic bulb. Neem leaf and garlic bulb extracts inhibited hatching of eggmasses and were lethal to larva. A comparative study of neem and garlic bulb extracts prepared at 20% concentration and applied weekly at 25 ml per pot were carried out in the screenhouse. Each pot filled with 2 kg of pasturised soil was inoculated with 2 000 larvae of M. incognita by introducing 500 g of infested soil from tomato culture raised in the screenhouse. These extracts significantly reduced root-knot infection indices on tomato when compared to the control. However, garlic extract demonstrated greater potential than neem leaf extract in the control of root-knot infection of tomato in vivo.	Borelia sp.; Botanicals; Extracts; Garlicbulb; Meloidogyne incognita; Neem leaf	Allium sativum; Arachis hypogaea; Azadirachta indica; Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne incognita	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644434475	On farm evaluation of the effect of low cost drip irrigation on water and crop productivity compared to conventional surface irrigation system	Maisiri N., Senzanje A., Rockstrom J., Twomlow S.J.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	None	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.021	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY 639, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; ICRISAT-Matopos, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Maisiri, N., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY 639, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe; Senzanje, A., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Rockstrom, J., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe; Twomlow, S.J., ICRISAT-Matopos, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	This on-farm research study was carried out at Zholube irrigation scheme in a semi-arid agro tropical climate of Zimbabwe to determine how low cost drip irrigation technologies compare with conventional surface irrigation systems in terms of water and crop productivity. A total of nine farmers who were practicing surface irrigation were chosen to participate in the study. The vegetable English giant rape (Brassica napus) was grown under the two irrigation systems with three fertilizer treatments in each system: ordinary granular fertilizer, liquid fertilizer (fertigation) and the last treatment with no fertilizer. These trials were replicated three times in a randomized block design. Biometric parameters of leaf area index (LAI) and fresh weight of the produce, water use efficiency (WUE) were used to compare the performance of the two irrigation systems. A water balance of the inflows and outflows was kept for analysis of WUE. The economic profitability and the operation, maintenance and management requirements of the different systems were also evaluated. There was no significant difference in vegetable yield between the irrigation systems at 8.5 ton/ha for drip compared to 7.8 ton/ha in surface irrigation. There were significant increases in yields due to use of fertilizers. Drip irrigation used about 35% of the water used by the surface irrigation systems thus giving much higher water use efficiencies. The leaf area indices were comparable in both systems with the same fertilizer treatment ranging between 0.05 for surface without fertilizer to 6.8 for low cost drip with fertigation. Low cost drip systems did not reflect any labour saving especially when manually lifting the water into the drum compared to the use of siphons in surface irrigation systems. The gross margin level for surface irrigation was lower than for low cost drip irrigation but the gross margin to total variable cost ratio was higher in surface irrigation systems, which meant that surface irrigation systems gave higher returns per variable costs incurred. It was concluded that low cost drip systems achieved water saving of more than 50% compared to surface irrigation systems and that it was not the type of irrigation system that influenced the yield of vegetables significantly but instead it is the type of fertilizer application method that contribute to the increase in the yield of vegetables. It was recommended that low cost technologies should be used in conjunction with good water and nutrient management if higher water and crop productivity are to be realized than surface irrigation systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Brassica napus; Fertigation; Low cost drip; Water productivity; Water use efficiency	Cost effectiveness; Crops; Economics; Evaporation; Fertilizers; Flow of water; Productivity; Soils; Transpiration; Water supply; Brassica napus; Fertigation; Low cost drip; Water productivity; Water use efficiency; Irrigation; crop production; drip irrigation; performance assessment; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Brassica napus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896332310	Effects of nutrient density and photoperiod on the performance and abdominal fat of broilers	Oyedeji J.O., Atteh J.O.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	3	10.3923/ijps.2005.149.152	Department of Agriculture, Benson Idahosa University, P. M. B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production,University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Oyedeji, J.O., Department of Agriculture, Benson Idahosa University, P. M. B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Atteh, J.O., Department of Animal Production,University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	The study investigated the effects of photoperiod and nutrient density on the performance and abdominal fat of broilers. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of two diets containing 3200kcal/kg ME and 23% Protein and 2800kcal/kg ME and 18% Protein administered to broilers under either 12hour light per day, 8hour light per day or 6 hour light per day for 8 weeks. Results at market age showed that no significant interactions existed between nutrient density and photoperiod for feed intake, body weight gain and feed gain ratio (P > 0.05, P > 0.01). Also no significant interactions existed between factors for protein retention, fat utilization, available fibre, abdominal fat and cost to benefit ratio (P > 0.05, P > 0.01). Broilers subjected to low nutrient density diets experienced reduction in body weight gain and poorer feed to gain ratio (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). There was significant reduction in feed intake and abdominal fat of broilers exposed to only 6 hours of light per day as against the usual 12 hours of light per day (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). It was concluded that no meaningful interactions existed between nutrient density and photoperiod with respect to broilers performance. However, reducing photoperiod to 6 hours per day could be used as a tool for reducing abdominal fat hence, reducing sudden death syndrome and upgrading carcass quality of broilers. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Abdominal fat; Feed gain ratio; Feed intake; Nutrient density; Photoperiod; Weight gain	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28844496331	Evaluation of naturally decomposed solid wastes from municipal dump sites for their manurial value in southwest Nigeria	Adeoye G.O., Sridhar M.K.C., AdeOluwa O.O., Akinsoji N.A.	2005	Journal of Sustainable Agriculture	26	4	10.1300/J064v26n04_09	Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Environmental Health, Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Research and Development Group, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeoye, G.O., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Sridhar, M.K.C., Division of Environmental Health, Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Research and Development Group, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; AdeOluwa, O.O., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States; Akinsoji, N.A., Department of Agronomy, Gainesville, FL, United States	Ibadan, like other urban centers in Nigeria is characterized by a large number of illegal solid waste dumps. These waste dumps decomposing under the tropical heat pose serious pollution problems to the ecosystems and at the same time are transformed naturally into 'manure' or compost over a period of stay and degradation under the tropical sun. Rapid decline in soil fertility under tropical climate coupled with high cost of chemical fertilizers make these manures very attractive for poor peasant farmers as alternate sources of fertilizers or soil conditioners. This study has evaluated the nutrient value of decomposed waste from six different municipal dumpsites of varying age ranging between 6 months and 20 years. A green house experiment was conducted using sand culture to study the effects of application of these manures on the growth and yield of a common green leafy vegetable, Amaranthus caudatus. These manures were also compared against organo-mineral fertilizers (prepared from cow dung and municipal solid wastes amended with mineral nitrogen and without amendment) used normally by the farmers. The results showed that the dumpsite manures are rich in C, N, P, and K, which promoted plant growth comparable to normal compost. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Green amaranth; Manure; Municipal solid wastes; Nigerian agriculture; Organic wastes	decomposition; manure; solid waste; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Amaranthus; Amaranthus caudatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950115930	Maize-sorghum based brewery by-product as an energy substitute in broiler starter: Effect on performance, carcass characteristics, organs and muscle growth	Fasuyi A.O.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	5	10.3923/ijps.2005.334.338	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Maize-Sorghum brewers' dried grains (MSBDG) is a by-product of beer production. Proximate composition studies were conducted as a prelude to MSBDG incorporation in broiler starter diet. Four broiler starter diets were formulated such that MSBDG were fed at 0, 10, 20 and 30% inclusion levels at the expense of maize. A batch of 240 starter-chicks was randomly assigned in triplicate to these dietary treatments. Each diet was fed to 60 birds/treatment from day old for 35 days. The final weight, average weight and Nitrogen retention of the chicks fed MSBDG at 10% and 20% dietary levels were similar to those fed the control diet; both being significantly (P = 0.05) higher that those fed diet 4 (30% dietary inclusion). The weight gain, average feed consumption as well as feed efficiency declined in diet 4 (at 30% inclusion level). At the end of the feeding trial, the chicks were sacrificed for carcass characteristics, relative organ and muscle measurements. The relative weights of the heart and belly fat were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. Among the muscles weighed, only the relative weight of Pectorialis thoracicus was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced. The weight of P. thoracicus was highest in chicks fed diet 2 (10% MSBDG inclusion level). It was concluded that MSBDG can act as an energy substitute for maize at inclusion levels of about 20% in broiler starter diets without any adverse effect on performance, carcass characteristics and muscle development in broiler chicks. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Beer production; Carcass characteristics; Maize-sorghum brewers' dried grains	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645788415	Protein replacement value of Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) in broiler starter: Effect on performance, muscle growth, haematology and serum metabolites	Fasuyi A.O., Aletor V.A.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	5	10.3923/ijps.2005.339.349	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Aletor, V.A., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) was used to replace a known and conventional source of protein in broiler starter diets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% respectively. The reference diet 1 was one where fish meal was the major source in the diet without CLPC. The inclusion level of CLPC was 1.61, 3.22, 4.82, 6.43 and 8.04 respectively for diets 2 to 6. A batch of 120 starter chicks was randomly assigned in triplicate to these dietary treatments (i.e. chicks/treatment). The final weight and average weight gain of diet 1 (0% FM replacement) was significantly higher than others (P &lt; 0.05) even when the average feed consumption was similar for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4. The feed efficiency (FE) for diets 1 and 2 was also similar (P = 0.05). The nitrogen retention for diets 1, 2 and 4 was similar (P = 0.05). Diets 2, 3 and 4 also had similar values (P = 0.05). The dressed weight of chicks in diets 2 and 6 was similar (P = 0.05) while that of diets 5 and 6 was also similar (P = 0.05). Except for kidney, pancreas and lungs, all other organs measured showed similar values (P = 0.05). The weight of inner chest muscle (supra coracoideus) of birds on diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 were similar (P = 0.05). The weight of outer chest muscle (Pectorialis thoracicus) and thigh muscles (Gastrocnemius) were similar (P = 0.05) with diet 5 (80% FM replacement with CLPC) having the longest inner chest muscle length of 20.7±4.3cmkg-1. Except for red blood cell (RBC) and mean cell volume (MCV), all other parameters measured were similar (P = 0.05). The values of total serum protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin ratio were similar (P = 0.05). Also the values for liver protein, albumin, globulin and liver albumin/globulin ratio were similar (P = 0.05). It was concluded that CLPC as a replacement for FM as a protein source had no deleterious effect up till 60%. However, several parameters investigated strongly support a realistic replacement of 40% FM with CLPC in practical diets. Performance can still be enhanced with supplementation of essential amino acids (EAAs). © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Cassava leaf protein concentrate; Pectorialis thoracicus; Reference diet	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24344462085	Egg traits, hatchability and early growth performance of the Fulani-ecotype chicken	Fayeye T.R., Adeshiyan A.B., Olugbami A.A.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	8	None	Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Fayeye, T.R., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Adeshiyan, A.B., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Olugbami, A.A., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Three studies were conducted to evaluate Fulani-ecotype chicken for egg, hatchability and growth traits. In study one, 30 eggs were used to evaluate thirteen internal and external egg traits including egg weight, egg length, egg width, egg index, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk diameter, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen height, albumen weight, haugh unit and egg index. In study two, 165 eggs were used to evaluate fertility and hatchability traits. In study three, sixty-eight day-old Fulani-ecotype chicks were evaluated for growth performance. Mean values for egg traits were 40.73g, 20.25g, 4.92mm, 75.53 percent, 13.03g, 14.27mm, 24.68mm and 0.58 for egg weight, albumen weight, albumen height, haugh unit, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width and yolk index, respectively. Mean value for shell weight, shell thickness, egg length, egg width and egg index were 5.12g, 0.58mm, 34.91mm, 23.59mm and 1.48, respectively. Fertility percent, live germs at 18th day and percent hatchability were 76 percent, 75 percent, and 47 percent, respectively. Body weight gain in chickens increased from hatch to 3 weeks of age, and afterward declined. Indices of egg internal quality suggested that the Fulani-ecotype chicken is highly desirable. Its good shell thickness may be exploited in reducing losses due to cracked eggs. Mean chick weight increased by more than eleven times within the first eight weeks of life. The present report suggests that Fulani-ecotype chicken has good potential for meat and egg production, therefore selection along these two directions may help to develop indigenous strains of meat type chicken.	Early growth; Egg traits; Fulani-ecotype	Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650333983	Evaluation of cellulolytic enzyme supplementation on production indices and nutrient utilization of laying hens fed soybean hull based diets	Esonu B.O., Izukanne R.O., Inyang O.A.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	4	10.3923/ijps.2005.213.216	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, Michael Okpara College of Agriculture, Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria	Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Izukanne, R.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Inyang, O.A., Department of Animal Production, Michael Okpara College of Agriculture, Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria	A 120-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate cellulolytic enzyme supplementation on production indices and nutrient utilization of laying hens fed soybean hull based diets. Seven experimental layers diets were formulated incorporating soybean hull meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% (without enzyme supplementation) and 10, 20 and 30% (with 2.0% enzyme supplementation) dietary levels respectively. One hundred and forty seven (147), Shikka brown layers already 12 months in lay were divided into 7 groups of 21 birds each and randomly assigned to the 7 treatment diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake, feed conversion ratio, hen-day production, feed cost/dozen eggs, egg weight, Haugh unit, digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre among the groups. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the groups in body weight, egg yolk colour, shell thickness, albumen and yolk indices, horizontal and oblong circumferences and digestibility of dry matter and ash respectively. The group on 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal (without enzyme supplementation) performed significantly (P<0.05) better than the other groups in hen-day egg production, feed cost/dozen eggs and egg weight. The results of this experiment suggest that 2.0% "safzyme" cellulolytic enzyme supplementation at 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal in layer diet could not significantly affect the performance of laying hens. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Cellulolytic enzyme supplementation; Laying hens; Production indices; Soybean hull	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749167204	Evaluation of different heat processing methods on the nutritive value of Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) seed meals for broilers	Emenalom O.O., Udedibie A.B.I.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	8	10.3923/ijps.2005.543.548	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Udedibie, A.B.I., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Mucuna pruriens like most tropical legumes contain anti-nutritional factors, which limit its use as livestock feed ingredient. Proximate analysis and two performance studies using finisher broilers were carried out to determine the nutritive value of raw, toasted, cooked and, soak and cooked Mucuna (SACM). M pruriensseeds were ground raw, ground and toasted, and cooked prior to drying and midling in Experiment 1 and soaked in water for 48 hours prior to cooking for one hour before drying and milling in Experiment 2. Toasting increased the crude protein of the raw seed by 6.5% but decreased the ether extract by 22.9%. Cooking and soaking prior to cooking decreased the values for crude protein and ether extract by 5.3 and 6.5%, and 13.7 and 20.6%, respectively. In Experiment 1, 100gkg-1 raw, toasted, cooked and 200gkg-1SACM were substituted into nutritionally balanced rations fed 28 to 56d of age. Mucuna seed meals caused progressive reductions in growth; at 56d of age broilers fed 100gkg-1 raw, toasted, cooked and 200gkg-1cooked Mucuna grew 61.8, 67.2, 80.4 and 63.7% of control, respectively. Feed intake declined significantly with 100gkg-1 toasted and 200gkg-1 cooked MSM respectively. Feed to gain ratio decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) with 100gkg-1 raw, toasted and 200gkg-1 cooked Mucuna, respectively. The heart, liver, kidney and gizzard weights relative to body weights were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the diets. In Experiment 2, 200gkg-1 and 300gkg-1 dietary levels of Nigerian and Brazilian SACM were fed 28 to 56d respectively. With 300gkg-1 broilers grew significantly (P&lt;0.05) slower than the control and 200gkg-1 diet groups but feed intakes were unchanged. Inclusion of 200gkg-1 of the meals, allowed better growth than 300gkg-1 and by 56d of age growth were significantly (P&lt;0.05) depressed relative to control. At 200 and 300gkg-1 both Nigerian and Brazilian SACM promoted much better growth and efficiency than the raw Mucuna in Experiment 1 but values were significantly lower than those of controls. With 200gkg-1 broilers grew to 87.2 and 89.2% of controls respectively, a marked improvement over cooked Mucuna in Experiment 1. However, cooking, and soak and cook methods of detoxification slightly improved the nutritive value of Mucuna at 100 and 200gkg-1, respectively. Thus indicating partial or incomplete detoxification of the seeds. Further detoxification studies to ascertain the best processing method for improved feeding value of the seed is therefore needed. Increasing the cooking time and cooking in alkaline or acid solution may be helpful in the regard. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Broilers; Cooked; Mucuna seed; Soak and cook; Toasted	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944454660	Effect of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler starter chickens	Emenalom O.O., Orji V.C., Ogbonna N.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Orji, V.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ogbonna, N.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of whole and cracked velvet bean seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler chicks. Whole and cracked velvet bean seeds were separately soaked in water for 48 hours, cooked for one hour in maize-cob ash solution, sun-dried and then ground into meals. The meals were then incorporated into broiler starter diets at 25 and 30% dietary levels respectively and fed from 0 to 28 days of age. The control diet contained no velvet bean meal. At 25 and 30% dietary levels, cracked velvet bean meal supported broiler performance comparable to the control. Birds fed 30% whole velvet bean (WVB) meal had a significantly depressed growth; grew 84.22% of control but feed intake and feed to gain ratio were unaffected. Cooking in maize-cob ash solution improved the nutritive value of velvet bean seeds, allowing for 25 and 30% dietary inclusion levels for whole and cracked seeds respectively.	Broilers; Maize-cob-ash; Performance; Velvet bean	Aves; Gallus gallus; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944431793	The effect of supplementing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay with Acacia tortilis leaves and pods mixture on intake, digestibility and growth performance of goats	Abdulrazak S.A., Njuguna E.G., Karau P.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	Abdulrazak, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya, Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Njuguna, E.G., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Karau, P.K., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	An experiment was conducted for 63 days to examine the effects of supplementation of Rhodes grass hay (H) with mixtures of leaves and pods of Acacia tortilis on intake, digestion and growth performance of Small East African goats (SEAG). Twenty four SEAG of 18±4 kg BW, 9months old were assigned to six diets including ad libitum Rhodes grass hay alone (H) or H supplemented with various proportions of pods, leaves and mixture of the two as follows; 19 g DM/kg W0.75 pods (P), 19 g DM/kgW0.75 leaves (L), 9.5:9.5 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PL), 14:5 g DM/kg W 0.75 pods +leaves (PPL) or 5:14 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PLL). The diets were allocated to the goats in a completely randomised design, with 4 goats per treatment. Dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and live weight gains were all increased by supplementation. There was an indication of a better response in intake and weight gains when the hay was supplemented with equal proportion (9.5 g DM/kg W0.75) of pods and the leaves. It is concluded that mixtures of pods and leaves give more benefits than when either is offered singly to goats fed a basal diet of grass hay.	Acacia tortilis; Goats; Intake; Leaves; Live weight; Pods; Tree mixture	Acacia; Acacia tortilis; Capra hircus; Chloris gayana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23144457110	Evaluation of protein degradation characteristics and metabolisable protein of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and locally available protein supplements	Kabi F., Bareeba F.B., Havrevoll Ø., Mpofu I.D.T.	2005	Livestock Production Science	95	42371	10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.12.013	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Kabi, F., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Bareeba, F.B., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Havrevoll, Ø., Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway; Mpofu, I.D.T., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Degradation characteristics of crude protein (CP) and metabolisable protein (MP) of feeds for early-weaned, growing and finishing beef bulls were evaluated in three experiments. Feeds in experiment 1 were fresh elephant grass (FEG) and molasses supplemented with sweet potato vines (SPV) in diet 1, supplemental (GCM) compounded from gliricidia, cottonseed cake (CSC), maize bran and NaCl in diet 2 and a commercial concentrate (CC) in diet 3. Feeds in experiment 2 were basal maize stover mixed with molasses (MSM) and FEG supplemented with SPV in diet 1, GCM in diet 2 and CC in diet 3. In experiment 3, MSM and FEG were supplemented with compounded supplemental protein feeds with varying levels of gliricidia inclusion. Supplemental (GM) containing gliricidia, maize bran and NaCl were used in diet 1, GCM in diet 2 and supplemental (CM) containing CSC, maize bran and NaCl in diet 3. Degradabilities of experimental feeds were measured at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h by the nylon bag technique using two rumen fistulated steers (300±10 kg). Effective CP degradabilities of FEG in the three experiments varied (P&lt;0.05) with the supplements. In experiment 1, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements varied (P&lt;0.05) from 668.3 g kg-1 CP in CC to 722.1 g kg-1 CP in SPV and 743.7 g kg-1 CP in GCM. Effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), digestible udegradable protein (DUP) and MP varied (P&lt;0.05) among the supplements. In experiment 2, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements did not vary but ERDP varied (P&lt;0.05) from 83.7 g kg-1 CP in SPV to 116.6 g kg-1 CP in GCM and 123.8 g kg-1 CP in CC and MP followed similar trends. In experiment 3, effective CP degradabilities of the supplements decreased (P&lt;0.05) with increasing gliricidia inclusion. ERDP increased (P&lt;0.05) with lower gliricidia while DUP varied (P&lt;0.05) from 18.2 g kg-1 CP in CM to 23.6 g kg-1 CP in GCM and 36.6 g kg-1 CP in GM. These data have shown that the majority of locally available feeds evaluated in this study are not similar in CP degradation characteristics and MP but compounded GCM is more suitable in providing degradable and undegradable protein for beef bulls in Uganda. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cottonseed cake; Degradability; Fresh elephant grass; Gliricidia; Metabolisable protein; Supplemental protein; Sweet potato vines	Gliricidia; Ipomoea batatas; Micropus; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Swinepox virus (STRAIN KASZA); Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444385244	Evaluation of the F1 and backcrosses of Nigerian local pigs and the Large White for litter characteristics in Southwest Nigeria	Oseni S.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	4	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oseni, S., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	A total of 823 farrowing records representing five genetic groups of pigs - Nigerian local pigs (NP), the Large White (LW), NPxLW, (NPxLW) xLW, and (NPxLW) xNP - were used to investigate the effect of pig genotype on litter performance under the humid tropical conditions of Southwestern Nigeria. Past data records spanning a period of 12 years (1979 - 1990) were collected from the Swine Unit of the University Research Farm, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using least squares procedures. Effects in the model included genetic group of litter, year and season of farrowing, and genetic group x season of farrowing interaction. Traits evaluated included litter sizes and weights at farrowing and at weaning, including pre-weaning viability. Results showed significant effect of genetic group for all the litter traits studied. The crossbred groups were superior in most of the litter traits studied except litter birth weight where the LW purebred group recorded the heaviest litter weights. Season of farrowing affected litter performance traits in LWxLW, NPxLW and (NPxLW)xLW groups. In terms of pre-weaning viability, litters from the (NPxLW) xLW had 13.8% and 8.0% greater liveability at 42 days than litters from purebred NP and LW respectively.	Crossbreeding; Large White; Litter traits; Nigerian local pigs; Season	Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744516642	Effect of replacement of maize with cassava peel in cockerel diets on performance and carcass characteristics	Nwokoro S.O., Ekhosuehi E.I.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	6	10.1007/s11250-005-6844-9	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Nwokoro, S.O., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ekhosuehi, E.I., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	Cyanide; Dressing percentage; Feed consumption; Nitrogen retention; Weight gain	animal; animal food; article; body composition; body constitution; caloric intake; cassava; chicken; growth, development and aging; maize; male; Nigeria; nutritional requirement; physiology; randomization; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Body Composition; Body Constitution; Chickens; Energy Intake; Male; Manihot; Nigeria; Nutritional Requirements; Random Allocation; Weight Gain; Zea mays; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10044280158	Chemical evaluation of the seeds of Milletia obanensis	Umoren U.E., Essien A.I., Ukorebi B.A., Essien E.B.	2005	Food Chemistry	91	2	10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.029	Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, A.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Ukorebi, B.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, E.B., Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	A study was conduced to evaluate the nutritional potential of Milletia obanensis "Odudu" as a possible food or feedstuff and to assess the effect of various processing methods on its nutritional quality. Results of proximate analysis showed that the raw seeds contained 26.7% crude protein, 23.5% ether extract, 3.47% crude fibre, 4.37% ash and 42.0% nitrogen free extract. The protein was well supplied with essential and non-essential amino acids, though the values were low when compared with popular seed legumes. Minerals were in fair supply: P 3.10, Mg 92.30, K 45.25 and Fe 2.20 mg/100 g. Processing methods significantly (p<0.05) affected the nutritional composition. While autoclaving, boiling and toasting (heat treatment) increased the protein content, it reduced the levels of anti-nutritional factors-phytate, tannins, oxalates, cyanogenic glycosides and (slightly) saponin. Thus, it was concluded that M. obanensis seeds, if properly processed, could serve as livestock feed or food for man. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Amino acids; Antinutritional factors; Chemical evaluation; Milletia obanensis; Nutritional potential; Processing methods	essential amino acid; ether; glycoside; iron; magnesium; mineral; nitrogen; oxalic acid; phosphorus; phytate; potassium; saponin; tannin derivative; vegetable protein; analytic method; animal food; article; ash; autoclave; biochemical composition; controlled study; cooking; food; food processing; heat treatment; heating; intermethod comparison; legume; livestock; milletia obanensis; nonhuman; nutritional value; plant; plant fiber; plant seed; protein content; statistical significance; Fraxinus; Millettia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81855209881	Milk production performance of pastorally managed camels in eastern Ethiopia	Baars R.M.T., Kebebew T.	2005	Tropical Agriculture	82	42433	None	Department of Animal Sciences, Alemaya University, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Van Hall Larenstein University of Professional Education, P.O. Box 411, 6700 A A Wageningen, Netherlands	Baars, R.M.T., Department of Animal Sciences, Alemaya University, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, Van Hall Larenstein University of Professional Education, P.O. Box 411, 6700 A A Wageningen, Netherlands; Kebebew, T., Department of Animal Sciences, Alemaya University, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Milk production of 30 Iactating camels belonging to 1 herd of 100 heads was monitored during 19 months from March 1996 to September 1997 in eastern Ethiopia. The effects of season of calving, parity, and calf survival up to weaning on mean daily yield, peak yield, total lactation yield, lactation length, days open, and calving interval were assessed. The least square means (± standard deviation) of the daily, peak, and lactation yield were 7.5 ± 0.5, 11.5 ± 0.5, and 2104 ± 97 L, respectively. The least square means of lactation length, days open, and calving interval were 282 ± 10, 199 ± 13, and 573 ± 14 days, respectively. All parameters were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by the season of calving. The maximum lactation yield was observed for camels in the third and fourth lactations. The lactation curves had a typical shape, although Iess pronounced for camels that calved during the long dry season. Camels that calved in the long wet season and older camels showed a lower persistency. Camels whose calves died before weaning showed a significantly higher yield than camels whose calves stayed alive. The fat, protein, casein, total solids, and solids non-fat were 39 ± 4, 29 ± 3, 23 ± 2, 131 ± 6, and 92 ± 6 g kg-1, respectively. They were all significantly affected by parity and month of lactation. It was concluded that during the dry season, the herd produced a substantial amount of milk for the pastoralists. © 2005 Trap. Aqric. (Trinidad).	Calving interval; Lactation; Milk composition; Ogaden; Persistency; Season	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21744451534	Evaluation of subjectively assessed nodule traits of ostrich skins as influenced by slaughter age	Van Schalkwyk S.J., Cloete S.W.P., Hoffman L.C., Meyer A.	2005	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	35	1	None	Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa	Van Schalkwyk, S.J., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Cloete, S.W.P., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Meyer, A., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa	Ostrich skins (n = 214) were assessed by 28 participants involved in the ostrich leather production and marketing chain. The participants were from various sectors in the ostrich industry, including producers, skin graders, leather marketers, agents and process managers. Skins were evaluated during two occasions, firstly without any knowledge of slaughter age and thereafter with prior knowledge of slaughter age. Nodule acceptability and distribution for each skin were scored on a linear scale of 1 to 10. Slaughter age, as estimated by the participants during the first evaluation, was regressed on the actual age of the birds at slaughter. The derived regression indicated that actual slaughter age accounted for approximately 46% of the variation found in estimated slaughter age. Nodule acceptability scores generally increased with slaughter age. Average scores of at least moderately acceptability were found only in skins from birds slaughtered at 11 months of age and older. A corresponding trend with increase in slaughter age was found for nodule distribution scores. Between skin variance ratios were comparatively low for nodule acceptability (0.09-0.10, depending on prior knowledge of slaughter age or not) and nodule distribution (0.05-0.06). The between scorer variance ratio was generally higher, exceeding 0.35. Scores for nodule acceptability with or without prior knowledge of the age of individual skins at slaughter were essentially the same, as judged from a near unity covariance ratio between individual skins. A similar trend was observed for nodule distribution score. The need for practical methods for the objective assessment of the acceptability of nodules and ostrich leather quality was expressed. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Linear scale; Nodule acceptability; Nodule distribution; Repeatability	Aves; Struthio camelus	None
None	None	Participatory monitoring of changes in coastal and marine biodiversity	Wagner G.M.	2005	Indian Journal of Marine Sciences	34	1	None	Department of Aquatic Environment and Conservation, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Wagner, G.M., Department of Aquatic Environment and Conservation, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This study reports results obtained from participatory monitoring conducted in Tanzania in two types of keystone ecosystems, mangrove forests and coral reefs. The report also analyses participatory monitoring as an effective tool in environmental conservation and management. Participatory monitoring data collected from three mangrove areas subjected to different levels of human impacts, low, moderate and high, clearly indicated the effects on mangrove basal area and species diversity. Participatory coral reef monitoring clearly showed degradation due to human impacts in one are and definite positive trends over time due to management interventions in another area. Participatory monitoring produces large amounts of informative data in a short time at low cost. Moreover, it has profound positive impact on the participants in terms of enhancing their environmental awareness, creating a feeling of "ownership" of the environment and motivating them to protect and restore the ecosystems they monitor. However, in order for participatory monitoring to be successful, there should be proper selection of participants, adequate training and on-going supervision by experts.	Biodiversity; Coastal/marine; Keystone ecosystems; Participatory monitoring	Anthozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744438443	Evaluation of two novel Ziehl-Neelsen methods for tuberculosis diagnosis	Frimpong E.H., Adukpo R., Owusu-Darko K.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	4	None	Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	Frimpong, E.H., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Adukpo, R., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Owusu-Darko, K., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana	Background: Currently, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Ghana relies on direct sputum smear, Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) staining method. This method has low sensitivity and poses some health risks. The study was to compare the, direct sputum smear, (ZN) staining method against two newer ZN methods; 1% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL)-xylene floatation and 1% NaOCL sedimentation methods, to determine the most sensitive and the safest. Study design: A prospective descriptive study involving 150 adult patients attending Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis, using the three ZN microscopy methods: direct sputum smear, 1% NaOCL sedimentation, and 1% NaOCL-xylene floatation, for the detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB). Sputum culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) slopes was used as the gold standard for determining the sensitivity and specificity rates. Results: The sensitivity rates of NaOCL sedimentation, NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear methods were 77.2%, 71.8% and 66.3% respectively. The specificity rate was 95.9% for all three methods. Whereas the difference between the NaOCL sedimentation and the direct smear methods was statistically significant (P= 0.0446), that between the NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear was not (P=0.1788). Conclusion: In spite of the cost of chemicals, the hypochlorite sedimentation method was found to be the most accurate and the safest.	Laboratory infection; Sputum microscopy; Tuberculosis	hypochlorite sodium; xylene; acid fast bacterium; adolescent; adult; aged; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; Ghana; health hazard; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; microscopy; prospective study; school child; sedimentation; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; teaching hospital; tuberculosis; Ziehl Neelsen staining; Adult; Bacteriological Techniques; Coloring Agents; Ghana; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845760922	Increasing incidence of poverty in Nigeria: An impact assessment of the government's economic reform programme	Ezeoha A.E.	2005	Journal of Social Development in Africa	20	2	None	Department of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Ezeoha, A.E., Department of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	This paper sets out to examine why it had remained nearly impossible for a country like Nigeria to address the rising incidence of poverty among her citizenry. It also attempts to establish the impact of an apparently total lack of social alignment in government economic reforms and policies. It focuses on trends in the reform programme pursued over the last five years (1999 - 2004) by the present civilian government of Nigeria, and the attendant poverty alleviation strategies adopted. It notes that one of the high points of the manifesto of the Obansajo government in the last five years (May 1999 - 2004) was its commitment to poverty alleviation in the country; and that since its inception, the government had rolled out numerous poverty reduction programmes, and yet at the same time, had developed several economic reform programmes that seemed to have greatly deflected the goals of these same measures. The paper posits that all the efforts of the government, and the resources invested in the poverty alleviation programe over the years seem to have been wasted, as only limited positive results have been recorded. The paper further notes that regrettably, government initiatives designed to mitigate the deleterious effects of the economic reforms have, instead helped to worsen the state of poverty in the country. It recommends that a more realistic strategy to alleviate poverty in Nigeria would be for the government to take full responsibility for ensuring that poor people receive greater attention in their struggle to access affordable and better quality basic services.	None	economic impact; economic reform; poverty alleviation; state role; strategic approach; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26644440930	Evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in some commonly consumed vegetables in the Niger-Delta oil area of Nigeria	Eriyamremu G.E., Asagba S.O., Akpoborie I.A., Ojeaburu S.I.	2005	Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology	75	2	10.1007/s00128-005-0749-1	Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Geology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Ni	Eriyamremu, G.E., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria; Asagba, S.O., Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Akpoborie, I.A., Department of Geology, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Ojeaburu, S.I., Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin-City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	cadmium; lead; rain; article; contamination; human; industrial area; Nigeria; pollutant; pollution; safety; soil; vegetable; Cadmium; Food Contamination; Lead; Nigeria; Vegetables	None
None	None	Host plants of Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) and their influence on its early growth performance in Tanzania	Mwang'ingo P.L., Teklehaimanot Z., Lulandala L.L., Mwihomeke S.T.	2005	Southern African Forestry Journal	None	203	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania; School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Forestry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Mwang'ingo, P.L., Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania; Teklehaimanot, Z., School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; Lulandala, L.L., Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mwihomeke, S.T., Department of Forestry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Identification of the host plants of the hemi-parasitic African sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) and the influence of some on its early growth performance was investigated at Image, Nundu, Sao Hill and Iringa in the southern highlands of Tanzania. The aim was to identify host plants that support the growth of O. lanceolata, and to evaluate the potential of some in promoting its early growth under artificial establishment. The results revealed that O. lanceolata parasitises a wide range of hosts although some were preferred. The preferredhosts were Rhus natalensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Tecomaria capensis, Catha edulis, Apodytes dimidiata, Brachystegia spiciformis, Maytenus acuminatus and Aphloia theiformis. Of the preferred hosts, Brachytegia spiciformis, Rhus natalensis and Casuarina equisetifolia promoted most effectively the early growth of O. lanceolata in terms of height, diameter and overall root and shoot biomass. Possibly the light crown of these host species and the nitrogen fixing ability of C. equisetifolia played a significant role in conferring this advantage. The species are thus recommended as appropriate host plants when raising O. lanceolata seedlings for planting. However, a decision on whether these hosts will support the growth of O. lanceolata at a later stage is subject to further experimentation as they may only be serving as initial or intermediate hosts as reported in a related species Santalum album.	African sandalwood; Host plants; Host selectivity; Osyris lanceolata; Parasitism; Tree growth	Aphloia theiformis; Apodytes dimidiata; Brachystegia spiciformis; Casuarina equisetifolia; Catha edulis; Dodonaea viscosa; Hedera; Lanceolata; Maytenus; Osyris lanceolata; Rhus; Rhus natalensis; Santalaceae; Santalum album; Tecomaria capensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28744446906	Statistical evaluation of the hydraulic conductivity of compacted lateritic soil	Nwaiwu C.M.O., Osinubi K.J., Afolayan J.O.	2005	Geotechnical Testing Journal	28	6	None	Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004, Borno State, Nigeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Nwaiwu, C.M.O., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004, Borno State, Nigeria; Osinubi, K.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Afolayan, J.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	This paper examines the variation of hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lateritic soil with molding water content, dry unit weight, and initial degree of saturation under as-compacted conditions. Trends in the hydraulic conductivity versus molding water content relationships are similar to those obtained for nonlateritic, temperate zone soils. Hydraulic conductivity generally decreased as dry unit weight and initial degree of saturation increased. However, for the same values of dry unit weight, specimens compacted on the wet side of optimum water content yielded lower hydraulic conductivities than those compacted on the dry side of optimum water content. For lateritic soil specimens compacted at about 2 % or more on the wet side of optimum water content, hydraulic conductivities less than 1 × 10-7 cm/s can be achieved when the dry unit weight is greater than or equal to 16.3 kN/m 3 and initial saturation is greater than or equal to 88 %. Statistical analysis of the results obtained in this study show that relatively weak relationships exist between hydraulic conductivity and molding water content or dry unit weight. Stronger relationships are obtained when hydraulic conductivity is plotted against initial degree of saturation. It is shown that a more accurate prediction of hydraulic conductivity can be achieved when a multiple regression equation is used to relate degree of saturation and compaction energy to hydraulic conductivity. The British Standard heavy compactive effort offers a wider range of molding water contents within which soils can be compacted to yield low hydraulic conductivity. This range is, however, limited by consideration for long-term desiccation and shear strength. Copyright © 2005 by ASTM International.	Compactive effort; Hydraulic conductivity; Initial saturation; Lateritic soil; Minimum dry unit weight; Molding water content; Statistical analysis	Moisture; Regression analysis; Soils; Compactive effort; Initial saturation; Lateritic soil; Minimum dry unit weight; Molding water content; Hydraulic conductivity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944420487	Evaluation of diagnostic PCR for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products	Gouws P.A., Liedemann I.	2005	Food Technology and Biotechnology	43	2	None	Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Gouws, P.A., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Liedemann, I., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Conventional methods for the detection of Listeria in foodstuffs are generally cumbersome and time consuming. The use of primary enrichment in 1/2 strength Fraser broth and the use of Oxford and RAPID′L. mono agars were assessed in comparison with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for their ability to accurately detect and confirm the presence of L. monocytogenes in food products. Of the 27 food samples tested, 74 % were presumptively positive for Listeria on Oxford agar, while 44 % were presumptively positive for L. monocytogenes on RAPID′L. mono. Only 37 % of samples were confirmed to be positive for L. monocytogenes by PCR amplification of the hly gene (732 bp). PCR was able to eliminate the false positives and detect all L. monocytogenes in the food products, unlike the conventional methods used in the industry. In addition to the fact that the incidence of Listeria species was higher than L. monocytogenes on selective media, there was also the presence of Listeria-like organisms. These organisms had the typical appearance of Listeria on selective media, but were non-Listeria species, as confirmed by the PCR and API Listeria (bio-Mérieux). PCR proves to be a sensitive and rapid technique to be included in the procedure of detection of L. monocytogenes in food products.	Diagnostic; Food products; Listeria monocytogenes; PCR	Diagnostic; Gram-positive pathogens; Listeria monocytogenes; PCR; Cells; Diagnosis; Diseases; Food additives; Hydrolysis; Pathology; Polymers; Microorganisms; Listeria monocytogenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544463371	Critical evaluation of two models for entrepreneurial education: An improved model through integration	Pretorius M., Nieman G., Van Vuuren J.	2005	International Journal of Educational Management	19	5	10.1108/09513540510607743	Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Pretorius, M., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Nieman, G., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Van Vuuren, J., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - This paper focuses on the comparison of two models for entrepreneurial education with the aim of potential integration. At this juncture when entrepreneurial development is seen as the core contributor to enhance start-ups of new ventures and hence facilitate economic growth and development, the best possible education model is required. The creation of more entrepreneurs is at least partially dependent on the creation and advancement of efficient educational models. Design/methodology/approach - First, this paper briefly describes the two independently developed models for entrepreneurial education. Second, an in-depth qualitative analysis of the individual model constructs is presented to evaluate the contributions and limitations of each. Third, this paper proposes an integrated model that identifies certain weaknesses of each of its building-blocks, which are eliminated by the integration. Findings - The paper concludes that the integrated model for entrepreneurial education enhances the body of knowledge and highlights the key role of facilitators of entrepreneurial education programmes. Originality/value - Suggests that research should be conducted into the facilitation skills, entrepreneurial and business experience of existing facilitators and potentially those of business advisers that act as mentors. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Educational development; Entrepreneurialism; Training	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144479818	Technical article: A fuzzy-logic-based approach to cleaner production evaluation for surface finishing plants	Telukdarie A., Brouckaert C., Huang Y.	2005	Plating and Surface Finishing	92	5	None	Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban Institute of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States	Telukdarie, A., Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban Institute of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; Brouckaert, C., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Huang, Y., Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States	The evaluation of environmental cleanliness of an electroplating facility, as compared to the best available practice, has been a challenge, particularly in small or mid-sized plants. This is mainly due to the fact that the detailed plant data necessary for evaluation is always difficult to obtain completely and precisely. To alleviate the data-scarce and lack-of-skill related problems in environmental performance evaluation for cleaner production, a fuzzy-logic-based decision analysis approach is introduced in this paper. The attractiveness of the approach is illustrated by the analysis of rinse system management. The approach is general and thus is suitable for any type of environmental cleanliness problems in the electroplating industry.	None	Clean rooms; Decision theory; Evaluation; Fuzzy sets; Metal cleaning; Metal finishing; Plating; Production engineering; Waste management; Waste treatment; Cleaner production evaluation; Electroplating industry; Fuzzy logic based approach; Rinse system management; Surface finishing plants; Electroplating shops	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044512131	Impact of iodine deficiency on thyroid function in pregnant African women - A possible factor in the genesis of 'small for dates' babies	Das S.C., Isichei U.P., Mohammed A.Z., Otokwula A.A., Emokpae A.	2005	Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry	20	2	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu	Das, S.C., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 3452, Kano 700 001, Nigeria; Isichei, U.P., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Mohammed, A.Z., Department of Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Otokwula, A.A., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Emokpae, A., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	The effect of iodine deficiency (ID) on thyroid function in African women during pregnancy and postnatal period was examined, for which very limited information is available. Serum T4, T3, TSH, TBG, thyroxine binding capacity (TBK), free thyroxine index (FT4I=T 4TTBK) and T4/TBG were determined by ELISA technique in 32 pregnant women (resident of Plateau state, Nigeria - an ID zone) through pregnancy upto term delivery, and in 5 women up to 6 weeks post delivery. Urinary iodide level was measured at delivery to determine the degree of iodine deficiency. Results were matched with a non pregnant control comprising 44 subjects. 5555 birth weights (BW) of term babies in the region were analysed to determine the prevalence of 'small for dates' (SFD) babies in the population. Results show that the level of serum FT4I was elevated very significantly at late gestation (P&lt;.001) but the women were not hyperthyroid, suggesting a marked disturbance in binding of T4 with TBG during pregnancy. Five women with SFD babies were found in 'compensated hypothyroid state' and showed a significant depression (p&lt;.01) in serum T 4/TBG,T4,FT4I and T3 levels to a low normal range, with a concurrent significant rise (p.&lt;.001) in TSH level (above normal range) throughout pregnancy. Incidence of SFD babies was higher (p.&lt;.001) in ID zone (Bassa 15.2%) compared to control zone (Jos 9.8%). It is concluded that a state of maternal 'subclinical (compensated) hypothyroidism' during pregnancy possibly plays an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of SFD babies in Africans. A normal reference range for thyroid parameters at various stages of pregnancy in healthy African women is established for the first time.	Africans; Iodine deficiency; Pregnancy; Thyroid function	iodide; iodine; liothyronine; thyrotropin; thyroxine; thyroxine binding globulin; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; birth weight; chemical binding; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; incidence; iodine deficiency; liothyronine blood level; newborn; pathogenesis; perinatal period; pregnancy; small for date infant; thyroid function; thyrotropin blood level; thyroxine binding capacity; thyroxine blood level; urinary excretion; Enterobacteria phage T4	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344395331	The impact of acid rain deposition resulting from natural gas flaring on the socio-economic life of the people of Afiesere community, in Nigeria's Niger delta	Oghenejoboh K.M.	2005	Journal of Industrial Pollution Control	21	1	None	Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Oghenejoboh, K.M., Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Air and rainwater analyses were carried out within Afiesere, an oil producing community in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria to acertain the deposition of acid rain resulting from gas flaring in the area. The analysis showed that the pH of rainwater some distance away from the flare was 6.13, which is less than the pH of normal rainwater, while that within the oil facilities was 6.58. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr etc) and anions (SOx, NOx, Co etc) in the air were considerably low. However, the presence of extra H+ in the rainwater through diffusional effect of trans-atmospheric aerosol and other gaseous pollutants from the gas flare results in acid rain. The physical effects of acid rain are evident in the deteriorating health conditions and general economic life of the inhabitants of the community. © Enviromedia Printed in India. All rights reserved.	Acid rain; Anions; Atmosphere; Cations; Emission; Gas flaring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15244344272	Fast heated ballast furnace atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry: Part 2. Experimental assessment of performances	Katskov D.A., Sadagov Y.M., Banda M.	2005	Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry	20	3	10.1039/b413345e	Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Cortech Ltd., Ozernaya St. 46, Moscow 119361, Russian Federation	Katskov, D.A., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Sadagov, Y.M., Cortech Ltd., Ozernaya St. 46, Moscow 119361, Russian Federation; Banda, M., Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The theoretical predictions concerning atomization efficiency in the fast heated ballast furnace atomizer were examined by determination of Pb in the organic and inorganic matrices using a Quantum Z.ETA atomic absorption spectrometer. The instrument provided fast heating of the tube atomizer (10 K ms-1) and temperature stabilization on the pre-set level. In the experiments the tube was furnished with compact ballast (e.g., a graphite rod 1 mm in diameter and 5-9 mm in length or other refractive materials of similar volume and configuration). The samples were injected into the tube, disregarding their exact location on the wall or ballast. It is shown that in the employed ballast furnace for the sampling volumes below 10-15 μ1 the vapor release into the gas phase occurs after interim condensation on the ballast. For the samples of tetraethyllead, base oil and lead nitrate respective analytical signals are observed after stabilization of tube temperature (below 2673 K), independent of the volatility of the analyte and level of temperature setting. High gas phase temperature provides, for those samples, complete recovery of the analyte without involvement of chemical modifiers. The reduction of spectral background from sea-water matrix at Pb determination and behavior of analytical signals for In and Cr confirm common mechanism of sample vapor release via interim condensation on the ballast. The optimization of material for the ballast is still needed taking into consideration physical properties and the chemical activity of its surface towards the sample vapor. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2005.	None	Absorption; Condensation; Data acquisition; Graphite; Lead compounds; Magnetic field effects; Magnets; Porosity; Problem solving; Quantum theory; Reaction kinetics; Sensitivity analysis; Signal to noise ratio; Spectroscopic analysis; Vaporization; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Ballast furnaces; Fast heated ballast furnaces; Gas phases; Refractive materials; Furnaces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12844253759	Evaluation of yeast strains as possible agents for trace enrichment of metal ions in aquatic environments	Mapolelo M., Torto N., Prior B.	2005	Talanta	65	4	10.1016/j.talanta.2004.08.020	Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Mapolelo, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Torto, N., Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Prior, B., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Sorption properties of six yeast strains were evaluated for trace enrichment of metal ions; Cd2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous environments. Metal concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed that trace enrichment of the metals under study with yeast, was dependent on the pH and available metal ions. Enrichment time of 30 min gave an optimum metal uptake. The presence of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ suppressed the uptake of Pb by less than 5%, but suppressed the uptake of Zn by between 15 and 25%. Mg2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cr3+ Cr6+, Cd2+, and Zn 2+ suppressed the uptake of Pb by between 25 and 35%, and that of Zn by between 15 and 25%. For both Pb and Zn, Cd had the highest suppression of 35 and 30%, respectively for baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Baker's yeast achieved enrichment factors (EF) of 23, 4, 100, and 1 for dam water, stream water, treated wastewater, and industrial effluent samples for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr, respectively. The recoveries of optimised Cd and Cr samples spiked with 2 μg ml-1 of the metal could reach up to 90%, but never exceeded 66% for 10 μg ml-1 samples. For Cu and Pb, the recoveries generally increased independent of concentration, however they were not as high as those for Zn, which exceeded 90% for all the samples spiked with 10 μg ml-1 of the metal. S. cerevisiae PR 61/3 had the highest EF for Cr as compared to the other yeast strains. S. cerevisiae PRI 60/78 was the only yeast strain which was able to enrich Cd in all the samples. Baker's yeast had the highest EFs for Cu and Zn as compared to the other yeast strains without pH adjustment of the water samples. Candida tropicalis attained the highest EFs for Pb as compared to the other yeast strains. The results indicate that all the yeast strains used had a high affinity for Zn based on the EF values achieved. The results from these studies demonstrate that yeast is a viable trace metal enrichment agent that can be used freely suspended in solution to enrich metal ions at relatively low concentrations. This has ramifications on the traditional methods of sampling, sample collection, and transportation from remote sampling sites. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Aquatic environment; Trace metal enrichment; Yeast strains	pH effects; Positive ions; Sorption; Strain; Aqueous environments; Metal concentration; Sampling sites; Yeast strains; Yeast; cadmium; calcium ion; chromium; copper ion; industrial effluent; lead; magnesium ion; metal ion; potassium ion; sodium ion; water; zinc ion; aquatic environment; article; atomic absorption spectrometry; Candida tropicalis; controlled study; fungal strain; metal extraction; nonhuman; pH; reaction time; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; species comparison; stream (river); waste water; water sampling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144493144	Improving performance in a second year chemistry course: An evaluation of a tutorial scheme on the learning of chemistry	Davidowitz B., Rollnick M.	2005	South African Journal of Chemistry	58	None	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Davidowitz, B., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Rollnick, M., School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Throughput of students is a concern for academic departments especially since it will be the basis of a new funding formula for tertiary institutions. In order to reduce content for increased mastery, and ensure student engagement with chemical concepts, tutorials were introduced for two of the second year chemistry sub-disciplines at UCT in the place of some formal lectures. The impact of this innovation was investigated using questionnaires, interviews and a study of opportunistic data such as examination results. Analysis of the data showed that the overall pass rate increased noticeably as did the number of students achieving high marks. Student, tutor and lecturer feedback lent credence to the belief that the improvement was largely due to the introduction of the tutorial scheme. In addition, some noteworthy differences between the sub-disciplines were identified. Some of these differences were attributed to the lecturer's understanding of his own teaching.	Chemical education; Curriculum design; Improving performance in chemistry; Tutorials	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244454556	Furoyl and thiophene carbonyl linker pyrazolyl palladium(II) complexes - Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation as ethylene oligomerization catalysts	Ojwach S.O., Tshivhase M.G., Guzei I.A., Darkwa J., Mapolie S.F.	2005	Canadian Journal of Chemistry	83	42528	10.1139/v05-092	Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States	Ojwach, S.O., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Tshivhase, M.G., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Guzei, I.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Mapolie, S.F., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Reactions of 2-furoyl chloride and 2-thiophene carbonyl chloride with substituted pyrazoles produced the modified pyrazolyl compounds: {(3,5-Me 2pzCO)-2-C4H3O} (L1), {(3,5-Me 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L2), {(3,5-t-Bu 2pzCO)-2-C4H3O} (L3), {(3,5-t-Bu 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L4), {(3,5-Ph 2pzCO)-2-C4H3S} (L5), and {(pzCO)-2-C 4H3O} (L6) in good yields. Reactions of these synthons with [Pd(NCMe)2Cl2] afforded the corresponding mononuclear palladium(II) complexes: [Pd(L1)2Cl2] (1), [Pd(L2) 2Cl2] (2), [Pd(L3)2Cl2] (3), [Pd(L4)2Cl2] (4), [Pd(L5)2Cl2] (5), and [Pd(L6)2Cl2] (6) in moderate to high yields. All compounds synthesized were characterized by a combination of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Compounds L1, 1, and 2 were examined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. DFT theoretical studies at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory with GAUSSIAN98 have been used to rationalize some of the results. When the complexes were activated with ethylaluminium dichloride (EtAlCl2), they catalysed the oligomerization of ethylene to mostly C10 and C12 oligomers. Oligomer distribution greatly depends on the oligomerization conditions; for example, an increase in temperature and pressure produced a higher percentage of C12 compared to C10. © 2005 NRC Canada.	Ethylene oligomerization; Furoyl and thiophene carbonyl linker pyrazolyl compounds; Palladium complexes	Ethylene; Infrared spectroscopy; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Oligomers; Polymerization; Single crystals; X ray crystallography; Ethylene oligomerization; Furoyl and thiopene carbonyl linker pyrazolal compounds; Oligomerization; Pyrazoles; Thiopene; Palladium compounds; 2 furoyl chloride; 2 thiophene carbonyl chloride; aluminum derivative; carbon; carbonyl derivative; ethylaluminum dichloride; ethylene; furan derivative; furoyl derivative; palladium complex; pyrazole derivative; thiophene derivative; unclassified drug; article; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; catalyst; chemical modification; chemical reaction; complex formation; density functional theory; evaluation; infrared spectroscopy; molecular size; oligomerization; pressure; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; synthesis; temperature; X ray crystallography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844552375	Damage, deterioration and the long-term structural performance of cooling-tower shells: A survey of developments over the past 50 years	Bamu P.C., Zingoni A.	2005	Engineering Structures	27	12 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.04.020	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Bamu, P.C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa; Zingoni, A., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	The last 50 years have seen a gradual shift in trend in research on concrete hyperbolic cooling-tower shells, from the issues of response to short-term loading and immediate causes of collapse in the early part of this period, to the issues of deterioration phenomena, durability and long-term performance in more recent times. This paper traces these developments. After a revisit of some historical collapses of cooling-tower shells, and a brief consideration of condition surveys and repair programmes instituted in the aftermath of these events, focus shifts to the important question of damage and deterioration, and progress made over the past 30 years in the understanding of these phenomena. In particular, much research has gone into the modelling of cracking and geometric imperfections, which have a considerable effect on the load-carrying capacity of the shell, and are also manifestations of long-term deterioration. While structural monitoring of the progression of deterioration in cooling-tower shells, and the accurate prediction of this through appropriate numerical models, will always be important, the thinking now seems to be shifting towards designing for durability right from the outset. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Concrete cracking; Cooling towers; Damage modelling; Deterioration phenomena; Durability; Long-term performance; Shell imperfections; Shell structures	Cooling towers; Crack initiation; Defects; Deterioration; Durability; Mathematical models; Performance; Reinforced concrete; Concrete cracking; Cooling tower shells; Damage modelling; Deterioration phenomena; Long term performance; Shell imperfections; Shells (structures); structural analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19544379146	Comparative reliability evaluation of lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers	Afolayan J.O., Nwaiwu C.M., Osinubi K.J.	2005	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering	23	5	10.1007/s10706-004-1199-y	Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria	Afolayan, J.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Nwaiwu, C.M., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Osinubi, K.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	A numerical investigation to determine the existence or otherwise of congruence between laboratory-based and field-based models for predicting hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay liners has been conducted. The comparisons here are based on values of the reliability index estimated with the use of the two models for cases when hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be normally and lognormally distributed. The laboratory reduced Proctor and modified Proctor compactive efforts were assumed to correspond to the lowest and highest compactor weights (165 kN and 338 kN for sheepsfoot rollers only from literature) respectively. The standard Proctor compactive effort was assumed to correspond to the mean compactor weight of 261.4 kN. Reliability estimates from the laboratory-based model were consistently higher than the corresponding values from the field-based model for each of the variables common to the two models. As laboratory samples usually involve small samples which are often unrepresentative of field situations, it is considered that reliability levels estimated with the use of the field-based model provide more realistic assessment of compacted lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers. Compactor weight of 300 kN and above may be needed for effective compaction of lateritic soil liners. Reliability-based designs of lateritic soil liners should incorporate appropriate probability distribution types for variables in the field-based model. © Springer 2005.	Compactor weights; Congruence of laboratory and field models; Hydraulic conductivity; Laboratory compactive efforts; Lateritic soil liners; Reliability index	Clay; Compaction; Hydraulic conductivity; Mathematical models; Parabolic antennas; Probability distributions; Clay liners; Hydraulic barriers; Lateritic soils; Soil liners; Soils; geotechnical engineering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844471970	Performance specifications for concrete using the durability index approach	Alexander M., Ballim Y., Santhanam M.	2005	Indian Concrete Journal	79	12	None	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Concrete Materials Research Group, UCT, United States; WITS; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; African Materials Research Society; Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India	Alexander, M., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Concrete Materials Research Group, UCT, United States; Ballim, Y., WITS, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, African Materials Research Society; Santhanam, M., Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India	The noticeable shift towards performance specifications for durability calls for the adoption of reproducible, reliable and quick measures of transport parameters that are known to affect concrete durability. In addition, the ability to assess these parameters in actual construction, appropriate criteria for limiting values for durability parameters, and penalties or incentives for failing or achieving the necessary durability requirements, are equally important. The "Durability Index" approach has been developed in South Africa to provide a basis for specifying performance for durability of concrete. Three tests that primarily measure the transport properties of cover zone concrete are used to generate performance indicators. This approach has been successfully used in practice in South Africa, and could have a good potential for application in the Indian concrete industry. This paper describes briefly the tests followed under the durability index approach, and how the results from these tests could be used to set up performance criteria that can be used for specifying concrete quality to ensure long-term performance.	Conductivity; Durability; Performance; Permeability; Sorptivity	Concrete durability; Conductivity; Sorptivity; Concrete construction; Construction industry; Mechanical permeability; Performance; Specifications; Concretes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22944465096	Snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group aquifer systems with a case study of the Kommissiekraal River catchment South Africa	Wu Y., Xu Y.	2005	Water SA	31	3	None	Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Wu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Xu, Y., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Snowmelt in the mountainous areas of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) in South Africa is believed to be one of sources of groundwater recharge in some winter seasons. This paper provides a scientific assessment of snow impact on groundwater recharge in Table Mountain Group Aquifer Systems for the first time. Snowfall periodically occurs on the highest mountain ranges of about 1 000 to 1 200 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l) in the TMG area. Snow over the mountainous catchments is often observed on the gentle side of the slope, which is substantially affected by wind and vegetation. Based on climatic analysis, recharge processes and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) images, the recharge areas influenced by snowmelt in the TMG are identified as those catchments that are located above 1 000 m a.m.s.l. Physical processes within the snowpack are very complex involving mass and energy balances as well as heat and mass transport. Snowmelt rate was calculated using a variable degree-day melt factor determined as a function of snowpack density and vegetation cover. The hourly snowmelt rates estimated with different new snow density models. Groundwater recharge from snowmelt is affected by snowmelt mechanisms and local recharge conditions. The recharge rate is constrained by characteristics of the fractures rather than snowmelt rate. Recharge is also discounted due to prevailing interflow occurring in favourite geomorphological locations. This hypothesis is confirmed by an infiltration experiment in which up to 13.6% of the infiltrating water can recharge the aquifer. The estimated snowmelt recharge in the Kommissiekraal River catchment in the Villiersdorp of South Africa ranges from 14.1 ℓ·s-1 to 15.0 ℓ·s -1.	ETM image; Kommissiekraal River catchment; Recharge; Snowmelt; TMG	Aquifers; Geomorphology; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Rivers; Snow; Vegetation; Wind; Enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) images; Snow density; South Africa; Table mountain group (TMG); Groundwater; groundwater; infiltration; recharge; snowmelt; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044380190	Reproductive performance of fogera heifers treated with prostaglandin F2α for synchronization of oestrus	Bekana M., Gizachew A., Regassa F.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	5	10.1007/s11250-005-1862-1	Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; PO Box 150307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Bekana, M., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, PO Box 150307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gizachew, A., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Regassa, F., Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	[No abstract available]	Fogera cattle; Oestrus; Prostaglandin	prostaglandin F2 alpha; animal; article; cattle; drug effect; estrus; estrus cycle; Ethiopia; female; fertility; male; methodology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; reproduction; Animals; Cattle; Dinoprost; Estrus Detection; Estrus Synchronization; Ethiopia; Female; Fertility; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Reproduction; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20744437324	The effectiveness of media use in health education: Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS television campaign in Ethiopia	Farr A.C., Witte K., Jarato K., Menard T.	2005	Journal of Health Communication	10	3	10.1080/10810730590934244	Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States	Farr, A.C., Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States; Witte, K., Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jarato, K., Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Menard, T., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States	An effective vehicle to change behaviors is entertainment education. To demonstrate entertainment education effects, researchers must first indicate that participants have been exposed to their program. Exposure to effective programs has been associated with increases in knowledge about program topics, attitude change, and self-efficacious perceptions. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new exposure technique that accurately and precisely determines direct exposure levels to Ethiopia's Journey of Life. Overall, the study found very high listenership, storyline recall, liking of the program, and strong desire to change behavior while maintaining low error rates in terms of verbatim recall of storylines and reported listener ship to a fictitious program. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	None	accuracy; adult; article; controlled study; error; Ethiopia; female; health education; human; male; mass medium; recall; television; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Ethiopia; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Radio; Television	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-16344366747	Assessing the suitability of the epic crop model for use in the study of impacts of climate variability and climate change in West Africa	Adejuwon J.	2005	Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography	26	1	10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00203.x	Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adejuwon, J., Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model, developed by scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been successfully applied to the study of erosion, water pollution, crop growth and production in the US but is yet to be introduced for serious research purposes in other countries or regions. This paper reports on the applicability of the EPIC 8120 crop model for the assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop productivity in sub-Saharan West Africa, using Nigeria as the case study. Among the crops whose productivity has been successfully simulated with this model are five of West Africa's staple food crops: maize, millet, sorghum (guinea corn), rice and cassava. Thus, using the model, the sensitivities of maize, sorghum and millet to seasonal rainfall were demonstrated with coefficients of correlation significant at over 98 per cent confidence limits. The validation tests were based on a comparison of the observed and the model-generated yields of rice and maize. The main problems of validation relate to the multiplicity of crop varieties with contrasting performances under similar field conditions. There are also the difficulties in representing micro-environments; in the model. Thus, some gaps appear between the observed and the simulated yields, arising from data or model deficiencies, or both. Based on the results of the sensitivity and validation tests, the EPIC crop model could be satisfactorily employed in assessing the impacts of and adaptations to climate variability and climate change. Its use for the estimation of production and the assessment of vulnerabilities need to be pursued with further field surveys and field experimentation. © Copyright 2005 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore and Blackwell Publishers. Ltd.	Adaptations; Climate change; Climate variability; Crop model; Impacts; West Africa	climate change; climate variation; crop production; crop yield; rainfall; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32344440641	The impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluations on meeting project objectives	Niba M., Green J.M.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	2	None	Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Niba, M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Green, J.M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	This study investigates the value of participation on meeting a project's objectives by comparing the impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluation frameworks. We assessed HIV/AIDS projects that shared similarities in terms of objectives and implementation strategies, but differed in their evaluation strategies, in order to identify differences in the outcome of the projects on the beneficiaries. The study concentrated on documentary and interview evidence of communication-based HIV/AIDS projects. The results highlight that in spite of socio-demographic differences, consistent use of a participatory methodology created an enabling environment, in terms of implementation, for meeting a project's objectives (particularly improved group awareness, knowledge, attitude, empowerment, functioning and sustainability); and, in terms of evaluation, a participatory methodology better enabled the internalisation of those objectives, through activities such as focus group discussions. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Africa; Behaviour; Community empowerment; HIV/AIDS interventions; Monitoring and evaluation	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; attitude to illness; demography; documentation; empowerment; evidence based practice; health care delivery; health care planning; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; interpersonal communication; interview; medical information; methodology; outcome assessment; participatory management; social aspect; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844514816	Field evaluation of root rot disease and relationship between disease severity and yield in cassava	Onyeka T.J., Dixon A.G.O., Ekpo E.J.A.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	3	10.1017/S0014479705002668	Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Unité de Recherche en Productions Végétales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe	Onyeka, T.J., Unité de Recherche en Productions Végétales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe; Dixon, A.G.O.; Ekpo, E.J.A., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Reports of cassava root rot disease from different African countries have increased in recent times. Field studies were conducted from July 1998 to October 1999 to determine a reproducible disease assessment method that would allow the comparison of results from different locations and an evaluation of the relationship between disease severity and root yield. Single point disease assessments at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after planting (MAP) were compared to multiple points assessment based on the area under a disease progress curve (AUDPC). Single point assessments at 12 and 15 MAP, and the AUDPC identified continuous variation (p ≤ 0.01) among the genotypes. However, a consistent result across trials was obtained only with the assessment based on AUDPC. Root dry yield (DYLD) at 15 MAP showed a strong negative correlation with AUDPC (r = -0.74). Regression analysis also confirmed the negative relationship between yield and root rot severity. The five genotypes compared were separated into resistant (91/02324, 30572 and 92/0427) and susceptible (92/0057 and TME-1) groups. It was concluded that root rot disease may cause significant yield loss; however, the magnitude of the yield loss will depend on the susceptibility of the cassava genotype. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745477598	Evaluation of botanical mixtures for insect pests management on cowpea plants	Oparaeke A.M., Dike M.C., Amatobi C.I.	2005	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	106	1	None	Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Oparaeke, A.M., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Dike, M.C., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Amatobi, C.I., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Studies were conducted at the Research Farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Zaria in 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons to evaluate the efficacy and synergistic activity of extracts mixtures from herbal landraces in reducing pests numbers on cowpea plants and ensuring high yield of grains. The extracts mixed in a ratio 10:10% w/w included: cashew nutshell + garlic bulb; cashew nutshell + African pepper and garlic bulb + chilli pepper. The results indicated that all the herbal extract mixtures reduced the numbers of the tested insect pests (legume flower bud thrips, legume pod borer larvae and pod sucking bugs) and pod damage as well as increased grain yields by 4 - 5 times compared to the untreated control in the two years of investigation. The synergistic advantage of mixing two different plant species in botanical formulations could play a key role in the renewed effort to control pests of agricultural crops using biopesticides.	Biopesticides; Cowpea; Extracts; Insect pests; Management; Mixtures; Synergism	Allium sativum; Anacardium occidentale; Capsicum annuum var. annuum; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044501807	Screenhouse evaluation of atrazine for soil residual activity on growth, development and nutritional quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) in southwestern Nigeria	Aladesanwa R.D.	2005	Crop Protection	24	10	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.022	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Aladesanwa, R.D., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Atrazine is still by far the most widely used herbicide for selective weed control in maize in southwestern Nigeria following which vegetable crops may be sown to 'catch' remaining moisture under rainfed multiple cropping. This study examined under screenhouse conditions the effects of soil residual activity of atrazine at the recommended dose of 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 on the growth, development and nutritional quality of okra at intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after treatment (WAT). Results indicated that atrazine significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced plant height, total crop leaf area, and pod fresh weight in all the herbicide treatments relative to the control, but leaf number remained unaffected. Plant height, among other yield and nutritional quality indices, was found to be linearly and positively correlated with time interval between atrazine applications (P≤0.001; r=+0.98). The results of proximate analysis and determination of Vitamin C content of matured okra pods showed significant reductions in the levels of protein, fat, ash, crude fibre, carbohydrate, Vitamin C, calcium, iron, and moisture content in all the treatments involving atrazine application compared with control. It was concluded that okra should not be sown after maize in which atrazine has been used in order to avoid crop injury and reduced yield of pods with low nutritional value. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Maize; Soil residual activity	herbicide; weed control; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244273800	Evaluation of syphilis in patients with HIV infection in Nigeria	Nnoruka E.N., Ezeoke A.C.J.	2005	Tropical Medicine and International Health	10	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01344.x	Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01	Nnoruka, E.N., Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria; Ezeoke, A.C.J., Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria	OBJECTIVE: To document the manifestations of syphilis among patients with concurrent HIV infection over a 12-month period. METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study of all adult patients with syphilis and HIV infection who attended the skin clinic of the University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Enugu, between July 2000 and June 2001. A standardized questionnaire was used to record age, sex, marital status, occupation and risk factor for HIV infection; initial site of onset of rash/ulcers, duration of the illness, any concomitant affection of mucosa, hair and nails as well as treatments received by each patient prior to presentation. Morphological distribution of lesions, mucosal surface (conjuctival, vulval and rectal) examinations and documentation of concomitant disorders with HIV were noted by the examining dermatologist. Lesional biopsy and dark-field microscopy were undertaken to confirm diagnosis where serologic (non-treponemal and treponemal specific) tests for syphilis were inconsistent with clinical suspicion. Each patient had a routine chest x-ray, mantoux and purified protein derivative (PPD) status taken. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (21 males) with concurrent syphilis and HIV were seen during the study period. Primary syphilis was diagnosed in nine (29%), secondary syphilis in 20 (64.5%) and latent syphilis in two (6.5%). Neurosyphilis was not observed. Prevalence of syphilis for these patients with concurrent HIV was 2.1%. Mean duration of syphilis was 3.9 months ± 1.4 and lesions of greatest concern occurred mainly on the genitalia. The glans penis was affected in 10 (32.3%) cases, the penile shaft in seven (22.6%), the oral cavity in five (16.1%), the rectum in six (19.4%) and the vulva in three (0.9%) cases. Nine (29.1%) patients had a history of primary syphilitic chancre, 19 (61.3%) had a past history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) - particularly genital ulcers - while three (9.7%) could not recall any past history of STD. Eighteen (59.3%) had a history of unprotected sex, 16 (51.7%) had multiple sexual partners, four (13.3%) had had oral sex, and one anal sex (3.3%); none admitted to being bisexual. Other relevant risk factors for HIV transmission were blood transfusion within 5 years for three (9.7%) and intravenous drug use in two (6.5%). Some patients had more than one condition as a potential source of exposure. Serological tests were weakly reactive in 17 (48.4%), strongly reactive in nine (29%) and non-reactive in five (16.1%) patients. Three patients exhibited prozone phenomenon. Treatment comprised the syndromic approach, which currently is advocated for use in primary healthcare centres without facilities for aetiological diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: Our cases with concurrent syphilis and HIV/AIDS had unusual manifestations, responded to treatment more slowly and died sooner than cases described in Western literature due to generally lower levels of health.	