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Scopus	2-s2.0-84855773556	The design, implementation and evaluation of computerized clinic patient management and clinician order entry systems in a PMTCT clinic in Uganda	Kavuma M., Mars M.	2011	2011 IST-Africa Conference Proceedings, IST 2011	None	None	None	Management Sciences for Health, P.O Box 71419, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa	Kavuma, M., Management Sciences for Health, P.O Box 71419, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa; Mars, M., Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa	A computerized clinic patient management system (CCPMS) and a portable clinician electronic order entry system were designed for the HIV/AIDS PMTCT research and programme activities at Mulago hospital. Clinicians satisfaction with the CCPMS was evaluated using a quantitative questionnaire and 848 records were collected to evaluate the portable clinician order entry system. Most clinicians thought the CCPMS improved clinic and drug inventory management. 52% thought it slightly impacted on the quality of patient care and 90% preferred using the CCPMS. Hospital tablet PC order entry system data were found to be more complete and significantly more accurate with 0.8% errors daily compared to 4.1% errors daily in paper based registers (p#60;0.0001). A lower number of missed infant MTCT prophylaxis dosing was also observed in the tablet PC data (4% compared to 14%). Computerized information systems can enhance HIV/AIDS care and research efforts and clinicians are willing to adopt them. © 2011 IIMC LTD.	clinic; computerized; Design; evaluation; portable; systems; Uganda	clinic; computerized; evaluation; portable; Uganda; Computer systems; Design; Diseases; Errors; Hospitals; Inventory control; Personal computers; Quality control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901476200	Liminality space in-between: A feminist evaluation of primordial and modern polarities of the woman's journey in the Nigerian novel	Alkali M., Talif R., Yahya W.R.W., Jan J.M.	2014	3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature	20	1	None	Department of English, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Nigeria; Department of English, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Department of English, University of Malaya, Malaysia	Alkali, M., Department of English, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Nigeria; Talif, R., Department of English, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Yahya, W.R.W., Department of English, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Jan, J.M., Department of English, University of Malaya, Malaysia	The option offered by the modern polarity feminist is not with the intent of sounding like magic, but it largely guarantees the disheartened opposite sex to get pretty impressive results with minimal intervention, resulting in relationship satisfaction, intimacy, love, passion, commitment, and trust. In fact, it can boast of decline in marital dissatisfaction as entirely eliminated, although there could be exceptions. This nego-feminist framework is heard throughout the paper interrogating primordialism on womanhood in Nigerian novels into those with opposition motifs to modern streaks which guarantee lively-partnership. The evaluation shows that women generally can reap maximally from the nego-feminist frame.	Feminism; Nego-feminism; Negotiation; Nigerian novel; Nigerian woman	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887683519	Reproductive, survival and growth performance of intergeneric cross of Exotic Dutch Clarias, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Heterobranchus longifilis in Sokoto North-West Nigeria	Ipinjolu J.K., Abubakar M.Y., Magawata I., Buko M.I.	2013	AACL Bioflux	6	6	None	Forestry and Fisheries Department, Usmanu Danfododiyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria	Ipinjolu, J.K., Forestry and Fisheries Department, Usmanu Danfododiyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria; Abubakar, M.Y., Forestry and Fisheries Department, Usmanu Danfododiyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria; Magawata, I., Forestry and Fisheries Department, Usmanu Danfododiyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria; Buko, M.I., Forestry and Fisheries Department, Usmanu Danfododiyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria	Gamete from Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Hb), Heterobranchus longifilis (Hl) and Exotic Dutch Clarias (EC) were used to fertilize eggs from female Exotic Dutch Clarias to produce pure Exotic Dutch Clarias and its paternal hybrids in other to assess their induced spawning, survival and growth potentials in the hatchery. The female and males were induced with Ovatide at 0.2 mL kg-1 and 0.1 mL kg-1 body weight respectively and fertilized in triplicate. Hatchlings of each cross were stocked at 500 hatchlings per plastic bowls in a completely randomized design and reared on decapsulated Artemia for four weeks. The percent fertilization was highest (92.67±1.76) in cross EC♂ × EC♀ and was statistically not significant from other crosses (p > 0.05). Highest (42.25±3.82) percent hatchability was obtained in cross Hb♂ × EC♀ but significantly not different (p > 0.05) from other crosses. Cross (Hl♂ × EC♀) showed significantly (p < 0.05) poor survival (35.93±4.23) compared to crosses EC♂ × EC♀ and Hb♂ × EC♀ on decapsulated Artemia. Cross EC♂ × EC♀ had the highest weight gain (0.172±0.003), percent weight gain (17171.0±318.93) and specific growth rate (7.99±0.03) with no significant (p > 0.05) from other crosses. Reproductive performances of the treatments were good while the offspring from cross (EC♂ × EC♀) had the best survival and growth performance.	Decapsulated Artemia; Fertilization; Growth performance; Hatchability; Induced spawning; Paternal hybrids	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58549111084	Structural evaluation of column-height controls at a toe-thrust discovery, deep-water Niger Delta	Kostenko O.V., Naruk S.J., Hack W., Poupon M., Meyer H.-J., Mora-Glukstad M., Anowai C., Mordi M.	2008	AAPG Bulletin	92	12	10.1306/08040808056	Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX 77025, United States; Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Shell Petroleum Development Company	Kostenko, O.V., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX 77025, United States; Naruk, S.J., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX 77025, United States; Hack, W., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Poupon, M., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Meyer, H.-J., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Mora-Glukstad, M., Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, United States; Anowai, C., Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, P.M.B. 2418, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Mordi, M., Dajo Oil Limited, Nigeria	Industry discoveries to date in the deep-water toe-thrust play have limited column heights and lack any unequivocal thrust-fault-dependent hydrocarbon columns. The causes of the limited success are controversial, the main issue being whether the encountered columns are caused by leaking thrust faults or other causes. The controversy is in large part caused by the presence of no-seismic-image zones that, even on three-dimensional (3-D) prestack-migrated data, obscure the possible thrust cutoffs. We use dipmeter, seismic, stratigraphic, and fluid pressure data to construct an integrated geometrically and kinematically balanced cross section through a recent toe-thrust discovery in which a prominent no-seismic-image zone on the southwest flank of the Alpha structure appeared to be a thrust fault zone holding about 100 m (328 ft) of thrust-fault-dependent oil column. To constrain the structure within the unimaged forelimb, dip panels and fold axial surfaces were constructed from dipmeter data recorded in both a vertical hole and a sidetrack well through the no-seismic-image zone. Stratigraphic tops from both wells were projected through the no-seismic-image zone using the dip panels and axial surfaces, maintaining the observed stratigraphic thicknesses. These data and analyses tightly constrain potential fault locations and offsets within the no-data zone. The resulting structural model shows that the no-seismic-image zone in the forelimb is not a thrust but instead an overturned limb without any fault offset of the pay section. The results show that the trapped hydrocarbons are confined completely within the four-way dip closure, and that the trap's potential is not limited by the thrust faults' seal capacities. In addition, top-seal analyses show that top-seal integrity is not a limiting factor for hydrocarbon column heights at the present time and has not been a limiting factor throughout the geological history of the structure. Taken together, these observations indicate that the column heights are most likely controlled by access to charge instead of trap integrity, consistent with an observed lack of thermogenic hydrocarbons in nearby four-way dip closures. These conclusions imply that where sufficient access to thermogenic charge is present, there may be additional thrust-fault-dependent hydrocarbon columns. Copyright © 2008. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.	None	Cross sectioning; Deep waters; Fault locations; Fault offset; Fluid pressures; Image zones; Niger Delta; Oil column; Seal integrity; Structural evaluation; Thrust faulting; Earthquakes; Hydrocarbons; Model structures; Organic compounds; Seismology; Stratigraphy; Three dimensional; fault zone; fluid pressure; geometry; hydrocarbon exploration; hydrocarbon reservoir; integrated approach; oil field; prestack migration; seismic data; three-dimensional modeling; thrust fault; Africa; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878542959	The experimental evaluation and molecular dynamics simulation of a heat-enhanced transdermal delivery system	Otto D.P., De Villiers M.M.	2013	AAPS PharmSciTech	14	1	10.1208/s12249-012-9900-6	Catalysis and Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States	Otto, D.P., Catalysis and Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; De Villiers, M.M., School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States	Transdermal delivery systems are useful in cases where preferred routes such as the oral route are not available. However, low overall extent of delivery is seen due to the permeation barrier posed by the skin. Chemical penetration enhancers and invasive methods that disturb the structural barrier function of the skin can be used to improve transdermal drug delivery. However, for suitable drugs, a fast-releasing transdermal delivery system can be produced by incorporating a heating source into a transdermal patch. In this study, a molecular dynamics simulation showed that heat increased the diffusivity of the drug molecules, resulting in faster release from gels containing ketoprofen, diclofenac sodium, and lidocaine HCl. Simulations were confirmed by in vitro drug release studies through lipophilic membranes. These correlations could expand the application of heated transdermal delivery systems for use as fast-release-dosage forms. © 2012 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.	diffusion; heated patch; ketoprofen; molecular dynamics; transdermal	diclofenac; ketoprofen; lidocaine; article; chemical reaction; correlation analysis; diffusion; drug delivery system; drug release; experimental study; gel; heat; heating; in vitro study; lipophilicity; molecular dynamics; priority journal; skin conductance; skin penetration; transdermal patch; Administration, Cutaneous; Gels; Hot Temperature; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Permeability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929953957	Evaluation of Prosopis africana Seed Gum as an Extended Release Polymer for Tablet Formulation	Nadaf S., Nnamani P., Jadhav N.	2015	AAPS PharmSciTech	16	3	10.1208/s12249-014-0256-y	Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, Maharashtra State, India; department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nadaf, S., Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, Maharashtra State, India; Nnamani, P., department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Jadhav, N., Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, Maharashtra State, India	In the present work, an attempt has been made to screen Prosopis africana seed gum (PG), anionic polymer for extended release tablet formulation. Different categories of drugs (charge basis) like diclofenac sodium (DS), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), and ibuprofen (IB) were compacted with PG and compared with different polymers (charge basis) like xanthan gum (XG), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC-K100M), and chitosan (CP). For each drug, 12 batches of tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique, and granules were evaluated for flow properties, compressibility, and compactibility by Heckel and Leuenberger analysis, swelling index, in vitro dissolution studies, etc. It has been observed that granules of all batches showed acceptable flowability. According to Heckel and Leuenberger analysis, granules of PG-containing compacts showed similar and satisfactory compressibility and compactibility compared to granules of other polymers. PG showed significant swelling (P < 0.05) compared to HPMC, and better than CP and XG. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study showed no interaction between drugs and polymers. From all PG-containing compacts of aforesaid drugs, drug release was sustained for 12 h following anomalous transport. Especially, polyelectrolyte complex formation retarded the release of oppositely charged drug (CPM-PG). However, extended release was noted in both anionic (DS) and nonionic (IB) drugs, maybe due to swollen gel. All compacts were found to be stable for 3-month period during stability study. This concludes that swelling and release retardation of PG has close resemblance to HPMC, so it can be used as extended release polymer for all types of drugs. © 2014, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.	chlorpheniramine maleate; diclofenac sodium; extended release; ibuprofen; Prosopis africana	chitosan; chlorpheniramine maleate; diclofenac; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; ibuprofen; plant gum; polyelectrolyte; polymer; Prosopis africana seed gum; unclassified drug; xanthan; Article; bulk density; crushing strength; differential scanning calorimetry; drug release; in vitro study; infrared spectroscopy; particle size; priority journal; tablet compression; tablet formulation; tensile strength; X ray diffraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893649409	Evaluation of the impacts of formulation variables and excipients on the Drug release dynamics of a polyamide 6,10-based monolithic matrix using mathematical tools	Adeleke O.A., Choonara Y.E., Kumar P., Du Toit L.C., Tomar L.K., Tyagi C., Pillay V.	2013	AAPS PharmSciTech	14	4	10.1208/s12249-013-0021-7	Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	Adeleke, O.A., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Choonara, Y.E., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kumar, P., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Du Toit, L.C., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tomar, L.K., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tyagi, C., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pillay, V., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	Drug release from hydrophilic matrices is regulated mainly by polymeric erosion, disentanglement, dissolution, swelling front movement, drug dissolution and diffusion through the polymeric matrix. These processes depend upon the interaction between the dissolution media, polymeric matrix and drug molecules, which can be significantly influenced by formulation variables and excipients. This study utilized mathematical parameters to evaluate the impacts of selected formulation variables and various excipients on the release performance of hydrophilic polyamide 6,10 (PA 6,10) monolithic matrix. Amitriptyline HCl and theophylline were employed as the high and low solubility model drugs, respectively. The incorporation of different excipient concentrations and changes in formulation components influenced the drug release dynamics as evidenced by computed mathematical quantities (tx%,MDT x%,f1, f2, k1, k2, and kF). The effects of excipients on drug release from the PA 6,10 monolithic matrix was further elucidated using static lattice atomistic simulations wherein the component energy refinements corroborates the in vitro and in silico experimental data. Consequently, the feasibility of modulating release kinetics of drug molecules from the novel PA 6,10 monolithic matrix was well suggested. © 2013 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.	Excipients; Formulation variables; Mathematical tools; Monolithic matrix; Polyamide 6 10	aluminum sulfate; amitriptyline; electrolyte; excipient; magnesium sulfate; polyamide; potassium sulfate; theophylline; article; drug concentration; drug delivery system; drug diffusion; drug formulation; drug release; drug solubility; hydrogen bond; hydrophilicity; hydrophobicity; mathematical parameters; monolithic matrix; particle size; priority journal; static electricity; tablet matrix; Amitriptyline; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Electrolytes; Excipients; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Kinetics; Models, Molecular; Models, Statistical; Nylons; Particle Size; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Solubility; Theophylline	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44849103072	Formulation and evaluation of a salted-out isoniazid-loaded nanosystem	du Toit L.C., Pillay V., Choonara Y.E., Iyuke S.E.	2008	AAPS PharmSciTech	9	1	10.1208/s12249-007-9016-6	Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	du Toit, L.C., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Pillay, V., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Choonara, Y.E., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Iyuke, S.E., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	The purpose of this study was to develop a drug-loaded nanosystem that has the ability to achieve flexible yet rate-controlled release of model drug isoniazid (INH) employing either an aqueous or emulsion-based salting-out approach. Formulation conditions were aimed at reducing the polymeric size with subsequent rate-modulated INH release patterns from the polymeric nanosystem. The emulsion-based salted-out nanosystems had particle sizes ranging from 77-414 nm and a zeta potential of -24 mV. The dispersant dielectric constant was set at 78.5 and a conductivity of 3.99 mS/cm achieved. The reduced nanosystem size of the aqueous-based approach has demonstrated an intrinsically enhanced exposure of methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate to zinc sulphate which was employed as a crosslinking reagent. This resulted in robustly interconnected polymeric supports in which INH was efficiently embedded and subsequently released. The multi-layer perceptron data obtained showed that the aqueous and emulsion-based salting out approaches had Power (law) (MSE = 0.020) and Linear (MSE = 0.038) relationships, respectively. Drug release from the nanosystems occurred in two phases with an initial burst-release in aqueous-based nanosystems (30-100%) and significantly lower bursts observed in emulsion-based nanosystems (20-65%) within the first 2 h. This was followed by a gradual exponential release phase over the remaining 12 h. The nanosystems developed demonstrated the ability to control the release of INH depending on the formulation approach adopted. © American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2007.	Crosslinking; Drug release; Methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate; Nanoparticles; Tuberculosis	acrylic acid ethyl ester; dispersant; isoniazid; methacrylic acid; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; polymer; zinc sulfate; inorganic salt; isoniazid; nanomaterial; polymethacrylic acid derivative; tuberculostatic agent; article; conductance; controlled drug release; cross linking; dielectric constant; drug delivery system; drug formulation; emulsion; intermethod comparison; nanotechnology; particle size; perceptron; zeta potential; chemistry; delayed release formulation; diffusion; drug formulation; drug screening; materials testing; methodology; ultrastructure; Antitubercular Agents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diffusion; Drug Compounding; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Isoniazid; Materials Testing; Nanostructures; Particle Size; Polymethacrylic Acids; Salts	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953799754	Empirical analysis of school plant planning as a determinant of secondary school students' academic performance	Ijaduola K.O., Oni J., Muraina K.O.	2011	Academic Leadership	9	1	None	Department of Educational Management, College of Applied Education and Vocational Technology, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Nigeria	Ijaduola, K.O., Department of Educational Management, College of Applied Education and Vocational Technology, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Nigeria; Oni, J.; Muraina, K.O.	This study analysed the relationship between school plant planning and students' academic performance in secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. 800 classroom teachers, purposively selected from schools in the four geo-political zones of the state, participated in the study. A questionnaire called: School Plant Planning and academic Performance Questionnaire (SPPAPQ) was used for data collection. Three hypotheses were generated and tested at 0.05 level of significance while the research instrument has a clrombach alpha of 0.84. The reason product moment correlation coefficient was employed for data analysis. It was established that significant relationship exists between school plant planning and students' academic performance. As a result, it was suggested among others that there is need for more provision of school plants and maintenance culture should be improved so as to enhance the educational performance of secondary school students.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75749099251	Evaluation of US Training for the Past 6 Years at ECUREI, the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) Centre of Excellence, Kampala, Uganda	Kawooya M.G., Goldberg B.B., De Groot W., Matovu P.D., Malwadde E.K., Baltarowich O.H.	2010	Academic Radiology	17	3	10.1016/j.acra.2009.10.009	Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute (ECUREI) and Makerere, University Department of Radiology, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Road, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and Jefferson Ultrasound Research, Philadelphia, United States; International Health Operations, Fontys University of Applied Science, Eindohen, Netherlands	Kawooya, M.G., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute (ECUREI) and Makerere, University Department of Radiology, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Road, Kampala, Uganda; Goldberg, B.B., Division of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and Jefferson Ultrasound Research, Philadelphia, United States; De Groot, W., International Health Operations, Fontys University of Applied Science, Eindohen, Netherlands; Matovu, P.D., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute (ECUREI) and Makerere, University Department of Radiology, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Road, Kampala, Uganda; Malwadde, E.K., Ernest Cook Ultrasound Research and Education Institute (ECUREI) and Makerere, University Department of Radiology, Mengo Hospital, Albert Cook Road, Kampala, Uganda; Baltarowich, O.H., Division of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and Jefferson Ultrasound Research, Philadelphia, United States	Rationale and Objectives: The objectives of this article are: To explore the impact of the Radiological Society of North America-sponsored "Teach the Teachers" training course and other capacity building interventions (CBIs) on Uganda's ultrasound (US) training capacity; compare performance of students undertaking a modular diploma ultrasound course to the non-modular; and compare performance among various health cadres undertaking US training. Materials and Methods: The impact of the "Teach the Teachers" training course and other capacity building interventions were evaluated through analysis of the planning, implementation, sustainability, and output of the training center. Comparison of students' performance in the modular and non-modular diploma courses was by a retrospective cohort methodology using odds ratios. Comparison of performance was by analyzing their mean test scores using a paired Student t-test. Results: To date, 306 students from nine African countries have successfully completed the US diploma training. Fifty (16%) are non-Ugandans. The non-modular cohort has performed better than the modular (OR = 3.2) in the final written examination. The mean test scores for the final written examinations were: 73.4%, 71.9%, 61.2%, and 57% for the doctors, radiographers, assistant physicians, and nurses/midwives, respectively. Conclusion: The Radiological Society of North America-sponsored "Teach the Teacher's course in US" together with other capacity building interventions have led to an established center of excellence for US training in Uganda. © 2010 AUR.	evaluation; training; Uganda; Ultrasound	article; biology; cohort analysis; doctoral education; evaluation; graduate student; health care personnel; medical education; medical examination; midwifery education; nursing education; performance; physician assistant; priority journal; staff training; Uganda; ultrasound; Education, Medical, Continuing; International Agencies; Professional Competence; Radiology; Uganda; Ultrasonography; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58049200662	The impact of a home visitation programme on household hazards associated with unintentional childhood injuries: A randomised controlled trial	Odendaal W., van Niekerk A., Jordaan E., Seedat M.	2009	Accident Analysis and Prevention	41	1	10.1016/j.aap.2008.10.009	University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, PO Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa	Odendaal, W., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Jordaan, E., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Seedat, M., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, PO Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa	Background: The continued high mortality and morbidity rates for unintentional childhood injuries remain a public health concern. This article reports on the influence of a home visitation programme (HVP) on household hazards associated with unintentional childhood injuries in a South African low-income setting. Methods: A randomised controlled trial (n = 211 households) was conducted in a South African informal settlement. Community members were recruited and trained as paraprofessional visitors. Four intervention visits were conducted over 3 months, focusing on child development, and the prevention of burn, poison, and fall injuries. The HVP, a multi-component intervention, included educational inputs, provision of safety devices, and an implicit enforcement strategy. The intervention effect (IE) was measured with a standardised risk assessment index that compared post-intervention scores for intervention and control households. Results: A significant reduction was observed in the hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances, as well as in hazards related to poisoning. Non-significant changes were observed for burn safety household practices and fall injury hazards. Conclusions: This study confirmed that a multi-component HVP effectively reduced household hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances and poisoning among children in a low-income South African setting. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Home visitation; Multi-component intervention; Paraprofessional home visitors; Randomised controlled trial; Unintentional childhood injuries	Hazards; Health risks; Paraffin waxes; Paraffins; Risk assessment; Risk management; Home visitation; Multi-component intervention; Paraprofessional home visitors; Randomised controlled trial; Unintentional childhood injuries; Health hazards; adolescent; article; child; child welfare; clinical trial; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dangerous goods; home accident; human; infant; mortality; newborn; preschool child; professional practice; randomized controlled trial; risk assessment; risk reduction; safety; South Africa; statistics; Accidents, Home; Adolescent; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Hazardous Substances; House Calls; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Risk Assessment; Risk Reduction Behavior; Safety; South Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000337855300005	The impact of alcohol and road traffic policies on crash rates in Botswana, 2004-2011: A time-series analysis	Dellinger, Ann M.,Naumann, Rebecca B.,Ndlovu, Christopher,Rudd, Rose A.,Sebego, Miriam,Voetsch, Karen	2014	ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION	70	None	10.1016/j.aap.2014.02.017	University of Botswana, University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Botswana Police Serv, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent	"Sebego, Miriam: University of Botswana",	In Botswana, increased development and motorization have brought increased road traffic-related death rates. Between 1981 and 2001, the road traffic-related death rate in Botswana more than tripled. The country has taken several steps over the last several years to address the growing burden of road traffic crashes and particularly to address the burden of alcohol-related crashes. This study examines the impact of the implementation of alcohol and road safety-related policies on crash rates, including overall crash rates, fatal crash rates, and single-vehicle nighttime fatal (SVNF) crash rates, in Botswana from 2004 to 2011. The overall crash rate declined significantly in June 2009 and June 2010, such that the overall crash rate from June 2010 to December 2011 was 22% lower than the overall crash rate from January 2004 to May 2009. Additionally, there were significant declines in average fatal crash and SVNF crash rates in early 2010. Botswana's recent crash rate reductions occurred during a time when aggressive policies and other activities (e.g., education, enforcement) were implemented to reduce alcohol consumption and improve road safety. While it is unclear which of the policies or activities contributed to these declines and to what extent, these reductions are likely the result of several, combined efforts. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	ALCOHOL,INJURY,"ROAD TRAFFIC","Traffic fines",ACCIDENTS,CONSUMPTION,INJURIES,"INTERVENTION ANALYSIS",OFFENSES,PENALTIES,PRICE,REDUCE,"SEAT-BELT USE",TAX	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861404529	Class absenteeism: Reasons for non-attendance and the effect on academic performance	Schmulian A., Coetzee S.	2012	Accounting Research Journal	24	2	10.1108/10309611111163718	Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Schmulian, A., Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Coetzee, S., Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose Other business education literature, particularly in the field of economics, has developed theories in respect of the reasons for non-attendance of lectures and the positive correlation between class attendance and academic performance. The aim of this paper is to determine the generalizability of these theories to a large accounting class in South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach This paper is a differentiated replication of the study by Paisey and Paisey, who provided initial evidence of the generalizability of these theories to a small accounting class in Scotland, employing a research questionnaire and the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. Findings The reasons given for the non-attendance of lectures generally correspond with those previously reported. Certain differences that are identified are likely a result of specific country or economic factors. This study found a significant positive correlation between class attendance and academic performance; however, the correlation is low and not very meaningful. Further analysis reveals some difference between language groups suggesting that culture and ethnicity may have an effect on the relationship between class attendance and academic performance. Originality/value This paper raises questions as to the generalizability of prior research on class attendance and academic performance. The findings of this study suggest other factors, including students' economic, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, are likely to affect associations between class attendance and academic performance. © Copyright - 2011 Emerald Group Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.	Absenteeism; Academic performance; Accounting education; Class attendance; South Africa; Students	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926340975	Impact of firm-specific characteristics on managers' identity disclosure	Asien E.N.	2014	Accounting Research Journal	27	2	10.1108/ARJ-03-2013-0010	Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke, Nigeria	Asien, E.N., Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke, Nigeria	Purpose - This paper aims to examine the impact of firm-specific characteristics on managers' identity disclosure in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. Design/methodology/approach - Research data were collected from 2010 annual reports and financial statements of 403 listed firms in the GCC countries. The data were analyzed by multiple regression models. Findings - Evidence suggesting that managers' identity is significantly disclosed by firms that separate the office of chairman from that of chief executive officer was documented. It was also found that mature firms significantly disclose their managers' identity. Our finding suggests that firms' declaration that they comply with a set of corporate governance code leads them to disclose managers' identity. However, we find that firms that are related to the state significantly disclose their managers' identity, contrary to expectation. Research limitations/implications - One limitation is the lack of a uniform classification of industries by the stock exchanges in the GCC region. The implication of this is that researchers are lacking a uniform standard to apply in their research. Another limitation is the use of only 2010 annual reports and accounts; thus, there is a problem of inter-temporal generalizability. As markets in the GCC countries are evolving, it will be interesting to capture the state of managers' identity disclosure after 2010. Practical implications - The paper has the potential to influence firms in the GCC region to begin disclosing managers' personal details and other contact information. In addition, there is the prospect that market regulators in the GCC region and other emerging markets who may read this research may now require firms to disclose their managers' identity. Originality/value - This is an Original research paper. © 2014 Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Corporate governance; Duality role; GCC countries; Managers' identity; State-related enterprises; Voluntary disclosure	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887380198	Performance of first-year accounting students: Does time perspective matter? [Prestasie van eerstjaarsrekeningkundestudente: Speel tydsperspektief 'n rol?]	Joubert H., Viljoen M., Schall R.	2013	Acta Academica	45	3	None	Centre for Accounting, South Africa; University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Dept of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Joubert, H., Centre for Accounting, South Africa; Viljoen, M., University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Schall, R., Dept of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Academic failure of first-year accounting students is a national and international problem. Existing research is inconclusive regarding the causes for the failure and does not make provision for the possible influence of dominant time perspectives on performance in accounting. This article investigates whether time perspective has an effect on the performance of first-year accounting students. A quantitative non-experimental predictive multivariate design is used and confounding variables are taken into consideration. The results of the study indicate significant relationships between performance in first-year accounting and gender, age and a past-negative time perspective. The most significant result of this study is that a past-negative time perspective, together with an unfavourable psychosocial background, might have led to failure in first-year accounting. It is suggested that students with a negative time perspective be identified and encouraged to participate in support programmes at the university. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864054602	An evaluation of a family support programme in the southern Free State ['n evaluasie van'n gesinsondersteuningsprogram in die Suid-Vrystaat]	Marais J.G.L., Ingle M.K., Skinner D., Sigenu K.	2012	Acta Academica	44	1	None	Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Unit for Research on Health and Society, University of Stellenbosch, P O Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Marais, J.G.L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Ingle, M.K., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Skinner, D., Unit for Research on Health and Society, University of Stellenbosch, P O Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Sigenu, K., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	This article details the evaluation of an NGO Family Support Programme (FSP) that was implemented in the southern Free State's Kopanong local municipality. The FSP is primarily aimed at strengthening Early Childhood Development (ECD) in what is a very socio-economically deprived environment for small children. The article argues for the critical importance of ECD within the human development paradigm. It then reports on the actual FSP assessment and advances a number of recommendations for how the initiative could be bolstered. It concludes that the FSP methodology is sound in principle and that it warrants replication at scale. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899143708	Investigating the moderating effect of student engagement on academic performance	Gerber C., Mans-Kemp N., Schlechter A.	2013	Acta Academica	45	4	None	Dept of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Gerber, C., Dept of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Mans-Kemp, N., Dept of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Schlechter, A., School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	The academic performance and success of students are important for both higher education institutions and students. Student engagement has been identified as a crucial factor in academic success. Studies investigating student engagement have typically used self-report measures of engagement, collected at a given point in time. Self-report measures are, however, prone to positive bias (social desirability). In an attempt to overcome these shortfalls, data were collected over three years (2010-2012) in a third-year Business Management module, presented at a South African university (n=380). Academic and behavioural student engagement was measured by assessing academic activities (class attendance and weekly homework assessments), rather than with a self-report measurement scale. Unlike previous studies that correlated student engagement with academic performance, this article argues that student engagement enhances academic performance. It was found that student engagement significantly moderated the relationship between early and late semester assessments of academic performance (semester test and examination marks). It was, therefore, concluded that higher levels of engagement enhance the learning experience and subsequent performance in the module. High levels of student engagement may even lead to higher, than would otherwise be expected, academic performance. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955914258	The impact of educational attainment on household poverty in South Africa [Die impak van opvoeding op huishoudelike armoede in Suid-Afrika]	Botha F.	2010	Acta Academica	42	4	None	Dept of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, P O Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Botha, F., Dept of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, P O Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	This article investigates the relationship between the educational attainment of the household head and household poverty in South Africa. The results indicate a clear negative relationship between education and poverty. Households in which the head has a low level of education are more likely to be poor compared to a household where the head has a higher level of education. Literacy of the household head is also inversely related to household poverty. Rural and black households are the most vulnerable, with distinct differences between the province of residence. Despite large resource allocation towards education, educational outcomes have not improved. This raises questions concerning the lack of association between resource allocation and educational outcomes. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864033811	Some predictors of academic performance of first-year students in three- and four-year curricula [Enkele voorspellers van die akademiese prestasie van eerste-jaarstudente in drie-en vierjaar-kurrikulums]	Keeve A., Naude L., Esterhuyse K.	2012	Acta Academica	44	1	None	Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Keeve, A., Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Naude, L., Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Esterhuyse, K., Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Low success rates at South African higher education institutions instigated renewed interest in the predictors of academic performance. This study article investigates academic and psychosocial predictors of academic performance of first-year students in three- and four-year curricula. In combination, the predictors explain 20.2% of the variance in academic performance. For three- year-curriculum students, academic factors (Grade 12 performance, language proficiency) provide a significant explanation. This does not apply to four-year- curriculum students, where psychosocial factors (parents' education level) play a role. Admission to higher education based on Grade 12 performance and language proficiency appears to be justified, but is less accurate for four-year- curriculum students. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887375829	Learning potential and academic literacy tests as predictors of academic performance for engineering students [Leerpotensiaal en akademiese geletterdheidstoetse as voorspellers van ingenieurstudente se akademiese prestasie]	Schaap P., Luwes M.	2013	Acta Academica	45	3	None	Dept. of Human Resources Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa	Schaap, P., Dept. of Human Resources Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Luwes, M., Dept. of Human Resources Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa	Students who obtain senior certificates in the South African schooling system cannot be assumed to be adequately prepared to meet the demands of tertiary education. This study aims to determine the criterion-related validity of a mathematical proficiency test from the Academic Aptitude Test Battery (AAT-maths), an English language proficiency test (ELSA) and a learning potential test (LPCAT) as predictors of the academic performance of engineering bursary students at tertiary institutions. The findings indicate that these tests have significant criterion-related validity and can improve the likelihood of selecting the most promising bursary students. However, the findings point towards the possibility that the tests or the criterion measure are differentially valid for different race groups. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955987155	The nature, extent and impact of the brain drain in Zimbabwe and South Africa [La nature, l'étendue et l'impact de la fuite des cerveaux au zimbabwe et en afrique du sud]	Gwaradzimba E., Shumba A.	2010	Acta Academica	42	1	None	Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Dept of Teacher Education, Faculty of Humanities, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein,9330, South Africa	Gwaradzimba, E., Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Shumba, A., Dept of Teacher Education, Faculty of Humanities, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein,9330, South Africa	Brain drain is regarded as one of the greatest threats to socio-economic development in Africa. The need to reverse brain drain and reposition Africa in the twenty-first century cannot be overemphasised. The current situation in African countries demands that Africa should embark on a radical project to redeem itself from poverty, underdevelopment, disease, and hunger. This article examines the nature, extent and impact of the brain drain in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The problem of brain drain is urgent and merits high-level attention by African governments. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875089857	The impact of student opinions of built heritage on their perceptions of institutional loyalty: Implications for marketing strategies [Die impak van studentmenings omtrent gebou-erfenis op hul persepsies van institusionele lojaliteit: Implikasies vir bema	Poor J., Snowball J.	2012	Acta Academica	44	3	None	Rhodes University, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics, Truman State University, McClain Hall 203, 100 East Normal Avenue, Kirksville, MO 63501-4221, United States; Dept of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, P O Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Poor, J., Rhodes University, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics, Truman State University, McClain Hall 203, 100 East Normal Avenue, Kirksville, MO 63501-4221, United States; Snowball, J., Dept of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, P O Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Research has shown that the racial diversity of university student populations improves social tolerance and academic performance. However, students of colour are more likely to drop out than their white counterparts and to feel isolated and excluded from campus life. One possible reason for such feelings is the built heritage on campuses, in particular those with colonial-era style. This research uses student survey data from St Mary's College of Maryland in the US and Rhodes University in South Africa to investigate student attitudes towards, and knowledge about, campus built heritage and their perceptions of its impact on student loyalty. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880941308	Psychological resources as predictors of academic performance of first-year students in higher education	Kotzé M., Niemann R.	2013	Acta Academica	45	2	None	School of Higher Education Studies, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; UFS Business School, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Kotzé, M., School of Higher Education Studies, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Niemann, R., UFS Business School, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	This article aims to determine whether psychological resources (hope, optimism and resilience) can be potential predictors of academic performance. A cross-sectional survey design was used and the sample consisted of 789 first-year students in Industrial Psychology. The measuring instruments included the State Hope Scale (SHS), the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and the Adult Resilience Indicator (ARI). The results of the simple multiple regression analysis showed that state hope, and specifically pathways, and three dimensions of resilience were statistically significantly related to academic performance, whereas optimism was not a statistically significant predictor of academic performance. © UV/UFS Bibliography.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859138208	The impact of a community service learning project on the professional growth of pre-service teachers [Die trefkrag van'n gemeenskapsdiens leerprojek op die professionele ontwikkeling van onderwysstudente]	Bansilal S., Mthembu Z.	2011	Acta Academica	43	4	None	School of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X03, Ashwood 3605, South Africa	Bansilal, S., School of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X03, Ashwood 3605, South Africa; Mthembu, Z., School of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X03, Ashwood 3605, South Africa	This article reports on a qualitative study based on a group of third- and fourth-year science student teachers, who participated in a community service learning (CSL) project. This study followed five students at three community drop-in centres in order to explore how their participation contributed to their learning. Data was generated from the lecturer's field notes and reports, as well as from the students' reflections, summative reports and presentations. The findings indicate that students found the experience academically, personally and professionally enriching. Working with poor orphans and community workers also helped the students develop a greater awareness of social responsibility. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922261523	Evaluation of butterhead lettuce cultivars for winter production under a shadenet structure	Maboko M.M., Ncayiyana M., Du Plooy C.P.	2015	Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B: Soil and Plant Science	65	2	10.1080/09064710.2014.985250	Agricultural Research Council-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, South Africa	Maboko, M.M., Agricultural Research Council-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, South Africa; Ncayiyana, M., Agricultural Research Council-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, South Africa; Du Plooy, C.P., Agricultural Research Council-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, South Africa	Incorrect selection of cultivar leads to profit loss due to variability in yield and in quality characteristics of butterhead lettuce. Nine butterhead lettuce cultivars were evaluated in soil cultivation under a 40% white shadenet structure during the winter season on an experimental farm of the Agricultural Research Council – Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (ARC-VOPI). The experiment was laid out as a randomised complete block design with five replicates. During harvest, 10 plants from each cultivar per replicate were assessed for yield, and five uniform heads were cut longitudinally for internal quality assessment. Quality assessment included compactness, uniformity, tipburn, disease tolerance and bolting tolerance. Results showed that head mass, height, diameter, uniformity, compactness, tipburn, disease tolerance and internal quality were significantly affected by cultivar choice. Recommended cultivars which outperformed the control (Ofelia) based on uniformity, tipburn and percentage marketable harvest were Analena, Fabieto RZ, Lobela and Rousso RZ. Results thus indicate that improved yield and quality of butterhead lettuce cultivars can be obtained by selecting the correct cultivar for winter production. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	compactness; internal quality; tipburn; uniformity; yield	Lactuca	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949508031	Land-use changes and their impacts on soil degradation and surface runoff of two catchments of Northern Ethiopia	Gebresamuel G., Bal R.S., Øystein D.	2010	Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B: Soil and Plant Science	60	3	10.1080/09064710902821741	Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Plant and Environmental Science, Ås, 5003, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Ås, 5003, Norway; Mekelle University, Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, PO Box 231, Ethiopia	Gebresamuel, G., Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Plant and Environmental Science, Ås, 5003, Norway, Mekelle University, Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, PO Box 231, Ethiopia; Bal, R.S., Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Plant and Environmental Science, Ås, 5003, Norway; Øystein, D., Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Ås, 5003, Norway	Land-use/land-cover changes and their associated impact on environment in the period from 1964 to 2006 was studied in two catchments located in the highland of Tigray using geographic information system and remote-sensing approaches supplemented with field measurements. Results show that, for all periods, cultivated land constitutes the most prevalent (&gt;60%) land-use type and shows a total increase of 1.7 ha y-1 at Gum Selassa and a decrease of 5.5 ha y1 at Maileba. Forest and woodland suffered more damage in both areas losing 32.8 ha (100%) and 53 ha (100%), respectively at Gum Selassa; and 1.74 ha (96.7%) and 52.7 ha (100%) at Maileba over four decades. At Gum Selassa, shrubland decreased by 1.26 ha y-1 while at Maileba it showed a slight positive increment of 0.38 ha y-1. Area under settlement increased by a greater magnitude at Maileba (6.3 ha y-1) and a slight increase at Gum Selassa (1.4 ha y-1) in response to the rapid population increase. These changes in land uses/cover brought significant deleterious impacts on land degradation and surface runoff. The cumulative degradation index (DI) was negative for all land uses, with a higher value under Eucalyptus plantation (DI=-282) followed by cultivated land (DI =-260) at Maileba. Changes in land use/cover also decreased the water-storage capacity of soils by 1.63 and 1.09 mm y-1 at Gum Selassa and Maileba, respectively, with a corresponding increase in surface runoff by 2.7 and 2.3 mm y-1. Generally, the observed changes in land degradation and surface runoff are highly linked to the change in land use/land cover. © 2010 Taylor &amp; Francis.	Degradation index; Ethiopia; Hydrology; Land-use/land-cover changes; Soil degradation	Eucalyptus	None
WoS	WOS:000273449700027	Developmental monitoring using caregiver reports in a resource-limited setting: the case of Kilifi, Kenya	Abubakar, A.,Bomu, G.,Holding, P.,Van Baar, A.,van de Vijver, F.	2010	ACTA PAEDIATRICA	99	2	10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01561.x	Case Western Reserve University, North West University - South Africa, Tilburg University, University of Utrecht, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Res Programme	"Van Baar, A.: University of Utrecht",	Aim: The main aim of the current study was to evaluate the reliability, validity and acceptability of developmental monitoring using caregiver reports among mothers in a rural African setting. Methods: A structured interview for parents of children aged 24 months and less was developed through both participant consultation and a review of literature. The reliability and validity of the schedule was evaluated through a 10-month monitoring programme of 95 children, aged 2-10 months. The acceptability of the process was evaluated by studying retention rates and by organizing focus group discussions with participating mothers. Results: The structured interview 'Developmental Milestones Checklist' consisted of 66 items covering three broad domains of child functioning: motor, language and personal-social development. The interview yielded scores of developmental achievements that showed high internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability. The results were sensitive to maturational changes and nutritional deficiencies. In addition, acceptable retention rates of approximately 80% were found. Participating mothers reported that they found the procedures both acceptable and beneficial. Conclusion: Developmental monitoring using caregiver report is a viable method to identify and monitor at-risk children in Sub-Saharan Africa.	Africa,"Caregiver reports",CHILDREN,"developmental monitoring",CARE,CHILD-DEVELOPMENT,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,"NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT",PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN,SERVICES	None	None