HIV/AIDS; Serology; Syndromic management; Syphilis associations; West Africa	benzathine penicillin; tuberculin; disease prevalence; disease transmission; human immunodeficiency virus; syphilis; adolescent; adult; article; biopsy; bisexuality; blood transfusion; clinical article; clinical feature; comorbidity; controlled study; disease association; disease duration; disease severity; female; fluorescent treponema antibody test; genital system disease; genital ulcer; hair disease; health care facility; health center; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intravenous drug abuse; male; medical documentation; microscopy; mortality; mouth cavity; mouth inflammation; mucosa inflammation; nail disease; neurosyphilis; Nigeria; penis glans; physical examination; prevalence; primary health care; questionnaire; rash; recall; rectum disease; risk factor; safe sex; serodiagnosis; serology; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; skin ulcer; syphilis; teaching hospital; thorax radiography; Treponema pallidum; tuberculin test; unprotected sex; venereal disease reaction test; vulva disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chancre; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Penicillin G, Benzathine; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Syphilis; Treatment Outcome; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Glans; Human immunodeficiency virus; RNA viruses; Treponema; Treponema pallidum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644469154	Gold mineralization within the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Evidence for a modified placer origin, and the role of the Vredefort impact event	Hayward C.L., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., Robb L.J.	2005	Geological Society Special Publication	248	None	10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.248.01.02	Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Hayward, C.L., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom, Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Robb, L.J., Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The chemical composition of gold within the Archaean metasedimentary rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup displays significant heterogeneity at the micro-, meso- and regional scales. A detailed electron microbeam analytical and petrological study of the main auriferous horizons in the Central Rand Group throughout the Witwatersrand Basin indicates that gold has been remobilized late in the paragenetic sequence over distances of less than centimetres. Contemporaneous chlorite formation was strongly rock-buffered. Gold mobilization occurred under fluid-poor conditions at temperatures that did not exceed 350 °C. Widespread circulation of mineralizing fluids within the Central Rand Group is not supported by the gold and chlorite chemical data. Brittle deformation that affects most of the paragenetic sequence of the Central Rand Group late in its post-depositional history is followed by sequences of mineral growth and dissolution that appear throughout the Central Rand Group and have consistent textural relationships with gold. The consistent location within the paragenetic sequence, the wide regional and stratigraphic extent of the brittle deformation, together with mineral chemical and petrological data suggest that the Vredefort Impact Event (2.02 Ga) was the cause of this late deformation, and that post-impact fluid-poor metamorphism resulted in crystallization of a significant proportion of the gold on and within mineral grains that were deformed during this event. © The Geological Society of London 2005.	None	gold; impact structure; mineralization; ore deposit; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome; Witwatersrand; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244431634	The reach and impact of Child Support Grants: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal	Case A., Hosegood V., Lund F.	2005	Development Southern Africa	22	4	10.1080/03768350500322925	Department of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Case, A., Department of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Hosegood, V., Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Lund, F., School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Population Studies Group, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa	This paper examines the reach and impact of the South African Child Support Grant, using longitudinal data collected through the Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies. The grant is being taken up for a third of all age-eligible resident children, and appears to be reaching those children living in the poorer households of the demographic surveillance area (DSA). Children who received the grant are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school in the years following grant receipt than are equally poor children of the same age. However, older brothers and sisters of grant recipients, when they were observed at younger ages, were less likely than other children to be enrolled in school - perhaps reflecting the greater poverty in grant-receiving households. Thus the grant appears to help overcome the impact of poverty on school enrolment. © 2005 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	None	child care; child development; social policy; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30744463049	The role of social grants in mitigating the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in two free state communities	Booysen F., Van Der Berg S.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	SPEC. ISS.	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00038.x	Department of Economics, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Booysen, F., Department of Economics, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Van Der Berg, S., Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Social grants may play an important role in mitigating the impact of HIV/ AIDS. Eligibility for these grants is driven in part by the increasing burden of chronic illness, the mounting orphan crisis and the impoverishment of households associated with the epidemic. This article investigates the role of social grants in mitigating the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, using data from a panel study on the household impact of the epidemic. Social grants reduce inequality and decrease the prevalence, depth and severity of poverty in affected households. However, these transfers also have disincentive effects on employment, while non-uptake is in some cases higher amongst the poorest. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	None	human immunodeficiency virus; social behavior; socioeconomic conditions; state role; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25644457535	An empirical analysis of the impact of education on economic development in Nigeria	Lawanson O.I.	2005	Resources, Energy, and Development	2	2	None	Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Lawanson, O.I., Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Nigeria has been experiencing low levels of economic development over the years. It has been observed that education plays a vital role in the economic development of any nation. It is the aim of this study to empirically establish whether the low level of education in Nigeria has influenced its low level of economic development. This will be achieved by carrying out an empirical analysis of the impact of education on economic development in Nigeria over the period 1980-2000. For this purpose, endogenous models are formulated and regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares method is applied. The results reveal that education has a statistically significant impact on economic development in Nigeria. Therefore, the level of education must be improved in order to spur economic growth and development.	None	Economic and social effects; Mathematical models; Regression analysis; Social aspects; Economic development; Empirical analysis; Endogenous models; Nigeria; Education	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644757692	Capital controls and the lending behaviour of South African banks: Preliminary findings on the expected impact of Basel II	Cumming S., Nel H.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	4	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00044.x	Department of Economics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Cumming, S.; Nel, H., Department of Economics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Banking regulation has developed rapidly over the past few years. There is a growing realization that the regulatory environment must keep pace with globalization and with advances in the financial sector. The 1988 Basel Capital Accord was an attempt to align regulatory capital with the actual underlying risks that banks face, thereby improving the soundness of the banking sector. The New Basel Capital Accord, due for implementation in South Africa in 2007, refines this principle and remedies some of the flaws of the 1988 Accord. This paper considers whether such implementation would have an effect on lending patterns and credit expansion in South Africa. It falls into five parts. Section 1 examines the rationale for the 1988 Basel Accord and outlines the relevant features of the New Accord. Section 2 reviews some of the criticisms directed towards the New Accord, concentrating on the speculation that its implementation will adversely affect bank credit expansion. Section 3 proposes a method of research for assessing the effect of the New Accord in South Africa. Section 4 analyses the trends in South African banking and considers how the New Accord may affect bank behaviour. Section 5 concludes. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	None	banking; lending behavior; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442793	The impact of macroeconomic risk on asset prices in Ghana, 1997-2002	Twerefou D.K., Nimo M.K.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00111.x	Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Twerefou, D.K., Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Nimo, M.K., Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	The dwindling nature of overseas development assistance in the early part of the 1990s called for the establishment of capital markets in some African countries, including Ghana, with the view to increasing foreign direct investments and achieving sustainable inflows, growth and development. One important factor which affects the determination of prices and the growth of capital markets is macroeconomic risk which is quite high in developing countries. Following works done on advanced stock markets, this study seeks to investigate the impact of six macroeconomic risk factors on asset pricing in the various industrial classification - financial, manufacturing, food and beverages, distribution and mining under the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) for the period January 1997 to December 2002. Using the arbitrage pricing methodology developed by Ross (1976) and Chen et al. (1986), the study revealed that investors in Ghana considered three main macroeconomic risk factors - short-term interest rate risk, inflation risk and the term structure of the country's interest rate in the determination of the various industrial asset prices during the period under consideration. Analysis of the risks and returns profile of the industries also shows that financial assets made the best gains on the market. Both general and specific policy recommendations aimed at improving the performance of the GSE are explored. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	capital market; foreign direct investment; interest rate; macroeconomics; price determination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847751928	The power of non-verbal communication: Predicting job performance by means of thin slices of non-verbal behaviour	Visser D., Matthews J.D.L.	2005	South African Journal of Psychology	35	2	None	Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Visser, D., Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Matthews, J.D.L., Programme in Industrial Psychology, Department of Human Resource Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	The purpose of the study was to investigate whether ratings of brief exposures to 'non-verbal' and 'non-verbal plus verbal' behaviour could successfully predict on-the-job performance in a call centre. A panel of ten judges who were exposed to 30-second silent video recordings of 29 call centre operators carrying out their jobs were asked to rate the non-verbal behaviour of the operators on several dimensions. Two weeks later they were asked to repeat their judgments with the audio channel included. The judgments were correlated with management ratings and customer ratings of the operators' performance. The correlations varied between 0.31 and 0.46, representing medium to large effect sizes. The inclusion of the verbal channel did not significantly improve the accuracy of the thin-slice judgments of non-verbal behaviour. The implications of using ratings of non-verbal behaviour as a selection method were discussed. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Call-centre operators; Customer service; Non-verbal behaviour; Non-verbal communication; Selection; Thin-slice judgments; Training; Video footage	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444503401	Asset life cycle management: Towards improving physical asset performance in the process industry	Schuman C.A., Brent A.C.	2005	International Journal of Operations and Production Management	25	6	10.1108/01443570510599728	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Schuman, C.A., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - Asset management is often one of the last options to maximise cost savings in a competitive global economy due to its intrinsic complexity, especially in many developing countries. Asset management in the process industry must consider the commissioning, operational and end-of-life phases of physical assets when commencing a design and implementation project. However, current asset management models show inefficiencies in terms of addressing life cycle costs comprehensively, as well as other aspects of sustainable development. An asset life cycle management (ALCM) model is subsequently proposed for assets in the process industry, which integrates the concepts of generic project management frameworks and systems engineering with operational reliability in order to address these inefficiencies. Design/methodology/approach - Experiences within a large petrochemical company in South Africa are used as a case study to demonstrate and discuss the different components of the proposed ALCM model. Findings - Operational reliability and systems engineering are the means to achieve optimum value from physical assets over a facility's lifetime. Thereby, activities are identified that should be completed during each stage of the project life cycle. The application of performance measurements for the operation and support stages is proposed to influence decision making in the process industry. Originality/ value - Specific issues pertaining to the ALCM model are highlighted to ensure optimal practicality and incorporation of the model with other management practices in the process industry. © Emerald Group publishing Limited.	Assets; Assets management; Maintenance; Project management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844458301	Integrating LCIA and LCM: Evaluating environmental performances for supply chain management in South Africa	Brent A.C.	2005	Management of Environmental Quality	16	2	10.1108/14777830510583146	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Brent, A.C., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - Evaluations of environmental performances are of increasing importance for environmental management systems. In the automotive sector of South Africa, suppliers of components lack the ability to provide customers in the value chain with the necessary information to assess and compare environmental performances. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in South Africa have systematically commenced to obtain limited process information from first-tier suppliers. However, the information is not an accurate reflection of the true environmental burdens associated with the supplied components. Based on the available process information, this paper introduces a performance evaluation methodology that is applicable for South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach - The LCA methodology, as stipulated by ISO 14040, has been applied to obtain quantified environmental performance resource impact indicators (EPRIIs) associated with limited process parameters in the South African context. Three first-tier suppliers of an OEM are used as a case study to demonstrate the application of the indicator methodology. Findings - The EPRII procedure considers the spatially differentiated ambient environmental state of the South African natural environment for normalisation factors of typical LCIA categories. The procedure further incorporates costs in order to compare supplied components (and companies) equally. Originality/value - The EPRII procedure provides the means for OEMs to obtain a first approximate of environmental concerns in the supply chain, based on three basic process parameters. Thereby, tiers can be prioritised to determine where assistance is required to improve environmental performances. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Automotive industry; Environmental management; Life cycle costs; South Africa; Supply chain management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24944546571	Evaluation of the maintenance management function for a control plant at a substation	Jacobs T.D., Visser J.K.	2005	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	96	3	None	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Jacobs, T.D., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Visser, J.K., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Maintenance has historically been regarded as a "necessary evil" and the potential benefits of effective maintenance management practices towards a company's bottom line have only recently been realised. This is especially true for capital-intensive industries like an electric utility such as Eskom. A research project was conducted to evaluate maintenance management as applied by the Electricity Delivery Department of Eskom, which is responsible for the maintenance of a control plant in the Distribution Division, and compare it with a "world class" benchmark. The evaluation revealed that the Electricity Delivery Department is on the right track with respect to the way that the maintenance of the control plant is managed. However, a few areas that require attention in order to optimise the maintenance management function are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Control plant; Maintenance; Management; Substation	Capital-intensive industries; Control plant; Management practices; Potential benefits; Electric power distribution; Electric substations; Electric utilities; Industrial management; Industrial plants; Maintenance; Electric industry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27544488014	Heavy metals in sediments of the gold mining impacted Pra River basin, Ghana, West Africa	Donkor A.K., Bonzongo J.-C.J., Nartey V.K., Adotey D.K.	2005	Soil and Sediment Contamination	14	6	10.1080/15320380500263675	Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, United States	Donkor, A.K., Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Bonzongo, J.-C.J., Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, United States; Nartey, V.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Adotey, D.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana	Total concentrations of Hg, Al, Fe, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Co, V, and Zn were determined in surface sediments collected from 21 locations within the gold mining impacted Pra River basin in southwestern Ghana. Samples were collected during both the rainy and dry seasons. We hypothesized that in the rural southwestern portion of Ghana, the lack of industrial activities makes artisanal gold mining (AGM) by Hg amalgamation the main source of water resource contamination with heavy metals. Therefore, metals showing concentration trends similar to that of Hg in the studied system are likely impacted by AGM. We found that total-Hg (THg) concentrations in riverine sediments are rather low as compared to other aquatic systems that are impacted by similar mining activities. Measured THg concentrations ranged from 0.018 to 2.917 mg/kg in samples collected in the rainy season and from about 0.01 to 0.043 mg/kg in those collected during the dry season. However, the determination of the enrichment factor (EF) calculated using shale data as reference background values showed signs of severe contamination in most of the sampled sites. In the dry season, THg concentrations correlated positively and significantly to the concentrations of As (r = 0.864, p < 0.01), Cu (r = 0.691, p < 0.05), and Ni (r = 0.579, p < 0.05). Based on our previously stated hypothesis, this could then be an indication of the impact of AGM on ambient levels of these 3 elements. However, the determined concentrations of Cu, and Ni co-varied significantly with Al, suggesting that natural sources do account for the observed levels. Accordingly, both AGM and metal inputs from weathered natural deposits are likely co-responsible for the observed levels of Cu and Ni. In contrast, the lack of correlation between As and Al tends to suggest an impact of AGM on As levels. Overall, our data suggest that besides Hg and to some extent As, the impact of AGM on ambient levels of investigated metals in the gold mining impacted Pra River remains negligible. Finally, the increase in metal concentrations from the dry to the rainy season underlines the impact of changes in hydrologic conditions on levels and fate of metals in this tropical aquatic system. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	Ghana; Gold mining; Heavy metals; Mercury; Sediment contamination; West Africa	Concentration (process); Gold mines; Heavy metals; Hydrology; Mercury (metal); Mining; Sediments; Ghana; Gold mining; Sediment contamination; West Africa; River pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244443379	Landslides in Sado Island of Japan: Part I. Case studies, monitoring techniques and environmental considerations	Ayalew L., Yamagishi H., Marui H., Kanno T.	2005	Engineering Geology	81	4	10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.08.005	Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia	Ayalew, L., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia; Yamagishi, H., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Marui, H., Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kanno, T., Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan	A sufficient knowledge on the kinematics and development of landslides helps to adopt proper measures that can be used to protect slopes and the environment in general. This can be achieved by adequate monitoring programs. This paper presents the findings of intensive monitoring activities carried out on Shiidomari and Katanoo landslides found in Sado Island of Japan. More than one year of observation of the two landslides allowed defining some peculiar futures of their kinematics and style of development. The problem of slope instability in the two areas is generally accredited to various factors. But, both landslides were triggered by heavy rainfalls and snowmelt. Because of the outline of the area and the presence of relict topographic features, the Shiidomari landslide is considered to be a large-scale reactivation of old slope failures. The Katanoo landslide is, however, a first-time case. Geophysical investigations and drilling activities in Shiidomari indicated the presence of two slip planes. The deepest (80-100 m) of these is controlled by existing lineaments. Monitoring data suggests that the body of the landslide has subsided as much as 1.16 m just below the main scarp, but a centimeter in the central region. The toe sector also experienced a significant amount of subsidence, but this was counter-balanced by an uplift on the opposite side of the landslide. Hence, the landslide seems not any more active along the deepest slip surface, although it may extend upward and define a series of shallow shear planes around the crown. In the case of Katanoo, the landform characteristics, differential weathering, the road cut and groundwater fluctuations appeared to contribute much to determine the exact location of the landslide. Extensional cracks that preceded the landslide can be related to heavy rainfalls and the cold and warm cycles thereafter. Subsurface investigations and monitoring works indicated that the landslide has two slide blocks with different slip planes. During the observation period, the upper part of the landslide responded more effectively to rainfall and snowmelt than the middle and lower sections. The corresponding movements, however, appeared to settle about three months after failure. There were also little strain transmissions in boreholes and no significant change in the characteristics of the landslide. The kinematics of deformation of many of the slopes in Sado Island resembles that of Shiidomari landslide. But mass movements along highways and mountain roads are usually similar to Katanoo. Landslides of the type like Shiidomari may not show sudden and drastic failures, but are usually long lasting and can reactivate repeatedly along new, shallow shear planes. Monitoring works and long-term supervisions in these types of landslides are useful to identify impending failures and take the right measures before they brought about large-scale destruction to the environment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Environment; Landslide; Monitoring; Sado, Japan	Environmental impact; Geophysics; Monitoring; Slope stability; Subsidence; Weathering; Differential weathering; Slope failures; Landslides; kinematics; landslide; monitoring; Asia; Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Far East; Japan; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25144520135	Evaluation of physico-chemical and sensory qualities of African breadfruit and sweet potato based supplementary foods	Akubor P.I.	2005	Journal of Food Science and Technology	42	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.-1037, Idah, Nigeria	Akubor, P.I., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.-1037, Idah, Nigeria	The chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of supplementary foods prepared from the blends of raw (untreated) and fermented sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour (SPF) and raw, fermented and germinated African breadfruit (Treculia africana Decene) kernel flour (ABKF) were studied. Fermentation and germination increased the protein but decreased fat and carbohydrate contents of ABKF. Similarly, fermentation increased the protein but not fat, carbohydrate and crude fiber contents of SPF. The protein contents of ABKF and SPF were 17.3% and 2.9%, respectively, and ranged between 14.3 and 16.1% for the blends. All the flour blends showed low bulk density of 0.71-0.77 g/cm3. The water absorption capacity (WAC) of SPF was 164% while that of ABKF was 150%. Fermentation and germination decreased the WAC of ABKF. Fermented SPF had lower WAC than the unfermented sample. A range of 106 to 158% WAC was observed for the blends. The reconstitution index of the blends in boiled water were 88 and 98 ml. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed in colour, flavour and overall acceptability of the SPF/ABKF based supplementary foods. Blends of raw SPF and raw ABKF, RSPF and fermented ABKF (FABKF); and fermented SPF (FSPF) and ABKF had comparable scores with Cerelac, a reference commercial weaning food, for most of the sensory quality attributes evaluated.	African breadfruit kernel flour; Chemical composition; Fermentation; Germination; Sensory quality; Sweet potato flour	Carbohydrates; Composition; Fermentation; Health care; Nutrition; Physical chemistry; Proteins; Water absorption; African breadfruit kernel flour; Germination; Sensory quality; Sweet potato flour; Food products; Artocarpus altilis; Ipomoea batatas; Treculia africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28744459338	Evaluation of nutritive properties of the large African cricket (Gryllidae sp)	Adebowale Y.A., Adebowale K.O., Oguntokun M.O.	2005	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	48	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Adebowale, Y.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adebowale, K.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oguntokun, M.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	The large African cricket (Gryllidae sp) was subjected to standard analytical procedures to determine its proximate composition, functional properties, amino acids spectrum, in vitro protein digestibility, and nutritionally valuable minerals. The moisture was low (2.13-3.48%), while the protein content was high (65.95%) in the male cricket and 65.11 % in the female cricket). Seventeen amino acids were detected. The essential amino acids contributed 46.1-47.8% of the total amino acid content. Results of the in vitro protein multienzyme digestibility indicated high digestibility (90.7-94.7%). The amino acids scores were also favourable. The crude fibre and fat contents were fairly high, while the total carbohydrates were low (8.26-12.49%). The carbohydrates fraction contained 85.9-88.0% carbohydrates as stored glycogen. Phosphorus was the highest mineral in the ash (180.92 mgper 100 g), while the concentration of zinc was the lowest (1.46 mg per 100 g). Copper, manganese, nickel and lead were below the detection limits. Observations on the functional properties revealed low gelation, oil absorption, and emulsion capacity and stability. The effect of pH on the protein solubility showed that the lowest solubility occurred at the pH value of 4.0, while maximum solubility was recorded at the pH values of 6 and 7.	Functional properties; Gryllidae amino acids; Gryllidae sp; Large African cricket; New protein source; Nutritional properties	cricket; Gryllidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10644291886	Impact of preservation and different packaging conditions on the microbial community and activity of Kefir grains	Witthuhn R.C., Schoeman T., Cilliers A., Britz T.J.	2005	Food Microbiology	22	4	10.1016/j.fm.2004.09.001	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Schoeman, T., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Cilliers, A., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Priv. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, S. A., South Africa	Kefir is a cultured milk product that is produced by a mixed acidic and alcoholic fermentation by microbes found within Kefir grains. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different packaging materials in their ability to retain the viability and activity of the grains over an extended storage period. The impact of the different packaging and storage conditions on the microbial community of the grains was also determined. Kefir grains were lyophilized, packaged in three different packaging materials, including low-density polyethylene film (LDPE), oriented polyester film (OPET), and methallized oriented polyester film (MOPET) and stored for 3 months at room temperature. Activity tests, including pH, titratable acidity (%TA), lactose and lactic acid content over a 10 and 18 h fermentation period were used to evaluate the acidification activity of the lyophilized grains. Selective media, morphology and physiological characteristics were used to obtain the enumeration values and to identify the microbes present in the packaged and stored grains. Overall, the best retention of the fermentation activity was found for the MOPET film. The OPET packaging film provided the best preservation of the microbial composition. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Fermentation; Kefir grains; Lactic acid bacteria; Packaging; Preservation	Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13944250383	Evaluation of different preservation techniques on the storage potential of Kefir grains	Witthuhn R.C., Cilliers A., Britz T.J.	2005	Journal of Dairy Research	72	1	10.1017/S0022029904000652	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Cilliers, A., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	[No abstract available]	Air-dried; Freezing; Kefir grains; Lyophilisation; Microbial activity; Refrigeration	alcoholic beverage; animal; article; cattle; cereal; dairying; fermentation; food preservation; methodology; milk; South Africa; Alcoholic Beverages; Animals; Cattle; Cereals; Dairying; Fermentation; Food Preservation; Milk; South Africa; Kefir	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18044368489	Impact of different pasteurization temperatures on the survival of microbial contaminants isolated from pasteurized milk	Dumalisile P., Witthuhn R.C., Britz T.J.	2005	International Journal of Dairy Technology	58	2	10.1111/j.1471-0307.2005.00189.x	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Dumalisile, P., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The thermal inactivation of selected microbes was studied using the low temperature long time (LTLT), high temperature short time (HTST) and 'pot' pasteurization methods. Survivors were enumerated after heating for up to 40 min for the LTLT and HTST pasteurization methods and after heating for up to 30 min for the 'pot' pasteurization method. With the exception of the Bacillus cereus strain, the selected microbes did not survive the LTLT and HTST pasteurization methods. The results from the 'pot' pasteurizer showed that B. cereus, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli strains survived the pasteurization conditions applied, showing that the 'pot' pasteurizer does not pasteurize effectively. © 2005 Society of Dairy Technology.	'Pot' pasteurization; Bacillus; Microbial survival; Spoilage microbes	article; Bacillus cereus; bacterial strain; bacterium identification; bacterium isolate; Chryseobacterium meningosepticum; heating; low temperature procedures; microbial contamination; milk; nonhuman; pasteurization; priority journal; Pseudomonas putida; survival; temperature dependence; Acinetobacter baumannii; Bacillus cereus; Chryseobacterium meningosepticum; Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas putida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645014100	Living on wild plants: Evaluation of the rural household economy in Nigeria	Osemeobo G.J.	2005	Environmental Practice	7	4	10.1017/S1466046605050386	Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, PMB 468, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria	Osemeobo, G.J., Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, PMB 468, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria	Data were derived through a cross-sectional survey involving 288 respondents selected from three ecological zones of Nigeria to assess the role of wild plants in rural households' socio-economic security. The study revealed that wild plants were recognized by rural communities as common property and were managed through common property regimes. Wild plant products used by rural communities met a wide variety of uses and were available for sale in marketplaces within the rural areas. The study demonstrated that when compared across the three ecological zones, the volume of plant products was inversely related to the income they generated. For example, the volume of wild plant products harvested from natural forests was highest in the guinea savannah, followed by the derived savannah, and least in the rainforest; however, the annual household income generated from wild plants was highest in the rainforest and least in the guinea savannah. The wild plant products supported 11 occupations, including production of oils, soap making, gathering (of leaves, fruits, nuts, and seeds), carving, and production of chewing sticks (for oral hygiene). The most promising occupations were vegetable oil production, production of chewing sticks, soap making, production of wines, gathering, and fuel wood and charcoal production. The average annual value of harvested wild plant products from the forest (including items consumed, sold, given out to neighbors, and damaged after harvest) per household was 1,614,133 naira (N1,614,133), or US$11,956.54; the annual net income generated from the harvest of wild plant products per household was N910,252 (US$6,742.61). The sustainability of the forests for the supply of wild plant products is precarious. In plant conservation programs, priority attention should be given first to species threatened with extinction and then to plants of limited distribution in natural forests. © 2005 National Association of Environmental Professionals.	None	household expenditure; rural economy; socioeconomic status	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26244453920	Taxonomic re-evaluation of Leptographium lundbergii based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphology	Jacobs K., Solheim H., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J.	2005	Mycological Research	109	10	10.1017/S0953756205003618	Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Høgskoleveien 8, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Jacobs, K., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Solheim, H., Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Høgskoleveien 8, 1432 Ås, Norway; Wingfield, B.D., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The genus Leptographium was described in 1927 and currently includes 48 species, with L. lundbergii as the type species. In recent years, the taxonomic status of L. lundbergii has not been uniformly agreed upon and it has been the topic of considerable debate. The problem was compounded by the absence of a type specimen, and the species was epitypified at a later stage. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of the epitype is now unknown. In 1983, Wingfield & Marasas described L. truncatum, which is morphologically similar to L. lundbergii. Based on DNA comparisons and similarities in their morphology, this fungus was reduced to synonymy with L. lundbergii. The loss of the type specimen as well as variation in the morphology of strains identified as L. lundbergii prompted us to re-examine the taxonomic status of this species. A number of strains from various geographic areas were studied. These include a strain of L. lundbergii deposited at CBS by Melin in 1929 (CBS 352.29) as well as the ex-type strain of L. truncatum. The strains were compared based on morphology and comparison of multiple gene sequences. Three genes or genic regions, ITS2 and part of the 28S gene, partial β-tubulin and partial elongation factor 1-α were compared. Strains currently identified as L. lundbergii, represented a complex of species. Strains initially described as L. truncatum clustered separately from other L. lundbergii strains, could be distinguished morphologically and should be treated as a distinct taxon. L. lundbergii is provided with a new and expanded description based on a neotype designated for it. A third group was also identified as separate from the main L. lundbergii clade and had a distinct Hyalorhinocladiella-type anamorph, described here as H. pinicola sp. nov. © The British Mycological Society.	None	fungal DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; ribosome RNA; tubulin; fungus; genetic analysis; morphology; taxonomy; article; Ascomycetes; chemistry; classification; DNA sequence; genetics; nucleotide sequence; phase contrast microscopy; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; sequence alignment; ultrastructure; Ascomycota; Base Sequence; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Microscopy, Interference; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tubulin; Fungi; Hyalorhinocladiella; Leptographium; Leptographium lundbergii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20144371727	Impact of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation on an alluvial soil in south eastern Botswana	Aweto A.O., Moleele N.M.	2005	International Journal of Environmental Studies	62	2	10.1080/0020723042000275141	Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana	Aweto, A.O., Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Moleele, N.M., Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana	This paper examines the impact of a 33-year plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on an alluvial soil in Gaborone, south eastern Botswana, by comparing the soil under the plantation with similar soil under an adjoining native savanna woodland dominated by Acacia karoo. Soil clay content was significantly higher in the plantation soil in both the 0-10cm and 10-20cm layers. There were no significant differences between soil under the two ecosystems with respect to the levels of organic matter, exchangeable potassium and available phosphorus. Despite the higher clay contents of the plantation soil, exchangeable calcium and magnesium and pH were higher in soil under the native woodland. This suggests that E. camaldulensis immobilizes soil nutrients faster and that plantation nutrient cycles are less efficient than in the native Acacia woodland. Consequently, soil nutrient deficiency will limit plantation productivity after the first few rotations. It is important to adopt tree harvesting techniques that reduce drain on soil nutrients at the end of a plantation rotation. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	Acacia karoo; Botswana; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Savanna; Soil nutrients	Clay; Ecosystems; Hardwoods; Harvesting; Phosphorus; Alluvial soil; Organic matters; Soil nutrient; Woodlands; Soils; Clay; Ecosystems; Eucalyptus; Harvesting; Phosphorus; Soil; Acacia; Eucalyptus camaldulensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29744434008	Quality aspects of environmental impact assessment reports in the Free State Province, South Africa	Kruger E., Chapman O.A.	2005	South African Geographical Journal	87	1	None	Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	Kruger, E., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; Chapman, O.A., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	There has been little empirical investigation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure und practice in South Africa to assess compliance to EIA regulations, or performance towards achieving the objectives of legislation. This paper examines the quality aspects of EIA in the Free State Province, South Africa, by utilizing the disaggregate approach and applying it to a systematic sample of EIAs conducted in the Free State Province from 1997 to 2002. It was observed that socio-economic impacts are neglected: assessment methodology is highly subjective; there is a lack of specialist input and consideration of alternatives and public involvement is inadequate. The degree of compliance with regulations is however good, although there is a lack of integration of EIA findings into authorization decisions (as summarised in the Record of Decisions). It is therefore concluded that EIA reports in the Free State province conforms to South African regulations. In order to improve the quality of EIA reports, and thus its ability to act as a tool for sustainable development, it is suggested that more detailed guidelines or regulations are provided, or that the EIA process in South Africa reverts back to the 'traditional' scoping report, where scoping solely involves a thorough identification of issues. This will eliminate the inconsistencies found between normal scooping reports and "beefcd-up" scoping reports.	None	assessment method; environmental impact assessment; socioeconomic impact; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244471693	Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Geochemistry of impactites and target rocks, and search for a meteoritic component	Dai X., Boamah D., Koeberl C., Reimold W.U., Irvine G., McDonald I.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Queen's University, Stirling Hall, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada	Dai, X., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Stirling Hall, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada; Boamah, D., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Irvine, G., Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; McDonald, I., Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom	Major and trace element data, including platinum group element abundances, of representative impactites and target rocks from the crater rim and environs of the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana, have been investigated for the possible presence of a meteoritic component in impact-related rocks. A comparison of chemical data for Bosumtwi target rocks and impactites with those for Ivory Coast tektites and microtektites supports the interpretation that the Bosumtwi structure and Ivory Coast tektites formed during the same impact event. High siderophile element contents (compared to average upper crustal abundances) were determined for target rocks as well as for impactites. Chondrite-normalized (and iron meteorite-normalized) abundances for target rocks and impactites are similar. They do not, however, allow the unambiguous detection of the presence, or identification of the type, of a meteoritic component in the impactites. The indigenous siderophile element contents are high and possibly related to regional gold mineralization, although mineralized samples from the general region show somewhat different platinum-group element abundance patterns compared to the rocks at Bosumtwi. The present data underline the necessity of extensive target rock analyses at Bosumtwi, and at impact structures in general, before making any conclusions regarding the presence of a meteoritic component in impactites. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	crater; impact structure; impactite; meteorite; shock metamorphism	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244444177	Target rocks, impact glasses, and melt rocks from the Lonar impact crater, India: Petrography and geochemistry	Osae S., Misra S., Koeberl C., Sengupta D., Ghosh S.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Geological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016, India	Osae, S., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Misra, S., Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Sengupta, D., Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India; Ghosh, S., Geological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016, India	The Lonar crater, India, is the only well-preserved simple crater on Earth in continental flood basalts; it is excavated in the Deccan trap basalts of Cretaceous-Tertiary age. A representative set of target basalts, including the basalt flows excavated by the crater, and a variety of impact breccias and impact glasses, were analyzed for their major and trace element compositions. Impact glasses and breccias were found inside and outside the crater rim in a variety of morphological forms and shapes. Comparable geochemical patterns of immobile elements (e.g., REEs) for glass, melt rock and basalt indicates minimal fractionation between the target rocks and the impactites. We found only little indication of post-impact hydrothermal alteration in terms of volatile trace element changes. No clear indication of an extraterrestrial component was found in any of our breccias and impact glasses, indicating either a low level of contamination, or a non-chondritic or otherwise iridium-poor impactor. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	crater; glass; impact structure; melt; shock metamorphism; Asia; Eurasia; India; Lonar Crater; Maharashtra; South Asia	None
None	None	Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic change in Lake Tanganyika: VIII. Hydrological evaluation of two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment	Nkotagu H.H.	2005	Journal of Paleolimnology	34	1	10.1007/s10933-005-2421-5	Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35052, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Nkotagu, H.H., Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35052, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	This study was conducted to delineate the impact of human activities on stream flow and water chemistry as well as other factors that influence the chemical character of both surface and groundwater in two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment. The study sites the Mwamgongo and Mitumba streams along the northern Tanzanian coastline of the lake are representative of disturbed and undisturbed watersheds, respectively, but are quite similar in other characteristics of slope, bedrock geology and size. Separation of stream flow components was undertaken using classical hydrograph analysis along with chemical methods using both Cl and 18O data. All the data show that groundwater accounts for the predominant source of total stream flow in both the Mwamgongo and Mitumba watersheds (65 and 70% respectively). The streams have an average δ18O of about -3.0% and less than 10 mg/l for Cl. The basin recession constants of 9.4×10-3-d-1 and 9.6×10-3-d-1 for Mwamgongo and Mitumba, respectively, indicate existence of both fissured and fractured aquifer systems. The chemical data exhibit low values of all determined ions. This supported the hypothesis that natural processes influence the water chemical character of the study area. An Mg-HCO3 type of water dominates in the two watersheds. Despite their similar size and bedrock character the Mwamgongo watershed has an order of magnitude in sediment transport than the Mitumba one. The data show that the disturbed watershed discharges less groundwater and more sediments, and has a poorer water quality than the forested Mitumba watershed, which lies within the Gombe National Park. The data show that soil erosion processes are more active at Mwamgongo, and that both the surface runoff component of the total stream flow and increased dissolved salt load is greater in the deforested Mwamgongo watershed than in the Mitumba watershed. The chloride and δ18O data complemented each other in delineating the amounts of groundwater in the total stream flow as the results using both data differed insignificantly. It may be concluded that the undisturbed watershed has a higher retention of good quality water and traps more sediments than the disturbed one. In addition, the groundwater component plays a dominant role in the total annual stream flow at each watershed. © Springer 2005.	Baseflow; Hydrograph; Stable isotopes; Surface runoff; Types of water; Watersheds	anthropogenic effect; deforestation; paleolimnology; soil erosion; watershed; Africa; East African Lakes; Eastern Hemisphere; Lake Tanganyika; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22844440929	Impact of Iron Duke Pyrite Mine on water chemistry and aquatic life - Mazowe Valley, Zimbabwe	Ravengai S., Love D., Love I., Gratwicke B., Mandingaisa O., Owen R.J.S.	2005	Water SA	31	2	None	Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho; Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Ravengai, S., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, I., Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho, Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gratwicke, B., National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20036, United States; Mandingaisa, O., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Owen, R.J.S., Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Iron Duke Mine is the only active pyrite mine in Zimbabwe, and has been in operation since the 1940s. Its location in the multiple-use upper catchment of the Mazowe Valley is strategic in terms of water resource management. The mine disposes of its highly acidic wastewater into two evaporation ponds on the north-eastern side of the mine. This has led to acidification of the groundwater to a pH of about 2 near the evaporation ponds as well as contamination with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn and SO4 2-. The pH gradually increases in a north-westerly direction, but much faster towards the west and south-west. Water samples taken from the Yellow Jacket River, which runs through the mine premises, indicated that the upper part of the river was not contaminated with Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Zn or SO4 2- and had a neutral pH. However, where the river cuts through gossans and passes adjacent to the mine waste dump and the seepage zone from the evaporation ponds, the water quality deteriorates. The symptoms are a reduction in pH of river water from 7 to about 4 and the precipitation of complex iron hydroxy-sulphates known as "yellow boy" on the streambed. Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, and Zn concentrations are also elevated here. This poor water quality persisted downstream until the confluence with the Mazowe River where the acidic waters were diluted, and the pH returned to 7. The poor water quality in the Yellow Jacket River is related to an overall reduction in the diversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates and fish downstream of the mine until the confluence with the Mazowe River.	Acid mine drainage; Aquatic ecosystems; Water chemistry; Water pollution	Catchments; Evaporation; Groundwater; pH effects; Ponding; Wastewater; Aquatic life; Mine wastes; Water chemistry; Water resources; acid mine drainage; mine waste; water quality; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645281951	Relative performance of self-organizing maps and principal component analysis in pattern extraction from synthetic climatological data	Reusch D.B., Alley R.B., Hewitson B.C.	2005	Polar Geography	29	3	10.1080/789610199	Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Reusch, D.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Alley, R.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Hewitson, B.C., Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	As a contribution toward improving our ability to identify robust patterns of variability in complex, noisy climate datasets, we have compared a relatively new technique, Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs), to the well-established method of principal component analysis (PCA). Recent results suggest that SOMs offer advantages over PCA for use in climatological and other studies. Here each analysis technique was applied to synthetic datasets composed of positive and negative modes of four idealized North Atlantic sea-level-pressure fields, with and without noise components, to identify the predefined patterns of variability. PCA, even with component rotation, fails to adequately extract the known spatial patterns, mixes patterns into single components, and incorrectly partitions the variance among the components. The SOMs-based analyses are more robust and, with a sufficiently large set of generalized patterns, are able to isolate all the predefined patterns with correct attribution of variance. With PCA, it is difficult, if not impossible, to detect pattern mixing without prior knowledge of the patterns being mixed. Copyright © 2005 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.	None	numerical method; principal component analysis; self organization	None
None	None	Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in Lake Tanganyika: IX. Summary of paleorecords of environmental change and catchment deforestation at Lake Tanganyika and impacts on the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem	Cohen A.S., Palacios-Fest M.R., Msaky E.S., Alin S.R., McKee B., O'Reilly C.M., Dettman D.L., Nkotagu H., Lezzar K.E.	2005	Journal of Paleolimnology	34	1	10.1007/s10933-005-2422-4	Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Terra Nostra, Tucson, AZ 85741, United States; Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States; Environmental Science Program, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States; Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Cohen, A.S., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Palacios-Fest, M.R., Terra Nostra, Tucson, AZ 85741, United States; Msaky, E.S., Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alin, S.R., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; McKee, B., Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States; O'Reilly, C.M., Environmental Science Program, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States; Dettman, D.L., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Nkotagu, H., Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lezzar, K.E., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States	Paleorecords from multiple indicators of environmental change provide evidence for the interactions between climate, human alteration of watersheds and lake ecosystem processes at Lake Tanganyika, Africa, a lake renowned for its extraordinary biodiversity, endemism and fisheries. This paper synthesizes geochronology, sedimentology, paleoecology, geochemistry and hydrology studies comparing the history of deltaic deposits from watersheds of various sizes and deforestation disturbance levels along the eastern coast of the lake in Tanzania and Burundi. Intersite differences are related to climate change, differences in the histories of forested vs. deforested watersheds, differences related to regional patterns of deforestation, and differences related to interactions of deforestation and climate effects. Climate change is linked to variations in sediment accumulation rates, charcoal accumulation, lake level and water chemistry, especially during the arid-humid fluctuations of the latter part of the Little Ice Age. Differences between forested and deforested watersheds are manifested by major increases in sediment accumulation rates in the latter (outside the range of climatically driven variability and for the last ∼40 years unprecedented in comparison with other records from the lake in the late Holocene), differences in eroded sediment and watershed stream composition, and compositional or diversity trends in lake faunal communities related to sediment inundation. Variability in regional patterns of deforestation is illustrated by the timing of transitions from numerous sedimentologic, paleoecologic and geochemical indicators. These data suggest that extensive watershed deforestation occurred as early as the late-18th to the early-19th centuries in the northern part of the Lake Tanganyika catchment, in the late-19th to early-20th centuries in the northern parts of modern-day Tanzania, and in the mid-20th century in central Tanzania. Rapid increases in sediment and charcoal accumulation rates, palynological and lake faunal changes occurred in the early-1960s. We interpret this to be the result of greatly enhanced flushing of sediments in previously deforested watersheds triggered by extraordinary rainfall in 1961/62. Regional differences in deforestation histories can be understood in light of the very different cultural and demographic histories of the northern and central parts of the lake shoreline. Incursion of slaving and ivory caravans from the Indian Ocean to the central coast of Lake Tanganyika by the early-19th century, with their attendant diseases, reduced human and elephant populations and therefore maintained forest cover in this region through the late-19th to early-20th centuries. In contrast, the northeastern portion of the lakeshore did not experience the effects of the caravan trades and consequently experienced high human population densities and widespread deforestation much earlier. These studies demonstrate the importance of paleolimnological data for making informed risk assessments of the potential effects of watershed deforestation on long-term lake ecosystem response in the Lake Tanganyika catchment. Differences in sediment yield and lake floor distribution of that yield, linked to factors such as watershed size, slope, and sediment retention, must be accounted for in management plans for both human occupation of currently forested watersheds and the development of future underwater reserves. © Springer 2005.	Deforestation; East Africa; Lake level; Lake Tanganyika; Late Holocene; Soil erosion	anthropogenic effect; deforestation; paleolimnology; soil erosion; Africa; East African Lakes; Eastern Hemisphere; Lake Tanganyika; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Arida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747076416	Dual-task processing: Effects of task difficulty and stimulus similarity on dual-task performance	Chipunza C., Mandeya A.	2005	South African Journal of Psychology	35	4	None	Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Department of Statistics, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Chipunza, C., Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Mandeya, A., Department of Statistics, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Previous research on factors that influence divided attention have focused on resource allocation, age of participants, task difficulty and familiarity, practice effects as well as brain areas that control dual task performance. The present study examined the effects of task difficulty and stimulus similarity on dual-task performance. One hundred and twenty participants, divided into four equal groups were asked to read a typewritten passage and at the same time to listen to an auditory message. The tasks for each group differed in terms of similarity and difficulty. The results showed no significant main effect of task difficulty (F(1.116) = 1.36, p>0.05) and a significant main effect of stimulus similarity (F(1.116) = 51.51, p<0.05). Performance in the conditions was dependent on stimulus similarity and information type. In terms of significant interaction effects, interference effects were observed more in the easy-dissimilar and difficult-dissimilar conditions than in the easy-similar and difficult-similar conditions. The results are discussed in the context of language processing and dual-task processing. Suggestions for future research are made. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Attention; Dual-task interference; Dual-task performance; Language processing; Memory; Task difficulty	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28644432743	Semi-commercial evaluation of Bacillus licheniformis to control mango postharvest diseases in South Africa	Govender V., Korsten L., Sivakumar D.	2005	Postharvest Biology and Technology	38	1	10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.04.005	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Govender, V., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Korsten, L., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Sivakumar, D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated under semi-commercial conditions on a mango packing line to control anthracnose and stem-end rot on the mango cultivar 'Keitt'. Mango fruit were treated with either the biocontrol agent applied in hot water (45°C) followed by a quarter strength prochloraz dip or with the biocontrol agent applied on its own in hot water. These treatments were compared to the untreated control and commercially used prochloraz hot water dip. Treated fruit were dried and waxed on the commercial packing line. Fruit subjected to the prochloraz-biocontrol hot water combination showed reduced anthracnose and stem-end rot incidence after market simulated conditions of low temperature storage at 10°C with 90% RH and at room tempeature (20°C at 75% RH for 7 days). This integrated treatment retained the fruit colour and firmness with high marketability most effectively, compared to the other treatments. The biocontrol agent was effectively recovered from treated fruit after 21 days storage at 10°C, 90% RH (6 log units) and declined to 3 log units after an additional 7 days storage at 20°C, 75% RH. Total recovered bacterial and yeast populations on the fruit surface were higher in fruit subjected to the integrated treatment and held under both storage conditions. In contrast, the total recovered fungal population was higher on untreated control fruit. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anthracnose; Biocontrol agent; Hot water treatment; Prochloraz; Stem-end rot	Bacillus licheniformis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844409094	Utility of rapid on-site evaluation of transbronchial needle aspirates	Diacon A.H., Schuurmans M.M., Theron J., Louw M., Wright C.A., Brundyn K., Bolliger C.T.	2005	Respiration	72	2	10.1159/000084050	Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 19063, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa	Diacon, A.H., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 19063, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa; Schuurmans, M.M., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Theron, J., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Louw, M., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Wright, C.A., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Brundyn, K., Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Bolliger, C.T., Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Rapid on-site evaluation has been proposed as a method to improve the yield of transbronchial needle aspiration. Objectives: This study investigated whether on-site analysis facilitates routine diagnostic bronchoscopy in terms of sampling, yield and cost. Methods: Patients with lesions accessible for transbronchial needle aspiration on computed tomography were investigated. A cytopathologist screened the needle aspirates on site for the presence of diagnostic material. The bronchoscopic sampling process was adjusted according to the results. In 90 consecutive patients with neoplastic disease (n = 70; 78%), non-neoplastic disease (n = 16; 18%) or undiagnosed lesions (n = 4; 4%) we aspirated 162 lung tumours or lymph node sites (mediastinal: 7%; tracheobronchial: 68%; other: 25%). In 90 consecutive patients with neoplastic disease (n = 70; 78%), non-neoplastic disease (n = 16; 18%) or undiagnosed lesions (n = 4; 4%) we aspirated 162 lung lesions (paratracheal tumours or lymph nodes: 7%; tracheobronchial lymph nodes: 68%; other: 25%). Results: The diagnostic yield of needle aspiration was 77 and 25% in patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, respectively. Sampling could be terminated in 64% of patients after needle aspiration had been performed as the only diag-nostic modality, and on-site analysis identified diagnostic material from the first site aspirated in 50% of patients. Only in 2 patients (2%) diagnostic aspirates were not recognized on site. On-site analysis was cost effective due to savings for disposable diagnostic tools, which exceeded the extra expense for the on-site cytology service provided. Conclusions: Rapid on-site analysis of transbronchial aspirates is a highly useful, accurate and cost-effective addition to routine diagnostic bronchoscopy. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG.	Bronchoscopy; Cytodiagnosis; Fine-needle biopsy; Lung neoplasms; Transbronchial needle aspiration	adolescent; adult; aged; article; bronchoscopy; cancer diagnosis; computer assisted tomography; cost benefit analysis; cytopathology; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; female; human; human tissue; lung cancer; lymph node; major clinical study; male; needle biopsy; priority journal; sampling; tracheobronchial tree; transbronchial biopsy; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Bronchi; Bronchoscopy; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30844473299	The impact of ICT (internet) on research and studies: The experience of Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji O.B., Akporhonor B.A.	2005	Library Hi Tech News	22	10	10.1108/07419050510644347	Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Delta State University Library, Abraka, Nigeria	Adogbeji, O.B., Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Akporhonor, B.A., Delta State University Library, Abraka, Nigeria	Purpose - This study seeks to explore how students are increasingly using the Internet to support instruction and research needs in addition to heavy e-mail usage. The extension of this research suggests more positive impact from the Internet in almost every aspect of academic life and suggests the need for more access at reduced costs on and near this campus. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire was used to survey a sample of students about their internet practices. Findings - Students are now coming to university with more background in technology and the role of the internet and other ICTs. The demand for internet service will continue to grow and how the university should respond to meet this greater demand is the focus of this research. Orig inality/value - Study suggests that the impact of the ICTs and internet service for e-mail and other research activities related to the role of studying suggests that access is a key problem that must be scaled better so that students and faculty have improved access. This situation should continue to be monitored and the study suggests that more and more university affiliates will need improved access to internet resources. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Academic	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244432664	Impact of refined petroleum spills on water quality, macro-invertebrate and microbial communities of a tropical aquatic environment	Chukwu L.O., Nwachukwu S.C.U.	2005	Journal of Environmental Biology	26	3	None	Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Chukwu, L.O., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, S.C.U., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Water quality characteristics, benthic macro-invertebrates and microbial communities of three first order streams in South West Nigeria were investigated to assess the effects of refined petroleum five months after spillage. All physical and chemical conditions except temperature and pH were significantly different (P<0.01) at the upstream control stations and impacted stations reflecting the perturbational stress. The benthic macro-invertebrate fauna were dominated by arthropods, but the faunal spectrum was dissimilar at all the stations studied. Sampling stations at the epicentre of the spill showed considerable reduction in faunal compositions and relative abundance. Generally, the microbial density and diversity were highest in both soil and water samples from impacted sites than in control sites. There was a significantly higher proportion (P < 0.05) of hydrocarbon utilizers in soil than in water samples in all stations except in samples from stations (P<0.05).	Petroleum spill; Toxicity; Tropical river	hydrocarbon; petroleum; petroleum; water quality; aquatic environment; arthropod; article; benthos; controlled study; environmental impact assessment; fauna; macroinvertebrate; microbial diversity; microflora; Nigeria; nonhuman; oil spill; physical chemistry; soil; stream (river); tropics; water quality; water sampling; Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Disasters; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Invertebrates; Iron; Nigeria; Petroleum; Population Dynamics; Seawater; Soil Microbiology; Sulfur; Temperature; Water Microbiology; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Arthropoda; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644420032	Impact of predator pursuit and prey evasion on synchrony and spatial patterns in metapopulation	Li Z.-Z., Gao M., Hui C., Han X.-Z., Shi H.	2005	Ecological Modelling	185	42404	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.12.008	Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Spatial, Physiological Conserv. E., Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China	Li, Z.-Z., Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gao, M., Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Hui, C., Spatial, Physiological Conserv. E., Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Han, X.-Z., State Key Lab. of Arid Agroecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Shi, H., Department of Mathematics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China	Spatial synchrony, a normal self-organized spatial pattern in the predator-prey and host-parasitoid systems, can increase risk of regional extinction and hence, shrink metapopulation persistence. Coupled patch models, based on a within-patch Ronsenzweig-MacArthur Model, are adopted to investigate the impact of predator pursuit (PP) and prey evasion (PE) on the spatial synchrony and pattern formation in metapopulation framework. PP indicates that predators migrate not only from patches of higher predator density to those of lower predator density but also from patches of lower prey density to those of higher prey density; while, PE describes that prey migrate not only from patches of higher prey density to those of lower prey density but also from patches of higher predator density to those of lower predator density. Results show that either PP or PE can reduce spatial synchrony and result in the improvement of metapopulation persistence. Spatially explicit predator-prey system with local migration but without PP and PE can produce self-organized spatial patterns such as circular waves. The effect of PP and PE on spatial predator-prey system can decrease the spatial synchrony and change the circular waves to spatial chaos; therefore, these factors increase the spatial complexity and improve the metapopulation persistence. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Coupled patch model; Dynamical complexity; Pattern formation; Predator-prey metapopulation; Spatial chaos; Spatial wave	Chaos theory; Mathematical models; Population statistics; Self organizing maps; Host-parasitoid system; Metapopulation; Predator pursuit (PP); Predator-prey system; Ecosystems; ecological modeling; metapopulation; patch dynamics; persistence; predator-prey interaction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844309691	Joint modelling of repeated measurements and event time: Application to performance traits and survival of lambs bred in sub-humid tropics	Nguti R., Burzykowski T., Rowlands J., Renard D., Janssen P.	2005	Genetics Selection Evolution	37	2	10.1051/gse:2004043	Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Nguti, R., Department of Mathematics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Burzykowski, T., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Rowlands, J., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Renard, D., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Janssen, P., Center for Statistics, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium	We considered the analysis of a study for Dorper, Red Maasai and crossbred lambs born over a period of 6 years at the Diani Estate, Kenya. The study was designed to compare survival and performance traits of genotypes with differing susceptibilities to helminthiasis. The available data include information on time to death and repeated measurements of body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and faecal egg count (FEC) of the animals. In the paper, we consider joint modelling of the survival time and the repeated measurements. Such an approach allows to account for the possible association between the survival and repeated measurement processes. The advantages and limitations of the joint modelling are discussed and illustrated using the Diani Estate study data. © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2005.	Helminthiasis; Joint modelling; Repeated measurements; Sheep; Time-to-event	parasite resistance; selective breeding; sheep; survival; animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; article; biological model; body weight; comparative study; cross breeding; genetic predisposition; genetics; genotype; hematocrit; Kenya; mortality; parasite identification; parasitology; sheep; sheep disease; tropic climate; Animals; Body Weight; Crosses, Genetic; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Helminthiasis, Animal; Hematocrit; Kenya; Models, Biological; Parasite Egg Count; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tropical Climate; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22844444824	The interaction of aging and 10 years of racing on ultraendurance running performance	Rae D.E., Bosch A.N., Collins M., Lambert M.I.	2005	Journal of Aging and Physical Activity	13	2	None	Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa	Rae, D.E., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Bosch, A.N., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Collins, M., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., Dept. of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa	The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between aging and 10 years of racing in endurance runners. Race-time data from 194 runners who had completed 10 consecutive 56-km ultramarathons were obtained. The runners were either 20.5 ± 0.7, 30.0 ± 1.0, 39.9 ± 0.9, or 49.4 ± 1.0 years old at their first race. Each runner's race speed was determined for each race over the 10 years. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and independent t tests and showed that performance improved and declined at greater rates for younger runners; younger runners had a greater capacity for improvement than older runners; ≈4 years were required to reach peak racing speed, regardless of age; it was not possible to compete at peak speed for more than a few years; and the combined effects of 10 years of aging and racing neither improve nor worsen net performance. In conclusion, these data suggest that although these runners showed similar patterns of change in race speed over a 10-year period, the extent of change in performance was greater in younger than in older runners. © 2005, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.	Age groups; Longitudinal; Speed; Ultramarathon	age distribution; aged; aging; analysis of variance; article; controlled study; data analysis; endurance; female; human; male; physical performance; running; statistical analysis; adult; age; middle aged; physiology; running; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Endurance; Running	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044348909	Cooling tower performance evaluation: Merkel, Poppe, and e-NTU methods of analysis	Kloppers J.C., Kröger D.G.	2005	Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power	127	1	10.1115/1.1787504	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Kloppers, J.C., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	The heat rejected and water evaporated in mechanical and natural draft cooling towers are critically evaluated by employing the Merkel, Poppe, and e-number-of-transfer-units (e-NTU) methods of analysis, respectively, at different operating and ambient conditions. The importance of using a particular method of analysis when evaluating the performance characteristics of a certain fill material and subsequently employing the same analytical approach to predict cooling tower performance is stressed. The effect of ambient humidity and temperature on the performance of cooling towers employing the Merkel, e-NTU, and Poppe methods of analysis are evaluated. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.	None	Atmospheric humidity; Computational methods; Cooling systems; Evaporation; Cooling tower performance evaluation; Heat rejection; Water evaporation; Cooling towers; cooling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744543444	Water supplies in some rural communities around Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria: Impact on water-related diseases	Opara A.A.	2005	Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health	36	4	None	Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Opara, A.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Two traditional surface water sources and one piped supply around Calabar, Nigeria were examined to reveal the community water use patterns and the impact on water-related diseases. Using questionnaires, it was shown that some communities trekked long distances (up to 5 km) to reach their supply source. The quantity of water collected per day in each of the five rural sources was inadequate (approximately 6 buckets or 90 liters). The traditional water sources were not available all year round, forcing users to trek longer distances for alternative supplies. Only 4.4% of rural water users subjected them to any further treatment, such as boiling or filtration. Fetching water was the occupation of children; they were the worst hit by water-related diseases, such as diarrhea/ dysentery, stomachache, worms and scabies/craw-craw. About 84% of the respondents were dissatisfied with their water supplies. Deaths due to apparent water-related diseases occurred among 6.3% of respondents during the twelve months preceding the study. The overall impact was a loss of school hours/days, loss of labor and general discouragement. The community served with piped treated water fared better in all respects.	None	animal; article; diarrhea; drinking; dysentery; helminth; human; microbiology; Nigeria; questionnaire; rural population; scabies; standard; water pollution; water supply; Animals; Diarrhea; Drinking; Dysentery; Helminths; Humans; Nigeria; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Scabies; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution; Water Supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744551028	Impact of psychiatric morbidity on parent-rated quality of life in Nigerian adolescents with epilepsy	Adewuya A.O., Oseni S.B.A.	2005	Epilepsy and Behavior	7	3	10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.07.011	Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adewuya, A.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria; Oseni, S.B.A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Despite the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents with epilepsy, their impact on the quality of life has not been sufficiently studied. Adolescents with epilepsy (n = 90) aged 12 to 18 were assessed for anxiety and depressive disorders with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC-IV), and their quality of life was assessed with the parent-rated Impact of Childhood Illness Scale (ICIS). Sociodemographic and illness variables were also obtained. Predictors of poor quality of life in adolescents with epilepsy include anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, frequency of seizures, and side effects of antiepileptic drugs. Depressive and anxiety disorders impacted on both the adolescents and the family. Programs designed to improve the overall quality of life of these adolescents should include the evaluation and treatment of possible comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders and involve the family. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Adolescents; Anxiety disorders; Cross-cultural; Depressive disorders; Epilepsy; Quality of life	anticonvulsive agent; carbamazepine; phenytoin; valproic acid; adolescent; adult; anxiety disorder; article; comorbidity; controlled study; demography; depression; epilepsy; family; female; human; interview; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; parent; prediction; quality of life; scoring system; side effect; socioeconomics; Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Anxiety Disorders; Attitude; Depressive Disorder; Epilepsy; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Nigeria; Parents; Quality of Life; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444377376	Phylogenetic and morphological re-evaluation of the Botryosphaeria species causing diseases of Mangifera indica	Slippers B., Johnson G.I., Crous P.W., Coutinho T.A., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J.	2005	Mycologia	97	1	None	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands	Slippers, B., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Johnson, G.I., ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Crous, P.W., Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands; Coutinho, T.A., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, B.D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Species of Botryosphaeria are among the most serious pathogens that affect mango trees and fruit. Several species occur on mangoes, and these are identified mainly on the morphology of the anamorphs. Common taxa include Dothiorella dominicana, D. mangiferae (= Natrassia mangiferae), D. aromatica and an unidentified species, Dothiorella 'long'. The genus name Dothiorella, however, is acknowledged as a synonym of Diplodia. This study aimed to characterize and name the Botryosphaeria spp. associated with disease symptoms on mangoes. To achieve this isolates representing all four Dothiorella spp. mentioned above were compared with the anamorphs of known Botryosphaeria spp., based on conidial morphology and DNA sequence data. Two genomic regions were analyzed, namely the ITS rDNA and β-tubulin regions. The morphological and molecular results confirmed that the fungi previously identified from mango as species of Dothiorella belong to Fusicoccum. Dothiorella dominicana isolates were identical to isolates of F. parvum (teleomorph = B. parva). A new epithet, namely F. mangiferum, is proposed for isolates previously treated as D. mangiferae or N. mangiferae. Isolates of D. aromatica were identified as F. aesculi (teleomorph = B. dothidea). A fourth Fusicoccum sp. also was identified as those isolates previously known as Dothiorella 'long'. A key is provided to distinguish these species based on anamorph morphology in culture. This study provides a basis for the identification of Botryosphaeria species from mango, which is important for disease control and to uphold quarantine regulations. © 2005 by The Mycological Society of America.	Conidia; Dieback; Fusicoccum; Identification; Mango; Phylogeny; Soft rot; Stem-end rot; Taxonomy	fungal DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; RNA 5.8S; tubulin; fungal disease; identification method; phylogeny; taxonomy; article; Ascomycetes; classification; DNA sequence; genetics; mango; microbiological examination; microbiology; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; pathogenicity; phylogeny; plant disease; RNA gene; species difference; ultrastructure; Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Genes, rRNA; Mangifera; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycological Typing Techniques; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Tubulin; Botryosphaeria; Botryosphaeria dothidea; Diplodia; Dothidea; Dothiorella; Fungi; Fusicoccum; Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28444439950	In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of antiviral medicinal plants using a vector-based assay technique	Esimone C.O., Grunwald T., Wildner O., Nchinda G., Tippler B., Proksch P., Überla K.	2005	Journal of Applied Microbiology	99	6	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02732.x	Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University,	Esimone, C.O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany, Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Grunwald, T., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Wildner, O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Nchinda, G., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Tippler, B., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Proksch, P., Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Überla, K., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany	Aims: Medicinal plants are increasingly being projected as suitable alternative sources of antiviral agents. The development of a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic screening technique could contribute to rapid identification of potential bioactive plants and also to the standardization and/or pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiling of the bioactive components. Methods and Results: Recombinant viral vectors (lentiviral, retroviral and adenoviral) transferring the firefly luciferase gene were constructed and the inhibition of viral vector infectivity by various concentrations of plant extracts was evaluated in HeLa or Hep2 cells by measuring the changes in luciferase activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in parallel on HeLa or Hep2 cells stably expressing luciferase. Amongst the 15 extracts screened, only the methanol (ME) and the ethyl acetate (ET) fractions of the lichen, Ramalina farinacea specifically reduced lentiviral and adenoviral infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Chromatographic fractionation of ET into four fractions (ET1-ET4) revealed only ET4 to be selectively antiviral with an IC50 in the 20 μg ml-1 range. Preliminary mechanistic studies based on the addition of the extracts at different time points in the viral infection cycle (kinetic studies) revealed that the inhibitory activity was highest if extract and vectors were preincubated prior to infection, suggesting that early steps in the lentiviral or adenoviral replication cycle could be the major target of ET4. Inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 was also observed at a 10-fold lower concentration of the extract. Conclusions: The vector-based assay is a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation technique for antiviral medicinal plants. The technique has successfully demonstrated the presence of antiviral principles in R. farinacea. Significance and Impact of Study: Potential anti-HIV medicinal plants could rapidly be evaluated with the reported vector-based technique. The lichen, R. farinacea could represent a lead source of antiviral substances and is thus worthy of further studies. © 2005 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Antiviral; Lichen; Medicinal plants; Pharmacodynamic; Ramalina farinacea; Vector-based assay	acetic acid ethyl ester; adenovirus vector; antivirus agent; lentivirus vector; luciferase; methanol; plant extract; ramalina farinacea extract; retrovirus vector; unclassified drug; virus vector; antimicrobial activity; medicinal plant; virus; alternative medicine; article; chromatography; concentration response; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug selectivity; enzyme activity; fractionation; gene expression; gene transfer; HeLa cell; HEp 2 cell; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; in vitro study; medicinal plant; nonhuman; ramalina farinacea; standardization; technique; viral gene delivery system; virus infectivity; virus recombinant; virus replication; wild type; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Antiviral Agents; Biological Assay; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemiluminescent Measurements; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Vectors; Hela Cells; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Luciferases; Medicine, African Traditional; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Retroviridae; Adenoviridae; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Lentivirus; Ramalina farinacea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644375483	Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase	Bessong P.O., Obi C.L., Andréola M.-L., Rojas L.B., Pouységu L., Igumbor E., Meyer J.J.M., Quideau S., Litvak S.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	99	1	10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.056	Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela	Bessong, P.O., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa, Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; Obi, C.L., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Andréola, M.-L., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Rojas, L.B., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France, Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela; Pouységu, L., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Igumbor, E., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Meyer, J.J.M., Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Quideau, S., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Litvak, S., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France	Seventeen aqueous and methanol extracts from nine South African medicinal plants, ethnobotanically selected, were screened for inhibitory properties against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Isolated compounds were additionally evaluated on HIV-1 integrase (IN). The strongest inhibition against the RNA-dependent-DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity of RT was observed with the methanol extract of the stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum Sond. (Fabaceae) (IC50 3.5 μg/ml), while the methanol extract of the roots of Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don (Combretaceae) was the most inhibitory on the ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity (IC50 9.7 μg/ml). The known compounds bergenin and catechin, and a red coloured gallotannin composed of meta-depside chains of gallic and protocatechuic acids esterified to a 1-O-isobutyroly-β-d-glucopyranose core, were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots and stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum. The gallotannin inhibited the RDDP and RNase H functions of RT with IC50 values of 6.0 and 5.0 μM, respectively, and abolished the 3′-end processing activity of IN at 100 μM. Catechin showed no effect on RT but had a moderate activity on HIV-1 IN. Bergenin was inactive on both enzymes. The aqueous and methanol extracts were non-toxic in a HeLaP4 cell line at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Gallotannins; HIV-1; Integrase; Plant phenols; Reverse transcriptase; South African medicinal plants	bergenin; bridelia micranthra extract; catechin; combretum molle extract; elaodendron transvaalensis extract; Euphorbia extract; gallic acid; integrase; methanol; mucuna coriacea extract; peltophorum africanum extract; plant extract; protocatechuic acid; ribonuclease H; Ricinus communis extract; RNA directed DNA polymerase; sutherlandia frutescens extract; tannin; unclassified drug; vernonia stipulacea extract; virus enzyme; ziziphus mucronata extract; antiviral activity; article; Asteraceae; Celastraceae; Combretaceae; Combretum; controlled study; drug isolation; drug screening; enzyme activity; esterification; Euphorbia; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; jujube; legume; medicinal plant; Rhamnaceae; Ricinus communis; South Africa; velvet bean; Vernonia; Anti-HIV Agents; Cell Survival; Combretum; DNA, Viral; Ethanol; HIV Integrase; HIV Integrase Inhibitors; HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase; Humans; Medicine, African Traditional; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Solvents; South Africa; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Water; Combretaceae; Combretum; Combretum molle; Fabaceae; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Peltophorum; Peltophorum africanum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049023192	Chemical evaluation of the nutrient composition of some unconventional animal protein sources	Ojewola G.S., Udom S.F.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	10	10.3923/ijps.2005.745.747	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Udom, S.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	A trial was conducted to assess the nutrient composition of some novel feed ingredients so as to enhance livestock development and human protein intake. Ten (10) unconventional protein sources which include fish, crayfish, frog, shrimps, crabs, squilla, toads and grasshopper were harvested, processed and analyzed for their proximate and mineral (macro) composition using internationally established procedures. The results showed that the samples had percent crude protein that ranged from 28.14 (crab) to 61.38 (local fish meal). Frog, toad, squilla, crayfish, pellonula and crab respectively recorded appreciable percent ether extract (EE) values of 9.14, 8.74, 7.21, 6.32, 6.26 and 6.02. The gross energy (kcal/g) value was highest for squilla (2.97), followed closely by crayfish (2.87), Pellonula (2.85), mudskipper (2.84) while the others were below 2.0kcal /g. The crab gave the highest percent ash content (39.11) while the local fish meal gave the least value (5.96). Local fishmeal had the highest percentage of calcium (2.56%) followed by Pellonula (1.94%) and Mudskipper (1.89%) while the others had values that were lower than 1%. Percent Phosphorus followed a similar trend as calcium with local fishmeal recording the highest value of 1.92%. The results of this study showed that all the samples possess an appreciable quantities of all the dietary elements tested for, which, more or less could make them partial or complete substitutes for the conventional feed sources. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Live stock industry; Nutrient composition; Unconventional animal protein	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750022318	Evaluation of shrimp waste meal as a probable animal protein source for broiler chickens	Okoye F.C., Ojewola G.S., Njoku-Onu K.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	7	10.3923/ijps.2005.458.461	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Okoye, F.C., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Njoku-Onu, K., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. P. M. B 7267, Umeahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Sixty unsexed Anak broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of Shrimp waste meal (swm) in broilers diet. They were randomly allotted to four treatment diets which were both isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The text ingredient was included in the four diets at 0.0%, 10%, 20% and 30% respectively for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, both at the starter and finisher phases. There were 15 birds per treatment and 5 birds per replicate. The trial lasted 8 weeks. The result showed that the dietary treatments had significant (p<0.05) effects on body weight gain, feed intake and feed-to-gain ration at the starter phase while the feed-to-gain ratio and weight gain were not significant (p>0.05) influenced at the finisher phase. At the starter and finisher phases, average body weight gain ranged from 446.56 to 600.00g/bird and 1096.67 to 1166.67g/bird with corresponding average total feed intake which ranged from 1318.00 to 1462.42g/bird and 2712.00 to 2880.00g/bird. Birds fed diets 1 and 2 had statistically comparable weight gain while those fed diets 3 and 4 were depressed at the starter phase. At the finisher phase all the diets were comparable. The study revealed that swm is a valuable animal protein source for broilers and can be included up to 10% in both starter and finisher broiler diets. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Animal protein; Broilers diet; Shrimp waste meal	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844573893	Evaluation of a strict protocol approach in managing women with severe disease due to hypertension in pregnancy: A before and after study	Lombaard H., Pattinson R.C., Backer F., Macdonald P.	2005	Reproductive Health	2	1	10.1186/1742-4755-2-7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Lombaard, H., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Backer, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Macdonald, P., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Background: To evaluate whether the introduction of a strict protocol based on the systemic evaluation of critically ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension affected the outcome of those women. Method: Study group: Indigent South African women managed in the tertiary hospitals of the Pretoria Academic Complex. Since 1997 a standard definition of women with severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM), also referred to as a Nearmiss, has been used in the Pretoria Academic Complex. All cases of SAMM and maternal deaths (MD) were entered on the Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Audit System programme (MaMMAS). A comparison of outcome of severely ill women who had complications of hypertension in pregnancy was performed between 1997-1998 (original protocol) and 2002-2003 (strict protocol). Data include women referred from outside the Pretoria Academic Complex area to the tertiary hospitals. Results: Between 1997-1998 there were 79 women with SAMM and 18 maternal deaths due to complications of hypertension, compared with 91 women with SAMM and 13 maternal deaths in 2002-2003. The mortality index (MI) declined from 18.6% to 12.5% (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.27-1.45). Statistically significant fewer women had renal failure (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 - 0.66) and cerebral complications (RR 0.52, 95%CI 0.34 - 0.81) during the second period, and liver dysfunction (RR 0.27 95%CI 0.06 - 1.25) tended to be lower. However, there tended to be an increase in the number of women, who had immune system failure (RR 4.2 95%CI 0.93 - 18.94) and respiratory failure (RR 1.42 95%CI 0.88 - 2.29) although it did not reach significance. Cardiac failure remained constant (RR 0.84 95%CI 0.54 - 1.30). Conclusion: The strict protocol approach based on the systemic evaluation of severely ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension and an intensive, regular feedback mechanism has been associated with a reduction in the number of patients with renal failure and cerebral compromise. © 2005 Lombaard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	dihydralazine; haloperidol; labetalol; methyldopa; nifedipine; Ringer lactate solution; adolescent; adult; article; breathing rate; cause of death; clinical examination; clinical feature; clinical protocol; comparative study; controlled study; critical illness; deep vein thrombosis; disease severity; feedback system; female; fetus monitoring; fluid therapy; Glasgow coma scale; heart failure; heart size; heart sound; hospital; human; immunopathology; kidney failure; liver dysfunction; major clinical study; maternal hypertension; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; Negro; neurologic disease; ophthalmoscopy; oxygen therapy; patient referral; reflex; respiratory failure; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistical significance; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644484850	Evaluation of haemostatic function in Nigerian Norplant® acceptors after 12 months of use	Aisien A.O., Enosolease M.E., Shobowale M.O.	2005	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	25	4	10.1080/01443610500129266	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynae	Aisien, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1111, Benin-City, Nigeria; Enosolease, M.E., Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Shobowale, M.O., EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria	A total of 55 non-breastfeeding informed volunteers were recruited into a prospective longitudinal study from a family planning clinic between September and December 2002. Blood samples were collected at pre-treatment and at 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up, for packed cell volume, platelet count, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time. Statistical analysis was with paired t-tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Each subject received a menstrual calendar to chart all bleeding and spotting events. The mean age and weight of acceptors were 32.5 ± 6.1 years and 63.6 ± 9.6 kg, respectively. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) was 35.2 ± 2.9% at pre-insertion. This rose to significant mean ± SD values of 36.5 ± 3.1% p&lt;0.05, 38.5 ± 2.8%; p&lt;0.0001 and 38.4 ± 3.6%; p&lt;0.0001 at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively when compared with the pre-insertion mean value. The mean values of the platelet count showed no significant change at 3 months (238,448 ± 68,618 mm3; p&gt;0.9), compared with pre-treatment value (240,545 ± 96,769 mm 3). There was a significant reduction in mean concentration at 6 months (p&lt;0.009; 191,364 ± 55,531 mm3) and at 12 months (p&lt;0.003; 202,773 ± 81,544 mm3) follow-up. The prothrombin and the partial thromboplastin time did not show significant change over their pre-insertion mean values of 12.0 ± 1.1 s and 36.9 ± 2.9 s, respectively. At 12 months, 79.5% (35) of the users reported an abnormal menstrual pattern, which included 54.5% (24) reduced bleeding pattern, 20.5% (9) increased bleeding and 4.5% (2) of combination of patterns. Only 20.5% (9) had a normal menstrual pattern. The continuation rate was 98%, as one user discontinued because of headaches. Norplant® (the registered trademark of the Population Council for levonorgestrel subdermal implants) had an effect on the bleeding pattern - mainly reduced bleeding. The increase packed cell volume is beneficial in preventing anaemia. There was no detrimental effect as a result of the reduced but normal platelet count and users were not predisposed to clotting abnormalities. © 2005 Taylor &amp; Francis Group Ltd.	None	levonorgestrel; contraceptive agent; adult; anemia; article; blood sampling; body weight; breast feeding; clinical trial; drug induced headache; family planning; female; follow up; health center; hematocrit; hemostasis; hormonal contraception; human; human cell; longitudinal study; menstrual cycle; menstrual irregularity; menstruation; normal human; partial thromboplastin time; priority journal; prospective study; prothrombin time; spotting; statistical analysis; Student t test; thrombocyte count; volunteer; drug effect; mean corpuscular volume; menstruation disorder; Adult; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Hemostasis; Humans; Levonorgestrel; Longitudinal Studies; Menstruation Disturbances; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Platelet Count; Prospective Studies; Prothrombin Time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442444	Impact of mass media campaigns on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant Nigerian women towards HIV/AIDS	Etuk S.J., Ekanem E.I.	2005	Tropical Doctor	35	2	10.1258/0049475054037039	Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	Etuk, S.J., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria; Ekanem, E.I., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	A total of 508 women coming for antinatal care had a structured interview about the risk factors for HIV/AIDS. While most knew about HIV and that it could be transmitted sexually, knowledge of mother-to-child transmission was poor. Only 23% knew that HIV could be transmitted by breast milk. In all, 85% would not care for a relative with AIDS.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; attitude; awareness; breast milk; female; health hazard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; mass medium; Nigeria; patient education; pregnancy; prenatal care; sexually transmitted disease; vertical transmission; Adult; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Mass Media; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944416234	Monitoring the oceanic flow between Africa and Antarctica: Report of the first GoodHope cruise	Ansorge I.J., Speich S., Lutjeharms J.R.E., Göni G.J., Rautenbach C.J.D.W., Froneman P.W., Rouault M., Garzoli S.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42371	None	Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; LPO/UBO UFR Sciences, 6 ave. Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France; NOAA/AOML, U.S. Department of Commerce, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Southern Ocean Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Physical Oceanography Division, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States	Ansorge, I.J., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Speich, S., LPO/UBO UFR Sciences, 6 ave. Le Gorgeu, 29285 Brest Cedex, France; Lutjeharms, J.R.E., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Göni, G.J., NOAA/AOML, U.S. Department of Commerce, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Rautenbach, C.J.D.W., Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Froneman, P.W., Southern Ocean Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Rouault, M., Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Garzoli, S., Physical Oceanography Division, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States	THE SOUTHERN OCEAN PLAYS A MAJOR role in the global oceanic circulation, as a component of the Meridional Overturning Circulation, and it is postulated that it has a great influence on present-day climate. However, our understanding of its complex three-dimensional dynamics and of the impact of its variability on the climate system is rudimentary. The newly constituted, international GoodHope research venture aims to address this knowledge gap by establishing a programme of regular observations across the Southern Ocean between the African and Antarctic continents. The objectives of this programme are fivefold: (1) to improve understanding of Indo-Atlantic inter-ocean exchanges and their impact on the global thermohaline circulation and thus on global climate change; (2) to understand in more detail the influence these exchanges have on the climate variability of the southern African subcontinent; (3) to monitor the variability of the main Southern Ocean frontal systems associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current; (4) to study air-sea exchanges and their role on the global heat budget, with particular emphasis on the intense exchanges occurring within the Agulhas Retroflection region south of South Africa, and (5) to examine the role of major frontal systems as areas of elevated biological activity and as biogeographical barriers to the distribution of plankton. We present here preliminary results on the physical and biological structure of the frontal systems using the first GoodHope transect that was completed during February-March 2004.	None	oceanic circulation; oceanic regions; Southern Ocean; World	None
None	None	Evaluation of quality of life among patients after extirpation of mandibular ameloblastoma	Simon E.N.M., Merkx M.A.W., Kalyanyama B.M., Shubi F.M., Stoelinga P.J.W.	2005	East African Medical Journal	82	6	None	Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, Tanzania; School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Simon, E.N.M., Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Merkx, M.A.W., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Kalyanyama, B.M., Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, Tanzania; Shubi, F.M., Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, Tanzania; Stoelinga, P.J.W., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Objective: To evaluate the quality of life (QOL) based on the functional, aesthetic and personal satisfaction among patients with ameloblastoma who underwent either partial or total mandibulectomy without reconstruction. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: The Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry; Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Tanzania. Subjects: Patients surgically treated for ameloblastoma without reconstruction. Results. The postoperative problems were mostly associated with eating of solid foods, appearance and speech. All patients treated by total mandibulectomy had moderately severe problems with eating of solid foods and were dissatisfied with their appearance. Conclusion: The relatively small tumours resulted in a much better QOL. Public awareness programmes to avoid late referral and treatment is the most effective way to reduce the number of patients who after treatment suffer a poor QOL.	None	adolescent; adult; ameloblastoma; article; cross-sectional study; dental care; esthetics; female; human; male; mandible; mandible tumor; middle aged; oral surgery; pathology; pathophysiology; patient satisfaction; postoperative period; psychometry; quality of life; questionnaire; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Ameloblastoma; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Service, Hospital; Esthetics; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mandibular Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Oral Surgical Procedures; Patient Satisfaction; Postoperative Period; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744274444	Do organizational and spatial proximity impact on firm performance?	Oerlemans L.A.G., Meeus M.T.H.	2005	Regional Studies	39	1	10.1080/0034340052000320896	Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands; Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Oerlemans, L.A.G., Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands, Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Meeus, M.T.H., Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Recent theoretical developments in organizational science, economic geography and regional economics have emphasized the importance of organizational and geographical proximity for the performance of firms. Empirical evidence on these relationships is scarce, though. The paper asks to what extent firm-specific resources, network activity, proximity and industry factors influence innovative and economic outcomes. We used a theoretical synthesis of regional and organizational science, and economic geography to build a research model that enabled us to derive several hypotheses on the influence of different forms of proximity on outcomes, taking other relevant predictors for performance into account. The empirical findings specify the importance of proximity especially for innovative outcomes. We found that in particular intraand interregional relations with buyers and suppliers are conducive for firm performance. Moreover, innovation strategy (dis)similarity has interesting effects on relative firm performance. Finally, sectoral research and development spillovers influence outcomes in a positive way. © 2005 Regional Studies Association.	Enquête; Enterprise; Geographical proximity; Innovation; Performance; Theory of the dependence of resources	industrial performance; industrial practice; innovation; regional economy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24744458582	The impact of ebinyo, a form of dental mutilation, on the malocclusion status in Uganda	Bataringaya A., Ferguson M., Lalloo R.	2005	Community Dental Health	22	3	None	Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; P.O. Box 5482, Kampala, Uganda	Bataringaya, A., Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, P.O. Box 5482, Kampala, Uganda; Ferguson, M., Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Lalloo, R., Department of Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry and WHO Oral Health Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Introduction: The practice of extraction of ebinyo or false teeth is based on the belief that the rubbing of herbs on the gum (in the region of the canine) or the removal of the primary and/or permanent canine tooth buds will lead to the relief of childhood fevers and diarrhoea. The reported prevalence of this practice in Uganda and neighbouring countries is varied. Objective: A survey carried out in Kampala to determine the occlusal traits of fourteen-year-old children offered an opportunity to assess the effects of ebinyo (a dental mutilation based on local customs and superstitions) on the occlusal status of the sample population. Methods: 402 children aged fourteen years were examined according to the criteria of the Fédération Dentaire Internationale Commission on Classification and Statistics for Oral Conditions method for measuring occlusal traits (COCSTOC-MOT) proposed by Baume et al. (1973). Results: The most common dental anomaly was teeth missing due to extraction or trauma. Canines (28%) and mandibular first molars (28%) exhibited the highest frequency. Missing canines were four times more common in girls than boys, and three times greater in the maxilla than the mandible. Canines also accounted for 12.8% of the malformed teeth observed in the study. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the practice of ebinyo, although carried out early in the life of the child, can impact on the occlusal status in the permanent dentition years later. © BASCD 2005.	Dental mutilation; Ebinyo; False teeth; Malocclusion; Occlusal traits; Uganda	adolescent; African medicine; article; female; human; male; tooth extraction; tooth occlusion; Uganda; Adolescent; Dental Occlusion, Traumatic; Female; Humans; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Tooth Extraction; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044449510	The ultrastructure of the peri-articular osteophytes - An evaluation by scanning electron microscopy	Alonge T.O., Rooney P., Oni O.O.A.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Unite	Alonge, T.O., Department of Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Rooney, P., Department of Trauma and Pathological Sciences, University Of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Oni, O.O.A., University Department of Orthopaedics, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom	Objective: Osteophytes are intra-articular osteochondral tissues, which are usually found at the margins of degenerating synovial joints. The aetiology or pathogenesis of this tissue has been a subject of protracted debate. The aim of this study was to offer a possible aetiology and or pathogenesis of this expendable yet important osteochondral tissue using the scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the structure of the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the relationship of this mantle with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Methods: Sections of periarticular osteophytes and osteophyte-normal articular cartilage composite tissues were obtained during total knee replacement for osteoarthritis (OA). These sections were routinely processed and examined using the scanning electron microscope with emphasis on the osteophytic cartilage mantle and the merger of the osteophyte and the adjoining normal articular cartilage. Results: The cartilage mantle of osteophytes was found to be thinner but continuous with that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. However, a longitudinal bar of acellular tissue was found to separate the subchondral bones of both tissues. The cellular (chondrocyte) arrangement in the osteophytic cartilage was similar to that of the adjoining normal articular cartilage. In addition, in the superficial layer, there was looping of collagen fibres between the normal articular cartilage mantle and that of the osteophytic tissues. Conclusion: The continuity between the cartilage mantle of osteophytes and the adjoining normal articular cartilage may suggest that in the formation of osteophytes, the chondrocytes from the adjoining normal articular cartilage greatly influence the mesenchymal tissue precursor of osteophyte to differentiate along a chondrocytic pathway initially. With subsequent vascular invasion probably from the periosteum, the neocartilage develops a bony core with a completely separate blood supply from that of the adjoining subchondral bone.	Cartilage mantle; Critical point drying scanning electron microscope; Osteoarthritis; Osteophyte	collagen; article; articular cartilage; cell differentiation; cell proliferation; cell structure; controlled study; histopathology; human; human cell; knee osteoarthritis; osteophyte; pathophysiology; scanning electron microscopy; synovium; total knee replacement; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Cartilage, Articular; Chondrocytes; Femur Head; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Osteoarthritis, Knee	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27544493497	Impact of emergency mass immunisations on measles control in displaced populations in Gulu district, Northern Uganda	Mupere E., Onek P., Babikako H.M.	2005	East African Medical Journal	82	8	None	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Gulu Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 160, Gulu, Uganda; Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda	Mupere, E., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Gulu Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 160, Gulu, Uganda; Onek, P., Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda; Babikako, H.M., Mengo Hospital, P. O. Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda	Objective: To assess the impact of supplemental mass measles immunisations. Design: Retrospective study of hospital and health centre records. Setting: Gulu district, Northern Uganda, having approximately 81% of the population living in internally displaced persons' (IDPs) camps. Results: The mean age in months for 4,812 measles cases seen was 28.2 ± 46.0 (p<0.0001). Supplemental mass immunisations in 1997 and 2000 caused a 91% reduction of measles cases, 93% reduction of mortality, 91% reduction of bed-days and 79% reduction of outpatient cases. There was a 67% reduction in mean measles case admissions, 63% reduction in mean measles mortality, and 73% reduction in mean measles bed-days following district mass measles immunisations in 1997. However, following IDPs camps supplemental immunisations in 2000; there was 82% reduction of mean measles case admissions, 80% reduction of mean measles mortality and 88% reduction of mean measles bed-days. Conclusions: In similar situations, supplemental mass measles immunisations should be focused on IDPs camps with a wide age group in addition to improved routine immunization activities in the entire district.	None	adult; article; emergency health service; epidemic; epidemiology; female; health care quality; human; male; mass immunization; measles; outcome assessment; refugee; retrospective study; Uganda; Adult; Disease Outbreaks; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Male; Mass Immunization; Measles; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Program Evaluation; Refugees; Retrospective Studies; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25644442481	Clinical evaluation of extract of Cajanus cajan (Ciklavit®) in sickle cell anaemia	Akinsulie A.O., Temiye E.O., Akanmu A.S., Lesi F.E.A., Whyte C.O.	2005	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	51	4	10.1093/tropej/fmh097	Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Akinsulie, A.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Temiye, E.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Akanmu, A.S., Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Lesi, F.E.A., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Whyte, C.O., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	The major pathology in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is sickling of red cells due to the precipitation of reduced haemoglobin. We report our experience with extract of Cajanus cajan as a possible antisickling agent by determining changes, if any, in clinical and laboratory features of the disease in patients given the extract in a single-blind placebo-controlled study. One hundred patients with steady-state SCA were randomized into treatment and placebo arms. The extract/placebo were administered twice daily to the subjects. Weight, hepatosplenomegaly, blood levels of biliurubin, urea, creatinine, and packed cell volume (PCV) were monitored over a 6-month period. Recall episodes of pain 6 months before enrolment were compared with episodes of pains recorded during the treatment period. Twenty-six cases (55.3 per cent) had hepatomegaly on enrolment. This significantly reduced to 33.3 per cent at 6 months (p = 0.03); but increased in the placebo arm p = >0.05). The total number of recall painful episodes in cases was 207 (mean 4.4 ± 10.3 (SD), range 0-60) and fell to 191 (mean 4.2 ± 4.4 (SD), range 0-16); p = 0.03. Episodes of pain increased from 109 in controls (mean 2.6 ± 5.0 (SD), range 0-26) to 164 (mean 3.9 ± 4.3 (SD), range 0-22); p = 0.01. Mean PCV in the cases showed no appreciable changes p = 0.1) but there was a significant increase in the controls p = 0.02). In conclusion, the extract may cause a reduction of painful crises and may ameliorate the adverse effects of sickle cell anaemia on the liver. The mechanism of action remains to be determined. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	antisickling agent; ascorbic acid; bilirubin; Cajanus cajan extract; ciklavit; creatinine; folic acid; placebo; plant extract; proguanil; pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; urea; zinc; antisickling agent; plant medicinal product; abdominal distension; article; bilirubin blood level; body weight; child; clinical feature; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; creatinine blood level; diarrhea; fatigue; female; hematocrit; hepatomegaly; hepatosplenomegaly; human; liver disease; major clinical study; male; ocular pruritus; orbit inflammation; pain assessment; pigeonpea; randomized controlled trial; sickle cell anemia; sickle cell trait; single blind procedure; urea blood level; vomiting; adolescent; analysis of variance; drug effect; infant; liver; phytotherapy; pigeonpea; preschool child; Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Antisickling Agents; Cajanus; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Liver; Male; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21544477256	Quantitative determination of the group of flavonoids and saponins from the extracts of the seeds of Glinus lotoides and tablet formulation thereof by high-performance liquid chromatography	Endale A., Kammerer B., Gebre-Mariam T., Schmidt P.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography A	1083	42371	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.095	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 45, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Endale, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Kammerer, B., Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 45, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Gebre-Mariam, T., Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schmidt, P.C., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany	The total flavonoids and saponins of the seeds of Glinus lotoides in the crude extracts and tablet formulation thereof were quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods with UV detection. The saponins were analyzed after acid hydrolysis in 3 M HCl at 100°C for 1 h. Vicenin-2 and mollugogenol B were isolated and used as reference substances for the quantification of total flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The identity and purity (&gt;97%) of the standards were confirmed by spectroscopic (UV, MS, and NMR) and chromatographic (HPLC) methods. The flavonoids and saponins of the crude extract of the seeds and tablet formulation were separated by RP-HPLC (Nucleosil RP-18 column, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) using linear gradient elution systems of acetonitrile-water-0.1 M H3PO4 for flavonoids and methanol-water for saponins. Satisfactory separation of the compounds was obtained in less than 30 and 25 min, for the flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The methods were validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). Repeatability (inter- and intra-day, n = 6 and 9, respectively) showed less than 2% relative standard deviation (RSD). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.075 and 0.225 mg/mL, respectively, for vicenin-2 and 0.027 and 0.082 mg/100 mL, respectively, for mollugogenol B. The content of flavonoids and saponins of six single tablets was between 95 and 103% for flavonoids and 94-98% for saponins. The validated HPLC methods were employed to standardize a fingerprint of a laboratory produced purified extract, which could be used as a secondary standard for the routine quality control. Accordingly, the purified extract was found to contain 21.3% flavonoids (vicenin-2, 10%) and 25.4% saponins (glinuside G, 14.2%). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Glinus lotoides; Glinuside G; Mollugogenol B; Quantitative determination; RP-HPLC; Vicenin-2	Acetonitrile; Aromatic compounds; Extraction; Hydrolysis; Mass spectrometry; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Purification; Seed; Ultraviolet radiation; Ultraviolet spectroscopy; Crude extracts; Limits of detection (LOD); Limits of quantification (LOQ); Relative standard deviation (RSD); Tablet formulation; High performance liquid chromatography; acetonitrile; flavonoid; Glinus lotoides extract; glinuside G; hydrochloric acid; methanol; mollugogenol B; plant extract; saponin derivative; unclassified drug; vicenin 2; vitexin 2'' o glucoside; water; analytical equipment; article; drug purity; elution; glinus lotoides; high performance liquid chromatography; hydrolysis; mass spectrometry; medicinal plant; nuclear magnetic resonance; plant seed; priority journal; quality control; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; separation technique; standard; tablet formulation; temperature; ultraviolet radiation; ultraviolet spectroscopy; validation process; Apigenin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Molluginaceae; Reference Standards; Saponins; Seeds; Tablets; Extractives; Flavonoids; Liquid Chromatography; Saponins; Seeds; Ultraviolet Radiation; Glinus lotoides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24744462263	Evaluation of dika nut mucilage (Irvingia gabonensis) as binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations	Odeku O.A., Patani B.O.	2005	Pharmaceutical Development and Technology	10	3	10.1081/PDT-54477	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Odeku, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Patani, B.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Dika nut mucilage obtained from the nuts of Irvingia gabonensis (O'Rorke) Bail (family Irvingiaceae) has been evaluated as a binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations in comparison with gelatin BP. The compressional properties of metronidazole formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel equations as assessment parameters, whereas the mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using the tensile strength (T), brittle fracture index (BFI), and the friability of the tablets. The drug release properties of the tablets were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times of the tablets. The results obtained indicate that formulations containing dika nut mucilage as binding agent show faster onset of plastic deformation under compression pressure than those containing gelatin. The tensile strength of the tablets increased with increase in concentration of the binding agents, whereas the BFI and friability values decreased. Furthermore, tablets containing dika nut mucilage generally showed lower tensile strength but higher brittleness and friability than those containing gelatin. The results also showed that tablets containing dika nut mucilage generally showed higher disintegration and dissolution times than those containing gelatin BP. The results suggest that dika nut mucilage could be useful in achieving various tablet strength and drug release properties. Copyright © 005 Taylor & Francis Inc.	Binding agent; Dika nut mucilage; Gelatin; Metronidazole; Tablet	adhesive agent; gelatin; metronidazole; article; concentration (parameters); dika nut mucilage; drug release; drug solubility; irvingia gabonensis; mucilage; plant; priority journal; tablet compression; tablet disintegration; tablet formulation; tensile strength; Adhesives; Cellulose; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Metronidazole; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Tensile Strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444492944	Thermodynamic evaluation of viscosity in In-Zn and Sn-Zn liquid alloys	Ilo-Okeke E.O., Anusionwu B.C., Popoola O.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of Liquids	43	4	10.1080/00319100500087964	Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ilo-Okeke, E.O., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Anusionwu, B.C., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Popoola, O., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A theoretical formalism that links thermodynamic properties to transport properties has been used to study the viscosity of Sn-Zn and In-Zn liquid alloys at various temperatures. The formalism was succesful at describing the thermodynamic properties of these alloys and showed a better estimation of the viscosity of the Sn-Zn alloy that of the In-Zn alloy. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Liquid alloys; Phase-segregation; Viscosity	Diffusion in liquids; Indium alloys; Phase separation; Segregation (metallography); Thermal effects; Thermodynamic properties; Tin alloys; Transport properties; Viscosity of liquids; Zinc alloys; Boltzman constant; Ideal gas constant; Interchange energy; Metallic liquid alloys; Binary alloys; thermodynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644432106	Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhoea treatment in Nigeria	Agunu A., Yusuf S., Andrew G.O., Zezi A.U., Abdurahman E.M.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	101	03-Jan	10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.025	Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Agunu, A., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Yusuf, S., Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Andrew, G.O., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Zezi, A.U., Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abdurahman, E.M., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Five medicinal plants [Acacia nilotica, Acanthospermun hispidum, Gmelina arborea, Parkia biglobosa and Vitex doniana] used in diarrhoeal treatment in Kaduna State, Nigeria, were investigated. This study was carried out on perfused isolated rabbit jejunum and castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The aqueous methanol extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/ml) were generally found to cause a dose-dependent response in the isolated rabbit jejunum, though this was not uniform in all the plants. Gmelina arborea and Vitex doniana showed concentration dependent relaxation at low doses (0.5, 1.0 mg/ml), but showed no significant relaxation at higher doses (2.0, 3.0 mg/ml). Other extracts showed biphasic effects. For example, Acacia nilotica at 3.0 mg/ml caused initial relaxation quickly followed by contraction. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal, 100% protections were shown by extracts of Acacia nilotica and Parkia biglobosa (100, 200 mg/kg) while Vitex doniana showed a dose-dependent effect. The least protection was shown by Acanthospermun hispidum, at the same dose, when compared with the other four plants. The results obtained revealed that the aqueous methanol extracts of all the five medicinal plants investigated have pharmacological activity against diarrhoea. This may explain their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antidiarrhoeal; Castor oil; Medicinal plants; Methanol extracts; Tissue relaxation	Acacia nilotica extract; acanthospermum hispidum extract; castor oil; Gmelina arborea extract; loperamide; methanol; Parkia biglobosa extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; vitex doniana extract; Acacia; acanthospermum hispidum; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; diarrhea; drug activity; drug effect; drug screening; gmelina arborea; intestine contraction; jejunum; male; medicinal plant; mouse; muscle relaxation; Nigeria; nonhuman; Parkia biglobosa; rabbit; Vitex doniana; Acacia; Animals; Diarrhea; Jejunum; Male; Mice; Nigeria; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rabbits; Vitex; Acacia nilotica; Gmelina arborea; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Parkia biglobosa; Vitex doniana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644769053	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of Chlorophora excelsa stem bark extract	Olajide O.A., Kolawole O.T., Fagbohun T.R., Ajayi F.F.	2005	Pharmaceutical Biology	43	9	10.1080/13880200500406388	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi O	Olajide, O.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kolawole, O.T., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Fagbohun, T.R., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne Campus, Nigeria; Ajayi, F.F., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria	A methanol extract of the stem bark of Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth and Hook was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in different models. Acute inflammatory effects were studied in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the effect of the extract in chronic inflammation was evaluated using the cotton pellet granuloma test. The effect of the extract on topical inflammation induced with croton oil was also tested in mice. The extract produced a significant (p. < 0.05) and dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced pedal edema, as well as granuloma tissue formation in rats. Topical anti-inflammatory effect was only evident with 400 mg/kg of the extract. This study demonstrated acute, chronic, and topical anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of C. excelsa. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.	Acute inflammation; Anti-inflammatory; Chlorophora excelsa; Chronic inflammation; Extract; Topical inflammation	antiinflammatory agent; carrageenan; Chlorophora excelsa extract; croton oil; hydrocortisone; indometacin; methanol; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; article; Chlorophora excelsa; chronic inflammation; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug screening; granuloma; inflammation; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; paw edema; tree; tree trunk; Animalia; Chlorophora excelsa; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844464755	Pharmacological screening and evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of Croton zambesicus against Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice	Okokon J.E., Ofodum K.C., Ajibesin K.K., Danladi B., Gamaniel K.S.	2005	Indian Journal of Pharmacology	37	4	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, National Institute for	Okokon, J.E., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Ofodum, K.C., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Ajibesin, K.K., Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Danladi, B., Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Gamaniel, K.S., Department of Pharmacology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria	Objective: To evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of leaf extract of Croton zambesicus on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice and to confirm its traditional use as a malarial remedy in Africa. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic leaf extract of Croton zambesicus (50-200 mg/kg) was screened for blood schizontocidal activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. The schizontocidal activity during early and established infections as well as the repository activity were investigated. Results: The extract demonstrated a dose-dependent chemosuppression or schizontocidal effect during early and in established infections, and also had repository activity. The activity was lower than that of the standard drugs (chloroquine 5 mg/kg, pyrimethamine 1.2 mg/kg/day). Conclusion: The leaf extract possesses considerable antiplasmodial activity, which can be exploited in malaria therapy.	Malaria; Schizontocide	chloroquine; croton zambesicus extract; plant extract; pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; croton zambesicus; drug activity; drug screening; female; malaria; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; phytochemistry; Plasmodium berghei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644481854	Pharmacological evaluation of the central nervous system activity of Aframomum melegueta seed extract in mice	Umukoro S., Ashorobi R.B.	2005	Journal of Natural Remedies	5	2	None	Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ashorobi, R.B., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Objective: To study the effects of intraperitoneal injection of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum melegueta (AM) on the central nervous system (CNS) in mice. Materials and methods: The study sought to evaluate the effects of the extract on the general behaviour of the animals (Irwin test), on pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour, on motor coordination, and on convulsive seizures induced by isoniazid and picrotoxin. AM was tested at a dose range of 5-400 mg/kg. Results: AM (50-200 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in spontaneous motor activity and also caused a dose-related prolongation of pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. At a dose range of 100-400 mg/kg, a significant inhibition of methamphetamine (35 mg/kg, i. p) induced stereotyped behaviour was observed. Furthermore, it offered a significant protection against convulsions induced by isoniazid (200 mg/kg, i.p). However, it failed to modify the convulsive action of picrotoxin (10 mg/kg, i.p) and did not cause any significant effect in the motor coordination of animals on the rota-rod machine. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that A. melegueta seed extract possesses central nervous system depressant activity.	Aframomum melegueta; Anti-stereotypic; Anticonvulsant; Isoniazid; Methamphetamine; Pentobarbital; Sedative	Aframomum melegueta extract; chlorpromazine; diazepam; isoniazid; methamphetamine; pentobarbital; picrotoxin; plant extract; unclassified drug; Aframomum melegueta; animal behavior; article; central nervous system; central nervous system depression; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug mechanism; motor coordination; mouse; neuroprotection; nonhuman; plant seed; seizure; sleep time; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Zingiberaceae; Aframomum melegueta; Animalia; Zingiberaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-9644290819	Phytochemical screening and pharmacological evaluations for the antifertility effect of the methanolic root extract of Rumex steudelii	Gebrie E., Makonnen E., Debella A., Zerihun L.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	96	42371	10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.026	Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa Univ., P.O. Box 9086, A., Ethiopia; Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Hlth. and Nutr. Res. Inst., P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa Univ., P.O. Box 9086, A., Ethiopia	Gebrie, E., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa Univ., P.O. Box 9086, A., Ethiopia; Makonnen, E., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa Univ., P.O. Box 9086, A., Ethiopia; Debella, A., Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Hlth. and Nutr. Res. Inst., P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Zerihun, L., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa Univ., P.O. Box 9086, A., Ethiopia	The practice of traditional medicine for the control of fertility in most parts of Ethiopia is based on the uses of plant medicines for many years. The fact that herbal medicines have been employed for such a long time does not guarantee their efficacy and safety. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to carry out phytochemical screening, efficacy and safety studies on one of the traditionally used antifertility plants: Rumex steudelii. The secondary metabolites of the root of this plant were determined. The methanolic extract of the roots of this plant were investigated for their antifertility activity in female rats and oral LD 50 was determined in mice. The identification of the secondary metabolites showed that the roots of the plant contained phytosterols and polyphenols. It was found that the extract reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.01) the number of litters. It also produced antifertility effect in a dose dependent manner and the contraceptive effect was manifested for a definite period of time. Furthermore, the extract prolonged significantly the estrus cycle (p &lt; 0.05) and the diestrous phase (p &lt; 0.01) of the rats. The wet weights of the ovaries and uterus were shown to be reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.01) and (p &lt; 0.05), respectively. The oral LD 50 of the extract was found to be 5 g/kg in mice. All these observations suggest that the extract has antifertility effect and is safe at the effective antifertility doses employed in this study. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antifertility; Estrus cycle; Female rats; LD 50; Rumex steudelii extract; Secondary metabolites	plant extract; Rumex steudelii extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; contraception; controlled study; diestrus; drug effect; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug screening; estrus cycle; female; LD 50; male; medicinal plant; nonhuman; ovary; plant root; rat; rumex steudelii; statistical significance; uterus; Animals; Body Weight; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estrous Cycle; Female; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Methanol; Mice; Organ Size; Ovary; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Pregnancy; Rats; Rumex; Uterus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244439182	Determining milling performance of sorghum cultivars by means of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques	van der Merwe M., Osthoff G., Pretorius A.J.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	4	None	Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	van der Merwe, M., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Osthoff, G., Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Pretorius, A.J., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Although roller milling has been successfully applied to produce sorghum meal, the South African sorghum milling industry mostly uses abrasive decortication milling. The first objective of this study was to develop a laboratory-scale roller milling technique for a scaled-down roller mill and determine the milling performance of sorghum cultivars, using canonical variate analysis. The second objective was to compare the suitability of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques to determine milling performance of sorghum. Thirdly, cultivars better suited for roller milling and those, which milled more successfully with abrasive decortication milling, were identified. Grain samples of 24 sorghum cultivars produced during two seasons at three localities were milled with a Tangential Abrasive Dehulling Device and a roller mill consisting of two break rollers with different flute sizes. Canonical variate analysis was found to be a suitable procedure to analyse and predict the roller milling performance. Little variation in milling losses of different cultivars was found with roller milling, while more variation in losses was experienced between cultivars with abrasive decortication. Mean colour was highly acceptable and did not depend on the milling time in the case of roller milling samples. Cultivars PAN 8564, NS 5655, SNK 3337 and SNK 3863 displayed good milling quality when milled using both roller and abrasive decortication milling. Both abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques were found to be suitable for sorghum milling and the determination of milling performance.	Abrasive decortication; Milling performance; Roller milling; Sorghum cultivars	milling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27944452621	Clinical evaluation of pearl millet conophor weaning mix as supplementary food for Nigerian children	Akeredolu I.A., Addo A.A., Akeredolu O.A.	2005	Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology	48	4	None	Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria	Akeredolu, I.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria; Addo, A.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria; Akeredolu, O.A., Department of Physical and Health Education, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria	The purpose of this study was to formulate a weaning diet from pearl millet-conophor nut flour that would promote growth. For PER, BV, NPU and TD values, casein diet was the most superior while millet-conophor diet and soy-ogi diet compared favourably with each other. For the clinical measurements of the experimental rats on the soy - ogi diet and millet-conophor diet, apart from the urinary urea level of the group on millet conophor diet which was much higher than soy-ogi, there was no difference in any of the other parameters measured. It was therefore, concluded that the millet-conophor, diet was favourably well with the soy-ogi.	Clinical evaluation; Conophor; Millet and supplementary food; Weaning mix	Pennisetum glaucum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13744262400	Evaluation of lead equivalence of patient and hardware materials in medical diagnostic X-ray shielding	Okunade A.A.	2005	Health Physics	88	2 SUPPL. 1	10.1097/01.HP.0000147791.11446.0a	Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	In the estimation of additional shielding requirements for primary beam apart from that provided by patient and hardware in the x-ray beam, there is the need to distinguish between attenuation and hardening properties of materials in comparison. In this work, numerical comparison of attenuation and hardening properties of phantom (Lucite, soft tissue, water) and hardware (aluminum and steel) materials with those of lead have been carried out. Results presented show that the shielding affordable by lead attenuation equivalent thicknesses (LAE) and lead hardening equivalent thicknesses (LHE) is not strictly equivalent to that affordable by thicknesses of substitutes (phantom materials, aluminum and steel) when there are differences in attenuation and hardening properties. Even though beams through LAE that are not "exact" have equal exposure values, the half value layers are higher than those through thicknesses of lead substitutes. Example calculations show that the use of lead thickness (LAE) that are not "exact" to account for the shielding afforded by the thickness of the patient (water phantom) produces lesser reduction of the primary radiation level in the area indicated for shielding. The "exact" LAE that will reduce the primary radiation level equally as the patient and radiographic table may be higher by close to 20% or more of that which is not "exact."vk ©2005 Health Physics Society.	Attenuation; Operational topic; Shielding; X rays	aluminum; lead; steel; article; mathematical analysis; priority journal; radiation beam; radiation dose; radiation exposure; radiation protection; radiation safety; radiation shield; radioactivity; X ray; evaluation; human; image quality; protective equipment; radiography; regression analysis; standard; statistics; Aluminum; Humans; Lead; Least-Squares Analysis; Phantoms, Imaging; Protective Devices; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography; Steel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30444450818	Geoelectric evaluation of groundwater potential: A case study of Alagbaka primary school, Akure, Southwest Nigeria	Ayolabi E.A.	2005	Journal of the Geological Society of India	66	4	None	Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Vertical electrical sounding consisting of three Wenner array and thirteen Schlumberger array has been carried out at the premises of Alagbaka primary school, Akure Southwest Nigeria. The aquiferous unit in this area is composed of weathered and fractured rocks whose resistivity ranges from 26 to 366 Ωm and thickness of 2.4 to 29.3 m. The isopach shows that the overburden thickens towards the east and is thinnest towards the south. The geological map derived from the coefficient of anisotropy of the underlying rocks shows that the Eastern end underlain by migmatites have coefficient of anisotropy ranging between 1.5 and 2.5 while the southwest, west and northwest side is underlain by charnockites of high (3-7.4) coefficient of anisotropy. The eastern end offers a good prospect for groundwater exploration. © Geol. Soc. India.	Akure; Anisotropy; Geoelectrical study; Groundwater; Southwest Nigeria	anisotropy; aquifer; groundwater resource; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Akure; Nigeria; Ondo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644487787	Geoelectric evaluation of Olushosun landfill site southwest Nigeria and its implications on groundwater	Ayolabi E.A.	2005	Journal of the Geological Society of India	66	3	None	Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Geoelectric resistivity technique of geophysical investigation have been used to evaluate the effect of leachate generated from Olushosun landfill on the groundwater in the area. The result shows that the first aquifer has been greatly polluted by the leachate generated from the decomposed heap of refuse materials at the landfill site. A total depth of up to 73 m has been delineated as polluted area with resistivity ranging from 16 to 361 Ωm as compared to resistivity values ranging between 2167-3714 Ωm for the unpolluted area. The results of the evaluation of the protective capacity of the overburden material within the unpolluted zone shows that the overburden material has a weak protective capacity and this may have largely been responsible for the high level of pollution observed in this area. © Geol. Soc. India.	Geoelectric study; Landfill; Leachate; Pollution; Southwest Nigeria	electrical method; groundwater pollution; landfill; leachate; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-7444246834	Evaluation of performance parameters of PV modules deployed outdoors	Gxasheka A.R., Van Dyk E.E., Meyer E.L.	2005	Renewable Energy	30	4	10.1016/j.renene.2004.06.005	Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, 6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Gxasheka, A.R., Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, 6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Van Dyk, E.E., Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, 6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Meyer, E.L., Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	This paper evaluates the performance parameters of five photovoltaic (PV) modules comprising crystalline silicon, multi-crystalline silicon and edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) silicon technologies. This evaluation was accomplished by measuring and analysing the modules' performances during initial, intermediate and final stages of a 17-month test period. The effect of temperature and irradiance on the performance parameters was investigated. Results obtained indicate that some modules exhibited shunting behaviour and that the EFG silicon module experienced moisture ingress, which in part, resulted in 14% performance degradation. An analysis of the results revealed that the moisture ingress effectively reduced the active module area, resulting in reduced photon absorption, consequently reducing the electron-hole generation as indicated by the reduced short-circuit current. In addition, the EFG-Si module's shunt resistance appeared to decrease over the test period. The rest of the modules showed relatively stable performance, information that is crucial to the system designer and consumer. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Current-voltage characteristics; I-V monitoring system; Operational efficiency; Performance monitoring; Photovoltaic modules	Crystalline materials; Photons; Silicon; Thermal effects; Edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) silicon technologies; Photon absorption; Shunt resistance; Photovoltaic effects; performance assessment; photovoltaic system; renewable resource	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-6044230803	Monitoring current-voltage characteristics and energy output of silicon photovoltaic modules	Van Dyk E.E., Gxasheka A.R., Meyer E.L.	2005	Renewable Energy	30	3	10.1016/j.renene.2004.04.016	Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Van Dyk, E.E., Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Gxasheka, A.R., Department of Physics, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Meyer, E.L., Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Photovoltaic (PV) system designers use performance data of PV modules to improve system design and make systems more cost effective. The collection of this valuable data is often not done due to the high costs associated with data acquisition systems. In this paper, we report on the design of a low-cost current-voltage (I-V) measuring system used to monitor the I-V characteristics of PV modules. Results obtained from monitoring seven crystalline silicon modules between October 2001 and November 2002 are presented and discussed. Results obtained also show the value of being able to continuously monitor the current-voltage characteristics of PV modules. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Current-voltage characteristics; I-V monitoring system; Operational efficiency; Performance monitoring; Photovoltaic modules	Cost effectiveness; Crystallization; Data acquisition; Photovoltaic effects; Renewable energy resources; Silicon; Current-voltage (I-V) measuring systems; Data performance; Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Silicon photovoltaic modules; Current voltage characteristics; photovoltaic system	None
None	None	Field evaluation for resistance to the black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in cabbage (Brassica oleracea)	Jensen B.D., Massomo S.M.S., Swai I.S., Hockenhull J., Andersen S.B.	2005	European Journal of Plant Pathology	113	3	10.1007/s10658-005-2799-y	Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tengeru Horticultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 1253, Arusha, Tanzania; Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Africa Regional Program, P.O. Box 10, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania	Jensen, B.D., Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Massomo, S.M.S., Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania; Swai, I.S., Tengeru Horticultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 1253, Arusha, Tanzania, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Africa Regional Program, P.O. Box 10, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania; Hockenhull, J., Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Andersen, S.B., Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, (Xcc), is one of the most serious diseases of crucifers world-wide. Forty-nine genotypes were evaluated for resistance under field conditions in Tanzania after artificial inoculation with Xcc race 1. Open pollinated white cabbage cultivars were generally susceptible, while Portuguese and pointed cabbages exhibited partial resistance. Some F1 white cabbage cultivars were highly susceptible, whereas others exhibited a high level of partial resistance. The most promising of the hybrid cultivars were T-689 F1, Gianty F1, No. 9690 F1, N 66 F1, and SWR-02 F1. Breeding line Badger I-16 exhibited the highest level of resistance of all genotypes. The genotypes accounted for 72.9-75.5% of the variation of the disease severity when assessed on the leaves, and 71.4% of the variation when assessed as internal black rot in heads at harvest. High correlations (equal to or above 0.7) were found between disease severities assessed on leaves three times during the growing season and also with the amount of internal black rot in heads. Leaf loss also was correlated with disease severity. The high genetic determination of the trait and the high correlations between disease assessments indicate that selection for resistance to black rot will be efficient when field screenings are carried out. Evaluation of genotypes for disease severity on leaves during the growing season combined with evaluations of head resistance in the most promising genotypes may be a simple method to select resistant cultivars. © Springer 2005.	Bacterial plant disease; Breeding; Crucifers; Disease control; Genetic determination; Tanzania	bacterial disease; disease control; disease resistance; disease severity; genotype; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Bacteria (microorganisms); Brassica oleracea; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Taxidea taxus; Xanthomonas campestris; Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745323188	Development of greenhouse inoculation procedures for evaluation of partial resistance to Cercospora zeae-maydis in Maize inbreds	Asea G., Lipps P.E., Pratt R.C., Gordon S.G., Adipala E.	2005	Journal of Phytopathology	153	12-Nov	10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01032.x	Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States; Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Asea, G., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Lipps, P.E., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Pratt, R.C., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Gordon, S.G., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Adipala, E., Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States, Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of inoculation methods on incubation period, lesion length, percentage leaf area affected and sporulation of Cercospora zeae-maydis on young maize (Zea mays L.) plants inoculated at V3 growth stage. Seedling plants were inoculated by four methods: (i) application of conidial suspension while puncturing the leaves within the whorl several times, (ii) spraying conidial suspension on leaves, (iii) placing colonized agar into lateral slits in leaves and (iv) placing colonized agar into whorls. Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of genotype and inoculation method on several components of resistance and overall disease severity. Application of conidial suspension while puncturing the whorl was found to be the least laborious method, and it produced characteristic symptoms of gray leaf spot. Consistent trends were observed in classification of inbreds to resistant, susceptible and intermediate classes. Increasing the duration of exposure to high humidity by placing plastic bags over plants for 5 days significantly increased disease severity (P ≤ 0.001). Cercospora zeae-maydis produced conidia in all the lesions examined. Spore production was generally most abundant in lesions on susceptible inbreds that displayed necrotic lesion types (LT) and least abundant in lesions on resistant inbreds that were characterized by chlorotic and fleck LTs. The results demonstrated that inoculations in the greenhouse can provide an indication of inbred responses to C. zeae-maydis and may be useful in evaluating resistance and in studies of host-pathogen interactions. © 2005 Blackwell Verlag.	Gray leaf spot; Host resistance; Inoculation methods	disease resistance; disease severity; genotype; greenhouse effect; host-pathogen interaction; incubation; inoculation; leaf area; lesion; maize; seedling emergence; variance analysis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Cercospora zeae-maydis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947163361	Karyotypic evaluation of plantain and banana somaclonal variants (Musa L. spp. Musaceae: Zingiberales)	Obute G.C., Aziagba P.C.	2005	Journal of Genetics and Breeding	59	04-Mar	None	Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Obute, G.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Aziagba, P.C., Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Tissue culture regenerated materials of Musa spp. (Banana and Plantain) along with their somaclonal variants were assessed for karyotype abnormalities to be used as rapid chromosome markers. Results indicate that the slight variations noticed in karyomorphometric characters like chromosome number, chromosome arm lengths, total complement length and total complement volume were not significant (P ≤0.05). It follows, therefore, that chromosomal abnormalities may not be accurate markers for somaclonal variation in these species. A few cases of aneuploidy were encountered and the need not to overemphasize chromosomal instability was highlighted; however, other causes of somaclonal variations are proposed to be explored to explain the phenomenon in Musa spp.	Banana; Karyotype; Musa/Spp.	Magnoliophyta; Musa; Musaceae; Zingiberales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844374175	Performance of diverse maize genotypes under nitrogen deficiency in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria	Kamara A.Y., Menkir A., Ajala S.O., Kureh I.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	2	10.1017/S0014479704002479	Department of Plant Science, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Kamara, A.Y.; Menkir, A.; Ajala, S.O.; Kureh, I., Department of Plant Science, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	The Guinea savannas of Nigeria have a high potential for the production of maize because of favourable environmental conditions. Despite this high potential, the yields obtained in farmers' fields are still very low. This is due to soil degradation and nutrient depletion arising from intensification of land use. Nitrogen (N) is the major nutrient limiting maize production in the Guinea savannas where the use of inorganic fertilizers is low. One strategy for improving the productivity of maize is to select varieties that perform well under suboptimal soil N conditions. This study assessed the performance of diverse maize germplasm under a range of N levels. Growth and grain yields differed significantly between the genotypes at all N levels. These variations were more pronounced at zero and 30 kg N ha-1 than at 90 kg N ha -1. Grain yield under N-deficicnt conditions was correlated with an increased number of ears per plant, stay-green rating, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf area index, reduced anthesis-silking interval and reduced days to silking suggesting that these traits are linked to tolerance to N deficiency. One hybrid (Oba Super 2), the drought-tolerant genotypes and four maize genotypes previously selected for tolerance to N-deficient conditions performed better than the widely grown adapted controls under zero and 30 kg N ha-1. At zero N, the grain yield of maize decreased with advances in cycles of selection for tolerance to suboptimal N conditions suggesting that N deficiency in the selection environment was not sufficient to discriminate between genotypes. The good performance of drought-tolerant varieties under suboptimal N conditions suggests that selection for drought tolerance may confer tolerance to N-deficient conditions. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22344457990	Evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes for multiple resistance to angular and floury leaf spot diseases	Lemessa F., Tesfaye A.	2005	Tropical Science	45	2	10.1002/ts.50	Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany	Lemessa, F., Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Tesfaye, A., Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia	Angular leaf spot and floury leaf spot are the major bean diseases in hot and humid parts of Ethiopia. Of 70 genotypes evaluated, EMP-233, EMP-212, G-10843 and Dicta-65 were consistently resistant to both diseases and the first three were also high yielding. For angular leaf spot, disease severity was positively correlated with seed size and 100-seed weight.	Bean; Leaf spot; Multiple resistance; Phaseolus vulgaris	Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23444442272	Tourism impact, distribution and development: The spatial structure of tourism in the Western Cape province of South Africa	Cornelissen S.	2005	Development Southern Africa	22	2	10.1080/03768350500163014	Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Cornelissen, S., Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The structural dimensions of a country's tourism sector, and in particular the spatial structure of tourism production and consumption, relate closely to the nature and extent of the impact that tourism can have. This article examines the spatial characteristics of tourism in the Western Cape province, one of South Africa's foremost international tourist regions, and where its government seeks to use tourism as an instrument of development and socio-economic transformation. To understand how this could be effected it is necessary to understand the spatial distributional effects of tourism, and the underlying reasons for it. To this end the article examines the spatial structure of the provincial accommodation sector as evidenced in patterns of accommodation supply and tourist usage (demand); and trends in the nature, direction and distribution of public and private-sector tourism investments. The central argument is that tourism is geographically focused, with tourist activities concentrated in a few locales and sub-regions. This follows the general demographic and economic contours of the province. Yet trends in capital investments tend to reinforce the spatial concentration of tourism. Attempts by the govemment to spread tourism's benefits have not been too successful due to institutional and capacity deficiencies. Greater emphasis should be placed on developing domestic tourism. © 2005 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	None	regional pattern; spatial analysis; structural analysis; tourist destination; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13644262402	The negative and positive impacts of HIV/AIDS on democracy in South Africa	Butler A.	2005	Journal of Contemporary African Studies	23	1	10.1080/0258900042000329439	Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Butler, A., Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This article first sets out the reasoning of those who fear that the implications of HIV/AIDS for democratic consolidation in South Africa are profoundly negative. However, the remainder of the text argues that the politics of HIV/AIDS has in fact strengthened democratic institutions and practices over the past decade. Given the immediate threats to democratic consolidation that exist in South Africa today - challenges that I will argue derive from internal dominant party politics, the nature of knowledge creation in the African National Congress (ANC), and a shrinking space for policy contestation - the epidemic may contribute further to the endurance of democracy over coming years. I conclude that scholars should address the pandemic's positive, as well as its inevitably negative, consequences for democracy and governance. © 2005 Journal of Contemporary African Studies.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; democracy; governance approach; human immunodeficiency virus; political development; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544289513	Evaluation of a photo-poster on nurses' perceptions of teething problems in South-western Nigeria	Bankole O.O., Aderinokun G.A., Denloye O.O.	2005	Public Health	119	4	10.1016/j.puhe.2004.05.019	Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Bankole, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aderinokun, G.A., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Denloye, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Health problems commonly associated with the eruption of teeth in babies continue to pose problems in Nigeria. Even nurses who should be well informed have misconceived views. In order to enlighten mothers and healthcare workers on this issue, a photo-poster was developed as a health-education tool. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the poster, displayed in the workplace for 18 months, on the knowledge, attitude and reported practice of nurses. The study also aimed to assess the outcome of the inclusion of the photo-poster in training materials in a workshop setting. Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, 542 nurses working in children's units within the city of Ibadan, South-western Nigeria were selected using a stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to gather information on their perceptions of teething problems at baseline. Photo-posters were displayed in the nurses' workplaces for 18 months, and a follow-up survey was conducted using the same questionnaire. In the second part of the study, two groups of nurses (n=21 and n=18 nurses) working in similar healthcare facilities in Ibadan participated in two separate workshops. One workshop used the photo-poster in addition to the standard educational materials, and the other workshop did not. Percentage differences between pre- and postintervention responses to perceived health problems were calculated. Intervention effects were the differences between the percentage changes in the intervention (with poster) and comparison (without poster) groups. Statistical differences were determined by Chi-squared test or one-tailed t-test, as appropriate. Results: Five hundred and forty-two nurses (519 female and 23 male) completed the questionnaire survey at baseline and 403 (371 female and 32 male) at follow-up. Their ages ranged between 23 and 56 years, with the greatest percentage aged 25-40 years. At baseline, many respondents indicated that several of the listed health problems were a consequence of tooth eruption. After exposure to the posters at their workplace for 18 months, there were slight changes in their opinions but most were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The use of posters in a workshop setting revealed percentage changes ranging from -11 to 61% for the different associated health problems. Many of these changes were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Displaying photo-posters in the workplace did little to change nurses' perceptions of teething problems; the posters had more influence when they were used in an instructional, interactive atmosphere. It is recommended that the use of photo-posters in health education for such culturally entrenched health issues should be accompanied by discussion of the same subject wherever possible. © 2004 The Royal Institute of Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Evaluation; Infants; Photo-poster; Teething	adult; article; calculation; chi square test; city; controlled study; female; health care facility; health education; hospital department; human; literature; male; Nigeria; nurse attitude; pediatrics; questionnaire; sampling; staff training; statistical analysis; statistical significance; tooth eruption; workshop; Adult; Audiovisual Aids; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Nigeria; Nurses; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Tooth Eruption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144440169	Developing a competence framework and evaluation tool for primary care nursing in South Africa	Strasser S., London L., Kortenbout E.	2005	Education for Health	18	2	10.1080/13576280500145615	Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Nursing, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; 4702 Tahoe Circle, Martinez, CA 94553, United States	Strasser, S., Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 4702 Tahoe Circle, Martinez, CA 94553, United States; London, L., Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kortenbout, E., Department of Nursing, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Context: Nurses provide the bulk of primary care services in South Africa. Post-apartheid health legislation envisions the provision of comprehensive primary services at all public clinics, which implies the need for a cadre of primary care nurses able to render such services. Objectives: To identify core competencies of clinic nurses and develop an evaluation tool for primary care nursing in South Africa. Methods: The descriptive and exploratory techniques used included two meetings of a reference group of South African primary care professionals, followed by a consensus-building exercise. Using the Delphi technique expert opinion was solicited from South Africa, Canada and the USA. Findings: The reference group meetings yielded a list of nine core competencies. Infrastructure issues, such as the supermarket (one-stop shopping) approach to service delivery, communication and transport systems, and the quality of supervision still cause concern. These issues underscore that competence cannot be measured in a vacuum. Input from Delphi participants affirmed the nine core competencies and the need to assess the impact of core competency training. One possible way to measure the nine core competencies would be to use proxy indicators. Discussion/Conclusions: Identifying core competencies is a complex process. There is a need to process a wide range of views and ideas. Also, balancing academic concerns with service delivery needs and constraints is an ongoing challenge. A potential limitation of the Delphi technique is participant selection bias and fatigue. Accessing a diverse international panel and making numerous follow up attempts via phone, mail and email were used to attempt to ameliorate these inherent limitations. Although the process is cumbersome, providing "experts" with a venue to wrestle with these ideas can be fruitful. Future studies would help to assess the reliability of the findings. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	Competence; Nursing; Primary care; Training	article; competence; controlled study; health care delivery; health care personnel; health care quality; human; medical profession; nursing; nursing education; primary medical care; priority journal; professional practice; professional standard; reliability; South Africa; Clinical Competence; Community Health Nursing; Delphi Technique; Guidelines; Humans; Nursing Evaluation Research; Primary Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19944431405	Determinants of the impact of sexually transmitted infection treatment on prevention of HIV infection: A synthesis of evidence from the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka intervention trials	Korenromp E.L., White R.G., Orroth K.K., Bakker R., Kamali A., Serwadda D., Gray R.H., Grosskurth H., Habbema J.D.F., Hayes R.J.	2005	Journal of Infectious Diseases	191	SUPPL. 1	10.1086/425274	Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Med. Res. Cncl. Prog. AIDS Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Pub. Hlth., Dept. of Pop. and Fam. Hlth. Sci., Baltimore, MD, United States; HIV, TB, and Malaria Cluster, Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Dept. of Infect. and Trop. Diseases, London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Korenromp, E.L., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, HIV, TB, and Malaria Cluster, Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; White, R.G., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Orroth, K.K., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Bakker, R., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Kamali, A., Med. Res. Cncl. Prog. AIDS Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Pub. Hlth., Dept. of Pop. and Fam. Hlth. Sci., Baltimore, MD, United States; Grosskurth, H., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom; Habbema, J.D.F., Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Hayes, R.J., London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., London, United Kingdom, Dept. of Infect. and Trop. Diseases, London Sch. of Hyg. and Trop. Med., Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Community-randomized trials in Mwanza, Tanzania, and Rakai and Masaka, Uganda, suggested that population characteristics were an important determinant of the impact of sexually transmitted infection (STI) treatment interventions on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We performed simulation modeling of HIV and STI transmission, which confirmed that the low trial impact in Rakai and Masaka could be explained by low prevalences of curable STI resulting from lower-risk sexual behavior in Uganda. The mature HIV epidemics in Uganda, with most HIV transmission occurring outside core groups with high STI rates, also contributed to the low impact on HIV incidence. Simulated impact on HIV was much greater in Mwanza, although the observed impact was larger than predicted from STI reductions, suggesting that random error also may have played some role. Of proposed alternative explanations, increasing herpetic ulceration due to HIV-related immunosuppression contributed little to the diminishing impact of antibiotic treatment during the Ugandan epidemics. The strategy of STI treatment also was unimportant, since syndromic treatment and annual mass treatment showed similar effectiveness in simulations of each trial population. In conclusion, lower-risk behavior and the mature HIV epidemic explain the limited impact of STI treatment on HIV incidence in Uganda in the 1990s. In populations with high-risk sexual behavior and high STI rates, STIs treatment interventions may contribute substantially to prevention of HIV infection.	None	antibiotic agent; antibiotic therapy; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; disease simulation; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; immunosuppressive treatment; infection risk; priority journal; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; Uganda; ulcer; virus transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gonorrhea; Herpes Genitalis; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syndrome; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844407191	Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS peer education programme in a South African workplace	Sloan N.M., Myers J.E.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	4	None	Department of Public Health, National Health Service Ayrshire and Arran, United Kingdom; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Sloan, N.M., Department of Public Health, National Health Service Ayrshire and Arran, United Kingdom; Myers, J.E., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objectives. To evaluate a South African workplace HIV/AIDS peer-education programme running since 1997. Methods. In 2001 a cross-setional study was, done of 900 retail-section employees in three geographical areas, The study measured HIV/AIDS knowledge,,attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS, belief about self-risk of infection, and condom use as a practice indicator. The impact of an HIV/AIDS peer-education programme on these outcomes was examined. Results. Training by peer educators had no significant impact on any outcome. Fifty-nine per cent of subjects had a good knowledge score, 62% had positive attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS, 34% used condoms frequently, and the majority of participants (73%) believed they were at low risk of infection. Logistical regression showed that a very small proportion of the variance in the four outcomes was explained by potential determinants of interest (8% for knowledge, 6% for attitude, 7% for risk and 17% for condom use). Conclusions. The HIV peer-education programme was found to be ineffective and may have involved an opportunity cost. The programme contrast with more costly comprehensive care that includes antiretrovirals. The private sector appears to have been as tardy as the public sector in addressing the epidemic effectively.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; awareness; condom; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; education program; employee; epidemic; female; frequency analysis; geography; health behavior; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; logistic regression analysis; male; occupational health; outcomes research; private practice; public health service; risk assessment; scoring system; South Africa; statistical significance; workplace; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Condoms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peer Group; Risk Factors; South Africa; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044452978	Risk of nosocomial bacteria transmission: Evaluation of cleaning methods of probes used for routine ultrasonography	Bello T.O., Taiwo S.S., Oparinde D.P., Hassan W.O., Amure J.O.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	2	None	Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teachin	Bello, T.O., Department of Radiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Taiwo, S.S., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Oparinde, D.P., Department of Chemical Pathology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Hassan, W.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria; Amure, J.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria	Background: There exists a small but definite risk of nosocomial infection transmission attributable to ultrasonography probes and coupling gels. Objective: Our objective was to ascertain whether the current method of probe disinfection in between patients is adequate to prevent cross infection, and to determine the best and safest method of probe disinfection applicable during routine ultrasonography in our institution. Materials and method: Forty consecutive patients sent for routine ultrasonography at the Radiology Department of our institution in the month of January 2004 were studied. Each patient had a standardized ultrasound scan of the abdomen, after which swabs were taken from the surface of the unclean probe and after probe disinfection by single and double paper wipe cleaning method. The swabs were cultured on Blood agar to determine the characteristics of the colony forming units (CFU). Result: Forty four bacterial isolates were recovered from 37 patients who cultured positive, with MRSA constituting 36.4 %, MRCONS 22.7 %, MSSA 13.6 %, MSCONS 13.6 %, Klebsiella spp 9.1 % and Proteus mirabilis 4.6 %. The average CFU transmitted by the unclean probe was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that transmitted by the probe after single or double paper wipe. Also, the average CFU transmitted following single and double paper wipe, in the inpatients was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the outpatients. Conclusion: Single paper wipe is adequate for outpatients, but for inpatients, especially those with high risk of cross infection, double paper wipe is preferred with probe thoroughly wiped until visibly clean.	Nosocomial infection; US probes	article; bacterial colonization; bacterial infection; bacterium isolate; cleaning; clinical article; clinical protocol; coagulase negative Staphylococcus; colony forming unit; controlled study; culture medium; disease transmission; disinfection; echography; hospital hygiene; hospital infection; human; infection risk; instrument sterilization; Klebsiella; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Proteus mirabilis; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Abdomen; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Disinfection; Equipment Contamination; Gels; Humans; Nigeria; Radiology Department, Hospital; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444440936	Impact of social services on human, social and economic development and the promotion of human rights in South Africa	Lombard A.	2005	Social Work	41	3	None	Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Lombard, A., Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This article argues that research findings on how social service interventions impact on human, social and economic development and the promotion of human rights should provide the necessary evidence that will inform and persuade government to make an increased financial investment in social service delivery beyond that of social security.	None	human rights; service provision; social work; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644442246	Effectiveness of cattle manure and nitrogen fertilizer application on the agronomic and economic performance of maize	Nyamangara J., Mudhara M., Giller K.E.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	Nyamangara, J., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudhara, M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Giller, K.E., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	The effects of N fertilizer and aerobically composted cattle manure, applied separately or in combination, on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields and net benefits were determined over three seasons. A field experiment was established on a moderately leached sandy loam soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Manure was a poor source of N. In the first year, increase in grain yield was much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (40% and 25.1%, respectively), and a relatively smaller further increase of 17.5% was recorded for the 37.5 t ha-1 rate while there was a decrease of 3.7% for the 12.5 t ha-1 rate, when mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1. In the third season increase in grain yield was also much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (66.2% and 16%, respectively) and relatively smaller further increases were recorded when the mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1 (21.4% and 15.1%, respectively). Net benefit indications are that residual effects of cattle manure last for at least three seasons and thus farmers could apply up to 40 t ha-1 in the first season and benefit from its residual fertility in subsequent seasons. It was concluded that smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa could positively exploit the combined application of manure and N fertilizer to increase maize yield and net benefits.	Manure; N fertilizer; N mineralization; N uptake; Net benefits	agricultural economics; fertilizer application; manure; nitrogen; yield; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646446481	Impact of segregation and inclusive education at the basic education level on children with low vision in Ghana	Agbeke W.K.	2005	International Congress Series	1282	None	10.1016/j.ics.2005.05.039	Department of Special Education, University of Education, P.O. Box 25, Winneba, Ghana	Agbeke, W.K., Department of Special Education, University of Education, P.O. Box 25, Winneba, Ghana	This study was carried out to determine the impact that both segregation and inclusive education at the Basic Level have on children with low vision in Ghana. In all, 54 participants were involved in the study. The instruments used in the collection of data for this study were a semi-structured interview schedule and a questionnaire. Both interview and questionnaire items were based on, academic performance, orientation and mobility, activities of daily living, social interaction and the challenges and prospects of the two programmes. The results showed that visually impaired children from both programmes have problems with movement initially but overcome it after a year. Socially, children from inclusive programmes better participated in family and community activities than their counterparts in the special school. There was no significant difference in the academic performance of children from the two programmes. The two programmes have challenges but the prospects of inclusive education looks brighter. There is a balance in terms of academic performance and socialization. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Education; Ghana; Inclusive education; Segregation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444456737	The perceptions of students and lecturers of some factors influencing academic performance at two South African universities	Fraser W., Killen R.	2005	Perspectives in Education	23	1	None	Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	Fraser, W., Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Killen, R., Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	This article presents the results of two recent empirical investigations at universities in South Africa (University of Pretoria and University of South Africa) where an attempt was made to identify the pre- and post-enrolment factors that lecturers and students perceived as having the most important influence on students' success in their university studies. The opinions of lecturers were compared with those of various groups of undergraduate students within and across the two universities. Different genders, different years of study, different home languages, different languages of instruction, and different modes of study (contact and distance education) were considered. The investigations revealed a strong level of agreement between lecturers and students concerning most factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' academic success. However, there was considerable diversity in the opinions of lecturers and students concerning the factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' failure at university. These differences were more pronounced at the distance education institution than at the contact university. At both universities the results of the studies pointed to a number of instructional practices that seem to be limiting the opportunities for students to develop the levels of understanding and insight that lecturers expect of undergraduates. The studies also showed that some students were taking counter-productive approaches to their study.