WoS	WOS:000312313200017	Evaluating Helping Babies Breathe: training for healthcare workers at hospitals in Rwanda	Baribwira, Cyprien,Essen, Birgitta,Musafili, Aimable,Persson, Lars-Ake,Rukundo, Alphonse	2013	ACTA PAEDIATRICA	102	1	10.1111/apa.12034	Uppsala University, Kigali Univ, Rwanda Biomed Ctr, Univ Maryland	"Essen, Birgitta: Uppsala University","Persson, Lars-Ake: Uppsala University",	Aim To evaluate the educational effectiveness of the Helping Babies Breathe programme. Methods Knowledge of trainees from two district hospitals and one tertiary referral hospital was evaluated before and after training in 2010. A postcourse practical skills evaluation was performed on a Neonatalie Newborn Simulator. Participants underwent a re-evaluation after 3 months. Results One hundred eighteen trainees completed the course. The percentages of correct answers on a written test significantly increased from 77 +/- 15% to 91 +/- 9% (p &lt; 0.01) after training. The mean score obtained on a postcourse skill evaluation was 89 +/- 9%; 64% of the trainees achieved passing scores. Retesting 3 months later showed that knowledge remained at the same level, while practical skills decreased to 83 +/- 16%, and the pass rate dropped significantly to 43% (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion Healthcare workers who participate in a Helping Babies Breathe programme can significantly improve their knowledge. While such knowledge is retained for at least 3 months, skills dropped to unsatisfactory levels in that period of time, indicating the need for retraining in the interim or the acquisition of practical experience by such healthcare workers.	EDUCATION,"healthcare workers","Helping Babies Breathe",HOSPITAL,RWANDA,CARDIOPULMONARY-RESUSCITATION,COUNTRIES,"DELIVERY ROOM",KNOWLEDGE,MORTALITY,"NEONATAL RESUSCITATION PROGRAM",RESIDENTS,RETENTION,SETTINGS,"SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650573158	Evaluation of the performance of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo and Paracheck Pf® tests for the diagnosis of malaria in Wondo Genet, southern Ethiopia	Bekele Sharew, Mengistu Legesse, Abebe Animut, Daddi Jima, Girmay Medhin, Berhanu Erko	2009	Acta Tropica	111	3	10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.05.014	Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Bekele Sharew, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mengistu Legesse, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abebe Animut, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Daddi Jima, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Girmay Medhin, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Berhanu Erko, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test relative to microscopy for the diagnosis of falciparum and vivax malaria in Ethiopia. Methods: 668 febrile patients visiting two health centers in Wondo Genet, southern Ethiopia, involved in this study in 2008. Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears were prepared and microscopically examined under a 100× oil immersion microscope objective for Plasmodium species identification and determination of parasitaemia, respectively. CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test and Paracheck Pf® test were performed as per the manufacturers' instruction. Findings: The diagnostic validity of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum were very good with sensitivity of 99.4%, specificity of 98%, positive predictive value of 94.4% and negative predictive value of 99.8%. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the test for the diagnosis of P. vivax were 99.4%, 98.2%, 94.5% and 99.8%, respectively. The diagnostic performance of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test is comparable to that of Paracheck Pf® test for the diagnosis of P. falciparum (sensitivity 99.4%, specificity 98.2%). Conclusion: Although CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test and Paracheck Pf® test have comparable diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of P. falciparum, CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test has the added advantage of diagnosing P. vivax. Hence, it is preferable to use CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test for the diagnosis of malaria in areas where microscopy is not accessible and where malaria due to P. falciparum and P. vivax are co-endemic as in Ethiopia. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	CareStart™ Malaria RDT; Diagnosis; Ethiopia; Malaria; Plasmodium species	disease treatment; malaria; medicine; microscopy; sensitivity analysis; adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood smear; child; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic value; Ethiopia; female; human; infant; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; male; parasite identification; Plasmodium vivax malaria; sensitivity and specificity; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Wondo Genet; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899795687	Evaluation of the mosquitocidal effect of Birbira (Mellitia ferruginea) seed extract against Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia	Andemo A., Yewhalaw D., Alemayehu B., Ambelu A.	2014	Acta Tropica	136	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.016	Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Andemo, A., Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Yewhalaw, D., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Alemayehu, B., Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Ambelu, A., Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Mosquito control using insecticides has been the most successful intervention known to reduce malaria prevalence and/or incidence. However, over time success has been hampered due to the development of resistance by mosquitoes against chemical insecticides recommended for public health use. Development of effective botanical mosquitocidal compounds however can be potential alternatives tool in malaria vector control. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the mosquitocidal effect of "Birbira" (Mellitia ferruginea) seed extract against the primary malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis from Ethiopia. The mosquitocidal activity of M. ferruginea was assessed following WHO susceptibility test procedure. Methanol extract of M. ferruginea seeds was evaluated against third &amp; fourth instar larvae, pupae and, non-blood fed 3-5 days old laboratory strains and field populations of A. arabiensis under laboratory condition. Mortality was then recorded after 24h exposure. The seed extract of M. ferruginea showed high mosquitocidal activity against larvae, pupae and adult stages of both the laboratory strain and field population of A. arabiensis. The LC50 values for larvae and pupae population from a laboratory strains was, respectively, 14.7 and 41.33mg/L. While the LC50 values for the larvae and a pupa of the field population were, respectively, 30.88 and 74.54mg/L. In addition, the LC99 and LD99 values were also identified. The findings of this study indicated that, the extract could be applied on mosquito breeding sites. The plant extract could be also used for indoor residual sprays after conducting the persistency test. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Bioassay; Botanicals; Ethiopia; Malaria; Mosquito; Vector control	insecticide; Mellitia ferruginea extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; insecticide; plant extract; bioassay; disease control; disease vector; efficiency measurement; insecticide; malaria; mosquito; pesticide resistance; Anopheles arabiensis; article; berry; botany; controlled study; Ethiopia; evaluation research; IC 50; insecticidal activity; larval stage; malaria; Mellitia ferruginea; mortality; nonhuman; parasite vector; plant seed; pupa (life cycle stage); toxicity testing; animal; Anopheles; chemistry; drug effects; Fabaceae; Ethiopia; Animals; Anopheles; Fabaceae; Insecticides; Plant Extracts; Seeds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938299459	DDT and pyrethroid resistance status and laboratory evaluation of bio-efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated nets against Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex decens in Ghana	Kudom A.A., Mensah B.A., Froeschl G., Rinder H., Boakye D.	2015	Acta Tropica	150	None	10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.009	Center for International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany; Department of Entomology and Wildlife, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana; Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana	Kudom, A.A., Center for International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany, Department of Entomology and Wildlife, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana; Mensah, B.A., Department of Entomology and Wildlife, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana; Froeschl, G., Center for International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany; Rinder, H., Center for International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany; Boakye, D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana	Nuisance from Culex mosquitoes in Ghana has a serious negative impact on the standard of living in many urban communities. In addition, a perceived lack of efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) against nuisance mosquitoes contributes to their discontinued use. This again compromises malaria control, even if Anopheles species themselves would still be susceptible to the insecticides used. Control strategies involve pyrethroid insecticides but information on Culex mosquito susceptibility to these insecticides is limited. A nationwide survey was conducted to address this problem. In adults, susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and DDT as well as enzyme activity and kdr mutation were determined. Cone and tunnel bioassay were also carried out to determine the efficacy of LLINs against the mosquitoes. Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex decens were identified in the study area. Higher deltamethrin and DDT resistance and relatively low permethrin resistance were observed in both species. High enzyme activities and kdr mutations were observed in C. quinquefasciatus but not in C. decens. However, reduced efficacy of LLINs was observed in both mosquito species. This adds up to the evidence of the spread of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes and its negative impact on control strategies. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Culex; Kdr mutation; Malaria; Pyrethroid; Resistance; Urban	chlorphenotane; cytochrome P450; deltamethrin; esterase; genomic DNA; glutathione transferase; insecticide; permethrin; pyrethroid; unspecific monooxygenase; bioassay; DDT; disease control; disease spread; enzyme activity; malaria; mosquito; pyrethroid; Anopheles gambiae; Article; bioassay; controlled study; Culex; Culex decens; Culex quinquefasciatus; enzyme activity; gene; gene mutation; Ghana; kdr gene; laboratory test; malaria control; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; urban population; Ghana; Culex decens; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955274098	Evaluation of flavonoids from Dorstenia barteri for their antimycobacterial, antigonorrheal and anti-reverse transcriptase activities	Kuete V., Ngameni B., Mbaveng A.T., Ngadjui B., Meyer J.J.M., Lall N.	2010	Acta Tropica	116	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.06.005	Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon; Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Pharmacopoeia, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 8664, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Kuete, V., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon, Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Ngameni, B., Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Pharmacopoeia, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 8664, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Mbaveng, A.T., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Ngadjui, B., Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Pharmacopoeia, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 8664, Yaoundé, Cameroon, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Meyer, J.J.M., Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Lall, N., Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimycobacterial, antigonorrheal and reverse transcriptase activities of five flavonoids: isobachalcone (IBC); kanzanol C (KAN); 4-hydroxylonchocarpin (4-LCP); stipulin (SPL) and amentoflavone (AMF) from Dortenia barteri, together with the crude extract from this plant. The Agar disc diffusion, broth microdilution, microplate alamar blue assay (MABA), radiometric respiratory technique using BACTEC 460 system and the reverse transcriptase (RT) assay were used for the investigations. The results of the antimycobacterial assay showed that the crude extract and compounds were able to prevent the growth of Mycobacteria with MIC<10μg/ml being recorded with IBC on M. tuberculosis. Results of the killing rate experiment revealed that total inhibition effect on M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain was noted with IBC and SPL at day 9 when tested at 4× MIC. The results of the antigonorrheal assay indicated that MIC values below 10μg/ml were also recorded with IBC on all the tested N. gonorrhoeae strains, meanwhile good activities (MIC<10μg/ml) were also noted with the extract, KAN, 4-LCP and SPL on some of these strains. The anti-reverse transcriptase activities of extract and compounds also demonstrated that all samples were able to inhibit at various extents the reverse transcriptase activity, with IBC and 4-LCP showing the best effects. The overall results of this work provided evidence that the crude extract as well as some flavonoids from D. barteri could be potential sources of new antimicrobial drug against tuberculosis (TB), gonorrhea and probably the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Anti-reverse transcriptase; Antigonorrheal; Antimycobacterial; Dortenia barteri; Flavonoids	4 hydroxylonchocarpin; amentoflavone; Dorstenia barteri extract; flavonoid; isobachalcone; kanzanol C; plant extract; RNA directed DNA polymerase; stipulin; unclassified drug; bacterium; metabolite; pathogen; plant; tuberculosis; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; antibacterial activity; article; bacterial growth; bactericidal activity; broth dilution; controlled study; disk diffusion; Dorstenia barteri; drug structure; enzyme activity; enzyme assay; enzyme inhibition; gonorrhea; growth inhibition; Human immunodeficiency virus; minimum inhibitory concentration; Moraceae; Mycobacterium; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; nonhuman; radiometry; tuberculosis; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Flavonoids; Gonorrhea; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moraceae; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Oxazines; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Tuberculosis; Xanthenes; Corynebacterineae; Dorstenia barteri; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885481358	The impact of single versus mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections on morbidity profiles amongst school-children in Taveta, Kenya	Gouvras A.N., Kariuki C., Koukounari A., Norton A.J., Lange C.N., Ireri E., Fenwick A., Mkoji G.M., Webster J.P.	2013	Acta Tropica	128	2	10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.01.001	DIDE, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Invertebrates Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, DIDE, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; SCI, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, Meru, Kenya; The Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom	Gouvras, A.N., DIDE, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Kariuki, C., Invertebrates Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Methodist University, Meru, Kenya; Koukounari, A., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, DIDE, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Norton, A.J., DIDE, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, The Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom; Lange, C.N., Invertebrates Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Ireri, E., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Fenwick, A., SCI, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Mkoji, G.M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Webster, J.P., DIDE, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, SCI, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom	Two schistosome species-. Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni-with two very different pathological profiles (urogenital versus intestinal), are responsible for the majority of human schistosomiasis infections across sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine whether coinfections have an impact on species-specific morbidity measures when compared to single species infections. Children from two neighbouring schools in Taveta, Kenya were grouped by infection status, i.e. uninfected, single species infections or coinfected. Clinical examination of the liver and spleen by palpation was performed and urinary albumin levels were recorded at baseline and at 12 months after praziquantel administration. Additional ultrasonographic profiles of the children's liver, spleen and bladder were incorporated at follow-up. It was found that S. haematobium-associated urogenital morbidity was lower in the coinfected group relative to single S. haematobium infections, even when infection intensities were taken into account. We also observed an association between S. haematobium infection and liver (intestinal-associated) morbidity regardless of coinfections. The findings reported here suggest that further research should be performed on the impact of S. haematobium infections on liver morbidity as well as to determine the impact of mixed schistosome species infections on human morbidity outcomes across different endemic settings. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Coinfections; Human morbidity; Kenya; Polyparasitism; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis	albumin; praziquantel; child care; child health; disease; morbidity; pathology; adolescent; adult; article; bladder; child; clinical examination; controlled study; echography; elementary student; female; follow up; human; Kenya; liver; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; morbidity; palpation; preschool child; Schistosoma hematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis haematobia; schistosomiasis mansoni; school child; spleen; urinalysis; urogenital tract infection; Kenya; Schistosoma; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Coinfections; Human morbidity; Kenya; Polyparasitism; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis; Adolescent; Albumins; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Kenya; Liver; Male; Praziquantel; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Spleen; Urinary Bladder; Urine; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74149084703	Laboratory and field evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) oils as repellents against Phlebotomus orientalis and P. bergeroti (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ethiopia	Kebede Y., Gebre-Michael T., Balkew M.	2010	Acta Tropica	113	2	10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.009	Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kebede, Y., Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Gebre-Michael, T., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Balkew, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The study evaluated the efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) seed oils as repellents against laboratory and field populations of some sandflies in Ethiopia. In the laboratory, concentrations of 2% and 5% neem oil in coconut oil tested against Phlebotomus orientalis (vector of visceral leishmaniasis) provided 96.28% (95% CI = 95.60-96.97) protection up to a mean time of 7 h and 20 min and 98.26% (95% CI = 93.46-104. 07) protection up to 9 h, respectively. Similarly, M. azedarach oil at 2% concentration produced 95.13% (95% CI = 90.74-99.52) protection for the same duration (7 h and 20 min), while the 5% oil gave 96.20 (95% CI = 86.98-105.41) protection for 8 h and 20 min against the same species with no significant difference in percentage protection between the two oils at 2% and 5% concentrations. In the field tests with only neem oil (A. indica) against field populations of P. orientalis and P. bergeroti, similar high level of repellencies were recorded with about the same duration of protection. Application of both neem and Chinaberry oils can be safe and low-cost means of personal protection against sandfly bites in endemic areas of Ethiopia, if the community is advised and encouraged to grow the plants abundantly. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Azadirachta indica; Chinaberry; Leishmaniasis; Melia azedarach; Neem; Phlebotomus bergeroti; Phlebotomus orientalis; Plant repellents	coconut oil; insect repellent; vegetable oil; concentration (composition); deciduous tree; fly; laboratory method; leishmaniasis; neem; repellent; article; Azadirachta indica; controlled study; Ethiopia; laboratory test; Melia azedarach; nonhuman; parasite vector; Phlebotomus; Phlebotomus bergeroti; protection; Psychodidae; visceral leishmaniasis; Animals; Azadirachta; Ethiopia; Female; Glycerides; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Repellents; Insect Vectors; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Male; Melia azedarach; Phlebotomus; Plant Oils; Terpenes; Ethiopia; Azadirachta indica; Diptera; Melia azedarach; Phlebotominae; Phlebotomus bergeroti; Phlebotomus orientalis; Psychodidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956480039	Effects of Ethidium® (homidium bromide) on female reproductive performance of laboratory-reared tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)	Kibugu J.K., Muchiri M.W., Ngae G.N., Mumba A.M., Kiragu J.M.	2010	Acta Tropica	116	2	10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.07.007	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Muguga South, P.O. Box 30148, Nairobi, Kenya	Kibugu, J.K., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Muchiri, M.W., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ngae, G.N., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Muguga South, P.O. Box 30148, Nairobi, Kenya; Mumba, A.M., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Kiragu, J.M., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya	Ethidium® (homidium bromide) is a trypanocide likely to be encountered as a violative residue in blood collected from abattoirs for feeding laboratory tsetse flies. We investigated its effect on female reproduction of Glossina morsitans morsitans. One-milligram homidium per kilogram body weight was intra-muscularly administered to four steers and blood aseptically collected from them between 15 and 30min post-treatment, analysed for homidium levels and processed for tsetse feeding. Two hundred teneral female flies were fed on homidium-treated diet while a control group of similar number was given untreated diet and the reproductive performance of the two groups statistically compared. Ethidium®, at 266.15ng homidium/ml blood diet, halved A-class portion of F1-pupae, highly reduced decline of F1-progeny quality associated with aging parents, but had no significant effect on the pupae viability, fecundity and abortion rate of the flies. We therefore concluded that Ethidium® has beneficial effect on laboratory tsetse attributable to clearance of unfavourable microbes mediated by the drug, and could be used as a tsetse diet additive. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Female reproduction; Glossina morsitans morsitans; Homidium	ethidium; ethidium bromide; antitrypanosomal agent; ethidium; bromide; diet; fecundity; protozoan; reproductive behavior; tsetse fly; article; bullock; controlled study; feeding; female; fertility; Glossina morsitans; male; nonhuman; paedogenesis; progeny; pupa (life cycle stage); animal; blood; cattle; comparative study; drug effect; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; growth, development and aging; physiology; reproduction; statistical model; tsetse fly; Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina morsitans morsitans; Glossinidae; Animals; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Ethidium; Female; Linear Models; Reproduction; Trypanocidal Agents; Tsetse Flies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899834640	Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-cassette assay as a survey tool for Schistosoma mansoni in different transmission settings within Bugiri District, Uganda	Adriko M., Standley C.J., Tinkitina B., Tukahebwa E.M., Fenwick A., Fleming F.M., Sousa-Figueiredo J.C., Stothard J.R., Kabatereine N.B.	2014	Acta Tropica	136	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.001	Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 6HT, United Kingdom	Adriko, M., Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda; Standley, C.J., Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Tinkitina, B., Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda; Tukahebwa, E.M., Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Fleming, F.M., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 6HT, United Kingdom; Stothard, J.R., Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Kabatereine, N.B., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda, Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom	Diagnosis of schistosomiasis at the point-of-care (POC) is a growing topic in neglected tropical disease research. There is a need for diagnostic tests which are affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, equipment-free and delivered to those who need it, and POC is an important tool for disease mapping and guiding mass deworming. The aim of present study was to evaluate the relative diagnostic performance of two urine-circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) cassette assays, one commercially available and the other in experimental production, against results obtained using the standard Kato-Katz faecal smear method (six thick smears from three consecutive days), as a 'gold-standard', for Schistosoma mansoni infection in different transmission settings in Uganda. Our study was conducted among 500 school children randomly selected across 5 schools within Bugiri district, adjacent to Lake Victoria in Uganda. Considering results from the 469 pupils who provided three stool samples for the six Kato-Katz smears, 293 (76%) children had no infection, 109 (23%) were in the light intensity category, while 42 (9%) and 25 (5%) were in the moderate and heavy intensity categories respectively. Following performance analysis of CCA tests in terms of sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, overall performance of the commercially available CCA test was more informative than single Kato-Katz faecal smear microscopy, the current operational field standard for disease mapping. The current CCA assay is therefore a satisfactory method for surveillance of S. mansoni in an area where disease endemicity is declining due to control interventions. With the recent resolution on schistosomiasis elimination by the 65th World Health Assembly, the urine POC CCA test is an attractive tool to augment and perhaps replace the Kato-Katz sampling within ongoing control programmes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Circulating cathodic antigen (CCA); Diagnostic methods; Intestinal schistosomiasis; Point-of-care diagnosis (POC); Rapid diagnostic test (RDT); Schistosoma mansoni; Uganda	praziquantel; CCA protein, Schistosoma mansoni; glycoprotein; helminth protein; parasite antigen; antigen; bioassay; disease; disease control; mapping; schistosomiasis; testing method; adolescent; article; bioassay; child; circulating cathodic antigen cassette assay; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; disease control; disease transmission; feces analysis; female; gold standard; human; intermethod comparison; Kato Katz fecal smear method; laboratory diagnosis; major clinical study; male; point of care testing; predictive value; prevalence; quality control; randomized controlled trial; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis mansoni; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; urinalysis; animal; epidemiology; isolation and purification; schistosomiasis mansoni; urine; Uganda; Adolescent; Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Female; Glycoproteins; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751068997	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting all school-age children of Burkina Faso against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Performance, financial costs and implications for sustainability	Gabrielli A.-F., Touré S., Sellin B., Sellin E., Ky C., Ouedraogo H., Yaogho M., Wilson M.D., Thompson H., Sanou S., Fenwick A.	2006	Acta Tropica	99	42403	10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.008	Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso	Gabrielli, A.-F., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Touré, S., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Sellin, B., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Sellin, E., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Ky, C., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Ouedraogo, H., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Yaogho, M., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Wilson, M.D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Thompson, H., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Sanou, S., Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting the entire school-age population of Burkina Faso with drugs against schistosomiasis (praziquantel) and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (albendazole) was implemented in 2004-2005. In total, 3,322,564 children from 5 to 15 years of age were treated, equivalent to a 90.8% coverage of the total school-age population of the country. The total costs of the campaign were estimated to be US$ 1,067,284, of which 69.4% was spent on the drugs. Delivery costs per child treated were US$ 0.098, in the same range as school-based only interventions implemented in other countries; total costs per child treated (including drugs) were US$ 0.32. We conclude that a combined school- and community-based strategy is effective in attaining a high coverage among school-age children in countries where school enrolment is low and where primary schools cannot serve as the exclusive drug distribution points. The challenge for Burkina Faso will now be to ensure the sustainability of these disease control activities. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Burkina Faso; Control; Financial costs; Performance; Schistosomiasis; Soil-transmitted helminthiasis; Sustainability	albendazole; praziquantel; child health; community care; cost; disease transmission; disease treatment; drug; performance assessment; sustainability; adolescent; article; Burkina Faso; child; community care; controlled study; disease control; drug cost; drug distribution; female; health care cost; health care delivery; helminthiasis; human; intervention study; major clinical study; male; primary school; schistosomiasis; school health service; Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Burkina Faso; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Costs; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male; Praziquantel; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Schools; Africa; Burkina Faso; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77649182400	Evaluation of the performance of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of malaria in Jimma, southwestern Ethiopia	Mekonnen Z., Ali S., Belay G., Suleman S., Chatterjee S.	2010	Acta Tropica	113	3	10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.12.001	School of Medical Lab. Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Pathology Lab, Campus Drie Eiken S3.53, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein-1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium	Mekonnen, Z., School of Medical Lab. Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Ali, S., School of Medical Lab. Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Belay, G., School of Medical Lab. Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Suleman, S., School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Chatterjee, S., Pathology Lab, Campus Drie Eiken S3.53, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein-1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium	Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test relative to microscopy, for the diagnosis of falciparum and vivax malaria in Ethiopia. Methods: Two hundred and forty febrile patients visiting the Serbo health center in Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiopia, were involved in this study in 2008. Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears were prepared and microscopically examined under a 100× oil immersion microscope objective for Plasmodium species identification and determination of parasitemia respectively. CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test was performed as per the manufacturers' instruction. Findings: The validity of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test for the diagnosis of Plasmodium was very good with a sensitivity of 95.8%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 96%. The test performed equally well for the identification of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. The diagnostic performance of this CareStart™ test is comparable to light microscopy of thin and thick blood smears. Conclusion: Although CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test and blood microscopy have comparable diagnostic performance for Plasmodium detection, the CareStart™ test has the added advantage of being simple to interpret, cost-efficient, and hence it is preferable to use this rapid diagnostic test for malaria diagnosis in areas where microscopy is not accessible and during times of malaria epidemics that are observed approximately every 4-5 years in Ethiopia. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.	CareStart™ Malaria RDT; Ethiopia; Malaria; Plasmodium	oil; blood; detection method; epidemic; epidemiology; infectious disease; malaria; microscopy; performance assessment; adolescent; adult; article; blood smear; child; controlled study; diagnostic test; Ethiopia; female; fever; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; malaria vivax; male; microscopy; parasitemia; performance measurement system; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; prediction; preschool child; school child; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; species identification; staining; symptomatology; validity; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult; Ethiopia; Jimma; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857117291	Urine heme dipsticks are useful in monitoring the impact of Praziquantel treatment on Schistosoma haematobium in sentinel communities of Delta State, Nigeria	Emukah E., Gutman J., Eguagie J., Miri E.S., Yinkore P., Okocha N., Jibunor V., Nebe O., Nwoye A.I., Richards F.O.	2012	Acta Tropica	122	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.01.002	The Carter Center, Plot R/60 GRA, Off High Court Road, Box 4034, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; The Carter Center, 1 Jeka Kadima Street,	Emukah, E., The Carter Center, Plot R/60 GRA, Off High Court Road, Box 4034, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Gutman, J., Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Eguagie, J., The Carter Center, 1 Jeka Kadima Street, Box 7772, Jos, Nigeria; Miri, E.S., The Carter Center, 1 Jeka Kadima Street, Box 7772, Jos, Nigeria; Yinkore, P., Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, No. 1 Onyeka Close, Off Delta Broadcasting Service Road, Near LGSC, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Okocha, N., Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, No. 1 Onyeka Close, Off Delta Broadcasting Service Road, Near LGSC, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Jibunor, V., Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, No. 1 Onyeka Close, Off Delta Broadcasting Service Road, Near LGSC, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Nebe, O., Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Secretariat Phase 3, Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Nwoye, A.I., Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Secretariat Phase 3, Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Richards, F.O., The Carter Center, One Copenhill Avenue NE, Atlanta, GA 30307-1406, United States	Nigeria is highly endemic for infection with Schistosoma haematobium, which most commonly manifests itself with blood in urine. To monitor the impact of annual mass drug administration (MDA) with Praziquantel for S. haematobium in Delta State, Nigeria, cross-sectional hematuria surveys of school children were conducted in 8 sentinel villages (SVs) at baseline (n= 240) and after two annual doses (n= 402). We assessed the comparability of three assessments of hematuria (child's reported history, nurse visual diagnosis (NVD) and dipstick) to determine the need for mass treatment. Dipstick was considered to be the gold standard. Prior to treatment, history and NVD each identified only the 3 most highly prevalent SVs, and overall this represented just 37.5% of the 8 SVs in need of treatment. Following treatment, after dipstick prevalence decreased by 88.5% (p< 0.001), and history and NVD identified only one of two villages still needing treatment. The study suggests that dipsticks should be the recommended method for launching and monitoring mass treatment for S. haematobium. © 2012.	Hematuria; Mass treatment; Monitoring; Nigeria; Praziquantel; Schistosomiasis	praziquantel; baseline survey; biomonitoring; child health; comparative study; disease prevalence; disease treatment; drug; endemic species; infectivity; schistosomiasis; village; adolescent; analytic method; article; child; community; cross-sectional study; drug monitoring; female; health survey; hematuria; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; preschool child; prevalence; schistosomiasis haematobia; school child; urine heme dipstick; Adolescent; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Monitoring; Female; Heme; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Praziquantel; Prevalence; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Schools; Urine; Delta; Nigeria; Schistosoma haematobium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939131874	Managerial practices and factors influencing reproductive performance of dairy cows in urban/peri-urban areas of Kampala and Gulu, Uganda	Benon K.M., Owiny D.O., Båge R., Nassuna-Musoke M.G., Humblot P., Magnusson U.	2015	Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica	57	1	10.1186/s13028-015-0122-2	Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden	Benon, K.M., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Owiny, D.O., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Båge, R., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden; Nassuna-Musoke, M.G., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Humblot, P., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden; Magnusson, U., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden	Background: Urban/peri-urban dairy production and sales has evolved as an adjustment to cope with food security and economic needs for urban dwellers in low-income countries and created an opportunity to transform from subsistence rural lifestyles of dairy farming to commercial engagement in towns. However, urban/peri-urban dairy farms differ in challenges from rural dairy farms and reproduction is important and critical for assuring sustainable economic output in both environments. Here we recorded for the first time differences between two geographically and economically different cities corresponding to different settings within the same country in managerial factors influencing reproductive performance in urban/peri-urban dairy cowherds. Results: The urban/peri-urban dairy farmers in the capital Kampala were more often male (P = 0.002) and commercialized (P = 0.0025), more experienced (P = 0.0001) and practiced zero-grazing more often (P = 0.05) than in the regional municipality Gulu. Also, the milk production per herd and cow (P = 0.0005) and calving rate were (P = 0.0001) higher in Kampala and artificial insemination was more commonly (P = 0.002) used than in Gulu. There was no difference in abortion nor neonatal mortality rate between the two locations. Overall, calving rates were higher (P = 0.0003) in smaller (≤3 dairy cows) and open grazing (P = 0.003) herds. Abortion rates were higher among dairy herds practicing late (≥5 months) (P = 0.003) calf weaning and in herds with commercial purposes (P = 0.0001). Neonatal calf mortality was lower (P = 0.01) in small herds. Conclusion: The study showed significant differences between Kampala and Gulu in reproductive performance and related husbandry factors for cows in the urban/peri-urban dairy farming systems. For several reproductive performance traits we found associations with husbandry and production traits, which should be taken into account when providing advice to the urban and peri-urban dairy farmers in the tropics. © 2015 Benon et al.	Bovine; Dairy cow; Milk production; Reproductive performance; Tropics; Uganda; Urban peri-urban farming	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40349096731	Using radar charts with qualitative evaluation: Techniques to assess change in blended learning	Kaczynski D., Wood L., Harding A.	2008	Active Learning in Higher Education	9	1	10.1177/1469787407086743	University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	Kaczynski, D., University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Wood, L., Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Harding, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	When university academics implement changes in learning, such as introducing blended learning, it is conventional practice to examine and evaluate the impact of the resulting curriculum reform. Judging the worth and impact of an educational development is a complex task involving subtle differences in learning. Qualitative methods to explore these deep processes in learning include using interviews, observations and open-ended questionnaires targeting all stakeholders in the process, such as students, teachers, administration and technical staff. These evaluation tasks generate a mass of raw data that many faculty members in higher education are unaccustomed to analyzing. This article provides a framework using radar charts adapted from the field of organizational development. A modified six-zone radar chart was used to assess the extent of blended learning in order to compare changes in the learning environment. Data collection included interviews, classroom observations and electronic records generated during educational delivery over a 1-year period of time. A purposeful sample of online course data was collected by three participating universities in South Africa, Australia, and the United States. © 2008 SAGE Publications.	Blended learning; Curriculum development; Evaluation; Instructional assessment; International education; Qualitative research; Radar chart	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929990698	Development of an appropriate methodology for measuring economic impacts of sports events: A case study of the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa	Balkaran R., Tifflin W.	2013	Actual Problems of Economics	146	8	None	Durban University of Technology, South Africa	Balkaran, R., Durban University of Technology, South Africa; Tifflin, W., Durban University of Technology, South Africa	Major international sporting events occur on a daily basis globally and little thought goes into the actual hosts that manage a large part of these events. Many countries view hosting these events as the spin-offs to a city or country providing benefits to them in respect of tourism and its multiplier effects. To many third world countries and cities this is seen as a source of income and a means to create employment and the opportunity to earn foreign capital. Some argue that the costs incurred by the host country/ city for providing specialised infrastructure for these events, do so with the intention of having these costs off-set with the expected benefits from the sports event. It becomes essential therefore to ensure these events are well researched in respect of their benefits and overall impact to a host before committing valuable resources that could otherwise be more appropriately used. Within South African context the major national imperatives would be boosting the economy, employment creation and poverty alleviation. The paper provides various models for measuring economic impacts in the literature and critiques them with the intention of offering a suitable model/ methodology that provides necessary feedback for suitable measurements. A case study of two major Super 14 rugby matches was used in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. © Rishidaw Balkaran, Wayne Tifflin, 2013.	Economic effects of sports; Rugby; South Africa; Sports activities	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906077340	Trade density for external market evaluation	Kvasha S., Ryabchenko O., Zhemoyda O.	2014	Actual Problems of Economics	156	6	None	National Scientific Centre Institute of Agrarian Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Department Economy of Enterprise, National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine	Kvasha, S., National Scientific Centre Institute of Agrarian Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine; Ryabchenko, O., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Zhemoyda, O., Department Economy of Enterprise, National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine	The article shows that both Ukraine's accession to the WTO in 2008 and the processes of the EU enlargement have created additional challenges for trade development at the continent. Special attention is paid to historical and geographical aspects of trade development in Europe. Prospects of free trade areas, beneficial both for Ukraine and the EU, are studied in detail. Trade density in the EU is analyzed using the mathematical methods. Such aspects as tariff policy, non-tariff barriers import duties are considered separately. Agricultural markets were taken for this analysis due to their high importance for Ukraine. © Sergii Kvasha, Oksana Ryabchenko, Oleksandr Zhemoyda, 2014.	European Union; Free trade area; Trade density; Ukraine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885396038	Performance of TOTAL, in medical patients attending a resource-poor hospital in sub-Saharan Africa and a small Irish rural hospital	Opio M.O., Nansubuga G., Kellett J., Clifford M., Murray A.	2013	Acute Medicine	12	3	None	St. Joseph's Kitovu Health, Care Complex, Masaka, Uganda; Hospitalist Service, Thunder Bay Regional, Health Sciences Center, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P78 7A5, Canada; Medical Assessment Unit, Nenagh Hospital, Nenagh, Ireland; Dundalk Institute, Dundalk, Ireland	Opio, M.O., St. Joseph's Kitovu Health, Care Complex, Masaka, Uganda; Nansubuga, G., St. Joseph's Kitovu Health, Care Complex, Masaka, Uganda; Kellett, J., Hospitalist Service, Thunder Bay Regional, Health Sciences Center, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P78 7A5, Canada; Clifford, M., Medical Assessment Unit, Nenagh Hospital, Nenagh, Ireland; Murray, A., Dundalk Institute, Dundalk, Ireland	Background: Recently a very simple, easy to remember early warning score (EWS) dubbed TOTAL has been reported. The score was derived from 309 acutely ill medical patients admitted to a Malawian hospital and awards one point for Tachypnea >30 breaths per minute, one point for Oxygen saturation <90%, two points for a Temperature <35°C, one point for Altered mental status, and one point for Loss of independence as indicated by the inability to stand or walk without help. TOTAL has an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) for death within 72 hours of 78%. Methods: We compared the performance of the TOTAL score in 849 medical patients attending a resource poor hospital in Uganda and 2935 patients admitted to a small rural hospital in Ireland. Results: TOTAL's AUROC for death within 24 hours was the same in both hospital populations: 85.1% (95% CI 78.6 - 91.6%) for Kitovu Hospital patients and 84.7% (95% CI 77.1 - 92.2%) for Nenagh Hospital patients. Conclusion: The discrimination of TOTAL is exactly the same in elderly Irish patients as it is in young African patients. The score is easy to remember, easy to calculate, and works over a broad range of patients. © 2013 Rila Publications Ltd.	Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC); Medical Assessment Unit; TOTAL	adult; Africa south of the Sahara; aged; article; controlled study; female; health service; hospital; hospital admission; hospital patient; human; independence; Ireland; major clinical study; male; mental health; mortality; oxygen saturation; receiver operating characteristic; rural area; scoring system; tachypnea; temperature; Uganda; Acute Disease; Health Resources; Health Status Indicators; Hospitals, Rural; Humans; Ireland; Prognosis; ROC Curve; Severity of Illness Index; Uganda	None
None	None	Potential marijuana prevention programs for Hispanic communities: A review article on the impact of various health-related preventive programs targeting adolescents in the United States	Nsimba S.E.D.	2007	Addictive Disorders and their Treatment	6	4	10.1097/ADT.0b013e31802d68aa	Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), P O Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), School of Medicine, PO Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Nsimba, S.E.D., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hampton House, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), P O Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), School of Medicine, PO Box 65010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Marijuana and use of other illicit substances is an increasing major public health problem in developed and developing countries in the world. Studies on Hispanics, African-Americans, and other adolescent immigrants in the United States (US) have shown that this problem in this age group greatly increasing. Various studies and preventive approaches have been tried in the US to prevent the associated adverse health outcomes. However, some of these preventive approached which have employed have had limited success on marijuana use among adolescents in the US. However, this problem of marijuana and other illicit substance use continue to grow both in developed countries like the US and developing countries including like Tanzania. Globally, marijuana is locally grown in some parts of urban and rural areas and the stuff is being used most by the adolescents and young adults as it is cheap and easy to get it. Among young adolescents, global use of illicit substances is causing a lot of damages to their physical health, mental health, and social well-being. Physical evidences are vivid from street boys and gangster mobs around most cities/streets. Thus, preventive programs (interventions) need to be tailored to the particular needs of this age groups (youths and adolescents) and should address the key determinants that predict subsequent use in a manner that are culturally appropriate and responsive to the environment in which these young people live. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Adolescents; Illicit drugs; Marijuana; Prevention; Substances of abuse; US; Youths	cannabis; illicit drug; article; cannabis addiction; developed country; health hazard; health program; Hispanic; human; mental health; primary prevention; priority journal; United States; wellbeing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548949890	Processing and mechanical property evaluation of maize fiber reinforced green composites	Dauda M., Yoshiba M., Miura K., Takahashi S.	2007	Advanced Composite Materials: The Official Journal of the Japan Society of Composite Materials	16	4	10.1163/156855107782325168	Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Maiduguri, 1 Bama Road, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Advanced Composites Technical De	Dauda, M., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Maiduguri, 1 Bama Road, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Yoshiba, M., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; Miura, K., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan, Advanced Composites Technical Department, Toray Industries Inc., Shiga 520-8558, Japan; Takahashi, S., Mechanical Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan	Green composites composed of long maize fibers and poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) biodegradable polyester matrix were manufactured by the thermo-mechanical processing termed as 'Sequential Molding and Forming Process' that was developed previously by the authors' research group. A variety of processing parameters such as fiber area fraction, molding temperature and forming pressure were systematically controlled and their influence on the tensile properties was investigated. It was revealed that both tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composites increase steadily depending on the increase in fiber area fraction, suggesting a general conformity to the rule of mixtures (ROM), particularly up to 55% fiber area fraction. The improvement in tensile properties was found to be closely related to the good interfacial adhesion between the fiber and polymer matrix, and was observed to be more pronounced under the optimum processing condition of 130°C molding temperature and 10 MPa forming pressure. However, processing out of the optimum condition results in a deterioration in properties, mostly fiber and/or matrix degradation together with their interfacial defect as a consequence of the thermal or mechanical damages. On the basis of microstructural observation, the cause of strength degradation and its countermeasure to provide a feasible composite design are discussed in relation to the optimized process conditions. © 2007 VSP.	Biodegradable plastics; Composite materials; Materials recycling; Mechanical properties; Natural fibers	Biodegradable polymers; Composite materials; Elastic moduli; Polyesters; Reinforcement; Tensile properties; Forming pressure; Forming Processes; Materials recycling; Molding temperature; Sequential Molding; Natural fibers; Natural Fibers; Polyesters; Reinforcement; Tensile Properties	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887893283	Impact of propagation delay on the performance of satellite LTE networks	Aiyetoro G., Giambene G., Takawira F.	2014	Advanced Science Letters	20	2	10.1166/asl.2014.5351	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Department of Information Engineering, University of Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy; School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Aiyetoro, G., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Giambene, G., Department of Information Engineering, University of Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy; Takawira, F., School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	This paper investigates the impact of the Round Trip Propagation Delay (RTPD) in the satellite LTE air interface with the adoption of MIMO technology. The Satellite LTE air interface will provide global coverage and hence complement its terrestrial counterpart in the provision of LTE services to mobile users. A land mobile dualpolarized GEO satellite system has been considered for this work. The link adaption is an important module for the scheduling scheme and the satellite LTE network as a whole in order to make optimal scheduling decisions and effectively utilize the network resources respectively. However, the long RTPD experienced when Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) is reported from the User Equipment (UE) to the eNodeB via GEO satellite causes misalignment between the reported CQI at the eNodeB and the present CQI of the mobile user. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the misalignment as a result of long RTPD on the system performance of Satellite LTE network. © 2014 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.	GEO satellite; Link adaptation; LTE; RTPD	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928974435	Nutritional evaluation of some legumes and vegetables cultivated and consumed in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Sarkiyayi S., Hamman B.M.	2015	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	7	9	None	Department of Biochemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Sarkiyayi, S., Department of Biochemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Hamman, B.M., Department of Biochemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	The study was designed to evaluate the nutritional and anti-nutritional content Legumes and vegetables consumed in Adamawa state. The investigations were carried out on Proximate (Moisture, fibre, Ash, Protein, Nitrogen, fat, carbohydrate and Energy), mineral elements (Na, K, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn, respectively). Vitamins (vitamin A (retinol), β-carotene, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B<inf>1</inf> and Vitamin B<inf>2</inf> and Anti-ntrient composition (phytate, oxalate and Tannins). The percentage moisture ranges between 4.28% for baobab leaves to 12.78% in sesame leaves. Legumes contained higher protein contents, the highest was observed in legumes (ground nut) with 25.40% the percentage for fat and carbohydrates were higher in legumes than in vegetables. Zinc was higher in vegetables (senna leaves and sesame leaves) (5.90 mg/kg) and was absent in one of the legumes (cowpea, red). Lead was only detected in vegetable leaves. It was higher in Sesame leaves with 2.0 mg/kg, lead was not detected in all the other sample used for this research. Vitamin A was only detected in vegetable samples and some legume (cowpea), the values ranges between 7.46 to 37.42 μg/100 g in senna leaves and cowpea (red) respectively. Vitamin C was not detected in the vegetable samples, but was detected in legume samples. Vitamin B<inf>1</inf> is higher in vegetable samples (baobab) with 1.32 mg/100 g. Riboflavin (B<inf>2</inf>) was higher in sesame leaves with 1.01 mg/100 g. The values for phytate ranges between 0.03 mg/100 g in baobab and sesame leaves condiment sample to 5.33 mg/100 g in legume (cowpea, red) respectively. Legumes and vegetables investigated revealed that the anti-nutrient contents were very high especially Oxalate and tannins but lower in phytate. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2015.	Anti-nutrient; Legumes; Mineral elements; Proximate composition; Vegetables; Vitamins	Carbohydrates; Flavonoids; Lead; Manganese; Minerals; Moisture; Nutrients; Oxalic acid; Proteins; Tannins; Vitamins; Zinc; Anti-nutritional; Legumes; Mineral element; Nutrient contents; Nutritional evaluations; Protein contents; Proximate compositions; Vegetable samples; Vegetables	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82655176659	Formulation and evaluation of cookies containing germinated pigeon pea, fermented sorghum and cocoyam flour blends using mixture response surface methodology	Okpala L.C., Okoli E.C.	2011	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	3	5	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Okpala, L.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Okoli, E.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Cookies were produced from blends of germinated pigeon pea, fermented sorghum and cocoyam flours. The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of varying the proportions of these components on the sensory and protein quality of the cookies. The sensory attributes studied were colour, taste, texture, crispiness and general acceptability while the protein quality indices were Biological Value (BV) and Net Protein Utilization (NPU). Mixture response surface methodology was used to model the sensory and protein quality with single, binary and ternary combinations of germinated pigeon pea, fermented sorghum and cocoyam flours. The sum of the component proportions was always equal to 100%. Results showed that BV and NPU of most of the cookies were above minimum recommended levels. With the exception of cookies containing high levels of pigeon pea flour, cookies had acceptable sensory scores. Increase in pigeon pea flour resulted in increase in the BV and NPU. Regression equations suggested that the ternary blends produced the highest increase in all the sensory attributes (with the exception of colour). © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011.	Cocoyam flour; Cookies; Fermented sorghum flour; Germinated pigeon pea flour; Mixture response surface methodology	Cocoyam flour; Component proportion; Cookies; Fermented sorghum flour; Flour blends; Germinated pigeon pea flour; Pigeon pea; Protein quality; Regression equation; Response Surface Methodology; Sensory attributes; Sensory scores; Ternary blends; Mixtures; Proteins; Surface properties; Quality control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887556023	Nutritional evaluation of complementary food gruels formulated from blends of soybean flour and ginger modified cocoyam starch	Ojinnaka M.C., Ebinyasi C.S., Ihemeje A., Okorie S.U.	2013	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	5	10	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Imo State University, PMB 2000 Owerri Imo State, Nigeria	Ojinnaka, M.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, Imo State University, PMB 2000 Owerri Imo State, Nigeria; Ebinyasi, C.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, Imo State University, PMB 2000 Owerri Imo State, Nigeria; Ihemeje, A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Imo State University, PMB 2000 Owerri Imo State, Nigeria; Okorie, S.U., Department of Food Science and Technology, Imo State University, PMB 2000 Owerri Imo State, Nigeria	The use of ginger modified starch and soybean flour blends in the formulation of low-cost, nutritive complementary food gruels were studied. The complementary food samples were analyzed for their nutritional, functional, anti-nutritional and sensory properties. The nutritional composition of the samples showed that the protein content increased with increased supplementation with the soybean flour from 2.68% in sample A (10:90) to 3.97% in sample D (40:60). The functional properties of the samples showed an increase in the swelling index and water absorption capacities from samples A to sample D while the bulk densities were relatively constant. The complementary food samples also showed low levels of oxalate and phytate in the range of 0.03 to 0.06% for oxalate and 0.04 to 0.07% for phytate. The sensory evaluation carried out on the complementary food samples after reconstituting into gruel with warm water, milk and sugar showed that all the samples were well accepted by the judges. © 2013 Maxwell Scientific Organization.	Cocoyam; Complementary food; Soybean	Cocoyam; Functional properties; Nutritional compositions; Nutritional evaluations; Sensory evaluation; Sensory properties; Soybean; Water absorption capacity; Food additives; Oxalic acid; Sensory perception; Water quality; Starch	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865190723	Physical and microbiological evaluation of food formulations from malted and fermented Maize (Zea mays L.) Fortified with Defatted Sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) Flour	Gernah D.I., Ariahu C.C., Umeh E.U.	2012	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	4	3	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Gernah, D.I., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Ariahu, C.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Umeh, E.U., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	The effects of malting and fermentation on some physical properties and microbiological composition and safety of maize/sesame food formulations were investigated. Malted and fermented maize flours were blended with defatted sesame flour, by material balancing, to give four food formulations (Unmalted maize + defatted sesame (UMS), malted maize + defatted sesame (MMS), un-malted fermented maize + defatted sesame (UFMS) and malted fermented maize + defatted sesame (MFMS)), which all contained 16 g protein and 9 g fat/100 g food. Viscosity, functional properties and microbiological composition of flours and gruels from the food formulations were evaluated using standard methods of analysis. Malting and fermentation significantly (p<0.05) decreased gruel viscosities from 318.00 to 210.70 cP, packed bulk density from 1.08 to 0.97 g/mL and swelling index from 4.43 to 2.93 mL/g; while increasing water absorption capacity from 3.30 to 4.07 g/g and reconstitution index from 5.02 to 6.13 mL/g in UMS and MFMS samples respectively. Total viable counts, yeasts and moulds all increased significantly (p<0.05) with malting and fermentation. Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus species were predominant in the non-fermented products, while yeast dominated in the fermented products, whose gruels also inhibited growth of Staphylococcus in challenge tests. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012.	Challenge tests; Functional properties; Gruel; Moulds; Viscosity; Yeast	Bulk density; Challenge tests; Enterobacteriaceae; Functional properties; G protein; Gruel; Inhibited growth; Maize (Zea mays L.); Maize flour; Material balancing; Microbiological composition; Microbiological evaluation; Standard method; Swelling index; Total viable counts; Water absorption capacity; Fermentation; Molds; Viscosity; Yeast; Grain (agricultural product)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877902770	Chemical and sensory evaluation of bread sold in benue and Nasarawa States of central nigeria	Eke M.O., Ariahu C.C., Gernah D.I.	2013	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	5	5	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	Eke, M.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Ariahu, C.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Gernah, D.I., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	The proximate composition, vitamin and mineral contents as well as sensory properties of some selected brands of bread sold in Benue and Nasarawa States were determined using standard methods of analysis. Fresh loaves of six of the most popular brands of bread, three from Benue (Top choice, Ostrich, Tito) and three from Nasarawa (Emziler, Canaan, Gods Promise), constituting samples A-F, were purchased from the respective bread factorieswithin 4hrs of their production and used for the investigation. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in proximate composition with values ranging from 30.21-35.07% (moisture), 8.74-14.22% (crude protein), 2.00- 8.10% (crude fat), 0.71-1.05% (crude fibre), 6.00-7.93% (ash) and 35.81-48.18% (carbohydrate), thus showing compliance with Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) specifications, especially in terms of moisture, protein, crudefibre and carbohydrate contents. The fat and ash contents of most of the bread samples were far above the specifications of 2.00% and 0.60% maximum, respectively. The mineral andvitamin contents were found to be quite high in all the bread samples. Sensory evaluationshowed that sample C (Tito) was the most preferred followed by sample E, A, B, D in that order. Sample F (Gods Promise) was the least preferred in terms of sensory evaluation, but showed the highest compliance to SON specifications in terms of proximate composition. All the bread samples were found to be very rich in macro-and micro-nutrients. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2013.	Bread; Compliance; Minerals; Proximate composition; Specifications; Vitamins	Bread; Carbohydrate content; Compliance; Methods of analysis; Proximate compositions; Sensory evaluation; Sensory properties; Significant differences; Carbohydrates; Minerals; Moisture; Proteins; Regulatory compliance; Specifications; Vitamins; Food products	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887508077	Sensory and chemical evaluation of Beef Based Dambu-nama (BBDN)	Eke M.O., Ariahu C.C., Abu J.O.	2013	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	5	10	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	Eke, M.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Ariahu, C.C., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Abu, J.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	The bioavailabilty of the Beef Based Dambu-nama (BBDN) were evaluated by the analysis of the amino acids, minerals, vitamins and proximate composition using four processing treatments. Samples of Beef Based Dambu-nama (BBDN) were processed using (4) separate treatments and analyzed for their sensory and chemical characteristics. The chemical properties evaluated includes; chemical, amino-acid composition and the mineral contents. The treatments were 425 (cooked for 90 min and not fried), 509 (cooked for 60 min and fried for 10 min) and 511 (cooked for 60 min and not fried). The sensory result showed high acceptability of the product though sample 430 (cooked for 90 min and shallow fried for 10 min) was the most preferred. Result of the proximate composition showed that the crude protein was high (37.14-45.86%), low fat content (11.2-17.84%) and high ash content (4.87-5.18%), which indicate that BBDN (beef based Dambu-nama) have a high nutrient content. The Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) value of 0.40-0.45 mgmaloaldeyd e/g sample also indicates that there is no lipid oxidation while the high relative pH of 6.32-6.34 indicates that the animal was stressed before or during the slaughtering process. Similarly, the low moisture content (5.10-7.00%) guarantees longer shelf life because of the low water activity which inhibits microbial growth. The amino acid composition also showed that BBDN have excellent values for both essential and non-essential amino acid which are important components for healing and protein synthesis processes. The mineral concentration of BBDN also showed that the Ca/P, Na/K ratio was higher than (1) and thus an excellent food because sodium and potassium are required to maintain osmotic balance of body fluid, pH of the body and regulate muscle and nerve irritability. © 2013 Maxwell Scientific Organization.	Amino acid; Beef based Dambu-nama; Mineral compositions; Proximate and sensory	Amino acid compositions; Chemical characteristic; Chemical evaluation; Mineral composition; Proximate and sensory; Proximate compositions; Slaughtering process; Thiobarbituric acid; Amino acids; Chemical analysis; Minerals; Meats	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887532618	Nutritional evaluation of yoghurt-like product from baobab (adansonia digitata) fruit pulp emulsion and the micronutrient content of baobab leaves	Eke M.O., Olaitan N.I., Sule H.I.	2013	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	5	10	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Home Science and Management, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Tech	Eke, M.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria; Olaitan, N.I., Department of Home Science and Management, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria; Sule, H.I., Department of Food Science and Technonology, Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Baobab fruit pulp is grossly underutilised and thus this research aims at increasing the utilization of the fruit pulp which contains very high minerals and vitamins. The growing incidences of malnutrition especially in a developing country like Nigeria are quite alarming. Researchers are now being directed to exploring new and non-conventional sources of food such as baobab that is grown in the arid and semiarid regions of the world. All parts of the baobab tree are absolutely useful and can either be use as food, beverages or ingredient, Baobab leaves can provide about 13-15% protein 60-70% carbohydrate, 4-10% fat, 11% fibre, 16% Ash and the energy value varies between 1180-1900 KJ/100 g on dry wet basis. The baobab fruit pulp is an excellent source of minerals and vitamins. It contain about 240 mg/100 g of potassium, 295 mg/100 g of calcium and 190 mg/100 g of Magnesium. Similarly, it contains, about 236 mg/100 g of Vitamin C and 80 mg/100 mL of Vitamin A. Due to the high protein content, low fat content and high value of metabolize able energy baobab fruit pulp or leaves are excellent source of food to be used to curb the ugly high trend of malnutrition in developing country like Nigeria. © 2013 Maxwell Scientific Organization.	Baobab fruit pulp and leaves; Developing countries (Nigeria); Malnutrition; Micronutrients; Yoghurt like product	Fruit pulps; Malnutrition; Micronutrients; Nigeria; Yoghurt like product; Arid regions; Developing countries; Emulsification; Nutrition; Trace elements; Vitamins; Fruits	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921958716	Comparative quality evaluation of roasted cashew nut kernel: Effect of roasting methods	Kosoko S.B., Oluwole O.B., Daramola A.O., Adepoju M.A., Oyelakin A.J., Tugbobo-amisu A.O., Alagbe G.O., Elemo G.N.	2014	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	6	12	None	Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Production, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial	Kosoko, S.B., Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Oluwole, O.B., Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Daramola, A.O., Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Adepoju, M.A., Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Oyelakin, A.J., Department of Production, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Tugbobo-amisu, A.O., Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Alagbe, G.O., Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria; Elemo, G.N., Department of Food Technology, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria, Department of Production, Analytical Services and Laboratory Management, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria	This study was conducted to determine the effect of two roasting methods on the chemical, microbial as well as the sensory qualities of cashew nut kernels. Raw cashew nut was processed to obtain the plain cashew kernels and was divided into two portions which were subjected to different roasting treatments using conventionalair oven and halogen oven at a temperature of 200°C for 40 min, respectively. Proximate analysis showed that the conventional-oven roasted cashew kernel had higher moisture content, protein and crude fiber values of 4.68%±0.18, 18.34±0.94 and 2.11±0.08, respectively than the roasted sample using halogen-oven. In halogen-oven roasted kernel, the fat, carbohydrate, fatty acid and metabolizeable energy contents were higher (45.62±0.98, 2.53±0.08, 30.04±0.95, 39.23±0.85 and 2480.04±21.00, respectively). The mineral analysis indicated that the halogen-oven roasted kernels had higher values except in the case of Magnesium (Mg), which was higher in the conventional-oven roasted cashew nuts. The microbial assessment of the cashew kernels showed that halogen-oven cashew roasted kernel had a reduced value in all the microbiological analysis carried out with the exception of staphylococcus count. However, E. coli was not present in any of the cashew kernel samples. Based on the sensory rating, halogen-oven roasted cashew kernel had the highest overall acceptability sensory rating. It was observed that chemical parameters of fat, fatty acid and metabolizable energy show positive correlation at both (p<0.01) and (p<0.05) for the sensory attributes of color, taste, crispiness, flavor and overall acceptability while the chemical parameters of moisture content protein and crude fibre showed a negative correlation for all the sensory attributes. The results of this study indicated that halogen-oven will be better option for producing nutritious and wholesome roasted cashew nut kernels with acceptable sensory qualities. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2014.	Cashew nut kernel; Chemical; Conventional-oven; Halogen oven; Microbial; Sensory	Chemical analysis; Chemicals; Escherichia coli; Fatty acids; Moisture; Moisture determination; Ovens; Proteins; Quality control; Cashew nut; Conventional ovens; Metabolizable energies; Microbial; Microbiological analysis; Overall acceptability; Positive correlations; Sensory; Calcination; Anacardium occidentale; Staphylococcus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865168216	Production and quality evaluation of soy-corn yoghurt	Makanjuola O.M.	2012	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	4	3	None	Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 50, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria	Makanjuola, O.M., Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 50, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria	In the recent years, research efforts in the developing countries have been geared towards the improvement of protein quality foods using blends of legume and cereal which is considered a nutritionally balanced product. Therefore, this present study is aimed at finding local substitute for milk based product with high protein content of a well balancing amino acid composition and high digestibility; determining the proximate composition, microbial analysis as well as sensory evaluation of soy-corn yoghurt with a view of knowing the consumer acceptability of the product. Yoghurt samples were produced from blends of soymilk and corn milk (yellow maize corn) using Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus as starter cultures. Ratio of soy milk to corn milk were 80%:20%; 70%:30% and 100% soymilk as control. The yoghurt samples produced were coded A, B and C representing 100% soy yoghurt, 80%:20% soy corn yoghurt and 70%:30% soy corn yoghurt respectively. Yoghurt samples were subjected to chemical, microbiological and organoleptic assessment. The results of chemical analysis revealed protein contents of 4.30, 4.00 and 3.70% respectively for the samples. Fat contents varied between 2.10 and 2.60%, while ash contents of 0.50, 0.60 and 0.62% were obtained for the samples respectively. Total solids of between 10.98 and 8.80% were obtained with titratable acidity of 0.03, 0.05 and 0.06%, respectively. The carbohydrate contents of the samples ranged from 1.40 to 4.50% while all the samples showed fairly acidic levels. Water contents of between 89.00 and 91.20% were obtained. The microbiological examination revealed a tolerable level for all the samples. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012.	Corn milk; Soy milk; Soy-corn yoghurt	Amino acid compositions; Ash contents; Carbohydrate content; Consumer acceptability; Corn milk; Fat contents; Lactobacillus bulgaricus; Microbial analysis; Protein contents; Protein quality; Proximate compositions; Quality evaluation; Research efforts; Sensory evaluation; Soy milk; Soy-corn yoghurt; Starter cultures; Titratable acidity; Total solids; Amino acids; Bacilli; Carbohydrates; Cereal products; Developing countries; Grain (agricultural product); Quality control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891378371	Comparative evaluation of the nutritional and sensory quality of major commercial whole-wheat breads in Nigerian market	Ndife J., Obiegbunna J., Ajayi S.	2013	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	5	12	None	Department of Food Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Tech., Nnamdi Azikiwe University of Tech, Awka, Nigeria	Ndife, J., Department of Food Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Nigeria; Obiegbunna, J., Department of Food Science and Tech., Nnamdi Azikiwe University of Tech, Awka, Nigeria; Ajayi, S., Department of Food Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Nigeria	The study examined the nutritional, microbial and sensory profile of regularly consumed commercial whole wheat breads in Nigeria in order to offer an insight into the overall quality of these foods. Four major local brands of commercial whole wheat breads (samples A, B, C and D) were evaluated. The normal white bread (sample E) served as control. Results of the physical properties obtained, showed that the white bread (sample E) had higher values for bread volume (2850 cm3), specific volume (4.38 cm3/g), hydration capacity (4.50%) and compressibility (45%) than the whole wheat breads. No trace of bromate was found in all the bread samples. The proximate analyses for the whole wheat bread showed the moisture content to range from (30.64-38.74%), fat (3.5-5.0%), Fibre (2.5-3.5%) higher than in white bread (26.40, 3.0 and 1.20% respectively). While the whole wheat breads had lower levels of protein (5.25-6.48%), carbohydrate (45.74-51.25%) and energy (249-258 Kcal) when compared to white bread of 9.00, 59.40% and 301 Kcal, respectively. The ash and mineral contents of the whole wheat breads were higher than that of white bread. While the viable microbial counts for the whole wheat breads (1.0×102-1.5×102) were lower than in the white bread (3.1×102). Generally, the bread samples were within the regulatory specifications and the whole wheat breads were nutritionally superior to the white bread while the white bread had better overall sensory preference than the whole wheat breads. © 2013 Maxwell Scientific Organization.	Bread; Chemical composition; Mineral; Sensory quality; Whole wheat	Bread; Chemical compositions; Comparative evaluations; Hydration capacity; Sensory preferences; Sensory qualities; Whole wheat; Whole-wheat breads; Chemistry; Food technology; Minerals; Food products	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920182011	Quality evaluation of coffee-like beverage from baobab (Adansonia diditata) seed	Olaitan N.I., Eke M.O., Aitiya E.	2014	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	6	9	None	Department of Home Science and Management, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology,	Olaitan, N.I., Department of Home Science and Management, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Eke, M.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Aitiya, E., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polythenic, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Coffee, one of the most consumed beverages in the world is slightly acidic (pH 5.0-5.1) and contains caffeine which has stimulating effect on human and also found to have negative effect on the brain, kidney, cardiovascular and respiratory systems hence the need to produce coffee-like beverages without such negative effects on the body. Baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed was cleaned and roasted at different temperatures (100°C, 120°C and 150°C) for 30 min, was milled and sieved. A group of three of the sieved samples was blended with spices (cloves and ginger) at 0.5% conc. and oven dried at 30°C for 30 min while the other group of three was without spice. Sensory evaluation and microbiological analysis were carried out on these six samples. Results revealed that the group roasted at 150°C for 30 min with spices was the most generally accepted sample for baobab seed coffee-like beverage and the total mould and bacterial count decreased as roasting temperature increased. Proximate, caffeine, mineral, vitamin and anti-nutrient content determination were carried out on the most preferred sample with fresh baobab seed flour serving as control. Results revealed that roasting at 150°C for 30 min significantly (p≤0.05) increased the protein, carbohydrate, ash, crude fiber, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium content but significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the moisture, fat, energy, caffeine, iron, oxalate, phytate, tannin and saponin content of the sample. The vitamin content of the fresh baobab seed flour and roasted sample at 150°C for 30 min with spices were significantly (p≥0.05) not different. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2014.	Baobab seed; Caffeine; Chemical composition; Coffee-like beverage; Sensory evaluation	Beverages; Caffeine; Coffee; Food products; Respiratory system; Sensory analysis; Bacterial count; Chemical compositions; Microbiological analysis; Nutrient contents; Quality evaluation; Roasting temperature; Sensory evaluation; Stimulating effects; Quality control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82455188587	Evaluation of elemental contents of wild mango (Irvingia gabonensis) fruit in Ghana	Ayivor J.E., Debrah S.K., Nuviadenu C., Forson A.	2011	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	3	5	None	National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana	Ayivor, J.E., National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Debrah, S.K., National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana; Nuviadenu, C., National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana; Forson, A., Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana	A preliminary study to provide information on the elemental composition of the Irvingia gabonensis which is used for various purposes such as cooking, medicine, soap and as fresh fruit was conducted in Ghana. Elements determined includes Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Chlorine (Cl), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Sodium (Na), and Zinc (Zn). Samples from multiple locations in the southern part of Ghana were analyzed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The seed cover (endocarp) presented the highest concentrations of all the elements except Mg and Cu. Toxic and potentially toxic elements including Al and As were detected at average concentrations of 37.78±1.36 and 9.34±0.66. Iron had the hight concentration in all the parts of the fruit analyzed in this study with its highest concentration at 1730±180.83 in the seed coat (endocarp) of the wild mango fruit. The results of this present investigation show that all the parts of the wild mango a rich source of many important elements that have a very positive effect on human health. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011.	Endocarp; INAA; Irvingia gabonensis; Mesocarp; Seed	Average concentration; Elemental compositions; Elemental contents; Endocarp; Fresh fruits; Human health; INAA; Instrumental neutron activation analysis; Irvingia gabonensis; Mesocarp; Positive effects; Potentially toxic elements; Seed coats; Arsenic; Chlorine; Cobalt; Fruits; Iodine; Magnesium; Manganese; Potassium; Seed; Sodium; Toxic materials; Zinc; Neutron activation analysis	None
None	None	Maize production in a changing climate. impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies	Cairns J.E., Sonder K., Zaidi P.H., Verhulst N., Mahuku G., Babu R., Nair S.K., Das B., Govaerts B., Vinayan M.T., Rashid Z., Noor J.J., Devi P., San Vicente F., Prasanna B.M.	2012	Advances in Agronomy	114	None	10.1016/B978-0-12-394275-3.00006-7	International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya	Cairns, J.E., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Sonder, K., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Zaidi, P.H., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Verhulst, N., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Mahuku, G., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Babu, R., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Nair, S.K., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Das, B., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya; Govaerts, B., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Vinayan, M.T., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Rashid, Z., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Noor, J.J., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; Devi, P., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India; San Vicente, F., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico; Prasanna, B.M., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya	Plant breeding and improved management options have made remarkable progress in increasing crop yields during the past century. However, climate change projections suggest that large yield losses will be occurring in many regions, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. The development of climate-ready germplasm to offset these losses is of the upmost importance. Given the time lag between the development of improved germplasm and adoption in farmers' fields, the development of improved breeding pipelines needs to be a high priority. Recent advances in molecular breeding provide powerful tools to accelerate breeding gains and dissect stress adaptation. This review focuses on achievements in stress tolerance breeding and physiology and presents future tools for quick and efficient germplasm development. Sustainable agronomic and resource management practices can effectively contribute to climate change mitigation. Management options to increase maize system resilience to climate-related stresses and mitigate the effects of future climate change are also discussed. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.	Abiotic stress; Adaptation; Biotic stress; Climate change; Climate projections; Maize; Mitigation; Sub-Saharan Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871357624	Ground-based in situ measurements of near-surface aerosol mass concentration over Anantapur: Heterogeneity in source impacts	Reddy B.S.K., Kumar K.R., Balakrishnaiah G., Gopal K.R., Reddy R.R., Sivakumar V., Arafath S.M., Lingaswamy A.P., Pavankumari S., Umadevi K., Ahammed Y.N.	2013	Advances in Atmospheric Sciences	30	1	10.1007/s00376-012-1234-5	Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkoido University, Sapporo, 0600819, Japan; School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, India	Reddy, B.S.K., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkoido University, Sapporo, 0600819, Japan; Kumar, K.R., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India, School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Balakrishnaiah, G., Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Gopal, K.R., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Reddy, R.R., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Sivakumar, V., School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Arafath, S.M., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Lingaswamy, A.P., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Pavankumari, S., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Umadevi, K., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Ahammed, Y.N., Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, India	Surface measurements of aerosol physical properties were made at Anantapur (14.62°N, 77.65°E, 331 m a. s. l), a semiarid rural site in India, during August 2008-July 2009. Measurements included the segregated sizes of aerosolsas as well as total mass concentration and size distributions of aerosols measured at low relative humidity (RH&lt;75%) using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) in the 25-0.05 μm aerodynamic diameter range. The hourly average total surface aerosol mass concentration in a day varied from 15 to 70 μg m-3, with a mean value of 34.02±9.05 μg m-3 for the entire study period. A clear diurnal pattern appeared in coarse, accumulation and nucleation-mode particle concentrations, with two local maxima occurring in early morning and late evening hours. The concentration of coarse-mode particles was high during the summer season, with a maximum concentration of 11.81±0.98 μg m-3 in the month of April, whereas accumulationmode concentration was observed to be high in the winter period contributed &gt;68% to the total aerosol mass concentration. Accumulation aerosol mass fraction, Af (= Ma/Mt) was highest during winter (mean value of Af ~ 0.80) and lowest (Af ~ 0.64) during the monsoon season. The regression analysis shows that both Reff and Rm are dependent on coarse-mode aerosols. The relationship between the simultaneous measurements of daily mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD500) and PM2.5 mass concentration ([PM2.5]) shows that surface-level aerosol mass concentration increases with the increase in columnar aerosol optical depth over the observation period. © 2012 Chinese National Committee for International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	aerosols mass concentration; backward trajectories; effective radius; size distribution	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960393924	Effect of cocoa pod husk ash and goat dung on nutrient content and growth performance of cashew (Anacardium occidentale)	Adejobi K.B., Famaye A.O., Adeniyi D.O., Orisajo S.B., Adeyemi E.A.	2011	Advances in Environmental Biology	5	7	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Adejobi, K.B., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Famaye, A.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adeniyi, D.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Orisajo, S.B., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adeyemi, E.A., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	The effect of different levels of cocoa pod husk ash and goat dung on nutrient uptake and growth performance of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) seedlings was investigated at Ibadan in the rain forest zone of Nigeria. The organic fertilizer treatments; cocoa pod husk ash(CPHA) and goat dung(GD) were applied at 6.5g of CPHA (5t/ha), 25g of GD (20t/ha) 12.5g of GD +6.5g of CPHA (10+5t/ha) 18.75g of GD + 6.5g of CPHA (15t+6.5t/ha), 25g of GD + 6.5g of CPHA (20t+5t/ha) 6.5g of GD+6.5g of CPHA (5t+5t/ha), 0.6g of urea (400kg/ha), per 2.5 kg of soil filled poly bag. The results showed that these organic fertilizers increased significantly (p<0.05) the growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area leaf number, number of branch, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight and root and shoot fresh weight), soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na soil pH and organic matter (O.M) compared to the control treatment. 20 t/ha of GD + 5 tons/ha of CPHA treatment had the highest values of cashew seedlings performance compared to 5t/ha CPHA, 20t/ha GD, 400kg / ha urea, and the control treatment respectively. For instance, combined application of 20t/ha of GD +5t/ha of CPHA increased the plant height, number of leaf, leaf area, stem diameter, number of branch, root and shoot length, fresh and dry root weight,fresh and dry shoot weight of cashew seedlings by 45%, 29%, 12%, 52%, 59%,34%, 32%, 14%, 14%, 33% and 17% respectively compared to sole application of 20 tons/ha of GD. When compared with urea fertilizer application, 20t/ha GD+5t/ha CPHA treatment also increased the plant height, number of leaf, leaf area, stem diameter, number of branch, root and shoot length, dry and fresh root weight, dry and fresh shoot weight of cashew seeding by 25%, 28% 9%,46%,59%,19%,18%,32%,14%,6% and 13% respectively. For leaf chemical composition of cashew seedlings, 20t/ha GD and 5t CPHA increased leaf N, P, K, Mg, Ca and Na by 57%, 22%, 27%,28%, 50%, and 56% respectively compared with the control. When compared with urea fertilizer treatment, 20t/ha of GD + 5 t/ ha of CPHA increased the leaf N, P, K, Mg and Ca by 18%,56%, 10% 12% and 20%, respectively. However, urea fertilizer increased leaf N, K, and Ca by 48%, 19%, and 38% compared to control treatment. For soil chemical composition, 20t/ha GD 5t/ha CPHA manure also increased the soil pH, OC, OM, N,P, K, Na, Mg and Ca by 18%,26%, 29%, 50%, 80%, 43%, 30%, 14%, and 9% respectively compared to urea fertilizer treatment. However, 20%t/ha GD + 5t/ha CPHA (25g GD+6.5g CPHA) was the most effective treatment in improving cashew seedlings performance, soil and leaf mineral composition. Therefore it could be recommended to cashew farmers.	Cashew; Cocoa pod husk ash; Goat dung; Growth; Nutrient uptake	Anacardium occidentale; Capra hircus; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052067781	Evaluation of neem seed extract for the control of major field pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp) under calendar and monitored sprays	Egho E.O.	2011	Advances in Environmental Biology	5	1	None	Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria	Egho, E.O., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria	Cowpea growers sometimes apply chemicals as many as 8-10 times to control insect pests during the growing season. Calendar sprays at 7 days' intervals (CA.S7) carried out 5 times and 10 days' intervals (CA.S10) carried out 4 times and monitored spray (MOS) carried out only when insect infestation/damage reached or exceeded the action threshold were studied to find out their effect on major insect pests and yield of cowpea - whether there were differences in the number of insect pests and grain yield. The insect pests studied were the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, legume bud thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fab. and pod sucking bugs under the application of 5% aqueous extract of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE). The trials were conducted during the early and late planting seasons in Abraka, on a piece of land half a kilometre to Campus 2, Delta State University, Nigeria. The results indicated that calendar sprays significantly controlled A. craccivora colonies compared to control in the early season. Population of other major insect pests was generally low. During the late season, the various NSKE treatments effectively controlled A. craccivora. No significant difference among the treatments in their effect on the other major insect pests. Grain yields were high in both seasons and a significant difference did not exist among the calendar and monitored spray treatments. Three main things are obvious from this study: (1) neem seed kernel extract is effective in the control of cowpea insect pests, especially A. craccivora, (2) Grain yields were similar in calendar and monitor sprays. (3) spraying every 10 days for 4 times and monitoring insect pest damage/infestation before spraying reduced the number of chemical application.	Calendar and monitored sprays; Cowpea; Insect pests; Neem extract	Aphididae; Aphis craccivora; Azadirachta indica; Hexapoda; Maruca vitrata; Megalurothrips sjostedti; Thysanoptera; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052277610	Cultivation performance of Pleurotus pulmonarius in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria, using wood chippings and rice straw waste	Akinmusire O.O., Omomowo I.O., Oguntoye S.I.K.	2011	Advances in Environmental Biology	5	8	None	Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	Akinmusire, O.O., Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Omomowo, I.O., Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Oguntoye, S.I.K., Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	An attempt was made to investigate the potential of growing Pleurotus pulmonarius in the hot climatic weather environment of Maiduguri, Nigeria by using cheap and easily available waste materials. The steps involved in the cultivation were composting the substrates, bagging the substrates, sterilizing the bagged compost, spawning, incubation and cropping. A completely randomized design was used with two treatments and five replications. An un-inoculated bag served as the control. On the average, spawn run duration, pinhead formation and fructification was faster for the rice straw substrate when compared to the sawdust substrate. It took an average of 22days for the spawn run in rice straw substrate, compare to 35days for the sawdust substrate. Also, pinhead formation was faster in rice straw substrate when compare with sawdust substrate. The result showed the potential of cheap and easily available substrate for oyster mushroom production.	Fructification; Pin head; Spawning; Waste materials	Pleurotus; Pleurotus ostreatus; Pleurotus pulmonarius	None
None	None	Immune system modulation by helminth infections: Potential impact on HIV transmission and disease progression	Chachage M., Geldmacher C.	2014	Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology	828	None	10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_6	Department of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Hospital Hill road, Mbeya, Tanzania; Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical center of the University of Munish (LMU), Munich, Germany	Chachage, M., Department of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Hospital Hill road, Mbeya, Tanzania; Geldmacher, C., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical center of the University of Munish (LMU), Munich, Germany	[No abstract available]	None	albendazole; CD14 antigen; CD38 antigen; chemokine receptor CCR5; immunoglobulin E; interleukin 13; interleukin 17; interleukin 4; interleukin 5; RANTES; soil; Article; ascariasis; Ascaris lumbricoides; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD8+ T lymphocyte; cost effectiveness analysis; cytokine production; cytokine response; disease course; disease predisposition; eosinophilia; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunomodulation; immunostimulation; in vitro study; in vivo study; incidence; infection risk; microbial translocation; microbiological phenomena and functions; nonhuman; pathogenesis; phylogeny; political system; prevalence; priority journal; Schistosoma hematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis haematobia; schistosomiasis mansoni; sequence analysis; signal transduction; trichuriasis; Trichuris trichiura; virus load; virus replication; virus transmission; animal; bacterial translocation; CD4+ T lymphocyte; helminthiasis; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; parasitology; soil; transmission; Vermes; Animals; Bacterial Translocation; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Helminthiasis; HIV Infections; Humans; Soil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921477348	Leveraging agriculture for nutrition impact through the feed the future initiative	Du L., Pinga V., Klein A., Danton H.	2015	Advances in Food and Nutrition Research	74	None	10.1016/bs.afnr.2014.11.001	Strengthening Partnerships Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally, The SPRING project/Helen Keller International, Nigeria; SPRING/Save the Children, United States; SPRING/JSI Research and Training Institute Inc., Nigeria	Du, L., Strengthening Partnerships Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally, The SPRING project/Helen Keller International, Nigeria; Pinga, V., SPRING/Save the Children, United States; Klein, A., SPRING/JSI Research and Training Institute Inc., Nigeria; Danton, H., SPRING/JSI Research and Training Institute Inc., Nigeria	Nutrition is a multisectoral problem; current state of empirical evidence for agricultural interventions' impacts on nutrition is weak. In the past 10 years, both agriculture and nutrition have risen on the global policy agenda. Several recent international movements have created great momentum for nutrition among global political leaders and policymakers. The 2008 world food price crisis prompted larger investment pledges to agricultural development.The U.S. Government launched the Feed the Future initiative in 2009 to address global hunger and food security, with a primary goal to reduce poverty and undernutrition by simultaneously promoting inclusive agriculture sector growth and improved nutritional status for women and children. With operations in 19 focus countries, Feed the Future provides an important laboratory of learning where efforts can be effective and, once proven, taken to scale to make agriculture work for nutrition.The Strengthening Partnerships, Results, and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) project has been conducting a series of research on the Feed the Future initiative. This chapter will first provide a review of the nutrition narrative in relation to food and nutrition, introduce the current understanding of linkages between agriculture and nutrition and the Feed the Future initiative's efforts to strengthen the nutritional impact of agricultural and economic growth activities, and describe an extensive review of how the design and early implementation of Feed the Future activities linked agriculture and nutrition. Finally, the chapter presents an updated framework that incorporates ways to improve nutrition outcomes of agricultural programming in the broader context of food system. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.	Agriculture; Feed the Future; Food systems; Landscape analysis; Nutrition; Pathways; SPRING; USAID	agriculture; animal; diet; environment; environmental protection; female; food; food handling; food preservation; gender identity; human; infant; male; malnutrition; mortality; newborn; nutrition; nutritional value; preschool child; Agriculture; Animals; Child, Preschool; Conservation of Natural Resources; Diet; Environment; Female; Food; Food Handling; Food Preservation; Gender Identity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Malnutrition; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritive Value; Women	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887909448	Genomics of elite sporting performance: What little we know and necessary advances	Wang G., Padmanabhan S., Wolfarth B., Fuku N., Lucia A., Ahmetov I.I., Cieszczyk P., Collins M., Eynon N., Klissouras V., Williams A., Pitsiladis Y.	2013	Advances in Genetics	84	None	10.1016/B978-0-12-407703-4.00004-9	Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; European University and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain; Sport Technology Education Research Laboratory, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland; MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine of the Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa; Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom; School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom; The Skeletal Muscle and Performance Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia	Wang, G., Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Padmanabhan, S., Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Wolfarth, B., Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Fuku, N., Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Lucia, A., European University and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain; Ahmetov, I.I., Sport Technology Education Research Laboratory, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russian Federation; Cieszczyk, P., Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland; Collins, M., MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine of the Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa; Eynon, N., Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, The Skeletal Muscle and Performance Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Klissouras, V., Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Williams, A., Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom; Pitsiladis, Y., Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom	Numerous reports of genetic associations with performance- and injury-related phenotypes have been published over the past three decades; these studies have employed primarily the candidate gene approach to identify genes that associate with elite performance or with variation in performance-and/or injury-related traits. Although generally with small effect sizes and heavily prone to type I statistic error, the number of candidate genetic variants that can potentially explain elite athletic status, injury predisposition, or indeed response to training will be much higher than that examined by numerous biotechnology companies. Priority should therefore be given to applying whole genome technology to sufficiently large study cohorts of world-class athletes with adequately measured phenotypes where it is possible to increase statistical power. Some of the elite athlete cohorts described in the literature might suffice, and collectively, these cohorts could be used for replication purposes. Genome-wide association studies are ongoing in some of these cohorts (i.e., Genathlete, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, United States, and Jamaican cohorts), and preliminary findings include the identification of one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; among more than a million SNPs analyzed) that associates with sprint performance in Japanese, American (i.e., African American), and Jamaican cohorts with a combined effect size of ~2.6 (P-value &lt;5×10-7) and good concordance with endurance performance between select cohorts. Further replications of these signals in independent cohorts will be required, and any replicated SNPs will be taken forward for fine-mapping/targeted resequencing and functional studies to uncover the underlying biological mechanisms. Only after this lengthy and costly process will the true potential of genetic testing in sport be determined. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	ACE/ACTN3 polymorphisms; Candidate gene association study; Complex trait; Elite performance; Genome-wide association study; Single nucleotide polymorphism	ACE protein, human; actinin; ACTN3 protein, human; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase; ACE/ACTN3 polymorphisms; article; athlete; athletic performance; candidate gene association study; Complex trait; Elite Performance; genetic association; genetic screening; genetics; human; running; single nucleotide polymorphism; ACE/ACTN3 polymorphisms; candidate gene association study; complex trait; elite performance; genome-wide association study; single nucleotide polymorphism; Actinin; Athletes; Athletic Performance; Genetic Testing; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Running	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749018732	Performance of academically at-risk medical students in a problem-based learning programme: A preliminary report	Burch V.C., Sikakana C.N.T., Yeld N., Seggie J.L., Schmidt H.G.	2007	Advances in Health Sciences Education	12	3	10.1007/s10459-006-9006-6	Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Higher Education and Development, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands	Burch, V.C., Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Sikakana, C.N.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Yeld, N., Centre for Higher Education and Development, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Seggie, J.L., Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Schmidt, H.G., Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands	Racially segregated schooling, a legacy of Apartheid policies, continues to hamper education in South Africa. Students entering university from suboptimal circumstances are at significant risk of demonstrating poor academic performance and dropping out of their programmes. Attempts to address the educational needs of these students have included the introduction of extended medical programmes at several universities. Such a programme, the Academic Development Programme (ADP), was implemented at the University of Cape Town in 1991. Over the past decade the programme has graduated more than 100 students. Upon implementation of a new problem-based learning (PBL) programme in 2002, the ADP was discontinued and all students were entered directly into the new PBL programme. Students who demonstrate a need for additional academic support by the end of the first semester enter the Intervention Programme for 1 year before proceeding to the second semester of the PBL programme. An interim analysis was performed to compare the retention rates and academic performance of academically at-risk students in the new PBL programme and the ADP. The records of all academically at-risk students entering the ADP (1991-2000) and the new PBL programme (2002) were reviewed. Retention rates for all years of study, and academic performance in the fourth year clerkship courses of the respective programmes were compared. A total of 239 academically at-risk students in the ADP and 43 at-risk students in the new PBL programme were studied. The median retention rates, per year of study, for at-risk students in the PBL programme was significantly better than for at-risk students in the ADP (p<0.02). Academic performance of the at-risk students in all the fourth year clinical clerkship courses of the PBL programme was significantly better than the mean performance over 10 years for at-risk students in the same fourth year courses in the ADP. The introduction of PBL at the University of Cape Town has not had a deleterious effect on the performance of academically at-risk medical students. Interim analysis suggests that retention rates and academic performance in the PBL programme are better than those achieved in the extended traditional programme. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Academically disadvantaged students; Dropout rates; Problem-based learning; Undergraduate medical training	article; cultural deprivation; education; health care quality; human; medical education; medical student; methodology; Negro; problem based learning; program development; psychological aspect; social psychology; South Africa; standard; statistics; student; teaching; time; African Continental Ancestry Group; Cultural Deprivation; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Humans; Prejudice; Problem-Based Learning; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Remedial Teaching; School Admission Criteria; South Africa; Student Dropouts; Students, Medical; Time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649904322	The mechanism of impact of summative assessment on medical students' learning	Cilliers F.J., Schuwirth L.W., Adendorff H.J., Herman N., van der Vleuten C.P.	2010	Advances in Health Sciences Education	15	5	10.1007/s10459-010-9232-9	Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa; University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands	Cilliers, F.J., Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa; Schuwirth, L.W., University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands; Adendorff, H.J., Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa; Herman, N., Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa; van der Vleuten, C.P., University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands	It has become axiomatic that assessment impacts powerfully on student learning, but there is a surprising dearth of research on how. This study explored the mechanism of impact of summative assessment on the process of learning of theory in higher education. Individual, in-depth interviews were conducted with medical students and analyzed qualitatively. The impact of assessment on learning was mediated through various determinants of action. Respondents' learning behaviour was influenced by: appraising the impact of assessment; appraising their learning response; their perceptions of agency; and contextual factors. This study adds to scant extant evidence and proposes a mechanism to explain this impact. It should help enhance the use of assessment as a tool to augment learning. © 2010 The Author(s).	Assessment; Determinants of action; Learning; Mechanism of impact	article; cognition; education; educational model; educational status; female; human; learning; male; medical education; medical student; methodology; motivation; self concept; teaching; Cognition; Education, Medical; Educational Measurement; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Models, Educational; Motivation; Self Concept; Self Efficacy; Students, Medical; Teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84914688982	Evaluation of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in hypertensive patients attending a tertiary hospital in Calabar, Nigeria	Nnenna Adaeze N., Uchenna Emeribe A., Abdullahi Nasiru I., Babayo A., Uko E.K.	2014	Advances in Hematology	2014	None	10.1155/2014/932039	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haematology and Blood Group Serology Unit, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, PMB 228, Gwagwalada, Abuja,	Nnenna Adaeze, N., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haematology and Blood Group Serology Unit, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Uchenna Emeribe, A., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, PMB 228, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria; Abdullahi Nasiru, I., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, PMB 228, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria; Babayo, A., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Uko, E.K., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haematology and Blood Group Serology Unit, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria	Introduction. Several biomedical findings have established the effects of hypertension on haemostasis and roles of blood coagulation products in the clinical course of hypertension. Methods. This cross-sectional study aimed at determining effects of hypertension on prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in hypertensive patients in comparison with normotensive subjects attending a tertiary hospital in Calabar. Forty-two (42) hypertensive patients and thirty-nine (39) normotensive control subjects were investigated for PT and APTT using Quick one-stage methods. Results. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) correlated positively with APTT (r=0.3072, r=0.4988; P<0.05) in hypertensive patients. DBP, SBP, PT, and APTT were significantly higher in hypertensive patients when compared to normotensive subjects (P<0.05). DBP correlated negatively with duration of illness (r=-0.3097; P<0.05) in hypertensive patients and positively with age of normotensive subjects (r=0.3523; P<0.05). Conclusion. The results obtained indicated that measurements of PT and APTT may serve as indices for evaluating hemostatic abnormalities in hypertensive patients and guide for antihypertensive therapy. However, to have better understanding of hemostatic activities in hypertension, it is recommended to conduct D-dimer, platelet factors, and protein assays. © 2014 Nnamani Nnenna Adaeze et al.	None	adult; age; aged; Article; clinical article; controlled study; correlation analysis; cross-sectional study; diastolic blood pressure; disease course; disease duration; female; hemostasis; human; hypertension; male; Nigeria; partial thromboplastin time; prothrombin time; sex difference; systolic blood pressure; tertiary care center	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84912023130	Performance improvement by scheduling techniques: A case of leather industry development institute	Habib A., Jilcha K., Berhan E.	2015	Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing	334	None	10.1007/978-3-319-13572-4_21	Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Habib, A., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jilcha, K., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Berhan, E., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The model leather products manufacturing factory of leather industry development institute (LIDI) suffers from poor performances due to various problems. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to improve the performance of the case company using scheduling techniques. Proper scheduling technique can result in dramatic improvements in layout, utilization, idle time, make span and tardiness reduction. The existing company performance and various another scenarios were analyzed by using different sequencing rules plus Johnson’s and Campbell’s algorithms. The analysis and discussion showed that the feasible scheduling was of flow shop and while product layout was seen most preferable that result in reduction of machine idle time &amp; make span by 3.00 &amp; 4.33 hours respectively. Total flow time was reduced by 82.9% and machine utilization was improved by 16.15% when compared with existing layout. Through production lines 1 or 2 of scenario-2 with the sequence of J1, J2, J3, J4 and J5, the company should make possible arrangements for such improvements. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.	Leather industry; Make-span; Manufacturing; Performance; Scheduling	Leather; Manufacture; Company performance; Leather industries; Machine utilization; Make-span; Manufacturing factories; Performance; Poor performance; Scheduling techniques; Scheduling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863696212	Durability index performance of high strength concretes made based on different standard portland cements	Ekolu S.O., Murugan S.	2012	Advances in Materials Science and Engineering	2012	None	10.1155/2012/410909	School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ready-Mix, Lafarge Industries SA (Pty) Ltd., 35 Westfield Road, Longmeadow Business Estate Ext. 11, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	Ekolu, S.O., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Murugan, S., Ready-Mix, Lafarge Industries SA (Pty) Ltd., 35 Westfield Road, Longmeadow Business Estate Ext. 11, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	A consortium of three durability index test methods consisting of oxygen permeability, sorptivity and chloride conductivity were used to evaluate the potential influence of four (4) common SANS 10197 cements on strength and durability of concrete. Twenty four (24) concrete mixtures of water-cement ratios (w/c's) = 0.4, 0.5, 0.65 were cast using the cement types CEM I 42.5N, CEM II/A-M (V-L) 42.5N, CEM IV/B 32.5R and CEM II/A-V 52.5N. The concretes investigated fall in the range of normal strength, medium strength and high strength concretes. It was found that the marked differences in oxygen permeability and sorptivity results observed at normal and medium strengths tended to vanish at high concrete strengths. Also, the durability effects attributed to use of different cement types appear to diminish at high strengths. Cements of low strength and/or that contained no extenders (CEM 32.5R, CEM I 42.5N) showed greater sensitivity to sorptivity, relative to other cement types. Results also show that while concrete resistance to chlorides generally improves with increase in strength, adequately high chloride resistance may not be achieved based on high strength alone, and appropriate incorporation of extenders may be necessary. Copyright © 2012 Stephen O. Ekolu and Sheena Murugan.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908345408	Evaluation of coupled model forecasts of ethiopian highlands summer climate	Jury M.R.	2014	Advances in Meteorology	2014	None	10.1155/2014/894318	University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa; Physics Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, United States	Jury, M.R., University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa, Physics Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, United States	This study evaluates seasonal forecasts of rainfall and maximum temperature across the Ethiopian highlands from coupled ensemble models in the period 1981-2006, by comparison with gridded observational products (NMA + GPCC/CRU3). Early season forecasts from the coupled forecast system (CFS) are steadier than European community medium range forecast (ECMWF). CFS and ECMWF April forecasts of June-August (JJA) rainfall achieve significant fit (r 2 = 0.27, 0.25, resp.), but ECMWF forecasts tend to have a narrow range with drought underpredicted. Early season forecasts of JJA maximum temperature are weak in both models; hence ability to predict water resource gains may be better than losses. One aim of seasonal climate forecasting is to ensure that crop yields keep pace with Ethiopia's growing population. Farmers using prediction technology are better informed to avoid risk in dry years and generate surplus in wet years. © 2014 Mark R. Jury.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77049112778	Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of root and leaf extracts of Terminalia Glaucescens	Ayepola O.O.	2009	Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences	3	2	None	Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Ayepola, O.O., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	An assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the leaf and root extracts of Terminalia glaucescens against certain bacterial isolates were carried out. The organisms tested included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus anthracis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Proteus spp, using the agar dilution method. The root and leaf extracts showed appreciable activity against all the tested organisms. However the root extract was found to have a higher activity at 100mg mL-than the 1 leaf extract at the same concentration especially on the two Gram positive bacteria tested. The mean diameter of the zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts was between 15mm and 33mm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts against the bacterial isolates were also determined. The lowest MIC observed for both the root and leaf extracts was 6.25 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was compared with ampicillin used as a positive control. © 2009, American Eurasian Network for Scientific Information.	Agar dilution method; Antibacterial activity; Phytochemical screening; Terminalia glaucescens	Bacillus anthracis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Candida albicans; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Posibacteria; Proteus (enterobacteria); Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhi; Staphylococcus aureus; Terminalia; Terminalia glaucescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861309641	Experimental investigation and performance analysis of thermosyphon solar water heater	Okonkwo G.N., Nwokoye A.O.C.	2012	Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences	6	2	None	Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria; Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	Okonkwo, G.N., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria; Nwokoye, A.O.C., Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	The experimental investigation of the performance of a thermosyphon solar water heater at Awka (6.12°N, 7.05°E) in Nigeria was conducted for a period of six months (November, 2009- April, 2010). The solar water heater was constructed and tested at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The solar radiation on a horizontal surface was measured using a Daystar meter (DS- 05A). The water mass flow rates were measured in m3/hr using a 'Multi-vane Wheel Liquid Sealed Water meter (LXSY- 15) and later converted to Kg/sm2. The relative humidity data were measured using the Taylor Hygrometer. The wind speed data for the period were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Awka. The results show that the daily average solar radiation for the period varied from 59.69W/m2 to 613.46W/m2. In the month of November, 2009 the daily average solar radiation on a horizontal surface varied from 356.26W/m2 to 416.56W/m2. In December, 2009 the values varied from 348.92W/m2 to 588.69W/m2. For January, 2010 the values varied from 263.54W/m2 to 478.31W/m2. In the month of February, 2010 the values varied from 59.69W/m2 to 564.00W/m2. In March, the values varied from 116.15W/m2 to 537.54W/m2. For the month of April, the values varied from 150.46W/m2 to 613.46W/m2. The daily average mass flow rates varied from 0.01Kg/sm2 to 0.211Kg/sm2 whereas the relative humidity (January to April 2010) varied from 11.23% to 87.31%. The wind speed daily average varied from 0.05m/s to 2.02m/s. From these results, it is evident that Awka receives enough solar radiation that can be conveniently converted through one of the solar heating technologies like the thermosyphon solar water heater to meet the hot water needs in this locality.	Mass flow rate; Relative humidity; Thermosyphon solar water heater; Wind speed	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960452024	Evaluation of shale effect on saturation exponent from well logs in an offshore field, Niger delta	John R.O., Tejiri O.O.	2010	Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences	4	3	None	Petroleum Engineering Department, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Nigeria	John, R.O., Petroleum Engineering Department, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Nigeria; Tejiri, O.O., Petroleum Engineering Department, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Nigeria	Hydrocarbon recovery is subject to various elements set to validate not only the availability of the type of fluid present at the subsurface, but also how saturated is the host rock with the fluid. A study on saturation was carried out on the hydrocarbon locked in reservoirs of the N-1 and D-1 wells. The water saturations weredetermined using various saturation equations by various authors from literatures. This evaluation led to the determination of the permeability of the reservoirs through the Timur equation and the values were within the range 222.8mD-2518.5mD in well N-1 and 434.4mD-2534.3mD in well D-1. The 7 pay zones of both wells showed a high correlation based on the petrophysical parameters which could be the basis of a conclusion of lateral continuity across the reservoir although the formations interpreted are characterized by clay fingering. An analysis carried out for the determination of the permissible range of the saturation exponent 'n' used and assumed as 2 which agrees with that in the basic Archie equation, but for the BOD-1b zone of D-1 with both values 1 and 2 perfectly matching.	Correlation; Formations; Permeability; Saturation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922480580	Performance of first-year health sciences students in a large, diverse, multidisciplinary, first-semester, physiology service module	Higgins-Opitz S.B., Tufts M.	2015	Advances in Physiology Education	38	2	10.1152/advan.00067.2013	Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Higgins-Opitz, S.B., Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Tufts, M., Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Health Science students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal perform better in their professional modules compared with their physiology modules. The pass rates of physiology service modules have steadily declined over the years. While a system is in place to identify "at-risk" students, it is only activated after the first semester. As a result, it is only from the second semester of their first year studies onward that at-risk students can be formally assisted. The challenge is thus to devise an appropriate strategy to identify struggling students earlier in the semester. Using questionnaires, students were asked about attendance, financing of their studies, and relevance of physiology. After the first class test, failing students were invited to complete a second questionnaire. In addition, demographic data were also collected and analyzed. Correlation analyses were undertaken of performance indicators based on the demographical data collected. The 2011 class comprised mainly sport science students (57%). The pass rate of sport science students was lower than the pass rates of other students (42% vs. 70%, P < 0.001). Most students were positive about physiology and recognized its relevance. Key issues identified were problems understanding concepts and terminology, poor study environment and skills, and lack of matriculation biology. The results of the first class test and final module marks correlated well. It is clear from this study that student performance in the first class test is a valuable tool to identify struggling students and that appropriate testing should be held as early as possible. © 2014 The American Physiological Society.	Diversity; First-year health science students; Large service modules; Physiology success rates; Suggestions for improvements	comparative study; comprehension; curriculum; education; education; educational status; female; human; learning; male; physiology; procedures; program evaluation; questionnaire; socioeconomics; South Africa; student; university; vocational education; Comprehension; Curriculum; Education, Professional; Educational Measurement; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Physiology; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Students; Universities	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904044105	GPS derived TEC and foF2 variability at an equatorial station and the performance of IRI-model	Adebiyi S.J., Odeyemi O.O., Adimula I.A., Oladipo O.A., Ikubanni S.O., Adebesin B.O., Joshua B.W.	2014	Advances in Space Research	54	4	10.1016/j.asr.2014.03.026	Department of Industrial Physics, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Physics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria;	Adebiyi, S.J., Department of Industrial Physics, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Odeyemi, O.O., Department of Physics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adimula, I.A., Department of Physics, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oladipo, O.A., Department of Physics, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ikubanni, S.O., Department of Industrial Physics, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Adebesin, B.O., Department of Industrial Physics, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Joshua, B.W., Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria	The ionosphere induces a time delay in transionospheric radio signals such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) signal. The Total Electron Content (TEC) is a key parameter in the mitigation of ionospheric effects on transionospheric signals. The delay in GPS signal induced by the ionosphere is proportional to TEC along the path from the GPS satellite to a receiver. The diurnal monthly and seasonal variations of ionospheric electron content were studied during the year 2010, a year of extreme solar minimum (F10.7 = 81 solar flux unit), with data from the GPS receiver and the Digisonde Portable Sounder (DPS) collocated at Ilorin (Geog. Lat. 8.50°N, Long. 4.50°E, dip -7.9°). The diurnal monthly variation shows steady increases in TEC and F2-layer critical frequency (foF2) from pre-dawn minimum to afternoon maximum and then decreases after sunset. TEC show significant seasonal variation during the daytime between 0900 and 1900 UT (LT = UT + 1 h) with a maximum during the March equinox (about 35 TECU) and minimum during the June solstice (about 24 TECU). The GPS-TEC and foF2 values reveal a weak seasonal anomaly and equinoctial asymmetry during the daytime. The variations observed find their explanations in the amount of solar radiation and neutral gas composition. The measured TEC and foF2 values were compared with last two versions of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2007 and IRI-2012) model predictions using the NeQuick and CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee) options respectively in the model. In general, the two models give foF2 close to the experimental values, whereas significant discrepancies are found in the predictions of TEC from the models especially during the daytime. The error in height dependent thickness parameter, daytime underestimation of equatorial drift and contributions of electrons from altitudes above 2000 km have been suggested as the possible causes. © 2014 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Equator; IRI-model; NmF2; Prediction; TEC	Forecasting; Ionosphere; Ionospheric measurement; Signal receivers; Sun; Equator; International reference ionospheres; IRI-model; NmF2; TEC; Thickness parameters; Total electron content; Transionospheric signals; Global positioning system	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928826910	Semi-analytic solutions for the triangular points of double white dwarfs in the ER3BP: Impact of the body's oblateness and the orbital eccentricity	Umar A., Singh J.	2015	Advances in Space Research	55	11	10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.042	Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	Umar, A., Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria; Singh, J., Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	Using an analytic/numerical approach, we investigate the effects of oblateness and eccentricity of the primaries on the triangular points of compact double degenerate white dwarf binaries. AM CVs stars in which stable mass transfer occur from a Roche-lobe filling white dwarf to its more massive white dwarf companion and detached double white dwarfs (DWDs) which are candidate progenitors of Type Ia supernovae will be models of this problem. They provide an excellent and powerful tool for probing the physics of white dwarfs. The oblateness of the main bodies and their eccentricity affect the positions of the triangular equilibrium points as is shown for ten DWDs. The triangular points are generally stable for 0 < μ < μ<inf>c</inf><inf>;</inf> where μ is the mass ratio (μ ≤ 1/2). The size of the region of stability increases with decrease in oblateness. Our study shows that due to the nature of the masses of these binaries, the mass ratio does not fall in the range of stability: as a result, they are unstable. © 2015 COSPAR.	Celestial mechanics; Double white dwarfs; ER3BP; Triangular points	Astrophysics; Mass transfer; Supernovae; Analytic solution; Celestial mechanics; Dwarf binaries; Equilibrium point; ER3BP; Orbital eccentricity; Region of stabilities; Triangular points; White dwarfs	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956341175	Evaluation of the STORM model storm-time corrections for middle latitude	Buresova D., McKinnell L.-A., Sindelarova T., De La Morena B.A.	2010	Advances in Space Research	46	8	10.1016/j.asr.2010.06.007	Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Bocni II 1401, 14131 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Hermanus Magnetic Observatory, P.O. Box 32, Hermanus 7200, South Africa; INTA-Atmospheric Sounding Station El Arenosillo, Mazagon, 21130 Huelva, Spain	Buresova, D., Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Bocni II 1401, 14131 Prague 4, Czech Republic; McKinnell, L.-A., Hermanus Magnetic Observatory, P.O. Box 32, Hermanus 7200, South Africa; Sindelarova, T., Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Bocni II 1401, 14131 Prague 4, Czech Republic; De La Morena, B.A., INTA-Atmospheric Sounding Station El Arenosillo, Mazagon, 21130 Huelva, Spain	This paper presents results from the Storm-Time Ionospheric Correction Model (STORM) validation for selected Northern and Southern Hemisphere middle latitude locations. The created database incorporated 65 strong-to-severe geomagnetic storms, which occurred within the period 1995-2007. This validation included data from some ionospheric stations (e.g., Pruhonice, El Arenosillo) that were not considered in the development or previous validations of the model. Hourly values of the F2 layer critical frequency, foF2, measured for 5-7 days during the main and recovery phases of each selected storm were compared with the predicted IRI 2007 foF2 with the STORM model option activated. To perform a detailed comparison between observed values, medians and predicted foF2 values the correlation coefficient, the root-mean-square error (RMSE), and the percentage improvement were calculated. Results of the comparative analysis show that the STORM model captures more effectively the negative phases of the summer ionospheric storms, while electron density enhancement during winter storms and the changeover of the different storm phases is reproduced with less accuracy. The STORM model corrections are less efficient for lower-middle latitudes and severe geomagnetic storms. © 2010 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Geomagnetic storms; International Reference Ionosphere (IRI); Ionosphere; STORM model	Comparative analysis; Correlation coefficient; Critical frequencies; Electron densities; F2 layer; Geomagnetic storm; International reference ionospheres; Ionospheric correction; Ionospheric stations; Ionospheric storm; Root-mean-square errors; Southern Hemisphere; Time correction; Winter storms; Atmospheric electricity; Geomagnetism; Ionosphere; Ionospheric measurement; Storms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867366944	Monitoring detrusor oxygenation and hemodynamics noninvasively during dysfunctional voiding	MacNab A.J., Stothers L.S., Shadgan B.	2012	Advances in Urology	None	None	10.1155/2012/676303	Department of Urology, UBC Hospital Bladder Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre, 10 Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	MacNab, A.J., Department of Urology, UBC Hospital Bladder Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada, Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre, 10 Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Stothers, L.S., Department of Urology, UBC Hospital Bladder Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Shadgan, B., Department of Urology, UBC Hospital Bladder Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada	The current literature indicates that lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have a heterogeneous pathophysiology. Pressure flow studies (UDSs) remain the gold standard evaluation methodology for such patients. However, as the function of the detrusor muscle depends on its vasculature and perfusion, the underlying causes of LUTS likely include abnormalities of detrusor oxygenation and hemodynamics, and available treatment options include agents thought to act on the detrusor smooth muscle and/or vasculature. Hence, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an established optical methodology for monitoring changes in tissue oxygenation and hemodynamics, has relevance as a means of expanding knowledge related to the pathophysiology of BPH and potential treatment options. This methodological report describes how to conduct simultaneous NIRS monitoring of detrusor oxygenation and hemodynamics during UDS, outlines the clinical implications and practical applications of NIRS, explains the principles of physiologic interpretation of NIRS voiding data, and proposes an exploratory hypothesis that the pathophysiological causes underlying LUTS include detrusor dysfunction due to an abnormal hemodynamic response or the onset of oxygen debt during voiding. © 2012 Andrew J. Macnab et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949647742	Reduction of Used Memory Ensemble Kalman Filtering (RumEnKF): A data assimilation scheme for memory intensive, high performance computing	Hut R., Amisigo B.A., Steele-Dunne S., van de Giesen N.	2015	Advances in Water Resources	86	None	10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.09.007	Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Resources Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana	Hut, R., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Resources Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands; Amisigo, B.A., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana; Steele-Dunne, S., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Resources Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands; van de Giesen, N., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Resources Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands	Reduction of Used Memory Ensemble Kalman Filtering (RumEnKF) is introduced as a variant on the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). RumEnKF differs from EnKF in that it does not store the entire ensemble, but rather only saves the first two moments of the ensemble distribution. In this way, the number of ensemble members that can be calculated is less dependent on available memory, and mainly on available computing power (CPU). RumEnKF is developed to make optimal use of current generation super computer architecture, where the number of available floating point operations (flops) increases more rapidly than the available memory and where inter-node communication can quickly become a bottleneck. RumEnKF reduces the used memory compared to the EnKF when the number of ensemble members is greater than half the number of state variables. In this paper, three simple models are used (auto-regressive, low dimensional Lorenz and high dimensional Lorenz) to show that RumEnKF performs similarly to the EnKF. Furthermore, it is also shown that increasing the ensemble size has a similar impact on the estimation error from the three algorithms. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Data assimilation; Ensemble Kalman Filter; Global models; Large memory problems	Digital arithmetic; Kalman filters; Data assimilation; Ensemble Kalman Filter; Ensemble Kalman filtering; Floating point operations; Global models; High performance computing; Inter-node communication; Memory problems; Computer architecture; algorithm; data assimilation; Kalman filter; numerical model	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855863624	Evaluation of aeolian emissions from gold mine tailings on the Witwatersrand	Ojelede M.E., Annegarn H.J., Kneen M.A.	2012	Aeolian Research	3	4	10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.03.010	Dept. of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dept. of Geosciences, University of Texas, Dallas, United States	Ojelede, M.E., Dept. of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Annegarn, H.J., Dept. of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kneen, M.A., Dept. of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa, Dept. of Geosciences, University of Texas, Dallas, United States	The Witwatersrand is known for the high frequency of aeolian dust storm episodes arising from gold mine tailings storage facilities (TSFs). Source and ambient atmosphere are poorly characterized from the point of view of particle size distribution and human health risk assessment. For years, routine monitoring was limited to sampling of dust fallout ≥30μm. Sampling and analyses of source and receptor material was conducted. Thirty-two bulk soils were collected from TSF along the east-west mining corridor, and size distribution analysis was performed in the range 0.05-900μm using a Malvern® MS-14 Particle Size Analyser. Ambient aerosols in the range 0.25-32μm were monitored at two separate locations using a Grimm® aerosol monitor, in the vicinity of three large currently active and a dormant TSF. Statistical analyses indicate that TSFs are rich in fine erodible materials, particularly active TSFs. Concentration of ≤PM5 and ≤PM10 components in source material was: recent slimes (14-24vol.%; 22-38vol.%), older slimes (6-17vol.%; 11-26vol.%) and sand (1-8vol.%; 2-12vol.%). Concentrations of airborne aerosols were below the South African Department of Environmental Affairs 24-h limit value of 120μgm -3. With wind speeds exceeding 7ms -1, ambient concentration reached 2160μgm -3. This maximum is several times higher than the limit value. Erosion of tailings storage facilities is a strong driver influencing ambient particulate matter loading with adverse health implications for nearby residents. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Aeolian dust; Dust storm; Mine tailings; Mining; Tailings storage facilities; Witwatersrand	aerosol; concentration (composition); dust storm; emission; eolian deposit; eolian process; gold mine; mining; particle size; size distribution; tailings; South Africa; Witwatersrand	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054035951	The impact of tone language and non-native language listening on measuring speech quality	Ebem D.U., Beerends J.G., Van Vugt J., Schmidmer C., Kooij R.E., Uguru J.O.	2011	AES: Journal of the Audio Engineering Society	59	9	None	Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu-State, Nigeria; TNO, NL-2600 GB Delft, Netherlands; OPTICOM GmbH, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Sc	Ebem, D.U., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu-State, Nigeria; Beerends, J.G., TNO, NL-2600 GB Delft, Netherlands; Van Vugt, J., TNO, NL-2600 GB Delft, Netherlands; Schmidmer, C., OPTICOM GmbH, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany; Kooij, R.E., Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands; Uguru, J.O., Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The extent to which the modeling used in objective speech quality algorithms depends on the cultural background of listeners as well as on the language characteristics using American English and Igbo, an African tone language is investigated. Two different approaches were used in order to separate behavioral aspects from speech signal aspects. In the first approach degraded American English sentences were presented to Igbo listeners and American listeners, showing that Igbo subjects are more disturbed by additive noise in comparison to other degradations than American subjects. In the second approach objective modeling, using ITU-T P.863 (POLQA), showed that Igbo subjects listening to degraded Igbo speech are more disturbed by background noise and low-level listening than predicted by the P.863 standard, which was trained on Western languages using native listeners. The most likely conclusion is that low-level signal parts of the Igbo tone language are relatively more important than lowlevel signal parts of American English. In judging the quality of their own language Igbo listeners thus need more signal level and more signal-to-noise ratio for perceiving high quality than American subjects require in judging their own language. When Igbo subjects judge the quality of American speech samples the impact of noise is overestimated but low-level listening does not have a significant impact on the perceived speech quality. The results show that one cannot build a universal objective speech quality measurement system but that adaptation toward the behavior of a set of subjects is necessary. Further investigation into the impact of tone language signal characteristics and the behavior of subjects who are raised in a specific cultural environment is necessary before a new speech quality measure for assessing voice quality in that environment can be developed. The results also suggest that speech communication systems have to be optimized dependent on the cultural context where the system is used and/or the languages for which the system is intended.	None	American English; Background noise; Cultural backgrounds; Cultural context; Cultural environment; High quality; Impact of noise; Non-native language; Objective speech quality; Signal characteristic; Signal level; Signal to noise; Significant impacts; Speech quality; Speech signals; Tone languages; Voice quality; Behavioral research; Communication systems; Signal to noise ratio; Speech communication	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894052408	Prediction based channel allocation performance for cognitive radio	Barnes S.D., Maharaj B.T.	2014	AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications	68	4	10.1016/j.aeue.2013.09.009	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Barnes, S.D., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Maharaj, B.T., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The interdependency, in a cognitive radio (CR) network, of spectrum sensing, occupancy modelling, channel switching and secondary user (SU) performance, is investigated. Achievable SU data throughput and primary user (PU) disruption rate have been examined for both theoretical test data as well as data obtained from real-world spectrum measurements done in Pretoria, South Africa. A channel switching simulator was developed to investigate SU performance, where a hidden Markov model (HMM) was employed to model and predict PU behaviour, from which proactive channel allocations could be made. Results show that CR performance may be improved if PU behaviour is accurately modelled, since accurate prediction allows the SU to make proactive channel switching decisions. It is further shown that a trade-off may exist between achievable SU throughput and average PU disruption rate. When using the prediction model, significant performance improvements, particularly under heavy traffic density conditions, of up to double the SU throughput and half the PU disruption rate were observed. Results obtained from a measurement campaign were comparable with those obtained from theoretical occupancy data, with an average similarity score of 95% for prediction accuracy, 90% for SU throughput and 70% for PU disruption rate. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH.	Channel switching; Cognitive radio; Occupancy modelling; Secondary user performance; Spectrum measurements	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856060931	Making music, making money: Informal musical production and performance in venda, South Africa	McNeill F.G.	2012	Africa	82	1	10.1017/S000197201100074X	Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	McNeill, F.G., Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	This article presents an ethnographic analysis of the popular economy of informal musical production in the Venda region of South Africa. It focuses on the activities surrounding the Burnin' Shak Studio, a recording house that specializes in reggae music. Reliant on second-hand computers, pirated software, borrowed instruments, networks of trust and cycles of debt, musicians and producers in the Burnin' Shak occupy a distinctly peripheral position in South Africa's music industry. Unlike artists in the formal sphere of musical production, who sign deals with specific record labels, musicians in the informal sector seek out sponsors usually young local businessmen to fund their recordings with local producers. Marketing and distribution is the sole responsibility of the artist and the sponsor, who often develop a patronclient relationship. And yet whilst the artists' entrepreneurial activity often earns them significant airplay on local radio stations, and associated cultural capital, the financial benefits are slim. In order to convert their cultural capital into cash, musicians in the informal sector must compete in the market for performances at government-sponsored shows. These shows are well funded by lucrative tenders, but they present musicians with a double-edged sword. To secure a contract with tender holders or to entertain hopes of regular paid performances musicians must ensure that these performances do not express critical political sentiment. As purveyors of a genre renowned for its critical social commentary, reggae musicians are particularly affected by this expectation of self-censorship. Informal musical production in the post-apartheid era thus affords musicians little artistic freedom. Rather, whilst the products of this culture industry may appear to be part of a secondary economy, removed from the spheres of formalized production and control, they are in fact regulated and standardized through the process of tender allocation. © International African Institute 2012.	None	informal sector; music; Limpopo; South Africa; Venda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869431263	The impact of non-formal education on skills and knowledge of community development workers: A case study	Kotzé D.A.	2012	Africa Development	37	2	None	Department of Development Studies, University of South Africa, South Africa	Kotzé, D.A., Department of Development Studies, University of South Africa, South Africa	The ultimate route to address the needs of the poor is through a community development process with projects as the main vehicle. The main role player to facilitate this process is the community development worker. This article focuses firstly on the role and importance of non-formal education in community development and, secondly, on the impact of non-formal education and training on the knowledge and skills of community development workers responsible for the facilitation of projects. The article is based on an evaluation of a nonformal education programme that was developed to enhance the knowledge and skills of community development workers involved in the planning and execution of community-based development projects. © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2012.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872326699	Where is my daddy? an exploration of the impact of absentee fathers on the lives of young people in Botswana	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae G., Mgutshini T., Nkosi Z.Z.	2012	Africa Development	37	3	None	Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; Mgutshini, T., Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; Nkosi, Z.Z., Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa	A substantial body of research has consistently concluded that children growing up with absentee fathers are at an increased risk of maladjustment. This paper argues that co-parenting can have both direct and indirect or mediated effects on children. Co-parenting has an added benefit of modelling dyadic skills that include proving mutual emotional support, influence, and amicable resolution of disputes. Through qualitative data obtained in 2009 from 45 final year students at the University of Botswana, the authors conclude that African personhood is a larger-than-self conception, which also includes more than the physical being and shows that young people raised in father-absent families view their personhood as inferior, less guarded, and incomplete, relative to that of their counterparts who were born and raised in married-couple families. Living a full quality life eludes youth who were raised by mothers only, affirming the importance of fathers in the personhood of any individual. © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2012.	Absentee fathers; Co-parenting; Youth personhood	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947424985	Impact of teachers’ beliefs on mathematics education	Bayaga A., Wadesango N., Wadesango O.V.	2015	Africa Education Review	12	2	10.1080/18146627.2015.1108008	Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, University of Zululand, South Africa; Centre of Academic Excellence, University of Limpopo, South Africa; Teaching and Learning Centre, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Bayaga, A., Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, University of Zululand, South Africa; Wadesango, N., Centre of Academic Excellence, University of Limpopo, South Africa; Wadesango, O.V., Teaching and Learning Centre, University of Limpopo, South Africa	The objective of the current study was to analyse the impact of teachers’ personal theory and beliefs (PTB) towards Mathematics teaching. A total of 183 respondents were involved in this study, using the stratified random sampling method with Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. Due to the objective of the research and the hypothesis, it was positioned within the positivist paradigm following a survey design, concentrating on Bachelor of Education and Postgraduate Certificate Education students, with a quantitative approach. The instrument of data collection was a structured questionnaire schedule. All selected respondents (using a questionnaire) were students of University of Fort Hare, enrolled in either the Bachelor of Education (BEd) or Postgraduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) programme. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the results revealed that there was no significant effect of age and race on learning of Mathematics amongst BEds and PGCEs candidates. © 2015 University of South Africa.	instructional practices; mathematics belief and motivation; mathematics education; motivation theory; south africa raven's standard progressive	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548972877	To what extent are nurses using recognised IMCI protocols to identify and manage children with HIV: An evaluation of IMCI trained nurses in Kwazulu Natal in the use of the HIV portion of the IMCI algorithm	Haskins J.L.M.	2006	Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery	8	2	None	Durban University of Technology, Dept. of Postgraduate Nursing Studies, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Haskins, J.L.M., Durban University of Technology, Dept. of Postgraduate Nursing Studies, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	In South Africa HIV infection is an increasing problem. The Department of Health (2004) estimated that by the end of 2003, 5.6 million people had acquired the HIV infection. Given the mother to child transmission of the disease, a paediatric HIV epidemic is expected. These children can be identified and managed using the HIV portion of the IMCI algorithm. This evaluation study sought to assess the accuracy of the use of the HIV portion of the algorithm by IMCI trained nurses in the public sector clinics in KwaZulu Natal province. Quantitative and qualitative procedures were utilized to conduct the survey. Eight nurses were selected through a two phase sampling strategy. The selected nurses were observed and assessed for a total of 72 consultations using a checklist. In addition, a questionnaire was developed and administered to the eight nurses in the original sample as well as 5 others who were conveniently selected. The findings indicate a poor level of accuracy with which IMCI trained nurses' use the algorithm and therefore suggest a poor level of management of HIV infection in children at clinic level in KwaZulu Natal. The findings indicated a reluctance of some IMCI trained nurses to discuss HIV infection with mothers who bring their children to the clinics. Support for IMCI nurses to accurately and effectively use the HIV portion of the IMCI algorithm needs to be introduced in order to provide a better service to children with HIV infection.	Algorithm; Assessment; HIV; IMCI; IMCI trained nurse	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893361266	Factors influencing the job performance of nurses and midwives in postpartum units in two district hospitals in Rwanda	Uwaliraye P., Puoane T., Binagwaho A., Basinga P.	2013	Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery	15	2	None	Rwanda Ministry of Health, Planning and Health Information System, Rwanda; University of the Western Cape, School of Public Health, South Africa; Rwanda Ministry of Health, Office of the Minister, Rwanda; VIH/TB/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Programme de Santé Mondiale, Seattle, United States	Uwaliraye, P., Rwanda Ministry of Health, Planning and Health Information System, Rwanda; Puoane, T., University of the Western Cape, School of Public Health, South Africa; Binagwaho, A., Rwanda Ministry of Health, Office of the Minister, Rwanda; Basinga, P., VIH/TB/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Programme de Santé Mondiale, Seattle, United States	The performance of nurses and midwives in postpartum units can influence maternal health as well as infant survival. This study assessed factors influencing the performance of nurses and midwives working in the postpartum units in two public hospitals in Rwanda. Ninety-six nurses and midwives were observed while providing postpartum care according to a checklist comprising 30 activities. Each observed nurse and midwife was then interviewed about the presence or absence of specific performance factors. Results were analysed to compare average performance with the presence or absence of specific performance factors. Nurses and midwives performed poorly in the use of guidelines for postpartum care management. Factors that were associated with good performance included receiving feedback about job performance, training in postpartum care management and in the use of the postpartum guidelines, satisfaction with the work organisation, and organisational interest in staff members' creativity. Training and postpartum guidelines for staff members, aimed at reducing postpartum morbidity and mortality rates, should be planned in light of the factors that most directly affect the quality of care provided by nurses and midwives. Further analyses of factors contributing to good or poor performance are required. © ISSN 1682-5055.	Job performance; Midwifery in Rwanda; Nurses and midwives' performance factors; Postpartum care in Rwanda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865742272	The impact of mothers' knowledge on the immunisation of children younger than five in ga-rankuwa, South Africa	Wright S.C.D., Maja T.M.M., Furaha S.A.	2011	Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery	13	2	None	Tshwane University of Technology, Adelaide Tambo School of Nursing, South Africa	Wright, S.C.D., Tshwane University of Technology, Adelaide Tambo School of Nursing, South Africa; Maja, T.M.M., Tshwane University of Technology, Adelaide Tambo School of Nursing, South Africa; Furaha, S.A., Tshwane University of Technology, Adelaide Tambo School of Nursing, South Africa	Routine immunisation at an appropriate age is the best means of averting vaccine-preventable diseases. Though the immunisation coverage rates for all nine provinces in South Africa are available, these are not available for smaller locations, such as Ga-Rankuwa, in the Gauteng province of South Africa (hereafter Gauteng). The main problem addressed by this study was the unavailability of immunisation coverage rate for Ga-Rankuwa, based on the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). Information was also lacking about mothers' knowledge regarding immunisation and barriers they encountered to immunise their children younger than five. Data were gathered by direct observation of the Road-to-Health charts (n = 926) of children in Ga-Rankuwa. The mothers' knowledge levels were estimated by using structured interview schedules. Of the children, 46.1% (n = 426) missed one or more immunisations according to the schedule. The 60 month coverage rate was only 19.0%. Some mothers (59.8%) only used the Road-to-Health chart for the child's weight and 31.4% were unable to interpret the chart. Community-specific interventions, based on the evidence generated by the study, are urgently required to enhance the immunisation coverage in Ga-Rankuwa. © ISSN 1682-5055.	Children younger than five; Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI); Ga-Rankuwa; Immunisation coverage; Mothers' immunisation knowledge; Primary Health Care (PHC)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58449125010	Evaluation of a decentralised primary health care training programme	Mabaso S.S., van der Merwe M.M., Smith J.E.	2008	Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery	10	2	None	University of South Africa, Department of Health Studies, Pretoria, South Africa; University of South Africa (UNISA), Department of Health Studies, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Mabaso, S.S., University of South Africa, Department of Health Studies, Pretoria, South Africa; van der Merwe, M.M., University of South Africa (UNISA), Department of Health Studies, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Smith, J.E., University of South Africa (UNISA), Department of Health Studies, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	The effectiveness of the one-year training programme for Primary Health Care (PHC) nurses of the Limpopo Province required evaluation. The competencies were assessed of the learners, who had completed this PHC programme with decentralised experiential learning opportunities. Qualified PHC nurses should be competent to stand in for medical doctors, when required to do so. This implies that patients' lives might be at stake, depending on the PHC nurses' competencies. The researchers evaluated the participants' PHC nursing competencies whilst managing patients with hypertension, using a pre-tested checklist. Through stratified sampling, twelve newly qualified nurses of a PHC training programme from six health districts in the Limpopo Province, were interviewed to identify their perceptions of the training programme, problems encountered during and after their PHC training and their perceptions as to their abilities to stand in for medical doctors' in PHC clinics. The research results show that the PHC training programme was effective as the participants were competent in most items tested, although it became evident that more attention should be given to history taking. Interviewees expressed their satisfaction with the PHC training programme but identified problems in rendering PHC services due to shortages of medication and equipment. The interviewees reportedly felt confident to stand in for doctors when required to do so in PHC clinics.	Clinical training; Experiential learning; Health assessment; Limpopo Province; Primary Health Care (PHC) training programme	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347381921	Identity and memory in Omobóyòdé Àrowá's Oríkì performance in (Yoruba) Ekiti dialect	Dasylva A.O.	2007	African and Asian Studies	6	02-Jan	10.1163/156921007X180631	Department of English, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Dasylva, A.O., Department of English, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oríkì is a significant panegyric poetry in indigenous Yoruba communities of South-Western Nigeria. The different sub-generic forms which characterize its form, and its obvious ethnographic and anthropological histrionics constitute its thrust and aesthetic peculiarities. This paper sets out to examine Omoboyode Arowa's oríkì performance, explores how she articulates the ethnographic cum-psychosocial knowledge of her environment, and subsequently exploits the same to advantage. It further demonstrates how this, in turn, engenders her re-inscription of self in the performance under reference. Whereas a performer usually recites, sings, or chants a form of oriki, Àrowá'ş oríkìperformance in Èk̀tì dialect embraces varieties of oríkì sub-types, giving her performance a more elaborate, and unique quality. Besides, the gender specificity noticeable in Àrowás performance in which as a woman chanter, she succeeds in negotiating a space for self re-inscribing, thereby qualifying her oriki corpus as one of the highly developed, complex, and most achieving form of oriki performances in indigenous Yoruba. It concludes that, in view of the findings, there is the urgent need for a new vigor and sense of commitment to the study of the oríkì repertoire of individual performer for the purpose of ensuring its survival in a manner that makes its scholarship transcend its present boundaries, thereby making it serve new functions. © Koninklijke Brill NV 2007.	Àrowá'ş oríkì; Eketi; Identity; Memory; Ogun; Omoboyode; oriki	anthropology; cultural history; cultural identity; indigenous population; language; memory; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904331281	Impact of Real Exchange Rate on Trade Balance in Nigeria	Igue N.N., Ogunleye T.S.	2014	African Development Review	26	2	10.1111/1467-8268.12086	Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria	Igue, N.N., Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Ogunleye, T.S., Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria	The study investigated whether the depreciation of exchange rate has a favourable impact on trade balance in Nigeria, based on the Marshall-Lerner (ML) condition. The Johansen method of cointegration and vector error correction methodology (VECM) was employed to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship between trade balance and the specified set of independent variables. The results confirm the satisfaction of the Marshall-Lerner condition in Nigeria, implying that depreciation of the exchange rate has a positive effect on trade balance in the long run. The study also established that a one per cent depreciation in the exchange rate would improve trade balance by 1.16 per cent. In the light of these findings, the study recommends a gradual depreciation of the exchange rate, which should be accompanied with export policy that encourages domestic production of non-oil products for exports. © 2014 African Development Bank.	None	balance of trade; cointegration analysis; error correction; export; real exchange rate; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442793	The impact of macroeconomic risk on asset prices in Ghana, 1997-2002	Twerefou D.K., Nimo M.K.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00111.x	Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Twerefou, D.K., Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Nimo, M.K., Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	The dwindling nature of overseas development assistance in the early part of the 1990s called for the establishment of capital markets in some African countries, including Ghana, with the view to increasing foreign direct investments and achieving sustainable inflows, growth and development. One important factor which affects the determination of prices and the growth of capital markets is macroeconomic risk which is quite high in developing countries. Following works done on advanced stock markets, this study seeks to investigate the impact of six macroeconomic risk factors on asset pricing in the various industrial classification - financial, manufacturing, food and beverages, distribution and mining under the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) for the period January 1997 to December 2002. Using the arbitrage pricing methodology developed by Ross (1976) and Chen et al. (1986), the study revealed that investors in Ghana considered three main macroeconomic risk factors - short-term interest rate risk, inflation risk and the term structure of the country's interest rate in the determination of the various industrial asset prices during the period under consideration. Analysis of the risks and returns profile of the industries also shows that financial assets made the best gains on the market. Both general and specific policy recommendations aimed at improving the performance of the GSE are explored. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	capital market; foreign direct investment; interest rate; macroeconomics; price determination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884763798	Capital structure and corporate performance of nigerian quoted firms: A panel data approach	Olokoyo F.O.	2013	African Development Review	25	3	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12034.x	Department of Finance, College of Development Studies, Covenant University, KM 10, Idiroko Road, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Olokoyo, F.O., Department of Finance, College of Development Studies, Covenant University, KM 10, Idiroko Road, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	This paper presents empirical findings on the impact of leverage (debt's ratio) on firms' performance. Empirical results based on 2003 to 2007 accounting and marketing data for 101 quoted firms in Nigeria lend some support to the pecking order and static tradeoff theories of capital structure. The study employed panel data analysis by using fixed-effect estimation, random-effect estimation and a pooled regression model. The usual identification tests and Hausman's Chi-square statistics for testing whether the fixed effects model estimator is an appropriate alternative to the random effects model were also computed for each model. A firm's leverage was found to have a significant negative impact on the firm's accounting performance measure (ROA). An interesting finding is that all the leverage measures have a positive and highly significant relationship with the market performance measure (Tobin's Q). The study further reveals a salient fact that Nigerian firms are either majorly financed by equity capital or a mix of equity capital and short-term financing. It is therefore suggested that Nigerian firms should try to match their high market performance with real activities that can help make the market performance reflect on their internal growth and accounting performance. © 2013 The Author. African Development Review © 2013 African Development Bank.	None	corporate strategy; data assimilation; econometrics; numerical model; panel data; performance assessment; regression analysis; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884739741	The impact of regulation on risk perception: Evidence from the zimbabwean banking industry	Ojiako U., Manungo T., Chipulu M., Johnson J.	2013	African Development Review	25	3	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12029.x	Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2000, South Africa; School of Management, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom	Ojiako, U., Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2000, South Africa; Manungo, T., School of Management, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; Chipulu, M., School of Management, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; Johnson, J., School of Management, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom	This paper explores the impact of regulations on the perceptions and management of risk. The study focuses on Zimbabwean banks. We evaluated the influence of banking regulatory policy using data gathered from a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) questionnaire and data measuring annual overall output from Zimbabwean banks. We employed a number of statistical models (Binomial, HLogLinear models and time series forecasting) to test various hypotheses concerning the perception of bank employees of the impact of regulation on the management of risk in Zimbabwean banks. We found that: (1) respondents' perceptions of the impact of regulation on risk management correlated among different risk types in Zimbabwean banks; (2) respondents generally appeared to perceive dollarization and Basel II positively; and (3) respondents were not optimistic about the impact of Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) policy on overall banking efficiency. © 2013 The Authors. African Development Review © 2013 African Development Bank.	None	banking; numerical model; policy approach; questionnaire survey; regulatory framework; risk perception; time series; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879727663	The impact of foreign debt on economic growth in Malawi	Tchereni B.H.M., Sekhampu T.J., Ndovi R.F.	2013	African Development Review	25	1	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12015.x	School of Economics, North-West University, South Africa; Malawi Polytechnic, Blantyre, Malawi; North-West University, South Africa; Accountant General, Blantyre, Malawi	Tchereni, B.H.M., School of Economics, North-West University, South Africa, Malawi Polytechnic, Blantyre, Malawi; Sekhampu, T.J., North-West University, South Africa; Ndovi, R.F., Accountant General, Blantyre, Malawi	This study analysed the impact of foreign debt on economic growth in Malawi using time series. Data for the period 1975-2003 from the Reserve Bank of Malawi, the IMF and the National Statistical Office was regressed in basic time series analysis. The dependent variable was economic growth and independent variables included level of foreign debt as the main variable. Other variables considered are the inflation rate, exchange rate and the prime lending rate, private and public investment. The results show a statistically insignificant and negative relationship between foreign debt and economic growth for the case of Malawi. The country should strive to provide incentives to local manufacturers who would want to export rather than relying on borrowing for growth inducement. Of interest was the relationship between inflation and economic growth which was positive. © 2013 The Authors. African Development Review © 2013 African Development Bank. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	debt; economic growth; economic impact; exchange rate; inflation; investment; lending behavior; time series analysis; Malawi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844446464	Impact of economic reforms on economics issues: A study of Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan A.M., Iyappan T., Selvam J.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00109.x	PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan, A.M., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Iyappan, T., Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Selvam, J., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	This paper is an attempt to investigate the impact of economic reforms on the economic issues in Ethiopia. Different economic issues - parameters determining the effectiveness of economic reforms - are separately discussed to measure how far Ethiopia has benefited from the reform policy. A simple and comparative analysis of various economic indicators between the pre-reform and post-reform, that is, between 1985/ 86-1991/92 and 1992/93-2001/02, reveals that those economic reforms have revamped the economy by moving its GDP from its long-standing poor record to a respectful growing state. Nevertheless, the reforms have failed in attaining other direct economic objectives, such as standard of living, external debt, trade balance deficit and current account deficit. Economic reforms have, no doubt, attracted a significant amount of private investment, but its volume started declining within the reform period and so were privatization proceeds. This study suggests that a full-fledged and committed reform is indispensable at the earliest to attaining the full benefits of reform policy. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	economic reform; Gross Domestic Product; investment; poverty; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872776434	Evaluating the Impact of Health Programmes on Productivity	Keswell M., Burns J., Thornton R.	2012	African Development Review	24	4	10.1111/1467-8268.12002	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 611 Tappan St., 213 Lorch Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States	Keswell, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Burns, J., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Thornton, R., Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 611 Tappan St., 213 Lorch Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States	This article reviews some of the key methodological approaches available to researchers interested in identifying a causal relationship between health interventions and economic indicators of productivity. We then discuss some of the empirical work that has utilized these techniques in making the case for a causal relationship from health interventions to productivity. We conclude that while considerable progress has been made in addressing concerns over attribution, much work remains to be done in expanding our knowledge of why certain interventions work whilst others do not. © 2013 African Development Bank.	None	health impact; labor productivity; methodology; public health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939137644	Regional Integration Models and Africa's Growth in the 21st Century: A Fitness Evaluation	Golit P.D., Adamu Y.	2014	African Development Review	26	S1	10.1111/1467-8268.12096	The Research Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria	Golit, P.D., The Research Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria; Adamu, Y., The Research Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria	The study explores Africa's regional integration models with a view to determining their suitability or otherwise for rapid economic growth. Using annual data spanning 1980-2012, the study employs the Johansen (1998) and the Johansen and Juselius (1990) method of cointegration and Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) to test for the presence of long-run equilibrium relationships among the variables and estimate their static and dynamic coefficients. The study found a significant positive role for infrastructure financing, and human and physical capital accumulation both of which significantly influenced Africa's economic growth. Intra-African trade, though positive and significant, was found to be less effective in inspiring growth compared to the above growth fundamentals. Trade openness and government spending were the only variables discovered to significantly influence Africa's economic growth in both the short and long run. The study concludes that the traditional approach to regional integration may not provide the best alternative for Africa's economic growth. It, thus, recommends the adoption of a mixed policy approach to regional economic integration to foster Africa's economic growth in the 21st century. The contribution of the study lies in its ability to subject Africa's models of regional integration to practical examination using modern approaches. © 2014 African Development Bank.	None	cointegration analysis; economic growth; economic integration; policy approach; regional trade; twenty first century	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83455250558	The global financial crisis and African Economies: Impact and transmission channels	Aryeetey E., Ackah C.	2011	African Development Review	23	4	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2011.00295.x	University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Aryeetey, E., University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ackah, C., Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	This paper is intended to highlight the general impact of the crisis on African countries in terms of economic performance and then show some variations across countries by discussing how the different transmission channels operated in them, and what their effects have been. The paper has noted that the global financial and economic crisis has affected African economies in a significant way, mostly indirectly through the harm it causes to the real sectors of the economies. In aggregate terms, the impact has been quite strong, as shown by the sharp drop in aggregate output around the region. Even though there are both direct and indirect channels for transmitting the crisis to African economies from the rest of the world, the indirect channels have been more pronounced in their effects largely on account of the structures of these economies. The integration of these economies into the global economy has been largely on account of trade in goods and also the consequence of migration, hence the effects on the real sectors and in remittance flows. There have been significant variations in the impact of the crisis across countries, and this has been influenced largely by the quality of institutions, particularly for regulation, and initial conditions prevailing in the countries. © 2011 The Authors. African Development Review © 2011 African Development Bank.	None	economic integration; economic structure; financial crisis; global economy; remittance; Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052584171	Exploring the Impact of Energy Sources on Production, Inequality and Poverty in Simultaneous Equations Models for South Africa	Ngepah N.	2011	African Development Review	23	3	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2011.00290.x	University of Johannesburg, Policy and Research Division, South Africa	Ngepah, N., University of Johannesburg, Policy and Research Division, South Africa	This work adapts per capita income, energy demand (sub-group decomposed), inequality and poverty frameworks in a simultaneous equations setting to investigate the role of energy sources on per capita income, inequality and poverty in South Africa. It finds that energy sources (particularly electricity and diesel) are important in estimating production functions. Gasoline, kerosene and coal all exacerbate poverty, with the highest impacts on abject poverty. It is better to disaggregate energy sources in order to capture resource-specific details. Redistribution efforts that focus on reduction of between-group inequality can also moderate energy use since between-group inequality tends to increase the demand for most energy sources. Public efforts are yielding fruits in this direction and should be encouraged. Access to energy sources like electricity, diesel and gas are crucial for productivity enhancement, but for them to yield significant anti-poverty fruits, efforts must also target broadening capital access by the poor. © 2011 The Author. African Development Review © 2011 African Development Bank.	None	coal; energy resource; energy use; income; numerical model; poverty; South Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000275402800005	Rural Poverty Dynamics and Impact of Intervention Programs upon Chronic and Transitory Poverty in Northern Ethiopia	Deckers, Jozef,Haile, Mitiku,Mathijs, Erik,Nega, Fredu,Nyssen, Jan,Tollens, Eric	2010	AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW-REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT	22	1	None	Ghent University, KU Leuven, Mekelle University	"Deckers, Jozef: KU Leuven","Mathijs, Erik: KU Leuven","Nega, Fredu: Mekelle University","Nyssen, Jan: Ghent University","Tollens, Eric: KU Leuven"	P&gt;Using a three-year panel data set of rural households in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia, we examine the dynamics of poverty and the impact of two intervention measures-the food for work (FFW) and the food security package (FSP) programs-upon poverty by disaggregating total poverty into its transient and chronic components. Poverty in the region is predominantly chronic. Results of matching estimators indicate that the FSP program has a significant negative effect on total and chronic poverty, but not on transient poverty. Households involved in the program have on average lower levels of total and chronic poverty than households not involved in the program. The FFW on the other hand does not significantly influence any of the three forms of poverty. Tertile regressions, however, reveal that the FFW benefits households in the richest and the middle tertiles.	,AID,FOOD-FOR-WORK,GETS,MOBILITY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000316322300003	Economic Impacts of Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria	Adekunle, Adolphus Adekunle,Adeyemo, Victoria Adeyemi,Akinola, Akinboye Adebayo,Ayanwale, Adeolu Babatunde	2013	AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW-REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT	25	1	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12011.x	Obafemi Awolowo University, Forum Agr Res Africa	"Adeyemo, Victoria Adeyemi: Obafemi Awolowo University","Akinola, Akinboye Adebayo: Obafemi Awolowo University","Ayanwale, Adeolu Babatunde: Obafemi Awolowo University",	This paper assesses the potential economic impacts of Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) conceived to address observed low productivity, prevailing poverty level, slow growth and general underperformance of the agricultural sector associated with the traditional agricultural and rural development (ARD) approach. The economic surplus analysis suggested that IAR4D research and extension, with respect to maize production, could achieve returns ranging from 30 to 38 per cent and a maximum adoption of 25 to 50 per cent for the conservative and baseline scenario, respectively. Similarly, with the same range of maximum adoption, the approach could yield returns ranging from 22 to 29 per cent for the conservative and baseline scenario, respectively in millet production. However, the same range of adoption could result in 29 to 37 per cent for the conservative and baseline scenario, respectively in sorghum production. The estimated benefits are sensitive to expected adoption rates but much less so to changes in research and extension costs. However, the estimates indicate that the production of all the crops was socially profitable under the IAR4D option. Our results were consistent with earlier economic analyses which showed that IAR4D was more productive, profitable and acceptable to farmers than the conventional Research for Development (R&amp;D) approach.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000313980800008	Impact of Parental Socioeconomic Status on Child Health Outcomes in Kenya**	Mugo, Mercy G.	2012	AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW-REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT	24	4	10.1111/1467-8268.12003	University of Nairobi	None	It is widely acknowledged that a healthy nation is a wealthy nation. Most developing countries such as Kenya record unfavourable indicators of population health. Existing literature recognizes the bidirectional causality between health and economic growth and development, though credible information on the causal links is scarce. Various studies show that parental characteristics have important influences on early child health. Such studies are few and report mixed findings. This study aimed to understand and demonstrate the impact of parental socioeconomic status on child health outcomes in Kenya using data from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005/2006, focusing on maternal labour force participation. We used two-stage least squares instrumental variable methods and the control function approach to cater for endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity and non-linear interactions to estimate the causal links between child health outcomes and parental socioeconomic status. Diagnostic tests for relevance, validity and strength of instruments for endogenous regressors showed instruments were relevant, valid but weak. Our findings showed that maternal labour force participation has a positive but insignificant effect on child stunting and a combined indicator of stunting and wasting. We recommend policy that supports the provision of work opportunities for mothers will enhance child health outcomes in Kenya.	,"EARLY MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT",ECONOMICS,EDUCATION,FERTILITY,IDENTIFICATION,"LABOR-FORCE PARTICIPATION",LEAVE,VARIABLES,"WEAK INSTRUMENTS"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876133239	Evaluation of 15 varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench to field infestation by flea beetles (Podagrica spp.)	Mohammed I.G., Osipitan A.A., Pitan O.R., Atayese M.	2013	African Entomology	21	1	10.4001/003.021.0120	Pest Management Technology Department, Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Niger State, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, Un	Mohammed, I.G., Pest Management Technology Department, Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Niger State, Nigeria; Osipitan, A.A., Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Pitan, O.R., Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Atayese, M., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	The study evaluated 15 okra varieties to field infestation by flea beetles, Podagrica spp., in the early and late planting seasons of 2009, at the Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria (7°15′N 3°25′E), located in a sub-humid zone. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design, with three replicates. The main plot consisted of spraying regime (sprayed and unsprayed) while the sub-plot consisted of 15 okra varieties: V-35, V2-Oyo, V45-2, NH99/28, NH99/DA NH88/1-8-16-2, Enugu1, Osadep:purple Tall, LD88/1-8-5-2, LD88/1-8-16-2, Ola99/13, Ola3 Local, Olak2005, Short Mouth and Dajofolowo1. Lambda-cyhalothrin was sprayed to the appropriate plots weekly. The results showed that in both early and late seasons, sprayed okra had significantly (P < 0.05) lower number of flea beetles, lower leaf damage per plant, lower number of holes per leaf, wider stem girth, higher total plant dry biomass, higher number of pods compared with unsprayed okra. The sprayed okra had significantly (P < 0.05) higher shoot dry biomass, higher root dry weight, higher total plant dry biomass, wider pods and higher pod weight in the early planting season compared with the late season. Varieties with leaf pubescence, namely NH99/DA, V-35 and Dajofolowo1, had the lowest flea beetle population, leaf damage per plant and number of holes per leaf compared to glaborous varieties. Likewise, the okra varieties NH99/28, V-35 and Dajofolowo1 which have thorny pods had no pod damage at all in both early and late planting seasons. LD88/1-8-5-2 had the highest number of pods per plant, whereas okra variety Ola99/13 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher pod weight during early planting. There was no significant difference in okra pods weight in all varieties evaluated in the late planting season.	Abelmoschus esculentus; planting season; Podagrica spp.; spraying regime	Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus; Alticini; Coleoptera; Podagrica; Siphonaptera (fleas)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893671228	The impact of legislative framework governing waste management and collection in South Africa	Sentime K.	2014	African Geographical Review	33	1	10.1080/19376812.2013.847253	Department of Development Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Sentime, K., Department of Development Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	The legislative framework governing waste management defines the state as the key player and does not recognize informal waste collection in South Africa. There is inconsistency between this framework and the practice on the ground regarding waste collection. While the framework puts the state at the centre, the reality on the ground is that of the lack of specific policy directed at waste recycling. Thus, this gap which was supposed to be overcome by the state has been filled by an informal waste collection enterprise. This paper carries out a critical review of the legislative framework and reveals how it fails to take into account the reality of informal waste collectors who need to be empowered and formalized as they cover for the limits and failures of the state in Greater Johannesburg. The data for this research were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussion as well as interview in order to understand informal waste collectors social profile, types of waste collected, recycling approaches, challenges facing them as well as their spending patterns. The results show informal waste collectors in Braamfontein, Killarney and Newtown suburb of Johannesburg, who originated locally from South Africa and from other neighbouring countries such as Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The types of waste collected include: metal, plastic and glass as well as paper, but this varied from one area to another. The findings here are consitent with research elsewhere which shows that if well organized and supported by government and other stakeholders, waste collection and management can contribute positively in many aspects including jobs creation, poverty reduction, conserve natural resources and protect the environment as well as in empowering grassroots investment. © 2013 The African Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers.	Informal waste collection; Legislative framework; Urban poverty; Waste management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921669039	Toxicological evaluation of methanol leaves extract of Vernonia Bipontini Vatke in blood, liver and kidney tissues of mice	Alebachew M., Kinfu Y., Makonnen E., Bekuretsion Y., Urga K., Afework M.	2014	African Health Sciences	14	4	10.4314/ahs.v14i4.33	Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Alebachew, M., Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kinfu, Y., Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Makonnen, E., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bekuretsion, Y., Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Urga, K., Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Afework, M., Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Various medicinal plants have been studied using modern scientific approaches. These plants have a variety of properties and various biological components that can be used to treat various diseases. However, harmful effects of plants are common clinical occurrence.Objective:This study was designed to investigate toxicological assessment of acute and chronic methanol leaf extract of Vernonia bipontini Vatke (V.bipontini V) on blood, liver and kidney tissues of mice.Methods: Lethal dose (LD) at which 50% of experimental mice died and long term toxicity of methanolic leaf extract of V. bipontini V were determined. Some hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Then, liver and kidney tissues of each animal were taken and processed for light microscopy.Results: Almost all mice treated with 800mg/kg methanol leaf extract of V. bipontini V showed swellings on the left part of abdominal region related to location of spleen, mild diarrhea and enlargement of spleen. The LD50 of the methanol leaf extract of V. bipontini V was 2130.6±1.5mg/kg. Treatment with 800mg/kg body weight of methanol leaf extract significantly decreased body, liver and kidney weights, red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hgb), mean cell haemoglobin (Mch), Mchc, platelet and significantly increased serum aspartate transferance (AST), vatanine tranferance(ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) levels while 400mg/kg dose had no effect on these parameters. The reduced organ weights did not correlate with loss of body weight at 800mg/kg of methanol leaf extract of the plant. Light microscope observations of liver tissue of mice treated with 800mg/kg of the methanol leaf extract revealed dilated sinusoids, nuclear enlargement, lots of bi-nucleation of hepatocytes, peripheral cramped chromatin, shrinkages (single cell death) of hepatocytes, fragmentation of hepatocytes while no histopathological changes were observed in liver and kidney of mice treated at 400mg/kg. Kidney tissue sections of mice did not show significant histopathological changes at 400mg/kg. However, at 800mg/kg kidney sections showed increased cellularity of glomerulus, urinary space obliteration and enlarged macula densa.Conclusion: This study suggests that the methanol leaf extract may have been phytotoxic to liver that resulted in a rise in serum AST, ALT and ALP levels. © 2014 Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Hematological and biochemical; Kidney; Liver; Methanol; Swiss Albino mice; V. Bipontini Vatke	alkaline phosphatase; hemoglobin; herbaceous agent; plant extract; unclassified drug; vernonia bipontini vatke extract; abdominal swelling; adult; animal experiment; animal tissue; Article; body weight; controlled study; diarrhea; disease severity; drug blood level; drug liver level; drug tissue level; enzyme blood level; erythrocyte count; female; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; kidney; kidney injury; kidney mass; LD 50; liver cell damage; liver sinusoid; liver weight; male; medicinal plant; microscopy; mouse; nonhuman; plant leaf; splenomegaly; thrombocyte count; toxicokinetics; Vernonia bipontini Vatke; weight reduction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954470591	Evaluation of prescription pattern and patients’ opinion on healthcare practices in selected primary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria	Adisa R., Fakeye T.O., Aindero V.O.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	4	10.4314/ahs.v15i4.35	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adisa, R., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fakeye, T.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aindero, V.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Inappropriate prescribing negatively impacts on health and economy of individual and the society. Objectives: To evaluate the prescribing patterns and patients’ opinions on healthcare practices in selected primary healthcare centres (PHC) in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among patients and healthcare workers in selected PHCs using semi-structured questionnaires. Also, patients’ prescription records were reviewed using the WHO-prescribing indicators. Results: About one-half (210; 52.5%) were very satisfied with convenience of obtaining prescribed medicines in the PHCs, accessibility of PHC to abode (158;39.5%) and affordable medications (136;34.0%). Patients were dissatisfied with follow-up of care (191; 47.8%), courtesy of workers (184; 46.3%) and non-availability of medicines (138;34.5%). Number of drugs per encounter was 5.8±2.3 and % encounter with an antibiotic was >26.8% in each facility. Hematinics accounted for (814; 35.0%), analgesics (544; 23.4%), antimicrobials (303;13.0%) and antihypertensives (5; 0.2%). Conclusion: Primary healthcare attendees were satisfied with medication costs affordability and accessibility of PHC to abode but expressed dissatisfaction with follow-up of care and courtesy of workers. Also, inappropriate prescriptions characterized by polypharmacy and overuse of antibiotics were common underscoring the need for regular training of PHC workers on rational drug use and instituting appropriate measures for improvement. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Healthcare workers; Prescribing patterns; Primary healthcare	amoxicillin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin plus cloxacillin; artesunate; ascorbic acid; cefalexin; cefixime; cefuroxime; ciprofloxacin; cotrimoxazole; cyanocobalamin; diclofenac; doxycycline; erythromycin; ferrous sulfate; folic acid; gentamicin; ibuprofen; magnesium trisilicate; metronidazole; multivitamin; ofloxacin; paracetamol; procaine penicillin; sulfadimidine; tetracycline; unindexed drug; vitamin B complex; zinc sulfate; adolescent; adult; Article; cross-sectional study; drug cost; drug use; female; health care delivery; health care facility; health care practice; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; patient satisfaction; polypharmacy; prescription; prospective study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941341158	New pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introductions in four sub-saharan african countries: A cross-country analysis of health systems’ impacts	Torres-Rueda S., Burchett H.E., Griffiths U.K., Ongolo-Zogo P., Edengue J.-M., Kitaw Y., Molla M., Gelmon L., Onyango-Ouma W., Konate M., Mounier-Jack S.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	3	10.4314/ahs.v15i3.22	Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Ministry of Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Bamako, Mali; University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada	Torres-Rueda, S., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Burchett, H.E., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Griffiths, U.K., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Ongolo-Zogo, P., Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Edengue, J.-M., Ministry of Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Kitaw, Y., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Molla, M., Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gelmon, L., University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Onyango-Ouma, W., University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Konate, M., Bamako, Mali; Mounier-Jack, S., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Background: Pneumonia is a main cause of under-five mortality in low-income settings. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been introduced in many countries as a tool in the disease’s prevention. Although PCV’s effectiveness has been established, less is known about the effects of introducing additional injectable vaccines into routine immunisation programmes, particularly in the context of resource-constrained settings. Objectives: To explore the effects of PCV introduction on the immunisation programmes and health systems in four low-income countries. Methods: This study was carried out in Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya and Mali. Three to four regions and nine to 10 districts were selected within each country. Semi-structured interviews were carried out at national, regional and district levels (n=173). Researcher-administered questionnaires were completed with facility staff (n=124). Routine data on monthly vaccination activities were collected at district and facility levels. Results: PCV was generally well integrated into existing routine immunisation. Little or no impact was found in most areas of the health systems. Some minor effects were found on immunisation programmes, particularly in areas with either planning activities or investments e.g. staff skills were strengthened and there were limited improvements in surveillance. Although health sector workers perceived increases in the coverage of other vaccines following the introduction of PCV, routine service data did not confirm this claim. No substantial impacts were seen in health system management, service delivery or performance. Conclusions: The introduction of PCV had marginal impacts on the Expanded Programme for Immunisation and little to none on broader health systems. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Health systems’ impacts; Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; Sub-Saharan	Pneumococcus vaccine; Article; Cameroon; controlled study; Ethiopia; health care delivery; health care management; health care planning; health care quality; health care system; human; income; investment; Kenya; Mali; medical staff; preventive health service; questionnaire; semi structured interview; vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861311153	Comparative performance of HbA1c 6.5% for FPG &gt;7.0 vs 2hr PG&gt;11.1 criteria for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes	Adamu A.N.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	3	None	Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Adamu, A.N., Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Background: International expert committee on the use of HbA1c to diagnose diabetes mellitus in 2009 and World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 has advocated the use of HbA1c to diagnose diabetes mellitus. Objective: To determine and compare the relationship between the new cut off value of HbA1c with established criteria. Methods: Thirty-one hypertensive subjects attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital were recruited for HbA1c and standard oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and two-hour plasma glucose (2hrpp) value of e"126mg/dl and >200mg/dl were used as standard respectively for diagnosis of diabetes. The HbA1c of e"6.5% was used to diagnose diabetes. The performance and correlation of HbA1c with FPG and 2hrpp were calculated and results were compared. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 53.97±6.27years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), efficiency and correlation of FPG is 50%, 68%, 27%, 85%, 64% and 0.5 respectively while the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, efficiency and correlation of 2hrpp is 73.91%, 62.5%,85%, 41.66%, 70.97% and 0.73% respectively. There was a significant difference between FPG and 2hrpp interms of sensitivity, PPV and NPV. Conclusion: The results of HbA1c with 2hrpp has better correlation, sensitivity, and PPV compared to HbA1c with FPG.	2-hour post-prandial glucose; Diabetes diagnosis; Fasting plasma glucoe; HbA1c	glucose; hemoglobin A1c; glycosylated hemoglobin; hemoglobin A1c protein, human; adult; article; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diet restriction; female; glucose blood level; human; hypertension; male; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; oral glucose tolerance test; predictive value; sensitivity and specificity; standard; university hospital; blood; cross-sectional study; glucose blood level; glucose tolerance test; middle aged; reference value; Blood Glucose; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960976329	Evaluation of the physicochemical equivalence of three brands of commercially available quinine sulphate tablets from South Western part of Nigeria	Adegbite A.I., Adegbolagun O.M.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	2	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adegbite, A.I., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adegbolagun, O.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: The relatively little resistance to quinine globally has led to an increase in its use in P. falciparum malaria especially in multi-drug resistant strains. Objective: To evaluate the physicochemical and equivalency of three brands of quinine sulphate tablets available in South Western region of Nigeria. Methods: The pharmaceutical and chemical equivalence of three brands of quinine sulphate tablets were assessed through the evaluation of some biopharmaceutical parameters and active drug content. Results: All the brands complied with the official specification for uniformity of weight. Two of the brands (A & B) gave similar crushing strengths while the third brand (C) gave a much lower value. Similarly all the brands complied with the official specification of disintegration test but the obtained values were statistically different (p<0.05). The T70 obtained from the dissolution rate profile was less than 45 minutes for the three brands, although A and B were not statistically different but C was statistically from A and B. The quinine content of brands B and C are within the official specification however brand A with percentage content of 110±1.3%w/w, is above the specification while it is statistically different from the other brands. Conclusion: Brands B and C could be regarded as chemical equivalent, but they are not biopharmaceutical equivalents, on the other hand, brands A and B may be regarded as biopharmaceutical equivalents but not chemical equivalent.	Biopharmaceutical equivalence; Chemical equivalence; Non-aqueous titration; Quinine sulphate tablets	quinine sulfate; article; biopharmaceutical equivalence; chemical equivalence; controlled study; crushing strength; drug determination; drug dosage form comparison; drug purity; drug solubility; Nigeria; pharmacological parameters; physical chemistry; tablet disintegration; Antimalarials; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drugs, Generic; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Quality Control; Quinine; Solubility; Tablets; Therapeutic Equivalency	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896065245	Evaluation of haematological, hepatic and renal functions of petroleum tanker drivers in Lagos, Nigeria	Awodele O., Sulayman A.A., Akintonwa A.	2014	African Health Sciences	14	1	None	Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Awodele, O., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Sulayman, A.A., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Akintonwa, A., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Hydrocarbons which are among the major components of petroleum products are considered toxic and have been implicated in a number of human diseases. Tanker drivers are continuously exposed to hydrocarbons by inhalation and most of these drivers do not use protective devices to prevent inhalation of petroleum products; nor do they visit hospital regularly for routine check-up. Objective: In view of this occupational hazard, we investigated the haematological, renal and hepatic functions of workers of petroleum tankers drivers in Lagos, Nigeria. Method: Twenty-five tanker drivers' and fifteen control subjects were randomly selected based on the selection criteria of not smoking and working for minimum of 5 years as petroleum tanker driver. The liver, renal and haematological parameters were analyzed using automated clinical and haematological analyzers while the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant level tests were assayed using standard methods. Results: There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in the levels of serum alanine amino transferase (31.14±13.72; 22.38±9.89), albumin (42.50±4.69; 45.36±1.74) and alkaline phosphatase (84.04±21.89; 62.04±23.33) of petroleum tanker drivers compared with the controls. A significant (p≤0.05) increase in the levels of creatinine, urea and white blood cells of the tanker drivers, compared with the controls, were also obtained. Conclusion: The results have enormous health implications of continuous exposure to petroleum products reflected hepatic and renal damage of petroleum tanker drivers. Therefore, there is need for this group of workers to be sensitized on the importance of protective devises, regular medical checkup and management. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.	Hydrocarbons; Liver functions; Oxidative stress; Petroleum tanker drivers; Renal	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; creatinine; petroleum; urea; adult; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; article; autoanalyzer; controlled study; driver; eye infection; health status; hematological parameters; hematology analyzer; human; kidney function; kidney injury; leukocyte; lipid peroxidation; liver function; liver injury; major clinical study; Nigeria; occupational exposure; occupational hazard; ocular pruritus; rash; skin infection; thorax pain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053619329	Prescribing practices for malaria in a rural Ugandan hospital: Evaluation of a new malaria treatment policy	Ucakacon P.S., Achan J., Kutyabami P., Odoi A.R., Kalyango N.J.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	SPEC. ISSUE	None	Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda	Ucakacon, P.S., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Achan, J., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kutyabami, P., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Odoi, A.R., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kalyango, N.J., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Increasing resistance to first line antimalarial drugs led to a change in the antimalarial policy of Uganda in 2005. Successful implementation of this policy depends on changing prescribing patterns of health workers. Objectives: To describe prescribing patterns for malaria and associated factors in a rural Ugandan hospital following a change in antimalarial treatment policy from chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to artemisinin-based combination therapies. Methods: From the outpatients register, 715 prescriptions for malaria were reviewed. Data was collected on patient demographics, prescriber factors and prescription patterns. Prescriptions were considered to conform to the new antimalarial policy if artemether-lumefantrine was prescribed for uncomplicated malaria or quinine for treatment failure or complicated malaria. Results: The most frequently prescribed antimalarials for uncomplicated and complicated malaria were artemetherlumefantrine (n=564, 88.5%) and quinine (n=66, 84.6%) respectively. The proportion of prescriptions conforming to the new antimalarial treatment policy was 88.1% (n=630). Predictors of conformity were: duration in service of less than 6 years (OR=3.40. CI=1.24-9.33), prescriber's profession (OR=97.51, CI=27.29-348.34) and diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria (OR=10.13, CI=3.37-30.42). Conclusions: Adequate training and provision of information relevant to the needs of different cadres of health workers is needed to promote effective uptake of new treatment policies.	Malaria policy; Malaria treatment; Prescribing practices	artemether plus benflumetol; chloroquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; article; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; drug choice; female; health care need; health care policy; human; malaria; male; medical decision making; practice guideline; prescription; professional competence; professional standard; rural population; school child; treatment planning; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Policy; Hospitals, Rural; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Physician's Practice Patterns; Prescriptions; Registries; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893907742	Evaluation of some anthropometric indices for the diagnosis of obesity in pregnancy in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study	Okereke C.E., Anyaehie U.B., Dim C.C., Iyare E.E., Nwagha U.I.	2013	African Health Sciences	13	4	10.4314/ahs.v13i4.25	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu, Nigeria	Okereke, C.E., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Anyaehie, U.B., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Dim, C.C., Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu, Nigeria; Iyare, E.E., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Nwagha, U.I., Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: Obesity in pregnancy is a global health problem which is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. The use of weight and height, measured at about ten weeks of gestation, to produce pre-gestational body mass index is recommended for the diagnoses of the condition but limitations abound in under resourced settings. Objectives: To measure anthropometric indices such as mid upper arm circumference, calf circumference, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio, for identification of obesity in pregnancy. Methods: Anthropometric measurements were carried out on cohorts of pregnant women from 4 hospitals in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria. Results: There were no significant difference in the mean mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) across the trimester groups. The mean values of waist circumferences, hip circumference and waist to hip ratios changed significantly across the trimesters. The 75th percentile of MUAC (33 cm) and CC (39 cm) in all trimesters, had sensitivity and specificity of more than 70% for identifying obesity in pregnancy. Conclusion: MUAC and CC values of 33cm and 39cm respectively might be reliable cut off points for diagnoses of obesity throughout pregnancy in Enugu, Nigeria.	Anthropometric indices; Body mass index; Nigeria; Obesity; Oregnancy	adolescent; adult; anatomy and histology; anthropometry; arm; body composition; body mass; cross-sectional study; evaluation study; female; human; Nigeria; obesity; pregnancy; procedures; sensitivity and specificity; waist circumference; waist hip ratio; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Anthropometry; Arm; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Nigeria; Obesity; Pregnancy; Sensitivity and Specificity; Waist Circumference; Waist-Hip Ratio; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859874750	Facial approximation: Evaluation of dental and facial proportions with height	Esan T.A., Oziegbe O.E., Onapokya H.O.	2012	African Health Sciences	12	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Scie	Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oziegbe, O.E., Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Onapokya, H.O., Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background: Fabrication of complete dentures requires the use of certain guidelines which are placed on the bite blocks to assist the clinician to have the maxillary anterior teeth restored to optimal dento-labial relations, in harmony with the overall facial appearance. Objective: To explore if any relationship exists between dental and facial proportions as well as the height of the individuals. Methods: Two hundred and four dental students of the Obafemi Awolowo University volunteered to participated in the study. The lower facial height, inter incisal, inter canine, and intercommisure distances, as well as the height of the participants were measured. The data were imputed, analyzed, and reported as simple frequency, means and standard deviations using the SPSS vs 11. Statistical significance was inferred at p<0.05. Result: The mean values of all the parameters measured were significantly higher in males than females. None of the mean values measured were coincident. However, a significant correlation exists between intercanine and interincisal distances(r=0.8) while a weak but significant negative correlation exists between the intercanine distance and the difference of the intercommisural and intercanine distances (r=-0.4) Conclusion: The study showed no relationship between intercanine distance, interincisal distance, lower facial height, and the height of the participants with the intercommissural distance. Hence, intercommissural distance may not be used in marking canine line during bite registration procedure. At best, 1.75-2.45 cm should be subtracted from the intercommissural distance to determine the intercanine distance.	Facial measurements; Intercanine; Intercommisure	adolescent; adult; anthropometric parameters; article; body height; clinical evaluation; controlled study; craniofacial morphology; dental health; dentistry; denture; face profile; facies; female; human; intercanine distance; intercommisural distance; interincisal distance; male; mouth examination; sex difference; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Body Height; Cephalometry; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cuspid; Dental Arch; Esthetics, Dental; Face; Female; Humans; Incisor; Male; Nigeria; Odontometry; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tooth Crown; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960981190	Evaluation of the LTK63 adjuvant effect on cellular immune responses to measles virus nucleoprotein	Erume J., Partidos C.D.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	2	None	Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pathology and Infectious diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1, United Kingdom	Erume, J., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Partidos, C.D., Department of Pathology and Infectious diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1, United Kingdom	Background: A lot of pathogens enter the body via the nasal route. The construction of non-toxic mutants of heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT), which is a potent mucosal adjuvant, represents a major breakthrough for the development of mucosal vaccines. Objective: This study was undertaken to critically evaluate the adjuvanticity of the mutant of LT (LTK63) on the cellular immune responses to intranasally co-administered recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein (rMVNP). Methods: Groups of CBA mice were immunized intranasally with rMVNP with or without LT or LTK63 as adjuvants. Another group was immunized subcutaneously with rMVNP in Freund's adjuvant. rMVNP and measles virus (MV) were used in a proliferation assay to test the LTK63 potentiating ability to induce T cell responses. Subsequently MVNP synthetic peptides spanning the length of the N protein were used with a proliferation assay to identify the T cell epitopes. Results: Splenocytes from mice immunized intranasally with rMVNP plus LT or LTK63, showed strong dose dependent proliferative responses to both the MVNP and MV. However, proliferative responses from the latter group were significantly lower than the former group (P < 0.05). Splenocytes tested recognized peptides 20, 21, 28, 31, 39, 40 and 50, suggesting these to be among important epitopes. Subcutaneous route was not effective in priming for T cell responses to rMVNP. Conclusion: These data further demonstrate the great potential of LTK63 as a safe mucosal vaccine adjuvant.	Adjuvant; Cellular; Evaluation; Immunity; LTK63; Mice	epitope; Escherichia coli enterotoxin; Freund adjuvant; immunological adjuvant; ltk 63; mutant protein; recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein; unclassified drug; virus nucleoprotein; animal cell; animal experiment; antigen recognition; article; cellular immunity; controlled study; dose response; female; lymphocyte proliferation; measles; Measles virus; nonhuman; spleen cell; T lymphocyte; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Cell Proliferation; Enterotoxins; Epitopes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Mucosal; Measles virus; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Nucleoproteins; Spleen; Vaccines; Viral Proteins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645861126	Evaluation of CD4+/CD8+ status and urinary tract infections associated with urinary schistosomiasis among some rural Nigerians	Nmorsi O.P.G., Ukwandu N.C.D., Egwungenya O.A., Obhiemi N.U.	2005	African Health Sciences	5	2	None	Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Nmorsi, O.P.G., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria, P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukwandu, N.C.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Egwungenya, O.A., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Obhiemi, N.U., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Background: Data on urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria are mainly epidemological. The knowledge of co-infections of urinary schistosomiasis and other pathogens are important epidemiological tools for the control and health benefits of the rural dwellers. The granulomatous reactions in urinary schistosomiasis is CD4+ dependent. The CD8+ is cytotoxic to parasites and it is activated by CD4+. These parameters therefore participate in the immune responses to urinary schistosomiasis Objective: In this study, we evaluated the polyparasitism involving urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections among some rural Nigerians. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and status with age groups in years were also investigated. Methods: Parasitological investigation using ova on urine was carried out on 216 volunteers. The urine samples were examined for bacteriuria and subsequently subjected to standard microbiological urine culture. CD4+/CD8+ were determined using the CD T4 Dynabead techniques. Data were analysed using MicroSoft Excel. Results: The inhabitants with light infections of urinary schistosomiasis as indicated by &lt;50 ova /10ml of urine had a mean CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.57 while those with heavy infections as shown by &gt;50 ova/10ml of urine had a relatively lower CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.03. In all, the overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.23 was recorded with the mean CD4+ count of 257.96 cells/μL, and the mean CD8+ count of 210.45cells /μL. Comparatively, the control uninfected subjects had a CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 5.97. The CD4+ and the CD8+ counts were correlated with the ova of S. haematobium in their urine samples at r = 0.0108 and r = 0.516 respectively. The bacteriuria, urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections namely; Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. Saprophyticus were reported in the urine cultures of 48(22.0%) volunteers. Conclusion: The mean overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of urinary schistosomiasis infected persons is 1.23 which is above the normal CD4+: CD8+ ratio of 1. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and counts of the urinary schistosomiasis infected inhabitants were lower than the uninfected inhabitants. The positive correlation between the CD4+: CD8+ and the S. haematobium ova shows a relationship which indicate an increase of the CD4+: CD8+ as the intensity of infection increases. We report polyparasitism of S. haematobium and urinary tracts co-infections among some rural inhabitants in Ikpeshi, Nigeria. It is therefore imperative to incorporate the management of urinary tract infections in urinary schistosomiasis control programme.	CD4+; CD8+; Rural Nigerians; Urinary schistosomiasis; Urinary tract infections	adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; bacteriuria; CD4 CD8 ratio; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; child; computer program; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease severity; Escherichia coli; human; immune response; infection control; infection prevention; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; Nigeria; oocyte; parasite examination; prevalence; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; rural area; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcus saprophyticus; superinfection; urinalysis; urinary tract infection; urine culture; female; male; middle aged; preschool child; rural population; Adolescent; Adult; CD4-CD8 Ratio; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Rural Population; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Urinary Tract Infections	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954557817	In vivo anti-plasmodial activities and toxic impacts of lime extract of a combination of Picralima nitida, Alstonia boonei and Gongronema latifolium in mice infected with Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei	Idowu E.T., Ajaegbu H.C., Omotayo A.I., Aina O.O., Otubanjo O.A.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	4	10.4314/ahs.v15i4.27	Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Nigeria; Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Nigeria	Idowu, E.T., Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Ajaegbu, H.C., Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Nigeria; Omotayo, A.I., Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Aina, O.O., Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Nigeria; Otubanjo, O.A., Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Lime extracts of powdered combination of seeds of Picralima nitida, stem bark of Alstonia boonei and leaves of Gongronema latifolium is a common remedy used in the treatment of malaria in South Western Nigeria. Objective: To determine the antiplasmodial activities of the combined herbal extracts and its impact on the haematological, hepatological and renological parameters in mice. Methods: The 4-day suppressive and curative tests were used to assess the antiplasmodial activities of the extract in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei at concentration of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight. The haematological parameters including red blood cells, white blood cells, packed cell volume and haemoglobin count were analysed with an auto analyser. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined, while urea, protein and creatinine were analysed by standard procedural methods. Results: The 4-day suppressive test revealed that the test extract achieved percentage suppression of 39.0%, 41.6% and 54.68% for the 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg concentration respectively. Additionally, the curative test achieved a high percentage suppression of 80.97%, 83.84% and 86.16% at the 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg concentration respectively. The extracts did not induce significant change on haematological parameters (P>0.05), while significant elevation in the values of the ALT and AST (P<0.05) was observed and elevation of creatinine (P<0.05) at 800mg/kg. Conclusions: The results support the traditional use of the herbal combination in the treatment of malaria, however the liver cells were impacted by the extracts in bioassay conducted with mice. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Alstonia boonei; Gongronema latifolium; In vivo anti-plasmodial lime extract; Mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium berghei; Picralima nitida	alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; Alstonia boonei extract; antimalarial agent; aspartate aminotransferase; chloroquine; creatinine; Gongronema latifolium extract; hemoglobin; herbaceous agent; Picralima nitida extract; protein; unclassified drug; urea; adult; alanine aminotransferase blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; Alstonia; Alstonia boonei; animal experiment; animal model; antimalarial activity; Apocynaceae; Article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; autoanalyzer; controlled study; creatinine blood level; erythrocyte count; female; Gongronema latifolium; hemoglobin blood level; in vivo study; leukocyte count; male; mouse; Nigeria; nonhuman; Picralima nitida; plant leaf; plant stem; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium berghei infection; protein blood level; traditional medicine; urea blood level	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893970684	Attitude of Lesotho health care workers towards HIV/AIDS and impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure	Belle J.A., Ferriera S.B., Jordaan A.	2013	African Health Sciences	13	4	10.4314/ahs.v13i4.36	Disaster Risk Management Training and Education Centre for Africa, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Belle, J.A., Disaster Risk Management Training and Education Centre for Africa, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Ferriera, S.B., Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Jordaan, A., Disaster Risk Management Training and Education Centre for Africa, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Background: The impact and management of HIV/AIDS in Lesotho in the context of disaster management was investigated. Objectives: Lesotho health care workers' perception on HIV/AIDS progression, whether HIV/AIDS was managed as a disaster, and the impact on the demographic profile was investigated. Methods: The empirical investigation included a literature study, and primary and secondary data analyses. Questionnaires (n=116) determined health care workers' perception of HIV/AIDS. Interviews with officers of Lesotho Disaster Management determined how HIV/AIDS was managed as a disaster. National population censuses and data from surveys were summarised to describe the impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure. Results: Respondents' modal age group was 25 to 39 years, 28.4% viewed HIV/AIDS related deaths as very high and perceived that HIV/AIDS changed the age composition, sex and dependency ratio of the population. Although HIV/ AIDS was declared a disaster, the Lesotho Disaster Management Authority only aided the National AIDS Commission. There was evidence that HIV/AIDS caused the population pyramid base to shrink, and an indentation in the active population. Conclusion: Health care workers attributed HIV/AIDS to changing the demographic profile of Lesotho, also reflected in the population pyramid. Lesotho Disaster Management Authority played a supporting role in HIV/AIDS disaster management.	Disaster management; Health care workers; HIV/AIDS; Lesotho; Population	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; attitude to health; female; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; Lesotho; male; middle aged; perception; psychology; questionnaire; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Lesotho; Male; Middle Aged; Perception; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883700146	Evaluation and comparison of in-vitro dissolution profiles for different brands of amoxicillin capsules	Kassaye L., Genete G.	2013	African Health Sciences	13	2	10.4314/ahs.v13i2.25	Food and Medicine quality Control Laboratory, Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kassaye, L., Food and Medicine quality Control Laboratory, Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Genete, G., Food and Medicine quality Control Laboratory, Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Amoxicillin is an oral semi-synthetic, β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible micro organisms. It is usually prepared in capsule, tablet and powder for oral suspension form. Solid dosage forms for oral administration pose bioavailability problems related to the absorption process The World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted the use of generic brands in order to make the cost of medicines affordable. Generic substitution could be considered when a generic copy of a reference drug contains identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dose formulation and route of administration. However, the presences of generic products those are not interchangeable with that of the innovator and/or with each others have been reported. Objective: To evaluate and compare the in-vitro dissolution profiles of different generic brands of amoxicillin capsules with the innovator that are available in Ethiopian market. Methods: Dissolution profiles for nine brands of amoxicillin capsules contained amoxicillin 500 mg which are available in Ethiopian market were determined using a method from the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP, 2009). The obtained dissolution profile data of the eight brands were evaluated and compared with the innovator brand (Amoxil™) using two different statistical methods: the fit factors (f1 & f2) and the dissolution efficiency (D.E.) model. Most generic brands of amoxicillin capsules (62.5% of the tested brands) are not interchangeable with the innovator brand. Results: The calculated f1 factor for Brand A and Brand G are 10.1 and 1.1 respectively. However, for the rest six brands the f1 factors are greater than 15. The f2 factor for Brand G is 74.1 and for Brand A is 48.5 which is near to 50. Similarly, the f2 factors for the six brands are less than 50 which support the result of the f1 factors for the dissimilarity of these brands with the innovator brand. The mean dissolution efficiencies as well as the 95% confidence intervals are within ±10% only for two brands, Brand F and Brand G. Conclusion: Most generic brands of amoxicillin capsules (62.5%) are not interchangeable with the innovator brand (Amoxil™).	Amoxicillin; Dissolution profile; Evaluation and comparison	amoxicillin; generic drug; article; comparative study; controlled study; drug capsule; drug solubility; drug structure; in vitro study; tablet disintegration time; amoxicillin; Dissolution profile; evaluation and comparison; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Availability; Capsules; Ethiopia; Solubility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930061414	Evaluation of the diagnostic performance and operational characteristics of four rapid immunochromatographic syphilis tests in burkina faso	Bocoum F.Y., Ouédraogo H., Tarnagda G., Kiba A., Tiendrebeogo S., Bationo F., Liestman B., Diagbouga S., Zarowsky C., Traoré R.O., Kouanda S.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	2	10.4314/ahs.v15i2.8	Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Free Afrik, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; University of Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine (CRTS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States; Université de Ouagadougou, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie	Bocoum, F.Y., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Free Afrik, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, University of Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Ouédraogo, H., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Tarnagda, G., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Kiba, A., Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine (CRTS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Tiendrebeogo, S., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Bationo, F., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Liestman, B., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States; Diagbouga, S., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Zarowsky, C., University of Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Traoré, R.O., Université de Ouagadougou, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie; Kouanda, S., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso	Background and objective: Little information is available on the rapid diagnostic testing for syphilis in Burkina Faso. The objectives of the study were (i) to assess the sensitivity and specificity of four on site rapid tests in comparison with Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) as a gold standard and (ii) to evaluate the operational characteristics of those tests among health workers in a maternity unit. Methods: Four rapid syphilis tests commercially available in Burkina Faso were evaluated using archived serum samples and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) as the gold standard. Blood samples were collected between November 2011 and June 2012 from blood donors at the Regional Blood Transfusion Center of Ouagadougou. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests were calculated. Evaluation of operational characteristics such as clarity of pamphlet, complexity of technique, duration, was conducted in a first-level healthcare center with health workers in maternity unit. Results: Alere DetermineTM Syphilis was the most sensitive of the four rapid syphilis tests evaluated. It was followed by SD Bioline Syphilis 3.0, Cypress Diagnostics Syphilis Quick test and Accu-Tell ® Rapid Anti-TP, which was the least sensitive. The four tests demonstrated a good diagnostic specificity for syphilis (95–98%), and healthcare workers found them easy to use. Conclusions: The study allowed confirming the good performance of three of four rapid syphilis tests in Burkina Faso. More research will be conducted to assess the feasibility of introducing selected rapid tests for syphilis in antenatal care services. © 2015 Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Burkina Faso; Performance; Rapid test; Syphilis	Article; blood sampling; Burkina Faso; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; cypress diagnostics syphilis quick test; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; human; intermethod comparison; rapid anti Treponema pallidum test; SD bioline syphilis 3.0 test; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; syphilis; syphilis rapid test; syphilis Treponema pallidum test; Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864375259	Evidence-based monitoring and evaluation of the faith-based approach to HIV prevention among Christian and Muslim youth in Wakiso district in Uganda	Kagimu M., Kaye S., Ainomugisha D., Lutalo I., Walakira Y., Guwatudde D., Rwabukwali C.	2012	African Health Sciences	12	2	10.4314/ahs.v12i2.7	Islamic Medical Association of Uganda, Uganda; Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Uganda; Department of Sociology, Makerere University, Uganda; Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda	Kagimu, M., Islamic Medical Association of Uganda, Uganda, Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda, Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Uganda; Kaye, S., Islamic Medical Association of Uganda, Uganda, Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda; Ainomugisha, D., Islamic Medical Association of Uganda, Uganda; Lutalo, I., Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda; Walakira, Y., Islamic Medical Association of Uganda, Uganda; Guwatudde, D., Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda; Rwabukwali, C., Department of Sociology, Makerere University, Uganda	Background: The Islamic Medical Association of Uganda, has been implementing the faith-based approach to HIV prevention without baseline data on expected positive outcomes. Objectives: To establish evidence-based baseline data on expected positive outcomes of the faith-based approach to HIV prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 15-24 year-old youths was analyzed for significant associations between HIV infections, risky behaviors, and religiosity. Results: HIV prevalence was 3.6% among Christians and 2.4% among Muslims. Abstaining from sex among teenagers was at 54% for Christians and 58% for Muslims. Being faithful in marriage among males was at 41% for Christians and 34% for Muslims and among females it was 65% for Christians and 69% for Muslims. Praying privately was associated with lower HIV infections and was observed among 60% of Christians. Sujda, the hyperpigmented marker of regular prayers on the forehead of Muslims was associated with lower HIV infections and observed in 42% of them. Ever drank alcohol was associated with higher HIV prevalence and observed in 52% of Christians and 17% of Muslims. Male circumcision rates were 15% for Christians and 98% for Muslims. Conclusion: A sero-behavioral-religiosity survey can provide evidence-based data for monitoring and evaluation of the faith-based approach to HIV prevention.	Christians; Evidence-based; Faith-based approach; HIV prevention; Monitoring and evaluation; Muslims	adolescent; adult; article; christian; circumcision; cross-sectional study; disease association; drinking behavior; evaluation; evidence based practice; female; health survey; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; juvenile; male; marriage; monitoring; moslem; outcome assessment; prevalence; religion; sexual behavior; Uganda; Adolescent; Christianity; Confidence Intervals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Islam; Male; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Religion; Religion and Sex; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Self Report; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Socioeconomic Factors; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949506726	Impact of mouth rinsing before sputum collection on culture contamination	Muzanye G., Morgan K., Johnson J., Mayanja-Kizza H.	2009	African Health Sciences	9	3	None	Makerere-Case Western Reserve University, Research Collaboration, P. O. Box, Uganda; Joint Clinical Research Centre, TB Lab., Uganda; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, United States; Makerere University, Department of Medicine, Uganda	Muzanye, G., Makerere-Case Western Reserve University, Research Collaboration, P. O. Box, Uganda; Morgan, K., Joint Clinical Research Centre, TB Lab., Uganda; Johnson, J., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, United States; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Makerere University, Department of Medicine, Uganda	[No abstract available]	None	article; bacterium contamination; drug sensitivity; fungal contamination; human; Indonesia; medical education; medical practice; mouth flora; mouth hygiene; Pakistan; patient care; sputum culture; tuberculosis; Humans; Mouth; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Reproducibility of Results; Specimen Handling; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941344422	Sonographic evaluation of the spleen among sickle cell disease patients in a teaching hospital in Nigeria	Eze C.U., Offordile G.C., Agwuna K.K., Ocheni S., Nwadike I.U., Chukwu B.F.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	3	10.4314/ahs.v15i3.32	Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Radiation Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; P	Eze, C.U., Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Offordile, G.C., Radiation Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Agwuna, K.K., Radiation Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Ocheni, S., Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwadike, I.U., Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Chukwu, B.F., Paediatrics, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: Regional variations in size and parenchyma echo-texture of the spleen among sickle cell disease (SCD) patients have been documented in various publications. The objectives of this study were to assess the size and parenchyma echo-texture of the spleen of SCD patients and ascertain the relationship of age, height and weight with the spleen sizes. Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving 103 each of SCD and age matched control subjects. Aloka ST-550-3500 ultrasound machine with 3.5 and 5 MHz convex transducers was used to scan the subjects over a 15 months period (September, 2012 to November, 2013). The age, height and weight of each subject were recorded. Results: The spleen sizes of SCD patients were generally larger than those of the controls (p < 0.05). Abnormal spleen parenchyma of varied appearances was found among the SCD subjects. There were negative correlations between mean spleen sizes and height, weight and age in SCD patients but positive correlations were found between them in the controls. Conclusion: Routine sonographic assessment of spleen size and echo-texture is useful in the management of SCD patients. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Nigerian population; Patient management; Sickle cell disease; Sonography; Spleen morphology	adolescent; adult; age; Article; body height; body weight; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; disease association; echography; female; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; preschool child; prospective study; radiological parameters; school child; sickle cell anemia; spleen examination; spleen parenchyma echo texture; spleen size; teaching hospital; ultrasound scanner; ultrasound transducer; young adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941367030	Evaluation of the anti-candidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of cleistopholis patens (Fam. Annonaceae) on candida species isolated from stage II HIV patients	Okechukwu D.C., Momoh M.A., Esimone C.O.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	3	10.4314/ahs.v15i3.12	Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit of Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, Nigeria	Okechukwu, D.C., Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit of Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Momoh, M.A., Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit of Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Esimone, C.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, Nigeria	Background: Candida species (sp) is implicated in causing opportunistic disseminated mycotic complications in stage II HIV patients. Cleistopholis patens is a West African medicinal tree reported to have significant antifungal activity against C. albicans. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the anti-candidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cleistopholis patens against Candida species isolated from stage II HIV patients. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and Nystatin®® was determined by agar dilution method. The killing rate studies of the plant extract and Nystatin® were also determined. Results: The extract had activity against all Candida isolates, with the MIC against the five isolates ranging from 6.0-9.8 mg/ml. Nystatin® also demonstrated plausible activity against the isolates with MICs ranging from 0.3125-25 mg/ml. Candida albicans strain 2 was the most sensitive to both extract and Nystatin® with MIC values of 6 and 0.3125 mg/ml respectively. Candida krusei was the least sensitive with MIC values of 9.8 and 25 mg/ml for the extract and Nystatin® respectively. The killing rate values for the extract ranged from-0.029 to-0.091 min-1 and that of Nystatin® ranged from-0.076 to-0.11216 min-1. Conclusions: The results indicate that the methanolic extract of Cleistopholis patens is a promising clinical alternative besides Nystatin® in the treatment of infections caused by Candida species in stage II HIV patients. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Anti-candidal activity; Candida; Cleistopholis patens; HIV Patients	antifungal agent; Cleistopholis patens extract; methanol; nystatin; plant extract; unclassified drug; agar dilution; Annonaceae; antifungal activity; Article; Candida; Candida albicans; Cleistopholis patens; concentration response; disease classification; disease severity; fungal strain; fungus isolation; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; opportunistic infection; Pichia kudriavzevii; plant leaf	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883700715	The impact of HIV/AIDS stigma on HIV counseling and testing in a high HIV prevalence population in Uganda	Ayiga N., Nambooze H., Nalugo S., Kaye D., Katamba A.	2013	African Health Sciences	13	2	10.4314/ahs.v13i2.12	Population Training and Research Unit, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Ayiga, N., Population Training and Research Unit, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Nambooze, H., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugo, S., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kaye, D., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Despite its importance in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, HIV/AIDS Counseling and Testing (HCT) is low in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease continues to be a serious public health problem. This has in part been attributed to HIV/AIDS related stigma. Objective: To assess the level of HIV/AIDS related stigma and its impact on uptake of HCT in a high HIV prevalence population in Uganda. Methods: The paper used cross-sectional data on 135 men and 185 women in reproductive ages. Data were analyzed using the Pearson's chi-square statistic and the random intercept binary logistic regression model to identify significant predictors of uptake of HCT. Results: The result shows that only 18.4% of the respondents, most of them men expressed highly stigmatizing attitudes against PLHA and 59%, men and women alike, received HCT. Uptake of HCT was higher among men (OR=1.89, p<0.01) and women (OR=4.48, p <0.001) who expressed least stigmatizing attitudes. Secondary/higher education, work in the informal sector and being ever married were significant predictors of uptake of HCT. Compared to men, women aged 25-34, 35+ and with one sexual partner were more likely to have received HCT. Conclusions: The low level of stigma, older age, higher level of education, being ever married and monogamous sexual relationships are significant predictors of increased uptake of HCT.	HIV counseling and Testing; Stigma; Uganda	adolescent; adult; article; attitude to illness; controlled study; counseling; educational status; employment status; female; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection rate; major clinical study; male; marriage; prediction; prevalence; sex difference; sexual behavior; social status; stigma; Uganda; HIV counseling and Testing; Stigma; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Counseling; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Sex Distribution; Social Stigma; Uganda; Young Adult	None
None	None	Molecular monitoring of resistant dhfr and dhps allelic haplotypes in Morogoro and Mvomero districts in south eastern Tanzania	Malisa A., Pearce R., Abdullah S., Mutayoba B., Mshinda H., Kachur P., Bloland P., Roper C.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	2	None	Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Morogoro, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) Ifakara, Kilombero District, Morogoro, Tanzania; Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Department of Veterinary Physiology Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Morogoro, Tanzania; Malaria Epidemiology Branch,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States	Malisa, A., Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Morogoro, Tanzania, Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) Ifakara, Kilombero District, Morogoro, Tanzania; Pearce, R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Abdullah, S., Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) Ifakara, Kilombero District, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mutayoba, B., Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Department of Veterinary Physiology Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mshinda, H., Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) Ifakara, Kilombero District, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kachur, P., Malaria Epidemiology Branch,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Bloland, P., Malaria Epidemiology Branch,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Roper, C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom	Background: Resistance to the antimalarial drug sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) emerged in Plasmodium falciparum from Asia in the 1960s and subsequently spread to Africa. In Tanzania, SP use as a national policy began in 1983 as a second line to chloroquine (CQ) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, until August 2001 when it was approved to replace CQ as a national first line. Objective: The present study assesses the frequency of resistant dhfr and dhps alleles in Morogoro-Mvomero district in south eastern Tanzania and contrast their rate of change during 17 years of SP second line use against five years of SP first line use. Methodology: Cross sectional surveys of asymptomatic infections were carried out at the end of rainy season during July- September of 2000, when SP was the national second line (CQ was the first line) and 2006 when SP was the national first line antimalarial treatment. Genetic analysis of SP resistance genes was carried out on 1,044 asymptomatic infections and the effect of the two policies on SP evolution compared. Results: The frequency of the most resistant allele, the double dhps-triple dhfr mutant genotype, increased by only 1% during 17 years of SP second line use, but there was a dramatic increase by 45% during five years of SP first line use. Conclusion: We conclude that National policy change from second line to first line SP, brought about an immediate shift in treatment practice and this in turn had a highly significant impact on drug pressure. The use of SP in specific programs only such as intermittent preventive treatment of infants (IPTi) and intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women (IPTp) will most likely reduce substantially SP selection pressure and the SP resistance alleles alike.	Plasmodium falciparum infection; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probing; Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine resistance	chloroquine; pyrimethamine; sulfadoxine; adult; allele; article; child; controlled study; dhfr gene; DHPS gene; female; gene; genetic analysis; genotype; haplotype; health care policy; health survey; human; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alleles; Antimalarials; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dihydropteroate Synthase; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Female; Genetic Variation; Haplotypes; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Middle Aged; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Plasmodium falciparum; Point Mutation; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pyrimethamine; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sulfadoxine; Tanzania; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858685782	Impact of directly observed sputum collection on sputum culture contamination rates	Muzanyi G., Angel M., Nakamate T., Ogwang S., Nyole S.	2012	African Health Sciences	11	4	None	Uganda-Case Western reserve university research collaboration, Uganda; Joint Clinical research center, Kampala, Uganda; National TB and leprosy control programme clinic, Mulago hospital, Uganda	Muzanyi, G., Uganda-Case Western reserve university research collaboration, Uganda; Angel, M., Uganda-Case Western reserve university research collaboration, Uganda; Nakamate, T., Uganda-Case Western reserve university research collaboration, Uganda; Ogwang, S., Joint Clinical research center, Kampala, Uganda; Nyole, S., National TB and leprosy control programme clinic, Mulago hospital, Uganda	[No abstract available]	None	article; controlled study; disinfection; human; laboratory test; major clinical study; microbial contamination; participant observation; patient education; sputum analysis; sputum culture; Equipment Contamination; Humans; Specimen Handling; Sputum; Tuberculosis	None
WoS	WOS:000208592600005	Impact of male circumcision on HIV risk compensation through the impediment of condom use in Botswana	Ayiga, N.,Letamo, G.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	4	None	University of Botswana, Populat Training & Res Unit	"Letamo, G.: University of Botswana",	Background: Male circumcision has been recommended as a method of reducing the risk of transmitting HIV. However, widespread uptake of male circumcision may lead to HIV risk compensation by impeding condom use. Objective: To investigate the impact of male circumcision on condom use. Methods: The study used cross-sectional data from the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey III on 1,257 men aged 15 years or older who were sexually active. Data were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square statistic and binary logistic regression. Results: The study found that 15% of circumcised men did not use condoms compared to 12% of uncircumcised men, and circumcision was not significantly associated with condom use. Non-use of condoms was significantly affected by religious beliefs, low level of education, marriage, drunkenness, and misconceptions regarding antiretroviral therapy (ART). Conclusions: We conclude that male circumcision does not impede condom use. Condom use is impeded by low level of education, marriage, drunkenness, and misconceptions regarding ART. We recommend the emphasis of consistent condom use targeting people with low education, those in marriage, users of alcohol, and people receiving ART.	BOTSWANA,"CONDOM USE","MALE CIRCUMCISION"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860830558	Embracing the mobile phone technology: Its social and linguistic impact with special reference to Zimbabwean Ndebele	Nkomo D., Khumalo L.	2012	African Identities	10	2	10.1080/14725843.2012.657832	School of Languages, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Linguistics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Nkomo, D., School of Languages, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Khumalo, L., Department of Linguistics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Mobile phone technology has revolutionised the art of communication across all societies. Access to this form of communication has made personal contact much easier than before, with mobile phone networks in many countries now reaching rural areas where fixed telephones were rare. However, the popularity of mobile phones and mobile text messaging has come to evoke excessive hype and hysteria about the kinds of cultural, social and psychological impacts that the new technology is having. Central among these is the concern about the way that standard use of language and conventional linguistic and communicative practices are affected. The mobile phone presents one area of study in which language change is evident. This article highlights how the mobile phone has been embraced among the Ndebele speaking people of Zimbabwe by discussing, among other things, the SMS language, turn-taking in telephone conversation and naming around the mobile phone. Having done that, it argues that the gadget is not solely responsible for all the undesirable linguistic and communicative developments mainly because mobile phone users are at times able to control technology. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	communication; culture; mobile phone; Ndebele language; SMS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953466525	Evaluation of the inhibitory potentials of eight higher Nigerian fungi against pathogenic microorganisms	Jonathan S.G., Kigigha L.T., Ohimain E.	2008	African Journal Biomedical Research	11	2	None	Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria	Jonathan, S.G., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Kigigha, L.T., Department of Biological Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria; Ohimain, E., Department of Biological Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria	Studies were carried out to determine antimicrobial potentials of crude and purified methanol extracts of some selected Nigerian mushrooms against some selected pathogenic microorganisms. The best in vitro antibacterial activity (24.0mm) was observed with the purified extract (PRE) of Polyporus giganteus against E. coli. This was followed in order by PRE of Pleurotus florida against K. pneumoniae with 22.0mm (P ≤ 0.05). Among the screened higher fungi, only the extracts of Pleurotus tuber-regium, were able to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. It was also observed that antifungal activities of these mushrooms were generally low. Candida albicans were inhibited by the extracts of P. giganteus and T. robustus only while other fungi produce no zone of inhibition The observed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. jodocodo against E. coli was 2.75mg/ml while that of T. robustus against M. bourlardii was 15.75mg/ml. The significance of these observations was discussed. © Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group.	Antimicrobial; Disease; Edible fungi; Extraction; Microorganisms	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; Fomes lignosus extract; Marasmius jodocodo extract; plant extract; Pleurotus florida extract; Pleurotus tuber regium extract; Polyporus giganteus extract; Psathyrella atroumbonata extract; Termitomyces microcarpus extract; Termitomyces robustus extract; unclassified drug; antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; article; bacterial growth; Candida albicans; controlled study; edible mushroom; Escherichia coli; Fomes lignosus; growth inhibition; in vitro study; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Marasmius jodocodo; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Pleurotus; Pleurotus florida; Pleurotus tuber regium; Polyporus giganteus; Psathyrella atroumbonata; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Termitomyces microcarpus; Termitomyces robustus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350304334	Pharmacological evaluation of oral hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects of fresh leaves ethanol extract of Morinda Lucida benth. in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Adeneye A.A., Agbaje E.O.	2008	African Journal Biomedical Research	11	1	None	Department of Pharmacology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria	Adeneye, A.A., Department of Pharmacology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Agbaje, E.O., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria	In the present study, 50 - 400 mg/kg of body weight/day of 50% ethanol extract of the fresh leaves of Morinda lucida Benth. (MLE) was investigated for its hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects in adult normal and alloxaninduced diabetic male rats for 7 days. Acute oral toxicity study of MLE at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight using Up-and-Down Procedure on statistical program, AOT425Pgm, was also conducted. Results showed that MLE significantly (p<0.05) lowered the fasting blood glucose (FBG) in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats in dose related fashion, and its effect was higher (p<0.001) than that of tolbutamide (Tolb.). Results suggest that MLE could be mediating its hypoglycemic effect via enhanced peripheral glucose utilization. Also, acute oral toxicity result showed MLE to be nonlethal at 2000 mg/kg of body weight. These results suggest that MLE could be relatively safe on acute exposure when administered to suspected diabetic patients. © Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group.	Fresh leaf methanol extract; Hypoglycemia; Morinda lucida Benth.; Normal and Alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Morinda lucida extract; oral antidiabetic agent; plant extract; tolbutamide; unclassified drug; alloxan diabetes mellitus; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug safety; glucose blood level; glucose utilization; hypoglycemia; male; Morinda; morinda lucida; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; toxicity testing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955022557	Assessment of village chicken production system and evaluation of the productive and reproductive performance of local chicken ecotype in bure district, North West Ethiopia	Moges F., Mellesse A., Dessie T.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	13	None	Andassa Livestock Research Center, P. O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hawassa University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Moges, F., Andassa Livestock Research Center, P. O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Mellesse, A., Hawassa University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Dessie, T., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A survey was conducted in Bure district, North West Ethiopia, from 2007 to 2008 to assess the existing village chicken production system. A participatory rural appraisal and a formal survey were used to collect all the relevant data, using a multi-stage sampling technique. Seven farmer administrative kebeles (two from high land, three from mid altitude and two from low land agro-ecologies) and a total of 280 village chicken owner households were considered for the study. The result revealed that the dominant (83%) chicken production system was an extensive/traditional type of production, using a majority (97%) of local chicken ecotypes, managed mainly on scavenging with seasonal supplementation of home grown grains and household food leftovers. The purposes of chicken production were sale for income (51.4%), egg hatching for replacement (45%), consumption (44.3%), use of birds for cultural and/or religious ceremonies (36.4%) and egg production (40.7%). The average flock size per household was 13 (ranged 1 - 57), with a hen to cock ratio of 3.7:1. Only 22.1% of chicken owners prepared a separate overnight house for birds and the rest (77.9%) kept birds in various night sheltering places. The result revealed that 97.5% of interviewed chicken owners experienced chicken disease problems, mainly Newcastle disease (98.2%). The result indicated that 95% of village chicken owners used only traditional means to treat sick birds. The average age of cockerels at first mating and pullets at first egg were 24.6 weeks and 27.5 weeks, respectively. The average number of eggs laid/clutch was 16 (ranged 8 - 28) and the number of total clutch periods/hen/year was 4 (ranged 2 - 6). The annual egg production performance of local hens, under farmer's management condition, was 60 eggs/hen (ranged 24 -112). The average number of eggs incubated/hen was 13 and 11 chicks, on average, were hatched from them. The average hatchability performance of local hens was 81.7%. However, survivability of young chicks was only 60.5% (ranged 0 -100%). High hatchability performance of local hens (81.7%) and high mortality of young chicks (39.5%) were the two contradictory features for the existing village chicken production system of the district. Seasonal diseases outbreaks (84.3%) and predation (11.4%) were the major causes of chicken loss in the district. Women were the major responsible members of the household involved in various chicken husbandry activities like cleaning bird's house (38.6%), feeding birds (81.7%), selling birds (83%) and selling eggs (54.6%). Only 37.5% of interviewed chicken owners got appropriate extension services related to modern chicken management practices. The result of the study revealed that there is a great interest to boost up the existing village chicken production and productivity. This should be considered as an opportunity and potential to design and implement interventions, aimed at improving production and productivity of village chicken in the district. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Ethiopia; Local chicken ecotypes; Village chicken production system	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951687163	Germplasm evaluation and enhancement for the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp dual-purpose F2 genotypes	Moalafi A.I., Asiwe J.A.N., Funnah S.M.