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745087239	The impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in Limpopo province, South Africa	Rikhotso B.O., Stoltsz W.H., Bryson N.R., Sommerville J.E.M.	2005	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	76	4	None	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Rikhotso, B.O., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Stoltsz, W.H., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bryson, N.R., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Sommerville, J.E.M., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the Bushbuckridge region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (Babesia bigemina and Babesin bovis) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. To this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were assayed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma antibodies. Cattle in the intensively dipped group were dipped 26 times and maintained on a 14-day dipping interval throughout the study, whereas cattle in the strategically dipped group were dipped only 13 times. Three cattle, from which adult ticks were collected, were selected from each village, while immature ticks were collected by drag-sampling the surrounding vegetation. During the dipping process, a questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevalence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease, abscesses and mortalities was completed by an Animal Health Technician at each diptank. An increase in seroprevalence to B. bovis and B. bigemina and a decrease in seroprevalence to Anaplasma was detected in the strategically dipped group while in the intensively dipped group the converse was true. Amblyomma hebraeum was the most numerous tick species on the cattle, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was more plentiful than Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus. Drag samples yielded more immature stages of A. hebraeum than of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. The incidence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease and of abscesses increased in the strategically dipped group at the start of the survey.	Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma marginale; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Catte; Communal grazing; Endemic stability; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; Strategic dipping	acaricide; protozoon antibody; bacterium antibody; insecticide; abscess; Anaplasma marginale; anaplasmosis; article; Babesia; babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; babesiosis; blood sampling; cattle; cattle disease; cattle farming; controlled study; disease surveillance; endemic disease; female; grazing; infection control; male; mortality; nonhuman; parasite development; questionnaire; Rhipicephalus; seroprevalence; South Africa; tick; tick borne disease; vegetation; animal; animal disease; blood; drug effect; epidemiology; growth, development and aging; microbiology; parasitology; season; treatment outcome; Acari; Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma; Anaplasma marginale; Animalia; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Boophilus; Boophilus bigemina; Boophilus bovis; Bos taurus; Ixodida; Rhipicephalus; Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Protozoan; Babesia; Babesia bovis; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Insecticides; Male; Seasons; Seroepidemiologic Studies; South Africa; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645861126	Evaluation of CD4+/CD8+ status and urinary tract infections associated with urinary schistosomiasis among some rural Nigerians	Nmorsi O.P.G., Ukwandu N.C.D., Egwungenya O.A., Obhiemi N.U.	2005	African Health Sciences	5	2	None	Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Nmorsi, O.P.G., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria, P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukwandu, N.C.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Egwungenya, O.A., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Obhiemi, N.U., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Background: Data on urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria are mainly epidemological. The knowledge of co-infections of urinary schistosomiasis and other pathogens are important epidemiological tools for the control and health benefits of the rural dwellers. The granulomatous reactions in urinary schistosomiasis is CD4+ dependent. The CD8+ is cytotoxic to parasites and it is activated by CD4+. These parameters therefore participate in the immune responses to urinary schistosomiasis Objective: In this study, we evaluated the polyparasitism involving urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections among some rural Nigerians. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and status with age groups in years were also investigated. Methods: Parasitological investigation using ova on urine was carried out on 216 volunteers. The urine samples were examined for bacteriuria and subsequently subjected to standard microbiological urine culture. CD4+/CD8+ were determined using the CD T4 Dynabead techniques. Data were analysed using MicroSoft Excel. Results: The inhabitants with light infections of urinary schistosomiasis as indicated by &lt;50 ova /10ml of urine had a mean CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.57 while those with heavy infections as shown by &gt;50 ova/10ml of urine had a relatively lower CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.03. In all, the overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.23 was recorded with the mean CD4+ count of 257.96 cells/μL, and the mean CD8+ count of 210.45cells /μL. Comparatively, the control uninfected subjects had a CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 5.97. The CD4+ and the CD8+ counts were correlated with the ova of S. haematobium in their urine samples at r = 0.0108 and r = 0.516 respectively. The bacteriuria, urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections namely; Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. Saprophyticus were reported in the urine cultures of 48(22.0%) volunteers. Conclusion: The mean overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of urinary schistosomiasis infected persons is 1.23 which is above the normal CD4+: CD8+ ratio of 1. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and counts of the urinary schistosomiasis infected inhabitants were lower than the uninfected inhabitants. The positive correlation between the CD4+: CD8+ and the S. haematobium ova shows a relationship which indicate an increase of the CD4+: CD8+ as the intensity of infection increases. We report polyparasitism of S. haematobium and urinary tracts co-infections among some rural inhabitants in Ikpeshi, Nigeria. It is therefore imperative to incorporate the management of urinary tract infections in urinary schistosomiasis control programme.	CD4+; CD8+; Rural Nigerians; Urinary schistosomiasis; Urinary tract infections	adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; bacteriuria; CD4 CD8 ratio; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; child; computer program; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease severity; Escherichia coli; human; immune response; infection control; infection prevention; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; Nigeria; oocyte; parasite examination; prevalence; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; rural area; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcus saprophyticus; superinfection; urinalysis; urinary tract infection; urine culture; female; male; middle aged; preschool child; rural population; Adolescent; Adult; CD4-CD8 Ratio; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Rural Population; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Urinary Tract Infections	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044361824	Caudal fin allometry in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias: Implications for locomotory performance and ecology	Lingham-Soliar T.	2005	Naturwissenschaften	92	5	10.1007/s00114-005-0614-4	Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Lingham-Soliar, T., Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Allometric scaling analysis was employed to investigate the consequences of size evolution on hydrodynamic performance and ecology in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Discriminant analysis using the power equation y=ax b was negative for caudal fin span (S) versus fork length (FL) in C. carcharias. In contrast in two delphinid species, Delphinus capensis and Tursiops aduncus, the span of the flukes versus fork length rises in positive allometric fashion, and strong positive allometry of S versus √A (area) was also recorded. The latter reflects a high lift/drag ratio. S versus √A in C. carcharias displays negative allometry and consequently a lower lift/drag ratio. A lower aspect ratio (AR) caudal fin in C. carcharias compared to that of the delphinids (mean 3.33 and 4.1, respectively) and other thunniform swimmers provides the potential for better maneuverability and acceleration. The liver in sharks is frequently associated with a buoyancy function and was found to be positively allometric in C. carcharias. The overall findings suggest that the negatively allometric caudal fin morphometrics in C. carcharias are unlikely to have deleterious evolutionary fitness consequences for predation. On the contrary, when considered in the context of positive liver allometry in C. carcharias it is hereby suggested that buoyancy may play a dominant role in larger white sharks in permitting slow swimming while minimizing energy demands needed to prevent sinking. In contrast hydrodynamic lift is considered more important in smaller white sharks. Larger caudal fin spans and higher lift/drag ratio in smaller C. carcharias indicate greater potential for prolonged, intermediate swimming speeds and for feeding predominantly on fast-moving fish, in contrast to slow-swimming search patterns of larger individuals for predominantly large mammalian prey. Such data may provide some answers to the lifestyle and widespread habitat capabilities of this still largely mysterious animal. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	None	allometry; locomotion; morphology; shark; allometry; article; controlled study; discriminant analysis; ecology; energy metabolism; evolution; hydrodynamics; lifestyle; liver; locomotion; mammal; morphometrics; motor performance; nonhuman; predation; prey; shark; species difference; swimming; Animal Structures; Animals; Body Size; Ecosystem; Motor Activity; Sharks; Animalia; Carcharodon carcharias; Chondrichthyes; Delphinidae; Delphinus capensis; Lamnidae; Mammalia; Tursiops aduncus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444385257	Performance of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis variables in statistical downscaling of daily precipitation	Cavazos T., Hewitson B.C.	2005	Climate Research	28	2	None	Departmento de Oceanografia Fisica, CICESE, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico; Environmental/Geograghical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Cavazos, T., Departmento de Oceanografia Fisica, CICESE, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico; Hewitson, B.C., Environmental/Geograghical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	The urgent need for realistic regional climate change scenarios has led to a plethora of empirical downscaling techniques. In many cases, widely differing predictors are used, making comparative evaluation difficult. Additionally, it is not clear that the chosen predictors are always the most important. These limitations and the lack of physics in empirical downscaling highlight the need for a systematic assessment of the performance of physically meaningful predictors and their relevance in surface climate parameters. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are 2-fold: to examine the skill and errors of 29 individual atmospheric predictors of daily precipitation in 15 locations that encompass diverse climate regimes, and to evaluate the best combination of predictors that are able to capture different sources of variation. The predictors utilized are from the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis. Mid-tropospheric geopotential heights and mid-tropospheric humidity were the 2 most relevant controls of daily precipitation in all the locations and seasons analyzed. The role of the tropospheric thickness, and the surface and 850 hPa meridional wind components appear to be regionally and seasonally dependent. The predictors showed low performance in the near-equatorial and tropical locations analyzed where convective processes dominate and, possibly, where the reanalysis data sets are most deficient. Summer precipitation was characterized by the largest errors, likely also due to the enhanced role of convection and sub-grid scale processes. Nevertheless, the model was able to reproduce the seasonal precipitation and the phase of daily events in the mid-latitude locations analyzed. In general, the proposed downscaling models tended to underestimate (overestimate) large (small) rainfall events, which reveal the sensitivity of the downscaling to the spatial resolution of the predictors. © Inter-Research 2005.	Artificial neural networks; Climate downscaling; Daily precipitation; Skill of predictors	climate modeling; downscaling; precipitation (climatology); prediction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745175193	Evaluation and modelling of effluent from electroplating plant	Adeniyi O.D.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	04-Mar	None	Dept of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Adeniyi, O.D., Dept of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Industrial effluents discharge into the environment has been on the increase in recent years and this has led to the deterioration of the environment, there are changes in both the physical and chemical characteristics of these places and in particular a remarkable change in the pH values. This paper gives an evaluation of effluent from electroplating industries and further proposes a developed model for the prediction of the pH as a function of five different parameters of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), magnesium ion (Mg 2+), calcium ion (Ca2+), total metal and dissolved oxygen. Parametric coefficients in the model equation obtained showed that the effect of dissolved oxygen and calcium ions are higher than the others. Results of analysis reveal that the values of TSS were much higher than the set limits while the others were within manageable values. Simulation results on the pH show various degrees of variations form experimental, the reason attributed to this was the limited number of parameters considered in model development.	Ca2+; Effluent; Electroplating; Mg2+; Model; pH; TSS	Computer simulation; Dissolution; Effluents; Electroplating; Industrial plants; Magnesium printing plates; Industrial effluents discharge; Total Suspended Solids (TSS); Industrial wastes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13944266749	Reproductive performance of South African indigenous goats following oestrous synchronisation and AI	Lehloenya K.C., Greyling J.P.C., Schwalbach L.M.J.	2005	Small Ruminant Research	57	42403	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.05.004	Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Lehloenya, K.C., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Greyling, J.P.C., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Schwalbach, L.M.J., Dept. Anim., Wildl. and Grass. Sci., Fac. of Nat. and Agric. Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	The reproductive performance following oestrous synchronisation and artificial insemination (AI) was evaluated during the natural breeding season (autumn) in 90 indigenous (Boer and Nguni) South African goats. All does were synchronised for 16 days with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) followed by an IM injection of 300 IU PMSG at progestagen withdrawal. Cervical inseminations were performed at a fixed time (48 h and 60 h) with fresh diluted Boer goat semen. No significant differences between Boer and Nguni goats were recorded with respect to oestrous response (98% and 93%) and the onset of oestrus (29.1 ± 0.9 h and 30.7 ± 0.8 h), respectively. The duration of oestrus in the Nguni goats (29.9 ± 2.0 h) was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than in Boer goats (37.0 ± 2.1 h). Conception rates were 52% and 53%, litter size averaged 2.2 ± 0.2 and 2.0 ± 0.2 and the gestation period an average of 148.6 ± 0.9 days and 149.1 ± 0.8 days for Boer and Nguni goats, respectively, these differences being non-significant. Does with quadruplets had a significantly (P < 0.05) shorter gestation length (142.7 ± 2.1 days) than does with singles, twins and triplets (150.0 ± 0.9 days, 148.8 ± 1.0 days and 150.0 ± 1.1 days, respectively). The mean kid birth weight was 2.7 ± 0.5 kg with males being (2.8 ± 0.1 kg) significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than females (2.5 ± 0.1 kg) and crossbred kids (2.9 ± 0.1 kg) significantly (P < 0.01) heavier than pure Boer goat kids (2.4 ± 0.1 kg). Kid birth weight decreased with an increase in litter size, resulting in all birth weights for singles, twins, triplets and quadruplets being significantly (P < 0.01) different from each other (3.6 ± 0.4 kg, 3.1 ± 0.5 kg, 2.3 ± 0.6 kg and 1.6 ± 0.3 kg, respectively). The overall neonatal loss rate within 48 h postpartum was 22.2%, which increased significantly with an increase in litter size and was significantly (P < 0.01) higher for Boer goats (34.2%) than for crossbred kids (12.7%). The results indicate that oestrous synchronisation with progestagen is efficient and the duration of the induced oestrus is shorter in Nguni does than in Boer goat does. The conception rates obtained following oestrous synchronisation and AI were, however, very low and this aspect needs more attention. Litter size reduces birth weight and survival rate of indigenous South African goat kids. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Indigenous goats; Litter size; Neonatal loss; Oestrous synchronisation	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12144265481	Impact of African herbal medicines on antiretroviral metabolism	Mills E., Foster B.C., Van Heeswijk R., Phillips E., Wilson K., Leonard B., Kosuge K., Kanfer I.	2005	AIDS	19	1	None	Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mills, E., Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Foster, B.C., University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Van Heeswijk, R., Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Phillips, E., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Wilson, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Leonard, B., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kosuge, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	We examined the effects of two African herbal medicines recommended for HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral metabolism. Extracts from Hypoxis and Sutherlandia showed significant effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism and activated the pregnane X receptor approximately twofold. P-glycoprotein expression was inhibited, with Hypoxis showing 42-51% and Sutherlandia showing 19-31% of activity compared with verapamil. Initiating policies to provide herbal medicines with antiretroviral agents may put patients at risk of treatment failure, viral resistance or drug toxicity.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cytochrome P450 3A4; glycoprotein P; Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; nelfinavir; plant extract; pregnane X receptor; rifampicin; Sutherlandia extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; controlled study; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; enzyme activation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Hypoxis; priority journal; protein expression; treatment failure; virus resistance; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Fabaceae; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hypoxis; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; P-Glycoprotein; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Verapamil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21844462077	Demographic features, beliefs and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris among its sufferers in two towns in Nigeria	Ikaraoha C.I., Taylor G.O.L., Anetor J.I., Igwe C.U., Ukaegbu Q.O., Nwobu G.O., Mokogwu A.T.H.	2005	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	4	1	None	Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambros	Ikaraoha, C.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University, Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Nigeria; Taylor, G.O.L., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Anetor, J.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Igwe, C.U., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukaegbu, Q.O., Divine Touch Clinical Laboratory, Research Centre, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Nwobu, G.O., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Mokogwu, A.T.H., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	There is paucity of reports in the demographic knowledge, belief and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris sufferers towards the disorder in a black population. This is the first study from Nigeria designed to address this issue. A total of 174 facial acne sufferers completed a self-administered questionnaire, which contained several items mentioning different areas in their belief, knowledge, perception, severity, sociopsychological impact and medication attention. The findings were discussed and compared to those of the Caucasians. The occurrence of the disorder was higher in females (65.0%) compared to the males (35.0%). About 54.0% of the female subjects indicated increase in severity of the disorder during their pre-menstrual period. Also 64.9% of acne sufferers indicated increase in severity during the rainy season, while 93.1% of the population implicated stress to perpetuate the severity of the disorder. Most (75.7%) of the acne sufferers believed that it is caused by oily diet, 40.8% thought that it is hereditary, while barely 5.2% had at sometime sought doctor's attention. Non-prescription products used by acne sufferers were cleansers and cream/lotions. Psychological abnormalities experienced by the sufferers included social inhibition, depression and anxiety. Pain and discomfort are the psychomatic symptoms. No major differences were found in the beliefs, misconception and socio-psychological impact of acne sufferers in a black population (Nigeria) compared to the Caucasians. There is need to improve the understanding of the disorder in Nigeria through health education programmes.	Acne vulgaris; Beliefs; Nigeria; Perceptions; Severity	acne vulgaris; adult; anxiety; article; Caucasian; demography; depression; disease severity; female; genetic disorder; health education; human; incidence; lipid diet; male; menstrual cycle; Negro; Nigeria; perception; population research; prevalence; psychosomatic disorder; puberty; questionnaire; race difference; seasonal variation; sex difference; sex ratio; social isolation; social psychology; stress	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745172124	Evaluation of the surface and groundwater resources of Efuru river catchment, Mbano, South Eastern Nigeria	Egereonu U.U., Nwachukwu U.L.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	02-Jan	None	Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Egereonu, U.U., Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, U.L., Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Hydrochemical investigations were carried out in Isiala-Mbano in Imo state, Nigeria in order to locate the sources of pollution. Survey was carried out on Efuru river and groundwater in its watershed. The spatial distribution of pollutants due to poor land use systems and human activities are reported. The electrical conductivity, pH, metallic ions, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness ions, chemical oxygen demand, silica content, chloride, sulphate, nitrate and langelier index were analysed in both dry and rainy seasons. The results were evaluated in the light of the World Health Organization Standards and were found admissible for human consumption. Negative Langelier index indicated that the groundwater is corrosive while positive langelier index indicates that the groundwater is encrustating. The study emphasized the need for protection of surface and groundwater to meet the rapid population growth and rate of urbanization.	Efuru river; Hydrochemical; Langelier index; Pollution	Alkalinity; Catchments; Chemical oxygen demand; Chlorine compounds; Electric conductivity; Groundwater resources; Ions; Land use; Nitrates; pH effects; Pollution; Silica; Sulfur compounds; Surveying; Watersheds; Efuru river; Hardness ions; Hydrochemical; Langelier index; Pollutants; Rivers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15544364477	Correcting for frictional pressure drop in horizontal-well inflow-performance relationships	Archer R.A., Agbongiator E.O.	2005	SPE Production and Facilities	20	1	None	Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	Archer, R.A., Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Agbongiator, E.O., ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper presents the development of a correlation that corrects for error in single-phase horizontal-well productivity calculations made by neglecting frictional pressure drop in the wellbore. Frictional pressure drop within the wellbore is frequently a controlling factor on the performance of long horizontal wells. Frictional pressure drop could be especially significant in wells completed with screens and slotted liners. This pressure loss is neglected in traditional inflow-performance (IPR) calculations, such as those developed by S.D. Joshi and by D.K. Babu and A.S. Odeh. This study develops a correction that can be added to these analytical IPR relationships to account for friction. This correction is based on a dimensionless group that combines well and reservoir information. It is easy to evaluate and can be readily used in nodal analysis. The correction was developed on the basis of more than 5,000 finite-difference-simulation runs, using a simulator with the capability to model wellbore friction. These runs spanned a wide range of well and reservoir parameters. The results are presented in terms of productivity errors (PEs); that is, the flow rate without friction minus the flow rate when friction is included in the model, divided by the flow rate reported without friction. The study found PEs as high as 90% in some cases (usually long wells with a small wellbore radius). These errors could lead to poor decisions on field development and production facilities. This paper presents a simple way to improve well-productivity predictions without requiring a reservoir-simulation model to take account of frictional where pressure drops in the wellbore. Copyright © 2005 Society of Petroleum Engineers.	None	Computer simulation; Correlation methods; Error correction; Friction; Oil well production; Petroleum reservoirs; Pressure drop; Frictional pressure drop; Inflow performance (IPR); Productivity errors (PE); Reservoir-simulation; Horizontal wells; horizontal drilling; hydrocarbon reservoir; pressure drop; well technology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744546272	Perceptions of hospital managers regarding the impact of doctors' community service	Omole O.B., Marincowitz G., Ogunbanjo G.A.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	8	None	Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa	Omole, O.B., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa, Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa; Marincowitz, G., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Ogunbanjo, G.A., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: In South Africa, the distribution of doctors is skewed in favour of the urban areas, but it is not uncommon to find many peri-urban facilities in short supply of doctors. In 1997, the South African government introduced compulsory community service (CS) to address this uneven distribution of doctors in the country. The CS doctors posted to the Letaba-Sekororo hospital complex in Limpopo Province refused to take up their appointments for various reasons, ranging from lack of supervision to poor basic infrastructure. This study is one of the earliest conducted to understand the perceptions of hospital managers on the impact of the national community service on the health service. Methods: After ethical approval was obtained from the Research, Ethics and Publications Committee (REPC) of the Medical University of Southern Africa (now University of Limpopo - Medunsa Campus), three focus group interviews were conducted with hospital managers from three purposefully selected hospitals. The interviews were audio-visually taped and supplemented with field notes, transcribed verbatim, with themes identified using the 'cut and paste' and 'colour coding' methods. Combined themes were categorised and interpreted within the context of the study and the available literature. Results: CS has improved health services delivery, alleviated work pressure, and improved the image of hospital managers. In addition, it has provided a constant supply of manpower, and increased the utilisation of health services by the community. The negative perceptions identified included a lack of experience and skills, poor relationships with the rural health team, lack of support structures for CS doctors, poor continuity of care and budgetary constraints. Conclusions: Hospital managers perceive CS to have had a positive impact on the supply of needed manpower, health service delivery and patient care. As this was a qualitative study, further quantitative and community-oriented studies are required to validate the results.	Community service doctors; Hospital managers; Impact; Perceptions	article; government; health care quality; health care utilization; health economics; health service; hospital management; human; manager; medical ethics; medical literature; medical practice; medical research; physician; poverty; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; rural health care; skill; social welfare; South Africa; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444386363	Production and quality evaluation of a nonfermented beverage prepared from dehydrated plantain pulp	Akubor P.I.	2005	European Food Research and Technology	220	2	10.1007/s00217-004-1019-x	Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, PMB 1037, Idah, Nigeria	Akubor, P.I., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, PMB 1037, Idah, Nigeria	Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) pulp was cut into thin slices, oven dried (70°C, 6 h), milled, and sieved to produce flour. A beverage was formulated from the plantain flour at 1:7 (flour:water) ratio and 4% (w/v) sucrose addition level. The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the beverage were evaluated. The effect of addition of various flavors on the sensory quality of the beverage was studied. The microbial status of the beverage was also assessed. The results showed that the plantain beverage contained 1.5% protein, 0.4% fat, 1.7% ash, 81% moisture, 15% total carbohydrate, 14 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid, and had pH 4.8. The sensory quality scores showed that the beverage was generally acceptable. Flavoring of the beverage did not significantly (p>0.05) improve its sensory quality attributes and overall acceptability preference. Total aerobic bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts were <100 cfu/ml. Yeast, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in the plantain beverage. © Springer-Verlag 2004.	Beverage; Composition; Dehydration; Microbial status; Plantain; Sensory quality	Beverages; Composition; Crops; Dehydration; Fruits; pH effects; Sensors; Microbial status; Plantain; Ripe plantain; Sensory quality; Pulp; Beverages; Dehydration; Farm Crops; Formulations; Fruits; Ph; Pulps; Sensors; Bacteria (microorganisms); Enterobacteriaceae; Musa x paradisiaca; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13444305415	Studies on bambara groundnut flour performance in Okpa preparation	Barimalaa I.S., Agoha G., Oboh C.A., Kiin-Kabari D.B.	2005	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	85	3	10.1002/jsfa.1996	Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Barimalaa, I.S., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Agoha, G., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Oboh, C.A., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Kiin-Kabari, D.B., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State Univ. Sci. and Technol., PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Bambara groundnut flours of different particle sizes were prepared after bean seeds had been cold-soaked and/or germinated, dried, milled and sieved. The flours were used to prepare okpa (local dish prepared by steaming mashed bambara groundnut) and their sensory properties determined. Viscosity of the flour pastes, before steaming, were also determined. Results showed that bambara groundnut flours from both germinated and cold-soaked beans could be used in preparing good quality okpa and, therefore, remove all the problems involved in preparing the raw beans for okpa-making as is done traditionally. Particle size appeared to play a major role in obtaining good okpa; therefore flours intended for okpa preparation should be such that 66, 86 and 96%, respectively, of cold-soaked bean flour or 58, 78 and 91%, respectively, of germinated bean flour, after 1, 3 and 5 milling passes, should be in the particle range 1.5-4.5 × 10-4 m. Slightly higher amounts of the coarse (6.0 × 10~4m) particles are needed in the germinated bean flours to compensate for the breakdown of starch and proteins, the gelling agents in bambara groundnut. © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.	Bambara groundnut flour; Okpa preparation; Particle size	Arachis hypogaea; Phaseolus (angiosperm)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344270876	In-vitro evaluation of khaya and albizia gums as compression coatings for drug targeting to the colon	Odeku O.A., Fell J.T.	2005	Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology	57	2	10.1211/0022357055362	Dept. of Pharmaceut./Indust. Pharm., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sch. of Pharm. and Pharmaceut. Sci., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom	Odeku, O.A., Dept. of Pharmaceut./Indust. Pharm., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fell, J.T., Sch. of Pharm. and Pharmaceut. Sci., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom	Khaya and albizia gums were evaluated as compression coatings for target drug delivery to the colon using indometacin (a water insoluble drug) and paracetamol (a water soluble drug) as model drugs. The core tablets were compression-coated with 300 and 400 mg of 100% khaya gum, 100% albizia gum and a mixture of khaya and albizia gum (1:1). Drug release studies were carried out in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) for 2 h, Sorensen's buffer (pH 7.4) for 3 h and then in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 6.8) or in simulated colonic fluid for the rest of the experiment to mimic the physiological conditions from the mouth to colon. The results indicated that khaya and albizia gums were capable of protecting the core tablet in the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine, with albizia gum showing greater ability than khaya gum. The release from tablets coated with the mixture of khaya and albizia gums was midway between the two individual gums, indicating that there was no interaction between the gums. Studies carried out using rat caecal matter in phosphate-buffered saline at pH 6.8 (simulated colonic fluid) showed that the gums were susceptible to degradation by the colonic bacterial enzymes, leading to release of the drug. The results demonstrate that khaya gum and albizia gum have potential for drug targeting to the colon.	None	albizia gum; bacterial enzyme; indometacin; khaya gum; paracetamol; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; cecum; colon; controlled study; drug coating; drug degradation; drug manufacture; drug mixture; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; drug targeting; in vitro study; intestine flora; intestine fluid; male; nonhuman; pH; rat; small intestine; stomach; tablet; Acetaminophen; Adhesives; Albizzia; Animals; Cecum; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Colon; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Excipients; Indomethacin; Male; Meliaceae; Nigeria; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344276549	Evaluation of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa	Stevens W., Wiggill T., Horsfield P., Coetzee L., Scott L.E.	2005	Journal of Virological Methods	124	42371	10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.009	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Wiggill, T., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Horsfield, P., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Coetzee, L., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Fac. Hlth. Sci., Univ. W., York Rd., Parktown 2193, South Africa	We compared the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay (bioMerieux) combined with the manual NucliSens miniMag extraction methodology to the Roche Cobas Ampliprep/Standard Amplicor Monitor methodology (Roche Diagnostics) for HIV-1 RNA quantitation in HIV-1-infected individuals in South Africa. Plasma samples (284) from HIV sero-positive patients at different stages of infection were analyzed. The distribution of results was typical of the clinical samples received at the laboratory where 20% have viral load results &lt;400 copies/ml (2.6 log) and 18% have viral load results &gt;750 000 copies/ml (5.8 log) using the Roche Amplicor Monitor standard assay. All statistical analyses were performed using log10-transformed values for all the variables in the analyses, i.e. log10EasyQIU/ml, and log10RNA (log 10 copies/ml, Amplicor). Roche values were converted from RNA copies per ml to IU/ml by multiplying the Roche value by 0.51. HIV RNA levels quantitated by the NucliSens EasyQ assay correlated significantly with those of the Roche Cobas Amplicor Monitor assay (r = 0.874, p &lt; 0.0001). Reproducibility of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in the log 6 IU range yielded CV variance of 1.3-2.84% for two well-trained technologists. In addition, a retrospective evaluation of the performance of the NucliSens EasyQ assay in 102 runs (2448) samples was conducted in the laboratory over a 4-month interval. Factors considered during this evaluation included time taken to perform the assay, volume requirements, number of required repeats, potential for contamination. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	HIV viral load laboratory measurement; Method comparison; NucliSens EasyQ; Resource limited setting; Roche Amplicor	virus RNA; article; assay; blood sampling; controlled study; correlation analysis; extraction; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; priority journal; quantitative analysis; reproducibility; South Africa; statistical analysis; virus load; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV-1; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844280917	Evaluation of two commercially available, inexpensive alternative assays used for assessing viral load in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected patients from South Africa	Stevens G., Rekhviashvili N., Scott L.E., Gonin R., Stevens W.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	2	10.1128/JCM.43.2.857-861.2005	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Stevens, G., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa, Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Rekhviashvili, N., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Gonin, R., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa	Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA is the acknowledged "gold standard" marker for monitoring disease activity in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), it remains unaffordable in resource-constrained settings. The present study investigated two commercially available kits for the detection of HIV-1 viral load markers as more affordable alternatives to HIV-1 RNA quantitation. The greatly improved heat-denatured, signal-boosted HiSens HW-1 p24 Ag Ultra kit (Perkin-Elmer) and the ExaVir Load Quantitative HIV-RT kit (Cavidi Tech AB) were compared with the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (version 1.5) assay (Roche Molecular Systems Inc.). A total of 117 samples containing HIV-1 subtype C were analyzed by all three methodologies. Eighty-nine of these samples represented serial measurements from 20 patients receiving HAART. The remaining samples analyzed were from a group of treatment-naïve patients. The association between the p24 antigen assay and the RNA assay was fairly strong (R2 = 0.686). The association between the reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitation assay and the RNA assay was strong (R2 = 0.810). Both alternative assays seemed most useful for the serial monitoring of patients receiving HAART (n = 89 plasma samples from 20 patients), as all assays showed a statistically significant downward trend over time, with the trend being either linear or curvilinear. In addition, all three assays showed negative correlations with the CD4 count (CD4 count versus RNA load, r = -0.336 and P = 0.001; CD4 count versus p24 antigen level, r = -0.541 and P &lt; 0.0001; CD4 count versus RT level, r = -0.358 and P = 0.0006). Still of major concern are both the lack of sensitivity and the wide degrees of variability of both assays. However, both assays provide a less expensive alternative to the Roche viral load assay and demonstrate the same trends during treatment.	None	antigen p24; antivirus agent; RNA directed DNA polymerase; virus RNA; article; assay; cell count; controlled study; correlation analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; disease activity; disease marker; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; priority journal; RNA analysis; sensitivity and specificity; statistical significance; virus load; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; RNA, Viral; South Africa; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; RNA viruses	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15544372783	Evaluation of an oligonucleotide ligation assay for detection of mutations in HIV-1 subtype C individuals who have high level resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors	Wallis C.L., Mahomed I., Morris L., Chidarikire T., Stevens G., Rekhviashvili N., Stevens W.	2005	Journal of Virological Methods	125	2	10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.004	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa	Wallis, C.L., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; Mahomed, I., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa; Morris, L., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Chidarikire, T., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Stevens, G., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Rekhviashvili, N., National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa; Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., South Africa	The oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) has been proposed as an affordable alternative to sequence-based HIV-1 drug resistance testing in resource poor settings. The aim was to evaluate OLA for detecting mutations K103N, Y181C, K65R, Q151M, M184V and T215Y/F in subtype C. Forty-four subtype C and 8 subtype B HIV-1 positive individuals were analysed using the ViroSeq™ HIV-1 genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). A one-step RT-PCR and nested PCR were performed using subtype B specific primers from the OLA kit (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program). Seventy-eight subtype C sequences were used to design subtype C specific primers. Ligation and detection steps were followed according to OLA kit protocol. For codons, K103N, Y181C, K65R, Q151M, M184V and T215Y/F, four or more mismatches compared to the probe or mismatches less than four bases from the ligation site were not tolerated. Results revealed accurate identification of mutations in 2/10, 4/9 3/9, 6/7, 2/7 and 6/7 VQA samples and 5/20, 4/17 0/20, 18/24, 5/24 and 13/24 subtype C positive individuals, respectively. It was concluded that the probes and primers in the NIH reference kit would need modification to optimize detection of mutations in subtype C individuals. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Drug resistance; HIV-1; OLA; Subtype C	RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; article; codon; genotype; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nonhuman; oligonucleotide ligation assay; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; serotype; virus mutation; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Biology; Mutation; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Oligonucleotide Probes; Oligonucleotides; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14644414253	Persistence and impact on microorganisms of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins in some Zimbabwean soils	Muchaonyerwa P., Waladde S., Nyamugafata P., Mpepereki S., Ristori G.G.	2005	Plant and Soil	266	42371	10.1007/s11104-005-5979-9	Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Istituto Genesi Ecologia Suolo, CNR Firenze, Italy	Muchaonyerwa, P., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Waladde, S., Department of Zoology, University of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa; Nyamugafata, P., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mpepereki, S., Dept. of Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ristori, G.G., Istituto Genesi Ecologia Suolo, CNR Firenze, Italy	The persistence of the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) toxin (Cry1Ab protein) from Bt maize (MON810, Yieldgard®) residues incorporated in a vertisol (739 g clay kg-1) was investigated. The maize residues were incubated in the soil for 4 weeks, and activity of the toxin in the residues was bioassayed using larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Corrected mortality of P. xylostella in the bioassays decreased from 76% to 30% in less than a week of incubation in the soil. In addition to the above observations, the effects of Btk, Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti), and Bt subsp. tenebrionis (Btt) proteins on the soil microbiota were examined using a vertisol, an alfisol, and an oxisol. The pre-incubated soils (7 days after moisture adjustment) were treated with crystal proteins of Btk, Bti, and Btt and incubated for further a 7-day period. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and counts of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined. The proteins did not show effects on MBC or bacterial and fungal counts, possibly as a result of adsorption of the proteins on soil particles, which could have rendered the proteins inaccessible for microbial utilization. Microbial biomass carbon and counts arranged in decreasing order were vertisol&gt;oxisol&gt;alfisol, similar to the amounts of organic C and clay in the soils. However, bacteria and fungi counts were higher in the vertisol than in the alfisol and the oxisol soils. Our observations suggest that larvicidal proteins produced by different subspecies of Bt and Bt maize could persist in tropical soils as a result of adsorption on soil clays but that there were no observable effect on the soil microbiota. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.	Bacillus thuringiensis; Bioassays; Crystal proteins; Microorganisms; Persistence; Plutella xylostella	ecological impact; genetically modified organism; maize; persistence; protein; soil microorganism; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki; Bacteria (microorganisms); Fungi; Lepidoptera; Microbiota; Plutella xylostella; Yponomeutidae; Zea mays	None
None	None	The effect of maize bran or maize bran mixed with sunflower cake on the performance of smallholder dairy cows in urban and peri-urban area in Morogoro, Tanzania	Mlay P.S., Pereka A.E., Balthazary S.T., Phiri E.C.J., Hvelplund T., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	Mlay, P.S., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Pereka, A.E., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Balthazary, S.T., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Phiri, E.C.J., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Hvelplund, T., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Weisbjerg, M.R., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Madsen, J., Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding milking cows a supplement of maize bran alone (MB) or maize bran mixed with sunflower meal (MBS) during the dry season. Eighteen smallholder farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Morogoro practising complete zero grazing with not less than two milking cows participated in the trial. Forty-eight cows were used with ranges of body weight 232-556 kg, previous milk yield 3-13 litres/day, body condition score 2.5-5, parity 2-5, and 3-6 months post calving. For each farm, both MBS and MB treatments were randomly distributed to the cows. Body weights and body condition scores were taken before, at 6th and 12th week of treatment. Daily milk production was recorded three weeks before, 12 weeks during and 3 weeks after the withdrawal of treatments. Milk samples were collected during the 12th week of treatment and analysed for butterfat (BF), crude protein (CP) and total solids (TS). The economic viability of the dairy enterprises in relation to supplementation was also assessed. MBS fed cows had significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) milk yield compared to MB fed cows. No differences were observed in milk composition parameters, body weights and body condition changes. The economic return for sunflower meal incorporation in MBS was found to be very high. It is concluded that using sunflower meal mixed with maize bran was effective in increasing milk yield during the dry season and was economically profitable compared to maize bran alone.	Dairy cows; Maize bran; Milk yield; Sunflower cake; Supplementation	Bos taurus; Helianthus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15844375196	Ultraviolet protective performance of photoprotective lipsticks: Change of spectral transmittance because of ultraviolet exposure	Maier H., Schauberger G., Martincigh B.S., Brunnhofer K., Hönigsmann H.	2005	Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine	21	2	10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00143.x	Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria	Maier, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Schauberger, G., Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Martincigh, B.S., School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Brunnhofer, K., Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria; Hönigsmann, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Background: Photoinstability of sunscreens because of ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a well-known and common phenomenon. Recently, it was also shown that sunscreens with complex filter combinations are photo-inactivated by UV exposures, which can easily be acquired by solar exposure over several hours. Objectives: To assess the change of the spectral transmission after UV exposure (UV-challenged protective performance) of 27 commercially available photoprotective lipsticks. Methods: Quartz slides were covered with a lipstick layer (area density 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/cm2 ) and irradiated with increasing doses of solar-simulated radiation. The spectral transmission (T) was measured spectrophotometrically before and after 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 standard erythema doses (SED) of exposure. We calculated the change in transmission (photoinstability) as the difference between the spectral transmission before and after a defined UV exposure, ΔT, and the arithmetic mean, for both the UVA (ΔTA) and UVB (ΔTB) ranges. A product was labelled as photounstable if the mean photoinstability in the UVA, ΔTA, or UVB range, ΔTB, was higher than 5% for an UV exposure of 12.5 SED. Results: Eleven products showed a significant photoinstability in the UVA range (ΔTA between 6% and 27%), only one product in the UVB range (ΔTB = 13%), and one product in both the UVA (ΔTA = 31%) and UVB (ΔTB = 9%) range. In one product photoinstability became significant in the UVA range at higher UV exposures. Conclusions: Out of 27 lipsticks only 13 products showed a photostable performance (ΔTA&lt;5% and ΔTB&lt;5% for 12.5 SED). We propose therefore that only products, which fulfil these UV photostability criteria should be marketed. Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2005.	Lipstick; Photoinactivation; Photoprotection; Photostability; Solar-simulated radiation; Sunscreen; Ultraviolet radiation; UV; UVA; UVB	cosmetic; sunscreen; article; controlled study; erythema; in vitro study; mathematical computing; priority journal; radiation exposure; radiation protection; spectrophotometry; ultraviolet A radiation; ultraviolet B radiation; ultraviolet radiation; Humans; Lip; Photochemistry; Radiation Protection; Skin; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19344373478	Impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral therapy on protease and reverse transcriptase genotype: Results of a global collaboration	Kantor R., Katzenstein D.A., Efron B., Carvalho A.P., Wynhoven B., Cane P., Clarke J., Sirivichayakul S., Soares M.A., Snoeck J., Pillay C., Rudich H., Rodrigues R., Holguin A., Ariyoshi K., Bouzas M.B., Cahn P., Sugiura W., Soriano V., Brigido L.F., Gros	2005	PLoS Medicine	2	None	10.1371/journal.pmed.0020112	Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Statistics, Division of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University College London, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States	Kantor, R., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Katzenstein, D.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Efron, B., Department of Statistics, Division of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Carvalho, A.P., Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; Wynhoven, B., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Cane, P., Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Clarke, J., Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Sirivichayakul, S., Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Soares, M.A., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Snoeck, J., Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; Pillay, C., National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rudich, H., Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Rodrigues, R., Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Holguin, A., Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Ariyoshi, K., National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Bouzas, M.B., Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cahn, P., Fundación Huesped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Sugiura, W., National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Soriano, V., Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Brigido, L.F., Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Grossman, Z., Central Virology, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Morris, L., National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Vandamme, A.-M., Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; Tanuri, A., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Phanuphak, P., Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Weber, J.N., Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Pillay, D., University College London, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom; Harrigan, P.R., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Camacho, R., Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal; Schapiro, J.M., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Shafer, R.W., Division of Infectious Disease, Center for AIDS Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States	Background: The genetic differences among HIV-1 subtypes may be critical to clinical management and drug resistance surveillance as antiretroviral treatment is expanded to regions of the world where diverse non-subtype-B viruses predominate. Methods and Findings: To assess the impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral treatment on the distribution of mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase, a binomial response model using subtype and treatment as explanatory variables was used to analyze a large compiled dataset of nonsubtype-B HIV-1 sequences. Non-subtype-B sequences from 3,686 persons with well characterized antiretroviral treatment histories were analyzed in comparison to subtype B sequences from 4,769 persons. The non-subtype-B sequences included 461 with subtype A, 1,185 with C, 331 with D, 245 with F, 293 with G, 513 with CRF01_AE, and 618 with CRF02_AG. Each of the 55 known subtype B drug-resistance mutations occurred in at least one non-B isolate, and 44 (80%) of these mutations were significantly associated with antiretroviral treatment in at least one non-B subtype. Conversely, of 67 mutations found to be associated with antiretroviral therapy in at least one non-B subtype, 61 were also associated with antiretroviral therapy in subtype B isolates. Conclusion: Global surveillance and genotypic assessment of drug resistance should focus primarily on the known subtype B drug-resistance mutations. Copyright: © 2005 Kantor et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; proteinase; RNA directed DNA polymerase; antiretrovirus agent; peptide hydrolase; article; comparative study; gene mutation; gene sequence; genetic association; genetic difference; genotype phenotype correlation; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medical assessment; mutational analysis; nucleotide sequence; virus gene; virus isolation; amino acid sequence; antiviral resistance; classification; genetics; health; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; molecular genetics; pathogenicity; Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Retroviral Agents; DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Viral; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptide Hydrolases; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10244219995	Studies of the chemical composition and protein quality evaluation of differently processed Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens seed flours	Agbede J.O., Aletor V.A.	2005	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	18	1	10.1016/j.jfca.2003.10.011	Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Agbede, J.O., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Aletor, V.A., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Differently processed seed flours of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens were characterized with respect to their proximate composition, gross energy, mineral and amino acid contents. The anti-nutrients typified by phytin, lectin, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), tannin and cyanide were also quantified and this was followed by protein quality evaluation with the rat. The result showed that C. ensiformis contained on the average: crude protein 24.2±2.2, ash 3.1±0.6 and ether extract 11.1±0.9 g/100 g DM while M. pruriens contained on the average: CP 25.7±1.4, ash 4.1±1.4 and EE 9.6±2.8 g/100 g DM. The gross energy varied from 1.65 to 2.07 MJ/100 g for C. ensiformis with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.74% while it varied from 1.66 to 2.07 MJ/100 g with a CV of 6.19% for M. pruriens due to processing. The seed flours contained a good array of amino acids but were low in cystine and methionine. Also the two flours contained appreciable levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P as well as some minor minerals such as Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. The levels of these minerals were higher in the raw flours and tended to be low, in most cases, in dehulled flours. Processing significantly reduced and in some cases eliminated the anti-nutrients quantified. The protein quality evaluation of the legume seeds clearly indicated their unsuitability even in the processed forms, as sole sources of dietary protein in human nutrition. However, given their high yield potentials these seeds could play valuable roles as supplemental nutrient sources to some farm products used in food formulation for man in most developing countries where hunger is endemic. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Anti-nutrients; Canavalia Ensiformis; Mucuna pruriens; Nutrient; Processing	calcium; copper; cyanide; cysteine; iron; lectin; magnesium; manganese; methionine; phosphorus; potassium; sodium; tannin; trypsin inhibitor; zinc; amino acid analysis; amino acid composition; article; Canavalia; chemical composition; chemical procedures; controlled study; cooking; flour; food composition; food processing; high performance liquid chromatography; nonhuman; plant seed; protein quality; statistical analysis; statistical significance; velvet bean; Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Fraxinus; Mucuna; Mucuna pruriens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944448208	Use of stored serum from Uganda for development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm involving multiple rapid immunoassays	Singer D.E., Kiwanuka N., Serwadda D., Nalugoda F., Hird L., Bulken-Hoover J., Kigozi G., Malia J.A., Calero E.K., Sateren W., Robb M.L., Wabwire-Mangen F., Wawer M., Gray R.H., Sewankambo N., Birx D.L., Michael N.L.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	10	10.1128/JCM.43.10.5312-5315.2005	Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	Singer, D.E., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Kiwanuka, N., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Hird, L., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Bulken-Hoover, J., Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Project, Kalisizo, Uganda; Malia, J.A., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Calero, E.K., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Sateren, W., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Robb, M.L., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Wawer, M., Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, United States; Sewankambo, N., College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Birx, D.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Michael, N.L., Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 E. Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States	We report the development and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing algorithm consisting of three rapid antibody detection tests. Stored serum samples from Uganda were utilized with a final algorithm sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.9% (95% confidence interval, 98.6% to 99.3%). Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	algorithm; antibody detection; article; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunoassay; mass screening; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; serum; Uganda; virus identification; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Algorithms; Confidence Intervals; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serum; Specimen Handling; Time Factors; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444465627	In vitro evaluation of drug release from self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems using a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus	Attama A.A., Nkemnele M.O.	2005	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	304	02-Jan	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.08.018	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Attama, A.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Nkemnele, M.O., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are specialized form of delivery systems in which drugs are encapsulated in a lipid base with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. In this work, SMEDDS were formulated with a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus and Tween 65, and contained lipophilic drug-piroxicam, hydrophilic drug-chlorpheniramine maleate and hydrolipophilic drug-metronidazole. The SMEDDS formulated were evaluated for their drug release and drug content. The drug release studies were conducted in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and distilled water, representing different pH values. Particle size of the SMEDDS was determined by light microscopy. The results of this study indicated that drug release was affected by the particle size of the SMEDDS. It was found that piroxicam release from the SMEDDS formulated with homolipids from Capra hircus was highest in SIF compared to the other drugs. This method of drug delivery could prove to be a versatile and reliable alternative to conventional drug delivery approaches. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Biodegradable; Drug release; Homolipids; Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS); SGF; SIF	base; capra hircus homolipid; chlorpheniramine maleate; lipid; metronidazole; piroxicam; polymer; surfactant; tween 65; unclassified drug; adipose tissue; article; biodegradable implant; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug release; emulsion; encapsulation; goat; hydrophilicity; in vitro study; intestine fluid; lipophilicity; microscopy; particle size; pH; priority journal; simulation; stomach juice; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorpheniramine; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Gastric Juice; Goats; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Lipids; Metronidazole; Models, Biological; Particle Size; Piroxicam; Solubility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644391738	Instantaneous angular speed monitoring of gearboxes under non-cyclic stationary load conditions	Stander C.J., Heyns P.S.	2005	Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing	19	4	10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.10.006	Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa	Stander, C.J., Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa; Heyns, P.S., Dynamic Systems Group, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Univ. of Pretoria, Engineering Tower, Pretoria, South Africa	Recent developments in the condition monitoring and asset management market have led to the commercialisation of online vibration-monitoring systems. These systems are primarily utilised to monitor large mineral mining equipment such as draglines, continuous miners and hydraulic shovels. Online monitoring systems make diagnostic information continuously available for asset management, production outsourcing and maintenance alliances with equipment manufacturers. However, most online vibration-monitoring systems are based on conventional vibration-monitoring technologies, which are prone to giving false equipment deterioration warnings on gears that operate under fluctuating load conditions. A simplified mathematical model of a gear system was developed to illustrate the feasibility of monitoring the instantaneous angular speed (IAS) as a means of monitoring the condition of gears that are subjected to fluctuating load conditions. A distinction is made between cyclic stationary load modulation and non-cyclic stationary load modulation. It is shown that rotation domain averaging will suppress the modulation caused by non-cyclic stationary load conditions but will not suppress the modulation caused by cyclic stationary load conditions. An experimental investigation on a test rig indicated that the IAS of a gear shaft could be monitored with a conventional shaft encoder to indicate a deteriorating gear fault condition. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Condition monitoring; Deterioration; Hydraulic tools; Loads (forces); Mathematical models; Natural frequencies; Online systems; Shovels; Speed; Vibration measurement; Asset management; Gearboxes; Hydraulic shovels; Instantaneous angular speed (IAS); Non-cyclic stationary load conditions; Structural response; Gears	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746223270	Evaluation of community-based rehabilitation programs in Ghana and Benin [Evaluation de la réadaptation à base communautaire (RBC) au Ghana et au Bénin]	Jadin O., Agbogbe N., Barima O.	2005	Medecine Tropicale	65	6	None	Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, Cotonou, Benin; Faculté des Science de la Santé de Cotonou, Benin; Programme National RBC du Bénin, Cotonou, Benin; Department of Social Welfare, Programme National RBC du Ghana, Ghana; Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, 01 BP 3089 RP, Cotonou, Benin	Jadin, O., Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, Cotonou, Benin, Faculté des Science de la Santé de Cotonou, Benin, Ecole Supérieure de Kinésithérapie, 01 BP 3089 RP, Cotonou, Benin; Agbogbe, N., Programme National RBC du Bénin, Cotonou, Benin; Barima, O., Department of Social Welfare, Programme National RBC du Ghana, Ghana	This article describes two community-based rehabilitation programs set up for disabled persons in Ghana and Benin in the early 1990s. Both programs were based on the model described by the World Health Organization but differed greatly with regard to implementation. This difference had great impact on the respective effectiveness, efficiency and viability. Analysis of 624 disabled persons ranging in age from 0 to 30 years showed better progress in the Beninese group for all areas considered with a resulting improvement in quality of life. Assessment of the cost-effectiveness indicated that spending was higher and less effective in Ghana for globally less benefit than in Benin. Data also suggested that differences in implementation impacted program viability since the Ghana program collapsed in 1999 while the Beninese program is ongoing. The authors speculate that the differences in the two programs were related to failure to observe the basic principles of any com-munity development strategy hi Ghana. For successful community response to difficult local situations, populations require technical assistance from outside sources. National authorities must provide players at both lower levels with the necessary resources including subsidies, training, salaries, planning, monitoring and legislation. These basic rules were largely applied in Benin but almost completely ignored in Ghana.	Community-based rehabilitation; Developing countries; Disability	adolescent; adult; aged; article; Benin; child; community based rehabilitation; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; disability; disabled person; Ghana; health program; human; infant; major clinical study; newborn; quality of life; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73949086112	Topography over the Chicxulub impact crater from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data	Kinsland G.L., Pope K.O., Cardador M.H., Cooper G.R.J., Cowan D.R., Kobrick M., Sanchez G.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.141	Energy Institute, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States; Geo Eco Arc Research, 16305 St. Mary's Church Road, Aquasco, MD 20608, United States; Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lazaro Cardenas 152, Mexico D.F. 07730, Mexico; Department of Geophysics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Cowan Geodata Services-Consulting Geophysicists, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; SRTM Project Scientist, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States; Regional Application Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States	Kinsland, G.L., Energy Institute, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States; Pope, K.O., Geo Eco Arc Research, 16305 St. Mary's Church Road, Aquasco, MD 20608, United States; Cardador, M.H., Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lazaro Cardenas 152, Mexico D.F. 07730, Mexico; Cooper, G.R.J., Department of Geophysics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services-Consulting Geophysicists, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Kobrick, M., SRTM Project Scientist, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States; Sanchez, G., Regional Application Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States	Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data over the Chicxulub impact crater are imaged and compared to previously available topography data. While the two data sets contain different biases related to variations in terrain and vegetation cover, the correspondence of the two sets supports earlier interpretations that the complex structure of the buried crater is expressed in the topography of the northwestern Yucatán Peninsula, México. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Chicxulub; Impact crater; SRTM; Topography	crater; impact structure; satellite data; Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; terrain; topography; vegetation cover	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744297710	Groundwater resource evaluation of urban Bulawayo aquifer	Rusinga F., Taigbenu A.E.	2005	Water SA	31	1	None	Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rusinga, F., Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taigbenu, A.E., Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Judicious management of a groundwater system requires an understanding of its hydrogeology and response to various recharge and pumping stresses. However, in developing countries, groundwater resource evaluations are hampered by a lack of adequate data that will allow for ils complete characterisation. Under such circumstances it is not uncommon for ad hoc groundwater management measures to be embarked upon, especially during drought conditions. These were the conditions that existed during the 1991/92 drought when the CSIR Stellenbosch evaluated the groundwater resource of an urban aquifer in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Their recommendations revealed that about 3.5×106 m 3/a could be safely abstracted from the aquifer. In this work, a more comprehensive hydrogeological investigation was carried out which included pumping tests, estimation of abstraction rates and recharge, and numerical modelling of the aquifer. The investigations indicate that the aquifer is unconfined with hydraulic conductivity and specific yield ranging from 0.1 m/d to 2.09 m/d and 0.02 to 0.11, respectively. Recharge estimates indicate an annual recharge of 105.5 mm with 38.4%, 52.1% and 9.5% accounting respectively for direct recharge, water mains and sewer leakages. Furthermore, a long-term sustainable annual abstraction of 6.1×106 m3 or 15% of current city water demand can be obtained from the aquifer.	Groundwater flow; Groundwater resource evaluation; Numerical modelling; Pumping tests; Urban groundwater	Aquifers; Drought; Hydraulic conductivity; Hydrogeology; Mathematical models; Sewers; Abstraction rates; Pumping stresses; Pumping tests; Recharge estimates; Groundwater; aquifer; groundwater; resource assessment; aquifer; groundwater; hydrogeology; modeling; recharge; resource assessment; Africa; Bulawayo [Zimbabwe]; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044390062	Reproductive disorders of crossbred dairy cows in the central highlands of Ethiopia and their effect on reproductive performance	Shiferaw Y., Tenhagen B.-A., Bekana M., Kassa T.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	5	10.1007/s11250-005-7050-5	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Free University of Berlin, Clinic for Reproduction, Section of Production Medicine and Quality Management, Koenigsweg 65, Hs 27, 14163 Berlin, Germany	Shiferaw, Y., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tenhagen, B.-A., Free University of Berlin, Clinic for Reproduction, Section of Production Medicine and Quality Management, Koenigsweg 65, Hs 27, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Bekana, M., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Kassa, T., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debrezeit, Ethiopia	The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop-livestock production system (38.6%.) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (> 3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems. © 2005 Springer.	Crossbred cattle; Ethiopia; Reproductive disorders; Reproductive performance	anestrus; animal; animal disease; article; body constitution; cattle; cattle disease; comparative study; cross breeding; dairying; Ethiopia; female; lactation; methodology; pathophysiology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; puerperal disorder; puerperium; reproduction; risk factor; time; Anestrus; Animals; Body Constitution; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Crosses, Genetic; Dairying; Ethiopia; Female; Lactation; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Puerperal Disorders; Reproduction; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444426719	What do we know about the perception educators have of HIV/AIDS and its impact on the holistic development of adolescent learners?	De Lange N., Greyling L., Leslie G.B.	2005	International Journal of Adolescence and Youth	12	42371	None	Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Faculty of Education, Vista University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Parkside Primary School, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	De Lange, N., Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Greyling, L., Faculty of Education, Vista University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Leslie, G.B., Parkside Primary School, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	HIV/AIDS is part of the South African reality to such an extent that more than half the children admitted to South Africa's second largest hospital are HIV-positive or have full-blown AIDS. This has implications for the education sector, as HIV/AIDS has also infiltrated and affected schools and education institutions and calls for the role of the educator to exceed that of teaching. It is now more than ever necessary that educators pay close attention to the holistic development of the learner, infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS. This research attempted to determine what perceptions senior phase educators have regarding HIV/AIDS and its impact on the holistic development of adolescent learners within their ecosystem and then to formulate recommendations based on the findings. To achieve these aims a qualitative, descriptive and contextual research design was chosen. The first theme regarding the educators' perceptions of HIV/AIDS revealed various categories, i.e an awareness of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS; medical knowledge of HIV/AIDS; causes of HIV/AIDS; feelings about it as well as views on what is needed for stopping the spread. The second theme regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS on the holistic development of the learners showed the following categories: understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the holistic development of the adolescent (physically, cognitively, emotionally, socially and morally), on the family, on the peer group, on the school and on the community. © 2005 A B Academic Publishers.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544436439	Contextual factors at the school and classroom level related to pupils' performance in mathematics in South Africa	Howie S.J.	2005	Educational Research and Evaluation	11	2	10.1080/13803610500110703	Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Howie, S.J., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	South African pupils performed well below the TIMSS international average in 1995 and 1999 and significantly below all other countries (including the other African countries) in the 1999 study. Path analysis, namely Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, was applied to the South African TIMSS-R data to explore the effect of contextual factors at school level and classroom level within South African schools on the aggregated pupils' performance in mathematics. The results from the combined school- and classroom-level model revealed a relationship between the location of the schools, teachers' attitudes and beliefs, teaching load, lesson planning, and class size; all of which had direct effects on the South African pupils' aggregated performance in mathematics and in total explained 27% of the variance in the mathematics scores. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749343809	Performance of rice cultivars in various Sawah ecosystems developed in Inland valleys, Ashanti region, Ghana	Ofori J., Hisatomi Y., Kamidouzono A., Masunaga T., Wakatsuki T.	2005	Soil Science and Plant Nutrition	51	4	10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00054.x	Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan; Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	Ofori, J., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan, Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Hisatomi, Y., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Kamidouzono, A., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Masunaga, T., Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Wakatsuki, T., Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan	Experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the agronomic responses of 23 rice cultivars with various growth traits in order to select suitable cultivars based on the ecosystems and local farming systems, in the Ashanti region of Ghana. The ecosystems included irrigated sawah* (IS), rainfed sawah (RS) and unbunded and unleveled lowland (UBLL). Two input levels consisted of a high input level (HIL-90 kg N + 45 kg P2O5 + 45 kg K2O ha-1 + herbicide application at 21 d after transplanting (DAT)+hand weeding at 42 DAT) and a low input level (LIL-20 kg N + farmers' weed control practices). The results showed that the adoption of the high input level resulted in the increase of the rice grain yield by 100% with a mean yield of 4.2 Mg ha-1, compared with 2.1 Mg ha-1 for the low input level. Rice yield in IS exceeded that in UBLL by 323%, whereas the yield in RS exceeded that in UBLL by 130%. Under the rainfed systems (RS and UBLL), the early maturing cultivars, WAB 208-5-HB, Emokokoo, Bouake189, PSBRC 34 and PSBRC 66 were less affected by the terminal drought that characterized the end of the rainy season, compared with the medium maturing ones such as WITA 1, WITA 3 and IR58088-16-2-2. Interspecific WAB208-5-HB (O. glaberrima x O. sativa) out-yielded most of the improved Oryza sativa cultivars in the UBLL ecosystem under both high and low input regimes.	Ecosystem; Farming system; Input regimes; Interspecific; Sawah	Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15744373001	The simultaneous determination of selected flavonol glycosides and aglycones in Ginkgo biloba oral dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry	Dubber M.-J., Sewram V., Mshicileli N., Shephard G.S., Kanfer I.	2005	Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis	37	4	10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.052	Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa	Dubber, M.-J., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Sewram, V., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Mshicileli, N., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Shephard, G.S., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	An accurate, precise and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the determination of two flavonol glycosides, rutin and quercitrin, together with the algycone markers, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in several Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. In addition, a novel quercetin glycoside, not yet reported in Ginkgo extracts, was identified. Liquid chromatography was performed using a minibore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column (150 mm × 2.0 mm i.d.) and a one step gradient of acetonitrile-formic acid (0.3%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Baseline separation of the five selected flavonol marker compounds was achieved within 20 min at 45°C. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed using electrospray ionisation (ESI) in the negative ion mode. The marker compounds exhibited linearity over the range of 3-26 μg/ml and intra- and inter-day standard deviations were better than 7% and 16%, respectively. All Ginkgo products investigated were found to contain varying amounts of target analytes. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; LC-MS-MS; Validation	acetonitrile; anion; flavonoid glycoside; flavonol derivative; formic acid; Ginkgo biloba extract; isorhamnetin; kaempferol; quercetin; quercitrin; rutoside; accuracy; article; drug administration route; drug determination; drug dose regimen; electrospray mass spectrometry; flow rate; high performance liquid chromatography; priority journal; separation technique; tandem mass spectrometry; temperature; time; Calibration; Capsules; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; Glycosides; Indicators and Reagents; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22444440988	Synthesis and evaluation of metal-ligand complexes for selective olefin solubilization in reactive solvents	Wentink A.E., Kuipers N.J.M., De Haan A.B., Scholtz J., Mulder H.	2005	Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research	44	13	10.1021/ie0487890	Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa	Wentink, A.E., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Kuipers, N.J.M., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; De Haan, A.B., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands; Scholtz, J., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands, Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa; Mulder, H., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, Netherlands, Sasol Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa	The separation of 1-hexene from Fischer-Tropsch streams is an expensive and difficult separation because of the low relative volatilities encountered. Applying metal-ligand complexes, which π-complex olefins, can increase the selectivity and capacity of these separations. In this paper, potential metal-ligand combinations are screened for this purpose using ethylene as the olefin. Ethylene solubility measurements with the metal-ligand complexes show a qualitative relationship between the stability and ability of the metal-ligand complex. The ligands LIX 26 (a hydroxyquinoline) and LEX 54 (a diketone) do not easily extract silver, and the resulting metalligand complex is unstable as silver precipitates. In contrast, Cyanex 301 and 302, thiophosphoric acids, easily extract silver and are very stable, but here the silver ion no longer forms π complexes. The ligands, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, result in a stable metal-ligand complex that can also selectively complex ethylene relative to ethane. © 2005 American Chemical Society.	None	Ethane; Olefins; Phosphoric acid; Precipitation (chemical); Separation; Silver; Solubility; Solvents; Ethylene solubility; Fischer-Tropsch streams; Metal-ligand complexes; Selectivity; Complexation; solvent	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644867347	Ruling out pregnancy among family planning clients: The impact of a checklist in three countries	Stanback J., Diabate F., Dieng T., de Morales T.D., Cummings S., Traoré M.	2005	Studies in Family Planning	36	4	10.1111/j.1728-4465.2005.00073.x	Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Stanback, J., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Diabate, F., AWARE Project, Accra, Ghana; Dieng, T., Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante de la Reproduction, 22340 Dakar, Senegal; de Morales, T.D., Asociacion Pro-Bienestar del la Familia de Guatemala, 9a. Calle 0-57, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Cummings, S., Family Health International, Post Office Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States; Traoré, M., Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali	Women in many countries are often denied vital family planning services if they are not menstruating when they present at clinics, for fear that they might be pregnant. A simple checklist based on criteria approved by the World Health Organization has been developed to help providers rule out pregnancy among such clients, but its use is not yet widespread. Researchers in Guatemala, Mali, and Senegal conducted operations research to determine whether a simple, replicable introduction of this checklist improved access to contraceptive services by reducing the proportion of clients denied services. From 2001 to 2003, sociodemographic and service data were collected from 4,823 women from 16 clinics in three countries. In each clinic, data were collected prior to introduction of the checklist and again three to six weeks after the intervention. Among new family planning clients, denial of the desired method due to menstrual status decreased significantly from 16 percent to 2 percent in Guatemala and from 11 percent to 6 percent in Senegal. Multivariate analyses and bivariate analyses of changes within subgroups of nonmenstruating clients confirmed and reinforced these statistically significant findings. In Mali, denial rates were essentially unchanged, but they were low from the start. Where denial of services to nonmenstruating family planning clients was a problem, introduction of the pregnancy checklist significantly reduced denial rates. This simple, inexpensive job aid improves women's access to essential family planning services. © 2005 The Population Council, Inc.	None	adult; anamnesis; article; clinical trial; contraception; family planning; female; health care delivery; human; menstruation; methodology; multicenter study; patient abandonment; prediction and forecasting; world health organization; Adult; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Medical History Taking; Menstruation; Predictive Value of Tests; Refusal to Treat; World Health Organization; Access; Family Planning; Guatemala; Mali; Pregnancy; Senegal; contraceptive use; family planning; multivariate analysis; pregnancy; Africa; Central America; Guatemala [Central America]; Mali; Senegal; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744449568	Chemical evaluation of cement-based sandcrete wall deterioration	Odigure J.O.	2005	Cement and Concrete Research	35	11	10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.014	Federal University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Odigure, J.O., Federal University of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Cement-based structure stability could be characterized not only by their mechanical strength, soil geophysics and loading condition, but also the resistance to various physical and chemical factors that could initiate its corrosion. The contribution of water and various water-based solutions in the environment, to cement-based structure durability could be either physical as in seasonal flooding of the structure or chemical often initiated by the presence in the solution of organic or inorganic compounds or gases. Irrespective of the corrosion type, its destructive effect could be attributed to the build up of internal stress and weakening of the structure matrix. This work is aimed at investigating the role of chemical changes in the sandcrete matrix in the formation and development of macrocracks in cement-based sandcrete walls. Collected sandcrete samples were analyzed using titrimetric and granulometeric methods. Results showed that the percentage composition between the top and bottom of SiO2 was high in all the sandcrete blocks samples analyzed ranging from 76.72% to 80.30%. This indicates high permeability of ground level structure. The acidic nature of the soil in some area varying from pH = 5.89-6.11 could seriously undermine the structures strength. The percentage compositions of CaO were generally very low ranging from 3.83% at the ground to 4.44% at the top levels. For most points there were percentage compositional differential across cracked points horizontally and vertically. This is an indication of either poor cement quality or non-compliance to standards' requirements. There is a need to develop a model equation for the migration of minerals' hydrates in sandcrete wall. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	Chemical evaluation; Composition differential; Crack formation; Deterioration; Ions diffusion	Chemical analysis; Corrosion; Crack initiation; Deterioration; Mechanical permeability; Residual stresses; Sand; Strength of materials; Walls (structural partitions); Chemical evaluation; Compositional differential; Ions diffusion; Cements	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844369087	Combined effects of discharge, turbidity, and pesticides on mayfly behavior: Experimental evaluation of spray-drift and runoff scenarios	Dabrowski J.M., Bollen A., Schulz R.	2005	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry	24	6	10.1897/04-222R.1	Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Im Fort 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Dabrowski, J.M., Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Bollen, A., Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Schulz, R., Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Im Fort 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany	The effects of the pyrethroid-insecticide cypermethrin (CYP), increased flow speed (Flow), and increased suspended particles (Part) on drift behavior and activity of mayfly nymphs (Baetis harrisoni) were investigated both individually and in combination in a laboratory stream microcosm. Spray-drift trials were performed by exposing the nymphs to 1 μg/L of CYP. During runoff trials (CYP X Part), contaminated sediment containing 2,000 μg/kg of CYP was introduced to the microcosm at a concentration of 500 mg/L. Both trials were carried out under high-flow (CYP X Flow and CYP X Part X Flow) and low-flow (CYP and CYP X Part) conditions, and for all cases, control experiments were performed. Drift rate, drift density (for any treatments with increased flow), and activity were used as behavioral endpoints. Multifactorial analysis of variance shows that CYP exposure significantly increased the drift, whereas Part and Flow trials significantly decreased the drift (p < 0.05). In addition, activity decreased significantly under high-flow conditions. The CYP X Part and CYP X Flow treatments resulted in increased drift rate and drift density, respectively, whereas Part X Flow and CYP X Part X Flow treatments resulted in decreased drift density. The CYP X Part and CYP X Flow trials had a significant antagonistic, interactive effect on drift rate and drift density, respectively, with measured levels being lower than expected levels. The reduction in bioavailability of CYP in the presence of increased flow and sediment levels suggests that mayflies are more likely to be affected by spray-drift exposure (CYP) than by runoff exposure (CYP X Part X Flow). Results indicate that mayflies reacted actively in response to flow conditions and passively in response to pesticide exposure. © 2005 SETAC.	Drift; Flow; Microcosms; Pesticides; Suspended sediment	Contamination; Environmental protection; Flow patterns; Microorganisms; Sediments; Turbidity; Cypermethrins; High flow conditions; Mayfly nymphs; Multifactorial analysis; Pesticides; cipermethrin; pesticide; runoff; insecticide; analysis of variance; arthropod; article; bioavailability; concentration (parameters); flow rate; microcosm; nonhuman; particle resuspension; priority journal; sediment; solubility; turbidity; water contamination; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Insecticides; Insects; Nymph; Pyrethrins; South Africa; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Baetis; Baetis harrisoni; Ephemeroptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944485916	Public-health impact of accelerated measles control in the WHO African Region 2000-03	Otten M., Kezaala R., Fall A., Masresha B., Martin R., Cairns L., Eggers R., Biellik R., Grabowsky M., Strebel P., Okwo-Bele J.-M., Nshimirimana D.	2005	Lancet	366	9488	10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67216-9	Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Otten, M., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kezaala, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Fall, A., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Masresha, B., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Martin, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Cairns, L., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Eggers, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Biellik, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Grabowsky, M., American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Strebel, P., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Okwo-Bele, J.-M., Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Nshimirimana, D., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: In 2000, the WHO African Region adopted a plan to accelerate efforts to lower measles mortality with the goal of decreasing the number of measles deaths to near zero. By June, 2003,19 African countries had completed measles supplemental immunisation activities (SIA) in children aged 9 months to 14 years as part of a comprehensive measles-control strategy. We assessed the public-health impact of these control measures by use of available surveillance data. Methods: We calculated percentage decline in reported measles cases during 1-2 years after SIA, compared with 6 years before SIA. On the basis of data from 13 of the 19 countries, we assumed that the percentage decline in measles deaths equalled that in measles cases. We also examined data on routine and SIA measles vaccine coverage, measles case-based surveillance, and suspected measles outbreaks. Findings: Between 2000 and June, 2003, 82-1 million children were targeted for vaccination during initial SIA in 12 countries and follow-up SIA in seven countries. The average decline in the number of reported measles cases was 91%. In 17 of the 19 countries, measles case-based surveillance confirmed that transmission of measles virus, and therefore measles deaths, had been reduced to low or very low rates. The total estimated number of deaths averted in the year 2003 was 90 043. Between 2000 and 2003 in the African Region as a whole, we estimated that the percentage decline in annual measles deaths was around 20% (90 043 of 454 000). Interpretation: The burden of measles in sub-Saharan Africa can be reduced to very low levels by means of appropriate strategies, resources, and personnel.	None	Africa; article; death; disease control; disease transmission; epidemic; health survey; human; measles; Measles virus; priority journal; public health; time; world health organization; adolescent; Africa south of the Sahara; child; epidemic; infant; measles; preschool child; preventive health service; world health organization; Adolescent; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Measles; Population Surveillance; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957292294	Innovation and performance improvement in the South African wine industry	Wood E., Kaplan D.	2005	International Journal of Technology and Globalisation	1	42433	None	Graduate School of Business University of Cape Town, Portswood Road, Greenpoint, 8000, South Africa	Wood, E., Graduate School of Business University of Cape Town, Portswood Road, Greenpoint, 8000, South Africa; Kaplan, D., Graduate School of Business University of Cape Town, Portswood Road, Greenpoint, 8000, South Africa	South Africa’s wine industry was ill-prepared for the highly competitive, brand-conscious consumer markets it encountered on re-entry into international markets. The bulk of production was basic quality wine. Wine marketing expertise was concentrated among smaller independent wine producers and a few large wholesalers. The paper examines innovation in different segments of the industry and the extent to which it is being effectively supported by networking and knowledge exchange. Most producers have significantly improved quality and product ranges. But many producers are weak in the area of marketing, though some segments have achieved considerable success in this area. Respected institutions to support marketing and brand development and knowledge exchange between producers contribute to ongoing improvement in this area. © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	industry networks; innovation; performance improvement; South Africa; wine industry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10444282107	Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana	Mbaiwa J.E.	2005	Tourism Management	26	2	10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005	H. Oppenheimer Okavango Res. Centre, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana	Mbaiwa, J.E., H. Oppenheimer Okavango Res. Centre, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana	This paper draws on the dependency paradigm to explain the development of enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both primary and secondary data source, the study indicates that international tourists, foreign safari companies and investors dominate the tourism industry in the Okavango Delta. The foreign domination and ownership of tourism facilities has led to the repatriation of tourism revenue, domination of management positions by expatriates, lower salaries for citizen workers, and a general failure by tourism to significantly contribute to rural poverty alleviation in the Okavango region. Tourism as a result has a minimal economic impact on rural development mainly because it has weak linkages with the domestic economy, particularly agriculture. Because of its nature, tourism in the Okavango Delta cannot be described as being sustainable from a socio-economic perspective. In order to address problems of enclave tourism development and promote more inclusive and beneficial tourism development in the Okavango, there is need to adopt policies and strategies that will ensure that substantial amounts of tourism revenue are retained in the Okavango and Botswana. These strategies should also ensure that tourism development in the Okavango Delta has strong linkages with the rest of the economy in Botswana. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dependency paradigm; Enclave tourism; International and domestic tourism; Okavango Delta; Poverty; Sustainable development	international tourism; rural economy; socioeconomic impact; sustainable development; tourism development; Africa; Botswana; Eastern Hemisphere; Okavango Delta; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12744278222	'The impact of the aids epidemic' articles by Paul Bennell: Some comments	Kinghorn A., Kelly M.J.	2005	Journal of Development Studies	41	3	10.1080/0022038042000313345	Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Luwisha House, Lusaka, Zambia	Kinghorn, A., Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kelly, M.J., Luwisha House, Lusaka, Zambia	[No abstract available]	None	academic research; acquired immune deficiency syndrome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344310119	Radionuclide method for evaluating the performance of hemodialysis in vivo	Bihl G.K., Bird N.J., Peters C., Bradley J.M., Peters A.M.	2005	Kidney International	67	2	10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67133.x	Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Winelands Kidney and Dialysis Centre, Sir Lowries Pass Road, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Palmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, United Kingdom	Bihl, G.K., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Winelands Kidney and Dialysis Centre, Sir Lowries Pass Road, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Bird, N.J., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Peters, C., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Bradley, J.M., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Peters, A.M., Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Palmer, Brighton, United Kingdom, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, United Kingdom	Background. Specifications of dialyzer performance are generally based on in vitro measurements. There is, however, a shortage of data on dialyzer performance in vivo. The aim of this study was to use continuous measurement of technetium-99m-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid (Tc-99m-DTPA) blood concentration as a means of continuously monitoring dialyzer function in vivo in patients undergoing routine hemodialysis. Methods. The study population comprised 15 patients (45 to 80 years old; 13 males). Tc-99m-DTPA was administered intravenously 90 minutes before obtaining a blood sample and starting dialysis. Blood Tc-99m-DTPA activity was continuously monitored by passing the line carrying blood from the patient to the dialyzer close to a scintillation probe mounted in a shielded housing. At the end of hemodialysis, lasting 180 to 300 minutes, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-51-EDTA) was given intravenously and a blood sample taken 90 minutes later. Baseline dialyzer blood flow (Qb) and dialysate flow (Qd) were 250 to 350 mL/min and 500 mL/min, respectively. The rate constant, α, of the decrease in blood Tc-99m-DTPA activity was used as the measure of moment-to-moment dialyzer function. Pre- and postdialysis extracellular fluid volumes were calculated from the blood Tc-99m-DTPA and Cr-51-EDTA concentrations (VDTPA and VEDTA) before and after dialysis. Tc-99m-DTPA clearance was measured as the product of α and VDTPA. Dialyzer urea clearance was calculated from pre- and postdialysis urea nitrogen concentrations and the time of dialysis. The effects of brief changes in Qb and Qd on dialyzer function were assessed from the associated changes in α. Results. The Tc-99m-DTPA clearance profile was biexponential, becoming monoexponential about 1 hour after starting hemodialysis, with α remaining constant for as long as dialysis continued in five patients in whom Qb and Q d were left unaltered. Mean (SEM) plasma Tc-99m-DTPA clearance averaged over the entire period of dialysis in all 15 patients was 110 (3.1) mL/min. It correlated with urea clearance (r = 0.71) (F &lt; 0.01) which was 225 (9.5) mL/min based on a total body water of 2.5 that of VDTPA and 212 (13) mL/min scaled to 40 L/1.73 m2. Extracellular fluid volume decreased by 1.73 (0.74) 1 over dialysis, which was comparable to the change in weight [1.48 (0.57) kg]. The extraction fraction of Tc-99m-DTPA across the artificial kidney, directly measured from afferent and efferent blood samples under baseline Qb and Qd, was 0.5 (0.013). Average extraction fraction indirectly estimated from Tc-99m-DTPA blood clearance and Qb was 0.54 (0.019). These two measurements of extraction fraction correlated with each other under conditions of varying Qb and Q d (r = 0.74) (N = 27) (P &lt; 0.001). Changes in α resulting from changes in Qb and Qd were similar to changes predicted from computerized modeling. The ratio of mass transfer coefficients of urea and Tc-99m-DTPA with respect to the dialyzer, calculated as if they were permeability-surface area products, was 3.3, similar to the ratio, obtained from the literature, in continuous capillary endothelium. Conclusion. Tc-99m-DTPA is a useful agent for continuously monitoring dialyzer function in vivo and provides a platform for the use of other radio-pharmaceuticals of different molecular sizes that could be used in an analogous fashion.	Hemodialysis; Scintillation counting; Tc-99m-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid; Urea clearance	edetate chromium cr 51; pentetate technetium tc 99m; urea; adult; aged; article; artificial kidney; blood flow; capillary endothelium; comparative study; controlled study; dialysate; dialysate level; drug clearance; evaluation; extracellular fluid; female; hemodialysis; human; human experiment; male; nitrogen concentration; normal human; performance; plasma clearance; priority journal; productivity; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chromium Radioisotopes; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate; Ultrafiltration; Urea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21544456925	The impact of incident and prevalent herpes simplex virus-2 infection on the incidence of HIV-1 infection among commercial sex workers in South Africa	Ramjee G., Williams B., Gouws E., Van Dyck E., De Deken B., Karim S.A.	2005	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	39	3	10.1097/01.qai.0000144445.44518.ea	HIV-1 Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Natal, Durban, South Africa; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; 16 rue de la Canonnière, 1202 Genève 27, Switzerland	Ramjee, G., HIV-1 Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Williams, B., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland, 16 rue de la Canonnière, 1202 Genève 27, Switzerland; Gouws, E., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Genève, Switzerland; Van Dyck, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; De Deken, B., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Karim, S.A., University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States	This study investigated the impact of prevalent and incident HSV-2 infection on the incidence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of female commercial sex workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Prior to a vaginal microbicide trial, 416 women were screened for antibodies to HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections and a questionnaire was used to establish behavioral, social, and demographic characteristics. A total of 187 HIV-1-seronegative women were followed up at monthly intervals when blood was drawn and used to detect HIV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies. The median duration of follow-up was 2.2 years. At screening 50% of the women were HIV-1 seropositive and 84% were HSV-2 seropositive. The hazards of HIV-1 among women who were HSV-2 seropositive or seronegative throughout, or among those who seroconverted during the study, were not significantly different. When HSV-2 seroconversion was analyzed as a time-dependent covariate, the hazard ratio for HIV-1 seroconversion was 6.0 (95% CI: 2.6-14.0) times greater among women with incident than among women with prevalent HSV-2 infections. Drawing on other recent studies these data suggest that incident HSV-2 infection increases the risk of HIV-1 infection; the effect wanes with time since infection; and the effect is significantly greater for men than it is for women. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	AIDS; Herpes simplex virus; HIV; Incidence; Sex worker; South Africa	herpes simplex virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; unclassified drug; virus antibody; adult; antibody detection; article; clinical article; cohort analysis; female; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection risk; male; prevalence; priority journal; prostitution; seroprevalence; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Middle Aged; Nonoxynol; Proportional Hazards Models; Prostitution; Risk Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28344433134	Technology transfer pathways and livelihood impact indicators in central Ethiopia	Tesfaye A., Jemal I., Ferede S., Curran M.M.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	None	10.1007/s11250-005-9011-4	Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	Tesfaye, A., Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jemal, I., Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Ferede, S., Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Curran, M.M., Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	A survey was conducted in central Ethiopia to elicit information on existing and potential dissemination pathways for technical information on donkey husbandry. A detailed socio-economic survey was also conducted to provide background information on the people and the region, and livelihood indicators were drawn out at the same time. The results showed that there are many opportunities for group dissemination by making use of existing social networks. There are also opportunities for dissemination through extension agents, farmer groups and radio broadcasting. © 2005 Springer.	Central Ethiopia; Donkey; Husbandry	adult; agriculture; animal; animal husbandry; animal welfare; article; economics; education; Ethiopia; female; horse; human; income; interpersonal communication; male; methodology; middle aged; technology; Adult; Agriculture; Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Communication; Equidae; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Technology Transfer; Equus asinus	None
None	None	HHV-8/KSHV during the development of Kaposi's sarcoma: Evaluation by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry	Pak F., Pyakural P., Kokhaei P., Kaaya E., Pourfathollah A.A., Selivanova G., Biberfeld P.	2005	Journal of Cutaneous Pathology	32	1	10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00256.x	Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Muhimbili Univ. Coll. of Hlth. Sci., Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Immunology, Tarbiat Modaress University, Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran; Microbiol. and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Hospital, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	Pak, F., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Hospital, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Pyakural, P., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Kokhaei, P., Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Kaaya, E., Department of Pathology, Muhimbili Univ. Coll. of Hlth. Sci., Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Pourfathollah, A.A., Department of Immunology, Tarbiat Modaress University, Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran; Selivanova, G., Microbiol. and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biberfeld, P., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	The human γ-herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) was first described in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tumour samples. In this study, we report comparative studies on paraffin-embedded biopsies of AIDS-related KS (AKS) and endemic KS (EKS) with regard to HHV-8 content as evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. DNA was extracted either using Chelex-100 or using Qia-gene kit and was evaluated with the help of a semiquantitative PCR assay. The PCR detection of HHV-8 was more sensitive to the Chelex method than to Qia-gene. The threshold for PCR test sensitivity with the help of serial dilution of DNA was at the level of five plasmid ORF-26 regions, and DNA from 25 body cavity-based lymphoma-1 cells. The results expressed as virus load/actin unit showed progressively higher HHV-8 levels in late (nodular) cases, compared to those in early (patch/plaque) stages. Evaluation of HHV-8 DNA levels in tumour tissues, thus, indicates a correlation between virus load and KS stage. Double immunostaining of spindle cells (SC) in KS biopsies for CD34 and HHV-8/latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) showed an increase in double-positive SC in the lesions of nodular AKS and EKS cases, compared to that in plaque and patch stages. However, 10-15% of CD34+/LANA - SC cells were observed during the development from patch to nodular cases of AKS and EKS. Our results indicate that PCR analysis is a simple and sensitive diagnostic method for HHV-8 evaluation in KS tissues, processed for conventional histopathology.	None	article; cancer staging; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; correlation analysis; DNA determination; DNA extraction; histopathology; human; Human herpesvirus 8; human tissue; immunofluorescence; immunohistochemistry; intermethod comparison; Kaposi sarcoma; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; spindle cell; tumor biopsy; virus detection; virus load; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antigens, CD34; Antigens, Viral; Cell Count; DNA, Neoplasm; DNA, Viral; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Nuclear Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Skin Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73949093063	Shock pressure distribution in the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa	Gibson R.L., Reimold W.U.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.329	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	A petrographic study of Archean gneisses exposed in the core of the 80-km-wide central uplift of the Vredefort impact structure has revealed widespread evidence of shock-related metamorphic effects in feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals in addition to the already documented quartz microdeformation features. The shock features are variably overprinted by annealing effects, which increase in intensity toward the center of the structure. The shock effects show a general increase in intensity toward the center of the dome but are most characteristically marked by extreme heterogeneity on a small (centimeter to millimeter) scale, indicating highly localized shock pressure heterogeneity. Closest to the center, the pre-impact Archean fabrics and textures have been locally partially destroyed by comprehensive melting and melt mobilization, which has given rise to distinctive granofelses and clast-laden melt breccias. Based on the features observed, background shock pressures in the currently exposed level of the core of the dome range from ∼10 GPa at distances of ∼20 km from the center to >30-35 GPa within 5 km of the center. Pressures responsible for localized melting and for the formation of the melt breccias in this central zone may have exceeded 45 GPa, although it is difficult to constrain this value more precisely owing to uncertainty about the pre-impact temperature of the rocks and the role of local syn-shock frictional heating in raising temperature. Apart from the localized heterogeneity in shock pressures, the background shock pressure gradient appears to increase toward the center of the dome, approaching ∼4 GPa/km in the central parts. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Impact; Impact heating; Shock metamorphism; Vredefort dome	annealing; Archean; dome; feldspar; heterogeneity; impact structure; melting; mobilization; pressure gradient; quartz; shock metamorphism; uplift; Free State; South Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244457231	Structural analysis of the collar of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa - Significance for impact-related deformation and central uplift formation	Wieland F., Gibson R.L., Reimold W.U.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Wieland, F., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Landsat TM, aerial photograph image analysis, and field mapping of Witwatersrand supergroup meta-sedimentary strata in the collar of the Vredefort Dome reveals a highly heterogeneous internal structure involving folds, faults, fractures, and melt breccias that are interpreted as the product of shock deformation and central uplift formation during the 2.02 Ga Vredefort impact event. Broadly radially oriented symmetric and asymmetric folds with wavelengths ranging from tens of meters to kilometers and conjugate radial to oblique faults with strike-slip displacements of, typically, tens to hundreds of meters accommodated tangential shortening of the collar of the dome that decreased from ∼17% at a radius from the dome center of 21 km to <5% at a radius of 29 km. Ubiquitous shear fractures containing pseudotachylitic breccia, particularly in the metapelitic units, display local slip senses consistent with either tangential shortening or tangential extension; however, it is uncertain whether they formed at the same time as the larger faults or earlier, during the shock pulse. In addition to shatter cones, quartzite units show two fracture types - a cm-spaced rhomboidal to orthogonal type that may be the product of shock-induced deformation and later joints accomplishing tangential and radial extension. The occurrence of pseudotachylitic breccia within some of these later joints, and the presence of radial and tangential dikes of impact melt rock, confirm the impact timing of these features and are suggestive of late-stage collapse of the central uplift. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	deformation; impact structure; structural geology; uplift; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844462871	Laser argon dating of melt breccias from the Siljan impact structure, Sweden: Implications for a possible relationship to Late Devonian extinction events	Reimold W.U., Kelley S.P., Sherlock S.C., Henkel H., Koeberl C.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	4	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Division of Engineering Geology and Geophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 72, SE 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kelley, S.P., Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Sherlock, S.C., Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Henkel, H., Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Division of Engineering Geology and Geophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 72, SE 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	In earlier studies, the 65-75 km diameter Siljan impact structure in Sweden has been linked to the Late Devonian mass extinction event. The Siljan impact event has previously been dated by K-Ar and Ar-Ar chronology at 342-368 Ma, with the commonly quoted age being 362.7 ± 2.2 Ma (2 σ, recalculated using currently accepted decay constants). Until recently, the accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian boundary and associated extinction event was 364 Ma, which is within error limits of this earlier Siljan age. Here we report new Ar-Ar ages extracted by laser spot and laser step heating techniques for several melt breccia samples from Siljan (interpreted to be impact melt breccia). The analytical results show some scatter, which is greater in samples with more extensive alteration; these samples generally yield younger ages. The two samples with the least alteration yield the most reproducible weighted mean ages: one yielded a laser spot age of 377.2 ± 2.5 Ma (95% confidence limits) and the other yielded both a laser spot age of 376.1 ± 2.8 Ma (95% confidence limits) and a laser stepped heating plateau age over 70.6% 39Ar release of 377.5 ± 2.4 Ma (2 σ). Our conservative estimate for the age of Siljan is 377 ± 2 Ma (95% confidence limits), which is significantly different from both the previously accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary and the previously quoted age of Siljan. However, the age of the F/F boundary has recently been revised to 374.5 ± 2.6 Ma by the International Commission for Stratigraphy, which is, within error, the same as our new age. However, the currently available age data are not proof that there was a connection between the Siljan impact event and the F/F boundary extinction. This new result highlights the dual problems of dating meteorite impacts where fine-grained melt rocks are often all that can be isotopically dated, and constraining the absolute age of biostratigraphic boundaries, which can only be constrained by age extrapolation. Further work is required to develop and improve the terrestrial impact age record and test whether or not the terrestrial impact flux increased significantly at certain times, perhaps resulting in major extinction events in Earth's biostratigraphic record. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	breccia; Devonian; geochronology; impact structure; mass extinction; Dalarna; Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Europe; Northern Europe; Scandinavia; Siljan Ring; Sweden; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244476876	Geochemical and petrographic characteristics of impactites and Cretaceous target rocks from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico: Implications for target composition	Tuchscherer M.G., Reimold W.U., Koeberl C., Gibson R.L.	2005	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	40	42623	None	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Tuchscherer, M.G., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	We present major and trace element data as well as petrographic observations for impactites (suevitic groundmass, bulk suevite, and melt rock particles) and target lithologies, including Cretaceous anhydrite, dolomite, argillaceous limestone, and oil shale, from the Yaxcopoil-1 borehole, Chixculub impact structure. The suevitic groundmass and bulk suevite have similar compositions, largely representing mixtures of carbonate and silicate components. The latter are dominated by melt rock particles. Trace element data indicate that dolomitic rocks represented a significant target component that became incorporated into the suevites; in contrast, major elements indicate a strong calcitic component in the impactites. The siliceous end-member requires a mafic component in order to explain the low SiO2 content. Multicomponent mixing of various target rocks, the high alteration state, and dilution by carbonate complicate the determination of primary melt particle compositions. However, two overlapping compositional groups can be discerned - a high-Ba, low-Ta group and a high-Fe, high-Zn, and high-Hf group. Cretaceous dolomitic rocks, argillaceous limestone, and shale are typically enriched in U, As, Br, and Sb, whereas anhydrite contains high Sr contents. The oil shale samples have abundances that are similar to the North American Shale Composite (NASC), but with a comparatively high U content. Clastic sedimentary rocks are characterized by relatively high Th, Hf, Zr, As, and Sb abundances. Petrographic observations indicate that the Cretaceous rocks in the Yaxcopoil-1 drill core likely register a multistage deformation history that spans the period from pre- to post-impact. Contrary to previous studies that claimed evidence for the presence of impact melt breccia injection veins, we have found no evidence in our samples from a depth of 1347-1348 m for the presence of melt breccia. We favor that clastic veinlets occur in a sheared and altered zone that underwent intense diagenetic overprint prior to the impact event. © The Meteoritical Society, 2005.	None	Cretaceous; geochemistry; impact structure; impactite; petrography; Atlantic Ocean; Bay of Campeche; Chicxulub Crater; Gulf of Mexico; Yucatan Peninsula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544296163	Effect of feeding cassava fruit coat meal on the nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers	Iyayi E.A., Fayoyin F.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Fayoyin, F.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The replacement value of a by-product of cassava harvesting - cassava fruit coat (CFC) meal - for wheat bran for broiler production was investigated. CFC was produced by milling dried cassava fruits often discarded after harvesting the roots and stems. The CFC meal was used to replace 25, 50, 75 and 100% wheat bran (w/w) in a basal diet for broilers. Seventy-five one-week old broiler chicks were distributed into 15 pens each holding 5 birds. Each of the 5 experimental diets was allocated at random to 3 pens. At the end of the first 4 weeks (starter phase), the diets were switched to finisher diets for a further 4-week period. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Data were recorded and analysed on pen basis. CFC meal had a crude protein of 44 g/kg and crude fibre of 149 g/kg. All production parameters, other than mortality, deteriorated as the degreed of substitution of wheat bran by CFC was increased. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by dietary increase in level of CFC. It is concluded that CFC can replace up to 50% of the wheat bran requirement for feeding broilers in the finisher phase, but higher levels markedly reduce performance.	Broilers; Cassava fruit coat meal; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344282103	Long-term effect of tillage and manure application on soil organic fractions and crop performance under Sudano-Sahelian conditions	Mando A., Ouattara B., Sédogo M., Stroosnijder L., Ouattara K., Brussaard L., Vanlauwe B.	2005	Soil and Tillage Research	80	02-Jan	10.1016/j.still.2004.03.002	Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya; An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo	Mando, A., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo; Ouattara, B., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Sédogo, M., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Stroosnijder, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Ouattara, K., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Brussaard, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Vanlauwe, B., Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya	Human-induced degradation of natural resources in general and of soil in particular, is a major problem in many regions, including the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The combined effects of tillage and manure application on Lixisol properties and on crop performance were investigated at Saria, Burkina Faso, to find efficient soil management practices to improve soil fertility. A randomized block design with four treatments (hand hoeing only, hand hoeing+manure, ploughing only, oxen ploughing+manure) in three replications was started in 1990. Ten years later, total soil organic (SOC), particulate organic matter and C mineralization were measured. Initial SOC concentration was 4 mg/g and dropped to 2.1 mg/g soil in ploughed plots without manure and to 2.5 mg/g soil in hoed plots without manure. Manure addition mitigated the decrease of SOC in ploughed plots and even built up SOC in hoed plots, where it increased to 5.8 mg/g soil. Manure had a large effect on the fractions in which SOC was stored. In ploughed plots, a large amount of SOC was stored in physical particles >0.25 mm, while in hand hoed plots the maximum SOC was stored in finer fractions. In the topsoil, hoeing and manure resulted in a higher SOC than ploughing with no manure. However, in the 15-25 cm layer, particularly in September, particulate organic matter was greater in ploughed plots with manure than in hoed plots with manure. Crop yields were highest on ploughed+manure plots and lowest on ploughed plots with no manure. We conclude that applying manure annually mitigates the negative effect of ploughing and hand hoeing on SOC and related properties and therefore can contribute to the sustainability of the agricultural system in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crop performance; Manure; Organic C; Particulate organic matter; Ploughing	Agriculture; Crops; Degradation; Manures; Natural resources; Organic compounds; Sustainable development; Manure applications; Particulate organic matter; Tillage; Topsoil; Soils; crop performance; manure; soil organic matter; tillage; Agriculture; Degradation; Farm Crops; Manure; Natural Resources; Organic Matter; Soil; Sustained Yield; Africa; Burkina Faso; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Bos; Bovinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746185191	Effect of enzyme supplementation of palm kernel meal and brewer's dried grain on the performance of broilers	Iyayi E.A., Davies B.I.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	2	10.3923/ijps.2005.76.80	Institut für Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Institut für Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Davies, B.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Seventy-two male broiler chickens were randomly distributed into groups of 6 totaling 12 groups. Three diets (Diet 1-Basal, maize-based with no enzyme; Diet 2-BDG + Enzyme-based and Diet 3-PKM + Enzyme-based) were formulated and randomly offered to any 4 of the groups. The aim was to compare the performance of the birds on the enzyme supplemented high fibre diets with those on the maize-based diet with no enzyme supplementation. Weight gain and feed intake were significantly (p<0.05) higher on the enzyme supplemented BDG and PKM diets at the starter phase. At the finisher phase, while feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) increased with enzyme supplementation, the weight gain was not significantly affected. The FCR also did not significantly change with enzyme supplementation at the starter phase, but at the finisher phase, feed conversion was significantly (p<0.05) poorer. Carcass measures did not significantly change with enzyme supplementation. Weight of the pancreas was significantly (p<0.05) increased and that of the kidney significantly (p<0.05) reduced in birds on the enzyme supplemented BDG and PKM diets. Apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre was significantly (p<0.05) higher with enzyme supplementation. The cost of feed per kg weight gain was lower in the enzyme supplemented diets only at the starter phase. But at the finisher phase, enzyme supplementation did not have any benefit in terms of feed cost. Enzyme supplementation resulted in the reduction of the amount of maize needed in the diets of the birds by 31% and 52% at the starter and finisher phases, respectively. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Brewer's dried grain (BDG); Broiler; Enzyme; Palm kernel meal (PKM)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549092364	Effect of three sources of fibre and period of feeding on the performance, carcase measures, organs relative weight and meat quality in broilers	Iyayi E.A., Ogunsola O., Ijaya R.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	9	10.3923/ijps.2005.695.700	Institut für Enährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Strasse 26, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Institut für Enährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhalden-Strasse 26, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunsola, O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ijaya, R., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	One hundred and fifty male broilers were used in a 3 × 3 factorial design to evaluate the effect of 3 periods (4, 8 and 12 weeks) and 3 fibre sources namely; brewer's dried grain (BDG), palm kernel meal (PKM) and corn bran (CB) in place of maize on the performance, carcase measures and meat quality in the birds. A sensory evaluation to determine the overall acceptability of the meat was also carried out. Four diets were formulated consisting of a basal diet containing none of the test fibre ingredients. In the remaining 3 diets, either of BDG, CB or PKM was used to replace 40% of the maize. A separate balance study was also carried out to determine the digestibility of nutrients in the birds. BDG, CB and PKM significantly (p<0.01) reduced the weight and feed conversion in the birds but period of feeding resulted in increased body weights of the birds. BDG, CB and PKM significantly (p<0.01) reduced the eviscerated weights and the weights of carcase parts but period significantly (p<0.01) increased them. Dietary treatment, period and their interaction significantly (p<0.01) reduced the abdominal fat in the birds and caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in the lengths of the duodenum, ileum, caecum and colon as well as the weight of the intestines. Digestibility of nutrients was significantly (p<0.1) reduced in birds on the fibre diets. The shear force values in carcase parts were significantly increased in the BDG, CB and PKM diets while the cooking loss was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in these diets. Period and interaction with dietary treatment also caused a significant (p<0.01) reduction in cooking loss. Tenderness, flavour and juiciness were significantly (p<0.01) influenced by period and not treatment but overall acceptability of the meat was significantly (p<0.05) increased by both factors. Results of the study suggest 1) 40% BDG, CB and PKM replacement of maize has a negative effect on the weight gain and feed conversion of broilers, 2) 40 % level of BDG, CB and PKM caused an increase in the weights and lengths of the visceral organs and reduced carcase weight in broilers, 3) production of broilers up 10-12 weeks on 40% BDG, CB or PKM diet resulted in creased flavour, juiciness, higher shear force, reduced tenderness, reduced cooking loss but increased general acceptability of broiler meat. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Broilers; Carcass; Fibre sources; Performance; Period	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23444453371	Impact of cutting and collecting of firewood associated with informal settlement in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone	Berry M.G., Robertson B.L., Campbell E.E.	2005	South African Journal of Botany	71	2	None	Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Berry, M.G., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Robertson, B.L., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Campbell, E.E., Institute for Coastal Research, Nelson Mandela Metrpolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of wood cutting and collecting on vegetation around informal settlements in the south-eastern Cape coastal zone. Thicket and Afromontane forest vegetation were selectively sampled at Kenton-on-Sea, Port Elizabeth, Plettenberg Bay and Knysna, using a fence-line approach, in combination with transects. The floristic data were then ordinated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Certain notable changes in vegetation structure and floristics were evident. Wood cutting and collecting increased species richness, diversity and heterogeneity in thicket vegetation and it would appear that thicket tolerates current levels of utilisation. On the other hand, both species richness, diversity and heterogeneity decreased in forest near informal settlements, suggesting that forest is not adapted to cope with such impacts. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	forest ecosystem; human activity; vegetation structure; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27344439988	Technological performance judged by American patents awarded to South African inventors	Pouris A.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42496	None	Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Pouris, A., Institute for Technological Innovation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	PATENTS ARE ACCEPTED INTERNATIONALLY as a reflection of a country's inventive and technological achievements and are used for monitoring and assessing national systems of innovation. In South Africa, patents are one of the technological indicators monitored by the Department of Science and Technology. This article reports the results of an assessment of South Africa's technological performance based on the number of utility patents granted to South African inventors by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The analysis shows that the country is losing ground in the international technological race. South Africa's shares in the USPTO halved from 0.13% in 1988 to a mere 0.07% in 2001. Finer analysis reveals a small shift towards modern technologies (such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and computers and peripherals) and Science Linkage indicators identify the areas (in particular biotechnology and pharmaceuticals) in which South Africa is producing leading-edge technologies.	None	innovation; international comparison; social indicator; technological development; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644474697	The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala - Uganda, on the surrounding environment	Mwiganga M., Kansiime F.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	11-16 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.016	Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mwiganga, M., Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kansiime, F., Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mpererwe landfill site receives solid wastes from the city of Kampala, Uganda. This study was carried out to assess and evaluate the appropriateness of the location and operation of this landfill, to determine the composition of the solid waste dumped at the landfill and the extent of contamination of landfill leachate to the neighbouring environment (water, soil and plants). Field observations and laboratory measurements were carried out to determine the concentration of nutrients, metals and numbers of bacteriological indicators in the landfill leachate. The landfill is not well located as it is close to a residential area (<200 m) and cattle farms. It is also located upstream of a wetland. The landfill generates nuisances like bad odour; there is scattering of waste by scavenger birds, flies and vermin. Industrial and hospital wastes are disposed of at the landfill without pre-treatment. The concentration of variables (nutrients, bacteriological indicators, BOD and heavy metals) in the leachate were higher than those recommended in the National Environment Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water and on Land. A composite sample that was taken 1500 m down stream indicated that the wetland considerably reduced the concentration of the parameters that were measured except for sulfides. Despite the fact that there was accumulation of metals in the sediments, the concentration has not reached toxic levels to humans. Soil and plant analyses indicated deficiencies of zinc and copper. The concentration of these elements was lowest in the leachate canal. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Contamination; Environmental impact; Kampala; Mpererwe landfill; Solid wastes; Uganda	Composition; Contamination; Land fill; Leachate treatment; Sediments; Solid wastes; Waste disposal; Wetlands; Kampala, Uganda; Mpererwe landfill; Environmental impact; environmental impact; landfill; leachate; pollution control; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; World; Aves; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56449104032	Shock metamorphism of siliceous volcanic rocks of the El'gygytgyn impact crater (Chukotka, Russia)	Gurov E.P., Koeberl C., Reimold W.U., Brandstätter F., Amare K.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.391	Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 55b Oles Gontchar Street, Kiev 01054, Ukraine; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, South Africa; Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 417, A-1014 Vienna, Austria	Gurov, E.P., Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 55b Oles Gontchar Street, Kiev 01054, Ukraine; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brandstätter, F., Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 417, A-1014 Vienna, Austria; Amare, K., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	The 18-km-diameter El'gygytgyn crater is located on the Chukotka peninsula, northeastern Russia. It represents the only currently known impact structure formed in siliceous volcanics, including tuffs. The impact melt rocks and target rocks provide an excellent opportunity to study shock metamorphism of volcanic rocks. The shockinduced changes observed in porphyritic volcanic rocks from El'gygytgyn can be applied to a general classification of shock metamorphism of siliceous volcanic rocks. Strongly shocked volcanic rocks with phenocrysts converted to diaplectic quartz glass and partially melted feldspars as well as cryptocrystalline matrices are widespread in the El'gygytgyn crater. In particular, the following different stages of shock metamorphism are observed: (i) weakly to moderately shocked lavas and tuffs with phenocrysts and clasts of quartz and feldspars; (ii) moderately shocked volcanic rocks and tuffs with diaplectic glasses of quartz and feldspars; (iii) strongly shocked lavas and tuffs with phenocrysts of diaplectic quartz glass and fused glasses of feldspars in melted matrixes; and (iv) impact melt rocks and impact glasses. In addition, thin glassy coatings of voids in impact melt rocks have been observed. While the shock-induced changes of clasts of framework silicates in these volcanic rocks do not differ from respective changes in other crystalline rocks, the finegrained matrix of porphyritic rocks is converted into fused glass at the same shock pressures as feldspar minerals. No remnants of fine-grained quartz are preserved in matrix converted into fused glass by shock. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Chukotka; El'gygytgyn crater; Shocked rhyolite; Shocked volcanic rocks	classification; crater; feldspar; glass; impact structure; melt; quartz; rhyolite; shock metamorphism; Chukchi; Russian Federation	None
None	None	Evolution of information and communication technology in Tanzania and its impact on ocean data and information management	Masalu D.C.P.	2005	Ocean and Coastal Management	48	1	10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.11.001	Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Masalu, D.C.P., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Efforts to modernize information technology in Tanzania started as early as 1965 when the first computer in the country was installed in the ministry of finance. Unfortunately, these efforts were hampered by several problems that included the lack of qualified indigenous personnel and uncoordinated planning. The problems were very bad experiences to the government, and as a reaction to that in 1974 the government banned the importation of computers and all related equipment (accessories and peripheries) into Tanzania. This severe decision of the government has had a great negative impact on the development of information technology and computer literacy in all fronts including ocean data and information management in Tanzania. However, the situation has greatly much improved recently following various efforts by the government and the donor community to remedy the situation. Even though, the effects of the 1974 government decision are still noticeable. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO in collaboration with the Flanders Government have played a key role in the improvement and structuring of ocean data and information management in Tanzania through Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA) project. These efforts include capacity building in both human resources and infrastructure, creating/increasing awareness among stakeholders and scientists on the need of having a sound data and information management system in the country, and helping Tanzania to establish a National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODC). © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Information management; Information theory; Management information systems; Oceanography; Personnel; Public policy; Information and communication technology; Infrastructure; Stakeholders; Tanzania; Information technology; information management; marine policy; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World	None
None	None	Impacts of population pressure and poverty alleviation strategies on common property resource availability in rural Tanzania	Madulu N.F.	2005	African Journal of Environmental Assessment and Management	10	None	None	Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Madulu, N.F., Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This paper outlines the linkages between population pressure and common property resources availability in Tanzania. It examines on whether population pressure has an influence on diminishing common property resources at the local level and establishes the coping mechanisms of the local communities in response to new circumstances and changing environment. In the course of discussion, an attempt has been made to assess the extent to which population pressure have influenced availability of common property resources at the local level; and identify policy implications and alternatives strategies to cope with diminishing common property resources. Further analysis have been made of the extent to which poverty alleviation strategies at the local level influence non-sustainable use and degradation of common property resources. These issues require a closer examination of the circumstances under which population; development and environment linkages manifest themselves. Whereas the population has shown a continuous increase, there is less information about the rate at which the common property resources are diminishing in response to changing demographic conditions. Similarly, the impacts of various poverty alleviation strategies on diminish common property resources at the local level are not well documented. Small and large-scale mining operations in Mabuki and Maganzo villages has been used as an example to illustrate the transformation in the way local communities use and manage common property resources. The identified long-term implications of the various practices to include increased environmental degradation; accelerated food insecurity, increased poverty, diminishing common property resources, increased land use conflicts, and creation of a landless class at the village level. These implications require policy commitment and support to enable sustainable utilization of common property resources.	Commons property resources; Community conservation; Globalization; Partnership management; Population pressures; Poverty	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748963805	Enhancement of GMM speaker identification performance using complementary feature sets	Lerato L., Mashao D.J.	2005	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	96	1	None	Intelleca Voice and Mobile (Pty) Ltd., P O Box 1537, Parklands, 2121, South Africa; Speech Technology and Research (STAR), Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7800, South Africa	Lerato, L., Intelleca Voice and Mobile (Pty) Ltd., P O Box 1537, Parklands, 2121, South Africa; Mashao, D.J., Speech Technology and Research (STAR), Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7800, South Africa	This paper describes a way of enhancing speaker identification (SiD) performance using N-best list method which utilises complementary feature sets. The SiD process is first done by training the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classifier using parameterised feature sets (PFS) to form speaker models. During testing, the likelihood of a speaker, given a set of speaker models is her score. Performance scores of SiD system is normally degraded as the population of speakers increases. This paper addresses this problem by using linear prediction cepstral coefficients (LPCC) to complement the results obtained from the PFS and the final identification is performed on a smaller population set. Results obtained using 2-best list indicate performance improvement.	LPCC; N-best list; PFS; Speaker identification	Linear prediction cepstral coefficients (LPCC); N-best list; Parameterised feature sets (PFS); Speaker identification; Classification (of information); Identification (control systems); Linear systems; Mathematical models; Problem solving; Speech recognition	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644527592	Royal jelly production in East Africa: Performance potential of the honey bees, Apis mellifera scutellata and Apis mellifera monticola in Kenya	Muli E.M., Raina S.K., Mueke J.M.	2005	Journal of Apicultural Research	44	4	None	International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, 438844 Nairobi, Kenya	Muli, E.M., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Raina, S.K., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mueke, J.M., Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, 438844 Nairobi, Kenya	This is the first study to evaluate the royal jelly production potential of two honey bee races in Kenya, Apis mellifera monticola and Apis mellifera scutellata. No significant differences were observed in cell acceptance rates and royal jelly yields between the two races. However, the age of larvae at grafting, supplementary feeding and time between grafting and harvest had significant effects on cell acceptance rates and royal jelly yields. © IBRA 2005.	Apis mellifera monticola; Apis mellifera scutellata; Cell acceptance; Honey bees; Kenya; Royal jelly; Royal jelly yields	Apinae; Apis mellifera; Apis mellifera scutellata; Monticola	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644481320	Assessing the potential impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) in cabbage production in Kenya	Macharia I., Löhr B., De Groote H.	2005	Crop Protection	24	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.02.005	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya	Macharia, I., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Löhr, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; De Groote, H., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya	This study assessed the potential economic impact of the introduction of Diadegma semiclausum, an exotic parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, DBM), on cabbage production in Kenya. The study first established yield losses caused by DBM through two methods: measurements from farmer-managed fields and through farmers' interviews. Crop losses were calculated at 31% from farmer-managed fields, and at 36% from farmer interviews. With a crop loss of 31%, yield loss was estimated at 6.8 tons/ha or US$ 452.9/ha, and at US$ 7.9 million per year for the whole country. Control costs as provided from the interviews, amounted to US$ 118.9/ha. The project costs amount to a net present value of US$ 1.2 million. Based on an annual cabbage production of 256,524 tons, a cabbage price of US$ 66.3/ton, a 30% abatement of yield losses, a 7.9% reduction in cost of production, a supply and a demand elasticity of 0.9 and -1.4 respectively, and an annual increase of consumption of 2.6%, the economic surplus produced by the release of the parasitoid was estimated at US$ 28.3 million for 25 years. Consumers were estimated to get 58% of the benefit and producers 42%. The benefit-cost ratio was estimated at 24:1, with an internal rate of return of 86%, indicating a high return to the investment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biological control; Diamondback moth; Economic impact; Parasitoid	biological control; crop damage; economic impact; yield; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Diadegma semiclausum; Lepidoptera; Plutella xylostella	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644830726	On the impact of winter conditions on the dynamics of a population with non-overlapping generations: A model approach	Nedorezov L.V., Volkova E.V.	2005	Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii	66	6	None	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	Nedorezov, L.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Volkova, E.V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya	The authors propose new type of models with non-overlapping generations. It is assumed that during winter period individuals are not active (as, for example, in insect populations in boreal forests) and some portion of population dyes. However the portion of population, that survives, Q, indirectly depends on feeding conditions in previous growing season. In the formal terms, Q = Q(u) is a decreasing function of the mean population size u (i.e., of the integral) over the growing period, and traditional discrete-time model therefore turns into a discrete-continuous one. Under any constant birth rate Y, the model is reduced to a discrete one in its general form, and a general result consists in global stability of the zero solution for any Y< 1, e.t., in population extinction from any initial state. In particular cases of dependence of Q(u) and different types of population self-limitation during growing season the general model results in a great variety of discrete models (including well known Moran - Ricker and Skellam models). For logistic growth of population during the growing season and exponential decrease in Q(u), the condition is obtained for a non-trivial steady state to exist, and the outcome is presented for bifurcation analysis with regard to parameter Y: cycles with typical period-doubling and chaotic dynamics.	None	animal; article; biological model; cold; population dynamics; season; Animals; Cold; Models, Biological; Population Dynamics; Seasons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244445783	Location of stemborer pupae in various host plants and implications for the performance of natural enemies with emphasis on the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)	Muturi J.J., Ngi-Song A.J., Schulthess F., Mueke J.M., Sétamou M.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	1	10.1079/IJT200549	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Muturi, J.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Ngi-Song, A.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Schulthess, F., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mueke, J.M., Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Sétamou, M., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya	In order to predict host accessibility by the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg), four grass species (Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum purpureum, Sorghum arundinaceum and Zea mays) were sampled for stemborer pupae in Kwale, in the low altitudes of southern Kenya, and in Trans-Nzoia, in the high altitudes of western Kenya. The pupal position of Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), Sesamia calamistis Hampson, Sesamia sp. nr oriaula (Tams and Bowden) and Busseola fusca (Fuller) in the plant were determined in relation to (a) the distance of pupae from the edge of the stem (depth), (b) the distance between the moth-exit hole and the head of the pupa (location) and (c) the length of the tunnel from the moth-exit hole to the base of the tunnel. Pupal depth and location for C. partellus and B. fusca varied significantly in the different plant species tested, and the pupae tended to be embedded deeper in cultivated than wild hosts. On all host species, the borers were located at a depth less than 0.35 cm. Most C. orichalcociliellus and S. calamistis pupae were found pupating in the ears of maize or the upper part of the wild hosts' stem. Sesamia sp. nr oriaula was only collected from the lower parts of P. purpureum. For B. fusca, tunnel length varied significantly among plant species and was longer in cultivated hosts. Xanthopimpla stemmator has an ovipositor length of about 0.52 cm, thus it is anticipated that the parasitoid could easily reach and parasitize the pupae in these host species. © ICIPE 2005.	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Kenya; Pupal location; Sesamia; Wild and cultivated host plants; Xanthopimpla stemmator	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Chilo orichalcociliellus; Chilo partellus; Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Sesamia; Sesamia calamistis; Sorghum arundinaceum; Sorghum bicolor; Xanthopimpla stemmator; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844442716	On-farm evaluation of biological nitrogen fixation potential and grain yield of Lablab and two soybean varieties in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Okogun J.A., Sanginga N., Abaidoo R., Dashiell K.E., Diels J.	2005	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	73	03-Feb	10.1007/s10705-005-3821-7	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma	Okogun, J.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA, c/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Abaidoo, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dashiell, K.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, United States; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	Several legumes with high biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) potentials have been studied in on-station trials. The processes involved in BNF and the benefits of these species to crop production need to be evaluated using farmers' management practices in farmers' fields. An on-farm trial with 20 farmers was conducted in the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of Nigeria. The aims were to evaluate the BNF potentials of an improved soybean variety (TGx 1448-2E) and a local variety (Samsoy-2) when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains, and of Lablab in farmer-managed and researcher-managed soybean-maize and Lablab-maize crop rotation systems. The level of soil P was generally low with more than 50% of the fields having less than the critical P level. The plant available P content was statistically significantly (P = 0.05) correlated with P in grain (r = 0.60), P in the shoot (r = 0.68), grain yield (r = 0.40) and nodule weight (r = 0.35). Variations in plant parameters (nodulation, shoot dry matter, percentage nitrogen derived from the air [%Ndfa], grain yield, and nutrient uptake) among and within farmers' fields were attributed to differences in soil fertility and crop management. About 60% of the fields were moderately fertile, sufficient to support legume establishment, while about 30% of the farmers' fields had a low fertility level. For farmers in the study area to benefit from the BNF potentials of the legumes, an external P fertilizer input was necessary as well as suitable crop management practices because all parameters measured in the researcher-managed plots were higher than in the farmer-managed plots. © Springer 2005.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Grain yield; Northern Guinea savanna; Soybean	crop yield; nitrogen fixation; rhizobacterium; soybean; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Bradyrhizobium; Glycine max; Lablab; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844437026	Enhancing the capacity of national scientists to generate and transfer maize technology in West and Central Africa: Research implementation, monitoring and evaluation	Badu-Apraku B., Fakorede M.A.B., Menkir A., Marfo K.A., Akanvou L.	2005	Experimental Agriculture	41	2	10.1017/S0014479704002492	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, c/o Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crops Research Institute, Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; CNRA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, c/o Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Department of Plant Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Marfo, K.A., Crops Research Institute, Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Akanvou, L., CNRA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire	The West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network (WECAMAN) was established in 1987 to strengthen the capacity and capability of national programmes of West and Central Africa (WCA) to tackle regional constraints to maize production. The Network created several mechanisms for implementing, monitoring and evaluating maize research and development activities, including research project development and implementation, attendance and quality of paper presentation at technical conferences organized by the Network, scientific monitoring tours, consultation visits, mid-term reviews, and end-of-project reviews and impact assessment. WECAMAN's approach to the system of allocating research responsibilities and competitive grants resulted in increased research efficiency and the generation of susiainable technologies that have catalysed increased maize production in the region. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444440776	Effects of two pheromone trap densities against banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, populations and their impact on plant damage in Uganda	Tinzaara W., Gold C.S., Kagezi G.H., Dicke M., Van Huis A., Nankinga C.M., Tushemereirwe W., Ragama P.E.	2005	Journal of Applied Entomology	129	5	10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00962.x	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Tinzaara, W., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Gold, C.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kagezi, G.H., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Dicke, M., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Van Huis, A., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Nankinga, C.M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Tushemereirwe, W., National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Ragama, P.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda	An on-farm study to evaluate the effect of pheromone trap density on the population of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Col., Curculionidae) was conducted in Masaka district, Uganda. The pheromone used was Cosmolure+, a commercially available weevil aggregation pheromone. Forty-two farms were assigned to one of three treatments: 0, 4 and 8 pheromone traps/ha. Pheromone lures were changed monthly at which time the traps were moved to a different location within the stand. Adult weevil population densities were estimated by using mark and recapture methodology at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months, while damage to the banana corm was assessed at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months since the start of the experiment. Pheromone trap captures were generally low: about 10 weevils per trap per month. There were no significant differences in mean catches of C. sordidus per trap per month except for February 2002 when doubling the pheromone trap density decreased weevil catches. Although not significant, decreased efficiency was also the trend in higher trap densities over all the data sets. Doubling the number of traps increased the number of weevils caught per hectare per month from 0.4 to 0.6%. There was no significant difference in plant damage between the pheromone treatments in low-compared with high-trap densities. There were generally no significant differences in weevil populations and plant damage between pheromone-treated and control farms. Possible reasons for the low-trap efficacy in this study are discussed. © 2005 Blackwell Verlag.	Aggregation pheromone; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae; Pheromone-baited trap; Trap density	beetle; performance assessment; pest control; pest damage; pheromone trap; spacing; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Masaka District; South Buganda; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; World; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644463657	Evaluation of a new formulation of atrazine and metolachlor mixture for weed control in maize in Nigeria	Chikoye D., Udensi U.E., Fontem Lum A.	2005	Crop Protection	24	11	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.02.011	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Udensi, U.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria	Field studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects on weed control in maize of a new formulation of a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor. The treatments were the new formulation of the mixture at doses from 1.0 to 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and the old formulation of the mixture at the recommended dose of 2.5 kg a.i. ha-1. The new formulation of the mixture gave complete control of Panicum maximum, Commelina benghalensis, sedges (Mariscus alternifolius, Kyllinga squamulata, and Cyperus spp.), and Tridax procumbens, and good control (&gt;94%) of Passiflora foetida at 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) in 2002. At 8 WAT, the new mixture gave good control (&gt;73%) of P. maximum and C. benghalensis in 2002, and of P. foetida, sedges, and T. procumbens in both years. The hoeweeded control and all herbicide treatments at 4 WAT had lower weed dry matter than the untreated control in both years, and at crop harvest in 2002. In both years, the lowest weed dry matter was obtained from the hoeweeded control at crop harvest. In 2003, the old formulation of the mixture at the recommended dose had similar weed dry matter with the new formulation at all doses. The treatments did not significantly affect maize grain yield in 2002. However, in 2003, the new formulation of the mixture at a dose of 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and the hoeweeded control had 33% higher maize grain yield than the untreated control. The new formulation of a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor is effective for weed control in maize at lower doses than the recommended dose of the old formulation. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Grasses; Sedges; Weed competition	atrazine; maize; pesticide application; weed control; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Commelina; Commelina benghalensis; Cyperaceae; Cyperus; Kyllinga squamulata; Mariscus; Panicum maximum; Passiflora edulis; Passiflora foetida; Poaceae; Tridax procumbens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-9744227368	Evaluation of the phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper double backcross resource population: Natural pasture challenge with gastro-intestinal nematode parasites	Mugambi J.M., Audho J.O., Baker R.L.	2005	Small Ruminant Research	56	03-Jan	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.06.003	Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, Kenya; National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 0902, Kenya, Kenya; P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand, New Zealand	Mugambi, J.M., National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 0902, Kenya, Kenya; Audho, J.O., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, Kenya; Baker, R.L., P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand, New Zealand	Six first cross (F1) Red Maasai x Dorper rams were mated to both Red Maasai (R) and Dorper (D) ewes to produce 1342 double backcross progeny (672 3/4 D/1/4 R and 670 3/4 R/1/4 D lambs born alive). These six double backcross resource families are being used to identify quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites (particularly Haemonchus contortus). This paper reports the phenotypic performance of the double backcross progeny relative to the performance of straight bred Red Maasai (158 born) and Dorper (131 born) lambs evaluated at pasture from birth to 6 months of age. Resistance to GI nematode parasites was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC), while resilience (tolerance) was assessed in terms of blood packed red cell volume (PCV). The R and 3/4 R lambs were consistently more resistant (lower FEC) and resilient (higher PCV) than the D and 3/4 D lambs and these differences were significant for lambs from 3 to 6 months of age. The difference between the backcrosses for both FEC and PCV was about a half of the difference between the straightbred R and D lambs indicating additive gene action. The D lambs were consistently significantly heavier than the R lambs at all sampling times from birth to 6 months with the difference increasing from a 52% advantage at birth (3.72 versus 2.44 kg, respectively) to a 86% advantage for 6-month-old lambs (23.1 versus 12.4 kg, respectively). The 3/4 D lambs were also significantly heavier than the 3/4 R at all sampling times and this difference was about a half that between the D and R lambs (5.1 ± 0.2 versus 10.7 ± 0.5 kg, respectively for 6-month-old lambs). For pre-weaning mortality there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) breed by birth type interaction due to significantly higher mortality rates in D and 3/4 D lambs than in R and 3/4 R in multiple-born lambs, but no significant breed effect for single-born lambs. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) breed effect for post-weaning mortality (3.5-6 months of age) with the D lambs (15.0%) and 3/4 D lambs (7.3%) having higher mortality rates than the 3/4 R and R lambs (0.8 and 1.4%, respectively). Mortality was attributed mainly to starvation/miss-mothering followed by pneumonia during the pre-weaning period and to haemonchosis and pneumonia from weaning to 6 months of age. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Breed differences; Gastro-intestinal nematodes; Haemonchus contortus; Resistance; Sheep	Haemonchus contortus; lamb; Nematoda; Ovis; Ovis aries	None
None	None	Comparative performance of the Mbita trap, CDC light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western Kenya	Mathenge E.M., Misiani G.O., Oulo D.O., Irungu L.W., Ndegwa P.N., Smith T.A., Killeen G.F., Knols B.G.J.	2005	Malaria Journal	4	None	10.1186/1475-2875-4-7	Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Hlth. R. and D. Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Entomology Unit, International Aatomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria	Mathenge, E.M., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya, Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Misiani, G.O., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Oulo, D.O., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Irungu, L.W., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ndegwa, P.N., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Smith, T.A., Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Killeen, G.F., Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Hlth. R. and D. Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Knols, B.G.J., Entomology Unit, International Aatomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria	Background: Mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. However, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. The Mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in Kenya. However, the Mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemiological settings. This study reports a field evaluation of the Mbita trap in a rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. Methods: The mosquito sampling efficiency of the Mbita trap was compared to that of the CDC light trap and the human landing catch in western Kenya. Data was analysed by Bayesian regression of linear and non-linear models. Results: The Mbita trap caught about 17%, 60%, and 20% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in sampling proportionality between the Mbita trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and the culicine species. For An. funestus, the Mbita trap portrayed some density-dependent sampling efficiency that suggested lowered sampling efficiency of human landing catch at low densities. The CDC light trap caught about 60%, 120%, and 552% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in the sampling proportionality between the CDC light trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and An. funestus, whereas for the culicines, there was no simple relationship between the two methods. Conclusions: The Mbita trap is less sensitive than either the human landing catch or the CDC light trap. However, for a given investment of time and money, it is likely to catch more mosquitoes over a longer (and hence more representative) period. This trap can therefore be recommended for use by community members for passive mosquito surveillance. Nonetheless, there is still a need to develop new sampling methods for some epidemiological settings. The human landing catch should be maintained as the standard reference method for use in calibrating new methods for sampling the human biting population of mosquitoes. © 2005 Mathenge et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Anopheles; article; Bayes theorem; cdc light trap; comparative study; controlled study; data analysis; disease control; human landing catch; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; malaria control; mbita trap; mosquito; nonhuman; nonlinear system; sampling; statistical model; Animals; Anopheles; Culicidae; Female; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Population Surveillance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844264443	Evaluation of the phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper double backcross resource population: Indoor trickle challenge with Haemonchus contortus	Mugambi J.M., Audho J.O., Njomo S., Baker R.L.	2005	Veterinary Parasitology	127	04-Mar	10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.017	Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Mugambi, J.M., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; Audho, J.O., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Njomo, S., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Baker, R.L., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Six F1 Dorper (D) × Red Maasai (R) rams were mated to both D and R ewes to produce backcross lambs. These six double backcross resource families are being analysed to identify quantitative trait loci that may be controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites, mainly Haemonchus contortus. After assessing the phenotypic performance of the lambs following exposure to natural infections, the surviving lambs were drenched and moved indoors for an artificial challenge with H. contortus along with straightbred D and R lambs. A total of 1317 lambs were included in the analyses consisting of 523 3/4D, 580 3/4R, 87 D and 127 R. The D lambs were significantly and consistently heavier than R lambs and 3/4D were significantly heavier than the 3/4R lambs. The difference between the backcrosses was about half of that between the straightbreds. Resistance was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) at necropsy while packed cell volume (PCV) was used to assess resilience to weekly oral doses of 2500 infective larvae of H. contortus. No significant breed differences were observed for log transformed FEC (LFEC). A significant breed difference in PCV was recorded. The backcrosses had the higher values and while no differences were observed between the straightbreds, 3/4D had significantly higher PCV than the 3/4R. Despite the absence of breed differences in FEC the R and the 3/4R had significantly fewer worms than the D and the 3/4D. The D had significantly longer worms than the R and the 3/4D had significantly longer worms than the 3/4R. Worms recovered from D had more eggs than those recovered from R. Similarly worms from 3/4D contained more eggs than those from 3/4R. Thus, on a breed basis the breed with more worms had longer worms. In contrast, when, in a small part of the experiment two doses of larvae were used to check for any breed by dose interactions, worms from the low dose (and hence fewer worms) animals were longer. We postulate that in fast growing hosts like the D, worms also have a better potential for growth and reproduction than in hosts that have less potential for growth. The overall correlation coefficient between PCV and LFEC was -0.67 while that between LFEC and LTWC was 0.72. From these results it is clear that the R do not respond to the artificial challenge the way they do to natural infection suggesting that phenotyping of R and R cross lambs for purposes of selecting those that are resistant or susceptible is best done under natural challenge. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease resistance; Haemonchus contortus; Resilience; Sheep-Nematoda	animal experiment; article; autopsy; disease predisposition; egg laying; feces analysis; female; Haemonchus contortus; host parasite interaction; infection resistance; lamb; male; nonhuman; parasitosis; phenotype; provocation; quantitative trait locus; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Crosses, Genetic; Feces; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Haemonchiasis; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Phenotype; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22344458038	Non-standard finite-difference methods for vibro-impact problems	Dumont Y., Lubuma J.M.-S.	2005	Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences	461	2058	10.1098/rspa.2004.1425	IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Dumont, Y., IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; Lubuma, J.M.-S., IREMIA, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97400 Saint-Denis, France, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Impact oscillators are non-smooth systems with such complex behaviours that their numerical treatment by traditional methods is not always successful. We design non-standard finite-difference schemes in which the intrinsic qualitative parameters of the system - the restitution coefficient, the oscillation frequency and the structure of the nonlinear terms - are suitably incorporated. The schemes obtained are unconditionally stable and replicate a number of important physical properties of the involved oscillator system such as the conservation of energy between two consecutive impact times. Numerical examples, including the Duffing oscillator that develops a chaotic behaviour for some positions of the obstacle, are presented. It is observed that the cpu times of computation are of the same order for both the standard and the non-standard schemes. © 2005 The Royal Society.	Energy-preserving schemes; Impact oscillators; Non-smooth mechanics; Non-standard finite-difference method; Qualitative stability; Vibro-impact scheme	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18844452979	Radiosynthesis and evaluation of two novel 123I-labeled 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole derivatives as potential infection imaging agents	Rossouw D.D., Lötter M.G., Du Raan H., Jansen S.E., Höhn A., Burger B.V.	2005	Nuclear Medicine and Biology	32	4	10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.02.001	iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Rossouw, D.D., iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Lötter, M.G., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Du Raan, H., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Jansen, S.E., Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Höhn, A., iThemba Lab. for Accel.-Based Sci., PO Box 722, Somerset-West 7129, South Africa; Burger, B.V., Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Introduction: The inflammation- and infection-seeking properties of 131I-labeled ornidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole derivative, have recently been reported. Whole-body images in rabbits showed a more rapid uptake in inflamed areas compared to 67Ga. In the present study, two novel 123I-labeled 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole derivatives were synthesized and their infection-seeking properties compared with those of 67Ga and 123I-labeled ornidazole. Methods: Radiolabeling was carried out by means of iodide-for-tosylate, triflate or halogen exchange. Various methods were utilized in order to synthesize the labeling precursors for the 123I-labeled novel compounds. Serum stability studies on all of the 123I-labeled tracers were followed by gamma camera imaging studies on rabbits artificially infected with Escherichia coli bacteria. Results and Conclusions: The 123I-labeled tracers were obtained in moderate to good radiochemical yields (34-80%) and acceptable radiochemical purities (93-99%). In contrast to 123I-labeled ornidazole, 1-[(1-hydroxy-3-[123I]iodoprop-2-yloxy)methyl]-2-methyl-4- nitroimidazole (2) and 1-[(1-[123I]iodoprop-2-yloxy)methyl]-2-methyl- 4-nitroimidazole (3) showed high serum stability. Compared to noninfected controls, all of the 123I-labeled tracers showed increased uptake at the area of induced infection after 6 and 24 h, but the uptake was significantly lower than in the case of 67Ga over the same period. Tracer 3 showed a slightly superior uptake after 6 h than the other 123I-labeled tracers over the same period. The advantage of the initially slightly faster rate at which nitroimidazole tracers appear to accumulate in the infection area in comparison to 67Ga might not outweigh the advantage of the eventual higher target to nontarget ratio displayed by 67Ga. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	2-Methyl-4-nitroimidazoles; 123I; Imaging; Infection; Radiosynthesis	1 [(1 hydroxy 3 iodoprop 2 yloxy)methyl] 2 methyl 4 nitroimidazole i 123; 1 [(1 iodoprop 2 yloxy)methyl] 2 methyl 4 nitroimidazole i 123; gallium 67; halogen; iodide; nitroimidazole derivative; ornidazole i 123; tracer; trifluoromethanesulfonic acid; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; bacterial infection; controlled study; drug accumulation; drug screening; drug stability; drug synthesis; drug uptake; Escherichia coli; female; isotope labeling; male; nonhuman; rabbit; radioiodination; rat; scintillation camera; Animals; Citrates; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Escherichia coli Infections; Feasibility Studies; Female; Gallium; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Nitroimidazoles; Ornidazole; Rabbits; Radiopharmaceuticals; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
WoS	WOS:000228149500054	An education and counseling program for preventing breast-feeding-associated HIV transmission in Zimbabwe: Design and impact on maternal knowledge and behavior	Gavin, L,HUMPHREY, JH,ILIFF, PJ,Lunney, K,Marinda, E,Nathoo, KJ,Piwoz, EG,Tavengwa, N,Zunguza, C,ZVITAMBO Study Grp	2005	JOURNAL OF NUTRITION	135	4	None	Johns Hopkins University, University of Zimbabwe	None	International guidance on HIV and infant feeding has evolved over the last decade. In response to these changes, we designed, implemented, and evaluated an education and counseling program for new mothers in Harare, Zimbabwe. The program was implemented within the ZVITAMBO trial, in which 14,1110 mother-baby pairs were enrolled within 96 h of delivery and were followed at 6 wk, 3 mo, and 3-mo intervals. Mothers were tested for HIV at delivery but were not required to learn their test results. Infant feeding patterns were determined using data provided up to 3 mo. Formative research was undertaken to guide the design of the program that included group education, individual counseling, videos, and brochures. The program was introduced over a 2-mo period: 11,362, 1311, and 1437 women were enrolled into the trial before, during, and after this period. Exclusive breast-feeding was recommended for mothers of unknown or negative HIV status, and for HIV-positive mothers who chose to breast-feed. A questionnaire assessing HIV knowledge and exposure to the program was administered to 1996 mothers enrolling after the program was initiated. HIV knowledge improved with increasing exposure to the program. Mothers who enrolled when the program was being fully implemented were 70% more likely to learn their HIV status early (&lt; 3 mo) and 8.4 times more likely to exclusively breast-feed than mothers who enrolled before the program began. Formative research aided in the design of a culturally sensitive intervention. The intervention increased relevant knowledge and improved feeding practices among women who primarily did not know their HIV status.	BREAST-FEEDING,"EXCLUSIVE BREAST-FEEDING",HIV,"MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION",ZIMBABWE,"TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344400117	Determination of midazolam and its major metabolite 1′- hydroxymidazolam by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in plasma from children	Muchohi S.N., Ward S.A., Preston L., Newton C.R.J.C., Edwards G., Kokwaro G.O.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	821	1	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.015	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Ward, S.A., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Preston, L., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	We have developed a sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) for the simultaneous quantification of midazolam (MDZ) and its major metabolite, 1′-hydroxymidazolam (1′-OHM) in a small volume (200 μl) of human plasma. Midazolam, 1′-OHM and 1′-chlordiazepoxide (internal standard) were extracted from alkalinised (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase HyPURITY™ Elite C18 (5 μm particle size; 100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) analytical column using an acidic (pH 2.8) mobile phase (water-acetonitrile; 75:25% (v/v) containing formic acid (0.1%, v/v)) delivered at a flow-rate of 200 μl/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode at the protonated-molecular ions [M + l] + of parent drug and metabolite. Calibration curves in spiked plasma were linear (r2 ≥ 0.99) from 15 to 600 ng/ml (MDZ) and 5-200 ng/ml (1′-OHM). The limits of detection and quantification were 2 and 5 ng/ml, respectively, for both MDZ and 1′-OHM. The mean relative recoveries at 40 and 600 ng/ml (MDZ) were 79.4 ± 3.1% (n = 6) and 84.2 ± 4.7% (n = 8), respectively; for 1′-OHM at 30 and 200 ng/ml the values were 89.9 ± 7.2% (n = 6) and 86.9 ± 5.6% (n = 8), respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for MDZ were less than 8%, and for 1′-OHM were less than 13%. There was no interference from other commonly used antimalarials, antipyretic drugs and antibiotics. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of MDZ and 1′-OHM in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of MDZ either intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly (i.m.). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	1′-Hydroxymidazolam; Midazolam; Pharmacokinetics in children	Assays; Drug products; Ionization; Mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Solvent extraction; Antimalarials; Electrospray ionization (ESI); Midazolam; Protonated molecular ions; High performance liquid chromatography; 1' chlordiazepoxide; alpha hydroxymidazolam; analgesic agent; antibiotic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; ceftriaxone; chloramphenicol; chlordiazepoxide; chloroquine; cycloguanil; deethylchloroquine; midazolam; midazolam maleate; paracetamol; penicillin G; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; unclassified drug; accuracy; alkalinity; analytic method; anticonvulsant activity; antimalarial activity; article; blood sampling; child; controlled study; device; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; electrospray mass spectrometry; high performance liquid chromatography; human; liquid liquid extraction; malaria; priority journal; reliability; seizure; Anticonvulsants; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Midazolam; Reproducibility of Results; Seizures; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044440115	Determination of lorazepam in plasma from children by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection	Muchohi S.N., Obiero K., Kokwaro G.O., Ogutu B.R., Githiga I.M., Edwards G., Newton C.R.J.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	824	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.040	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Obiero, K., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ogutu, B.R., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Githiga, I.M., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	A simple, sensitive, selective, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed for the determination of lorazepam (LZP) in human plasma, using oxazepam (OZP) as internal standard. LZP and OZP were extracted from alkalinized (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane-dichloromethane (70:30%; v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase Synergi ® Max RP analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.; 4 μm particle size), using an aqueous mobile phase (10 mM KH2PO 4 buffer (pH 2.4)-acetonitrile; 65:35%, v/v) delivered at a flow-rate of 2.5 ml/min. Retention times for OZP and LZP were 10.2 and 11.9 min, respectively. Calibration curves were linear from 10 to 300 ng with correlation coefficients (r2) better than 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 2.5 and 10 ng/ml, respectively, using 0.5 ml samples. The mean relative recoveries at 20 and 300 ng/ml were 84.1 ± 5.5% (n = 6) and 72.4 ± 5.9% (n = 7), respectively; for OZP at 200 ng the value was 68.2 ± 6.8% (n = 14). The intra-assay relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) at 20, 150 and 270 ng/ml of LZP were 7.8%, 9.8% (n = 7 in all cases) and 6.6% (n = 8), respectively. The inter-assay R.S.D. at the above concentrations were 15.9%, 7.7% and 8.4% (n = 7 in all cases), respectively. Intra- and inter-assay accuracy data were within the acceptance interval of ±20% of the nominal values. There was no interference from other commonly co-administered anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and antimalarial drugs. The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of LZP in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of a single intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) of LZP.	Analysis in plasma; Children; High-performance liquid chromatography; Lorazepam; Pharmacokinetics	Bioassay; Concentration (process); Drug products; High performance liquid chromatography; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmas; Separation; Solvent extraction; Analysis in plasma; Children; Lorazepam; Oxazepam (OZP); Ultraviolet detectors; acetonitrile; analgesic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; buffer; chloramphenicol; chloramphenicol hemisuccinate; chloroquine; cycloguanil; diazepam; dichloromethane; fosphenytoin sodium; gentamicin; hexane; lorazepam; midazolam; oxazepam; paracetamol; penicillin G; phenobarbital; phenytoin; potassium derivative; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; accuracy; alkalinity; article; calibration; child; controlled study; correlation coefficient; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; flow rate; human; liquid liquid extraction; particle size; priority journal; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; ultraviolet radiation; Anticonvulsants; Calibration; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lorazepam; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Artesunate; Cinchona pubescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144449944	The performance of Orma Boran and Maasai Zebu crossbreeds in a trypanosomosis endemic area of Nguruman, south western Kenya	Maichomo M.W., Ndung'u J.M., Ngare P.M., Ole-Mapenay I.M.	2005	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	72	1	None	Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Maichomo, M.W., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ndung'u, J.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ngare, P.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ole-Mapenay, I.M., University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Studies on the trypanotolerance of Orma Boran X Maasai Zebu (Orma Zebu) crossbred cattle (F1 progeny) and pure-bred Maasai Zebu contemporaries were carried out in Nguruman, south western Kenya. The two groups were monitored from birth for a period of 2 years. The incidence of trypanosomosis, parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), body mass and average daily mass gain were monitored. During the study period, overall trypanosomosis incidence was low (3%). The crossbred cattle had a higher incidence of infection (61% vs 39%). The mean PCV and mean mass gain for the crossbred cattle was higher than that of the Maasai Zebu. The mean calf body mass at weaning (8 months) for the Orma Zebu and Maasai Zebu was 72 kg and 64 kg, respectively, while at 18 months of age their mean body mass was 164 kg and 123 kg, respectively. During the rainy season significant differences in average daily mass gains were noted (P&lt;0.05). The superior mass gain of the Orma Zebu observed during the rainy season, despite higher infection rates, indicate an enhanced trypanotolerance. Moreover, the better performance of the Orma Zebu is an attribute that could be exploited in the adoption of the trypanotolerance genotype, as a sustainable trypanosomosis control strategy.	Cattle; Maasai Zebu; Orma Boran; Orma Zebu; Productivity; Trypanotolerance	animal; animal disease; article; breeding; cattle; cattle disease; cross breeding; female; genetic predisposition; genetics; growth, development and aging; hematocrit; Kenya; male; prevalence; season; weight gain; Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Crosses, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hematocrit; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Seasons; Trypanosomiasis, Bovine; Weight Gain; Bos indicus; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15244345565	Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa	Bomhard B., Richardson D.M., Donaldson J.S., Hughes G.O., Midgley G.F., Raimondo D.C., Rebelo A.G., Rouget M., Thuiller W.	2005	Global Change Biology	11	9	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00997.x	Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany	Bomhard, B., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Am Brucher Haeuschen 79, 42109 Wuppertal, Germany; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Donaldson, J.S., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Hughes, G.O., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Midgley, G.F., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States; Raimondo, D.C., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rebelo, A.G., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Rouget, M., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Thuiller, W., Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best- to worst-case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche-based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2-16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low-lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biodiversity conservation; Cape Floristic Region; Climate change; Extinction risk; IUCN Red List; Land use change; Niche-based models; Proteaceae; Threatened species	biodiversity; Cape Floristic Region; climate change; extinction risk; land use change; Red List; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044449491	Line-start performance of single-phase synchronous reluctance motor with controlled capacitor	Obe E.S., Ojo O.	2005	IEE Proceedings: Electric Power Applications	152	4	10.1049/ip-epa:20055208	Laboratory of Power Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre for Energy System Research, Laboratory for Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Cooker	Obe, E.S., Laboratory of Power Devices, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ojo, O., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre for Energy System Research, Laboratory for Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Cookerille, TN 38501, United States	This paper reports the effect of values of starting and synchronisation (running) capacitors on the line-start performance of a single-phase cage-rotor synchronous reluctance motor. The d-q rotor reference frame dynamic equations were used to select the values of capacitors best suited for starting and running and it is shown that for a near-instantaneous starting, the capacitances should be varied (within the selected peaks) in line with the machine speed error. One single three-terminal capacitor device controlled by speed error signal is found to be very useful in realising a faster acceleration than obtainable with conventional and other known methods. Peak torque pulsations and current drawn by the main winding were found to be reduced, suggesting a more efficient motor drive performance. Simulated and experimental results bear a resemblance. © IEE, 2005.	None	Capacitance; Capacitors; Magnetization; Synchronization; Synchronous motors; Torque; Auxiliary windings; Electromagnetic torque; Error signals; Torque pulsations; Reluctance motors	None