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	7	None	ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X 1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Plant Production, University of North West, Mafikeng 2120, South Africa	Moalafi, A.I., ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X 1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Asiwe, J.A.N., ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X 1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Funnah, S.M., Department of Plant Production, University of North West, Mafikeng 2120, South Africa	Cowpea is an important grain legume as well as fodder crop, especially in the dry regions of South Africa. The production of this crop has been below average because of low genetic variation and cultivation of poor-yielding varieties which have not been improved. The potentials of cowpea F2 generation arising from crosses made from 55 exotic parental lines, introduced into South Africa were determined. F1 lines derived from the crosses were advanced to F2 lines in the glass-house, and the segregating F2 families were further evaluated in the field with their parental lines. The following data were collected from the progeny: number of pods per plant, 100 seed-weights, fodder yield, grain yield and harvest index. Results showed that F2 lines exhibited significant differences on all the parameters studied thus indicating the presence of genetic variability among the segregating progeny. Number of pods per plant, 100 seed-weight and harvest index showed higher significant differences. The F2 lines obtained a significant increase in number of pods per plant as compared to their parents, thus indicating the potentials of progeny for higher pod production. Harvest index for F2 lines varied between 0.16 and 0.60 (dual-purpose type), and are mostly medium cowpea types with dual purpose characteristics for producing grain for human consumption and fodder for livestock. These parameters should therefore receive highest priority in developing high yielding dual-purpose varieties. There are several promising F2 progenies which performed exceedingly well over the parents, so further screening is essential until their full potential is attained. © 2010 Academic Journals.	100 seed-weights; Dual-purpose; Germplasm; Harvest index; Segregating population; Vigna unguiculata	Animalia; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952657042	Farmer evaluation of phosphorus fertilizer application to annual legumes in Chisepo, central Malawi	Kamanga B.C.G., Whitbread A., Wall P., Waddington S.R., Almekinders C., Giller K.E.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	8	None	Bunda College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi; CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, P. M. B. 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia; CIMMYT, P.O. Box MP163, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Social Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AT Wageningen, Netherlands; Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AT Wageningen, Netherlands	Kamanga, B.C.G., Bunda College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi; Whitbread, A., CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, P. M. B. 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia; Wall, P., CIMMYT, P.O. Box MP163, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Waddington, S.R., CIMMYT, P.O. Box MP163, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Almekinders, C., Department of Social Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AT Wageningen, Netherlands; Giller, K.E., Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AT Wageningen, Netherlands	Building from the perception that farmers have an intimate knowledge of their local environment, production problems, crop priorities and criteria for evaluation, an on-farm experiment was conducted with farmers in 2003/4 in Chisepo, central Malawi, to evaluate the response of six annual legumes to phosphorus (P) (20 kg P ha-1 or no P fertilizer) application. The legumes were velvet bean, pigeonpea, soyabean, groundnut, bunch-type cowpea and Bambara groundnut. Twelve farmers hosted the experiments and each farmer formed a group of at least 4 other farmers to evaluate the legumes. Farmer participatory monitoring and evaluation of the legume and P combinations was conducted during the experiment to determine farmer preferences and acceptance of the technology. Measured grain yields, returns to labour and total costs of the P-fertilized legumes were compared with those for the unfertilized legumes. The application of P fertilizer significantly (P = 0.05) increased legume grain yields, particularly with velvet bean, and soyabean. However, use of P was not financially attractive and farmers were not interested to use P at the time. Farmers were more interested to maximize legume food production from their labour investment. Soyabean, groundnut and pigeonpea, grain legumes with high value as food, were considered to be priority crops by farmers over velvet bean, cowpea and Bambara groundnut. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Farmer participation; Financial analysis; Grain legume; Monitoring and evaluation; Phosphorus; Soil fertility	Arachis hypogaea; Bambara; Cajanus cajan; Glycine max; Mucuna	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650143643	Impact of climate variability on tomato production in Limpopo province, South Africa	Tshiala M.F., Olwoch J.M.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	21	None	Centre for Environmental Studies and Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Tshiala, M.F., Centre for Environmental Studies and Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Olwoch, J.M., Centre for Environmental Studies and Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The relationship between tomato production, monthly average temperature and seasonal average temperature in Limpopo province, South Africa during the period of 1971 - 2006 were investigated using statistical regression analysis methods. The motivation for selecting Limpopo in this study lies in the 66% tomato contribution to the tomato industry in South Africa. The results showed yearly peak values of tomato in the range of 200 000 - 228 000 tons from year 2000 to 2006. In this study, we analyzed the correlation of tomato records in Limpopo with climatic variables in order to assess the climate change effects of tomato production and food security in South Africa. Our results show that tomato yield increased by a factor of two from 1971 to 2006. Particularly, during autumn, spring, summer and winter, tomato yield increased by a factor of two respectively. It is noteworthy that the majority of months registered positive trends in tomato production, except February and June. These could be attributed to the application of robust farming practices and improved technology over the same period. However, from the trend analysis, results demonstrate that there are possible negative impacts of climate change on crop yield, especially on farmers without advanced technology and good modern agricultural practices. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Climate change; Climate variability; Limpopo; South Africa; Temperature; Tomato production	Lycopersicon esculentum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054008736	Evaluation of some robusta coffee (Coffea canephora pierre ex a. Froehner) clones for optimal density planting in Ghana	Anim-Kwapong G.J., Anim-Kwapong E., Oppong F.K.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	1	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana	Anim-Kwapong, G.J., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Anim-Kwapong, E., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Oppong, F.K., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana	Increasing productivity is a main objective in Robusta coffee improvement in Ghana. A field trial was established in 1998 to evaluate the potential of ten Robusta coffee clones for optimal density planting, at the experimental field of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana sub-station, Afosu. The clones were evaluated at three planting densities (1667, 2222 and 2667 trees ha -1) in a split plot design with three replicates, for yield and five vegetative traits namely: stem diameter, crown diameter, orthotropic internodes length, plagiotropic internodes length and number of bearing nodes per plagiotropic branch. Highly significant (P &lt; 0.00) interaction effects were observed for all parameters measured. The highest yields (averaging 1289.5 kg ha -1 year -1) were obtained from the highest planting density with clones 197, A129, B191, 181, and A115. These clones also had a relatively compact growth habit (smaller stem diameter and shorter plagiotropic and orthotropic internode lengths) compared to the other five clones (E152, B96, E138, E139 and B36). The findings suggest that productivity increases in Robusta coffee could be achieved through the use of planting materials which combine compact growth habit and high harvest potential in close spacing planting scheme. © 2010 Academic Journals.	High density planting; Robusta coffee clones; Vegetative vigour; Yield potential	Coffea canephora; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052923002	Impact of pesticides use on heavy metals pollution in cocoa soils of cross-river state, Nigeria	Ogunlade M.O., Agbeniyi S.O.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	16	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B. 5244, Ibadan,Oyo State, Nigeria	Ogunlade, M.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B. 5244, Ibadan,Oyo State, Nigeria; Agbeniyi, S.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B. 5244, Ibadan,Oyo State, Nigeria	The high incidence of phytophthora pod rot and mirids resulting from high rainfall and relative humidity in cocoa producing areas of Nigeria necessitated the use of fungicides and other pesticides on cocoa. This is causing increased worldwide concern about heavy metal contamination of the soil environment and cocoa beans. Thus the objective of this study is to evaluate the status of some heavy metals in selected cocoa farms in Ikom, Etung and Boki local government areas of Cross River State-the highest cocoa producing state in eastern Nigeria, where farmers use a lot of pesticides to combat pests and diseases. The results indicated that the soil contents of the heavy metals were in the order (Cr > Pb > Co > Ni > Se > Cd > As) in the selected farms evaluated in the three local government areas. The values ranged between 0.88 and 1.33 mg/kg for chromium and between 0.59 and 0.86 mg/kg for lead. The soil contents of the heavy metals in the adjacent forest were similar to that obtained in the cocoa farms. The values of chromium ranged between 1.01 and 1.02 mg/kg soil while that of lead ranged between 0.5 and 0.74 mg/kg soil in adjacent forest. This suggests that heavy metal contents of the soils in the cocoa farms evaluated were not primarily due to chemicals being sprayed but probably naturally occurring. Their concentrations were also below the optimum limit allowed in the soil. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Cocoa plantation; Cocoa soils; Cross river state; Heavy metals; Lead	Miridae; Phytophthora; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052868978	Growth performance and haematological characteristics of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep fed graded levels of dietary pigeon pea seed meal	Okah U., Ibeawuchi J.A.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	11	None	College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 7267, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Okah, U., College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 7267, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ibeawuchi, J.A., College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 7267, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pigeon pea seed meal on the growth performance and haematological characteristics of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. Four diets were formulated to contain pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) at 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels, representing diets A, B, C, and D, respectively. Twelve weaned rams averaging 8.57 kg body weight and aged 7-8 months were used in the study. The rams were divided into 4 groups of 3 rams housed singly in pens, and each group assigned to one of the four diets for 8 weeks in a completely randomized design experiment. Data collected included, average daily weight gain (g), daily dry matter intake (g) and feed conversation ratio (g feed /g grain) calculated. Haematological and biochemical characteristics were also evaluated. Average daily weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) better in diet A and C than diet D, but diets A, B and C were similar (P>0.05). Feed conservation ratio differed significantly (P<0.05) among the groups, with diet C recording better conversion ratio than diets A and D, respectively. The PSM diets generally promoted lower PCV and higher WBC values in sheep. Neutrophil and lymphocytes were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the PSM. While neutrophil increased with increasing level of PSM, the converse was true about lymphocytesood glucose, and urea in the animals were also significantly (P<0.05) influenced by PSM, which followed the same pattern as the nuetrophil and lymphocytes respectively. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (SGGTP) and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (SGGT) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in sheep fed on control diet A than in those fed on either diet C or D. Serum creatinine was significantly (P<0.05) higher in sheep fed on control diet than in those on the PSM diets. The results of this study indicated that processed pigeon pea seed could be used as a plant protein resource for sheep, but may not be included beyond 20% for optimum performance and physiological welfare of the animal.	Pigeon pea; Sheep; Weaner rams diet; West african dwarf	Animalia; Cajanus cajan; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956319956	Evaluation of resistance in wheat germplasm to the aphids, Sitobion avenae based on Technique for order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) TOPSIS and cluster methods	Wang C.-P., Chen Q., Luo K., Zhao H.-Y., Zhang G.-S., Tlali R.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	6	None	College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China; Department of Crops Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Maseru 100, Lesotho, South Africa	Wang, C.-P., College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China, College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China; Chen, Q., College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Luo, K., College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Zhao, H.-Y., College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Zhang, G.-S., College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Tlali, R., Department of Crops Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Maseru 100, Lesotho, South Africa	Sitobion avenae is the dominant and destructive pest in wheat production regions in China. Therefore, breeders developed new and high resistant varieties to ensure stable yields. In this paper, thirteen comprehensive agronomic characteristics of twenty-two wheat germplasm resources were investigated, and the data for the resources collected in the latest two years were treated with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS method) and cluster analysis. The priority order of alternatives ranks obtained from the TOPSIS method and aphid index analysis is the same. The order of alternatives ranks is as follows: Yumai70>Amigo>186Tm>Xiaoyan22>PI>Donghan1>98-10-35>...>Datang991>Qianjinzao. It was also found that the examined 22 wheat germplasm resources could be agglomerated into four clusters. Five good germplasm, namely 186Tm, Yumai70, AMIGO, Xiaoyan22, 98-10-35, could be used directly or as parents for breeding wheat varieties for resistance to S. avenae. Furthermore, the results showed TOPSIS analysis and cluster analysis are highly consistent with each other. But TOPSIS method is the best comprehensive method for the evaluation of resistance in wheat breeding to the aphids. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Agronomic characteristic; Cluster analysis; Germplasm resources; Sitobion avenae; Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method; Wheat (Triticum aestivum)	Aphididae; Sitobion avenae; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78449281971	Effect of stage and intensity of defoliation on the performance of vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)	Ibrahim U., Auwalu B.M., Udom G.N.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	18	None	Crop Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Agronomy Department of Agronomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Ibrahim, U., Crop Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Auwalu, B.M., Agronomy Department of Agronomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria; Udom, G.N., Department of Agronomy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 on the experimental farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria to determine the effect of stage and intensity of defoliation on the performance of vegetable cowpea. The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of three growth stages (vegetative, flowering and podding) and five defoliation intensity (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100). Artificial defoliation was carried out at each of the stages at different intensities. Defoliation for vegetative, flowering and podding were carried out at 5, 7 and 9 weeks after sowing respectively. Cowpea defoliated at the early stages just prior to podding significantly (p < 0.05) reduced both growth and developmental characters. Also, the yield and yield components were significantly reduced by early defoliation. The intensity of defoliation significantly affected the growth and development of cowpea and the yield loss increased as the percentage of defoliation was higher. The interaction between stage and intensity of defoliation was significant for pod yield and shows that defoliating up to 50% at vegetative and flowering stages was detrimental to yield of vegetable cowpea. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Defoliation intensity; Developmental characters; Vegetable cowpea; Vegetative characters; Yield component	Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650406475	Evaluation of soybean [Glycine max(L) Merrill] genotypes for adaptability to a southern Guinea savanna environment with and without P fertilizer application in north central Nigeria	Aduloju M.O., Mahamood J., Abayomi Y.A.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	6	None	Dapartment of Agronomy, University of Ilorin, P.M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, P. M. B. 1529, Ilorin, Nigeria	Aduloju, M.O., Dapartment of Agronomy, University of Ilorin, P.M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Mahamood, J., Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, P. M. B. 1529, Ilorin, Nigeria; Abayomi, Y.A., Dapartment of Agronomy, University of Ilorin, P.M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Cultivar evaluation is essential to ascertain the superiority of the newly developed genotypes over the established cultivars in terms of yield and adaptation to an ecology. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate some of the recently developed soybean genotypes with and without P fertilizer application for adaptability to southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria. The study was carried out at the experimental field of the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons. Application of 30 kg P ha-1 resulted in significantly higher growth and grain yield parameters compared to no P application. Grain yield was consistently significantly higher for TGX 1448-2E than for other genotypes including the established cultivar, TGX 923-2E over the two cropping seasons. Significant year x genotype effect indicated that grain yields were significantly different between the two cropping seasons for TGX 1830-20E, TGX 1740-2F and TGX 1871-12E in 2004, while there was no significant variation for grain yield for TGX 1448-2E, TGX 1844-18E and TGX 1869- 31E for the two years. This suggests stable grain yields in the latter genotypes and hence good adaptability, while the former ones showed unstable productivity under adverse soil moisture condition resulting from lower rainfall in 2003, and thus were deemed unsuitable for the southern Guinea savanna ecology which is highly prone to drought conditions. Simple linear regression analysis revealed that number of pods per plant was the most important factor influencing grain yield in this study. In conclusion, TGX 1448-2E was the genotype best adapted genotype to the southern Guinea savanna ecology and thus it can successfully replace TGX 923-2E the existing cultivar. Nevertheless, TGX 1844-18E and TGX 1869-31E are promising as drought tolerant genotypes. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Adaptability; New soybean genotype; P fertilizer application; Southern Guinea savanna ecology	Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952876784	Effects of feed restriction on production and reproductive performance of Rhode Island red pullets	Tesfaye E., Tamir B., Haile A., Dessie T.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	7	None	Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Tesfaye, E., Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Tamir, B., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Haile, A., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dessie, T., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The study examined the effect of skip a-day feed restriction on Rhode Island red chicken and evaluated the effect in relation to age, body weight, egg quality, weight of reproductive tract and liver at the onset of egg laying. Two hundred 40 day-old chicks with mean body weight of 48.92 ± 1.53 g were randomly distributed to 12 pens each with 20 chicks, representing 4 feeding regimen of T1 (unrestricted, control), T2 (restricted at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age), T3 (restricted at 35, 42, 49 and 56 days of age) and T4 (restricted at 63, 70, 77 and 84 days of age). Feed restriction was based on skipping a-day once in a week and the next day's feed offer was based on the previous day's feed intake. The average day to lay first egg was significantly longer (P < 0.05) for T3 treatment groups compared with the others. The values were 140.8 ± 0.8, 140.17 ± 2.5, 147 ± 2.2 and 143.83 ± 2.3 days for T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. There was also highly significant (P < 0.01) difference in body weight (1305 ± 13.2, 1374.3 ± 23.2, 1352 ± 23.5 and 1429.23 ± 44.5 g for T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively) and the values were higher for birds restricted at later age of growth. Egg weight at the onset of egg lay for the respective treatments were 42.68 ± 0.72, 42.43 ± 1.91, 47.9 ± 0.87 and 41.88 ± 0.77 g. Pullets of T4 group had significantly (P < 0.01) heavier uterus weight and longer length in absolute term than the control. Except for yolk diameter and shell thickness (P < 0.05), the egg quality parameters considered were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the treatment groups. The result revealed the conclusion that feed restriction by skip a-day feeding system at T3 resulted in higher egg weight and can be considered as the optimum age for pullet rearing. Additionally, feed restriction at T4 could also be recommended due to heavier uterus weight and longer length in absolute term as these attributes indicate good consistency for the subsequent egg production. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Body weight; Egg quality; Feed restriction; Onset of egg laying; Skip a-day	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952153546	Design, fabrication and performance of a motorized cowpea thresher for Nigerian small-scale farmers	Irtwange S.V.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	12	None	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Irtwange, S.V., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Based on the results of measurements of moisture content of grains, cowpea grain and pod sizes, grain-pod ratio, angle of friction of grains and some information from literature, a motorized cowpea thresher using a star-shaped beater to which beater belts were attached was designed and locally built. Five varieties of cowpea, K59, Ife-Brown, IT84E-124, Ife-Bimpe and TVX 715 which are fairly representative of the most popular varieties in Nigeria were selected for the measurement of design parameters. The statistical design used in studying the effect of variety on length, width, thickness, equivalent diameter, sphericity, pod weight and grain-pod ratio with 30 replications, moisture content with 3 replications and angle of friction with 5 replications was complete randomized design (CRD). The moisture content for the grain varieties ranged from 11.06 to 12.02% w.b while the size and shape measurement parameters namely; length, width, thickness, equivalent diameter and sphericity ranged from 8.22 to 10mm, 6.04 to 6.83 mm, 4.36 to 5.38 mm, 6.00 to 7.09 mm and 0.71 to 0.79 respectively for grains. For the pods, the length, width and thickness ranged from 124.78 to 194.93 mm, 7.28 to 9.15 mm and 5.27 to 7.86 mm respectively. The pod weight and grain-pod ratios ranged from 1.96 to 3.39 and 0.75 to 0.86 respectively for all the varieties tested while the angle of friction of grains on mild steel ranged from 23.6° to 26.6°. The results of the study as indicated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that there is highly significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) of variety on all the grains and pods measurement parameters except angle of friction where non-significance was observed. Skewness and kurtosis analysis indicates that the frequency distribution curves for grains and pods measurement parameters generally approximated those of the normal distribution. Based on the optimum machine parameters, the machine throughput was determined to be 101.19, 110.86, 74.33, 75.81 and 102.09 kg grains/hour for K59, Ife-Brown, IT84E-124, Ife-Bimpe and TVX 715 respectively. Preliminary performance evaluation tests carried out on the fabricated thresher using IT84E-124 as the test material at recommended beater and fan speeds of 500 rpm and 1400 rpm respectively indicated average threshing efficiency of 96.29%, percentage damage of 3.55% and percentage threshed and undamaged grains of 92.74%. A cleaning efficiency and loss of 95.60 and 3.71% respectively was observed indicating that with the use of a star-shaped beater, drudgery and cost can be reduced to a minimum and yet achieving good quality products. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Cowpea; Design; Fabrication; Performance evaluation; Thresher	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84055217785	Performance evaluation of manual cowpea thresher	Maunde F.A.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	30	10.5897/AJAR11.940	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria	Maunde, F.A., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria	Manual cowpea thresher was previously designed and constructed. Its performance evaluation is now reported. Performance test was replicated five times and averages of each trial were taken (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250) kg of two cowpea varieties: indigenous brown (Variety A) and IT97K-499- (SAMPEA -10) white (Variety B). Parameters considered were: Threshing efficiency (Te), Seed damage (Sd) and Mechanical efficiency (Me). The results show that Te, Sd and Me were (91, 6 and 44%), respectively. Issues on cowpea threshing and its improvement were discussed. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Cowpea; Manual; Performance; Threshing; Varieties	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649273046	Impact of Fadama II project on income of tomato farmers in Niger State, Nigeria	Tanko L., Jirgi A.J., Ogundeji A.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	15	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Tanko, L., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Jirgi, A.J., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Ogundeji, A.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	This study was designed to quantitatively determine the impact of Fadama II Project on the farm income of tomato producers by utilizing primary data from tomato farmers in Bosso and Mokwa Local Government Areas of Niger State for the year 2009. Production function analysis and Chow's analysis of covariance confirmed significant differences in production functions, heterogeneity in slopes and intercepts and factor bias was observed on the production functions of participating and non- participating farmers respectively. The project exerted a positive significant impact on the incomes of the farmers. The study recommends improvement in irrigation performance, introduction of improved varieties of tomato, strengthening relevant research and extension as well as formation of organized farmer associations. ©2010 Academic Journals.	Fadama II Project; Non-participating farmers; Participating farmers; Tomato	Lycopersicon esculentum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956003660	Impacts of Zimbabwe European union micro-project programme (ZIM/EU MPP) in funding smallholder irrigation projects on food security and income levels: A case study of Mopane irrigation scheme in Zvishavane, Midlands province, Zimbabwe	Nhundu K., Gwata C., Mushunje A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	14	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, P. O. Box X1314, South Africa	Nhundu, K., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Gwata, C., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mushunje, A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, P. O. Box X1314, South Africa	At least 70% of smallholders live in the semi-arid regions IV and V where rainfall is erratic and soils in these regions are derived from granite and generally shallow, light textured and of low fertility. As a result, farmers cannot produce adequate grain to meet their annual household requirements by dry land farming. The Zimbabwe/EU Micro-projects Programme has funded smallholder irrigation projects since 1982 to improve the food security in these marginal areas. In an effort to assess the impacts of the ZIM/EU MPP funded irrigation schemes and justify further investments in smallholder irrigation projects, a case study based on a comparative analysis between irrigators and non-irrigators was done at Mopane Irrigation Scheme. Preliminary results indicated irrigators were more food secure than non-irrigators. Using the Gross Margin Analysis, irrigators were found to be better performers with increased incomes than non-irrigators. A regression analysis to examine factors affecting food security level revealed that household size, off-farm income, draught power to be significant at the 5% confidence interval. The study concluded that irrigators were more food secure and better performers than non-irrigators. The ZIM/EU MPP should continue to invest more resources in smallholder irrigation schemes. The study recommends that governments, public and private institutions and non-governmental organisations are recommended to work together defining and implementing comprehensive strategies for smallholder irrigation development, especially in the smallholder communal areas so as to ensure increased food security, income and employment to the rural population. ©2010 Academic Journals.	Food security; Household; Income; Irrigators; Non-irrigators; Smallholder; ZIM/EU MPP	Colophospermum mopane	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051567838	The farm decision role of price information from commodity exchanges: An ex-ante evaluation using quasi-rational price expectations in Ethiopia	Getnet K., Verbeke W., D'Haese M., Viaene J., D'Haese L.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	15	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, Ambo University College, Ambo, Ethiopia; Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium	Getnet, K., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ambo University College, Ambo, Ethiopia; Verbeke, W., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; D'Haese, M., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Viaene, J., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; D'Haese, L., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium	Farmers use different information to predict future returns upon which they base current decisions. In designing information systems, knowledge about the information set used by farmers is relevant to have insight into the necessary information that should be made available for farmers. Using quasirational forecasting regression analysis to represent producer price expectation formation, the usefulness of disseminating real time information about the central wholesale prices discovered by the Ethiopian commodity exchange was tested. The results showed that the information about central wholesale prices can help farmers to make unbiased price forecasts. Effective dissemination of real time price information discovered through the Ethiopian commodity exchange was fully supported by the empirical insights from this study. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Ethiopia; Market information; Prices; Quasi-rational expectation; Smallholders	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053082704	The impact of land transfers in the different agricultural sectors of the North West Province	Cloete P.C., van Schalkwyk H.D., Idsardi E.F.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	19	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; North West University, Private Bag X6001, Internal Box 375, Potchefstroom, 2530, South Africa	Cloete, P.C., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; van Schalkwyk, H.D., North West University, Private Bag X6001, Internal Box 375, Potchefstroom, 2530, South Africa; Idsardi, E.F., North West University, Private Bag X6001, Internal Box 375, Potchefstroom, 2530, South Africa	Imbalances and inefficiency fostered by the policies of the previous South African government necessitate changes to reduce the imbalance of the past and enhance the inclusiveness and competitiveness of the agricultural industry. Against this background, the policy of land reform was initiated. In theory, the agricultural land reform policy might appear effective; given that agriculture is a major contributor to rural economic growth and development. Broadening the economic activities of previous disadvantaged individuals through the acquisition and cultivation of land will help to rebuild and strengthen the rural communities. However, the outcomes of this policy has to date not seen the desired results regarding rural economic development and poverty reduction. Many of the foreseen positive aspects of the land reform policy are also contributors to the potentially negative outcomes of the policy. This makes this specific policy controversial and subject of heated debate. Transfers of land in the various agricultural sectors will impact differently on social-and economic factors. Unless a proper understanding of the impact of transferring land in the different agricultural sectors is established, the controversy around the potential impact of land reform will continue. To obtain a better understanding of this impact, the study employed a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) based partial equilibrium model. Results from the model revealed that the negative impact of the land reform policy largely overshadows the positive effects. Moreover, transfers within the larger agricultural sub-sectors will result in more significant social and economic impacts. Thus, the implementation of the agricultural land reform policy needs to be radical and calculative; otherwise it will result in false expectations, hardship and poverty. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Economic and social impacts; Land reform; Partial equilibrium model	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954921215	The impact of trade liberalisation on South African agricultural productivity	Teweldemedhin M.Y., van Schalkwyk H.D.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	12	None	Department of Agriculture, Polytechnic of Namibia, Namibia; North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	Teweldemedhin, M.Y., Department of Agriculture, Polytechnic of Namibia, Namibia; van Schalkwyk, H.D., North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	This study attempts to examine the empirical relationship between trade and Total Factor Producitvity (TFP) in the agricultural sector using both cross-sectional (across nine agricultural commodities) and time-series analysis. The Error Correction Model of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) results from the cross-sectional analysis confirm that export shares and capital formation were significant and postivly related; whereas, import shares and real exchange rate were found to be negatively related. However, the net effect of export and import shares was positive implies that trade liberalisation causes productivity gains, The findings from the time-series analysis followed in the same direction as the cross-sectional results, indicating a robust relationship between a TFP, degree of openness, and capital formation. Debt was found to be inversely related, this implies that agricultural industries/farmers lack debt management skills. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Ordinary least square (OLS); Total factor producitvity (TFP); Trade liberalisation or degree of openness and capital formation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951678075	Comparative performance of direct seeding and transplanting green maize under farmer management in small scale irrigation: A case study of Zanyokwe, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Fanadzo M., Chiduza C., Mnkeni P.N.S.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	7	None	Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Fanadzo, M., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Chiduza, C., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mnkeni, P.N.S., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	An on-farm experiment was conducted at Zanyokwe irrigation scheme (ZIS) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (SA) to evaluate comparative performance of direct seeded and transplanted green maize under farmer management. Results indicated that the mean labour requirements for establishment were 212 h ha-1 with transplanting and 1.9 h ha-1 with direct seeding. Crop stand significantly increased from 48 to 97% when maize was transplanted rather than directly seeded. Variable costs were R5 462 and R1 896 ha-1 for transplanted and directly seeded maize, respectively. The corresponding net benefits were R15 005 and R6 232 ha-1, respectively. All farmers were in favour of transplanting, citing bigger cobs, early maturity and the absence of bird damage with transplanted maize, and this was supported by results of statistical analysis. A follow-up survey conducted during the subsequent summer growing season indicated that of the six farmers, only one continued with transplanting. The results suggest that although transplanting might be a better alternative to direct seeding for the study area, the technology is unlikely to succeed unless the labour intensiveness of manual transplanting can be solved. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Adoption; Crop stand; Direct seeding; Economics; Farmer management; Green maize; Transplanting	Aves; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83455236158	Evaluation of West African dwarf goat for some qualitative traits in Southwestern Nigeria	Adebayo J.O., Chineke C.A.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	28	10.5897/AJAR09.299	Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Adebayo, J.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Chineke, C.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Two hundred West African Dwarf (WAD) goats aged 1 to 6 years were examined during a ten months period, from October 2003 to July 2004 in randomly selected locations within Southwestern zone of Nigeria. Qualitative traits namely coat colour, polled trait, presence or absence of teat, wattle and beard were examined and described in all the experimental animals. Black colour observed in 54% of the animals predominated while brown and mixed colours accounted for 16 and 30% of all the animals respectively. All goats studied irrespective of sex were horned. The goats had a pair of teat each except eight goats with supernumerary teats. Possession of beard was common in all bucks observed, but 8.5% of the females had beard. About 36.5% of all the WAD goats examined possessed wattle. The phenotypic frequency of wattle and beard in WAD population was 0.37 and 0.21 respectively. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Frequencies; Management; Qualitative traits; West African dwarf (WAD) goat	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78149295574	Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation	Onibi G.E., Adebisi O.E., Fajemisin A.N., Adetunji A.V.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	5	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Onibi, G.E., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adebisi, O.E., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Fajemisin, A.N., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adetunji, A.V., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	A study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens using a total of 300 day old Shaver Starbo chicks allotted at 10 birds per replicate and 6 replicates per treatment over a period of 7 weeks. The basal starter and finisher diets contained 228.61 and 201.42 g/kg CP, respectively. The control diet was the basal diet without garlic supplementation. Diets 2 and 3 contained supplementary raw garlic powder at 500 and 5,000 mg/kg diet respectively, while diets 4 and 5 contained supplementary boiled garlic powder at 500 and 5,000 mg/kg diet respectively. 4 female birds per replicate were slaughtered at the end of the trial to evaluate carcass and muscle characteristics, garlic aroma and palatability scores of the meat and oxidative stability of refrigerated meat at 4°C for 6 days were determined. The average weight gain, average feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. Broiler chickens fed garlic supplemented diets had marginally higher weight gain than those fed the control diet and was higher at high level of garlic supplementation (39.18 ± 0.94, 40.42 ± 0.45, 42.39 ± 1.57, 39.72 ± 2.97 and 41.42 ± 2.60 g/bird/day for Diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively; P > 0.05). The carcass and organ characteristics of the chickens were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by dietary garlic supplementation but abdominal fat contents were numerically lowered due to supplementary garlic. Moisture contents of broiler chickens were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced. Garlic aroma (P < 0.001) and palatability (P > 0.05) scores increased with increasing level of dietary garlic supplementation. Thigh muscle had the highest score for garlic aroma (2.60 ± 1.30), followed by drumstick (2.57 ± 1.14) and lowest for breast muscle (2.50 ± 1.17) (P > 0.05). Oxidation susceptibility of meat, measured as concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased with increasing level of supplementary garlic fed to the chickens (P < 0.01). Muscle MDA concentration was in order of thigh > drumstick > breast (P < 0.001). It was concluded that supplementation of chicken diets with garlic marginally improved weight gain and it was better at high level of supplementation (5,000 mg/kg diet). Boiled compared with raw garlic powder produced no beneficial effect. Dietary garlic supplementation improved meat quality by increasing meat palatability score and reducing the extent of oxidation of meat during refrigerated storage. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Broilers; Garlic; Garlic aroma; Meat; Oxidative stability; Palatability; Performance	Allium sativum; Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952122658	Effects of feed forms and feeding frequency on growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings	Ajani F., Dawodu M.O., Bello-Olusoji O.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Management, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, lwo, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Bowen University, Lwo, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nige	Ajani, F., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Management, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, lwo, Nigeria; Dawodu, M.O., Department of Chemistry, Bowen University, Lwo, Nigeria; Bello-Olusoji, O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum feeding frequency and best feed form for the growth and nutrient utilization of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Three replicate groups of fish (average weight of 3.05± 0.25 g) were fed at 5% body weight using either floating or sinking pellets at different feeding frequencies (three meals a day, two meals a day or one meal a day) in a 2 × 3 factorial experimental design. The mean weight gain and daily feed intake of the fish were not affected significantly by the feed forms; however the fish fed with floating pellets had a slight higher weight gain than those fed with the sinking pellets. The weight gain and daily feed intake of fish fed floating or sinking pellets twice a day and thrice a day were significantly higher than that of the fish fed once in a day (p < 0.05). The feeding frequency did not have any effect on the feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in the fish fed with sinking pellet but these variables were significantly (p < 0.05) affected in the fish fed once in a day when compared with other feeding frequencies while using floating pellet. The feeding frequencies and feed forms had no significant effect on the protein content of the fish carcass. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded in the lipid content of fish as feeding frequency increases. It is therefore concluded that any of these fish feed forms can be fed at twice or thrice per day effectively for optimum result in the growth of C. gariepinus. © 2011 Academic Journals.	African catfish (Clarias gariepinus); Feed form; Feed frequency; Growth; Nutrient utilization	Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054895639	Evaluation of growth and body traits of snailets obtained from the crossbreeding of black skinned × white skinned snails (Archachatina marginata (S)) in the niger delta area of Nigeria	Ibom L.A., Okon B., Adinya I.B.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	21	None	Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Agric. Economics and Extension, Cross River University of Technology, Obubra Campus, Nigeria	Ibom, L.A., Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Okon, B., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Adinya, I.B., Department of Agric. Economics and Extension, Cross River University of Technology, Obubra Campus, Nigeria	This study evaluated the growth and body traits of snailets or juveniles obtained from the hatching of eggs resulting from the crossbreeding of black skinned x white skinned snails. The indices used were body weight, shell length, shell width, 'mouth' length and 'mouth' width. The results showed that all measured traits expressed progressive increase from hatch to week four. However, the differences observed among the mating groups for these traits were not significantly different. The results also showed that the product of the crossing was a mixture of black and white skinned snailets. This further confirms the possibility of mating between the black and white skinned snails. Interested snail farmers are encouraged to rear both black and white skinned snails. ©2011 Academic Journals.	Crossbreeding; Economic traits; Growth; Niger delta; Snails	Archachatina marginata; Gastropoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953326826	Evaluation of cactus pear fruit quality at Mara ADC, South Africa	Mokoboki K., Kgama T., Mmbi N.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	1	None	Department of Animal Science, North West University, Private bag x 2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa; Mara Research Station, Private bag x 2467, Makhado, 0920, South Africa	Mokoboki, K., Department of Animal Science, North West University, Private bag x 2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa; Kgama, T., Mara Research Station, Private bag x 2467, Makhado, 0920, South Africa; Mmbi, N., Mara Research Station, Private bag x 2467, Makhado, 0920, South Africa	The present study was conducted to evaluate quality of different Cultivars of cactus pear traits in Mara Research Station. Seven Cultivars (Nepgen, R1251, Sharsheret, Cross X, Berg x Mexican, Santa Rosa, Morado) of cactus pear were planted in a completely randomized design. Orchard consisted of 10 plants per Cultivar planted in a single row. No irrigation supplementation was given and pruning, pad thinning were performed. Data on fruit quality traits were collected from two different years (2005 and 2006) and subjected to analysis of variance using the general linear model procedure of statistical analyses system (SAS). All Cultivars in the first year had peel thickness of less than 6.00 mm and in the second year more than 6.00 mm. All Cultivars in the year 2005 and 2006 except Berg x Mexican and Nepgen had the fruit mass of more than 120 g, recommended for international market. The mean fruit mass decreased from 143.4 g in the first year to 127.3 g in the second year. The decrease might be due to low rainfall and temperature. Due to a decrease in fruit length in the second year, fruit shape shifted from being elliptic to ovoid shape, however the equatorial diameter remained constant. Total soluble solids (TSS) content increased from 13.17 0Brix during the first year to 13.78 0Brix in the second year. It was then concluded that in each year, the fruit quality change as a function as the type of Cultivar. © 2009Academic Journals.	Cactus pear; Cultivars; Quality; South Africa	Cactaceae; Pyrus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049454307	Evaluation of yields of seven upland rice (Oryzae sativa) cultivars sown by three methods in Anyigba, Kogi state, Nigeria	Oyewole C.I., Ajayi O., Ojuekaiye R.O.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	16	None	Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria	Oyewole, C.I., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Ajayi, O., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Ojuekaiye, R.O., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, P. M. B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria	Yield is the characteristic by which a cultivar is commonly judge. A cultivar may be considered satisfactory only if it is able to produce a good yield in comparison to others at various times and in various situations. Trials were conducted in the rainy seasons of 2007 and 2008 at the Kogi State University Teaching and Research Farm (Longitude 07°061 N; 43°E), Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria to investigate the response of seven cultivars of upland (NERICA 1-7) rice sown by three sowing methods: broadcasting, dibbling and drilling. Treatments consisted of three sowing methods (drilling at 20 cm apart, dibbling at 20 × 20 cm and even broadcasting of seeds) of seven NERICA varieties. Results of statistical analysis revealed that crop establishment responded significantly to sowing method and cultivar. Significant influence of cultivar was also observed on final plant height and paddy yield. Significant interactions (sowing method × cultivar) were observed on establishment count and paddy yield/ha. The combined results of both seasons show that NERICA 5 gave the highest paddy yield. However, considering the individual years, the most consistent cultivar was NERICA 6. Thus, it is recommended for the experimental area. © 2010 Academic Journals.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956493398	Organic based nutrient management strategies: Effect on soil nutrient availability and maize (Zea mays L.) performance in Njoro, Kenya	Lelei J.J., Onwonga R.N., Freyer B.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	2	None	Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Organic Farming, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria	Lelei, J.J., Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Onwonga, R.N., Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Freyer, B., Division of Organic Farming, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria	A field experiment based on the concept of organic nutrient management (ONM) was conducted in Njoro, Kenya to test the effect of improved legume fallows; crotalaria (CR), lablab (LB), garden pea (GP) and natural fallow (NF, as control) on available soil N and P, and maize performance. The experimental layout was a split plot in a randomized complete block design. The main plots were two cropping systems involving the improved legume fallows and NF preceding sole maize and maize bean (M/B) intercrop. The sub-plots were two residue management types; residue incorporation and residue removal with farm yard manure (FYM) incorporated in its place. Incorporation of LB, CR and GP residues resulted in higher concentrations of N and P in soil than NF residue and FYM incorporation in both cropping systems. Under sole maize, grain yield following LB was significantly higher (51, 28.2 and 52%) than after CR, GP and NF, respectively. In the M/B intercrop, maize grain yield following LB was significantly higher (38.5 and 28.5%) than after GP and NF with no significant differences in yields following CR and LB. Maize dry matter (DM) yields followed a similar trend. Overall, maize grain and DM yields were higher in sole maize cropping system than in M/B intercrop with an additional 0.5 - 0.6 kg ha-1 of bean grain yield obtained in the latter cropping system. The improved fallow legumes, with LB being superior, enhanced soil productivity and consequently higher yields of the succeeding crop. The ONM strategy tested is thus a feasible technology that could easily fit into the circumstances of the resource poor farmers within the region. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Farm yard manure; Improved legume fallow; Residue management	Crotalaria; Lablab; Pisum sativum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650085749	Nutritional evaluation of sunflower and sesame seed meal in clarias gariepinus: An assessment by growth performance and nutrient utilization	Fagbenro O.A., Adeparusi E.O., Jimoh W.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	22	None	Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Fagbenro, O.A., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adeparusi, E.O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Jimoh, W.A., Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the potential nutritive value of rawsunflower and Sesame seed meal as dietary replacement of soybean meal in practical diets of Clarias gariepinus. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous, (40% c.p). Raw sunflower and sesame seed meal were used to replace soybean meal at a rate of 15, 30 and 45% respectively. The performance of the fish diets was compared to fish fed soybean meal based control diets containing 40% crude protein. Each treatment had three replicates using 15 catfish fingerling per tank with mean initial body weight of 3.28 ± 0.15 g. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude protein deposition between fish fed control diets and fish fed RSF15, RSM15, RSF30, RSM30 diets. However, a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was recorded between fish fed control diets and fish fed diets RSF 45 and RSM 45 using the above indices. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Clarias gariepinus; Growth performance; Nutrient utilization; Sesame; Sunflower	Clarias gariepinus; Glycine max; Helianthus; Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650289535	Evaluation of fodder potential of some tropical browse plants using fistulated N'dama cattle	Ngodigha E.M., Oji U.I.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	3	None	Department of Fisheries and Livestock Production Technology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, P.M.B. 071, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcou	Ngodigha, E.M., Department of Fisheries and Livestock Production Technology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, P.M.B. 071, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Oji, U.I., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	The fodder potential of edible foliage samples of six browse plants; Ficus exasperata, Dactyledania barteri, Manniophyton fulvum, Palisota hirsuta, Newbouldia laevis and Microdesmis puberula were determined by evaluating the rumen degradation characteristics [soluble fraction, potential degradation (PD), effective degradation (ED), degradable fraction, rate of degradation] at rumen outflow rates of 3, 4 and 5% h1 using fistulated N'dama cattle. Voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI), digestible dry matter intake (DDMI) and growth rate (GR) were predicted from the degradation characteristics. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), tannins and ash contents were also determined. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the degradation characteristics of the browse plants. F. exasperata significantly (p < 0.05) had more feed value than the other browse plants, chemical composition of the browses and their rumen degradation characteristics proved that the evaluated browse plants are excellent feed sources that could be utilized by ruminants for both maintenance and production.© 2009 Academic Journals.	Browse plants; Effective degradation; N'dama cattle; Potential degradation	Animalia; Bos; Bovidae; Dama; Ficus exasperata; Manniophyton fulvum; Microdesmis puberula; Newbouldia laevis; Palisota hirsuta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78449276319	Impact of reforestation in a part of degrading natural ecological system of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Oriola E.O., Ifabiyi I.P., Hammed A.T.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	20	None	Department of Geography, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Park and Garden Unit, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Oriola, E.O., Department of Geography, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ifabiyi, I.P., Department of Geography, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Hammed, A.T., Park and Garden Unit, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	This paper examines the response of soils in degraded land to reforestation in Ilorin region. A total of 16 soil samples were systematically collected from two quadrats of 25 × 25 m in each of reforested and deforested sites respectively. Standard laboratory techniques were used to test 8 soil fertility indices on each of the landscapes. Coefficient of variation was used to establish variability or otherwise within the data set. Student's 't' test was used to determine the significance of difference of the sample means of forested and deforested soil parameters. The result of the laboratory test revealed that vegetation cover affects the soil properties. Generally, the physical properties of the soil in this area are homogenous but variations exist in the chemical properties which fundamentally determine soil fertility. At the end, the conclusion was that fertility status of the soil increased under forest cover. It is therefore important for the government to provide adequate awareness and educate the people on reforestation of degraded land and land use and soil properties because they tend to affect each other. Government at local, state and federal levels should intensify effort on afforestation projects and replacement of trees when cut. Forest funding for afforestation has to shift from public to private to enhance community participation and their mobilization for forest conservation and sustainable forest resources and environmental development. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Afforestation; Deforestation; Soil fertility status; Soil properties; Trees	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950156137	Evaluation and potential of cocoyam as carbohydrate source in catfish, (Clarias gariepinus [Burchell, 1822]) juvenile diets	Zaid A.A., Sogbesan O.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	6	None	Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria; Deparment of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Zaid, A.A., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria; Sogbesan, O.A., Deparment of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	The cost of feeding fish is about 60% of the total recurrent cost of fish farming, hence a need for non-conventional and cheaper ingredients to substitute the expensive ones. Seventy five juvenile of Clarias gariepinus mean weight 9.86 g were randomly stocked at 5 juveniles per tank of dimension 40 × 56 × 31 cm and fed five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing graded levels of cocoyam at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substituted for maize meal over a period of 70 days. The result of the experiment showed that diet 1 had the highest specific growth rate (SGR), 1.47%/day and diet 4 had the lowest of 0.89%/day. The best food conversion ratio (FCR), 1.81 was from diet 2 while the worst of 2.91 was from diet 4. Highest mean yield, net profit, benefit cost ratio and profit index of 26.58, 4.93, 1.23 and $16.11 respectively, were from diet 2 while the lowest of 22.91, 0.49, 1.02 and $9.47 were from diet 4. All indices considered were significantly different (p<0.05) between ≤50% cocoyam and ≥75% cocoyam treatments. The study showed that 25% replacement of cocoyam for maize is recommended for growth and economic benefit for sustainable aquaculture. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Clarias gariepinus; Cocoyam; Cost benefits; Feed utilization; Growth; Maize	Clarias gariepinus; Colocasia esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052844221	Assessment of the impact of kerosene and diesel on soil nitrogen mineralisation	Orji J.C., Uzoho B., Enwerem J.O., Ezurike W.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	11	None	Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Orji, J.C., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Uzoho, B., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Enwerem, J.O., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ezurike, W., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Effects of different concentrations (1, 2 and 5% v/w) of diesel and kerosene on N mineralization were studied in a sandy loam soil. Relative to the untreated soil, higher ammonium-N levels were obtained in samples treated with all the concentrations of kerosene and diesel from the second and third weeks of incubation respectively while extents of nitrate-N production differed. Net N-mineralization was 17.211 mg mineral-N/kg soil in untreated soil and -11.753 mg mineral-N/kg soil and -26.562 mg mineral-N/kg soil respectively in soils treated with 5% kerosene and diesel after six weeks incubation. Net nitrification was 29.90 mg NO 3-N/kg soil in untreated soil and -9.35 mg NO 3-N/kg soil and -22. NO 3-N/kg soil respectively in soils treated with 5% kerosene and diesel after six weeks incubation. Overall mineralization rates were highest (13.01 mg N/kg soil per week) in untreated soil. Rates were lower in diesel than in kerosene treated soils. Inhibition of net N mineralisation ranged from of 139.31 to 168.29% and 90.41 to 254.34% after sixth week incubation for kerosene and diesel-treated soils respectively. The toxicity of diesel and kerosene treatment on nitrogen mineralization in the soil is due more to their effects on ammonium-N than on nitrate-N production. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Ammonium; Diesel and kerosene; Mineralisation; Nitrate; Nitrification	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651368161	Empirical determination of the motion resistance of pneumatic bicycle wheels for on and off-road performance	Akande F.B., Ahmad D., Jamarie O.B., Sulaiman S., Fashina A.B.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	23	None	Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE, Malaysia; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Akande, F.B., Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE, Malaysia; Ahmad, D., Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE, Malaysia; Jamarie, O.B., Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE, Malaysia; Sulaiman, S., Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE, Malaysia; Fashina, A.B., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Four pneumatic bicycle wheels of diameters 405 mm (16'), 510 mm (20'), 610 mm (24') and 660 mm (26') were tested on three different test surfaces (paved surface, grass field and tilled (sandy-clay loam) soil at selected tyre inflation pressures of 276 kPa (40 psi), 337.5 kPa (50 psi) and 414 kPa (60 psi) with varied (added) dynamic loads of 98.1 N (10 kg), 196.2 N (20 kg), 392.4 N (40 kg) and 588.6 N(60 kg) respectively. The motion resistances of these wheels at various dynamic loads and the selected inflation pressures were compared, to identify the wheel with the lowest motion resistance. On all the test surfaces, the 660 mm diameter recorded the lowest motion resistance measured with an average of 16 out of the 36 total number of test outcomes. The 660 mm diameter wheel, if used, has the potential to increase the pull (draft) and can be used in the development of simple, easy to maintain and low-cost agricultural machines with narrow wheels; as traction member for the low-income farmers and the rural dwellers to boost their agricultural productivity. ©2010 Academic Journals.	Dynamic loads; Inflation pressure; Motion resistance; Narrow wheel; Pneumatic bicycle wheel; Test surfaces	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049474541	Performance, carcass analysis and sensory evaluation of cooked meat of snailets of African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata) fed pawpaw leaves, whole lettuce, lettuce waste and cabbage waste as sole feed ingredient	Omolara B.O., Olaleye A.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	17	None	Department of Science Technology, Biochemistry unit, Federal Polytechnic, P. M. B. 5351, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Omolara, B.O., Department of Science Technology, Biochemistry unit, Federal Polytechnic, P. M. B. 5351, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Olaleye, A.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	There is paucity of information on quality feedstuffs for snail production in Nigeria. One hundred and eighty snailets (Archachatina marginata) of an average weight of 3.55±1.10 g were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments of pawpaw leaves (PL), whole lettuce (WL), lettuce wastes (LW) and cabbage wastes (CW). Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 snailets per replicate in a completely randomized design. The diets were fed ad libitum for 20 weeks. The study investigated the performance, carcass analysis and sensory evaluation of cooked meat of the snailets fed the experimental diets. The body weight gain, feed intake, dressing percentage, shell length and shell thickness gain of snailets on WL, LW and CW were similar, higher and significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of snailets fed PL. The result of the sensory evaluation revealed that the dietary treatments had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability of the snail meat. On the whole, the study established that snailets of A. marginata could utilize lettuce waste as well as cabbage as sole feed ingredient to increase animal protein supply in Nigeria. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Carcass analysis; Feedstuffs; Performance; Sensory evaluation; Snailets	Animalia; Archachatina marginata; Asimina triloba; Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Gastropoda; Lactuca; Stylommatophora	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650297338	Hydrothermal effects on the performance of maize and cucumber intercrop in a tropical wet and dry climate in nigeria	Makinde A.A., Bello N.J., Olasantan F.O., Adebisi M.A.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	3	None	Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology,	Makinde, A.A., Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bello, N.J., Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olasantan, F.O., Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adebisi, M.A., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Maize and cucumber were intercropped in a simple randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates in two field trials in early and late planting seasons of 2004. The result showed that mean soil temperatures of 33 and 31°C at 5 and 10 cm respectively during late season could be said to have enhanced the productivity of cucumber yield by about 50% compared to early season with mean soil temperatures of 30 and 29°C at 5 and 10 cm below soil surface. The mean cucumber yield of 9 t/ha and 6.1 t/ha for mono and mixed crop respectively during early season trial was significantly lower (P <0.05) than the mean cucumber yield of 15.34 t/ha and 12.34 t/ha for late season. However, early season maize fresh cob weight (178.4 g/ha) and weight of seeds per cob (122.4 g/ha) were significantly higher than that recorded for late season with 152.2 g/ha and 64.1 g/ha respectively. This could be attributed to suitably high rainfall of 27.0 and 324.6 mm during establishment and vegetative phenological stages respectively during the early cropping season compared with corresponding values of 12.6 and 206.5 mm during late season trial. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Agro-meteorological; Hydrothermal; Precipitation	Cucumis sativus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650313261	Evaluation of ethanol plant extract for protection of cola nitida against kola weevils (Balanogastris kolae and Sophrorhinus spp) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in storage	Asogwa E.U., Ndubuaku T.C.N., Mokwunye I.U., Awe O.O., Ugwu J.A.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	5	None	Entomology Section, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Biology Department, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo. Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences and General Studies, Federal College of Forestry, Idishin - Ibadan, Nigeria	Asogwa, E.U., Entomology Section, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ndubuaku, T.C.N., Entomology Section, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Mokwunye, I.U., Entomology Section, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Awe, O.O., Biology Department, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo. Ondo State, Nigeria; Ugwu, J.A., Department of Basic Sciences and General Studies, Federal College of Forestry, Idishin - Ibadan, Nigeria	The kola weevils Balanogastris kolae and Sophrorhinus spp (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are the most destructive of all kola pests. This study was designed to evaluate the protective properties of ethanol extracts of 5 plant materials each at 1x103, 2.5x103, 5x103 and 1x104 ppm, against the kola weevils on stored kolanuts. The development and emergence of adult weevils were assessed by counting newly emerged adult weevils at fortnightly intervals for 112 Days. The number of weevil exit holes on the kolanuts and the number of kolanuts with colour change in each treatment were also determined. The mean number of adult B. kolae emergence from the various extract treatments did not differ significantly from each other. However, none of the extract treatments compared effectively with the standard treatment (1.38 ± 0.25). A similar trend was observed for Sophorhinus spp, but emergence of adult weevils was extremely low (0.03 ± 0.13 to 0.34 ± 0.10), even for the control treatment (0.78 ± 0.14). There was no significance difference in the mean number of weevil exit holes recorded for all the extracts at 2.5x103, 5x103 and 1x103 ppm treatment levels. However, they all differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05) from their control treatment (101.16 ± 11.26), but did not compare effectively with the standard treatment (8.16 ± 0.75). The mean number of kolanuts with colour changes recorded for the standard treatment (2.28 ± 0.18) differed only completely from the various treatment means of Cederela odorata (6.16 ± 0.39; 5.81 ± 0.38; 5.28 ± 0.30; 4.97 ± 0.16). Generally, there was no significant difference amongst the various extract treatments means, so none could be claimed to be superior to the other. The various extracts therefore could be proffered as alternatives to kola farmers, so as to reduce their total dependence on synthetic insecticides for kolanut storage. Storage of kolanuts at 2.5x103 ppm was found adequate and recommended taking into consideration their general protective effectiveness of the kolanuts and for economic reasons. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Colour change; Emergence; Exit holes; Kolanuts; Plant extracts; Treatments; Weevils	Cola nitida; Coleoptera; Curculionidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349578787	Seed size effect on grain weight and agronomic performance of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]	Belay G., Zemede A., Assefa K., Metaferia G., Tefera H.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	9	None	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Belay, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Zemede, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Assefa, K., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Metaferia, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Tefera, H., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter], the indigenous Ethiopian cereal, has a very minute seed size, yet it has a strong bearing both on the preferences of farmers for planting material and consumers as quality measure. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of sieve-graded seeds on the grain weight of tef, and to investigate whether large seed size offers yield and agronomic advantages over using un-graded planting seed materials. Seeds of two tef varieties, DZ-01-974 and DZ-Cr-37 (early type) were sieve-graded in to five seed size treatments, and were field grown at Debre Zeit and Akaki experiment stations, in 2005 and 2006, along with the un-graded seed (Mix) as a control. A split-plot design replicated three times in randomized complete block arrangements was used; varieties were used as main plots while seed sizes were kept as sub-plots. Grain yield, days-to-panicle emergence (DPE), plant height, biomass yield and panicle length were considered. There was clear increase of 100- seed weight when seed size increased. However, seed size effects were statistically significant, but not agronomically meaningful, only for DPE. Generally, there were trends of increased grain yield (up to 7%) due to large seeds, but the advantages for the other traits were nil. Relative growth rates (RGR) were similar for the seed-size groups, and therefore, were unable to explain the lack of significant effects. In conclusion, under optimum production conditions, the added advantages of large seed size do not justify tef-seed grading. On the other hand, farmers may consider the use of smaller size seeds for planting and sell large size seeds for consumption purpose. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Eragrostis tef; Seed size; Tef; Tef agronomy	Eragrostis; Eragrostis tef	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956004029	Structure, conduct and performance of farm gate marketing of natural rubber in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria	Giroh D.Y., Umar H.Y., Yakub W.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	14	None	Farming Systems Research and Extension Department, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Soils and Plant Nutrition Division, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Giroh, D.Y., Farming Systems Research and Extension Department, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Umar, H.Y., Farming Systems Research and Extension Department, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Yakub, W., Soils and Plant Nutrition Division, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	The study examined the structure, conduct and performance of farm gate marketing of natural rubber in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Copies of questionnaires were used on 75 randomly selected rubber farmers. Data collected were analyzed using Gini coefficient and budgetary technique. The results indicated that gross margin and net profit were N17,821.31 and N17,278.47 while the gross margin and net profit per farmer were N62,588.47 and N60,682.00 respectively. The marketing margin and efficiency were 44.03 and 122% respectively. Rate of return was also high. The Gini coefficient analysis showed that the market was concentrated (0.256), showing the possibility of non-competitive behaviour and equality in earnings among marketers. ©2010 Academic Journals.	Budgetary technique; Farm gate; Gini coefficient; Marketing; Nigeria	None	None
None	None	Desired-gain selection indices for improving performance of two tanzania local chicken ecotypes under intensive management	Lwelamira J., Kifaro G.C.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	2	None	Institute of Rural Development Planning, P. O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Lwelamira, J., Institute of Rural Development Planning, P. O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was carried out to evaluate various desired-gain selection indices (Yamada index) in improving performance of two chicken ecotypes of Tanzania viz. Kuchi and Tanzania Medium (Medium). The indices for Kuchi ecotype were geared at improving body weight at 16 (Bwt16) weeks of age while those for Medium ecotype were geared at improving egg production and related traits. These traits included age at first egg (AFE), egg production in the first 90 days after sexual maturity (EN-90) and egg weight (EW). Apart from production traits, antibody responses (Ab) against Newcastle disease virus vaccine was also included in some selection indices in both ecotypes. Furthermore, correlated responses to some egg quality traits namely egg shape index (ESI) and eggshell thickness (STH) were also studied. Results indicated that it would take between 5 to 6 generations of selection in Kuchi to improve Bwt16 either singly or together with Ab from their current levels of 1394 g and 5 (HIlog2) to the desired averages of 1800 g and 6 (HIlog2), respectively. On the other hand results indicated that it would take between 8 to 11 generations of selection in Medium ecotype to improve either AFE and EN-90 or together with EW or Ab or both of them from their current averages of 168 days, 49 eggs, 42 g and 5 (HIlog2) to the desired averages of 154 days, 68 eggs, 50 g, and 6 (HIlog2), respectively. Based on the number of generations required to achieve desired gains and correlated responses, some selection indices were recommended. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Breeding; Desired gain; Local chicken; Selection indices	Newcastle disease virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049478366	On-farm evaluation of improved cowpea-cereals cropping systems for crop-livestock farmers: Cerealscowpea systems in Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria	Ajeigbe H.A., Singh B.B., Ezeaku I.E., Adeosun J.O.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	17	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, P. M. B. 3112, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A and M University College Station, TX 77843, United States; National Agricultural Extension, Research and Lias	Ajeigbe, H.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, P. M. B. 3112, Kano, Nigeria; Singh, B.B., Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A and M University College Station, TX 77843, United States; Ezeaku, I.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, P. M. B. 3112, Kano, Nigeria; Adeosun, J.O., National Agricultural Extension, Research and Liason Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	From 2003 to 2005, a farmer's participatory evaluation of improved cowpea-cereal cropping systems in the Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria involving over 1600 farmers was conducted. The system involved growing improved cowpea varieties with cereal in a 2 cereal: 4 cowpea row to row arrangements, with application of inorganic and organic fertilizer to the crops and 2 to 3 insecticide sprays to the cowpea. Training was provided to all farmers and extension agents at the village level, while the farmers' group leaders and extension agents were further given on-station training. The results indicate that the improved cropping systems using improved varieties of cowpeas were superior to the traditional systems. The economic value of grains of the improved systems ranged from 160 to 680% of the traditional controls while the total produce gave gross returns of 160 to 571% of the total produce of the traditional controls in the Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria. The improved systems also produced better quality crop residues with increase in the leguminous portion of the residues and therefore likely to improve productivity of the livestock. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Cowpea-cereal systems; Farmer participatory trial; Improved strip cropping system; Vigna unguiculata	Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049464847	Participatory on-farm evaluation of improved legume-cereals cropping systems for crop-livestock farmers: Maize-double cowpea in Northern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria	Ajeigbe H.A., Singh B.B., Adeosun J.O., Ezeaku I.E.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	16	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, P. M. B. 3112, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A and M University, R.M. 428 Heep Building, College Station, TX 77843, United States; National Agricultural Ext	Ajeigbe, H.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, P. M. B. 3112, Kano, Nigeria; Singh, B.B., Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A and M University, R.M. 428 Heep Building, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Adeosun, J.O., National Agricultural Extension, Research and Liason Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ezeaku, I.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, P. M. B. 3112, Kano, Nigeria	Farmer's participatory evaluation of improved cowpea-maize cropping systems in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria involving over 1000 farmers was conducted from 2003 to 2005. The system involved growing improved cowpea varieties with maize in a 2 cereal: 4 cowpea row to row (arrangement), with application of inorganic and organic fertilizer to the crops and 2 to 3 insecticide sprays to cowpea. The result indicated that the improved cropping systems using improved varieties of cowpeas were superior to the traditional system. The economic value of grain of the improved system averaged 313, 269 and 308% of the traditional systems in 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively. The improved systems also produced better quality crop residues with increase in the leguminous portion of the residues and therefore improve productivity of the livestock. Farmers' cooperatives societies were vital in procurement of inputs, accessing bank loans and loan recoveries and in subsequent farmer to farmer diffusion of both improved varieties and cropping systems. Participatory on-farm evaluation of improved cowpea varieties and improved cowpea-sorghum and cowpea-maize intercrop systems has led to rapid farmer to farmer diffusion and adoption of the new technologies. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Cowpea-cereal systems; Farmer participatory trial; Improved strip cropping system; Vigna unguiculata; Zea mays	Vigna unguiculata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956330511	Performance of semi-determinate and indeterminate cowpeas relay-cropped into maize in northeast Nigeria	Kamara A.Y., Omoigui L.O., Ewansiha S.U., Ekeleme F., Chikoye D., Ajeigbe H.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	7	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P. M. B. 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; College of Plant Health, Michael Okpara U	Kamara, A.Y., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P. M. B. 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Omoigui, L.O., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Ewansiha, S.U., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P. M. B. 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Ekeleme, F., College of Plant Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P. M. B. 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Ajeigbe, H., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P. M. B. 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria	Field trials were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Tilla (northern Guinea savanna) and Sabon-Gari (Sudan savanna) in northeast Nigeria to determine the performance of two improved cowpea varieties when relay-intercropped with early and late maize, 6 and 8 weeks after planting the maize. Grain yield, number of branches and number of pods per plant were higher for the variety IT89KD-288 than for IT97K-499-35, whether planted sole or relay-intercropped with maize. Grain yield was lower for IT97K-499-35 than for IT89KD-288 when relay-intercropped with maize irrespective of the maturity period of the companion maize crop. This may be due to the indeterminate growth habit and shade tolerance of IT89KD-288 which allowed a higher pod load than IT97K-499-35. However, relay-intercropping with early maize gave higher yield than relay-intercropping into late maize. Also relay-intercropping at 6 weeks after planting maize (WAP) gave a higher yield than relay-intercropping at 8 WAP. This therefore, suggests that introducing cowpea into short statured early maize may mean less competition for light and soil resources compared to taller late maize. Also introducing the cowpea earlier may allow the crop to make full use of soil moisture during the cropping season. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Cowpea; Grain; Maize; Northeast nigeria; Relay-intercropping; Savanna	Gari; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71049162984	Evaluation of botanical plants powders against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored haricot beans under laboratory condition	Araya G., Getu E.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	10	None	Jijga University, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia	Araya, G., Jijga University, Ethiopia; Getu, E., Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia	Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of botanical powders of Jatropha curcas (L.), Datura stramonium (L.), Chenopodium ambrosioides(L.), Phytoloca dodecondra (L'Herit), Azadrachta indica (A. Juss) and Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) in the laboratory under ambient condition. The test insects were reared in glass jar and tested on whole haricot bean grains. For comparison, primiphos-methyl and untreated check were used. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design in three replications. Hundred percent mortality of Z.subfasciatus was obtained with C. ambrosioides leaf powder at all levels of concentrations 24 hour after treatment application. More than 90% mortality of adult Z. subfasciatus was also observed for bean seeds treated with J. curcas, D. stramonium and P. dodecondra 96 hour after treatment at the rate of 15g/ 150g of grain application. Powder treatments of C. ambrosioides and A. indica at all tested rates and D. stramonium at higher levels (10 and 15g) gave more than 97% inhibition of F1 progeny production by Z. subfasciatus. Powder plant materials significantly reduced percent haricot bean grain infestation by Z. subfasciatus. Moreover, these plant materials had no effect on the germination capacity of haricot bean seeds. In general, the results obtained indicate that the use of these powder plant materials can be used for the control of Z. subfasciatus. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Azadrachta indica; Chenopodium ambrosioides; Datura stramonium; Jatropha curcas; Parthenium hysterophorus; Phytoloca dodecondra; Zabrotes subfasciatus	Bruchinae; Chenopodium ambrosioides; Coleoptera; Datura stramonium; Hexapoda; Jatropha; Jatropha curcas; Parthenium hysterophorus; Zabrotes subfasciatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958824145	Germination and growth performance of Aloe turkanensis and Aloe secundflora under different substrates	Mukonyi K.W., Oeba V.O., Chiteva R., Lelon J., Gathara M.W.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	10	None	Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P. O. Box 20412, Nairobi-00200, Kenya	Mukonyi, K.W., Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P. O. Box 20412, Nairobi-00200, Kenya; Oeba, V.O., Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P. O. Box 20412, Nairobi-00200, Kenya; Chiteva, R., Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P. O. Box 20412, Nairobi-00200, Kenya; Lelon, J., Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P. O. Box 20412, Nairobi-00200, Kenya; Gathara, M.W., Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P. O. Box 20412, Nairobi-00200, Kenya	Income generated from indigenous Aloe sap taping has been a source of livelihoods to most communities in drylands of Kenya. Most of the Aloe leaf harvesting takes place in the wild, threatening the natural Aloe populations. This calls for establishment of Aloe plantations as alternative source of sustainable sap tapping. Currently there is lack of information on propagation methods of commercial indigenous Aloes in Kenya. Investigation undertaken to establish Aloe propagation methods showed that different factors determine Aloe germination and growth which need to be considered in Aloe propagation. Findings showed that Aloe seed germination under greenhouse began on the 9th day and maximum germination took place between 2ndand 3rd week of sowing. Addition of vermiculite and sawdust to soil from natural Aloe growing zones improved germination. Aloe turkanensis showed better germination percentage as compared to Aloe secundflora in most of the growing substrate. Forest humus soil blended with sawdust, showed the highest germination of 28%, after 21 days for Aloe turkanensis followed by substrate containing soils from natural habitat blended with vermiculite, then loam soil at 18 and 11% blended with sawdust and vermiculite, respectively. The vermiculite and sawdust blended media showed poor growth performance as revealed after 5 months of germination. Substrate from natural habitat enriched with manure showed good growth performance, while those enriched with sawdust had poor growth performance. Results indicate that different substrate may be used for germination and potting. Those that show high germination are not good for Aloe growth, but those enhancing growth did not show better germination. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Aloe propagation; Livelihoods; Substrate; Sustainability	Aloe; Aloe turkanensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958818159	Heavily stocked 5-paddock rotational grazing effect on cross-bred Afrikaner steer performance and herbaceous vegetation dynamics in a semi-arid veld of Zimbabwe	Moyo B., Dube S., Moyo C., Nesamvuni E.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	10	None	Matopos Research Station, P. Bag K5137, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Natural Resources and the Environment, Ecosystems Dynamics and Processes Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Khulasizwe Trust, P. O. Box QP 23, Queenspark, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Agriculture, Limpopo Province, South Africa	Moyo, B., Matopos Research Station, P. Bag K5137, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Dube, S., Natural Resources and the Environment, Ecosystems Dynamics and Processes Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Moyo, C., Khulasizwe Trust, P. O. Box QP 23, Queenspark, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Nesamvuni, E., Department of Agriculture, Limpopo Province, South Africa	A ten-year high stocking rate trial, mimicking communal areas was initiated at Matopos Research Station, Zimbabwe. Afrikaner steer crosses grazed continuously or rotationally at a high stocking rate (0.4 LU.ha-1) in two 45 ha areas, with one fenced into five 9 ha camps each for the rotational grazing sites, with 30 animals per site. It was hypothesized that, heavily stocked rotation will not improve herbage biomass, decreaser species abundance, basal cover or animal performance. Biomass, basal cover and decreaser species abundance were not (P &gt; 0.05) significantly different between the grazing systems, save for Themeda triandra, Setaria incrassata and Panicum novemnerve, but were significant (P &lt; 0.05) in terms of annual variation. Mean maximum steer weight gain was higher (P &lt; 0.05) under continuous grazing. It was concluded that, the creation of rigid rotational grazing schemes in communal areas without proper stocking rates will not improve animal performance, herbage production, basal cover, but might have an effect on species abundance. In higher rainfall years, heavy stocking has no adverse effects on performance. Hence, any plans of grazing interventions on livestock management in communal areas, should consider stocking rate and rainfall, with a rapid stock reduction strategy in projected low rainfall years. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Basal cover; Communal areas; Grazing system; Herbage biomass; Stocking rate; Weight gain	Animalia; Panicum; Themeda triandra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955000621	Evaluation of lyophilized and non lyophilized toxins from trichoderma species for the control of ceratocystis paradoxa	Eziashi E.I., Uma N.U., Adekunle A.A., Airede C.E., Odigie E.E.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	13	None	Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Plant Pathology Division, P. M. B. 1030, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria	Eziashi, E.I., Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Plant Pathology Division, P. M. B. 1030, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Uma, N.U., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Adekunle, A.A., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Airede, C.E., Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Plant Pathology Division, P. M. B. 1030, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Odigie, E.E., Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Plant Pathology Division, P. M. B. 1030, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Lyophilized and non-lyophilized toxins produced from Trichoderma species were investigated against Ceratocystis paradoxa mycelial growth at different concentrations in-vitro. Lyophilized toxin inhibition on C. paradoxa by T. viride (28.14 and 28.14%) and T. polysporum (28.88 and 28.88%) at 70 and 100% concentrations were significant (p = 0.005) compared with T. hamatum (20.37 and 21.48%) and T. aureoviride (20.00 and 20.37%) six days after incubation. Non-lyophilized phytotoxin inhibition on C. paradoxa mycelia by T. viride (21.85 and 23.335%) and T. polysporum (22.22 and 22.59%) at 70 and 100% were also significant (p = 0.005) when compared with T. hamatum (16.29 and 18.14%) and T. aureoviride (17.03 and 17.77%) 6 days after incubation. The mycelial growth of C. paradoxa was stimulated by T. hamatum and T. aureoviride at 20 and 50% concentrations with lyophilized and non-lyophilized phytotoxins. The lyophilized phytotoxin exhibited better control of C. paradoxa compared with non-lyophilized and the control treatments. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, column fraction isolated from T. viride Rf value 0.51 was deduced to be 1, 2-benzendicaboxylic acid. It is responsible for the inhibitory action on C. paradoca mycelia. This compound produced by T. viride depended on type of fungus strain and standard used. © 2010 Academic Journals.	1, 2-benzendicarboxylic acid; GC-Ms; Inhibition; Mycelia	Ceratocystis paradoxa; Fungi; Trichoderma; Trichoderma aureoviride; Trichoderma hamatum; Trichoderma viride	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960831966	Evaluation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants with natural and transgenic resistance against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates occurring in the republic of south africa (RSA)	Sivparsad B., Gubba A.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	13	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Discipline of Plant Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa	Sivparsad, B., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Discipline of Plant Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa; Gubba, A., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Discipline of Plant Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa	Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infections causes significant economic losses in the commercial production of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). This study was undertaken to evaluate tomato with natural and transgenic resistance when inoculated with TSWV isolates occurring in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The Stevens cultivar which has natural resistance to TSWV conferred by the Sw-5 gene and the transgenic 13-1 line which expresses the nucleocapsid (N) protein gene of the TSWV-BL isolate were used as test plants. Six TSWV isolates collected from Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, North West, Limpopo and Mpumulanga provinces were mechanically inoculated onto test plants. The trial was arranged in a general treatment structure with randomized block design and repeated once. Plants were assessed for TSWV resistance based on a disease severity rating scale and measurements of virion accumulation levels (A405nm) using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There were no significant differences among the reactions produced by the six TSWV isolates on the test plants. Although both plants were susceptible to the TSWV isolates from RSA by exhibiting similar high viral accumulation levels, the transgenic tomato line showed milder disease severity than the natural resistant cultivar. Results suggest that transgenic resistance is a more viable approach in the control of TSWV in RSA. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Republic of south africa; Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.); Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV); Transgenic; Virus resistance	Lycopersicon esculentum; Tomato spotted wilt virus; Tospovirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956299050	Evaluation of essential capacities required for the performance of farming small, micro and medium enterprise (SMMEs) in South Africa	Mmbengwa V.M., Ramukumba T., Groenewald J.A., van Schalkwyk H.D., Gundidza M.B., Maiwashe A.N.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	6	None	School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), George Campus, South Africa; University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa; Livestock Business Division, Agricultural Research Council, P/Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa	Mmbengwa, V.M., School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), George Campus, South Africa, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Ramukumba, T., School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), George Campus, South Africa; Groenewald, J.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van Schalkwyk, H.D., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Gundidza, M.B., School of Therapeutic Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa; Maiwashe, A.N., Livestock Business Division, Agricultural Research Council, P/Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa	The capacity of small, micro, and medium enterprises (SMMEs) plays a pivotal role in ensuring the viability and sustainability of the enterprise. Various types of capacities need to be identified and used to guide farming SMMEs' planning, implementation and support in the after-care phase. The main objective of the study was to identify and evaluate essential capacities that are instrumental in ensuring the financial success of farming SMMEs in South Africa. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to determine the performance of farming SMMEs under consideration. The results revealed that market capacity is essential for financial returns of farming SMMEs in South Africa. Farming SMMEs should be linked to sustainable markets and they must actively participate in both supply and value chains in order to be profitable. Thus, farming SMMEs and their support service stakeholders should consider market access as crucial during pre-and post settlement support. It is essential therefore, that both public and private sectors prioritise market access in their supportive programmes. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Capacities; Performance; Planning; Profitability; Sustainable	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049465012	Evaluation of some empirical methods of estimating potential evapo-transpiration for determination of length of growing season in a tropical wet and dry climate	Bello N.J., Eruola A.O., Ufoegbune G.C., Awomeso J.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	16	None	University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Bello, N.J., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Eruola, A.O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ufoegbune, G.C., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Awomeso, J.A., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A comparison of 4 empirical methods of calculating potential evapo-transpiration (PE) using climatic data for the estimation of length of growing season from rainfall - potential evapo-transpiration model was carried out using 15 years of estimates recorded in Shaki, Southwestern Nigeria. The length of the growing season estimated from the 4 empirical methods of PE were related to the moisture requirements of some selected tropical crops. Data were analyzed by one - way ANOVA taking each yearly mean as the average of the 15 years (1991 - 2005) for the station. Results show that the methods varied greatly in their ability to define the magnitude and variability of the length of growing season. The original Penman and the modified Penman of McCulloch models showed no significant difference in their use for the determination of length of growing season. However, the Thornthwaite, the Priestly and Taylor showed differences in the estimates of length of growing season. Priestly and Taylor gave the least estimate of length of growing season. The relative reliability of each method in terms of accuracy of both measured and extrapolated meteorological data utilized was also discussed. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Length of growing season; Moisture requirement; Potential evapo-transpiration; Wet and dry climate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84255167783	Reproductive performance of sows in rural communities of Busia and Kakamega Districts, Western Kenya	Mutua F.K., Dewey C.E., Arimi S.M., Schelling E., Ogara W.O., Levy M.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	31	10.5897/AJAR11.822	University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, P. O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, ONT N1G 2W1, Canada; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Swiss Tropical Institute, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, P. O. Box Basel, Switzerland	Mutua, F.K., University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, P. O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Dewey, C.E., University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, ONT N1G 2W1, Canada; Arimi, S.M., University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, P. O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Schelling, E., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya, Swiss Tropical Institute, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, P. O. Box Basel, Switzerland; Ogara, W.O., University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, P. O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Levy, M., University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, ONT N1G 2W1, Canada	This study provided baseline performance of breeding pigs information on local sow productivity that was previously lacking. The objective was to investigate performance of breeding pigs in rural smallholder communities of Western Kenya. A random sample of 288 smallholder farms in Busia and Kakamega districts was selected pigs. The farms were visited three times in the course of the study period, 2006 to 2008. Data on management and productivity were gathered by means of questionnaires administered to sow owners. The average number of sows owned per farm was 1.3±0.6. Sows were bred for an average of 2.18±1.08 days during one estrus. Sows were 12.1±4.5 months old when they farrowed for the first time. They were bred 1.9±1.6 month after piglets were weaned. Sources of breeding boars included borrowed boars from the neighbourhood (77%), farmers' own boars (14%), group-owned boars (0.4%) and those that were free roaming (2%). The average litter size was 7.8±2.6 while the average number weaned was 6.8±3.1. Piglets were weaned at 5.4±3.3 weeks of age. Piglets were reportedly cheaper in Busia (USD 6.36±0.71) than they were in Kakamega (USD 9.71±2.18) (p<0.05). Factors that are likely to influence performance of both sows and boars in the villages are discussed. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Litter size; Piglet mortality; Smallholder pig farms; Sow production; Western Kenya	None	None
WoS	WOS:000273689800002	Impact of rural development projects on agricultural productivity in selected regions of Benin	Afari-Sefa, Victor,Yabi, Jacob A.	2009	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH	4	11	None	IITA, Univ Parakou	None	In this study, data collected from 120 rural households located in two distinct socio-cultural locales of Benin was used to assess the impact of 20 development projects on agricultural productivity. A 'withwithout' approach of impact evaluation is followed using ANOVA and econometric regressions. Results reveal no significant differences of projects on agricultural productivity between participants in the two study zones. Econometric regression estimates show significantly positive impacts on agricultural productivity for two selected project indicators in the two study zones. However, the goal achievement index was more remarked in the Adja area, where the projects were found to have better addressed development problems and provided higher impact. The results suggest the need to improve management of agricultural projects to enhance their impact. Likewise, objectives and activities of the projects should be oriented to deal better with development problems of rural people, in particular those of the poorest and marginalized communities.	BENIN,IMPACT,productivity,"rural projects"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000292269500001	The impact of HIV/AIDS on labor markets, productivity and welfare in Southern Africa: A critical review and analysis	Kinkingninhoun-Medagbe, F. M.,Simtowe, Franklin	2011	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH	6	10	None	World Agroforestry Centre, WARDA Africa Rice Ctr	"Simtowe, Franklin: World Agroforestry Centre",	Global estimates of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic as of 2007 shows that about 33 million people are living with HIV, the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The international labor organization (ILO) estimates that at least 23 million workers in the prime labor force (aged15 to 49 years) are infected with HIV. More than 70% of the world's HIV/AIDS infected population lives in Africa. Within the Africa region, the Southern Africa region has the largest HIV prevalence rate. It is estimated that more than 30% of total world HIV population lives in Southern Africa. In this paper, we analyze the extent to which the HIV/AIDS pandemic impacts the labor markets, productivity and welfare in Southern Africa. We hypothesize that the pandemic can reduce the labor force and productivity, consequently leading to the deterioration in welfare and stagnation of the economy. The analysis finds out that a significant proportion of the labor force has been lost to HIV. In addition to the loss of workers due to AIDS, the cost of caring for AIDS patients is enormous and has resulted into the erosion of productivity and profitability in both the formal and informal sectors. Due to the disproportionate HIV/AIDS prevalence rate between age groups and sex, the pandemic is changing the age and sex distribution of the labor force. The average age of the labor is declining due to the early entry by young and inexperienced people into the labor force. HIV is exerting negative impact on household welfare through the loss of income initially earned by a household member that is a victim of HIV/AIDS, and that through increased medical expenses by the household on the AIDS victim, most of the household income is spent on medication other than other household needs. Some economies in the region are already facing a reduction in economic growth due to the HIV pandemic and it is observed that if efforts to prevent its spread are not intensified, such economies would face stagnation at some point.	"ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)","HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)","LABOR MARKETS",productivity,WELFARE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844443523	The impact of reduced drug prices on the cost-effectiveness of HAART in South Africa	Nattrass N., Geffen N.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	1	None	AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Nattrass, N., AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Geffen, N., Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	South Africa has started 'rolling out' highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) through the public health sector, but implementation has been slow. Studies have shown that in Africa AIDS prevention may be more cost-effective than providing HAART; such published results provide some support for the South African government's apparent reluctance to implement a large-scale rapid HAART roll-out. However, previous studies have not linked treatment and prevention plans, and do not, for the most part, consider the potential savings to the public health sector (e.g., fewer hospital admissions) that may arise from the introduction of HAART. The South African costing exercise summarised here avoids both these limitations. It provides an update of earlier work and takes into account the recent decline in antiretroviral drug prices. It shows that once HIV-related hospital costs are included in the calculation, the cost per HIV infection averted is lower in a treatment-plus-prevention intervention scenario than it is in a prevention-only scenario. This suggests that it is economically advantageous to fund a large-scale comprehensive intervention plan and that the constraints for doing so are political. Once human-rights considerations are included, the case for providing HAART is even more compelling. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS; Prevention; Public health; Treatment	antiretrovirus agent; article; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; cost of illness; drug cost; drug utilization; government; health care planning; health program; health promotion; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hospital cost; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; nonhuman; patient counseling; preventive health service; public health service; South Africa; vertical transmission; virus transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50449084792	Understanding diversity in impact and responses among HIV/AIDS-affected households: The case of Msinga, South Africa	Swaans K., Broerse J., Van Diepen I., Salomon M., Gibson D., Bunders J.	2008	African Journal of AIDS Research	7	2	10.2989/AJAR.2008.7.2.2.519	Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands; Medical Anthropology and Sociology Unit, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Farmer Support Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1 Golf Road, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Swaans, K., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands; Broerse, J., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands; Van Diepen, I., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, Medical Anthropology and Sociology Unit, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Salomon, M., Farmer Support Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1 Golf Road, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Gibson, D., Medical Anthropology and Sociology Unit, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bunders, J., Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands	To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of HIV and AIDS on rural households in Msinga, South Africa, the sustainable livelihoods framework was adapted. An ethnographic perspective was employed to examine: 1) the impact of HIV/AIDS-related illnesses on people's mind and spirit (the internal environment), and 2) the influence of institutional structures and processes (the external environment), in order to better understand 3) the actions taken by individuals and households in response to HIV and AIDS. Members of three support groups at a local drop-in centre were consulted about the impact of HIV and AIDS on their lives through focus groups, a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The study shows that the psychosocial impact and associated coping strategies, as well as prevailing gender-based power relations and exclusion from social-exchange networks - which are not (readily) available factors in the sustainable livelihoods framework - affect people's lives in different ways and depend on the specific situation of the individual or household concerned. The study confirms the need to restore a household's resource base and to address psychosocial issues. However, the variation in impact to different households requires a diversified and holistic programme of development interventions. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Accessibility; Coping; Mitigation strategies; Psychosocial aspects; Resource-poor settings; Sustainable livelihoods framework	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; coping behavior; ethnographic research; female; holistic care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; interview; major clinical study; male; questionnaire; rural area; sex ratio; social aspect; social psychology; South Africa; support group; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32344440641	The impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluations on meeting project objectives	Niba M., Green J.M.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	2	None	Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Niba, M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Green, J.M., Department of Community Resources, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	This study investigates the value of participation on meeting a project's objectives by comparing the impact of participatory and non-participatory evaluation frameworks. We assessed HIV/AIDS projects that shared similarities in terms of objectives and implementation strategies, but differed in their evaluation strategies, in order to identify differences in the outcome of the projects on the beneficiaries. The study concentrated on documentary and interview evidence of communication-based HIV/AIDS projects. The results highlight that in spite of socio-demographic differences, consistent use of a participatory methodology created an enabling environment, in terms of implementation, for meeting a project's objectives (particularly improved group awareness, knowledge, attitude, empowerment, functioning and sustainability); and, in terms of evaluation, a participatory methodology better enabled the internalisation of those objectives, through activities such as focus group discussions. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Africa; Behaviour; Community empowerment; HIV/AIDS interventions; Monitoring and evaluation	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; attitude to illness; demography; documentation; empowerment; evidence based practice; health care delivery; health care planning; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; interpersonal communication; interview; medical information; methodology; outcome assessment; participatory management; social aspect; sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648820316	Modelling the relationship between antiretroviral treatment and HIV prevention: Limitations of the Spectrum AIDS Impact Model in changing policy environment	Nattrass N.	2007	African Journal of AIDS Research	6	2	None	Department of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Nattrass, N., Department of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	This paper shows how two publicly available epidemiological modelling packages, namely the Spectrum AIDS Impact Model and the ASSA2003 AIDS and Demographic Model, predict very different impacts from rolling out highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on new HIV infections. Using South Africa as a case study, it shows that the ASSA2003 model predicts a significant drop in new HIV infections as HAART is rolled out, whereas the Spectrum model assumes that HAART does not have a preventative impact (and in fact generates a small increase in new HIV infections). Users will thus draw different conclusions about the public health benefits of HAART depending on which modelling package they use. Despite being presented as a policy-oriented modelling tool capable of exploring 'what if' questions about the impact of different policy choices, the Spectrum model is ill-equipped to do so with regard to a HAART rollout. Unlike Spectrum, ASSA2003 is more flexible and its assumptions are clear. Better modelling and more information (including about the relationship between HAART and sexual risk behaviour) is required to develop appropriate public-policy modelling for the HAART era. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Demographic models; HAART; Health impact; Interventions; Mathematical models; Policy development; Sexual risk behaviour; South Africa	antiretrovirus agent; nevirapine; zidovudine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; case study; controlled study; epidemic; high risk behavior; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; policy; prediction; prevalence; sexual behavior; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938691863	The impact of the global economic crisis on HIV and AIDS programmes directed at women and children in Zambia	Serieux J., Njelesani M., Chompolola A., Sepehri A., Guliani H.	2015	African Journal of AIDS Research	14	2	10.2989/16085906.2015.1040806	Department of Economics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR), UNESCO, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada	Serieux, J., Department of Economics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Njelesani, M., Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR), UNESCO, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chompolola, A., Department of Economics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Sepehri, A., Department of Economics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Guliani, H., University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada	This investigation sought to ascertain the extent to which the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 affected the delivery of HIV/AIDS-related services directed at pregnant and lactating mothers, children living with HIV and children orphaned through HIV in Zambia. Using a combined macroeconomic analysis and a multiple case study approach, the authors found that from mid-2008 to mid-2009 the Zambian economy was indeed buffeted by the global economic crisis. During that period the case study subjects experienced challenges with respect to the funding, delivery and effectiveness of services that were clearly attributable, directly or indirectly, to the global economic crisis. The source of funding most often compromised was external private flows. The services most often compromised were non-medical services (such as the delivery of assistance to orphans and counselling to HIV-positive mothers) while the more strictly medical services (such as antiretroviral therapy) were protected from funding cuts and service interruptions. Impairments to service effectiveness were experienced relatively equally by (HIV-positive) pregnant women and lactating mothers and children orphaned through HIV. Children living with AIDS were least affected because of the primacy of ARV therapy in their care. © 2015 NISC (Pty) Ltd.	case studies; crisis transmission; external funding; financial crisis; health care funding; HIV-related services	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; Article; case study; child; childhood disease; clinical effectiveness; economic aspect; female; funding; health care delivery; health program; health service; human; lactation; major clinical study; male; maternal disease; medical service; orphaned child; patient counseling; pregnant woman; Zambia; Zambian	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884515371	Modelling the potential impact and cost of scaling-up male circumcision in resource poor settings: A case of Uganda	Tumwesigyea N.M., Wabwire-Mangena F., Bagendaa D., Ssengoobab F., Opioc A., Nalwaddab C.K., Bollinger L., Stoverd J.	2013	African Journal of AIDS Research	12	1	10.2989/16085906.2013.815416	Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Plot 6 Lourdel Road, Nakasero Kampala, Uganda; Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States	Tumwesigyea, N.M., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangena, F., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Bagendaa, D., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Ssengoobab, F., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Opioc, A., Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Plot 6 Lourdel Road, Nakasero Kampala, Uganda; Nalwaddab, C.K., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Bollinger, L., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Stoverd, J., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States	This study modelled estimates of the cost and impact of male circumcision (MC) under different scenarios using the Decision Maker's Program Planning Tool on data from Uganda. Results showed that the number of new adult HIV infections could be reduced by 23 000 if MC could be increased from the current 25% to 80% by 2015. The incidence of HIV could be reduced by 0.2 percentage points over the same period. If a scale up programme is to meet a target of 80% by 2015 then the annual number of MCs performed should be over twice as many as those performed in 2011. The discounted net cost per infection averted would be US$559 for the period 2011-2015 and the country would save US$6 841 per infection. A scale up of MC will reduce HIV prevalence and incidence substantially and it would be highly cost effective. The government should mobilise funding to meet high MC targets that would deliver the desired reduction in prevalence and incidence in a short period of time. Copyright © NISC (Pty) Ltd.	Adult hiv infection; Decision maker's program planning tool; Health economics; Male circumcision	adolescent; adult; article; circumcision; cost benefit analysis; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; female; health care cost; health care planning; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection prevention; male; medical personnel; prevalence; scale up; surgeon; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449113167	Growth, productivity, and scientific impact of sources of HIV/AIDS research information, with a focus on eastern and southern Africa	Onyancha O.B.	2008	African Journal of AIDS Research	7	1	10.2989/AJAR.2008.7.1.7.435	Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	Onyancha, O.B., Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	As channels of communicating HIV/AIDS research information, serial publications and particularly journals are increasingly used in response to the pandemic. The last few decades have witnessed a proliferation of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information, bringing many challenges to collection-development librarians as well as to researchers. This study uses an informetric approach to examine the growth, productivity and scientific impact of these sources, during the period 1980 to 2005, and especially to measure performance in the publication and dissemination of HIV/AIDS research about or from eastern or southern Africa. Data were collected from MEDLINE, Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Ulrich's Periodical Directory. The analysis used Sitkis version 1.5, Microsoft Office Access, Microsoft Office Excel, Bibexcel, and Citespace version 2.0.1. The specific objectives were to identify the number of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information that have been published in the region, the coverage of these in key bibliographic databases, the most commonly used publication type for HIV/AIDS research, the countries in which the sources are published, the sources' productivity in terms of numbers of papers and citations, the most influential sources, the subject coverage of the sources, and the core sources of HIV/AIDS-information. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.	Content analysis; Data mining; Databases; Infometrics; Information science; Informetrics; Library science; Scholarly publishing	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; growth; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; medical information; medical literature; medical research; MEDLINE; productivity; science; sociology; South Africa; time series analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896505924	The impact of the declining extended family support system on the education of orphans in Lesotho	Tanga P.T.	2013	African Journal of AIDS Research	12	3	10.2989/16085906.2013.863217	Department of Social Work/Social Development, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Tanga, P.T., Department of Social Work/Social Development, University of Fort Hare, PB X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of the weakening of the extended family on the education of double orphans in Lesotho through in-depth interviews with participants from 3 of the 10 districts in Lesotho. The findings reveal that in Lesotho the extended family has not yet disintegrated as the literature suggests. However, it shows signs of rupturing, as many orphans reported that they are being taken into extended family households, the incentive for these households being, presumably, the financial and other material assistance that they receive from the government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) which supplements household income and material wellbeing. The findings show that financial and other assistance given by the government and NGOs have resulted in conflict between the orphans and caregivers. This has also prompted many extended families to shift responsibilities to the government and NGOs. Most of the extended households provided the orphans with poor living conditions, such as unhygienic houses, poor nutrition, and little or no provision of school materials, which has had a negative impact on the education of the orphans. The combined effects of economic crisis and HIV and AIDS have resulted in extended families not being able to care for the needs of the orphans adequately, whilst continuing to accept them into their households. It is recommended that although extended families are still accepting orphans, the government should strengthen and recognise the important role played by families and the communities in caring for these vulnerable children. The government should also introduce social grants for orphans and other vulnerable children and review the current meagre public assistance (R100) it provides for orphans and vulnerable children in Lesotho. Other stakeholders should concentrate on strengthening the capacity of families and communities through programmes and projects which could be more sustainable than the current handouts given by many NGOs. © 2013 NISC (Pty) Ltd.	Care and support; Caregivers; Education; Extended family; HIV and AIDS; Orphans	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; caregiver; conceptual framework; education; extended family; family counseling; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; interview; Lesotho; methodology; nutrition; organization; social care; wellbeing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745302574	HIV disclosure and other factors that impact on adherence to antiretroviral therapy: The case of Soweto, South Africa	Skhosana N.L., Struthers H., Gray G.E., McIntyre J.A.	2006	African Journal of AIDS Research	5	1	None	Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa	Skhosana, N.L., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; Struthers, H., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; Gray, G.E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa	Some authors argue that there are no predictors of adherence to medication, while others proffer indicators of likely adherence. These contextual factors are wide-ranging and may be interdependent. There are few studies of adherence in resource-poor settings. Of these, many were linked to particular trials whose conditions were highly controlled. For instance, the number of participants in the trial was small, the participants were strictly selected and they were offered much adherence support. These conditions will largely fall away with wider access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) such as South Africa is undertaking. Poor adherence remains one of the challenges to scaling-up access to ARVs, and, as such, the likely barriers to adherence need to be understood and countered. This study explores contextual factors - such as disclosure, preparation for treatment, treatment meaning and treatment acceptance - as aspects of lifestyle that can bear on adherence. Those who had disclosed were largely supported at household level, and after initial problems with adherence, participants adjusted and were able to include ARV treatment in their daily repertoire. Although the anticipation of stigma remains an obstacle to wide disclosure, antiretroviral therapy offers new hope and has the potential to impact on stigma. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Clinical trials; Gender; Household; Psychosocial; Stigma; Treatment literacy	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; clinical article; female; health care access; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; lifestyle; male; patient attitude; patient compliance; prediction; South Africa; stigma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648814058	The impact of the HIV epidemic on the composite wellbeing of educators in South Africa: A qualitative study	Theron L.C.	2007	African Journal of AIDS Research	6	2	None	School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, North-West University, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900 Gauteng, South Africa	Theron, L.C., School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, North-West University, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900 Gauteng, South Africa	In South Africa, support is available for educators who are HIV-positive, and there are numerous initiatives to curb further HIV infections. What is lacking though is an understanding of how the HIV epidemic impacts on educators who are affected personally or professionally. For this reason a qualitative study was undertaken with 25 affected educators from the Gauteng and Free State provinces. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to determine how the epidemic is impacting the health of educators who are affected but not HIV infected. The results suggest that affected educators are in need of interventions that target health promotion, since those who participated reported poor physical, emotional, social, spiritual and professional health. The results also suggest that some educators do cope with the overall impact of the epidemic, implying that resilient functioning among affected educators should be promoted. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Coping behaviour; Health impact; Health interventions; Health promotion; Resilient functioning; Teachers	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; clinical article; controlled study; coping behavior; emotionality; epidemic; female; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; occupational health; qualitative research; religion; semi structured interview; social aspect; South Africa; teacher; wellbeing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846050157	Community impact of HIV status disclosure through an integrated community home-based care programme	Ncama B., Uys L.	2006	African Journal of AIDS Research	5	3	None	School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Ncama, B., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Uys, L., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	The integration of HIV-prevention activities into care has received little attention within or outside formal healthcare settings. The contribution of community home-based care services in facilitating disclosure of HIV status and reducing stigma have also not been described. This study examines the community impact of an integrated community home-based care (ICHC) programme on HIV-prevention efforts and disclosure of status. Quantitative data was collected from 363 people living with HIV (PLHIV) and 1 028 members of their micro-communities; of these, 211 and 586, respectively, were in the ICHC programme (thus representing the ICHC-served group) and 152 and 442, respectively, were not in the programme (representing the non-served or control group). The micro-community group served by the ICHC programme reported significantly more positive attitudes towards HIV, better knowledge of HIV, fewer instances of sexually-transmitted infections, a tendency for fewer sexual partners, and less perceived risk of acquiring HIV than the non-served micro-community group. Also, the micro-community served by the programme did not show significantly better uptake of voluntary counselling and testing than did the non-served micro-community. There was no difference in condom-use between the two groups. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Integrated care model; Knowledge/attitudes/behaviour; Sexual behaviour change; Stigmatisation; Voluntary counselling and testing	article; attitude to illness; behavior change; community care; community living; condom; controlled study; data collection method; female; health education; health program; health status; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; infection risk; integrated health care system; interpersonal communication; major clinical study; male; patient counseling; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; risk reduction; safe sex; screening test; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; stigma; voluntary program	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65749089418	Facilitating health-enabling social contexts for youth: Qualitative evaluation of a family-based HIV-prevention pilot programme	Paruk Z., Petersen I., Bhana A.	2009	African Journal of AIDS Research	8	1	10.2989/AJAR.2009.8.1.7.720	School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa; Child, Youth and Family Development, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Paruk, Z., School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa; Petersen, I., School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa; Bhana, A., Child, Youth and Family Development, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa	This paper reports on a post-intervention qualitative evaluation of the pilot intervention of the AmaQhawe Family Project, in South Africa, which is a cartoon-based, manualised intervention delivered to multiple family groups over 10 sessions, aimed at preventing HIV in adolescents through strengthening the adult protective shield. Semi-structured interviews with nine women who had participated in the pilot intervention were used to understand participants' perceptions of how the family-based HIV-prevention programme had assisted in addressing the issues identified in a pre-intervention exploratory study. Analysis of the data was informed by community health psychology and social capital theory. The findings indicate that at an individual level, the women interviewed had experienced an improved sense of empowerment, both as parents and as women. They also reported increased social support for effective parenting. At a collective level, the women reported that the programme had helped them to exert better informal social controls within the community, as well as to increase their social leverage and participation in community organisations. The findings suggest that HIV interventions involving families can strengthen the adult protective shield to facilitate health-enabling social contexts for youth. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Community programmes; Health interventions; HIV/AIDS; Parents; Social capital; Social determinants; Social psychology; South Africa	article; attitude to health; child parent relation; community; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; juvenile; psychology; semi structured interview; social capital; social control; social environment; social support; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903129332	Climate change impact on the limnology of Lake Kariba, Zambia-Zimbabwe	Mahere T.S., Mtsambiwa M.Z., Chifamba P.C., Nhiwatiwa T.	2014	African Journal of Aquatic Science	39	2	10.2989/16085914.2014.927350	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station, Kariba, Zimbabwe; Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe	Mahere, T.S., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mtsambiwa, M.Z., University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station, Kariba, Zimbabwe, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Chifamba, P.C., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nhiwatiwa, T., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	There is evidence that global warming is changing the thermal regimes of tropical lakes and this paper examines the impact of warming on the limnology of Lake Kariba. Between 1986 and 2011 the mean temperature of the lake rose by 0.7 °C, a rate equivalent to 0.03 °C y-1, but this increase was not uniform, being most pronounced in March and May (1.5 and 1.4 °C, respectively) and least in August and October (0.1 °C in both). These changes appear to have disrupted the thermal regime which now seems to be less predictable than before. Thermal gradients have weakened and, as a result, oxyclines are now less pronounced and persistent than in the past. Previous workers suggested that warming in Lake Kariba has strengthened stratification and has caused the thermocline to rise, reducing the volume of the epilimnion and thus reducing the productivity of the pelagic fishery. But this does not appear to be the case. Warming was not accompanied by more pronounced stratification or upward shift in the thermocline, but instead there was a downward transfer of heat that caused the thermocline to descend and weaken, thus reducing thermal stability. The dynamic nature of the thermocline highlights the need to exercise caution in making simple predictions and conclusions about biotic responses in a large complex ecosystem. © 2014 Copyright © NISC (Pty) Ltd.	dissolved oxygen; oxycline; stratification; temperature; thermal gradient; thermocline	None	None