None	None	Evaluation of grazing pattern and sustainability of feed resources in pastoral areas of eastern zone of Tanzania	Kavana P.Y., Kizima J.B., Msanga Y.N.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania	Kavana, P.Y., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania; Kizima, J.B., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania; Msanga, Y.N., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania	A study on grazing pattern and sustainability of feed resources was conducted in selected pastoral areas of eastern zone of Tanzania from 1999 to 2003. Discussion with pastoralists indicated that pastoralists traditionally identify different soil types and relate to presence of dominant pasture species. Grazing pattern is established such that animals graze near homesteads with short grazing duration during rainy and cold seasons. Animals are transferred to distant grazing areas during the dry seasons. Quality of forage is normally related to animal performance as well as height and colour of dominant grass species available in grazing areas. The study indicated that there are hierarchical steps that are followed in decision making before shifting herds of cattle to distant grazing areas. Further studies indicated that native multipurpose trees namely, Dichrostachyscinerea, Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica thrive well in pastoral areas. These multipurpose trees reported by pastoralists as useful feed resources during the dry season. However, these multipurpose trees have multiple uses that sometimes result in resource user conflicts. The conflicts were reported to occur between pastoralists and charcoal producers because the trees are also valued for good quality charcoal. Other pasture species valued by pastoralists for dry season feeding were Commelina benghalensis, which is considered as water supplier to ruminants, and Enteropogon macrostachyus which is valued as potential feed for weaned calves. The carrying capacity in the study areas was concluded as 0.3 TLU/ha/yr.	Carrying capacity; Grazing pattern; Pastoralism; Pastoralists; Sustainability of feed resources	Acacia; Acacia nilotica; Acacia tortilis; Animalia; Bos taurus; Bovidae; Commelina; Commelina benghalensis; Enteropogon	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22644443519	The impact of immigration on health systems: A legal analysis from a three-country perspective	Blum J., Carstens P., Talib N.	2005	Medicine and Law	24	2	None	Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Blum, J., Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States; Carstens, P., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Talib, N., University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	The focus of this paper will be on how health care systems in three countries, Malaysia, South Africa and the United States, are responding to the health needs of immigrants with a strong focus on the legal aspects of the respective national responses. The Malaysia portion emphasizes legal immigration and analyses as to how the country's Ministry of Health and the delivery system itself is responding to the demands of immigrant's health. In the context of South Africa, the paper explores implications of the South African Constitution, which establishes a right to access health care, and explores whether such a right can be extended to non-citizens, or can be tempered by economic constraints. In the American discussion the focus is on whether publicly supported health care programs can be accessed to provide coverage for undocumented residents, and highlights recent constraints in using government monies in this area. © Yozmot 2005.	Health care resources; Immigration; Malaysia; South Africa; United States of America	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; budget; economic aspect; emergency health service; government; health care access; health care delivery; health care facility; health care need; health care policy; health care system; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; immigrant; immigration; legal aspect; malaria; Malaysia; medicaid; refugee; resource allocation; South Africa; tuberculosis; United States; Health Care and Public Health; Delivery of Health Care; Emigration and Immigration; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Malaysia; South Africa; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18644383332	The impact of social environments on the effectiveness of youth HIV prevention: A South African case study	Campbell C., Foulis C.A., Maimane S., Sibiya Z.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	4	10.1080/09540120412331319705	London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom	Campbell, C., London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom, HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Foulis, C.A., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Maimane, S., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sibiya, Z., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Few would disagree that 'social context' shapes the effectiveness of HIV-prevention programmes. However much work remains to be done in developing systematic conceptualisations of HIV/AIDS-relevant aspects of social environments in vulnerable communities. This paper contributes to this challenge through a case study (44 interviews, 11 focus groups with 55 people and fieldworker diaries) of the impact of social context on a participatory peer education programme involving young people in a peri-urban community in South Africa. Three interacting dimensions of context undermine the likelihood of effective HIV-prevention. Symbolic context includes stigma, the pathologisation of youth sexuality (especially that of girls) and negative images of young people. Organisationall network context includes patchy networking amongst NGOs, health, welfare and education representatives and local community leaders and groups. This is exacerbated by different understandings of the causes of HIV/AIDS and how to manage it. These challenges are exacerbated in a material-political context of poverty, unemployment and crime, coupled with the exclusion of young people from local and national decision-making and politics. HIV-prevention initiatives seeking to promote health-supporting social environments should work closely with social development programmes-to promote young peoples' social and political participation, increase opportunities for their economic empowerment, challenge negative social representations of youth, and fight for greater recognition of their sexuality and their right to protect their sexual health. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; community; crime; education program; group psychology; health care organization; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; infection prevention; politics; poverty; priority journal; sexuality; social environment; social isolation; South Africa; unemployment; urban area; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Body Image; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Object Attachment; Peer Group; Sex Education; Social Environment; Social Identification; South Africa	None
None	None	Tests of bednet traps (Mbita traps) for monitoring mosquito populations and time of biting in Tanzania and possible impact of prolonged insecticide treated net use	Braimah N., Drakeley C., Kweka E., Mosha F., Helinski M., Pates H., Maxwell C., Massawe T., Kenward M.G., Curtis C.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	3	10.1079/IJT200576	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; NIMR Ubwari Field Station, Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Joint Malaria Programme, Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania	Braimah, N., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, NIMR Ubwari Field Station, Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Drakeley, C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, Joint Malaria Programme, Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Kweka, E., Joint Malaria Programme, Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Mosha, F., Joint Malaria Programme, Box 2228, Moshi, Tanzania; Helinski, M., NIMR Ubwari Field Station, Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Pates, H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, NIMR Ubwari Field Station, Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, NIMR Ubwari Field Station, Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Massawe, T., NIMR Ubwari Field Station, Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Kenward, M.G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Curtis, C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Mosquito traps known as Mbita traps made from modified bednets according to a design developed in Kenya were compared with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps for their ability to catch anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in several different villages in northern Tanzania. The results confirmed those recently reported in Kenya, that Mbita traps catch significantly fewer mosquitoes than CDC traps. Statistical analysis using a Poisson log linear model with random effects for the trap counts showed that the ratio of the catches with the two types of trap was not consistent in the different villages. Thus, we doubt whether the Mbita trap would be a reliable substitute for CDC traps. In one trial, the catches made at different hours of the night with the two types of trap indicated that in villages where insecticide treated nets (ITNs) had been used for some years, somewhat more of the Anopheles biting occurred early and late in the night, whereas in villages with no history of ITN use, biting was concentrated in the middle of the night. This suggests that behavioural adaptation to avoid contact with ITNs may be beginning to evolve. © ICIPE 2005.	CDC light trap; Insecticide treated nets; Mbita trap; Mosquito traps; Tanzania; Time of mosquito biting	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27144502745	Evaluation of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related counselling in a workplace-based ART implementation programme, South Africa	Stenson A.L., Charalambous S., Dwadwa T., Pemba L., Du Toit J.D., Baggaley R., Grant A.D., Churchyard G.J.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	8	10.1080/09540120500100940	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Stenson, A.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dwadwa, T., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pemba, L., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Du Toit, J.D., Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Baggaley, R., Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G.J., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa	Counselling about antiretroviral therapy (ART) is thought important to prepare patients for treatment and enhance adherence. A workplace-based HIV care programme in South Africa instituted a three-step ART counselling protocol with guidelines prompting issues to be covered at each step. We carried out an early evaluation of ART counselling to determine whether patients understood key information about ART, and the perceptions that patients and health care professionals (HCP) had of the process. Among 40 patients (median time on ART 83 days), over 90% answered 6/7 HIV/ART knowledge-related questions correctly. 95% thought counselling sessions were good. 93% thought ongoing counselling was important. Recommendations included the need for continuing education about HIV/ART, being respectful, promoting HIV testing and addressing the issues of infected partners and stigma. 24 participating HCP identified additional training needs including counselling of family and friends, family planning, sexually transmitted infections and running support groups. 90% of HCP thought that counselling guidelines were helpful. The programme appears to be preparing patients well for ART. Counselling should be offered at every clinic visit. Counselling guidelines were a valuable tool and may be useful elsewhere. The evaluation helped to assess the quality of the programme and to suggest areas for improvement. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; clinical article; continuing education; controlled study; family; family planning; friend; health care personnel; health care quality; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; patient compliance; patient counseling; patient education; practice guideline; priority journal; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; support group; workplace; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Attitude of Health Personnel; Counseling; Female; Guidelines; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Education; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; South Africa; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28844501584	Inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis in growing potato tubers leads to a compensatory stimulation of the pyrimidine salvage pathway and a subsequent increase in biosynthetic performance	Geigenberger P., Regierer B., Nunes-Nesi A., Leisse A., Urbanczyk-Wochniak E., Springer F., Van Dongen J.T., Kossmann J., Fernie A.R.	2005	Plant Cell	17	7	10.1105/tpc.105.033548	Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Maiteland 7601, South Africa	Geigenberger, P., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Regierer, B., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Nunes-Nesi, A., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Leisse, A., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Urbanczyk-Wochniak, E., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Springer, F., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Van Dongen, J.T., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany; Kossmann, J., Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology Department, Stellenbosch University, Maiteland 7601, South Africa; Fernie, A.R., Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Golm, Germany	Pyrimidine nucleotides are of general importance for many aspects of cell function, but their role in the regulation of biosynthetic processes is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the influence of a decreased expression of UMP synthase (UMPS), a key enzyme in the pathway of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, on biosynthetic processes in growing potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Transgenic plants were generated expressing UMPS in the antisense orientation under the control of the tuber-specific patatin promoter. Lines were selected with markedly decreased expression of UMPS in the tubers. Decreased expression of UMPS restricted the use of externally supplied orotate for de novo pyrimidine synthesis in tuber tissue, whereas the uridine-salvaging pathway was stimulated. This shift in the pathways of UMP synthesis was accompanied by increased levels of tuber uridine nucleotides, increased fluxes of [ 14C]sucrose to starch and cell wall synthesis, and increased amounts of starch and cell wall components in the tubers, whereas there were no changes in uridine nucleotide levels in leaves. Decreased expression of UMPS in tubers led to an increase in transcript levels of carbamoylphosphate synthase, uridine kinase, and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, the latter two encoding enzymes in the pyrimidine salvage pathways. Thus, the results show that antisense inhibition of the de novo pathway of pyrimidine synthesis leads to a compensatory stimulation of the less energy-consuming salvage pathways, probably via increased expression and activity of uridine kinase and uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase. This results in increased uridine nucleotide pool levels in tubers and improved biosynthetic performance. © 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists.	None	Cells; Growth kinetics; Plants (botany); Starch; Tissue; Pyrimidine salvage pathway; Pyrimidine synthesis; Transgenic plants; Uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase; Biosynthesis; Biosynthesis; Cells; Growth; Plants; Starch; Tissue; Solanum tuberosum; antisense oligonucleotide; multienzyme complex; orotate phosphoribosyltransferase; orotic acid; orotidine 5' phosphate decarboxylase; pyrimidine derivative; uridine; uridine 5' phosphate synthase; uridine 5'-monophosphate synthase; article; biosynthesis; down regulation; enzyme activation; gene expression regulation; genetics; growth, development and aging; metabolism; physiology; plant tuber; potato; promoter region; signal transduction; transgenic plant; upregulation; Down-Regulation; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Multienzyme Complexes; Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense; Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase; Orotic Acid; Orotidine-5'-Phosphate Decarboxylase; Plant Tubers; Plants, Genetically Modified; Promoter Regions (Genetics); Pyrimidines; Signal Transduction; Solanum tuberosum; Up-Regulation; Uridine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73949102617	Impact structures: What does crater diameter mean?	Turtle E.P., Pierazzo E., Collins G.S., Osinski G.R., Melosh H.J., Morgan J.V., Reimold W.U.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.1	Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, United States; Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E. Fort Lowell, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, United States; Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Canadian Space Agency, 6767 Route de l'Aeroport, Saint-Hubert, QC J3Y 8Y9, Canada	Turtle, E.P., Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, United States, Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E. Fort Lowell, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, United States; Pierazzo, E., Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E. Fort Lowell, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, United States; Collins, G.S., Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, United States, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Osinski, G.R., Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, United States, Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E. Fort Lowell, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, United States, Canadian Space Agency, 6767 Route de l'Aeroport, Saint-Hubert, QC J3Y 8Y9, Canada; Melosh, H.J., Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, United States; Morgan, J.V., Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	The diameter of an impact crater is one of the most basic and important parameters used in energy scaling and numerical modeling of the cratering process. However, within the impact and geological communities and literature, there is considerable confusion about crater sizes due to the occurrence of a variety of concentric features, any of which might be interpreted as defining a crater's diameter. The disparate types of data available for different craters make the use of consistent metrics difficult, especially when comparing terrestrial to extraterrestrial craters. Furthermore, assessment of the diameters of terrestrial craters can be greatly complicated due to post-impact modification by erosion and tectonic activity. We analyze the terminology used to describe crater geometry and size and attempt to clarify the confusion over what exactly the term "crater diameter" means, proposing a consistent terminology to help avert future ambiguities. We discuss several issues of crater-size in the context of four large terrestrial examples for which crater diameters have been disputed (Chicxulub, Sudbury, Vredefort, and Chesapeake Bay) with the aim of moving toward consistent application of terminology. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Chesapeake bay; Chicxulub; Crater diameter; Impact craters; Sudbury; Vredefort	crater; diameter; energy; erosion; numerical model; terminology; Canada; Chesapeake Bay; Ontario [Canada]; Sudbury; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33244492442	Work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance	Ntayi J.M.	2005	Journal of African Business	6	02-Jan	10.1300/J156v06n01_09	Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	Ntayi, J.M., Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	This study explores the relationship between work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance. Using data from Uganda retail firms, this study finds that work ethic was a significant positive predictor of salesforce task performance. Further, there was a significant relationship between the different behavioural families of work-related activity work withdrawal behaviours, organizational retaliation behaviours and salesforce task performance. Results from regression analysis indicate that organizational retaliation behaviours and work withdrawal behaviours are important factors for explaining declining performance of salespeople in Uganda retail firms. Managers aiming to improve salesforce task performance should recruit individuals with a strong work ethic. Additionally, retail managers need to reduce work withdrawal and organizational retaliation behaviours so as to increase salesforce task performance. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Job withdrawal behaviours; Locus of control; Organizational retaliation behaviours; Work ethic; Work withdrawal behaviours	ethics; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28044457932	Impact of DDT re-introduction on malaria transmission in KwaZulu-Natal	Maharaj R., Mthembu D.J., Sharp B.L.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	11 I	None	Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Maharaj, R., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mthembu, D.J., Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Sharp, B.L., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Objectives. To determine whether the re-introduction of DDT in KwaZulu-Natal had any effects on malaria transmission in the province. Design, setting and subjects. The 2000 malaria epidemic in KwaZulu-Natal has been attributed to pyrethroid-resistant anopheles mosquitoes in the area. Previous studies have shown that these mosquitoes are still susceptible to DDT. To determine whether DDT re-introduction had any impact on malaria transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, the following variables (pre- and post-epidemic) were investigated: (i) the number of reported cases; and (ii) the distribution of Anopheles funestus in relation to the insecticides sprayed. Outcome measures. The notified malaria cases and the distribution of A. funestus were measured to determine the effects of DDT re-introduction on malaria transmission. Results and conclusion. After DDT re-introduction, the number of malaria cases decreased to levels lower than those recorded before the epidemic. A. funestus appears to have been eradicated from the province. The combination of an effective insecticide and effective antimalarial drugs in KwaZulu-Natal has resulted in a 91% decline in the malaria incidence rate. Unfortunately the continued exclusive use of DDT within the malarious areas of the province is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance.	None	antimalarial agent; artemisinin; chlorphenotane; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; article; epidemic; human; incidence; insecticide resistance; malaria; malaria control; outcomes research; parasite vector; South Africa; vector control; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Pesticides; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844282075	The effects of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion on ultra-endurance exercise performance	Goedecke J.H., Clark V.R., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V.	2005	International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism	15	1	None	Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	Goedecke, J.H., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Clark, V.R., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	The aims of the study were to determine if medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT), ingested in combination with carbohydrate (CHO), would alter substrate metabolism and improve simulated competitive ultra-endurance cycling performance. Eight endurance-trained cyclists took part in this randomized, single-blind crossover study. On two separate occasions, subjects cycled for 270 min at 50% of peak power output, interspersed with four 75 kJ sprints at 60 min intervals, followed immediately by a 200 kJ time-trial. One hour prior to the exercise trials, subjects ingested either 75 g of CHO or 32 g of MCT, and then ingested 200 mL of a 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution or a 4.3% MCT + 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution every 20 min during the CHO and MCT trials, respectively. During the constant-load phases of the 270 min exercise trial, VO2 RER, and heart rate were measured at 30 min intervals and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded. There was no difference in VO2 or RER between the MCT and CHO trials (P = 0.40). Hourly sprint (P = 0.03 for trial x time interaction) and time-trial times (14:30 ± 0.58 vs. 12:36 ± 1:6, respectively, P &lt; 0.001) were slower in the MCT than the CHO trial. Half the subjects experienced GI symptoms with MCT ingestion. In conclusion, MCTs ingested prior to exercise and co-ingested with CHO during exercise did not alter substrate metabolism and significantly compromised sprint performance during prolonged ultra-endurance cycling exercise. © 2005 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.	Carbohydrate oxidation; Fat oxidation; Respiratory exchange ratio; Sports nutrition; Sprint performance	carbohydrate; medium chain triacylglycerol; adult; article; carbohydrate intake; carbohydrate metabolism; clinical article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; crossover procedure; cycling; endurance; exercise; gastrointestinal symptom; heart rate; human; lung gas exchange; male; oxidation; randomized controlled trial; single blind procedure; Adult; Basal Metabolism; Bicycling; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Tract; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Single-Blind Method; Time Factors; Triglycerides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15444380490	Evaluation of a home-based voluntary counselling and testing intervention in rural Uganda	Wolff B., Nyanzi B., Katongole G., Ssesanga D., Ruberantwari A., Whitworth J.	2005	Health Policy and Planning	20	2	10.1093/heapol/czi013	Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; MRC; Intl. Activities the Wellcome Trust; Medical Research Council, P.O. 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Wolff, B., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, Medical Research Council, P.O. 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Nyanzi, B., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Katongole, G., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; Ssesanga, D., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Ruberantwari, A., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC; Whitworth, J., Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda, Intl. Activities the Wellcome Trust	Background: Uptake of HIV test results from an annual serosurvey of a population study cohort in rural southwestern Uganda had never exceeded 10% in any given year since inception in 1989. An intervention offering counselling and HIV results at home was conducted in four study villages following the 2001 serosurvey round, and followed by a qualitative evaluation exploring nature of demand and barriers to knowing HIV status. Methods: Data from annual serosurveys and counsellor records are analyzed to estimate the impact of the intervention on uptake of HIV test results. Textual data are analyzed from 21 focus group discussions among counsellors, and men and women who had received HIV test results, requested but not yet received, and never requested; and 34 in-depth interviews equally divided among those who had received test results either from counselling offices and homes. Results: Offering HIV results at home significantly increased uptake of results from 10 to 37% for all adults aged 15 (p < 0.001), and 46% of those age 25 to 54. Previous male advantage in uptake of test results was effectively eliminated. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews highlight substantial non-monetary costs of getting HIV results from high-visibility public facilities prior to intervention. Inconvenience, fear of stigmatization, and emotional vulnerability of receiving results from public facilities were the most common explanations for the relative popularity of home-based voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). It is seen as less appropriate for youth and couples with conflicting attitudes toward testing. Conclusions: Home delivery of results revealed significantly higher demand to know HIV status than stubbornly low uptake figures from the past would suggest. Integrating VCT into other services, locating testing centres in less visible surroundings, or directly confronting stigma surrounding testing may be less expensive ways to reproduce increased uptake with home VCT. © Oxford University Press, 2005; all rights reserved.	Clients; HIV; Home care; Providers; Qualitative; Stigma; VCT uptake	adolescent; adult; article; attitude; cohort analysis; data analysis; emotion; evaluation; fear; female; health care facility; health survey; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; interview; male; medical record; patient counseling; population research; qualitative analysis; reproducibility; rural health care; Uganda; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Cohort Studies; Counseling; Fear; Female; Focus Groups; HIV Infections; Home Care Services; Humans; Interviews; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Rural Population; Uganda	None
WoS	WOS:000226574200004	Evaluation criteria for district health management information systems: lessons from the Ministry of Health, Kenya	Odhiambo-Otieno, GW	2005	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS	74	1	10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2004.09.003	Moi University	None	Introduction: There has been no comprehensive evaluation of the district health management information systems (DHMISs) since the establishment of these systems by the Ministry of Health (MoH), in Kenya. This is partly due to lack of defined criteria for evaluating the systems. The objective of this study is to design evaluation criteria for assessing the viability, sustainability and ultimate contribution of DHMIS in the management of the district health system (DHS) in Kenya. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in three DHSs in Kenya. Empirical evidence was collected through interviews, complemented by a comprehensive review of relevant literature, reports and operational manuals of various health information systems in Kenya. Results: A set of evaluation criteria for DHMISs in Kenya was designed for each of the three phases of implementation: phase one-pre-implementation evaluation criteria (categorized as policy and objectives, technical feasibility.. financial viability, political viability and administrative operability) to be applied at the design stage; phase two-concurrent (operational) implementation evaluation criteria to be applied during implementation of the new system; phase three post-implementation evaluation criteria (classified as internal-quality of information; external-resources and managerial support; ultimate-systems impact) to be applied after operating the implemented system for at least 3 years. Conclusions: In designing a DHMIS model there is need to have built-in these three sets of evaluation criteria which should be used in a phased manner. Preimplementation evaluation criteria should be used to evaluate the system's viability before more resources are committed to its implementation; concurrent (operational) implementation evaluation criteria should be used to ascertain the status of the on-going implementation with the view to either fine-tune or abandon it altogether before more resources are used on it; and post-implementation evaluation criteria should be used to assess its overall effectiveness (if it has achieved its hypothesized benefits) towards the management of DHS. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	"DISTRICT HEALTH MANAGEMENT","district health system","evaluation criteria","INFORMATION SYSTEM"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144423262	Impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, Northern KwaZulu-Natal from January to August 2003	Vaughan Williams C.H.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	1	None	Mosvold Hospital, South Africa; Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	Vaughan Williams, C.H., Mosvold Hospital, South Africa, Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	An analysis of the causes of death certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma demonstrates the impact of HIV/AIDS in the region. HIV/AIDS appears to be responsible for about 45% of registered deaths in both males and females after the age of nine years. There is a significant difference in the mean age at death between males and females succumbing to the disease after the age of nine years: the average age at death of females from HIV/AIDS is 35 years, and the average age for males is 40 years. The younger average age of death from HIV/AIDS in females, together with a higher expected age of death from non-HIV causes, means that females lose considerably more years of life due to HIV/AIDS than males. The figures for this part of northern KwaZulu-Natal indicate a higher impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths than in previous assessments for South Africa as a whole.	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Mortality; South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; cause of death; child; death certificate; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; mortality; sex difference; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744487139	Evaluation of top, middle and bottom stalk of sugarcane as planting material	Kolo I.N., Adesiyun A.A., Misari S.M., Ishaq M.N.	2005	Sugar Tech	7	03-Feb	None	National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Kolo, I.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Adesiyun, A.A., Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Misari, S.M., Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Ishaq, M.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria	One of the major constraints of chewing sugarcane farming is the dearth of planting material. Two trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 seasons to evaluate the growth performance of the different parts of the chewing sugarcane stalk viz: top, middle and bottom. Three - budded cuttings of each part used as planting material was obtained from the stalks of the local chewing sugarcane variety NIG 008. There were no significant differences in most of the parameters taken, although, the growth performance of the Top and Middle parts of the stalk were better than the bottom one. In chewing sugarcane production, planting material (cane setts) are obtained from the middle of the stalk to the apex. Although both the middle and top are used, the top of the stalk is preferred by the local farmers as planting material because of the monetary value derived from the middle and bottom parts. . However, in large scale sugarcane farming, the bottom portion, in addition to the top and middle ones can be used without the fear of low cane yield.	Cane stalk segments (top, middle and base); Chewing sugarcane; Planting materials	Saccharum hybrid cultivar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18244370507	The impact of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the public health burden of pneumonia in HIV-infected and -uninfected children	Madhi S.A., Kuwanda L., Cutland C., Klugman K.P.	2005	Clinical Infectious Diseases	40	10	10.1086/429828	National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Old Nurses Home, West Wing, PO Bertsham, Bertsham, Gauteng, 2013, South Africa	Madhi, S.A., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Chris Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, Old Nurses Home, West Wing, PO Bertsham, Bertsham, Gauteng, 2013, South Africa; Kuwanda, L., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cutland, C., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Paediatr. Infect. Dis. Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Klugman, K.P., National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States	Introduction. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PnCV) may be used as a probe to define the burden of pneumococcal disease and better characterize the clinical presentation of pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods. This study used a 9-valent PnCV to define different end points of vaccine efficacy and the preventable burden of pneumococcal pneumonia in 39,836 children who were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in South Africa. Results. Whereas the point-estimate of vaccine efficacy was greatest when measured against the outcome of vaccine-serotype specific pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia (61%; P = .01), the sensitivity of blood culture to measure the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented by vaccination was only 2.6% in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected children and 18.8% in HIV-infected children. Only 37.8% of cases of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented by PnCV were detected by means of chest radiographs showing alveolar consolidation. A clinical diagnosis of pneumonia provided the best estimate of the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia prevented through vaccination in HIV-uninfected children (267 cases prevented per 100,000 child-years) and HIV-infected children (2573 cases prevented per 100,000 child-years). Conclusion. Although outcome measures with high specificity, such as bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, provide a better estimate as to vaccine efficacy, the burden of disease prevented by vaccination is best evaluated using outcome measures with high sensitivity, such as a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia. © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	Pneumococcus vaccine; article; blood culture; child; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; pneumonia; priority journal; public health; randomized controlled trial; sensitivity and specificity; serotype; Streptococcus pneumoniae; thorax radiography; vaccination; Double-Blind Method; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; South Africa; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444428729	Chronic cough in primary health care attendees, Harare, Zimbabwe: Diagnosis and impact of HIV infection	Munyati S.S., Dhoba T., Makanza E.D., Mungofa S., Wellington M., Mutsvangwa J., Gwanzura L., Hakim J., Nyakabau M., Mason P.R., Robertson V., Rusakaniko S., Butterworth A.E., Corbett E.L.	2005	Clinical Infectious Diseases	40	12	10.1086/429912	National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Munyati, S.S., National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Dhoba, T., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Makanza, E.D., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mungofa, S., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Wellington, M., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutsvangwa, J., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gwanzura, L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hakim, J., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyakabau, M., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mason, P.R., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, V., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rusakaniko, S., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Butterworth, A.E., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Corbett, E.L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Background. Cough lasting for ≥3 weeks (i.e., chronic cough) indicates that a patient has suspected tuberculosis (TB). At the primary health care level, the spectrum of disease that causes chronic cough has not been previously investigated in a setting with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods. A total of 544 adults with chronic cough were recruited systematically from 2 primary health care clinics, and they were evaluated using preset first- and second-line investigations and diagnostic case definitions. Results. The overall prevalence of HIV infection among the study cohort was 83%. TB was the most common diagnosis, with 207 HIV-positive patients (46%) and 27 HIV-negative patients (30%) having confirmed or probable TB. Of these, 145 HIV-positive patients with TB (70%) and 20 HIV-negative patients with TB (74%) had smear-positive cases of TB. Only 17 HIV-positive and 2 HIV-negative patients had smear-negative but culture-positive cases of TB. Lower respiratory tract infections (n = 178; HIV prevalence, 79%) and pneumonia (n = 87; HIV prevalence, 89%) were the next most common diagnoses. Asthma (n = 26; HIV prevalence, 46%), posttuberculous disease and other fibrotic lung disease (n = 34; HIV prevalence, 88%), and cardiac disease (n = 15; HIV prevalence, 93%) were more common than were Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and cryptococcosis (n = 8 and n = 5, respectively; HIV prevalence, 100%), and we found no cases of nocardiosis or histoplasmosis. Conclusions. TB was diagnosed for 43% of patients who presented with chronic cough to primary health care clinics in Harare, with 71% having smear-positive disease. The findings of TB culture added relatively little to the findings of fluorescent microscopy of concentrated sputum specimens. The prevalence of HIV infection was high across a range of diagnoses, suggesting that an HIV test should be recommended in the initial investigation of chronic cough. © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	article; asthma; bacterium culture; chronic disease; coughing; cryptococcosis; fluorescence microscopy; heart disease; histoplasmosis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; lung fibrosis; nocardiosis; Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary health care; priority journal; sputum smear; tuberculosis; Zimbabwe; Adolescent; Adult; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Cough; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-5744226295	Urban consumer preferences and sensory evaluation of locally produced and imported rice in West Africa	Tomlins K.I., Manful J.T., Larwer P., Hammond L.	2005	Food Quality and Preference	16	1	10.1016/j.foodqual.2004.02.002	Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana	Tomlins, K.I., Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Manful, J.T., Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Larwer, P., Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Hammond, L., Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom	Parboiled rice produced in Ghana is of poor quality and is being overtaken by imported rice. This study sought to investigate consumer preference and relate sensory attributes with consumer acceptability of rice. The majority of consumers preferred imported raw and parboiled rice to that produced locally. Acceptability was influenced by location and gender. Individual preferences of consumers varied and four different segments of consumers with similar liking of the rice samples were identified. The largest three segments (86% of consumers) preferred the imported rice but differed in their preferences for the local rice. A niche segment (14%) mostly preferred traditional local rice. Regression models to predict consumer preference from the sensory panel scores were based on either brown colour of the cooked rice or unshelled paddy in the uncooked form. The models were suitable for three of the consumer segments representing 86% of the consumers. This suggests that while a sensory panel could be used to rapidly monitor consumer acceptability in product development, it was not valid for all consumers. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; Consumer acceptability; Ghana; Rice; Sensory evaluation	adult; Africa; aged; article; color; controlled study; female; food intake; food processing; food quality; gender; geography; human; male; monitoring; prediction; regression analysis; rice; scoring system; sensory analysis; statistical model; taste preference; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444433075	Density of Cape porcupines in a semi-arid environment and their impact on soil turnover and related ecosystem processes	Bragg C.J., Donaldson J.D., Ryan P.G.	2005	Journal of Arid Environments	61	2	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.007	Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Bragg, C.J., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Donaldson, J.D., National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; Ryan, P.G., Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis) appear to have an important influence on landscapes through both biotic (foraging) and abiotic (soil turnover) impacts. Porcupine abundance and abiotic effects across the landscape were investigated in Nieuwoudtville, South Africa, a semi-arid area characterized by an extraordinary diversity and abundance of geophytes. Porcupine numbers were measured in 50 burrows, and the number of burrow entrances was a good predictor of the number of porcupines it contained (r 2=0.76). Occupied burrow density was estimated to be 2.6 burrows km-2 and porcupine density on the study farm was estimated to be 8 animals km-2, which is high relative to other Hystrix populations in semi-arid environments. This can probably be attributed to the high abundance of geophytes in the region. Annually, porcupines disturb 0.34% of the soil surface and 1.6 m3 ha-1 yr-1 of soil is displaced across the landscape, through the excavation of 160-3463 diggings per hectare. Up to 2.2 m3 of soil is displaced per hectare per year in the natural Dolerite Plains vegetation, but very little foraging activity occurs in previously or currently ploughed lands. The extent of disturbance in Nieuwoudtville is on a par with or higher than that recorded for other porcupine populations in arid or semi-arid regions. Other studies have shown that porcupine diggings disturb plant community structure and create fertile sites for plant germination and recruitment. Porcupine diggings in Nieuwoudtville contained significantly more seedlings than adjacent areas. Thus, through widespread foraging pits, soil turnover, and numerous burrows, porcupines modulate the availability of resources to other organisms. Therefore, Cape porcupines are likely to act as ecosystem engineers in this landscape. Porcupines should be included in any conservation actions involving the unique geophyte flora of Nieuwoudtville. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Burrows; Disturbance; Ecosystem engineers; Foraging diggings; Geophytes; Hystrix africaeaustralis; Porcupine density	burrow; disturbance; ecosystem function; geophyte; population density; semiarid region; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Animalia; Hystrix africaeaustralis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82655178577	Protein energy malnutrition and the nervous system: The impact of socioeconomic condition, weaning practice, infection and food intake, an Experience in Nigeria	Odebode T.O., Odebode S.O.	2005	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	4	5	10.3923/pjn.2005.304.309	Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Odebode, T.O., Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Odebode, S.O., Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Parental socio-economic condition, childhood infection, weaning practices, and childhood intake of food adequate in protein are known to influence the evolution of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) but this is only scantily documented for our setting. To evaluate the impact of these factors on the development of PEM and its neurological sequel in our setting, sixty-seven malnourished children attending our nutritional rehabilitation centre were analyzed for demographics, weaning age, weaning diets, weights and weight-for-age deficits, parental socio-economic conditions, literacy levels and annual per capita income. They were categorized using modified Welcome classification into four classes of PEM. Predominant neurological manifestations included delayed walking skill, hyperreflexia, spinal ataxia and nutritional neuropathies. Their parents were graded into five socio-economic classes according to the Registrar-General's occupational classification. A survey of food items produced by the parents and the proportion utilized for childhood consumption was carried out. The 67 children, 42 females and 25 males aged 3 months to five years, were categorized as marasmus (18%), marasmic kwashiorkor (16%), kwashiorkor (15%), and underweight (51%). Female children out-numbered males in all age groups and were more often severely affected than males. Children suffering from marasmus (mean age =15.4 months) were significantly younger (p< 0.05) than cases of kwashiorkor (18.1 months) and marasmic kwashiorkor (23.2 months) and those who were underweight (18 months). The commonest predisposing infection was recurrent diarrhoea (24, 35.8%), followed by intestinal parasitic infestation (10, 14.9%) and measles (8, 11.9%). The Registrar-General's occupational grouping placed most (91.6%) of the fathers and all mothers in the low socio-economic classes. Only meager proportions of parents produced protein rich farm products and utilized them child care. Poor parental socio-economic condition, infections, faulty weaning practices and low intake of protein-rich diet are vital to the development of PEM in our setting. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Kwashiorkor; Malnutrition; Marasmus	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14044269447	Performance evaluation of an Oil Palm Fruit Screen	Badmus G.A., Adeyemi N.A., Owolarafe O.K.	2005	Journal of Food Engineering	69	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.011	Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Badmus, G.A., Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Adeyemi, N.A., Nigerian Inst. for Oil Palm Research, Benin city, Nigeria; Owolarafe, O.K., Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Pre-sterilization cleaning of fruit by the removal of calyx is a common practice by Nigeria Small Scale Palm Oil producers. They manually pick palm fruits or repose fruits along inclined wire gauze to achieve the separation of calyx from fruits. These manual methods are slow, labour demanding and arduous. An Oil Palm Fruit Screen was designed (in the Research Engineering Division of NIFOR) to separate calyx from oil palm fruits (prior to fruit sterilization) and to clean fruits thereby improving oil palm fruit quality in the Small Scale Processing Engineering (SSPE) outfit used at NIFOR. In the evaluation of the machine, harvested oil palm fruit naturally containing calyx was screened. Known weights of palm fruit and calyx mixed in various proportions were also screened in the machine. Consistently, over 80% separation was obtained whenever a mixture of fruit and calyx is subjected to the machine. This result shows that the incorporation of this screen in the SSPE enhances pre-sterilization cleaning of palm fruits thereby improving the overall efficiency of the Small Scale Processing Equipment in terms of oil yield and quality. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	Calyx; Effectiveness; Oil palm fruits; Oil-yield; Quality; Screen	Crude petroleum; Harvesting; Heating; Hoppers; Quality control; Rotating machinery; Separation; Sterilization (cleaning); Calyx; Effectiveness; Oil palm fruits; Oil-yeild; Fruits; Crude Oil; Fruits; Harvesting; Heating; Hoppers; Rotary Machines; Separation; Sterilization; Calyx; Elaeis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244291492	Performance analysis of the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm-based multiuser detector	Whitehead J.B., Takawira F.	2005	IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing	53	2 I	10.1109/TSP.2004.840781	Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa	Whitehead, J.B., Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; Takawira, F., Sch. Elec., Electron./Comp. Eng., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa	This paper quantifies the adaptive performance of a blind adaptive multiuser detector (MUD) based on the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) in both a stationary and nonstationary channel. A framework is developed to apply the feedback analysis method to analyzing adaptive MUD schemes. A closed-form expression for the excess mean square error (EMSE) of LCCMA blind adaptive MUD in a CDMA communications system is derived for both of the steady-state and tracking cases. The effects of additive noise and multiple access interference are considered. A transient analysis is performed that predicts the learning curve of the adaptive filter. Computer simulation is used to verify the accuracy of the analysis. © 2005 IEEE.	Blind adaptive multiuser detection; Code division multiple access; Constant modulus algorithm; Excess mean square error; Feedback analysis; Steady-state analysis; Tracking analysis	Adaptive algorithms; Adaptive filtering; Approximation theory; Code division multiple access; Communication channels (information theory); Computer simulation; Mathematical models; Signal interference; Signal receivers; Transmitters; Vectors; White noise; Adaptive filter; Additive white Gaussian noise; Blind adaptive multiuser detection; Constant modulus algorithm; Excess mean square error; Feedback analyis; Steady state analysis; Tracking analysis; Signal detection	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644583919	Effective dose as a limiting quantity for the evaluation of primary barriers for diagnostic x-ray facilities	Okunade A.A.	2005	Health Physics	89	5 SUPPL.	None	Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Physics, Ibadan Road, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Okunade, A.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Physics, Ibadan Road, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Department of Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	The National Council on Radiation Protection in Report 147 of NCRP has recommended that shielding design limit for diagnostic x-ray facilities must be consistent with the guidance specified in Report 116 of NCRP. In the latter report, it is specified that the limit of exposure must be in terms of effective dose received annually. New mathematical models that are different from those in Report 49 of NCRP are reported in the recently published Report 147 of NCRP, and the design limit is specified as kerma value. In this work, to provide a means of compliance with the recommendation in Report 116 of NCRP, the effective dose that is classified as the limiting quantity in Report 57 of ICRU has been incorporated into shielding algorithms for diagnostic x-ray facilities. Also, shielding models are presented using exposure, kerma-in-air, kerma-in-tissue and ambient dose equivalent as limiting quantities. A computer program, XSHIELD, was written in FORTRAN language to execute these models. With design limits set at 1 mSv y-1 and 0.25 mSv y-1 (as specified in Report 116 of NCRP) and using sample distribution of workload, age of patient, field sizes at image receptor, and types of projection, computations of shielding requirements were carried out for rooms designated adult and pediatric chest rooms. For same values of respective workload and design limit, the use of exposure, kerma-in-air, kerma-in-tissue, and ambient dose equivalent as limiting quantity produces thicker barriers than the use of effective dose. By the use of effective dose as limiting quantity, the shielding requirement for the same workload is independent of size of the individual to be shielded. However, irradiating the individual who is to be shielded in posterior-anterior projection requires a thicker barrier than when irradiation is in lateral projection.	Operational topic; Radiation protection; Shielding; X-ray imaging	age; air; algorithm; article; computer program; health care facility; mathematical model; practice guideline; priority journal; radiation dose; radiation exposure; radiation protection; radiation shield; tissue level; workload; X ray; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Mathematics; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19044392238	Evaluation of risk factors for advanced glaucoma in Ghanaian patients	Ntim-Amponsah C.T., Amoaku W.M.K., Ewusi R.K., Idirisuriya-Khair R., Nyatepe-Coo E., Ofosu-Amaah S.	2005	Eye	19	5	10.1038/sj.eye.6701533	Ophthalmology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Academic Division of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Centre, University Hospital Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Ntim-Amponsah, C.T., Ophthalmology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Amoaku, W.M.K., Academic Division of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Centre, University Hospital Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Ewusi, R.K., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Idirisuriya-Khair, R., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Nyatepe-Coo, E., Eye Unit Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ofosu-Amaah, S., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Purpose: This study was to determine factors associated with individuals presenting late with advanced glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Methods: A case-control study recruiting 123 patients with early features of primary open angle glaucoma (control) and 93 patients with advanced glaucoma (cases) was carried out for risk-factor analysis. Exposures of interest included those already established as major risk factors for glaucoma. These were initial intraocular pressure (IOP), age, and family history. In addition, occupation, ethnic origin, history of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sickle cell disease, and previous eye examination were of interest. Results: Univariate analysis showed that initial IOP>31mmHg, age of > 60 years, absence of family history of glaucoma, occupational grouping, ethnicity, and male sex were associated with advanced glaucoma at presentation. Adjusted odds ratio or by multiple logistic regression model showed that initial IOP>31mmHg in a patient was more likely to present with advanced glaucoma (OR 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45, 4.91; P-value 0.0017) than lower pressures. Patients aged 60-69 years (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.01, 6.31; P-value 0.0473) and 70-90 years (OR 5.16, 95% CI 1.97, 13.51; P-value 0.0008) were more likely to present with advanced glaucoma than younger ones. Conclusions: Subjects with initial IOP>31 mmHg were nearly three times more likely to present with advanced glaucoma than those with IOP<32mmHg. Subjects over the age of 60 years were more than two times likely to present with advanced glaucoma than younger subjects. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.	Advanced glaucoma; Glaucoma in black patients; Glaucoma in Ghanaian African; Glaucoma risk	adult; age; aged; anamnesis; article; case control study; clinical feature; confidence interval; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; disease activity; ethnology; family history; female; Ghana; glaucoma; human; hypertension; intraocular pressure; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; male; multiple regression; occupation; open angle glaucoma; optic nerve injury; risk factor; sickle cell anemia; visual system examination; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Case-Control Studies; Developing Countries; Female; Ghana; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Risk Factors; Sex Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044364080	Evaluation of the xerovac process for the preparation of heat tolerant contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine	Litamoi J.K., Ayelet G., Rweyemamu M.M.	2005	Vaccine	23	20	10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.031	PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	Litamoi, J.K., PANVAC, P.O. Box 1746, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Ayelet, G., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia; Rweyemamu, M.M., AVIS College, London, United Kingdom	The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the xerovac process as a method for preparing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) vaccine with increased heat resistance. The thermo-protective effects of various concentrations of trehalose in mycoplasma growth medium, various concentrations of trehalose in the dehydration stabilizer and the importance of some divalent cations were assessed. The results obtained indicate that a rapid dehydration of CBPP vaccine following the xerovac method and in an excipient composed of a high concentration of trehalose, renders the product more heat tolerant than a similar vaccine prepared using a regular or an extended freeze drying regime. It was also demonstrated that the addition of chitosan as a mycoplasma precipitating agent conferred additional heat resistance to the vaccine. It is suggested that the application of the xerovac process in the dehydration of CBPP vaccine offers the advantages of a faster, cheaper and easier process over the conventional dehydration methods like freeze drying. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	CBPP vaccine; Heat tolerance; Lyophilization; Xerovac	bacterial vaccine; chitosan; contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine; trehalose; unclassified drug; article; bacterial growth; concentration response; contagious pleuropneumonia; culture medium; freeze drying; heat tolerance; human; medical assessment; Mycoplasma; precipitation; priority journal; promoter region; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cations, Divalent; Cattle; Chitosan; Drug Compounding; Drug Stability; Excipients; Freeze Drying; Heat; Indicators and Reagents; Mycoplasma mycoides; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Quality Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844446464	Impact of economic reforms on economics issues: A study of Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan A.M., Iyappan T., Selvam J.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00109.x	PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan, A.M., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Iyappan, T., Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Selvam, J., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	This paper is an attempt to investigate the impact of economic reforms on the economic issues in Ethiopia. Different economic issues - parameters determining the effectiveness of economic reforms - are separately discussed to measure how far Ethiopia has benefited from the reform policy. A simple and comparative analysis of various economic indicators between the pre-reform and post-reform, that is, between 1985/ 86-1991/92 and 1992/93-2001/02, reveals that those economic reforms have revamped the economy by moving its GDP from its long-standing poor record to a respectful growing state. Nevertheless, the reforms have failed in attaining other direct economic objectives, such as standard of living, external debt, trade balance deficit and current account deficit. Economic reforms have, no doubt, attracted a significant amount of private investment, but its volume started declining within the reform period and so were privatization proceeds. This study suggests that a full-fledged and committed reform is indispensable at the earliest to attaining the full benefits of reform policy. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	economic reform; Gross Domestic Product; investment; poverty; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27344432029	Evaluation of an optical characterization model for infrared reflectance spectroscopy of GaAs substrates	Engelbrecht J.A.A., James G.R.	2005	South African Journal of Science	101	42496	None	Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Engelbrecht, J.A.A., Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; James, G.R., Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	The assessment of substrates by infrared spectroscopy was evaluated by comparing the electrical properties of GaAs substrates obtained optically with the values measured electrically.	None	gallium; infrared spectroscopy; optical method; substrate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644547370	From impact assessment to effective management plans: Learning from the Great Brak Estuary in South Africa	Slinger J.H., Huizinga P., Taljaard S., van Niekerk L., Enserink B.	2005	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	23	3	None	Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands; CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa	Slinger, J.H., Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands; Huizinga, P., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taljaard, S., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; van Niekerk, L., CSIR, Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Enserink, B., Policy Analysis Section, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, Netherlands	In 1990, the environmental impacts of an upstream dam on the Great Brak town and estuary were assessed and a management plan and monitoring programme were devised. In a recent review of the monitoring results, planned water releases and interventions in the form of timely mouth breaching were found to have ensured that, although the estuary's abiotic functioning has altered, its biotic health has not deteriorated over the last ten years. The lessons learned are captured in the revised management plan of 2004, which exhibits a clear shift to explicit communication plans and operational procedures, indicating that the initial environmental impact assessment (EIA) products were rudimentary. We argue that learning-through-doing and active public participation in the Great Brak case are essential ingredients in the adaptive management that is fundamental to successful EIA follow-up. © IAIA 2005.	Adaptive management; EIA follow-up; Freshwater requirements; Mouth breaching; Public participation; Water management	assessment method; environmental impact; freshwater; monitoring system; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844527498	A critical evaluation of the South African state antiretroviral programme	Venter W.D.F.	2005	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	20	None	Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Venter, W.D.F., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; azithromycin; didanosine; efavirenz; nevirapine; stavudine; article; geographic distribution; health behavior; health care access; health care system; health program; hepatitis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; infection complication; lactic acidosis; lifestyle; nutritional health; pancreatitis; patient compliance; patient counseling; peripheral neuropathy; population distribution; population research; public health service; resource management; South Africa; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Stevens Johnson syndrome; treatment failure	None
None	None	Village electrification technologies - An evaluation of photovoltaic cells and compact fluorescent lamps and their applicability in rural villages based on a Tanzanian case study	Gullberg M., Ilskog E., Katyega M., Kjellström B.	2005	Energy Policy	33	10	10.1016/j.enpol.2003.12.005	Royal Institute of Technology, Avdelningen Byggnadsteknik, Brinellvagen 34, Stockholm S-100 44, Sweden; Luleå University of Technology, Luleå S-971 87, Sweden; Tanzania Elec. Supply Company Ltd., P.O. Box 9024, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Gullberg, M., Royal Institute of Technology, Avdelningen Byggnadsteknik, Brinellvagen 34, Stockholm S-100 44, Sweden; Ilskog, E., Luleå University of Technology, Luleå S-971 87, Sweden; Katyega, M., Tanzania Elec. Supply Company Ltd., P.O. Box 9024, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kjellström, B., Luleå University of Technology, Luleå S-971 87, Sweden	Electrification of remote sites in developing countries is often realised trough diesel generator sets and an electric distribution network. This was also the technology used in the village Urambo, where the first rural electrification co-operative in Tanzania was started in 1994. Climate change however calls for decreased fossil fuel combustion worldwide and new technologies have been further developed since the erection of the diesel generator sets in Urambo. It is therefore not obvious that electrification of other rural areas shall follow the Urambo example. In this article, the situation for 250 electricity consumers in Urambo will be demonstrated and the implications for them of introducing new technologies will be evaluated. Technology options regarded in the study are individual photovoltaic (PV) power systems and either incandescent lamps, tube lights or compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) supplied by diesel generation. The different options have been evaluated with respect to consumer costs and environmental impact. The results of the comparison show that PV generation is able to compete with diesel generation if combined with incandescent lamps, but not when tube lights or CFLs are used in the conventional supply system. It should be noted, however, that while the diesel option offer financially more attractive solutions, individual PV systems do not result in any CO2 emissions. Furthermore, PV systems normally have a higher reliability. However, since the diesel option is not only cheaper but also offers a wider range of energy services and facilitates, future connection to the national electric grid, the conclusion is that this is preferable before individual PV systems for communities similar to Urambo, if the consumers shall pay the full cost of the service. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Rural electrification; Tanzania; Technologies	Climate change; Combustion; Costs; Electric generators; Electric power distribution; Environmental impact; Fluorescent lamps; Fossil fuels; Incandescent lamps; Reliability; Compact fluorescent lights (CFL); Diesel generators; Photovoltaic power systems; Tanzania; Photovoltaic cells; alternative energy; photovoltaic system; resource development; rural electrification; solar power; technological development; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444443474	Root volume and raising period affect field performance of Pinus patula cuttings in South Africa	Mitchell R.G., Zwolinski J., Jones N.B., Bayley A.D.	2005	Southern African Forestry Journal	None	204	None	Sappi Forests Research, Ngodwana Nursery, P.O. Box 372, Ngodwana, 1209, South Africa; Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 1209, South Africa; Sappi SA Technology Centre, Innovation Hub Hatfield, No 1 Sydney Brenner Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Mitchell, R.G., Sappi Forests Research, Ngodwana Nursery, P.O. Box 372, Ngodwana, 1209, South Africa; Zwolinski, J., Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Jones, N.B., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, P.O. Box 473, Howick, 1209, South Africa; Bayley, A.D., Sappi SA Technology Centre, Innovation Hub Hatfield, No 1 Sydney Brenner Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The propagation of pines through cuttings has become a commercial means of rapidly multiplying improved genetic material for operational use in forestry companies. Cuttings of pines are produced entirely in containers in South Africa. Containers, however, can negatively affect plant growth and post-planting field performance if plants are allowed to grow beyond the constraints of the root cavity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of tray type and plant age on the field performance of Pinus patula rooted cuttings. Field assessments indicate that the combination of greater root mass at planting and increased media volumes improved field growth with the most significant response observed in stem diameter. Factors responsible for producing greater root dry mass at planting were increased media volume and a longer raising period in the nursery. Seven years after planting, cuttings with the largest root mass at planting (0.560 g) were 27% larger in individual tree volume than trees produced from cuttings having the smallest root mass at planting (0.159 g). Field survival was exceptionally good and did not differ among nursery treatments.	Cuttings; Field performance; Pinus patula; Plant age; Root collar diameter; Root mass; Root volume	Pinus patula	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444426126	Pollen morphological features and impact of temperature on pollen germination of various Pinus species	Nel A., Van Staden J.	2005	South African Journal of Botany	71	1	None	Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Nel, A., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Van Staden, J., Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The aim of this study was to determine if differences in pollen morphology and response to temperature treatments were apparent among seven Pinus species used in an inter-specific hybridisation programme. The seven species included were: P. caribaea, P. elliottii, P. greggii, P. oocarpa, P. patula, P. radiata and P. tecunumanii. This study showed that pollen from the seven Pinus species displays the structure typical of the Pinaceae, having no visibly distinguishing structural characteristics. Differences in pollen grain diameter, measured across the distal region of the grain, were found among species and among different clones of Pinus patula. The mean grain diameters ranged from 42μm (P. patula) to 50μm (P. radiata). Within P. patula they ranged between 42μm and 47μm. Different species responded differently to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated germinating pollen. Pollen stored at low humidity (below 10%) could tolerate relatively high temperatures up to 80°C, and still maintain some level of viability. P. caribaea and P. greggii maintained viability of 19 and 33%, respectively, after treatment at 80°C. The 90°C treatment resulted in zero viability for the three species investigated: P. caribaea, P. greggii and P. patula. In contrast to dry-stored pollen, re-hydrated pollen germinated in vitro at different temperatures, had lower levels of tolerance. Optimal germination occurred at 32°C and steadily declined for all species as the temperature was increased until 44°C at 2°C increments. P. caribaea, P. patula and P. tecunumanii still germinated, albeit at low levels at 40°C, but no germination occurred above 42°C. Differences in pollen tube length were observed between different species incubated at 30°C for 72h. P. caribaea displayed the longest tube length (242μm) while some clones of P. patula had the shortest pollen tubes (92μm). Morphological features cannot be used to distinguish among the species studied, but there were differences in tolerance levels to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated pollen among these species. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	coniferous tree; pollen; temperature effect; Pinaceae; Pinus caribaea; Pinus elliottii; Pinus greggii; Pinus oocarpa; Pinus patula; Pinus radiata; Pinus tecunumanii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-18944396088	The Lewis factor and its influence on the performance prediction of wet-cooling towers	Kloppers J.C., Kröger D.G.	2005	International Journal of Thermal Sciences	44	9	10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2005.03.006	Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X1034, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Kloppers, J.C., Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X1034, Secunda 2302, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	The effect of the Lewis factor, or Lewis relation, on the performance prediction of natural draft and mechanical draft wet-cooling towers is investigated. The Lewis factor relates the relative rates of heat and mass transfer in wet-cooling towers. The history and development of the Lewis factor and its application in wet-cooling tower heat and mass transfer analyses are discussed. The relation of the Lewis factor to the Lewis number is also investigated. The influence of the Lewis factor on the prediction of wet-cooling tower performance is subsequently investigated. The Poppe heat and mass transfer analysis of evaporative cooling are considered as the Lewis factor can be explicitly specified. It is found that if the same definition or value of the Lewis factor is employed in the fill test analysis and in the subsequent cooling tower performance analysis, the water outlet temperature will be accurately predicted. The amount of water that evaporates, however, is a function of the actual value of the Lewis factor. If the inlet ambient air temperature is relatively high, the influence of the Lewis factor, on tower performance diminishes. It is very important, in the view of the Lewis factor that any cooling tower fill test be conducted under conditions that are as close as possible to the conditions specified for cooling tower operating conditions. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.	Evaporation; Lewis factor; Lewis number; Poppe; Wet-cooling tower	Atmospheric humidity; Diffusion; Evaporation; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Nusselt number; Pressure effects; Specific heat; Velocity measurement; Viscosity; Lewis factor; Lewis number; Poppe; Wet-cooling tower; Cooling towers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15944398699	Assessment of pepper seed performance using desiccation sensitivity	Modi A.T.	2005	Seed Science and Technology	33	1	None	Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Modi, A.T., Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	During priming, seeds are subjected to hydration followed by dehydration and re-hydration is resumed during germination. It is postulated that the ability of seeds to withstand the effects of hydration and dehydration could be used to determine seed quality. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds from different production seasons (1998, 2000 and 2002) were hydroprimed for 2 h and then desiccated for 72 h over saturated salt solutions at 12% RH (20°C), 33% RH (23°C) and 52% RH (23°C). Seed membrane integrity was determined by a comparison of desiccated seeds with non-desiccated seeds, with respect to cation (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) content of steep water after imbibition. Seed desiccation sensitivity was determined by the total germination of desiccated seeds relative to control seeds that were neither hydrated nor desiccated over saturated salts. Desiccation sensitivity increased with the lowering of desiccation relative humidity. This effect was correlated with an increase in electrolyte leakage and reduction in seed germination, emergence and stand establishment. Fresh seeds were more resistant to desiccation than older seeds. A better correlation between desiccation sensitivity and seed quality compared with seed germination suggested that desiccation sensitivity could be used as a seed vigour test.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10444240254	Exposure to 2,4-decadienal negatively impacts upon marine invertebrate larval fitness	Caldwell G.S., Lewis C., Olive P.J.W., Bentley M.G.	2005	Marine Environmental Research	59	5	10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.06.005	Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Dept. of Biodiv. and Conserv. Biol., Intl. Ocean Inst.-Southern Africa, Univ. of the W. Cape, South Africa, South Africa	Caldwell, G.S., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Lewis, C., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom, Dept. of Biodiv. and Conserv. Biol., Intl. Ocean Inst.-Southern Africa, Univ. of the W. Cape, South Africa, South Africa; Olive, P.J.W., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom; Bentley, M.G., Sch. of Mar. Science and Technology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ridley Bldg., Claremont Rd., N., United Kingdom	Diatoms liberate volatile, biologically active unsaturated aldehydes following cell damage, which negatively impact upon invertebrate reproductive processes such as fertilization, embryogenesis and larval survival. 2,4-Decadienal is frequently identified among the aldehydes produced and is one of the more biologically active. The majority of studies which have examined the toxic effects of diatom aldehydes to invertebrate reproduction have scored egg production and/or hatching success as indicators of biological impacts. There are very few studies which have dealt specifically with the impacts of diatom-derived aldehydes on larval fitness. Larval stages of the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Nereis virens and the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Psammechinus miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at sub 1 μg ml -1 concentrations suffered reduced survival over the incubation period (day 1-8 post fertilization) with detectable differences for the polychates at a concentration of 0.005 and 0.01-0.1 μg ml -1 for the echinoderms. Susceptibility of larval N. virens was investigated using stage specific 24 h exposures at 2,4-decadienal concentrations up to 1.5 μg ml -1. A clear stage specific effect was found, with earlier larval stages most vulnerable. Nectochaete larvae (9-10 d) showed no reduction in survival at the concentrations assayed. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry, was used to analyse fitness of larval P. miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μg ml -1. The degree and frequency of asymmetrical development increased with increasing 2,4-decadienal concentration. Equally, as FA increased larval survival decreased. These results provide further support for the teratogenic nature of 2,4-decadienal and its negative impact on invertebrate larval fitness. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Aldehyde; Algal toxins; Decadienal; Developmental abnormality; Fluctuating asymmetry; Larval bioassay; Larval fitness; Marine invertebrates	2,4-decadienal; Cell damage; Embryogenesis; Fertilization; Aldehydes; Cells; Marine biology; Radon; Toxicity; Radiation hazards; 2,4 decadienal; aldehyde derivative; unclassified drug; aldehyde; biogenic emission; diatom; fitness; fluctuating asymmetry; interspecific interaction; invertebrate; larval development; toxin; article; concentration (parameters); environmental exposure; environmental impact; invertebrate; larva; larval stage; nonhuman; survival rate; teratogenesis; Abnormalities; Aldehydes; Animals; Diatoms; Environmental Exposure; Female; Larva; Male; Polychaeta; Population Dynamics; Reproduction; Survival Analysis; algae; Arenicola; Arenicola marina; Asterias; Asterias rubens; Bacillariophyta; Echinodermata; Invertebrata; Nereis; Nereis virens; Polychaeta; Psammechinus miliaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644441793	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. II. Stand establishment, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Seed coating is commonly used to supply fungicides and micronutrients to enhance seed quality. The primary reason for using mineral elements in seed priming is to regulate water absorption. Osmopriming and seed coating were compared for their effect on crop stand establishment, seedling chlorophyll fluorescence and seed yield in six green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ('Imbali', 'Sodwana', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua'). Three calcium salts (CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2) at five molarities (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM) were also compared as constituents of the priming solutions and seed coatings. Control seeds were not primed or coated. Osmopriming and seed coating improved crop stand establishment, reduced seedling stress as determined by chlorophyll fluorescence, and resulted in increased seed yield. However, seed coating was a better seed enhancement technique than osmopriming, regardless of calcium salt used. Both stand establishment and reduction of seedling stress were better with CaSO4 compared to CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 seed coating, which did not significantly differ. Crop yield, however, showed an equal response to CaSO4 and Ca(NO3)2), which was better than the response to CaCl2- Significant differences between cultivars were observed. However, no clear evidence was found to suggest that cultivar differences were not merely genotype related. It is suggested that the molarity of calcium salts in osmopriming and seed coating should not exceed 50 mM.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Osmopriming; Seed; Stand establishment	fungicide; seedling emergence; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644465197	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. I. Cotyledonal cracking	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Cotyledonal cracking is a physiological disorder, which appears as one or a few transverse fissures across legume seed cotyledons early during seed germination or seedling emergence. The fissures hinder translocation of nutrients to the developing seedling and cause stunted seedling growth and low yield. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of calcium, applied as a seed coat or priming osmoticum, on cotyledonal cracking in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions. Seeds of six green bean cultivars ('Imbali', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Sodwana', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua') were primed or coated with CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 solutions (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM). Control seeds were not primed or coated. Dried (∼ 10% moisture content on fresh mass basis) seeds were planted in the field at three sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A significant reduction in cotyledonal cracking occurred in response to increased calcium molarity, however, no effect of the anions of the calcium salts was observed. Coated seeds performed significantly better than primed seeds with respect to reduction of cotyledonal cracking. Cultivars differed significantly in their sensitivity to cotyledonal cracking. Hence, across all sites, cultivar response to calcium treatments was also correlated to the extent of cotyledonal cracking. There were no significant differences between sites with respect to cotyledonal cracking or calcium effects. This study provided evidence that cotyledonal cracking on green beans can be alleviated by seed calcium treatment.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Priming; Seeds	seedling emergence; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144505474	Subjective impacts of dental caries and fluorosis in rural Ugandan children	Robinson P.G., Nalweyiso N., Busingye J., Whitworth J.	2005	Community Dental Health	22	4	None	School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Cresent, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom	Robinson, P.G., School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Cresent, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom; Nalweyiso, N., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Busingye, J., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Whitworth, J., Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda	Objective: Describe the oral health related quality of life among a group of children in rural Uganda and compare impacts on oral health related quality of life associated with dental caries and fluorosis. Basic Research Design: Cross-sectional clinical and questionnaire analytical study. Participants: Proportional sample of 174 12 year olds attending primary schools in a rural sub-county of Uganda. Outcome measures: Clinical assessments using WHO basic methods and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index of Fluorosis (TFI). Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life data collected with self-administered child perception questionnaire (CPQ 11-14). Results: Two thirds of children reported a dental impact 'often' or 'everyday'. The mean number of impacts per child at this threshold was 2.6 and the mean total CPQ 11-14 score was 25.8 (sd 21.1). Mean DMFT was 0.68. No children had fillings. Forty-one children had dental fluorosis with 10 having scores greater than 2. CPQ 11-14 showed acceptable criterion validity and reliability. The number of sites with gingivitis or the presence of calculus or trauma were not associated with summary measures of CPQ 11-14 whereas having any dental caries or treatment experience was associated with higher total scores and more impacts. Socially noticeable fluorosis (TFI &gt;2) was associated with more impacts but not with higher total scores. Conclusions: Despite low levels of oral disease these children experience appreciable impacts on oral health related quality of life. The greatest burden was associated with dental caries and to a lesser extent, fluorosis. © BASCD 2005.	Children; Dental caries; Dental fluorosis; Oral health related quality of life	article; attitude to health; child; classification; cross-sectional study; dental caries; female; gingivitis; health; health survey; human; male; mouth hygiene; psychological aspect; quality of life; reproducibility; tooth calculus; tooth disease; tooth pain; Uganda; Attitude to Health; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Oral Hygiene; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Health; Toothache; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844464835	The impact of health on poverty: Evidence from the south African integrated family survey	Godlonton S., Keswell M.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	1	None	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Godlonton, S., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Keswell, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of health status on poverty status, accounting for the endogeneity of health status. Using exogenous measures of health status from the South African Integrated Health Survey, we instrument for health status while allowing for covariation among the unobservables influencing both health and household poverty status. Health status, as captured by the body mass index, is shown to strongly influence poverty status. Households that contain more unhealthy individuals are 60 per cent more likely to be income poor than households that contain fewer unhealthy individuals, and this finding appears invariant to the choice of poverty line. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	Economic development; Health production; Poverty	health status; health survey; income; poverty determinant; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344392413	Cycling time trial performance during different phases of the menstrual cycle	Oosthuyse T., Bosch A.N., Jackson S.	2005	European Journal of Applied Physiology	94	3	10.1007/s00421-005-1324-5	School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Oosthuyse, T., School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; Bosch, A.N., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Jackson, S., Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Submaximal exercise performance has not previously been assessed in the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which is associated with a pre-ovulatory surge in oestrogen. Therefore, we compared cycling time trial performance during the early follicular (EF), late follicular (LF) and mid-luteal (ML) phase of the menstrual cycle in trained and untrained eumenorrhoeic women who cycled 30 and 15 km, respectively, in a non-fasted state. The women completed the three cycling time trials on a conventional racing bicycle mounted on an air-braked ergometer. We required resting oestrogen to increase by at least twofold above EF phase values in both the LF and ML phases and this resulted in a number of exclusions reducing the sample size of each group. No significant difference was noted in the finishing time between the different menstrual phases in trained (n = 5) or untrained (n = 8) group, albeit limited by sample size. However, analysis of the combined trained and untrained group data (n = 13) revealed a trend for a faster finishing time (P=0.027) in the LF phase compared to the EF phase as 73% of the subjects showed improvements with an average of 5.2±2.9% (or 2.1±1.1 min) in the LF phase (for α=0.05 requires P < 0.017). Combined group analysis yielded no difference between performance in the EF and ML phase or between the LF and ML phase. Thus, further research is encouraged to confirm the tendency for a faster time trial in the LF phase, which coincides with the pre-ovulatory surge in oestrogen. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	Endurance performance; Eumenorrhoeic women; Ovarian hormones	estrogen; luteinizing hormone; adult; article; bicycle ergometry; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; estrogen blood level; exercise; female; follicular phase; heart rate; human; human experiment; luteal phase; luteinizing hormone blood level; menstrual cycle; normal human; oxygen consumption; physical capacity; priority journal; progesterone blood level; statistical analysis; statistical significance; Adult; Bicycling; Estrogens; Exercise Test; Female; Follicular Phase; Humans; Luteal Phase; Menstrual Cycle; Physical Education and Training; Task Performance and Analysis; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644389229	Evaluation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) for utilisation in energy production in developing countries	Fobil J.N., Carboo D., Armah N.A.	2005	International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management	5	1	10.1504/IJETM.2005.006508	School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana; UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	Fobil, J.N., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana, Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Carboo, D., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Armah, N.A., UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana, Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	In countries such as Ghana, which are still undergoing restructuring in their economies, low-cost energy supplies are most vital for development initiatives and may not only be the main constraint to their economic growth, but a principal source of conflicts in this century. But whether a meaningful and sustainable economic growth would be achieved or not rests exclusively on the removal of these energy constraints either by way of substitution for increasingly expensive conventional energy sources or new discoveries of cheaper alternatives that would power their industries. Such alternative sources should not only be cheap with great capability of promoting viable economies of scale, but also should be eco-efficient. Today, the traditional energy sources such as hydroelectric power, wood fuel, and oils are increasingly less attractive with a grown knowledge of their effects on the natural environment. This paper discusses research experiences gathered during a study that was undertaken in Accra, Ghana, to explore the potential for utilising municipal solid waste (MSW) for energy generation in a low-income economy and at the same time, address worsening MSW problems in the major cities. The results show that MSW in a typical low-income country is wet with low calorific values between 14 MJ/kg and 20 MJ/kg and an average energy recovery efficiency of about 40%. Copyright © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Conventional energy sources; Eco-efficient; Low-cost; Low-income economy; Scale of economies; Standing crop	Economic growth; Low-cost energy; Municipal solid wastes (MSW); Restructuring; Cost effectiveness; Energy utilization; Industrial economics; Municipal engineering; Social aspects; Sustainable development; Solid wastes; economy of scale; electricity supply; municipal solid waste; power generation; Accra; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ghana; Greater Accra; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17844411492	Impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on non-communicable disease prevention	Puoane T., Hughes G.D.	2005	South African Medical Journal	95	4	None	School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Oxford, MS, United States	Puoane, T., School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Hughes, G.D., Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Oxford, MS, United States	[No abstract available]	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; awareness; behavior modification; cardiovascular disease; cultural factor; diabetes mellitus; health behavior; health care policy; health education; health program; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hypertension; lifestyle; mortality; obesity; risk factor; South Africa; stroke; wasting syndrome; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Cultural Characteristics; Health Behavior; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors; South Africa	None
None	None	The role of participatory problem analysis in performance improvement and sustainable management of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems: A case study of Makanya village, Tanzania	Rajabu K.R.M.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	None	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.027	Soil Water Management Research Group, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3003, Morogoro, Tanzania	Rajabu, K.R.M., Soil Water Management Research Group, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3003, Morogoro, Tanzania	Poor availability of water and pastures has been identified as the single most important factor constraining productivity of livestock in Tanzania. Many smallholder livestock keepers have responded to the problem of shortage of water by constructing charco dams (dug out ponds constructed in flat semi-arid areas to store surface runoff). However, most of these charco dams are performing poorly. A participatory problem analysis was carried out in Makanya village in Tanzania in 2001/2002 to identify causes of poor performance of privately owned charco dams and to design appropriate intervention measures for each charco dam. A total of twenty charco dams were investigated, with storage capacities ranging from 20 to 2000 m3. The retention period of water in the investigated charco dams ranged from 2 to 7 months depending on the capacity of the charco dam, household size and the number of livestock kept. The analysis revealed that major problems causing poor performance of the charco dams were: (i) rapid siltation of the charco dams, (ii) low water retention period, and (iii) lack of or inadequate working tools to carry out maintenance works. Although most of the charco dam owners were aware of the first two problems they were not sure of their causes or their proper remedies. Evaluations done in 2003 and early 2004 has revealed that after improvement of the charco dams, the water retention period has increased by 2 months for the same household size and number of livestock. It was also noted that even those charco dam owners who were at first reluctant to join the initiative; have improved their charco dams accordingly through knowledge sharing with their neighbours. The study has shown that although farmers and pastoralists are endowed with vast indigenous knowledge, their technical know-how has some limitations. They therefore need to be supported by local institutions with the required technical know-how in order to sharpen their skills. This will enable them to realise the anticipated fruits. When a participatory approach is used to build their capacity by imparting new knowledge and skills, the performance and sustainability of rainwater harvesting systems will greatly be enhanced. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Charco dams; Participatory problem analysis; Performance improvement; Rain water harvesting; Western pare lowlands	Agricultural runoff; Agriculture; Dams; Performance; Rain; Charco dams; Participatory problem analysis; Performance improvement; Rain water harvesting; Western pare lowlands; Water resources; participatory approach; rainwater; water management; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World	None
None	None	Prevalence and impact of water-borne zoonotic pathogens in water, cattle and humans in selected villages in Dodoma Rural and Bagamoyo districts, Tanzania	Kusiluka L.J.M., Karimuribo E.D., Mdegela R.H., Luoga E.J., Munishi P.K.T., Mlozi M.R.S., Kambarage D.M.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	None	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.025	Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kusiluka, L.J.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Karimuribo, E.D., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mdegela, R.H., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Luoga, E.J., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Munishi, P.K.T., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mlozi, M.R.S., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kambarage, D.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study on the prevalence of water-borne zoonotic pathogens in water, cattle and humans was conducted in six villages in Dodoma Rural (5) and Bagamoyo (1) districts, Tanzania. Water sources were screened for faecal coliform organisms, thermophilic Campylobacter, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Faecal samples from cattle and humans were also analysed for the above specific pathogens. Results indicate that 70.8% (n = 48) of the water sources screened were contaminated with faecal coliform organisms. Water sources in two villages, one each in Dodoma Rural and Bagamoyo districts were also contaminated with Giardia lamblia. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in cattle in the two study areas was 2.3% (n = 942) and at least one animal in each village was infected with C. jejuni. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in 0.5% (n = 942) of the cattle examined in three villages in Dodoma district. Salmonella spp. was demonstrated in only 1.4% (n = 144) of the cattle in Chalinze village in Dodoma Rural district while G. lamblia was only detected in 1.5% (n = 202) of the animals examined in Chamakweza village in Bagamoyo district. Nine (1.9%) of the people screened at three heath centres in the study areas were infected with C. jejuni while 3.7% (n = 484) of the people had C. parvum oocysts. G. lamblia was detected in 2.5% of the 202 people screened at the Chalinze health centre in Bagamoyo district. Analysis of the secondary data revealed that clinical complaints related to enteric diseases were prevalent in humans in the two areas throughout the year and the prevalence varied from about 1% to 25% in both <5 years and ≥5 years patients. In conclusion, this study has highlighted the possible public health risks, which may be associated with keeping of animals and sharing of water sources between humans and animals. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Prevalence; Tanzania; Water-borne; Zoonotic pathogens	Coliform bacteria; Contamination; Developing countries; Diseases; Health risks; Statistical methods; Tanzania; Water borne zoonotic pathogens; Water resources; pathogen; waterborne disease; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World; Animalia; Bos taurus; Campylobacter; Campylobacter jejuni; Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium parvum; Giardia; Giardia intestinalis; Salmonella	None
None	None	Early performance of Azadirachta indica provenances at Mkundi and Chamwino, Tanzania	Mugasha A.G., Chamshama S.A.O., Singo K.I., Mgangamundo M.A.	2005	Journal of Tropical Forest Science	17	1	None	Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; National Tree Seed Programme, P.O. Box 373, Morogoro, Tanzania	Mugasha, A.G., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chamshama, S.A.O., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Singo, K.I., National Tree Seed Programme, P.O. Box 373, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mgangamundo, M.A., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Two trials to evaluate the performance of 20 provenances and one land race of Azadiracnia indica A. Juss (neem) from 10 countries were established in January 1996 at two contrasting sites in Tanzania. Assessments were carried out at the ages of 17 and 53 months after field planting. Both assessments involved survival, root-collar diameter (RCD) and height while branch number, leaf mass, foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and contents were assessed at 17 months only. At all assessment occasions except for survival, significant (p < 0.05) variation among the provenances was detected for the tested parameters. Overall, the Ban Nong (Thailand), Vietianne (Vietnam), Ban Bo (Thailand), Ramanaguda (India) and Doi Tao (Thailand) were the best performing provenances for Chamwino site while for Mkundi site, the best performers were Doi Tao (Thailand), Ban Bo (Thailand), Ban Nong (Thailand), Ghaati (India) and Vietianne (Vietnam) provenances. These provenances should be used as seed sources and for the establishment of pilot plantations in the respective sites and other areas with similar environmental conditions.	Genetic variation; Nutrient content; Root-collar diameter; Survival	Agriculture; Diseases; Environmental engineering; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Plants (botany); Sawdust; Timber; Foliar nitrogen; Genetic variation; Nutrient content; Root-collar diameter (RCD); Forestry; Agriculture; Azadirachta; Forestry; Forests; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sawing; Survival; Azadirachta indica; Azadirachta juss	None
None	None	Impact of indigenous-based interventions on land conservation: A case study of a soil conservation and agroforestry project, Arumeru district, Tanzania	Kajembe G.C., Julius F., Nduwamungu J., Wtakwa P.W., Nyange D.A.	2005	Land Degradation and Development	16	3	10.1002/ldr.656	Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kajembe, G.C., Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Julius, F., Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Nduwamungu, J., Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Wtakwa, P.W., Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Nyange, D.A., Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Land degradation has been identified as a serious problem in Tanzania since the 1920s. Among the factors normally cited as contributing to land degradation are deforestation, overgrazing and inappropriate farming practices. Several attempts by the government to arrest the problem have been based on top-down approaches. Indigenous-based interventions are among the alternative practices adopted by the Soil Conservation and Agroforestry Project in Arumeru District, Tanzania. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of the indigenous-based interventions on land conservation. More specifically the study intended to assess farmers' perception of land degradation, the adoption rate of indigenous-based interventions, the impact of those interventions, and lastly the sustainability of those interventions. Data for the study were collected through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques and a questionnaire survey. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®) was used to analyse quantitative data and Content and Structural-Functional Analyses were used for qualitative data. The study found that the rate of land degradation was perceived by respondents to be rather severe. The study also revealed that indigenous-based interventions, which require minimal labour and capital, have been highly adopted by many farmers while labour/capital intensive ones have been taken up by fewer farmers. In general, indigenous-based interventions appear to have eased farm operations and contributed towards increased crop yield, improved soil fertility and increased income. Success in some of the indigenous interventions warrants their wider promotion beyond the project area. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Indigenous-based interventions; Land degradation; Land/soil conservation; Sustainable agriculture; Tanzania	Agriculture; Data reduction; Deforestation; Degradation; Farms; Public policy; Agroforestry; Crop yield; Land conservation; Participatory rural appraisal (PRA); Soil conservation; agroforestry; soil conservation; soil erosion; sustainability; Agriculture; Conservation; Deforestation; Degradation; Land; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244454770	Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands	Chown S.L., Hull B., Gaston K.J.	2005	Global Ecology and Biogeography	14	6	10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00173.x	Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Chown, S.L., Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Hull, B., Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Gaston, K.J., Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom	Aim Ongoing biological invasions will enhance the impacts of humans on biodiversity. Nonetheless, the effects of exotic species on diversity are idiosyncratic. Increases in diversity might be a consequence of similar responses by species to available energy, or because of positive relationships between human density, energy and propagule pressure. Here we use data from the Southern Ocean island plants and insects to investigate these issues. Location The Southern Ocean Islands ranging from Tristan da Cunha to Heard Island and South Georgia. Methods Generalized linear models are used to explore the relationships between indigenous and exotic species richness for plants and insects on two different islands. Similar models are used to examine interactions between indigenous and exotic species richness, energy availability and propagule pressure at the regional scale. Results Positive relationships were found between indigenous and exotic species richness at local scales, although for plants, the relationship was partially triangular. Across the Southern Ocean Islands, there was strong positive covariation between indigenous and exotic plant species richness and insect species richness, even taking spatial autocorrelation into account. Both exotic and indigenous plant and insect species richness covaried with energy availability, as did human visitor frequency. When two islands with almost identical numbers of human visits were contrasted, it was clear that energy availability, or perhaps differences in climate-matching, were responsible for differences in the extent of invasion. Conclusion In plants and insects, there are positive relationships between indigenous and exotic diversity at local and regional scales across the Southern Ocean islands. These relationships are apparently a consequence of similar responses by both groups and by human occupants to available energy. When visitor frequency is held constant, energy availability is the major correlate of exotic species richness, though the exact mechanistic cause of this relationship requires clarification. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Disturbance; Diversity; Human history; Insects; Introduced species; Propagule pressure; Vascular plants	biodiversity; biological invasion; human activity; island; species richness; Southern Ocean; Hexapoda; Insecta; Tracheophyta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29544448204	Risks associated with rockpasses in deep-level tabular mines based on historical pass performance	Joughin W.C., Stacey T.R.	2005	Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	105	11	None	SRK Consulting; University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Joughin, W.C., SRK Consulting; Stacey, T.R., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Problems with the stability and performance of rockpasses in deeplevel mines are common. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the recorded performance of rockpasses in deeplevel gold mines. Records relevant to the geological environment in which the passes are excavated, their excavation details, and their historical performance are not at all well documented on mines. In general, the quality of data available from mines is poor. The investigation showed that very large spans frequently developed in passes during use, and that rock mass quality, the orientation of the pass with respect to the dip of the strata, and the magnitude of the stress acting normal to the axis of the pass were the main factors of influence. From the historical information obtained, the risks of instability in rockpasses are identified. © The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2005.	None	Deeplevel mines; Rockpasses; Data acquisition; Excavation; Geology; Gold; Risk assessment; Gold mines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844446793	The effect of nitrogen fertilizer application to maize and sorghum on the bionomics of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the performance of its larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)	Jiang N., Schulthess F.	2005	Bulletin of Entomological Research	95	6	10.1079/BER2005381	Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Jiang, N., Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Schulthess, F., Stemborer Biological Control Project, International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, PO Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant species (maize, sorghum), plant age (young, middle, old) and four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0-N3) on the bionomics of the invasive crambid Chilo partellus and the performance of its braconid larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Plant N varied significantly between N0 and N1-N3, but the differences among the latter were not significant. Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments. On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased. Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize. On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants: on maize, it was highest on young plants and on sorghum on old plants. Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source. Consequently, larval weight was lower on older than younger plants. The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus. Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species. Differences in egg load between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant. It was concluded that on depleted soils only, an increase in nitrogen via mulching, rotation with a leguminous crop or fertilization would increase survival of C. partellus on both maize and sorghum and an increase in acreage of maize and in application of nitrogen fertilizer in an area would also increase the parasitism of C. flavipes. © CAB International, 2005.	Bionomics; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Frass; Maize; Nitrogen; Plant age; Sorghum; Tunnel	fertilizer; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; fertilizer; maize; nitrogen; parasitoid; sorghum; animal; article; chemistry; drug effect; feces; growth, development and aging; host parasite interaction; maize; moth; parasite identification; parasitology; plant leaf; plant stem; population dynamics; reproduction; sex ratio; sorghum; statistics; wasp; Animals; Feces; Fertilizers; Host-Parasite Relations; Moths; Nitrogen; Parasite Egg Count; Phosphorus; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Population Dynamics; Potassium; Reproduction; Sex Ratio; Sorghum; Wasps; Zea mays; Braconidae; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Crambinae; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144408765	Geophysical evidence for a pre-impact Sudbury dome, southern Superior Province, Canada	Prevec S.A., Cowan D.R., Cooper G.R.J.	2005	Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences	42	1	10.1139/E04-097	Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa; Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Prevec, S.A., Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa, Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Cooper, G.R.J., Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	New filtering of aeromagnetic images of the Sudbury area indicates the existence of a large, elliptical feature that appears to underlie the deformed Sudbury Structure in the region of the exposed Levack Gneiss Complex, such that the two features have long axes which are significantly orthogonal to one another. A north-south-oriented ellipse appears to be crosscut by that of the Sudbury Structure and does not correspond to known local lithological or structural trends. The magnetic images, combined with existing tectonic, petrological, geothermometric and geobarometric, and geochronological data, are used to suggest the existence of a pre-impact crustal dome in the southernmost Abitibi subprovince,probably related to ca.2450 Ma rifting and magmatism in the area. This is consistent with existing petrological and tectonic evidence from a variety of sources. Although the doming is itself unrelated to the ca. 1850 Ma Sudbury event, it may have affected the thermal regime existing at the time of impact, which would have profound implications for the subsequent evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. © 2005 NRC Canada.	None	Earth sciences; Geochronology; Geophysical prospecting; Lithology; Petrology; Tectonics; Aeromagnetic images; Crustal domes; Geothermometry; Magmatism; Domes; aeromagnetic survey; dome; geological structure; Canada; North America; Ontario; Sudbury Structure; Western Hemisphere; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844563309	Mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis: Lack of evidence for collateral impact on transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti in areas of co-endemicity	Richards Jr. F.O., Eigege A., Pam D., Kal A., Lenhart A., Oneyka J.O.A., Jinadu M.Y., Miri E.S.	2005	Filaria Journal	4	None	10.1186/1475-2883-4-6	The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria	Richards Jr., F.O., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Eigege, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Pam, D., Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Kal, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Lenhart, A., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States; Oneyka, J.O.A., Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Jinadu, M.Y., Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria; Miri, E.S., The Carter Center, One Copenhill, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States	There has long been interest in determining if mass ivermectin administration for onchocerciasis has 'unknowingly' interrupted lymphatic filariasis (LF) transmission where the endemicity of the two diseases' overlaps. We studied 11 communities in central Nigeria entomologically for LF by performing mosquito dissections on Anopheline LF vectors. Six of the communities studied were located within an onchocerciasis treatment zone, and five were located outside of that zone. Communities inside the treatment zone had been offered ivermectin treatment for two-five years, with a mean coverage of 81% of the eligible population (range 58-95%). We found 4.9% of mosquitoes were infected with any larval stage of W. bancrofti in the head or thorax in 362 dissections in the untreated villages compared to 4.7% infected in 549 dissections in the ivermectin treated villages (Mantel-Haenszel ChiSquare 0.02, P = 0.9). We concluded that ivermectin annual therapy for onchocerciasis has not interrupted transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti (the causative agent of LF in Nigeria). © 2005 Richards et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	ivermectin; Anopheles; article; chi square test; community care; controlled study; dissection; evidence based medicine; filariasis; head; health program; human; larval stage; Mantel Haenszel test; mosquito; Nigeria; nonhuman; onchocerciasis; parasite transmission; parasite vector; species endemicity; thorax; Wuchereria bancrofti; zoology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444480278	Bank privatization and performance: Empirical evidence from Nigeria	Beck T., Cull R., Jerome A.	2005	Journal of Banking and Finance	29	8-9 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.03.018	The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Beck, T., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Cull, R., The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Jerome, A., Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	We assess the effect of privatization on performance in a panel of Nigerian banks for the period 1990-2001. We find evidence of performance improvement in nine banks that were privatized, which is remarkable given the inhospitable environment for true financial intermediation. Our results also suggest negative effects of the continuing minority government ownership on the performance of many Nigerian banks. Finally, our results complement aggregate indications of decreasing financial intermediation over the 1990s; banks that focused on investment in government bonds and non-lending activities enjoyed a relatively better performance. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bank performance; Bank privatization; Nigeria	None	None
WoS	WOS:000226560400004	The impact of adult mortality and parental deaths on primary schooling in north-western Tanzania	Ainsworth, M,Beegle, K,Koda, G	2005	JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES	41	3	10.1080/0022038042000313318	The World Bank, University of Dar es Salaam	None	Mortality of parents and other adults due to the African AIDS epidemic could reduce children's primary schooling by reducing households' ability to pay fees, raising the opportunity cost of children's time, and leaving orphaned children with guardians who care less about their education than would their parents. This study measures the impact of adult deaths and orphan status on primary school attendance and hours spent at school using a panel household survey from north-western Tanzania, an area hard-hit by the AIDS epidemic. Attendance was delayed for maternal orphans and children in poor households with a recent adult death; there was no evidence that children 7-14 dropped out of primary school due to orphan status or adult deaths. However, among children already attending, school hours were significantly lower in the months prior to an adult death in the household and seemed to recover following the death. In addition, girls sharply reduced their hours in school immediately after losing a parent. Improvements in school quality and better access to secondary education would improve outcomes for all children, including those affected by adult AIDS mortality. Beyond that, public policy needs to focus on the special schooling constraints faced by children affected by adult deaths, both in terms of increased opportunity costs of their time and the psychological impacts, with an eye to how they might be mitigated and at what cost.	,AIDS,COUNTRIES,"HIV-1 INFECTION","KAGERA REGION",PREVALENCE,"RURAL TANZANIA","SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32144457214	Traditional healers for HIV/AIDS prevention and family planning, Kiboga district, Uganda: Evaluation of a program to improve practices	Ssali A., Butler L.M., Kabatesi D., King R., Namugenyi A., Kamya M.R., Mandel J., Chen S.Y., McFarland W.	2005	AIDS and Behavior	9	4	10.1007/s10461-005-9019-9	Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	Ssali, A., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Butler, L.M., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kabatesi, D., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; King, R., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Namugenyi, A., District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mandel, J., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Chen, S.Y., San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; McFarland, W., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	In the face of ongoing epidemics of HIV/AIDS and STI, high demand for family planning, and limited resources, traditional healers may be under-utilized providers of reproductive health education in rural sub-Saharan Africa. We implemented a training program in HIV prevention and family planning methods for healers in the Kiboga district of Uganda and evaluated the program's impact on healers' clinical practice and the diffusion of information to their female clients. Of 46 healers recruited, 30 (65%) completed a pre- and post- training interview. Following training, traditional healers increased discussions of family planning with their clients. Of 84 female clients recruited, 44 (52%) completed the interview before and after the training for healers. Female clients corroborated that they increased discussions of family planning with their healers, as well as discussions about HIV/AIDS. Both healers and their female clients were more likely to make a connection between family planning, condom use, and HIV prevention after the training compared to before the training. Findings provide evidence that traditional healers in a rural area of Uganda can successfully adapt HIV prevention messages and family planning information into their clinical practices. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Family planning; HIV prevention; Traditional healers; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; clinical practice; condom; controlled study; counseling; evaluation; family planning; female; gender; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; interview; male; medical information; normal human; traditional medicine; training; Uganda; Adult; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Program Evaluation; Rural Population; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244483602	Long-term integrated soil fertility management in South-western Nigeria: Crop performance and impact on the soil fertility status	Vanlauwe B., Diels J., Sanginga N., Merckx R.	2005	Plant and Soil	273	02-Jan	10.1007/s11104-005-0194-2	Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Vanlauwe, B., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Merckx, R., Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Crop response, tree biomass production and changes in soil fertility characteristics were monitored in a long-term (1986-2002) alley-cropping trial in Ibadan, Nigeria. The systems included two alley cropping systems with Leucaena leucocephala and Senna siamea on the one hand and a control (no-trees) system on the other hand, all cropped annually with a maize-cowpea rotation. All systems had a plus and minus fertilizer treatment. Over the years, the annual biomass return through tree prunings declined steadily, but more drastically for Leucaena than for Senna. In 2002, the nitrogen contribution from Leucaena residues stabilized at about 200 kg N/ha/year, while the corresponding value for Senna was about 160 kg N/ha/year. On average, the four Leucaena prunings were more equal in biomass as well as in amounts of N, P and cations, while the first Sennapruning was always contributing up to 60% of the annual biomass or nutrient return. Maize crop yields declined steadily in all treatments, but the least so in the Senna + fertilizer treatment where in 2002 still 2.2 tonnes/ha of maize were obtained. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was usually higher in the Senna treatment compared to the control or the Leucaena treatment. Added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer N and organic matter additions were observed only for the Sennatreatment and only in the last 6 years. At all other times, they remained absent or were even negative in the Leucaenatreatments for the first 3 years. Most chemical soil fertility parameters decreased in all the treatments, but less so in the alley cropping systems. The presence of trees had a positive effect on remaining carbon stocks, while they were reduced compared to the 1986 data. Trees had a positive effect on the maintenance of exchangeable cations in the top soil. Exchangeable Ca, Mg and K - and hence ECEC - were only slightly reduced after 16 years of cropping in the tree-based systems, and even increased in the Senna treatments. In the control treatments, values for all these parameters reduced to 50% or less of the original values after 16 years. All the above points to the Senna-based alley system with fertilizers as the more resilient one. This is reflected in all soil fertility parameters, in added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer nitrogen and organic residue application and in a more stable maize yield over the years, averaging 2.8 tonnes/ha with maximal deviations from the average not exceeding 21%. © Springer 2005.	Added benefits; Alley cropping; Leucaena leucocephala; Maize; Nitrogen use efficiency; Senna siamea	alley cropping; biomass; crop performance; fertilizer application; soil fertility; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Leucaena; Leucaena leucocephala; Senna; Senna siamea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20544455616	Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise & endurance performance	Bosch A.N., Noakes T.D.	2005	Indian Journal of Medical Research	121	5	None	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa	Bosch, A.N., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands 7700, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	carbohydrate; glucose; insulin; article; carbohydrate intake; carbohydrate metabolism; concentration (parameters); endurance; energy consumption; energy metabolism; exercise; fatigue; glucose blood level; glycogen muscle level; glycogenolysis; human; insulin blood level; medical research; oxidation; oxygen consumption; physical activity; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Exercise; Glucose; Humans; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Time Factors	None
WoS	WOS:000234123500009	Impact of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness on inequalities in child health in rural Tanzania	de Savigny, D,Masanja, H,MSHINDA, H,SCHELLENBERG, JA,VICTORA, CG	2005	HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING	20	None	10.1093/heapol/czi054	Universidade Federal de Pelotas, University of Basel, University of London, Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Swiss Trop Inst, Tanzania Essential Hlth Intervent Project	None	We examined the impact of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy on the equality of health outcomes and access across socioeconomic gradients in rural Tanzania, by comparing changes in inequities between 1999 and 2002 in two districts with IMCI (Morogoro Rural and Rufiji) and two without (Kilombero and Ulanga). Equity differentials for six child health indicators (underweight, stunting, measles immunization, access to treated and untreated nets, treatment of fever with antimalarial) improved significantly in IMCI districts compared with comparison districts (p &lt; 0.05), while four indicators (wasting, DPT coverage, caretakers' knowledge of danger signs and appropriate careseeking) improved significantly in comparison districts compared with IMCI districts (p &lt; 0.05). The largest improvements were observed for stunting among children between 24-59 months of age. The concentration index improved from -0.102 in 1999 to -0.032 in 2002 for IMCI, while it remained almost unchanged -0.122 to -0.133 in comparison districts. IMCI was associated with improved equity for measles vaccine coverage, whereas the opposite was observed for DPT antigens. This study has shown how equity assessments can be incorporated in impact evaluation at relatively little additional cost, and how this may point to specific interventions that need to be reinforced. The introduction of IMCI led to improvements in child health that did not occur at the expense of equity.	"CHILD HEALTH","CHILD SURVIVAL",EQUITY,IMCI,"SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS",CARE,INEQUITIES,MORTALITY,POOR	None	None
WoS	WOS:000232555300005	Globalization: Its impact on scientific research in Nigeria	Ani, OE,Biao, EP	2005	JOURNAL OF LIBRARIANSHIP AND INFORMATION SCIENCE	37	3	10.1177/0961000605057482	University of Calabar	None	This article reports on a study which investigated the impact of globalization on scientific research in Nigeria. The research data were collected using a questionnaire survey which was administered to academics in science-based disciplines in four Nigerian universities: University of Calabar, University of Uyo, University of Lagos and University of lbadan. The results of the study show that ease of scientific communication, an increased access to current scientific books/journals and improvements in the quality of research were considered the main effects of globalization on scientific research in Nigeria. The findings of the study also show that the major factors considered to impede globalization of science in the country were frequent power cuts, a poor maintenance culture of ICT infrastructures/ facilities, and an inadequate knowledge/awareness of the potential and capabilities of ICT by Nigerian scientists. Relevant recommendations based on these findings are made.	GLOBALIZATION,NIGERIA,"RESEARCH SCIENTISTS","SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH",UNIVERSITIES	None	None
WoS	WOS:000226082700001	Knowledge base system for human resource evaluation in a university environment	Akinyokun, OC,Uzoka, FME	2005	JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION	33	1	None	University of Calgary, Fed Univ Technol Akure	None	The statutory objectives of a university include teaching. research. and community development. The major assets employed in the attainment of these objectives include mail, money, materials, and time, Man, who serves as the major driver of the other assets, has three components, namely academic staff, administrative staff, and technical staff. An essential management function is the evaluation of the academic staff of the university in order to determine their contributions to the aims and objectives of the university. In this study, a knowledge base system has been developed for the evaluation of the performance of human resources in a university environment, with emphasis on the academic staff component. The system, christened HURES. is developed in a Microsoft Access and Visual Basic 6.0 environment. A case study of the academic staff of a university community is carried out in order to demonstrate the practicality of the system.	"ACADEMIC STAFF","cognitive filter","emotional filter",evaluation,"HUMAN RESOURCES","INFERENCE ENGINE","KNOWLEDGE BASE",UNIVERSITY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000228804800024	Evaluation of an HlV/AlDS peer education programme in a South African workplace	MYERS, JE,Sloan, NM	2005	SAMJ SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL	95	4	None	University of Cape Town	None	Objectives. To evaluate a South African workplace HIV/AIDS peer-education programme running since 1997. Methods. In 2001 a cross-sectional study was done of 900 retail-section. employees in three geographical areas. The study measured HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS, belief about self-risk of infection, and condom use as a practice indicator. The impact of an HIV/AIDS peer-education programme on these outcomes was examined. Results. Training by peer educators had no significant impact on any outcome. Fifty-nine per cent of subjects had a good knowledge score, 62% had a positive attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS, 34% used condoms frequently, and the majority of participants (73%) believed they were at low risk of infection. Logistical regression showed that a very small proportion of the variance in the four outcomes was.. explained by potential determinants of interest,(8% for knowledge, 6% for attitude, 7% for risk and 17% for condom use). Conclusions. The HIV peer-education programme was found to be ineffective and may have involved an opportunity cost. The programme contrasts with more costly comprehensive, care that includes antiretrovirals. The private sector appears to have been as tardy as the public sector in addressing them epidemic effectively.	,HIV,HIV/AIDS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29444435800	Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances	Noakes T.D., Sharwood K., Speedy D., Hew T., Reid S., Dugas J., Almond C., Wharam P., Weschler L.	2005	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	102	51	10.1073/pnas.0509096102	University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Sports Medicine Practice, St. Helen's Hospital, Hobart 7216, Tasmania, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; 161 Richdale Road, Colts Neck, NJ 07722, United States; University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, 7700, South Africa	Noakes, T.D., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Sharwood, K., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Speedy, D., Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Hew, T., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Reid, S., Sports Medicine Practice, St. Helen's Hospital, Hobart 7216, Tasmania, Australia; Dugas, J., University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, 7700, South Africa; Almond, C., Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Wharam, P., Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Aukland 1020, New Zealand; Weschler, L., 161 Richdale Road, Colts Neck, NJ 07722, United States	To evaluate the role of fluid and Na+ balance in the development of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), changes in serum Na+ concentrations ([Na+]) and in body weight were analyzed in 2,135 athletes in endurance events. Eighty-nine percent of athletes completed these events either euhydrated (39%) or with weight loss (50%) and with normal (80%) or elevated (13%) serum [Na+]. Of 231 (11%) athletes who gained weight during exercise, 70% were normonatremic or hypernatremic, 19% had a serum [Na+] between 129-135 mmol/liter, and 11% a serum [Na+] of &lt;129 mmol/liter. Serum [Na+] after racing was a linear function with a negative slope of the body weight change during exercise. The final serum [Na+] in a subset of 18 subjects was predicted from the amount of Na+ that remained osmotically inactive at the completion of the trial. Weight gain consequent to excessive fluid consumption was the principal cause of a reduced serum [Na+] after exercise, yet most (70%) subjects who gained weight maintained or increased serum [Na+], requiring the addition of significant amounts of Na+ (&gt;500 mmol) into an expanded volume of total body water. This Na+ likely originated from osmotically inactive, exchangeable stores. Thus, EAH occurs in athletes who (i) drink to excess during exercise, (ii) retain excess fluid because of inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion, and (iii) osmotically inactivate circulating Na+ or fail to mobilize osmotically inactive sodium from internal stores. EAH can be prevented by insuring that athletes do not drink to excess during exercise, which has been known since 1985. © 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.	Endurance; Exchangeable Na+ stores; Fluid overload; Overdrinking; Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion	article; athlete; body weight; drinking; endurance; exercise; fluid balance; human; human experiment; hypernatremia; hyponatremia; inappropriate vasopressin secretion; normal human; priority journal; sodium balance; sodium blood level; total body water; weight reduction; Body Weight; Dehydration; Exercise; Humans; Hyponatremia; Sodium; Sports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30044433053	Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of an industrial solid waste leachate	Schoeman J.J., Steyn A., Makgae M.	2005	Desalination	186	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.061	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Makgae, M., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A hazardous leachate from an industrial landfill site is stored in lined dams. The TDS (approximately 100 g/l) and the organic concentration (approximately 70 g/l COD) of the leachate are high. The high TDS concentration of the leachate would make treatment with reverse osmosis (RO) very difficult. The leachate also contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, barium, strontium and phenolics. This leachate has the potential to pollute the water environment, if the dams overflow. Therefore, electrodialysis (ED) was evaluated as an alternative technology to desalinate/concentrate the leachate for effluent volume reduction and pollution control. Physical/chemical pretreatment of the leachate with fly ash and chemicals have shown that the fouling potential of the leachate for membrane systems could be significantly reduced. The AFN anionic membrane from Tokuyama Soda was found to be the most resistant anionic membrane towards membrane fouling during tests in a membrane fouling test cell. This membrane was then used in a laboratory-scale ED stack to evaluate the process for treatment of the leachate. It was found that the leachate could be effectively desalinated/concentrated with ED. The desalinated effluent was significantly less toxic and more biodegradable than the ED feed or brine which comprised approximately 38% of the treated leachate. It also appears that it should be possible to control membrane fouling with regular membrane cleanings. Electrodialysis pilot tests were finally conducted in the batch and feed-and-bleed modes to develop process design criteria for a full-scale application. It was found that an excellent quality water could be produced with batch ED treatment followed by RO desalination. The treated water is almost of potable quality (645 mg/l TDS) except for high COD (935 mg/l). Feed-and-bleed ED pilot tests have shown that the TDS of the leachate could be reduced from 116,255 mg/l to 2,435 mg/l (5 stage ED). Brine volume comprised approximately 41% of the treated leachate. The capital cost of an 80 kl/d (feed) ED plant is estimated at 2.38 million US$. Operational costs are estimated at 28.96 US$/kl. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrodialysis; Leachate characterisation; Leachate treatment; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Treatment costs; Volume reduction	Industrial waste treatment; Leachate treatment; Membranes; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Solid wastes; Leachate characterisation; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Treatment costs; Volume reduction; Electrodialysis; electrodialysis; filtration; leachate; membrane	None
WoS	WOS:000228730200006	Evaluating the sexual behaviour, barriers to condom use and its actual use by university students in Nigeria	SUNMOLA, AM	2005	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	17	4	10.1080/09540120412331319732	University of Ibadan	None	This research quantified the barriers to condom use of a sample of university students in Nigeria. It further analyzed association between condom use at last intercourse and the barriers, in addition to HIV risk sexual practices. A total of 96 women and 128 men were randomly selected, and they completed a survey. Results indicated both men and women reported that condoms hindered their sexual satisfaction, caused health problems for them and reduced their sexual interest. The findings also showed that obtaining condoms from clinics and perception that condoms do not cause health problems predicted the likelihood of condom use for both sexes. In addition, the results indicated that obtaining first time information from family members or relatives predicted the likelihood of condom use for women. It was recommended that intervention efforts should make condoms freely available in tertiary institutions, and such interventions should be tailored to overcome the relevant barriers that interfere with condom use for both the women and men.	,DETERMINANTS,RISK	None	None
WoS	WOS:000232529400007	Communicating HIV and AIDS, what works? A report on the impact evaluation of Soul City's fourth series	GOLDSTEIN, S,Japhet, G,Scheepers, E,Usdin, S	2005	JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION	10	5	10.1080/10810730591009853	University of Witwatersrand	None	This article describes the evaluation of the HIV/AIDS communication aspect of the multi media Soul City, health promotion intervention in South Africa. The intervention consists of a television and radio drama and print material. The evaluation was multifaceted with a before and after national survey and a national qualitative study. M the before and after survey, change it-as measured and then multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the variables associated with the change. The qualitative study consisted of focus group discussions, which were analysed thematically. The studies shalt, that there are numerous instances of community change and how, the change is mediated at the community level. The studies also describe the change at a number of levels of the described behaviour change model for individuals.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000230838900003	Evaluation of automated services in Nigerian universities	SANI, A,TIAMIYU, M	2005	ELECTRONIC LIBRARY	23	3	10.1108/02640470510603679	University of Ibadan, Natl Univ Commis	None	Purpose - To evaluate the status of automated information services in selected Nigerian universities with a view to identifying progress and prospects of, and constraints to, the technological transformation of Nigerian universities as the basis of strategic recommendations to the different stakeholders in Nigerian university education. Design/methodology/approach - The study assessed the status of automated information systems and services in Nigerian universities in mid-2002 through site visits, and questionnaire and interview surveys of the views of administrators, teaching/non-teaching staff, students and researchers in the universities. Findings - It was found that automated services were far from adequate and that, out of the 29 different automated services that one would expect in a modem university, only about 40 per cent were available and utilized. Federal universities that had enjoyed higher levels of funding for automated systems had higher output of automated services than the non-federal universities. Major obstacles militating against the automated services in the universities include inadequate funds, electricity supply and telecommunications connectivity, as well as inadequate human resources for the automated systems. Respondents were marginally satisfied with the services of the computerized accounting system and the MIS-related databases, but were very dissatisfied with the level of automated library services. Originality/value - Clearly presents the challenges facing the Nigerian university system and individual Nigerian universities in the process of automating their operations.	"INFORMATION SERVICES","LIBRARY AUTOMATION",NIGERIA,UNIVERSITIES	None	None
WoS	WOS:000230393700002	Major factors influencing HIV/AIDS project evaluation	Green, JM,Niba, MB	2005	EVALUATION REVIEW	29	4	10.1177/0193841X05276654	University of Kwazulu Natal	None	This article aimed at finding out if participatory processes (group discussions, enactments, and others) do make a valuable contribution in communication-based project implementation/evaluation and the fight against HIV/AIDS. A case study backed by documentary analysis of evaluation reports and occasional insights from interviews stood as the main methods. To identify values, the state of beneficiaries prior to and after project implementation/evaluation was compared. Participatory processes were noted to have created an enabling environment for project beneficiaries to become activists for social change, leading to the limiting of the spread of HIV/AIDS through sexual behavior and a change of attitude-the essence required for successful intervention. Group participatory processes were also noted to have contributed in overriding, to a great extent, limitations arising from sociodemographic differences in the attainment of project objectives and limitations arising from differences informs of evaluation (internal versus external evaluators).	EMPOWERMENT,EVALUATIONS,HIV/AIDS,INTERVENTIONS,PARTICIPATION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053340045	Impact of selected landuse types on surface water quality downstream of asa dam in Kwara State, Nigeria	Ayeni A., Balogun I., Adeaga O.	2005	Journal of Environmental Systems	32	3	10.2190/ES.32.3.c	University of Lagos, Nigeria	Ayeni, A., University of Lagos, Nigeria; Balogun, I., University of Lagos, Nigeria; Adeaga, O., University of Lagos, Nigeria	This study examines the impact of selected land use types on surface water quality downstream of Asa dam in Ilorin, Southwestern Nigeria. Water samples were collected at seven points (including a control, 0.50 km from Asa dam). Four-sampling points fall within agricultural land use area, two within light industrial/residential area, and the control was within an undisturbed natural environment. The level/concentration of 10 physico-chemical parameters, color, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total hardness (CaCO3), calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, calcium, and nitrate were determined using standard procedures. GIS was used to determine the extent of land cover by Asa dam and its downstream environment including the length of River Asa in respect to sampling points. This was achieved through the map generated from satellite imageries and the use of GPS. This article presents and discusses the results of laboratory analyses undertaken, spatial variability in the level/concentration of the water quality parameters, as well as the consequences of sustained use of River Asa water without treatment for domestic purposes. The results show that the quality of River Asa downstream of the dam was impaired to different degrees using WHO standards for the selected parameters and land use types. Consequently, using the water for domestic purposes, in particular as currently obtained in the area, portends grave danger to human health and the situationwill be worse in the near future if necessary control is not put in place.	None	Agricultural land use; Domestic purpose; Human health; Laboratory analysis; Land cover; Land use type; Natural environments; Nigeria; Physicochemical parameters; Sampling points; Spatial variability; Standard procedures; Total dissolved solids; Water quality parameters; Water samples; Chlorine compounds; Dams; Dissolved oxygen; Hardness; Land use; Magnesium; Rivers; Satellite imagery; Water quality; Water treatment; Biochemical oxygen demand	None
WoS	WOS:000230897200004	Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy: prevalence, impact on pregnancy outcomes, and approach to treatment in developing countries	Beksinska, M,Mabey, D,MULLICK, S,Watson-Jones, D	2005	SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS	81	4	10.1136/sti.2002.004077	University of London, Reprod Hlth Res Unit	None	Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common in the developing world. Management of STIs in pregnancy in many developing countries has, however, been complicated by the lack of simple and affordable diagnostic tests. This review examines the prevalence and impact on pregnancy outcome of STIs in developing countries and recommends approaches to management of STIs in pregnancy for resource poor settings.	,"CERVICAL CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS","GENITAL-TRACT INFECTIONS","GONOCOCCAL OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM",HERPES-SIMPLEX-VIRUS,HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS,LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT,"PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL","RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL","RURAL SOUTH-AFRICA","TO-CHILD TRAN	None	None
None	None	The use of direct clinician observation and vignettes for health services quality evaluation in developing countries	Leonard K.L., Masatu M.C.	2005	Social Science and Medicine	61	9	10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.043	University of Maryland, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, United States; Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha, Tanzania	Leonard, K.L., University of Maryland, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, United States; Masatu, M.C., Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha, Tanzania	This paper reports the results of a comparison between two different methods of examining quality in outpatient services in a developing country. Data from rural and urban Tanzania are used to compare the measures of quality collected by direct clinician observation (DCO) (where clinicians are observed in the course of their normal consultations) and vignettes (unblind case studies with an actor). The vignettes are shown to exhibit a strong connection between the inputs provided during consultation (rational history taking, physical examination and health education) and the ability of the clinician to properly diagnose the presented illness. However, the inputs provided in vignettes are not well correlated with the inputs provided in DCO, suggesting that the inputs provided in the vignette are not well correlated with the inputs that would be provided in an actual consultation. We conclude that since vignettes do not appear to be measuring what would be provided in an actual consultation they are not a good measure of quality. Instead, we suggest that vignettes and DCO be used simultaneously. We show how the scores obtained using vignettes in conjunction with DCO can be used to improve the reliability of DCO and therefore our estimates of actual clinician quality. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Direct clinician observation; Health services quality; Tanzania; Vignettes	developing world; health services; monitoring; quality control; service provision; anamnesis; article; clinical observation; comparative study; consultation; controlled study; correlation analysis; developing country; general practitioner; health care quality; health education; health service; human; intermethod comparison; measurement; normal human; outpatient care; physical examination; qualitative analysis; rural area; Tanzania; urban area; Clinical Competence; Developing Countries; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Medical Audit; Medical History Taking; Nursing Audit; Observation; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Patient Education; Patient Simulation; Physical Examination; Referral and Consultation; Tanzania; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World	None
WoS	WOS:000235531800004	The social interaction of an adolescent who uses AAC: The evaluation of a peer-training program	Alant, E,Lilienfeld, M	2005	AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION	21	4	10.1080/07434610500103467	University of Pretoria	None	Challenges relating to social interactions of children who use AAC in school settings have been well documented. In this study, a peer-training program was designed and implemented with the Grade 8 peers of an adolescent who had severe physical disabilities and who used AAC. Interactions between the adolescent who used AAC and his classroom peers were investigated before and after implementation of the peer-training program, using a descriptive single case study. An analytical model to describe the interactions and potential changes in the interactions of adolescents who use AAC was developed. The model also included various measures to evaluate pertinent psychosocial factors of the interactions of a person using AAC with peers. Results of the observational data reflected an increase in the frequency of interactions as indicated by the number of messages per hour and the extent of the interactions as signified by an increase in the number of messages per interchange. Changes were also noted in terms of the discourse structures and communication functions achieved by the interactions, the modes of communication used by the adolescent who used AAC and the responses of his peer partners.	ADOLESCENCE,"Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)","communication competence","communication partners","PEER TRAINING",SELF-CONCEPT,"SOCIAL INTERACTION","voice output",COMMUNICATION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844329903	Mongoose rabies in southern Africa: A re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology	Nel L.H., Sabeta C.T., Von Teichman B., Jaftha J.B., Rupprecht C.E., Bingham J.	2005	Virus Research	109	2	10.1016/j.virusres.2004.12.003	University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Nel, L.H., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Sabeta, C.T., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Von Teichman, B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Jaftha, J.B., University of Pretoria, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Rabies Section, MS-G33, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Bingham, J., Rabies Unit, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia	Relative to the developed world, rabies has been poorly studied in the vast African continent. The southern African countries of Zimbabwe and South Africa, however, are known to sustain a great diversity of lyssaviruses, with large biological variations amongst genotype 1 (rabies viruses) at present more apparent here than elsewhere on the continent. One recognized biotype of rabies virus in the subcontinent appears to be specifically adapted to a variety of mongooses, belonging to the Viverrinae subfamily (family Herpestidae) and are commonly referred to as viverrid viruses, although the term mongoose rabies would be more correct, considering the taxonomic status of the host species involved. It was our objective to study the genetic relationships of 77 rabies virus isolates of this mongoose biotype, isolated in South Africa and Zimbabwe, towards elucidation of the molecular epidemiology of this interesting group of African viruses. In our study of a 592 nucleotide sequence encompassing the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein and the G-L intergenic region of the viral genomes, we provide the first comprehensive data on the molecular epidemiology of these viruses and indicate a history of extended evolutionary adaptation in this geographical domain. The molecular epidemiological observations reported here are highly unlikely to be limited to the small geographical areas of South Africa and Zimbabwe and illustrate the need for lyssavirus surveillance in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa and throughout the entire continent. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Glycoprotein; Intergenic region; Lyssaviruses; Mongoose rabies	glycoprotein; nucleotide; Africa; article; biotype; cytoplasm; epidemiological data; genetic association; genome; molecular biology; mongoose rabies; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; protein domain; rabies; Rabies virus; viral genetics; virus isolation; Zimbabwe; Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Antigens, Viral; DNA, Complementary; DNA, Intergenic; DNA, Viral; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Epidemiology, Molecular; Evolution; Glycoproteins; Herpestidae; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Rabies; Rabies virus; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; South Africa; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Proteins; Zimbabwe; Herpestidae; Lyssavirus; Rabies virus; Viverridae; Viverrinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244263032	Targeting education: The politics of performance and the prospects of 'Education For All'	Jansen J.D.	2005	International Journal of Educational Development	25	4 SPEC. ISS.	10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.04.009	University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Jansen, J.D., University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	This article offers a critical examination of the public claims about the potential, reach and impact of "target setting in education" within the context of developing countries. The argument is made that the target - setting enterprise is undermined by three fallacies-conceptual, methodological and organizational - with negative consequences for the achievement of education quality in poor countries. While acknowledging the logic of targets on the part of international development agencies, the article nevertheless suggests that target setting could be seen as a transnational system of surveillance that takes measures of control, measurement and accountability beyond the confines of national borders. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Comparative education; Curriculum; Development; Education policy; Educational administration; International education; Literacy	curriculum; education policy; performance assessment; targeting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845781518	The impact of living standards on childhood mortality in South Africa: Evidence from cross-sectional data	Doctor H.V., Simelane S.E.	2005	Journal of Social Development in Africa	20	2	None	University of Western Cape, Department of Statistics, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Centre, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States	Doctor, H.V., University of Western Cape, Department of Statistics, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Simelane, S.E., University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Centre, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States	We employ questions on household characteristics collected in the 1997 and 1998 October Household Surveys (OHSs) in South Africa and those collected in the 1998 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) to examine the relationship between living standards and childhood mortality. Specifically, we examine whether childhood mortality is higher in poor households than in rich households, and whether between 1997 and 1998 the risk of childhood mortality changed. Principal components analysis is employed to combine household assets as a measure of socioeconomic status (SES). An index for SES is used in a negative binomial model to examine its association with childhood mortality. Results are inconsistent between 1997 and 1998. In 1997 the risk of childhood mortality decreases as we move from the lowest quintile to the highest quintile of the SES index. In 1998 higher levels of SES are associated with higher childhood mortality. A comparison of the findings from the 1998 OHS with those from the 1998 SADHS suggests that the 1998 OHS data may be less reliable because they yield results that deviate from the pattern shown in the 1997 OHS and the 1998 SADHS. Policy issues and recommendations for further research are discussed.	None	child mortality; household survey; living standard; mortality risk; policy development; principal component analysis; socioeconomic status; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000233072000017	Achieving social change on gender-based violence: A report on the impact evaluation of Soul City's fourth series	GOLDSTEIN, S,Japhet, G,Scheepers, E,Usdin, S	2005	SOCIAL SCIENCE &amp; MEDICINE	61	11	10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.035	University of Witwatersrand, Soul City Inst & Dev Commun	None	The Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication-a South African multi-media health promotion project-together with the National Network on Violence Against Women, formulated an intervention to address domestic violence. Recognising that behavioural change interventions aimed solely at individuals have limited impact, the intervention was designed to impact at multiple mutually reinforcing levels; individual, community and socio-political environment. The intervention and its evaluation results are presented. Soul City successfully reached 86%, 25% and 65% of audiences through television, print booklets and radio, respectively. On an individual level there was a shift in knowledge around domestic violence including 41% of respondents hearing about the helpline. Attitude shifts were also associated with the intervention, with a 10% increase in respondents disagreeing that domestic violence was a private affair. There was also a 22% shift in perceptions of social norms on this issue. Qualitative data analysis suggests the intervention played a role in enhancing women's and communities' sense of efficacy, enabling women to make more effective decisions around their health and facilitating community action. The evaluation concluded that implementation of the Domestic Violence Act can largely be attributed to the intervention. While demonstrating actual reductions in levels of domestic violence was not possible, the evaluation shows a strong association between exposure to intervention components and a range of intermediary factors indicative of, and necessary to bring about social change. This paper reports on the evaluation, discusses its limitations and challenges as well as lessons learned regarding multi-level interventions on domestic violence. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	"behaviour change","DOMESTIC VIOLENCE",enter-educate,"health/development communication","soul city","SOUTH AFRICA","DOMESTIC VIOLENCE"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28344443375	The impact of access to animal health services on donkey health and livelihoods in Ethiopia	Curran M.M., Feseha G., Smith D.G.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	None	10.1007/s11250-005-9008-z	Villardi Consulting, Singapore; Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Faculty, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom	Curran, M.M., Villardi Consulting, Singapore; Feseha, G., Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Faculty, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Smith, D.G., Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom	This study was carried out to assess the impact of animal healthcare services on poor donkey owners in Ethiopia. The services provided by the Donkey Sanctuary were used as a case study. A questionnaire survey was designed and carried out in the areas around Debre Zeit in the Highlands of Ethiopia. The staff carried out a survey at 10 sites. Six of these were in Donkey Sanctuary project areas and four were in control areas. The results showed that in project areas donkeys were significantly healthier and more productive than in non-project areas. Donkey owners in project sites felt better off for having access to animal healthcare services; donkey owners in non-project sites were less confident about their incomes and the health of their animals. © 2005 Springer.	Donkey; Ethiopia; Health services; Livelihood	agriculture; animal; animal welfare; article; Ethiopia; female; horse; human; male; questionnaire; socioeconomics; veterinary medicine; Agriculture; Animal Welfare; Animals; Equidae; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; Veterinary Medicine; Animalia; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24944542762	Combining dendrochronology and matrix modelling in demographic studies: An evaluation for Juniperus procera in Ethiopia	Couralet C., Sass-Klaassen U., Sterck F., Bekele T., Zuidema P.A.	2005	Forest Ecology and Management	216	42372	10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.065	Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organisation, PO Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Ecology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands; 94 J rue Molière, 93100 Montreuil, France	Couralet, C., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, 94 J rue Molière, 93100 Montreuil, France; Sass-Klaassen, U., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Sterck, F., Wageningen University, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, PO Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Bekele, T., Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organisation, PO Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zuidema, P.A., Department of Plant Ecology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands	Tree demography was analysed by applying dendrochronological techniques and matrix modelling on a static data set of Juniperus procera populations of Ethiopian dry highland forests. Six permanent sample plots were established for an inventory of diameters and 11 stem discs were collected for dendrochronological analysis. J. procera was proved to form concentric annual growth layers in response to seasonal changes in precipitation. Uncertainty analysis for the matrix model revealed its robustness to variations in parameter estimates. The major outcome was that the population growth rate is very sensitive to changes in growth or survival of trees between 10 and 40 cm DBH. For forest management this implies that these intermediate sized individuals should be protected and less used for harvest. This study documents that interesting results can be achieved using a relatively simple approach that can easily be adopted for other areas or with other species. However, the matrix modelling requires more precise knowledge about the trees' fecundity and survival (especially for the smaller individuals) and more consistent inventories. For tree-ring analysis it can be concluded that J. procera from Ethiopia has potential to investigate the relationship between tree growth and precipitation with a high temporal resolution. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dendrochronology; Dry highland forest; Ethiopia; Juniperus procera; Matrix model; Population dynamics	Growth kinetics; Mathematical models; Matrix algebra; Dendrochronology; Dry highland forest; Matrix model; Population dynamics; Forestry; demography; dendrochronology; population dynamics; tree; Ethiopia; Forests; Growth; Juniperus Procera; Mathematical Models; Matrices; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Juniperus; Juniperus procera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17044417199	Problem-based learning improves the academic performance of medical students in South Africa	Iputo J.E., Kwizera E.	2005	Medical Education	39	4	10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02106.x	WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, UNITRA, Post-bag X1, Transkei 5117, South Africa	Iputo, J.E., WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, UNITRA, Post-bag X1, Transkei 5117, South Africa; Kwizera, E., WHO Collab. Ctr. Prob.-based Lrng., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Transkei, South Africa	OBJECTIVES: To compare the academic performance of students on the previous, classical, discipline- and lecture-based, traditional curriculum with that of subsequent students who followed an innovative, problem- and community-based curriculum. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that analysed the records of students who enrolled on the doctor training programme between 1985 and 1995, and the records of students who graduated from the programme between 1989 and 2002. OUTCOMES: The educational outcomes assessed were the attrition and graduation rates on the traditional curriculum and those on the innovative curriculum. RESULTS: A total of 149 students on the traditional curriculum and 145 students on the innovative curriculum were studied. Overall, 23% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 10.3% of the innovative cohort dropped out of the course (P = 0.0041) and 55% of the traditional cohort as opposed to 67% of the innovative cohort graduated within the minimum period of 6 years (P < 0.001). The mean throughput period was 6.71 (0.09) years in the traditional cohort and 6.44 (0.07) years in the innovative cohort (P = 0.014) CONCLUSION: The introduction of the problem-based learning/community-based education (PBL/CBE) curriculum coincided with improved academic performance. The PBL/CBE approach to medical education may have contributed to this improvement.	Curriculum; Education, medical, undergraduate/ *methods; Educational measurement; Problem-based learning/*methods; Retrospective study; Students, medical	academic achievement; adult; article; cohort analysis; community; controlled study; curriculum; education program; educational technology; female; human; intermethod comparison; learning; male; medical education; medical student; normal human; outcomes research; problem based learning; problem solving; retrospective study; South Africa; teaching; Curriculum; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Male; Problem-Based Learning; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Students, Medical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444387573	Estimating the impact of establishing family housing on the annual risk of HIV infection in South African mining communities	Gebrekristos H.T., Resch S.C., Zuma K., Lurie M.N.	2005	Sexually Transmitted Diseases	32	6	10.1097/01.olq.0000154496.61014.10	Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Community Health, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States; 1372 Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, United States	Gebrekristos, H.T., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States, 1372 Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, United States; Resch, S.C., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Zuma, K., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Lurie, M.N., Department of Community Health, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States	Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the HIV-related epidemiologic impact of establishing family-style housing in mining communities in South Africa. Methods: Modeling sex acts as independent Bernoulli trials, the estimated impact of converting to family housing arrangements on the annual risk of HIV infection is calculated and the differential effects on migrants and their partners is explored. Results: Family housing could reduce HIV transmission among migrants and their partners in South Africa. Given baseline estimates, the predicted net reduction in the annual risk of HIV infection with family housing is 0.0254 and 0.0305 for short- and long-stay couples respectively. A reduction in the annual risk of HIV infection under family housing depends on the proportion of HIV negative concordance among couples. HIV-negative concordance among couples above 22% provides reductions in the annual risk of HIV infection under family housing. Conclusions: The results indicate that family housing could decrease HIV transmission among HIV-negative concordant couples, indicating that this policy alternative should be examined closely to assess its viability and use as a prevention method. Copyright © 2005, American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association All rights reserved.	None	article; family; female; housing; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection prevention; infection risk; male; migration; mining; policy; risk reduction; sexual behavior; South Africa; virus transmission; Disease Transmission, Horizontal; Family; Female; HIV Infections; Housing; Humans; Male; Mining; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Transients and Migrants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21044432356	Improving home-based care in Southern Africa: An analysis of project evaluations	Rosenberg A., Mabude Z., Hartwig K., Rooholamini S., Oracca-Tetteh D., Merson M.	2005	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	19	None	Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rosenberg, A., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Mabude, Z., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hartwig, K., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Rooholamini, S., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Oracca-Tetteh, D., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Merson, M., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States	We describe lessons learned from independent evaluations of nine home-based care (HBC) projects in Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. Projects were funded through Bristol-Myers Squibb's Secure the Future (STF) initiative and evaluated through the STF Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (MEU) at Yale University. The objectives of this study were to: ■ Assess the management capacity of the HBC organisations reviewed, concentrating on monitoring and supervision mechanisms. ■ identify innovations in responding to the challenges of delivering care in resource-poor settings, and ■ explore the nature of linkages between HBC projects and governments. Specific strategies to assure quality are discussed, as are policy changes necessary to provide system-wide improvements in quality and the integration of HBC. These are particularly important as governments seek ways to use existing resources to make antiretroviral (ARV) roll-outs successful.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; caregiver; drug industry; government; health care access; health care delivery; health care management; health care organization; health care planning; health care policy; health care quality; health care system; health program; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Lesotho; medical assessment; resource allocation; South Africa; Swaziland	None
WoS	WOS:000232495400004	Methodological issues in measuring the impact of interventions against female genital cutting	ASKEW, I	2005	CULTURE HEALTH &amp; SEXUALITY	7	5	10.1080/13691050410001701939	None	None	With increasing efforts being made to introduce systematic interventions for encouraging abandonment of female genital cutting (FGC) comes the need to better understand how such interventions work and what effects they have. Many interventions are based on theoretical models of behaviour change and so studies to evaluate them should develop indicators appropriate to the type of behaviour change anticipated. Systematic evaluations need also to use some form of quasiexperimental design to be able to attribute change to the intervention and not to any 'natural' change in FGC behaviour or other activities that may be concurrent. A sustained change in the prevalence of FGC is the ultimate indicator and there are several ways this can be measured, although with many limitations given the intimate nature of the practice. Moreover, appropriate sample sizes must be calculated and used to be able to draw valid conclusions. Many of those implementing FGC interventions are not familiar with such basic research principles and so there is an urgent need to ensure that projects are well designed so that valid conclusions concerning their effectiveness can be drawn.	,CIRCUMCISION,CONSEQUENCES,DECLINE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749017033	Milk yield and reproductive performances of lactating cows as affected by intakes of certain dietary macro minerals in Ethiopia	Tolla N., Vijchulata P.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	9	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Tolla, N., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Vijchulata, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	This study was conducted to investigate the influences of dietary intakes of certain minerals on milk yield and reproductive performances of lactating cows fed on concentrate supplement with/without cottonseed cake and/or bole soil. Thirty-two pregnant Holstein Friesian cows with average body weight of 524±54 kg were blocked by their expected due date of calving as early (B1) and late (B2). Soon after calving animals were assigned in a randomized complete block design to one of the following four dietary treatments: concentrate alone (control) (C), 45% of the concentrate diet by weight substituted with cottonseed cake (C + CSC), concentrate plus 3% bole (lake soil) (C + Bole) and 45% of the concentrate substituted with cottonseed cake plus 3% bole (C + CSC + Bole) for 135 days of data collection. Statistically daily milk yield and FC milk yield were not ifferent among treatments. However, animals fed on the treatment diets of concentrate + CSC, concentrate + Bole and concentrate + CSC + Bole, produced 7.4, 16.3 and 18.2% respectively higher actual milk and 14.3, 24.2 and 25.7% respectively higher 4% fat corrected milk than the control group. Inclusion of bole soil alone as a mineral source or in combination with CSC supported higher daily actual and FC milk production than feeding concentrate diet with CSC alone. Days from calving to first estrus, days open and number of services per conception were not different among treatments. Nevertheless, Shorter intervals of days from calving to first estrus, days open and lowest number of services per conception were recorded for animals fed on concentrate diet with bole soil alone followed by those fed the control diet. Inclusion of 3% bole soil alone appeared to improve both milk yield and reproductive performances of dairy cattle.	Bole soil; Cottonseed cake; Cows; Ethiopia; Milk yield; Minerals; Reproduction	Animalia; Bos taurus; Friesia; Micropus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749415376	Comparative performances of Holstein-Friesian cows under smallholder and large scale farmers' management in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia	Tolla N., Vijchulata P., Chairatanayuth P., Swsdiphanich S.	2006	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	40	1	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Tolla, N., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Vijchulata, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Chairatanayuth, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Swsdiphanich, S., Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	A study was conducted in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia to assess comparative productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows under small and large scale farmers' management. A total of 28 animals from both small (14) and large scales farms (14) in different parity classes were used for data collection for a period of 28 weeks. Significant differences were observed in daily intakes of dry matter, crude protein and P (p<0.001) as well as metabolizable energy and Na (p<0.01) between the two farming scales. Daily milk yield and fat corrected (FC) milk yields were also significantly (p<0.001) different. The differences in the composition of milk and postpartum reproductive parameters measured were not statistically significant (p>0.05) between the farm scales. However, the longer days open (171) was observed for small scale farms than the large scale farms (148). Days from calving to the first sign of estrus (115d) and numbers of services per conception (2.1) were higher on large scale farms than on the small scale farms (96 and 1.6 respectively). Milk yield, milk composition and reproductive efficiencies did not significantly (p>0.05) differ between parity classes. Generally, the productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows in this study were under their expected genetic potential, as compared to other parts of the tropics. This might be attributed mainly to poor nutritional qualities of the available feed resources, in terms of protein, energy and mineral balance which needed further investigation.	Dairy cows; Ethiopia; Farm scales; Parity; Productivity	Animalia; Bos taurus; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548414867	Cape Town and the two oceans marathon: The impact of sport tourism	Kotze N.	2006	Urban Forum	17	3	10.1007/s12132-006-0013-8	Department of Geography, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Kotze, N., Department of Geography, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748902038	Managing the impact of gold panning activities within the context of integrated water resources management planning in the Lower Manyame Sub-Catchment, Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe	Zwane N., Love D., Hoko Z., Shoko D.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.024	Africa Management and Development Institute, P.O. Box 6146, Mbabane, Swaziland; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; United Nations Industrial Development Organization, P.O. Box 4775, Harare, Zimbabwe	Zwane, N., Africa Management and Development Institute, P.O. Box 6146, Mbabane, Swaziland, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Hoko, Z., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Shoko, D., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, P.O. Box 4775, Harare, Zimbabwe	Riverbed alluvial gold panning activities are a cause for degradation of river channels and banks as well as water resources, particularly through accelerated erosion and siltation, in many areas of Zimbabwe. The lower Manyame sub-catchment located in the Northern part of the country is one such area. This study analysed the implications of cross-sectoral coordination of the management of panning and its impacts. This is within the context of conflicts of interests and responsibilities. A situational analysis of different stakeholders from sectors that included mining, environment, water, local government and water users who were located next to identified panning sites, as well as panners was carried out. Selected sites along the Dande River were observed to assess the environmental effects. The study determined that all stakeholder groups perceived siltation and river bank degradation as the most severe effect of panning on water resources, yet there were divergent views with regards to coordination of panning management. The Water Act of 1998 does not give enough power to management institutions including the Lower Manyame Sub-catchment Council to protect water resources from the impacts of panning, despite the fact that the activities affect the water resource base. The Mines and Minerals Act of 1996 remains the most powerful legislation, while mining sector activities adversely affect environmental resources. Furthermore, complexities were caused by differences in the definition of water resources management boundaries as compared to the overall environmental resources management boundaries according to the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2000, and by separate yet parallel water and environmental planning processes. Environmental sector institutions according to the EMA are well linked to local government functions and resource management is administrative, enhancing efficient coordination. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Conflict resolution; Consensus building; Environment; Gold panning; Integrated water resources management; Small-scale mining	Degradation; Environmental impact; Erosion; Management; Rivers; Concensus building; Conflict resolution; Gold panning; Integrated water resources management; Small-scale mining; Water resources; catchment; environmental effect; gold mine; river channel; water management; water resource; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zambezi Belt; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751172520	Impact of chronic β-adrenoceptor activation on neurotensin-induced myocardial effects in rats	Osadchii O., Norton G., Deftereos D., Muller D., Woodiwiss A.	2006	European Journal of Pharmacology	553	42372	10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.037	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Osadchii, O., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Deftereos, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Muller, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	In heart failure chronic sympathetic activation results in contractile dysfunction in part through down-regulation of the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP system. However, the impact of chronic adrenergic activation on cardiac sympathetic neuromodulator systems is unclear. In this study, we sought to determine whether chronic adrenergic activation modifies myocardial norepinephrine release and contractile responses elicited by neurotensin, a neuropeptide found in cardiovascular system. Chronic administration of isoproterenol, a β-adrenoceptor agonist, to rats (0.05 mg/kg daily for 1 month, i.p.), produced cardiac hypertrophy with preserved baseline ventricular systolic function, but reduced contractile responses to exogenous norepinephrine as shown in isolated, isovolumically-contracting heart preparations. Neurotensin produced a marked increase in coronary effluent norepinephrine release, an effect abolished by SR 48692, a specific neurotensin receptor antagonist. In isoproterenol-treated rats, neurotensin has no significant impact on myocardial norepinephrine release. Consistently, concentration-dependent positive inotropic responses elicited by neurotensin in control rat hearts were blunted over a wide range of neurotensin concentrations (10- 10-10- 5.5 M) in isoproterenol-treated rats. In conclusion, these data indicate that following chronic β-adrenoceptor activation, neurotensin-induced effects on norepinephrine release and subsequent contractile changes are markedly down-regulated. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cardiac hypertrophy; Myocardial norepinephrine; Neurotensin; Ventricular contractility	2 [[1 (7 chloro 4 quinolinyl) 5 (2,6 dimethoxyphenyl) 3 pyrazolyl]carbonylamino] 2 adamantanecarboxylic acid; beta adrenergic receptor; beta adrenergic receptor stimulating agent; isoprenaline; neurotensin; propranolol; adrenergic activity; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; drug effect; heart muscle; heart muscle contractility; heart ventricle contraction; heart ventricle hypertrophy; isolated heart; male; nonhuman; noradrenalin release; priority journal; rat; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Coronary Circulation; Heart; Isoproterenol; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium; Neurotensin; Norepinephrine; Organ Size; Pyrazoles; Quinolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin; Ventricular Function, Left	None
WoS	WOS:000242694600004	Development of a participatory monitoring and evaluation strategy	Forde, Sarah,Holte-McKenzie, Merydth,Theobald, Sally	2006	EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING	29	4	10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2006.08.007	Agriteam Canada Consulting Ltd, Moving Goalposts Kilifi, Univ Liverpool Liverpool Sch Trop Med	None	This paper describes the process of developing a participatory monitoring and evaluation strategy for a Kenyan youth-based NGO. The iterative nature of the study including the process of narrowing down indicators to measure and methods to monitor/evaluate these is well documented. A discussion on the extent to which the process achieved participation and was empowering for the participants reflects on existing power relationships and cultural context of Kenya and points to the need to create opportunities for youth where they engage with the broader community. Lessons that emerge out of the study focus on the importance of prioritizing monitoring and evaluation, the potential of youth to carry out effective monitoring and evaluation, and the need for researchers to engage respectfully with communities and participants. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	"capacity building",EMPOWERMENT,evaluation,MONITORING,participatory,YOUTH,HEALTH-CARE,"WOMENS EMPOWERMENT"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744447128	The first 5 years of the family clinic for HIV at Tygerberg hospital: Family demographics, survival of children and early impact of antiretroviral therapy	van Kooten Niekerk N.K.M., Knies M.M., Howard J., Rabie H., Zeier M., van Rensburg A., Frans N., Schaaf H.S., Fatti G., Little F., Cotton M.F.	2006	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	52	1	10.1093/tropej/fmi047	Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	van Kooten Niekerk, N.K.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Knies, M.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Howard, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Rabie, H., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Zeier, M., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Rensburg, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Frans, N., Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Schaaf, H.S., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Fatti, G., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cotton, M.F., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Family clinics address the problems of HIV-infected children and their families. The aims were to document demographics of the children and caregivers attending the Family Clinic for HIV at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TAH) and to investigate factors affecting disease progression in children. Methods: A retrospective folder review of children and parents attending the Family Clinic at TAH between January 1997 and December 2001, a period noted for its lack of antiretroviral treatment. Results: Of 432 children seen for testing, 274 children, median age 16.9 months, were HIV-infected. During follow-up, 46 children died (median age 23 months) and 113 were lost to follow-up. The majority of children were malnourished. Those <2 years of age had lower weight for age Z-scores (WAZ) than older children (p<0.001). At presentation, 47 per cent were in clinical stage B and two-thirds had moderate or severe CD4+ T cell depletion. Seventeen children had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 12 dual and 31 monotherapy. HAART was associated with improved survival compared to dual or monotherapy. Risk of death was reduced from eleven-fold for a WAZ <-4 to four-fold between -2 and -3. There was no association with immunological and clinical classification at entry and risk of mortality. Only 18 per cent of parents were evaluated in the clinic. Non-parental care was documented for 25 per cent of families. Conclusions: A low WAZ is associated with poor survival in children. Nutritional status should receive more attention in HIV disease classification in children. Parent utilization of the clinic was inadequate. Even in the absence of HAART, extended survival in children is possible. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; antiretrovirus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; article; body weight; caregiver; CD4+ T lymphocyte; child; child care; child death; clinical feature; correlation analysis; cost of illness; demography; disease classification; disease course; disease severity; family counseling; female; follow up; general practice; health care utilization; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; lymphocyte depletion; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; medical documentation; monotherapy; nutritional status; risk assessment; scoring system; screening test; South Africa; survival; Age Factors; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Analysis of Variance; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Patient Compliance; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome	None
None	None	Evaluation of buparvaquone (BUTA-Kel™ KELA, Belgium) as a treatment of East Coast fever in cattle, in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania	Mbwambo H.A., Magwisha H.B., Mfinanga J.M.	2006	Veterinary Parasitology	139	42372	10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.024	Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Mbwambo, H.A., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Magwisha, H.B., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Mfinanga, J.M., Animal Disease Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Evaluation trials of the efficacy of buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), as a treatment of field cases of Theileria parva infection (East Coast fever - ECF) were carried out on 63 cattle in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania, during the period November 2004 to August 2005. Thirty-two cattle (56%) received single-dose treatment (2.5 mg buparvaquone per kg body weight), while two and three-dose treatment with interval(s) of 48 h was given to 33% and 11% of total treated cattle, respectively; 38 cattle (60.3%) were treated at an early stage of the disease, while 25 cattle (39.7%) were treated at an advanced stage of the disease. The rectal body temperature of 90.5% of buparvaquone-treated cattle dropped to normal values (37.5-39.5 °C) by day 7 of treatment, and by day 15 of treatment 96.8% of treated cattle showed normal values. Pulmonary signs were observed in 8/68 (11.8%) of total ECF diagnosed cattle and were successfully treated, albeit with parvaquone plus frusemide (Fruvexon); were not included in final evaluation of the efficacy of BUTA-kel. The present evaluation trials record a recovery rate of 95.2%. Buparvaquone (BUTA-kel™ KELA Laboratoria, N.V. Belgium), therefore, records another efficacious and valuable alternative treatment against East Coast fever in Tanzania. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cattle-East Coast fever; Cost-effective-treatment; Early-disease detection; Early-stage treatment; Pulmonary signs; Theileria parva schizonts; Theilericidal drug-buparvaquone	buparvaquone; buta kel; furosemide; parvaquone; animal parasitosis; article; cattle disease; controlled study; convalescence; drug efficacy; female; fever; lung disease; lymph node; male; nonhuman; rectum temperature; Tanzania; Theileria parva; urban area; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Male; Naphthoquinones; Tanzania; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Treatment Outcome; Bos taurus; Theileria parva	None
None	None	Evaluation of the hygienic quality and associated public health hazards of raw milk marketed by smallholder dairy producers in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Noordhuizen J.P.T.M., Kapaga A.M.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	3	10.1007/s11250-006-4339-y	Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Kapaga, A.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine three parameters of the quality of the raw milk marketed by milk selling points (MSPs) in Dar es Salaam region. Total bacterial count (TBC) was used as an indicator of the microbial quality of the milk; antimicrobial residues were determined; and the California mastitis test (CMT) was used to screen for milk somatic cells as an indication of the mastitis level in the cows that provided the milk. Moreover, a water sample at each MSP was taken for bacteriological culturing. Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the milk sellers at the MSPs to identify risk factors for poor milk hygiene. A total of 128 milk samples and corresponding water samples were collected from randomly selected milk selling points in Dar es Salaam region. The mean TBC was (8.2± 1.9) × 106 cfu/ml, and major bacterial isolates from the milk samples were Escherichia coli (6.3%), Bacillus cereus (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (6.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5.6%) and Enterococcus faecalis (4.7%). In most cases, the organisms identified in milk corresponded to those isolated from the corresponding water samples. Of milk samples, 79.0% were positive to the CMT and 7.0% were positive for antimicrobial residues. TBC was normalized by log-transformation, and the possible predictors of TBC were identified by fitting two linear regression models. In a random effect model, water microbial quality, frequency of cleaning the milk containers, frequency of milk supply, milk storage time and the type of containers, and mixing of fresh and previous milk were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) associated with the mean log TBC. In a fixed effect model, in addition to these indicators, water shortage, water source and the refrigerator condition were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) associated with log TBC. It was concluded that the milk sold in Dar es Salaam region is of poor quality and is of public health significance. © Springer 2006.	Antimicrobial residues; CMT; Dar es Salaam; Microbiological quality; Public health hazards; TBC	drug residue; animal; animal disease; article; bacterial count; bacterium; cattle; cattle disease; cell count; chemistry; cross-sectional study; cytology; female; human; hygiene; isolation and purification; microbiology; milk; public health; questionnaire; risk factor; safety; standard; statistical model; Tanzania; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Cell Count; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Residues; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Linear Models; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Public Health; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Tanzania; Water Microbiology; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749016456	Growth and reproductive performance of West African Dwarf sheep fed endophyte-infected maize stover supplemented with soybean meal	Gbore F.A., Ewuola E.O., Ogunlade J.T.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	9	None	Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Akoko, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Universi	Gbore, F.A., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Akoko, Nigeria; Ewuola, E.O., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunlade, J.T., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding endophyte-infected maize stover on growth and reproductive parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. In a six weeks feeding trial, twenty-one individually caged growing WAD sheep were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Treatment 1 (NF = control) consisted of diet with healthy maize stover without Fusarium inoculation while treatments 2 and 3 consisted of diets with slight (SF) and high (HF) Fusarium-infected maize stover respectively. The mean daily dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals fed the control diet when compared with animals fed the test diets. The mean daily weight gain of the animals fed diet HF was significantly (P<0.05) lower. The feed conversion ratio revealed that it will take 3.76 kg of the highly-infected stover (HF) to produce the same unit weight of meat that was produced by 2.12 kg of healthy maize stover (NF). The mean relative kidney weight tended to decline with an increase in the level of Fusarium infection. The reproductive parameters examined were not significantly different among the treatments. The results suggest that ingestion of Fusarium-infected maize stover by sheep for a short time will depress dry matter intake and weight gain without adverse effect on the organ traits and reproductive potential.	Endophyte-infected maize stover; Growth; Reproductive performance; Sheep	Animalia; Fusarium; Glycine max; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646674295	Effects of dietary replacement of maize with malted or unmalted sorghum on the performance of weaner rabbits	Abubakar M., Doma U.D., Kalla D.J.U., Ngele M.B., Augustine C.L.D.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	5	None	Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	Abubakar, M., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Doma, U.D., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kalla, D.J.U., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ngele, M.B., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Augustine, C.L.D., VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted using twenty-one, 8 to 9 weeks old weaner rabbits allotted to three groups of seven animals each in a completely randomized design. The study which lasted for six weeks was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary replacement of maize as a source of energy with malted or un-malted sorghum on the performance of the animals. The rabbits fed malted sorghum based diet had a similar dry matter intake to those on the maize based diet, but significantly higher than those on the unmalted sorghum based diet. All the animals gained weight, at rates similar across the treatments, indicating that the intake of energy and proteins were well above maintenance requirements. The best feed efficiency was recorded for rabbits fed on the malted sorghum based diet. The financial analysis revealed that feed cost per kg body weight gain was lowest for animals on the malted and unmalted sorghum based diets. It is concluded that malted or unmalted sorghum could effectively replace maize as a source of energy in diets for weaner rabbits without any adverse effects on performance and with reduced cost of feed per kg body weight gain.	Maize; Performance; Rabbits; Sorghum	Animalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750807946	Evaluation of poultry litter as feedstuff for growing rabbits	Onimisi P.A., Omage J.J.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	11	None	Animal Science Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria	Onimisi, P.A., Animal Science Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria; Omage, J.J., Animal Science Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria	Twenty five eight weeks old growing rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes were used to evaluate the nutritive value of poultry litter (PL) by a graded level substitution of maize and soyabeans in the diet. There were five dietary treatments with five rabbits per treatment housed individually in cages in complete randomization. The treatment diets contained 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32% level of PL respectively. The rabbits were fed the treatment diets for the 8 weeks period of the experiment. Average daily weight gain and feed to gain ratio were not statistically different among the dietary treatments. It may be concluded from the results of this experiment that poultry litter could replace up to 32% of maize - soyabeans in rabbit diets without detrimental effects on growth performance.	Growing rabbits; Growth performance; Poultry litter	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749640288	Evaluation of toxic action mechanisms of binary mixtures of spent lubricant oil and detergent against littoral estuarine macro-invertebrates	Chukwu L.O.	2006	Pollution Research	25	2	None	Aquatic Toxicology and Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Chukwu, L.O., Aquatic Toxicology and Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	The toxicities of spent engine oil and a Nigerian brand of detergent (Omo), and their binary mixture in ratio of 9:1 were evaluated against hermit crab, Clibanarius africanus and periwinkle, Tympanotfonus fuscatus in laboratory bioassays. The interactions between binary mixture showed significant variations from the action of the individual constituent toxicants when acting singly. On the basis of synergistic ratio (SRs) and concentration-addition models, the relationship between binary mixture. (9:1) of spent engine oil and detergent against C africanus and T fuscatus were in conformity with the models of synergism (S.R=4.12; RTU=3.95 and S.R=1.21; RTU=10 respectively) indicating that the toxicity of the constituent toxicants in the mixtures were enhanced. The importance of the results obtained from the joint action toxicity evaluations in setting effective and environmentally safe limits for control and management of petroleum pollutants is discussed. Copyright © Enviromedia.	None	bioassay; crab; detergent; laboratory method; oil; pollution monitoring; snail; synergism; toxicity test; Catharanthus roseus; Clibanarius; Decapoda (Crustacea); Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750508938	Evaluation of a commercial rubella IgM assay for use on oral fluid samples for diagnosis and surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome and postnatal rubella	Vijaylakshmi P., Muthukkaruppan V.R., Rajasundari A., Korukluoglu G., Nigatu W., L.A.Warrener, Samuel D., Brown D.W.G.	2006	Journal of Clinical Virology	37	4	10.1016/j.jcv.2006.09.005	Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India; Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, National Measles Laboratory, Cemal Gursel Cad.No: 18, 06100 Yenisehir, Ankara, Turkey; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), PO Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Microimmune Limited, 104A High Street, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 8AT, United Kingdom	Vijaylakshmi, P., Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India; Muthukkaruppan, V.R., Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Rajasundari, A., Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Korukluoglu, G., Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, National Measles Laboratory, Cemal Gursel Cad.No: 18, 06100 Yenisehir, Ankara, Turkey; Nigatu, W., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), PO Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; L.A.Warrener, Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Samuel, D., Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, Microimmune Limited, 104A High Street, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 8AT, United Kingdom; Brown, D.W.G., Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom	Background: Clinical diagnosis (surveillance) of rubella is unreliable and laboratory confirmation is essential. Detection of virus specific IgM in serum is the most commonly used method. However, the use of serum necessitates the drawing of blood, either through venipuncture or finger/heel prick, which can be difficult in young babies. Oral fluid samples have proved useful as an alternative, less invasive sample for virus specific IgM detection however until recently no commercial rubella IgM tests were available, restricting the usefulness of this approach. Objectives: To evaluate the performance of the Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA using oral fluid samples from outbreaks as well as in cases of suspected congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Study design: Paired serum and oral fluids were collected from cases during a rubella outbreak in three provinces in Turkey. Matched serum and oral fluid samples were collected from children with suspected CRS in an active surveillance programme at the Aravind Eye Hospital in South India. Serum samples were collected as part of the measles surveillance programme in Ethiopia. Results: On serum samples the sensitivity and specificity of the Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA compared to Behring Enzygnost rubella IgM test was 96.9% (62/64; 95% CI 94.2-100%) and 100% (53/53; 95% CI 93.2-100%). On oral fluids compared to matched Behring results on serum the sensitivity was 95.5% (42/44; 95% CI 84.5-99.4%). The sensitivity and specificity of Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA on oral fluids from suspected CRS cases compared to serum results using Behring Enzygnost IgM assay was 100% (95% CI 84.5-100%) and 100% (95% CI 95.8-100.0%) respectively. Conclusion: Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA has adequate performance for diagnosis and surveillance of rubella in outbreak using either serum or oral fluid specimens.	IgM; Oral fluid; Rubella	immunoglobulin M; antigen detection; article; child; congenital rubella syndrome; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; enzyme immunoassay; Ethiopia; human; immune deficiency; India; infant; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; measles; priority journal; rubella; Turkey (republic); Antibodies, Viral; Biological Assay; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rubella; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646560011	Evaluation and standardisation of small-scale canning methods for small white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) canned in tomato sauce	Van Der Merwe D., Osthoff G., Pretorius A.J.	2006	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	86	7	10.1002/jsfa.2476	ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Van Der Merwe, D., ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Osthoff, G., Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Pretorius, A.J., ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Canning and evaluation procedures should be standardised to ensure that beans selected, based on canning quality, meet the requirements set by the market and processors. For the purpose of evaluating the canning qualities of small white beans in tomato sauce, three small-scale canning techniques were evaluated, one of which was found to deliver a product with quality parameters similar to those of international standards. Using South African small white bean cultivars and the selected method, Teebus, the cultivar used by industry as the standard to indicate acceptable canning quality, displayed better visual appearance and less split beans than with the other two methods. The percentage washed drained weight and texture values of Teebus were also in agreement with international standards. The evaluation procedure for the small white beans after canning was also optimised, by comparing two procedures, which identified texture, visual appearance (scale 1 to 10), splits (scale 1 to 10), hydration coefficient, clumping, size and colour as the statistically most suitable quality parameters. With the aid of the developed method, it was possible to define standard values for South African 'choice' and 'standard' grade beans, which previously was based only on 'visual inspection' by a trained inspection panel. © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry.	Canning procedures; Canning quality; Dry beans; Evaluation procedures; Small white beans; Small-scale canning methods	Lycopersicon esculentum; Phaseolus (angiosperm); Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747584147	General surgery in crisis - Factors that impact on a career in general surgery	Kahn D., Pillay S., Veller M.G., Panieri E., Westcott M.J.R.	2006	South African Journal of Surgery	44	3	None	Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Kahn, D., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Pillay, S., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Veller, M.G., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Panieri, E., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Westcott, M.J.R., Association of Surgeons of South Africa, Department of Surgery, Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Introduction. The Association of Surgeons of South Africa (ASSA), because of a concern about the decline in the number of applicants for registrar posts, undertook this study into the various factors that may influence the choice of surgery as career option. Methods. The study involved a combination of desk research and structured interviews with heads of departments, specialists, and registrars in general surgery. Results. The reasons for choosing general surgery as a career included the immediately visible results of a surgeon's efforts and the practical and intellectual challenge of the specialty. General surgery continued to enjoy a high status in society. The greater focus on primary health care has affected facilities at tertiary and secondary institutions. General surgeons worked excessively long hours, which was associated with increased levels of stress and placed severe strains oh family life. All respondents felt that their levels of remuneration were 'poor' in relation to other disciplines and professions. Conclusion. In this study we identified various factors that impacted either positively or negatively on the choice of general surgery as a career option.	None	article; career; decision making; general surgery; health practitioner; hospital department; human; intellect; manager; medical research; medical specialist; professional practice; social status; structured interview; surgeon; tertiary health care; Career Choice; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Emigration and Immigration; Family Practice; Humans; Interviews; Life Style; South Africa; Stress, Psychological; Students, Medical; Surgery; Training Support; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28044456323	Performance of a solar dryer with limited sun tracking capability	Mwithiga G., Kigo S.N.	2006	Journal of Food Engineering	74	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.018	Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	Mwithiga, G., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Kigo, S.N., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	A small solar dryer with limited sun tracking capabilities was designed and tested. The dryer had a mild steel absorber plate and a polyvinyl chloride (pvc) transparent cover and could be adjusted to track the sun in increments of 15°. The performance was tested by adjusting the angle the dryer made with the horizontal either once, three, five or nine times a day when either loaded with coffee beans or under no load conditions. The temperature distribution in the plenum and also the drying rate of parchment coffee were determined. The temperature inside the plenum chamber could reach a maximum of 70.4 °C and the dryer could lower the moisture content of coffee beans from 54.8% to below 13% (w.b.) in 2 days as opposed to the 5-7 days required in sun drying. Tracking the sun though allowing a faster rate of drying did not offer a significant advantage in terms of length of drying duration. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Coffee; Drying; Solar dryer; Temperature distribution; Tracking	Drying; Food products; Moisture; Plates (structural components); Polyvinyl chlorides; Steel; Sun; Temperature distribution; Coffee; Steel absorber plates; Sun drying; Tracking; Solar dryers; Phaseolus (angiosperm)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33244456606	Hybrid data capture for monitoring patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in urban Botswana	Bussmann H., Wester C.W., Ndwapi N., Vanderwarker C., Gaolathe T., Tirelo G., Avalos A., Moffat H., Marlink R.G.	2006	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	84	2	10.2471/BLT.04.019307	Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	Bussmann, H., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Wester, C.W., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Ndwapi, N., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Vanderwarker, C., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Gaolathe, T., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Tirelo, G., Infectious Disease Care Clinic, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Avalos, A., Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Moffat, H., Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Marlink, R.G., Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	Individual patient care and programme evaluation are pivotal for the success of antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. While computer-aided documentation and data storage are indispensable for any large programme, several important issues need to be addressed including which data are to be collected, who collects it and how it is entered into an electronic database. We describe a patient-monitoring approach, which uses patient encounter forms (in hybrid paper + electronic format) based on optical character recognition, piloted at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana's first public highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) outpatient clinic. Our novel data capture approach collects "key" data for tracking patient and programme outcomes. It saves physician time and does not detract from clinical care.	Automatic data processing; Botswana (source: MeSH, NLM); Computerized; Data collection; Medical records; Medical records systems	antiretrovirus agent; data acquisition; health monitoring; urban population; article; Botswana; computer aided design; drug activity; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; outpatient department; patient monitoring; physician; pilot study; urban area; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Automatic Data Processing; Botswana; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Database Management Systems; Drug Monitoring; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Medical Records Systems, Computerized; Optical Storage Devices; Program Evaluation; RNA, Viral; Time Factors; Africa; Botswana; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750953470	Performance of immunologic responses in predicting viral load suppression: Implications for monitoring patients in resource-limited settings	Moore D.M., Mermin J., Awor A., Yip B., Hogg R.S., Montaner J.S.G.	2006	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	43	4	10.1097/01.qai.0000243105.80393.42	British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; CDC-Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Moore, D.M., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda, CDC-Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Mermin, J., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Awor, A., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Yip, B., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hogg, R.S., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Montaner, J.S.G., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada	BACKGROUND: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings state that CD4 cell counts may be used to indicate when ART regimens should be changed because of treatment failure. The performance of immunologic monitoring for this purpose has not been evaluated, however. METHODS: Participants aged ≥18 years from the British Columbia HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Program who had CD4 cell counts ≤200 cells/μL or an AIDS diagnosis at baseline had CD4 cell counts measured at 6 and 12 months after treatment initiation. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for immunologic responses in terms of predicting failure to achieve 2 viral load measurements <500 copies/mL within 1 year. RESULTS: Viral load suppression occurred in 674 (60%) of 1125 subjects. Using no increase in CD4 cell counts at 6 months as a definition of treatment failure had a sensitivity of 34%, specificity of 94%, positive predictive value of 75%, and negative predictive value of 71% for predicting failure to achieve virologic suppression. Using 12-month CD4 cell count values, the measurements were 35%, 95%, 79%, and 73%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Immunologic criteria to predict which patients have not achieved virologic suppression results in significant misclassification of therapeutic responses. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Antiretroviral therapy; Developing countries; Immunologic monitoring; Virologic responses	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; treatment failure; virus load; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Developing Countries; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; RNA, Viral; Treatment Failure; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846700819	The economic impact of HIV/AIDS on small, medium and large enterprises	Ellis L.L.	2006	South African Journal of Economics	74	4	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2006.00093.x	Bureau for Economic Research, Stellenbosch University, W Cape, South Africa	Ellis, L.L., Bureau for Economic Research, Stellenbosch University, W Cape, South Africa	Based on the Bureau of Economic Research (BER's) 2005 HIV/AIDS survey, this paper provides a snapshot view of the nature and the extent of the impact of HIV/AIDS on companies of different sizes in South Africa, as well as their response to the epidemic. Whereas the focus of most of the previous workplace surveys has been on "evaluating workplace responses", the present study also considers the economic impact of HIV/AIDS. This study provides evidence of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the largest sample of small, medium and large companies in South Africa to date. The survey results suggest that employer responses are strongly linked to company size, with the majority of medium and large companies indicating that they have an HIV/AIDS policy in place and small companies having done little in the way of action against the epidemic. © 2006 The Author. Journal compilation © 2006 Economic Society of South Africa.	Company size; Economic impact; HIV/AIDS; Survey	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; debt; economic development; economic impact; human immunodeficiency virus; small and medium-sized enterprise; workplace; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Ziziphus mauritiana	None
WoS	WOS:000238591500004	An evaluation of e-readiness assessment tools with respect to information access: Towards an integrated information rich tool	Mutula, SM,van Brakel, P	2006	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT	26	3	10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2006.02.004	Cape Peninsula University of Technology	None	This paper is an offshoot of the findings of a doctoral thesis carried out at the University of Johannesburg (formerly Rand Afrikaans University) in South Africa on the assessment of e-readiness tools with respect to information access. The paper argues that information is a key component in the e-readiness equation and yet it is not given much emphasis in the e-readiness extant tools, but is instead subsumed under Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The paper notes that the various major segments of e-readiness as synthesised from existing tools are scattered in different tools making their use painstakingly cumbersome. The paper proposes a new e-readiness integrated tool that emphasises information access and also collocates the various segments of organizational, ICT, human resources, and external readiness into one single tool. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	"digital divide",e-readiness,ICTS,"INFORMATION ACCESS","INFORMATION MANAGEMENT","COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION",SYSTEMS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745535966	Barriers to and facilitators for female participation in an HIV prevention project in Rural Ethiopia: Findings from a qualitative evaluation	Cummings B., Mengistu M., Negash W., Bekele A., Ghile T.	2006	Culture, Health and Sexuality	8	3	10.1080/13691050600765103	Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Cummings, B., Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Mengistu, M., CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Negash, W., CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bekele, A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ghile, T., CARE International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ethiopian women face complex social and cultural factors that influence their probability of HIV infection. HIV prevention efforts among this population are particularly important; however, female participation in a rural, HIV prevention project has been minimal. This programme evaluation investigated barriers and facilitators influencing women's ability to participate in project activities. Evaluation data were collected through nine focus groups and 20 semi-structured interviews, which were conducted between October and November 2003. The main themes found to negatively influence women's decisions to participate in this HIV prevention activity included: domestic workloads, lack of education and awareness, and cultural norms that have discouraged discussions about HIV and sexuality. Domestic chores, which are labour intensive and limit time and energy, were found to be the primary barrier to participation among women. Respondents also indicated that female illiteracy and limited educational attainment occur within a social context that traditionally supports education for men but discourages formal knowledge among women, including HIV prevention. Lack of education and inability to freely discuss sexuality denies women access to health information, potentially exposing women to adverse consequences such as HIV infection. Identified facilitators of participation included a radio serial drama and the one female peer educator associated with the project. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	Gender; HIV prevention; Intervention; Participation; Women	adolescent; adult; article; awareness; controlled study; cultural anthropology; data analysis; Ethiopia; female; health care access; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; major clinical study; male; medical information; motivation; patient attitude; patient decision making; preventive health service; priority journal; qualitative analysis; school child; semi structured interview; sexuality; social behavior; social belief; social status; social support; workload; Adolescent; Adult; Cultural Characteristics; Ethiopia; Female; Focus Groups; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Narration; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Women's Health; Women's Rights	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645005227	Using niche-based modelling to assess the impact of climate change on tree functional diversity in Europe	Thuiller W., Lavorel S., Sykes M.T., Araújo M.B.	2006	Diversity and Distributions	12	1	10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00216.x	Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Thuiller, W., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Lavorel, S., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Sykes, M.T., Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Araújo, M.B., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Rapid anthropogenic climate change is already affecting species distributions and ecosystem functioning worldwide. We applied niche-based models to analyse the impact of climate change on tree species and functional diversity in Europe. Present-day climate was used to predict the distributions of 122 tree species from different functional types (FT). We then explored projections of future distributions under one climate scenario for 2080, considering two alternative dispersal assumptions: no dispersal and unlimited dispersal. The species-rich broadleaved deciduous group appeared to play a key role in the future of different European regions. Temperate areas were projected to lose both species richness and functional diversity due to the loss of broadleaved deciduous trees. These were projected to migrate to boreal forests, thereby increasing their species richness and functional diversity. Atlantic areas provided an intermediate case, with a predicted reduction in the numbers of species and occasional predicted gains in functional diversity. This resulted from a loss in species within the broadleaved deciduous FT, but overall maintenance of the group. Our results illustrate the fact that both species-specific predictions and functional patterns should be examined separately in order to assess the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and gain insights into future ecosystem functioning. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Climate change; Functional diversity; Niche-based models; Species richness	climate change; ecosystem function; functional response; modeling; niche; species richness; Eurasia; Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745726656	Modelling the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa and the likely impact of interventions	Johnson L.F., Dorrington R.E.	2006	Demographic Research	14	None	10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.22	Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Johnson, L.F., Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Dorrington, R.E., Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This paper describes an approach to incorporating the impact of HIV/AIDS and the effects of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programmes into a cohort component projection model of the South African population. The modelled HIV-positive population is divided into clinical and treatment stages, and it is demonstrated that the age profile and morbidity profile of the HIV-positive population is changing significantly over time. HIV/AIDS is projected to have a substantial demographic impact in South Africa. Prevention programmes - social marketing, voluntary counselling and testing, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and improved treatment for sexually transmitted diseases - are unlikely to reduce AIDS mortality significantly in the short term. However, more immediate reductions in mortality can be achieved when antiretroviral treatment is introduced. © 2006 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.	Antiretroviral treatment; Demographic impact; HIV/AIDS prevention; Simulation model; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847779261	Technologies that contribute to reducing environmental impacts of electrical production	Kahn M.T.E., Fritz W.	2006	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	17	4	None	Centre for Distributed Power Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa; Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	Kahn, M.T.E., Centre for Distributed Power Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa; Fritz, W., Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was attended by approximately 21 000 international delegates in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. The aim was to institute ecologically sound environmental management. Research has shown that fossil fuel or coal fired power plants are the major cause of air pollution in electricity generation. This paper seeks to show technologies that can contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of electricity production, via emission control systems, industry energy policy, renewable energy technologies etc. and the promotion of active research and development in alternative energy applications in Africa. Innovative energy technology research and development and applications such as smaller scale distributed generation and solid state lighting (SSL) are seen as capable of adding a positive contribution in this area.	Electrical production; Energy consumption; Energy technology; Environmental impacts; Research and development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750431074	Potential impacts of climate change on Sub-Saharan African plant priority area selection	McClean C.J., Doswald N., Küper W., Sommer J.H., Barnard P., Lovett J.C.	2006	Diversity and Distributions	12	6	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2006.00290.x	Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa	McClean, C.J., Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Doswald, N., School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Küper, W., Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Sommer, J.H., Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Barnard, P., Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Lovett, J.C., Centre for Ecology, Law and Policy, Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) aims to protect 50% of the most important areas for plant diversity by 2010. This study selects sets of 1-degree grid cells for 37 sub-Saharan African countries on the basis of a large database of plant species distributions. We use two reserve selection algorithms that attempt to satisfy two of the criteria set by the GSPC. The grid cells selected as important plant cells (IPCs) are compared between algorithms and in terms of country and continental rankings between cells. The conservation value of the selected grid cells are then considered in relation to their future species complement given the predicted climate change in three future periods (2025, 2055, and 2085). This analysis uses predicted climate suitability for individual species from a previous modelling exercise. We find that a country-by-country conservation approach is suitable for capturing most, but not all, continentally IPCs. The complementarity-based reserve selection algorithms suggest conservation of a similar set of grid cells, suggesting that areas of high plant diversity and rarity may be well protected by a single pattern of conservation activity. Although climatic conditions are predicted to deteriorate for many species under predicted climate change, the cells selected by the algorithms are less affected by climate change predictions than non-selected cells. For the plant species that maintain areas of climatic suitability in the future, the selected set will include cells with climate that is highly suitable for the species in the future. The selected cells are also predicted to conserve a large proportion of the species richness remaining across the continent under climate change, despite the network of cells being less optimal in terms of future predicted distributions. Limitations to the modelling are discussed in relation to the policy implications for those implementing the GSPC. © 2006 The Authors.	Africa; Climate change; Global Strategy for Plant Conservation; Important plant areas; Persistence; Reserve selection algorithms	algorithm; biodiversity; climate change; climate effect; database; nature conservation; nature reserve; persistence; plant; spatial distribution; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750199016	Considerations for the efficient spectral evaluation of reaction integrals associated with separated domains	Mayhew-Ridgers G., Odendaal J.W., Joubert J.	2006	IEE Proceedings: Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation	153	5	10.1049/ip-map:20050194	Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Mayhew-Ridgers, G., Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Odendaal, J.W., Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Joubert, J., Centre for Electromagnetism, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The authors address some aspects that have to be considered when using a recently proposed contour-deformation technique for the efficient numerical evaluation of reaction integrals arising in the spectral-domain method of moments for testing and expansion functions that exist on separated domains. The method is particularly efficient in the context of microstrip patch antenna elements and arrays where the testing and expansion functions can either be entire-domain functions on different antenna elements or where they are widely separated subdomain functions on the same or different antenna elements. However, the method becomes less efficient for testing and expansion functions that are not so widely separated. It is shown how the separation distance between the testing and expansion functions, in addition to substrate thickness, affects the behaviour of the reaction integrand and how the choice of a more suitable integration contour can simplify the numerical evaluation of the associated integral, especially for closely spaced testing and expansion functions on thick substrates, where the original method becomes less efficient. The minimum separation distance between the domains of the testing and expansion functions, that can be accommodated with this method, is also better defined. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2006.	None	Antenna arrays; Contour measurement; Integral equations; Numerical methods; Contour-deformation techniques; Microstrip patch antenna; Reaction integrals; Spectral evaluation; Microstrip antennas	None
None	None	Psychometric properties and the prevalence, intensity and causes of oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP) in a population of older Tanzanians	Kida I.A., Åstrøm A.N., Strand G.V., Masalu J.R., Tsakos G.	2006	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	4	None	10.1186/1477-7525-4-56	Centre for International Health, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Department of Odontology-Gerodontology, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College of London Medical School, London, United Kingdom	Kida, I.A., Centre for International Health, UoB, Bergen, Norway, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Åstrøm, A.N., Centre for International Health, UoB, Bergen, Norway, Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Strand, G.V., Department of Odontology-Gerodontology, UoB, Bergen, Norway; Masalu, J.R., Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tsakos, G., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College of London Medical School, London, United Kingdom	Background: The objective was to study whether a Kiswahili version of the OIDP (Oral Impacts on Daily Performance) inventory was valid and reliable for use in a population of older adults in urban and rural areas of Tanzania; and to assess the area specific prevalence, intensity and perceived causes of OIDP. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Pwani region and in Dar es Salaam in 2004/2005. A two-stage stratified cluster sample design was utilized. Information became available for 511 urban and 520 rural subjects (mean age 62.9 years) who were interviewed and participated in a full mouth clinical examination in their own homes. Results: The Kiswahili version of the weighted OIDP inventory preserved the overall concept of the original English version. Cronbach's alpha was 0.83 and 0.90 in urban and rural areas, respectively, and the OIDP inventory varied systematically in the expected direction with self-reported oral health measures. The respective prevalence of oral impacts was 51.2% and 62.1% in urban and rural areas. Problems with eating was the performance reported most frequently (42.5% in urban, 55.1% in rural) followed by cleaning teeth (18.2% in urban, 30.6% in rural). More than half of the urban and rural residents with impacts had very little, little and moderate impact intensity. The most frequently reported causes of impacts were toothache and loose teeth. Conclusion: The Kiswahili OIDP inventory had acceptable psychometric properties among non-institutionalized adults 50 years and above in Tanzania. The impacts affecting their performances were relatively common but not very severe. © 2006 Kida et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; aged; analytic method; article; clinical assessment; controlled study; Cronbach alpha coefficient; daily life activity; dental care; dental health; disease severity; feeding behavior; female; health survey; human; interview; major clinical study; male; Oral Impacts on Daily Performance; population research; prevalence; psychometry; reliability; risk assessment; risk factor; Tanzania; tooth disease; tooth pain; urban rural difference; validation process; Activities of Daily Living; Aged; DMF Index; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Prevalence; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Rural Health; Sickness Impact Profile; Tanzania; Tooth Loss; Urban Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747104303	The effect of Cirina forda larva meal in rabbit diets on performance, carcass quality and nutrient digestibility	Oluremi O.I.A., Bogbenda M., Mkah T.P.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	7	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Niger	Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Bogbenda, M., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Mkah, T.P., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria	A ten-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the nutritive potential of Cirina forda larva meal (CFLM) as an animal protein concentrate in rabbit feeding by evaluating growth response, carcass quality and nutrient digestibility. Twenty mixed breed weaner rabbits between 9-11 weeks of age were assigned randomly in groups of five to control diet (CD) and three other diets TD2.5, TD5.0 and TD7.5 containing 2.5. 5.0 and 7.5% CFLM. Rabbit had unrestricted access to drinking water and their respective diets. Diets had significant effects (p&lt;0.01) on feed intake, water consumption and live body weight (LBW). The coefficient of nutrient digestibility, and carcass, visceral and offal indices did not have significant variations (p&gt;0.05) except the forelimb (p&lt;0.05). Rabbit became heavier as feed intake decreased at higher CFLM dietary inclusion, which is an indication of improved feed conversion. The study has shown that CFLM can be used in compounding diets for grower rabbit at 7.5% level of inclusion.	Carcass quality; Cirina forda larva meal; Digestibility; Performance; Rabbit	Animalia; Cirina forda; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645850125	Dynamics of grazing policy and practice: Environmental and social impacts in three communal areas of southern Africa	Rohde R.F., Moleele N.M., Mphale M., Allsopp N., Chanda R., Hoffman M.T., Magole L., Young E.	2006	Environmental Science and Policy	9	3	10.1016/j.envsci.2005.11.009	Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 21 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Department of Sociology, University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; ARC-Range and Forage Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, United Kingdom; 11 Belmont Avenue, Cape Town 8001, South Africa	Rohde, R.F., Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 21 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 11 Belmont Avenue, Cape Town 8001, South Africa; Moleele, N.M., GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Mphale, M., Department of Sociology, University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; Allsopp, N., ARC-Range and Forage Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Chanda, R., Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana; Hoffman, M.T., Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Magole, L., GEF-UNDP Wetland Biodiversity Conservation Project, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana; Young, E., Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, United Kingdom	This paper traces the history of grazing policy, its conceptual basis, practical implementations and outcomes, in three southern African countries. In spite of the divergent environmental conditions facing pastoralists in the Highlands of Lesotho, Botswana's southern Kalahari and the Namaqualand succulent karoo in South Africa, they have all been subjected to similar grazing and rangeland management policies. The theoretical underpinnings of such policies have their origins in a development paradigm and ecological theory derived from northern temperate environments and are directly related to two persistent and powerful narratives: 'land degradation' and 'the tragedy of the commons'. Policy and development initiatives were implemented in order to overcome the perceived causes of these negative scenarios, such as overstocking, open access tenure and low output subsistence production. They typically ignored the multi-purpose goals of traditional pastoral systems and emphasized commercialisation of livestock farming and privatisation of communal land, which resulted in the weakening or destruction of local, traditional land management institutions. Such policies have survived the transitions from colonial rule to independence and from apartheid to democracy. We argue that these powerful and pervasive ideas, when applied to grazing policies, have caused the very problems they were formulated to prevent. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Communal land; Pastoralism; Rangeland ecology; Rangeland management	agricultural worker; article; commercial phenomena; environmental impact; environmental sustainability; government regulation; grazing management; land use; livestock; political system; priority journal; program development; socioeconomics; South Africa; sustainable agriculture; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645859346	Herring fish (Clupea harengus) oil production and evaluation for industrial uses	Adeniyi O.D.	2006	Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology	27	4	10.1080/01932690500374334	Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Adeniyi, O.D., Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	It is a well known fact that the lipid (oil) extracted from various fish species can be of industrial benefit if properly extracted and processed. In this study herring fish oil was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis in other to provide an assessment of the quality of the oil for industrial purposes. This work focuses on the production of oil from frozen herring fish (Clupea harengus) as the raw material readily available on the market, by evaluating by the oil using chemical and physical analysis and refining the oil by degumming, neutralizing, drying, and decolorizing. The experimental results revealed that the rate of extraction increases with time until maximum extraction took place using an average size of 780 p.m. Every 10.64 g of dried sample used has about 4.34 g of oil extracted for five hours. The extracted herring fish oil contains two essential unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which could be of great industrial importance. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Clupea harengus; DHA; EFA; Fish oil; Herring; PUFA	Degumming; Drying; Extraction; Fatty acids; Food processing; Oils and fats; Clupea harengus; Decolorizing; Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); Fish oil; Herring fish; Neutralizing; Lipids; Degumming; Drying; Extraction; Fatty acids; Food processing; Lipids; Oils and fats	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748979968	Chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil	Ajayi I.A., Oderinde R.A., Ogunkoya B.O., Egunyomi A., Taiwo V.O.	2006	Food Chemistry	101	3	10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.053	Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ajayi, I.A., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oderinde, R.A., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunkoya, B.O., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Egunyomi, A., Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Taiwo, V.O., Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The chemical analysis and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Garcinia mangostana seeds and seed oil have been investigated in order to determine the possibility of using them for human and/or animal consumption. Proximate analysis showed that the seeds had high amount of carbohydrate and were rich in oil (21.68 ± 6.18%) but have a low protein content. The physical properties of the oil extracts showed the state to be liquid at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C) and the colour of the oil golden-orange. The specific gravity of the oil was 0.98 ± 0.01. Among the chemical properties of the oil extracts, acid value, saponification number, iodine value, percent free fatty acid and peroxide value compared well with those of conventional edible oils. The seed flour was found to be a good source of minerals. It contained considerable amounts of potassium (7071 mg/kg), magnesium (865 mg/kg) and calcium (454 mg/kg). Fatty acid composition of the seed oil indicated that the oil contained one essential fatty acids small proportions: linoleic acid (1.30%). The most prevalent fatty acids were palmitic acid (49.5%) and oleic acid (34.0%). Weanling albino rats appeared to suffer no toxicological effects when fed with G. mangostana seed oil in their diet for 8 weeks. Weekly monitoring of the rats showed good physical appearance and steady weight increase. Histological examination of sections of the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and lung revealed that the kidney of some of the rats had some degrees of pathology which included diffuse glomerular and tubular degeneration. No lesion was found in the heart and liver of the rats. The seed oil could be useful as an edible oil and for industrial applications. © 2006.	Fatty acid; Garcinia mangostana; Mineral elements; Toxicology effect	calcium; carbohydrate; fatty acid; iodine; linoleic acid; magnesium; oleic acid; palmitic acid; peroxide; potassium; vegetable oil; acidity; animal tissue; article; chemical analysis; chemical composition; color; comparative study; degeneration; diet; fluor; Garcinia mangostana; glomerulus; heart; histology; kidney; kidney tubule; lipid composition; liquid; liver; lung; monitoring; nonhuman; pathology; plant seed; rat; relative density; room temperature; saponification; spleen; toxicology; Animalia; Garcinia mangostana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745580840	Impact of Bt cotton adoption on pesticide use by smallholders: A 2-year survey in Makhatini Flats (South Africa)	Hofs J.-L., Fok M., Vaissayre M.	2006	Crop Protection	25	9	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.01.006	CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Montpellier, France	Hofs, J.-L., CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Fok, M., CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Montpellier, France; Vaissayre, M., CIRAD, Cotton Systems Research Unit, Montpellier, France	This paper explores insecticide use in fields cropped with conventional or Bt cotton varieties in a smallholder farming area (Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa). The study was carried out during the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 growing seasons as part of a broader survey based on daily monitoring of a sample of smallholdings. The adoption of Bt cotton led to a decrease in pyrethroid use, but the level of insect resistance of this cultivar was not sufficient to completely drop this pesticide from the spraying programme. On the other hand, organophosphates were still being applied in substantial amounts, thus raising questions as to the impact of Bt cotton adoption on farmers' health. The overall economic results obtained with Bt cotton were slightly positive despite the low cotton yields obtained in the Flats during our survey. Bt cotton adoption did lead to labour savings, but the extent of this gain was not as high as expected. In conclusion, cropping Bt cotton in Makhathini Flats did not generate sufficient income to expect a tangible and sustainable socioeconomic improvement due to the way the crop is currently managed. Adoption of an innovation like Bt cotton seems to pay only in an agro-system with a sufficient level of intensification. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Bt cotton; Cost-effectiveness; Insecticide use; Integrated crop management; Safety; Small-scale farming; South Africa	cotton; growing season; innovation; insecticide; organophosphate; smallholder; socioeconomic conditions; yield response; Africa; KwaZulu-Natal; Makhathini Flats; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Gossypium hirsutum; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749070374	Assessment of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality in rural areas: A case study from Marondera district, Zimbabwe	Dzwairo B., Hoko Z., Love D., Guzha E.	2006	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	31	None	10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.031	Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Geology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mvuramanzi Trust, P.O. Box MR103, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe	Dzwairo, B., Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hoko, Z., Civil Engineering Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Love, D., Geology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, WaterNet, P.O. Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Guzha, E., Mvuramanzi Trust, P.O. Box MR103, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe	In resource-poor and low-population-density areas, on-site sanitation is preferred to off-site sanitation and groundwater is the main source of water for domestic uses. Groundwater pollution potential from on-site sanitation in such areas conflicts with Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles that advocate for sustainable use of water resources. Given the widespread use of groundwater for domestic purposes in rural areas, maintaining groundwater quality is a critical livelihood intervention. This study assessed impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality in Kamangira village, Marondera district, Zimbabwe. Groundwater samples from 14 monitoring boreholes and 3 shallow wells were analysed during 6 sampling campaigns, from February 2005 to May 2005. Parameters analysed were total and faecal coliforms, NH4+ s(-) N, NO3- s(-) N, conductivity, turbidity and pH, both for boreholes and shallow wells. Total and faecal coliforms both ranged 0-TNTC (too-numerous-to-count), 78% of results meeting the 0 CFU/100 ml WHO guidelines value. NH4+ s(-) N range was 0-2.0 mg/l, with 99% of results falling below the 1.5 mg/l WHO recommended value. NO3- s(-) N range was 0.0-6.7 mg/l, within 10 mg/l WHO guidelines value. The range for conductivity values was 46-370 μS/cm while the pH range was 6.8-7.9. There are no WHO guideline values for these two parameters. Turbidity ranged from 1 NTU to 45 NTU, 59% of results meeting the 5 NTU WHO guidelines limit. Depth from the ground surface to the water table for the period February 2005 to May 2005 was determined for all sampling points using a tape measure. The drop in water table averaged from 1.1 m to 1.9 m and these values were obtained by subtracting water table elevations from absolute ground surface elevation. Soil from the monitoring boreholes was classified as sandy. The soil infiltration layer was taken as the layer between the pit latrine bottom and the water table. It averaged from 1.3 m to 1.7 m above the water table for two latrines and 2-3.2 m below it for one pit latrine. A questionnaire survey revealed the prevalence of diarrhoea and structural failure of latrines. Results indicated that pit latrines were microbiologically impacting on groundwater quality up to 25 m lateral distance. Nitrogen values were of no immediate threat to health. The shallow water table increased pollution potential from pit latrines. Raised and lined pit latrines and other low-cost technologies should be considered to minimize potential of groundwater pollution. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Groundwater pollution; Groundwater quality; Infiltration layer; On-site sanitation; Pit latrines; Sandy soil	Coliform bacteria; pH effects; Sand; Sanitation; Soils; Water analysis; Water quality; Water wells; Groundwater quality; Infiltration layer; Pit latrines; Sandy soil; Groundwater pollution; groundwater pollution; health impact; pollution monitoring; sanitation; water management; water planning; water quality; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748367852	Evaluation of fever of unknown origin before starting antiretroviral therapy	Conradie F., Wilson D.	2006	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	None	23	None	Clinical HIV Research Unit, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Conradie, F., Clinical HIV Research Unit, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wilson, D., Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	antiretrovirus agent; efavirenz; fluconazole; lamivudine; stavudine; tenofovir; adult; article; blood transfusion; bone marrow biopsy; case report; coughing; death; diarrhea; disease course; drug substitution; esophagus candidiasis; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory test; patient assessment; patient referral; peripheral neuropathy; physical examination; pyrexia idiopathica; treatment refusal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645385128	Clonal evaluation of vegetatively propagated half-node cuttings of Coffea canephora	Famaye A.O., Oloyede A.A., Ayegboyin K.O.	2006	Tropical Science	46	1	10.1002/ts.10	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Famaye, A.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oloyede, A.A., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ayegboyin, K.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Of five high-yielding clones of robusta coffee, half-node cuttings of C36, C96, C108 and C111 sprouted, rooted and grew well. T1049 was markedly inferior, but the half-node technique could be used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Clonal evaluation; Coffee; Cutting; Half-node; Robusta	Coffea canephora	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646884141	Performance, cost benefit, carcass quality and organ characteristics of pigs fed high graded levels of brewer's dried grain diets in the humid tropics	Amaefule K.U., Onwudike O.C., Ibe S.N., Abasiekong S.F.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	3	10.3923/pjn.2006.242.247	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Onwudike, O.C., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ibe, S.N., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Abasiekong, S.F., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Twenty-four (Landrace x Large white) weaner pigs with average live weight of 6.36 kg (6.25-6.50 kg) were used to evaluate the performance, cost benefit, carcass quality and organ characteristics of pigs fed high graded levels of brewers' dried grain (BDG) diets in the humid tropics. The diets contained 0, 30, 35 and 40% BDG in Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The experiment was in a completely randomized design (CRD) with each treatment replicated three times. Live weight, weight gain, feed and protein intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were measured. Other measurements were feed cost of weight gain, gross margin, warm dressed weight, carcass and organ characteristics. Results showed that weaner pigs fed 40% BDG diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher protein intake (113.65 g) than others, while increasing levels of BDG in the diets significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed cost at the weaner stage. At the grower stage, pigs fed 35% BDG diet had weight gain, FCR and PER values similar to those fed control diet, while BDG diets significantly affected back fat (1st rib) thickness, carcass length and percent spleen. It was concluded that weaner pigs could be fed 40% BDG diet to reduce feed cost, without adverse effect on growth performance. At the grower stage, the optimum inclusion level of BDG in the pig's diet should be 35%, although 40% BDG diet could be fed to reduce feed cost without adverse effect on carcass quality and organ characteristics of the pigs. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Brewer's dried grain; Carcass quality; Growth; Pigs	animal behavior; animal experiment; animal food; animal model; article; body fat; body fat distribution; carcass; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; developmental stage; female; food analysis; food composition; food intake; grain; humidity; male; nonhuman; nutritional value; protein content; protein determination; protein intake; spleen weight; swine; weight gain; Animalia; Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645783649	Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal as protein source for pullets: 1. Performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Ironkwe M.C., Ojewola G.S.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	1	10.3923/ijps.2006.60.64	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ironkwe, M.C., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	The experiment was conducted with 150 nine week-old black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets from the grower (9th week) stage of life. The experiment, which was in a completely randomized design (CRD), comprised pullets fed 20% PSM diets that were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The seeds were used as raw, boiled for 30 minutes, toasted for 30 minutes or soaked in water for 24 hours. Each treatment (raw, boiled, toasted, soaked or control diets) was replicated three times. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live weight at point of lay and feed cost. Pullets fed 20% boiled PSM diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) daily protein intake and live weight at point of lay. It was concluded that PSM could be a good protein source for grower pullets, which could be incorporated into the diets at 20% of the whole diet without any adverse effect on growth performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Diets; Grower pullets; Pigeon pea seeds; Processed seeds	Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749593864	Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] seed meal in layer diets: 1. Performance of point of lay pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Ironkwe M.C., Obioha F.C.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.639.645	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, N	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ironkwe, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Performance of point of lay black Bovan Nera pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets was determined with 150 (20 week old) pullets. They have not been fed any PSM diet before the study. The seeds (brown colored) were used as raw or processed (toasted for 30 minutes, boiled for 30 minutes, or soaked in water for 24 hours), all of which were milled. Each treatment had three replicates; each replicate had 10 birds in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Measurements were feed intake, live weight, hen-day and hen-housed egg production, mortality, age at 1st, 25 and 50% egg production, external and internal egg quality characteristics. Raw PSM diet fed to point of lay pullets (POL) significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved hen-day production (67.79%), feed intake (101.50 g), and lowered age at 50% egg production (180.67 d) more than other diets. Layers fed toasted PSM diet laid eggs with superior weight (66.17 g), width (4.51 cm) and the lowest shell weight (4.37 g). Also layers fed toasted PSM diet laid eggs with superior albumen (11.87 mm) and yolk (20.50 mm) heights, albumen weight (45.80 g), albumen + yolk weight (61.60 g) and significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher Haugh unit (123.63) than the rest. It was concluded that 30% raw, toasted or soaked PSM diet could be fed to point of lay pullets without adverse effect on egg production, external and internal egg quality characteristics. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Diets; Layers; Pigeon pea seed meal; Point of lay	Aves; Cajanus cajan	None
WoS	WOS:000239414300012	Design and evaluation of a drama-based intervention to promote voluntary counseling and HIV testing in a south African community	Bekker, Linda-Gail,Middelkoop, Keren,Myer, Landon,Smit, Joalida,Wood, Robin	2006	SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES	33	8	None	Columbia University, University of Cape Town	None	Background. Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services are a major component of HIV prevention and treatment efforts. We developed a drama-based intervention to promote VCT services in a peri-urban community in South Africa. Methods: Young adults from the community received training in HIV/AIDS and drama, and developed sketches to address perceived barriers to VCT. Over 12 months, 80 performances were held in busy community settings. The intervention was evaluated through changes in VCT uptake at the local clinic compared with comparable communities nearby. Results: After the start of the intervention in August 2003, a 172% increase in the uptake of VCT services was observed in the intervention community. This was significantly greater than demand for VCT in either of the control communities during the same period (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: A structured, community-based education program based on drama can lead to substantial increases in the demand for VCT services in resource-limited settings.	,BEHAVIOR,UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749248312	Impacts of the 26 December 2004 tsunami in Eastern Africa	Obura D.	2006	Ocean and Coastal Management	49	11	10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.004	CORDIO East Africa, P.O. BOX 10135, Mombasa, 80101, Kenya	Obura, D., CORDIO East Africa, P.O. BOX 10135, Mombasa, 80101, Kenya	The tsunami of 26 December 2004 was the largest ever recorded in the Indian Ocean, triggered by the 3rd largest earthquake in 100 years measuring 9.2 moment magnitude. The epicenter of the earthquake was off Banda Aceh on the Indian Ocean coast of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, centered at 3.316°N, 95.854°E. A sudden upward movement of the seafloor that averaged ∼6 m occurred along almost 1300 km of the north-east Indian Ocean plate at 0059 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and lasted 8 min. Because of the lack of preparedness and absence of warning systems in the Indian Ocean the tsunami spread silently across the ocean over a span of 8 h causing massive destruction including the deaths of over 250,000 people, with maximum damages occurring in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India and the Maldives. Moderate to low damages were recorded in the Seychelles, Socotra (Yemen) and Somalia, though in the latter a highly vulnerable town was impacted resulting in over 300 deaths. Most of eastern Africa was spared massive damages from the waves due to (a) distance from the epicenter (>6000 km), (b) the dissipation of energy of the tsunami by shallow banks in the middle of the Indian Ocean (the Seychelles banks, Saya de Malha and Cargados Carajos Shoals) and (c) at least for Kenya and Tanzania, the first and largest waves hit at low tide. In Kenya and Tanzania these factors resulted in the waves being experienced as tidal surges of 1-1.5 m amplitude lasting 5-10 min. Damages recorded for eastern Africa include 11 deaths in Tanzania and 1 in Kenya, of people walking and swimming over shallow intertidal flats being trapped by the advancing and receding tidal surges, damage to boats anchored in shallow water and inundation in Mauritius and Rodrigues. Official information, warning and response networks were nonexistent, and even when an official response was generated in Kenya the public demonstrated no faith or willingness to act on warnings from officials such as the police. Importantly, information on the tsunami and the generation of an official response was dependent on two technologies, satellite television and mobile telephony, and these should be built into future warning systems as key mechanisms and backups to official information and warning networks. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Alarm systems; Earthquake effects; Energy dissipation; Satellites; Television; Tidal power; Inundation; Mobile telephony; Satellite televisions; Tidal surges; Tsunamis; earthquake; earthquake damage; earthquake epicenter; intertidal environment; seafloor; tsunami; warning system; Africa; Asia; East Africa; Eurasia; Greater Sunda Islands; India; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean (Northeast); Indian Ocean islands; Kenya; Malay Archipelago; Maldives; Middle East; Seychelles; Socotra; Somalia; South Asia; South Yemen; Southeast Asia; Sri Lanka; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sumatra; Sunda Isles; Thailand; Yemen	None
None	None	Evaluation of simple hand-held mechanical systems for harvesting tea (Camellia sinensis)	Burgess P.J., Carr M.K.V., Mizambwa F.C.S., Nixon D.J., Lugusi J., Kimambo E.I.	2006	Experimental Agriculture	42	2	10.1017/S0014479705003352	Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom; Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Crop and Water Management Systems (Intnl.) Ltd., Pear Tree Cottage, Frog Lane, Warwickshire, CV36 4LG, United Kingdom; Booker-Tate Ltd., Masters Court Church Road, Thame, Oxon, OX9 3FA, United Kingdom; TPC Ltd., PO Box 93, Moshi, Tanzania	Burgess, P.J., Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom; Carr, M.K.V., Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom, Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Crop and Water Management Systems (Intnl.) Ltd., Pear Tree Cottage, Frog Lane, Warwickshire, CV36 4LG, United Kingdom; Mizambwa, F.C.S., Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, TPC Ltd., PO Box 93, Moshi, Tanzania; Nixon, D.J., Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom, Booker-Tate Ltd., Masters Court Church Road, Thame, Oxon, OX9 3FA, United Kingdom; Lugusi, J., Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Kimambo, E.I., Tea Research Institute of Tanzania, P.O. Box 2177, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Over an eight-year period, harvesting methods based on simple mechanical aids (blade and shear) were evaluated against hand harvesting on mature morphologically contrasting tea clones in Southern Tanzania. The effects of shear step height (5-32mm) and the harvest interval (1.8-4.2 phyllochrons) were also examined. Except in the year following pruning, large annual yields (5.7-7.9 t dry tea ha -1) were obtained by hand harvesting at intervals of two phyllochrons. For clones K35 (large shoots) and T207 (small shoots), the mean harvested shoot weights were equivalent to three unfurled leaves and a terminal bud. The proportions of broken shoots (40-48 %) and coarse material (4-6 %) were both relatively high. Using a blade resulted in similar yields to hand harvesting from K35 but larger yields from T207 (+13 %). The yield increase from clone T207 was associated with the harvest of more shoots and heavier shoots, smaller increases in canopy height, and a higher proportion (7-9 %) of coarse material compared to hand harvesting. On bushes, which had been harvested by hand for two years following pruning, using flat shears (no step) supported on the tea canopy resulted, over a three year period, in yields 8-14 % less than those obtained by hand harvesting and, for clone K35, a reduction in the leaf area index to below 5. The development of a larger leaf area index is made possible by adding a step to the shear. However, since annual yields were reduced by 40-50kg ha -1 per mm increase in step height, the step should be the minimum necessary to maintain long-term bush productivity. As mean shoot weights following shear harvesting were about 13 % below those obtained by hand harvesting, there is scope, when using shears, to extend the harvest interval from 2 to 2.5 phyllochrons. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.	None	Camellia sinensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845431630	Evaluation of productivity potentials of soils of the Gubi soil series	Voncir N., Mustapha S., Amba A.A., Kparmwang T.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	13	10.3923/jas.2006.2843.2845	Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria	Voncir, N., Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Mustapha, S., Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Amba, A.A., Crop Production Programme, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kparmwang, T., Department of Soil Science, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria	Six soils subgroups; two each from Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols in the Gubi soil series of Bauchi State were evaluated for their productivity potential using soil site characteristics and physicochemical properties. Ratings and grades for these soil characteristics were allotted and their means used for comparison. The result of the land evaluation grading was observed to ranged from A to E i.e., Extremely high productivity potential (Oxyaquic Ustifluvent, profile 02T2/02T3) to moderately low productivity potential (Typic Ustropept and Ustic Dystropept). The grading is highly correlated with the soil subgroups and is recommended for assessing productivity potential of soils under defined climate and management practice. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Gubi soil series; Potential; Productivity	Gubi soil series; High productivity; Highly-correlated; Land evaluation; Management practices; Physicochemical property; Potential; Soil characteristics; Grading; Productivity; Soils	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747617348	Performance of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) as influenced by irrigation schedules	Babatunde F.E., Mofoke A.L.E.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	4	10.3923/pjn.2006.363.367	Crop Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agriculture Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Abubakar Tafawa, Bauchi, Nigeria; Agriculture Engineering Programme, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0	Babatunde, F.E., Crop Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agriculture Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Abubakar Tafawa, Bauchi, Nigeria; Mofoke, A.L.E., Agriculture Engineering Programme, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Abubakar Tafawa, Bauchi, Nigeria	Global outcry for food security necessitates both rain fed and irrigation farming to boost up world food production. This research therefore explored the possibility of growing roselle (Hibiscus sabdarriffa. L) under irrigation. The experimental treatments comprised five irrigation schedules with irrigation intervals (f) of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days. The corresponding gross water requirements (GWR) were 37, 56, 74, 93, and 112mm. The crops were grown under check basin irrigation during the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 irrigation seasons in Bauchi state, Nigeria. Results showed that difference in number of leaves per plant was significant (p = 0.05) with the fifth irrigation schedule (f = 11 days, GWR = 112mm) giving the highest value of 347 leaves per plant, while the first irrigation schedule (f = 3 days, GWR = 37mm) resulted in only 192 leaves per plant. Variations in plant height, number of branches per plant and canopy diameter were insignificant (p = 0.05). The influence of irrigation schedule on the yield of roselle measured with respect to fresh calyx weight was highly significant with a strong coefficient of determination of 97.1%. Yield soared with increase in seasonal irrigation depth. The increase followed a second degree polynomial, reaching a projected maximum of about 682 Kg/ha. The associated maximum seasonal application depth was found to be approximately 3389 mm. Results of this study indicate that maximum yield of roselle grown under irrigation could be attained with a weekly irrigation interval and a gross application depth of 188 mm. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Irrigation; Maximum; Roselle; Yield	article; canopy; crop production; Hibiscus; irrigation (agriculture); Nigeria; plant ecology; plant growth; plant height; plant water relation; plant yield; seasonal variation; species cultivation; statistical significance; Hibiscus; Hibiscus sabdariffa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845422044	Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment investigation of Dioscorea cayenensis cultivars in Ghana based on the GGE biplot analysis	Otoo E., Asiedu R.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	04-Mar	None	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Otoo, E., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Asiedu, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment identification are the most important objectives of multi-environment trials (MET). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of genotype and genotype x environment interaction on the tuber yield of 18 yellow yam (D. cayenensis L.) genotypes via GGE (genotype plus genotype x environment) biplot methodology. Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (RCD) 4 years at 3 locations (12 environments). The biplot analysis identified three D. cayenensis mega-environments in Ghana. The first mega-environment contained Wenchi 2002 (WEN02) with G10 as the winning genotype; Genotype 16 won in the second mega-environment consisting of Wenchi 2004 (WEN04), Bodwease 2001 (BOD01), Bodwease (BOD02), Fumesua 2001 (FUM01), Wenchi 2003 (WEN03), Bodwease 2004 (BOD04) and Fumesua 2002 (FUM02) and the winning genotype at Fumesua 2003 (FUM03), Wenchi 2001 (WEN01), Bodwease 2003 (BOD03) and Fumesua 2004 (FUM04) (the third mega-environment) was Genotype 17. Two thirds of the tested genotypes were identified as redundant. Genotype 16 was the most stable and highest yielding genotype and Genotype 11 the poorest. Genotypes 16 and 17 were closest to the ideal genotype. FUM02 and BOD04 were closest to the ideal environment with BOD04 as the best and WEN02 the poorest environment.	Dioscorea cayenensis; GGE; Ghana; Yams	Dioscorea alata; Dioscorea cayenensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646353676	Sensory evaluation of some cooking bananas in Ghana	Dzomeku B.M., Osei-Owusu M., Ankomah A.A., Akyeampong E., Darkey S.K.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	4	10.3923/jas.2006.835.837	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Women in Agricultural Development, Ministry Food and Agriculture, Kumasi, Ghana; International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, P.O. Box BP 12438, Douala, Cameroon	Dzomeku, B.M., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Osei-Owusu, M., Women in Agricultural Development, Ministry Food and Agriculture, Kumasi, Ghana; Ankomah, A.A., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Akyeampong, E., International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, P.O. Box BP 12438, Douala, Cameroon; Darkey, S.K., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	To assess consumer acceptability of the new cooking banana hybrids, a study was conducted to compare consumer preference for Saba, Yangambi KM 5, FHIA 25, FHIA 03, BITA 3