WoS	WOS:000284282200007	Impact of occupational health and safety on worker productivity: A case of Zimbabwe food industry	Gadzirayi, C. T.,Katsuro, P.,Mupararano, Suzanna,Taruwona, M.	2010	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT	4	13	None	Bindura Univ Sci Educ	None	This research sought to assess the impact of occupational health safety ( OHS) on productivity in the commercial food industry. The objective of the study was to explore OHS problems of different work areas and their impact on productivity. The research targeted production supervisors, shop floor employees and industrial clinic nurses. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were used as research instruments to collect data. The study found out that OHS related problems negatively affect workers' productive capacity in the food industry resulting in reduced worker output. Workers develop a negative attitude and low morale towards work. High incidents of accidents at work also occur. The study recommends that food industry factories should upgrade their OHS through training programmes and use up-to-date equipment.	"Food factory","OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH",productivity.,SAFETY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000266170400003	Evaluation of customer handling competencies of Ethiopian employees'	Potluri, Rajasekhara Mouly,Zeleke, Awgichew Abiye	2009	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT	3	4	None	Kazakh British Technical University, Mkt Expert Ethiopian Telecommun Corp Addis Ababa	"Potluri, Rajasekhara Mouly: Kazakh British Technical University",	Service quality has become essential for the survival of service companies to attract and retain customers in the present day's fiercely competing business world. Competent employees are the key to deliver excellent quality services, this study mainly focuses on evaluation of customer handling competencies of Ethiopian employees' which is an imperative to maximize customer satisfaction. Data for the study was collected through self administered questionnaires distributed to 300 customers and 500 employees of 50 companies in Ethiopia. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS software package. The result shows that most employees working at the front desk service areas did not demonstrate most of the basic marketing competency indicators. As a result, most customers were not satisfied with the service provided by the Ethiopian companies and ranked its service quality as poor. The research identifies basic competency deficiencies of Ethiopian employees in handling customers' and has managerial implication of how to staff the work force with the skill needed to deliver quality service.	"Customer handling/marketing competencies of frontline employees","customers' satisfaction","elements of marketing competency","factors affect employees' competency","service delivery standards"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000260643400001	An evaluation of the performance of private transport companies in selected Southwestern of Nigeria	Aworemi, J. R.,Ilori, M. O.	2008	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT	2	8	None	Obafemi Awolowo University, Ladoke Akintola Univ Technol	"Ilori, M. O.: Obafemi Awolowo University",	This paper evaluates the performance of Private Transport Companies in Southwestern, Nigeria. It also ascertains the influence of the identified variables on the performance of the companies. A Sample size of 270 respondents was purposively selected among registered private transport companies in the Study area. Correlation and regression analyses techniques were adopted in analyzing the collected data. The results of the findings showed a significant correlation between the performance of private transport companies and each of the independent variables of age of establishment ( r = 0.593), staff strength ( r = 0.647), wages/salary trends ( r = 0.54) and total number of functioning vehicles ( r = 0.539) and these variables had a strong, positive and significant relationships and are answerable for the performance that is measured in terms of return on investment of the private transport companies in the study area. The result of regression analysis showed that, the coefficients of the total number of employees (X-2), the government regulations on inputs such as petroleum products and auto-spare parts (X-3), costs of maintenance/ operation (X-6), state of the roads (X-7), useful life age of the vehicles (X-9) and effects of telecommunication (X-11) contributed significantly to the variation in the level of performance of private transport companies at both 5 and 10% levels.	evaluation,passenger,PERFORMANCE,"private transport",VEHICLES	None	None
WoS	WOS:000281682300025	An impact assessment of a prototype financial literacy flagship programme in a rural South African setting	Tustin, Deon Harold	2010	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT	4	9	None	University of South Africa	None	This article applies experimental research to investigate the impact of the Bubomi financial literacy flagship programme developed by Absa Group Limited, one of South Africa's largest financial service organizations. The programme aims to improve essential financial literacy skills, habits and behaviour of South Africans. The impact of the programme is measured by comparing the level of financial knowledge, confidence, attitude and accountable management practices of statistically representative experimental (people exposed to the Absa training) and control (people not exposed to Absa training) groups residing in village areas surrounding the Giyani town in the Limpopo province located in the north-eastern parts South Africa. By accepting the test hypotheses that the financial knowledge, confidence, attitudes and accountable management of the experimental group exceed that of the control group at a statistically significant level, the article investigates the immediate and intermediate impact of a prototype training programme that can effectively improve the basic financial skills, habits and behaviours of consumers. The research findings is even more pertinent when considering that a prototype skills development programme has been evaluated and found to be most applicable to skills improvement in poor village communities where financial literacy are at acute low levels. The programme evaluation research represents the first of its kind in a rural setting and outlines unique elements of a prototype training programme that indisputably contributes to the urgent need for improved money management skills in South Africa.	"Financial behavior","Financial literacy","money management"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000296232300043	An evaluation of the present status of the certificate in school business management	Bayat, Abdullah,Combrinck, Theodore,Naicker, Visvanathan	2011	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT	5	15	None	University of the Western Cape	"Bayat, Abdullah: University of the Western Cape","Combrinck, Theodore: University of the Western Cape","Naicker, Visvanathan: University of the Western Cape"	By almost any measure, most South African public schools, and especially schools in the Western Cape, have under-performed academically. For a number of years, there has existed a wide degree of consensus among education stakeholders, and particularly in government, that the problems in our schools extend beyond mere academic under-achievement. Principals need to be occupied with the tasks of managing and leading teaching and learning, that is, instruction leadership, and not managing routine administrative matters only. In recognising the potential of school administrative personnel to provide relief and support for the administrative role of principals, the Western Cape Government initiated a training course in July, 2008 for school business administrators. The course was modelled on a very successful training course developed in the United Kingdom.	"school administration","School bursars","school business management","school evaluation",GOVERNANCE	None	None
None	None	Does globalisation impact SME development in Africa?	Mutalemwa D.K.	2015	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	6	2	10.1108/AJEMS-01-2015-0012	Dar-es-Salaam Campus College, Mzumbe University, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Mutalemwa, D.K., Dar-es-Salaam Campus College, Mzumbe University, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania	Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding and knowledge of the impact of globalisation on African small and medium enterprise (SME) development. The contribution of SMEs to manufacturing industrialisation can be viewed in the context of the changing setting of globalisation. Globalisation is a description as well as a prescription. It can be broadly defined as closer economic integration as a result of rapid advances in technology, growth of world trade and competition, and policy changes towards economic liberalisation. Globalisation can also pose a challenge on how SMEs in Africa should brace themselves to respond to – and take advantages of – the changes, and carve an appropriate position in the global competitive economy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews and synthesises the eclectic literature and also draws from the experiences of both developed and developing economies. Findings – The evidence from the literature points to several stumbling blocks that prevent African manufacturing SMEs from participating successfully in the global economy. These include problems with exports, technology, competitiveness and inter-firm linkages as well as barriers in the institutional and policy environments. Originality/value – The paper will be useful to businesses, researchers, policy makers, civil society and others interested in understanding the impact of globalisation on manufacturing SME development. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Africa; Globalization; Industrialization; SMEs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926313018	Intellectual capital in ugandan service firms as mediator of board governance and firm performance	Nkundabanyanga S.K., Ntayi J.M., Ahiauzu A., Sejjaaka S.K.	2014	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	5	3	10.1108/AJEMS-06-2012-0041	Department of Accounting, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Makerere University Business School, Kampala,	Nkundabanyanga, S.K., Department of Accounting, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Ntayi, J.M., Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Ahiauzu, A., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Sejjaaka, S.K., Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating effect of intellectual capital on the relationship between board governance and perceived firm financial performance. Design/methodology/approach - This study was cross-sectional. Analyses were by SPSS and Analysis of Moment Structure on a sample of 128 firms. Findings - The mediated model provides support for the hypothesis that intellectual capital mediates the relationship between board governance and perceived firm performance. while the direct relationship between board governance and firm financial performance without the mediation effect of intellectual capital was found to be significant, this relationship becomes insignificant when mediation of intellectual capital is allowed. Thus, the entire effect does not only go through the main hypothesised predictor variable (board governance) but majorly also, through intellectual capital. Accordingly, the connection between board governance and firm financial performance is very much weakened by the presence of intellectual capital in the model - confirming that the presence of intellectual capital significantly acts as a conduit in the association between board governance and firm financial performance. Overall, 36 per cent of the variance in perceived firm performance is explained. the error variance being 64 per cent of perceived firm performance itself. Research limitations/implications - The authors surveyed directors or managers of firms and although the influence of common methods variance was minimal, the non-existence of common methods bias could not be guaranteed. Although the constructs have been defined as precisely as possible by drawing upon relevant literature and theory, the measurements used may not perfectly represent all the dimensions. For example board governance concept (used here as a behavioural concept) is very much in its infancy just as intellectual capital is. Similarly the authors have employed perceived firm financial performance as proxy for firm financial performance. The implication is that the constructs used/developed can realistically only be proxies for an underlying latent phenomenon that itself is not fully measureable. Practical implications - In considering the behavioural constructs of the board, a new integrative framework for board effectiveness is much needed as a starting point, followed by examining intellectual capital in firms whose mediating effect should formally be accounted for in the board governance - financial performance equation. Originality/value - Results add to the conceptual improvement in board governance studies and lend considerable support for the behavioural perspective in the study of boards and their firm performance improvement potential. Using qualitative factors for intellectual capital to predict the perceived firm financial performance, this study offers a unique dimension in understanding the causes of poor financial © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940947761	The impact of motivations, personal values and management skills on the performance of SMEs in South Africa	Asah F., Fatoki O.O., Rungani E.	2015	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	6	3	10.1108/AJEMS-01-2013-0009	Department of Business Management, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Department of Business Management, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, South Africa	Asah, F., Department of Business Management, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Fatoki, O.O., Department of Business Management, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, South Africa; Rungani, E., Department of Business Management, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of motivation, personal values and managerial skills of managers on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through the use of self-administered questionnaire in a survey. Data analysis included factor analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Findings – The findings revealed significant positive relationships between motivations, personal values and managerial skills of SME owners on performance. Research limitations/implications – Access to external finance (debt or equity) is one of the factors that can impact on the performance of growing SMEs. The non-accessibility of debt finance from commercial banks and trade creditors is seen as one of the major contributing factors to the failure of SMEs in South Africa. This study did not link access to finance to performance. Practical implications – The failure rate of SMEs is very high in South Africa. The study suggests that SME owners should incorporate values and improve management skills. In addition, SMEs that are motivated by opportunity have a better chance of survival. Social implications – To reduce unemployment and poverty in South Africa. Originality/value – This study adds to the understanding of the relationship between of personal values, motivations and management skills of managers and the performance of SMEs from a developing country perspective. © 2015, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Managerial skills; Motivations; Personal values; SMEs performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940924110	Competition, corporate governance and corporate performance: Substitutes or complements? Empirical evidence from Nigeria	Obembe O.B., Soetan R.O.	2015	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	6	3	10.1108/AJEMS-02-2012-0007	Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Obembe, O.B., Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Soetan, R.O., Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of interactive effect of competition and corporate governance on productivity growth of firms in Nigeria. Studies that have considered this issue were mainly from developed countries possessing strong institutions as against those of developing countries like Nigeria. Moreover, studies from Nigeria have focused exclusively on corporate governance and firm performance. The interaction effect of competition on corporate governance is yet to be addressed in the context of Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts the dynamic panel data analysis approach suggested by Arellano and Bond for productivity growth analysis. Data on 76 non-financial firms for 11 years beginning from 1997 were extracted from the financial statements of companies collected from the Nigerian Stock Exchange and subsequently analysed using General Methods of Moments (GMM). Findings – The results show that competition had a positive impact on productivity growth, however, its interaction effect with corporate governance had a substitute but not significant impact on productivity growth. When competition was interacted with an alternative corporate governance mechanism – bank – a positive and significant impact was, however, observed which shows that competition and bank loans are complementary in stimulating productivity growth of firms in Nigeria. Research limitations/implications – The study could not be carried out beyond year 2007 owing to the exit of some firms after 2007 which could have reduced the sample size drastically. The findings emanating from this study suggests that government should focus much more on implementing competitive policies and bother less on writing corporate governance codes. Practical implications – The results demonstrate that corporate governance had no significant impact on productivity growth even when it was interacted with competition. However, competition on its own had a significant impact on productivity which means that Nigeria should concentrate more on building a competitive private sector, and in this regard, government should try and pursue policies that will foster competition and eliminate monopolistic tendencies. Once, there is effective competition, the corporate governance may be strengthened. However, the interactive effect of competition and bank loans was found with a positive and significant impact which indicates that banks as alternate corporate governance mechanism can only be effective if competition is strong. This goes to show that the financial sector may not be able to effectively and positively impact the real sector in Nigeria if the prevailing level of competition is low. In such a situation finance may not be channelled to projects that have long-run implications on sustainable growth and development. Social implications – Socially, if the environment for competition is not fostered in Nigeria, the country may face an uphill task in combating the problem of poverty through a private sector-led solution. Hence, there is a need for government to begin to formulate comprehensive competition policies that will ensure that resources are optimally utilized in Nigeria. Originality/value – In the context of Nigeria, this study is novel, the use of productivity growth as against firm financial performance is unique for Nigeria while the use of GMM method of analysis helps in reducing the effect of endogeneity inherent in corporate governance and performance of firms in Nigeria. © 2015, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Competition; Corporate governance; GMM; Interaction effect; Nigeria; Productivity growth	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650196138	Organizational retention strategies and employee performance of Zenith Bank in Nigeria	Eseme Gberevbie D.	2010	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	1	1	10.1108/20400701011028167	Department of Political Science, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria	Eseme Gberevbie, D., Department of Political Science, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria	PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine employee-retention strategies and performance in the Nigerian banking sector over the period 2000-2005, with focus on Zenith Bank in Nigeria. The sector is unique in terms of its contribution to Nigeria's gross domestic product. Design/methodology/approachThe survey research design involving the use of questionnaire and structured interview to obtain primary and secondary data from relevant books, journals and the internet were adopted. The paper also adopted the χ2-analytical technique to test for significant relationship between variables. FindingsThe study revealed that it is more profitable for organizations to put in place appropriate employee-retention strategies such as good organization's image, staff participation in decision making, enhanced and regular salary package, and humane treatment of employees as strategies for organizational performance. Practical implicationsParticularly, organizations are likely to experience frequent employee turnover for as long as they fail to put in place appropriate employee-retention strategies, which is capable of preventing enhanced performance. Originality/valueThis paper provides insight into what could enhance the performance of organizations in their quest for quality service delivery and profitability. Its findings could also be a source of motivation to organizations in other sectors in the area of employee performance. © 2010, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Banking; Employees; Human resource management; Nigeria; Organizational performance; Retention	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926282757	The impact of telecommunication revenue on economic growth: Evidence from Ghana	Atsu F., Agyei C., Darbi W.P., Adjei-Mensah S.	2014	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	5	2	10.1108/AJEMS-10-2011-0076	Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Achimota - Accra, Ghana	Atsu, F., Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Achimota - Accra, Ghana; Agyei, C., Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Achimota - Accra, Ghana; Darbi, W.P., Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Achimota - Accra, Ghana; Adjei-Mensah, S., Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Achimota - Accra, Ghana	Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-run impact of telecommunications revenue and telecommunications investment on economic growth of Ghana for the time horizon 1976-2007. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron unit root test to explore the stationarity property of the variables and the Engle-Granger residual-based test of cointegration to model an appropriate restricted error correction model. Findings – The outcome of the analysis produced mixed results. Telecommunications revenue does not contribute significantly whilst telecommunications investment does. Practical implications – Policy makers will have to deal with a conundrum; while designing targeted policies that will attract more telecommunication investment in order to maximize the corresponding revenues and the economic growth it brings in its wake, they must at the same time find ways and resources to grow the economy to a point or threshold where revenue from telecommunications can have the much needed impact on their economies. Originality/value – The study is one of the first that has investigated the line of causality between telecommunication revenue and economic growth unlike previous research that mainly focused on the impact of telecommunication infrastructure on economic development. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Cointegration; Economic growth; Engle-Granger residual-based test; Restricted error correction model; Telecommunications investment; Telecommunications revenue	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929847425	Determinants of SMEs growth and performance in Cameroon’s central and littoral provinces’ manufacturing and retail sectors	Akinboade O.A.	2015	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	6	2	10.1108/AJEMS-03-2013-0033	Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Akinboade, O.A., Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss growth and performance of small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in Central and Littoral provinces of Cameroon’s manufacturing and retail sectors. Design/methodology/approach – A full survey of 700 randomly selected SMEs owner-managers was conducted though only 575 enterprises were retained for analysis after performing the coherence test. The survey was conducted in the central and littoral regions, the location of almost 70 per cent of the SMEs in Cameroon. The survey questionnaire administered consisted of about 50-60 questions covering the profile of the business owner, and business growth and performance. The full sample consists mainly of enterprises in the tertiary and secondary sectors. They were mostly retails and wholesales (supermarket, hardware shop, clothing shop, perfume shops and liquor store). Although, the secondary sector contributes 31 per cent of Cameroon's GDP and employs 15 per cent of the population, they are mostly large enterprises, with very few SMEs. Hence few businesses were interviewed in this sector. Findings – Business location affects turnover growth. The likelihood of negative growth or zero growth decreases with the age of enterprise. Increased levels of education result in improved turnover growth. There is no association of gender of with growth of business turnover. The burden imposed by municipal regulation and compliance with it negatively affects turnover growth. Time taken to be in compliance with tax regulations overall also negatively affects turnover growth. Social implications – Disseminating regulatory information to SMEs would be useful in order to improve compliance in general and newly formed enterprises located in the Littoral Province in particular. It is important to reduce regulatory burden on SMEs overall. Restrictive trade and business regulations in Africa tend to be largely devised through negotiated settlements with large corporates, and the onerous requirements tend to be inappropriate and out of reach for small, medium and micro firms. The business environment in the Littoral Province should be improved. Originality/value – Studies that examine econometric determinants of the growth of SMEs in Africa, and especially in Cameroon are few indeed. This is an area that is very crucial to examine and fully understand for policy development. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Cameroon; Growth and performance; Small and medium size enterprises	None	None
None	None	Impacts of population pressure and poverty alleviation strategies on common property resource availability in rural Tanzania	Madulu N.F.	2005	African Journal of Environmental Assessment and Management	10	None	None	Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Madulu, N.F., Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This paper outlines the linkages between population pressure and common property resources availability in Tanzania. It examines on whether population pressure has an influence on diminishing common property resources at the local level and establishes the coping mechanisms of the local communities in response to new circumstances and changing environment. In the course of discussion, an attempt has been made to assess the extent to which population pressure have influenced availability of common property resources at the local level; and identify policy implications and alternatives strategies to cope with diminishing common property resources. Further analysis have been made of the extent to which poverty alleviation strategies at the local level influence non-sustainable use and degradation of common property resources. These issues require a closer examination of the circumstances under which population; development and environment linkages manifest themselves. Whereas the population has shown a continuous increase, there is less information about the rate at which the common property resources are diminishing in response to changing demographic conditions. Similarly, the impacts of various poverty alleviation strategies on diminish common property resources at the local level are not well documented. Small and large-scale mining operations in Mabuki and Maganzo villages has been used as an example to illustrate the transformation in the way local communities use and manage common property resources. The identified long-term implications of the various practices to include increased environmental degradation; accelerated food insecurity, increased poverty, diminishing common property resources, increased land use conflicts, and creation of a landless class at the village level. These implications require policy commitment and support to enable sustainable utilization of common property resources.	Commons property resources; Community conservation; Globalization; Partnership management; Population pressures; Poverty	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76349107785	The impacts of past cultivation on the reptiles in a South African grassland	Masterson G.P.R., Maritz B., Mackay D., Alexander G.J.	2009	African Journal of Herpetology	58	2	None	School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Masterson, G.P.R., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maritz, B., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mackay, D., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Alexander, G.J., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Habitat transformation is the primary anthropogenic threat to global biodiversity. Fragmentation of reptile populations following habitat transformation within a landscape can lead to the extirpation of species. We investigated the effects of land-use on the species richness and abundance of reptile assemblages in three habitat types (two natural and one modified) in the grasslands of Gauteng, South Africa. Using trap arrays, we surveyed reptiles in primary grassland with little or no rock cover, primary grassland with large quartzite outcrops and scattered rocks, and secondary grasslands that were historically ploughed and cropped. We measured vegetation height and vegetation cover at these same localities. We caught significantly fewer reptile species in the historically cultivated sites than in either of the two natural habitat types. Differences in the reptile assemblage of each habitat type were not explained by either the spatial location or the vegetation structure of our trap sites but were well explained by the sites' habitat type. Estimates of total species richness indicated that we were able to adequately sample the reptile assemblages in the three habitat types, further supporting our observation of reduced species richness in the secondary grasslands. We infer that habitat transformation associated with cultivation e.g., rock removal, has had a detectable, negative impact on the species richness and composition of the local reptile assemblages. We recommend that land-use planning in Gauteng emphasise the need for areas of inter-connected, untransformed habitat in order to mitigate the negative impacts of habitat transformation on the local reptile diversity ©Herpetological Association of Africa.	Cultivation; Grassland; Reptile; Sample-based rarefaction; Species richness	Reptilia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901461258	Evaluation of IgG antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and associated risk factors for severe respiratory tract infections in pre- School children in north-central, Nigeria	Faneye A., Motayo B.O., Adesanmi A., Onoja B.	2014	African Journal of Infectious Diseases	8	2	10.4314/ajid.v8i2.4	Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Microbiology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria	Faneye, A., Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Motayo, B.O., Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Adesanmi, A., Microbiology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Onoja, B., Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Childhood mortality and morbidity due to RSV is increasing. Our current study was aimed at determining the sero-prevalence rate of RSV IgG antibodies and investigates certain known risk factors for RSV disease severity in infants and pre-school children presenting with various forms of respiratory tract infections in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: About 280, children and 30, aged matched controls were enrolled into the study at the specialist hospital Ilorin. Blood testing for anti RSV IgG was done using a commercial ELISA kit by IVD Research Inc® Carlsbad. California U.S.A. Information regarding Nutritional status, socio-economic status and other demographic variables were collected. Results: A prevalence rate of 85.7% was recorded among tested children and 23.3%, in controls, across age groups and gender. A statistically significant difference in age groups were recorded among patients with LRTI, (p <0.05), age <1 41%, age 1 <5, 27.6%. This was also the case for children with SRTI (Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis), with age < 1yr, 9%, and 1 <5yr, 19.8%. Analysed risk factors for disease severity showed thatnutritional status of children were statistically significant for disease severity, p-value, 0.039 (Chi square test). Conclusions: We report a high level of exposure to RSV in infancy and early childhood among children from a representative population in a major central Nigerian City, further studies into neutralising antibody levels and subtype distribution of RSV are advocated.	Ilorin; Respiratory tract infection; RSV; Seroprevalence	immunoglobulin G antibody; article; child; controlled study; disease severity; female; human; infant; male; Nigeria; nutritional status; Pneumovirus infection; Respiratory syncytial pneumovirus; respiratory tract infection; risk factor; seroprevalence; social status	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953647492	Evaluation of schistosoma mansoni morbidity one year after praziquantel treatment in rhino camp and obongi in West Nile, Uganda	Odongo-Aginya E.I., Lakwo T.L., Doehring E.	2010	African Journal of Infectious Diseases	4	2	None	Gulu University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, P.O.Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Vector Control Division, P.O.Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; University of the Mountain of the Moon, P.O.Box 834, Fort Portal, Uganda	Odongo-Aginya, E.I., Gulu University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, P.O.Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Lakwo, T.L., Vector Control Division, P.O.Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; Doehring, E., University of the Mountain of the Moon, P.O.Box 834, Fort Portal, Uganda	An evaluation study on reversibility of Schistosoma mansoni induced periportal fibrosis (PF) morbidity following treatment with praziquantel, 40mg/kg body weight after one year, was carried out in Rhino Camp and Obongi all are West Nile districts in northern Uganda. To assess the reversibility of Schistosoma (S) mansoni induced PFs morbidity following treatment with praziquantel, 40mg/kg body weight after one year. The design was a Prospective cohorts study; and the setting was a busy canoe landing sites along Albert Nile in Schistosoma (S) mansoni hyperendemic areas of Rhino Camp and Obongi fishing village were selected for the study. Previously in 2005, 1562 people including fishermen and women, school pupils, teachers, and civil servants were studied in both fishing villages for S. mansoni using Kato/Katz stool smear method. Abdominal ultrasonography and sonomorphological abnormalities of periportal fibrosis were performed with Aloka portable ultrasound machine (Hellige, Freiburg, Germany) fitted with a convex probe of 3.5 mega Hertz was also performed in the field clinic on all patients who had S. mansoni eggs in their faeces. The sonomorphological abnormalities of periportal fibrosis were categorised and organomorphometry of liver and spleen was done. One thousand two hundred and seventy three 1273 (81.5%) patients in Rhino Camp and Obongi fishing villages were found to be excreting from 100 to ≥ 500 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces of S. mansoni eggs. Two hundred and eighty nine (18.5%) did not have eggs of S.mansoni in their faeces. All the 1273 patients secreting eggs of S.mansoni in their stool in Rhino Camp and Obongi fishing villages had abdominal ultrasonography and sonomorphological abnormalities of periportal fibrosis. Eight hundred and forty 840 (66%) although excreted S. mansoni eggs in their stool had Pf (0); Pf grade (I), n=259 (20.3%); Pf grade (II) n =147 (11.5%); and Pf grade (III) n=27 (2.1%) were observed.	None	praziquantel; article; deterioration; drug efficacy; echography; feces analysis; female; human; liver fibrosis; major clinical study; male; morbidity; occupation; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; single drug dose; spleen size; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899818776	Building the South African nation through legal deposit: The impact of legislation on preservation of digital materials	Nsibirwa Z., Hoskins R., Stilwell C.	2014	African Journal of Library Archives and Information Science	24	1	None	Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Nsibirwa, Z., Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Hoskins, R., Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Stilwell, C., Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	The legal deposit of and preservation of digital materials depends on the proper legislative framework and implementation of the Legal Deposit Act. This article examines the challenges related to legal instruments affecting the legal deposit of digital materials in South Africa. Two main objectives of the study upon which this article is based were to find out the systems in place to help collect and ensure long term accessibility to print and electronic publications. This included the examination of the legislative regulatory and policy framework relating to preservation and access to legal deposit materials. The different legislations reviewed included the Legal Deposit Act No. 54 of 1997, copyright laws, the Promotion of Access to Information Act No 2, 2000 and the current Protection of State Information Bill of South Africa. Four legal deposit libraries and three Official Publications Depositories (OPDs) were the units of analysis, with a population of 17 staff directly involved with legal deposit. The survey revealed that though the South African Legal Deposit Act covers electronic materials, majority of the depositories did not have policies to manage or collect these types of materials. The greatest challenge that comes with collecting and preserving electronic materials are the multifaceted issues regarding legislation, as well as the preservation of technology used to create, store and access these records in comparison with paper.	Cultural heritage; Digital materials; Legal deposit; Legal framework; Preservation; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872400047	Giving them what they want and assessing impact: Case studies of public library services in the Western Cape, South Africa	de Jager K., Nassimbeni M.	2012	African Journal of Library Archives and Information Science	22	1	None	Library and Information Studies Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	de Jager, K., Library and Information Studies Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Nassimbeni, M., Library and Information Studies Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	This paper focuses on the principles proposed in the "Library and Information Services Transformation Charter", exploring the extent to which two public/community libraries in the Western Cape Province of South Africa are already engaged in charter activities. Interviews were conducted with directors of the library services who identified libraries where examples of good practice were already in evidence. Two sites were thereafter selected as case studies out of a total of 98 libraries in the City of Cape Town Library and Information Service, and the nature of the charter-oriented services being provided there described. The paper concludes with an attempt to show how data may be collected to make a case for the impact of library services as part of an advocacy strategy and to secure recognition of the validity of claims by public and community libraries for partnership in national development efforts.	Impact assessment; Information services charter; Library and information services; Public libraries; South africa	None	None
WoS	WOS:000296940900003	Mentoring and its Impact on the Publication Output of Librarians in Selected Academic Libraries in South-West Nigeria	Yusuf, Felicia	2011	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF LIBRARY ARCHIVES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE	21	2	None	Landmark Univ Lib	None	The paper examined the possible role of mentoring in explaining the publication output of librarians in selected academic libraries. The paper sought to find out the number of papers that the academic librarians published annually, whether they are required to publish the same number of papers for promotion to particular grades as required of mainstream academics in their universities, whether they had mentors, and their perceptions of the impact of mentoring on their publication output. Data were collected from 66 academic librarians in four purposively selected universities in South-West Nigeria. Mentoring was perceived by the librarians to have a positive impact on their publication output, and that the major constraints on their publication efforts were their routine jobs and inability to conceptualise research topics. The study recommends that upcoming academic librarians should have mentors and collaborate with their senior colleagues until they are able to acquire the necessary skills to conceptualise research and publish quality papers. They should also transfer some of their routine duties to para-professionals in their libraries in order to be able to concentrate more on research-related activities such as reading extensively other peoples' works.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000318584000008	The Impact of Accreditation Exercise on University Libraries in Kenya	Ngulube, Patrick,Odera-Kwach, Beatrice Achieng'	2013	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF LIBRARY ARCHIVES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE	23	1	None	University of South Africa, Commiss Higher Educ	"Ngulube, Patrick: University of South Africa",	This paper is the result of an exploratory study of the impact of accreditation - a process of external quality assurance on university libraries in Kenya. The paper also sought the perceptions of university librarians regarding external quality assurance. The mixed research method was used for data collection. The population of the study constituted all the universities in Kenya recognised by the Commission for Higher Education. The sample frame was drawn from the list of private universities authorised to award degrees in Kenya. Based on the findings from the questionnaire survey, four purposively selected heads of university libraries were interviewed. A total of 22 (92%) out of 24 potential university librarians completed and returned the questionnaire. The results show that university librarians were aware of the purpose of accreditation as it pertains to licensing, while conformity to standards was the greatest strength of accreditation. The university librarians suggested ways of improving the accreditation process. The findings show that there were positive and negative perceptions about the accreditation process. The findings reveal that despite the differences in the universities, majority of the librarians were positive that the accreditation process had brought about significant changes in their institutions. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for improvement of the accreditation process.	"ACADEMIC LIBRARIES",ACCREDITATION,"external quality assurance","IMPACT ASSESSMENT",KENYA,"MIXED METHODS RESEARCH"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948180161	The impact of health service variables on healthcare access in a low resourced urban setting in the Western Cape, South Africa	Scheffler E., Visagie S., Schneider M.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.820	Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Scheffler, E., Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Visagie, S., Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Schneider, M., Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Health care access is complex and multi-faceted and, as a basic right, equitable access and services should be available to all user groups. Objectives: The aim of this article is to explore how service delivery impacts on access to healthcare for vulnerable groups in an urban primary health care setting in South Africa. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study design was used. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with purposively sampled participants and analysed through thematic content analysis. Results: Service delivery factors are presented against five dimensions of access according to the ACCESS Framework. From a supplier perspective, the organisation of care in the study setting resulted in available, accessible, affordable and adequate services as measured against the District Health System policies and guidelines. However, service providers experienced significant barriers in provision of services, which impacted on the quality of care, resulting in poor client and provider satisfaction and ultimately compromising acceptability of service delivery. Although users found services to be accessible, the organisation of services presented them with challenges in the domains of availability, affordability and adequacy, resulting in unmet needs, low levels of satisfaction and loss of trust. These challenges fuelled perceptions of unacceptable services. Conclusion: Well developed systems and organisation of services can create accessible, affordable and available primary healthcare services, but do not automatically translate into adequate and acceptable services. Focussing attention on how services are delivered might restore the balance between supply (services) and demand (user needs) and promote universal and equitable access. © 2015. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902523905	African primary care research: Performing a programme evaluation	Dudley L.	2014	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	6	1	10.4102/phcfm.v6i1.634	Community Health Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Dudley, L., Community Health Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	This article is part of a series on Primary Care Research in the African context and focuses on programme evaluation. Different types of programme evaluation are outlined: developmental, process, outcome and impact. Eight steps to follow in designing your programme evaluation are then described in some detail: engage stakeholders; establish what is known; describe the programme; define the evaluation and select a study design; define the indicators; plan and manage data collection and analysis; make judgements and recommendations; and disseminate the findings. Other articles in the series cover related topics such as writing your research proposal, performing a literature review, conducting surveys with questionnaires, qualitative interviewing and approaches to quantitative and qualitative data analysis. © 2014. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861839504	Impact of adverse events of antiretroviral treatment on regimen change and mortality in ugandan children	Malangu N., Karamagi Y.	2010	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	2	1	10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.109	Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Malangu, N., Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa; Karamagi, Y., Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Background: Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment have been documented in both developed and developing countries. It has been reported consistently that the treatment is associated with many adverse events. However, little is known about their impact on the quality of life, clinical management, and survival in children aged less than 6 years in Uganda. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the adverse events of antiretroviral treatment, their impact on mortality and the change in regimens prescribed to children treated at Mildway Centre in Uganda. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed for children younger than 6 years, treated since the Mildway Centre was opened in 1999. In order to achieve a larger sample, the records of children treated from January 2000 to July 2005 were included in the study. A pre-tested data collection form was used to collate socio-demographic and clinical data of the patients. These included the documented adverse events, causes of death, stage of infection, duration of treatment, regimen prescribed, year of enrolment into the treatment program, as well as whether or not they were still alive. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of data. Results: Of the 179 children, the majority were males and had a median age of 4 years. The majority (58.8%) of children had suffered from severe immune depression since they met the WHO clinical stage III and IV, 73.8% had a baseline CD4T of less than 15%. Four regimens were prescribed to the children. The most common was a regimen containing zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine (34.6%), followed by a regimen containing stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine (27.9%). Eleven children (6.1%) had their regimen changed, of which six (54.5%) were due to adverse events. The prevalence of adverse events was 8%; of the 14 documented adverse events, the most common were severe anaemia (3), vomiting (3), and skin rashes (3). After 12 months on treatment, 8% of the patients had died. The most common causes of death were infectious diseases (28.6%), severe anaemia (21.4%), and severe dehydration (21.4%). Conclusion: The prevalence of adverse events was 8%; they were responsible for 54.5% of regimen changes and 21.4% of deaths in children treated at the study site. These findings suggest the need for incorporating pharmacovigilance practices into the provision of antiretroviral treatment. © 2010. The Authors.	Adverse; Antiretroviral; Children; Events; Treatment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861890264	Evaluation of directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in the Bojanala health district, North West Province of South Africa	Tumbo J.M., Ogunbanjo G.A.	2011	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	3	1	10.4102/phcfm.v3i1.191	Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo, Medunsa campus, South Africa	Tumbo, J.M., Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo, Medunsa campus, South Africa; Ogunbanjo, G.A., Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo, Medunsa campus, South Africa	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top public health problems in South Africa. Approximately 150 000 new cases and 10 000 TB-related deaths are reported in South Africa annually. In declaring TB a global emergency in 1993, the World Health Organization developed control strategies that include active case finding, laboratory support, directly observed treatment (DOT), contact tracing, and prevention of multidrug- and extreme drugresistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB and XDR-TB). High DOT rates reported in some countries have been discordant with 'low cure' and 'high MDR' rates. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of DOT for TB in the Bojanala health district, North West Province, South Africa, by estimating the proportion of DOT use (1) amongst all TB patients and (2) in the initial TB treatment regimen compared to retreatment regimens. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in 2008. Data regarding implementation of DOT were collected from eight purposefully selected primary health care clinics and one prison clinic in the health district. Upon receiving their informed consent, a questionnaire was administered to patients receiving TB treatment at the selected facilities. Results: A total of 88 (of 90 selected) patients participated in the study, of whom 50 (56.8%) were on DOT and had DOT supporters. However, 35 (40%) had never heard of DOT. DOT was used mainly for patients on the retreatment regimen (87.5%), rather than for those on first-line treatment (48.6%). Conclusion: In this South African rural health district, the DOT utilisation rate for TB was 56.8%, mainly for patients on the TB retreatment regimen. Strict implementation of DOT in all patients undergoing TB treatment is a known strategy for improving TB cure rate and preventing recurrence and drug resistance. © 2011. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861792865	Impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort	Ugwu A.C., Imo A.O., Erondu O.F.	2009	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	1	1	10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.40	Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, Ebonyi State University, Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; Department of Physics (Medical Physics), Rivers Sta	Ugwu, A.C., Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria; Imo, A.O., Department of Radiology, Ebonyi State University, Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; Erondu, O.F., Department of Physics (Medical Physics), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria	Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an important diagnostic procedure in the investigation of infertility. It is the radiographic delineation of uterine and tubal cavities and is part of the diagnostic evaluation of conjugal infertility.1 This diagnostic procedure is associated with high levels of anxiety, pain and stress from various causes. This study was designed to investigate the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on HSG pain and discomfort. Method: One hundred hysterosalpingography referrals were recruited for this study. Verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perception, Likert scales were used to assess the psychosocial variables, while visual analogue scales were used to assess discomfort. Pearson's correlations were conducted. Tests were two-tailed, with p < 0.05 indicating statistical signifi cance. Results: Some of the patients (34%) indicated that the administration of analgesics prior to the procedure reduced the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. Mean ± standard deviation of pain and discomfort were 2.82 ± 0.77 and 6.36 ± 2.19 respectively. Age correlated signifi cantly with pain perception (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), while pain correlated signifi cantly with perception of discomfort (r = -0.46, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Age signifi cantly correlated with pain. This is a factor that could be harnessed for clinical use. © 2009. The Authors.	Discomfort; Hysterosalpingography; Infertility; Pain; Radiographic delineation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948131601	Medicines availability at a swaziland hospital and impact on patients	Shabangu K., Suleman F.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.829	Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa	Shabangu, K., Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Suleman, F., Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa	Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries is increasing. Where patients are expected to make increased out-of-pocket payments this can lead to treatment interruptions or non-adherence. Swaziland is no exception in this regard. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the availability of medicines for NCDs in a hospital and the impact of out-of-pocket spending by patients for medicines not available at the hospital. Setting: The study was conducted at Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital in Manzini, Swaziland. Methods: Exit interviews to assess availability of a selected basket of medicines were conducted with 300 patients diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension or asthma. The stock status record of a basket of medicines for these conditions in 2012 was assessed at the Central Medical Stores. Results were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: Most of the patients (n = 213; 71%) confirmed not receiving all of their prescribed medicines at each visit to the hospital in the past six months. On average patients spent 10- 50 times more on their medicines at private pharmacies compared to user fees in the health facility. Stock-outs at the Central Medical Stores ranging from 30 days to over 180 days were recorded during the course of the assessment period (12 months), and were found to contribute to inconsistent availability of medicines in the health facility. Conclusion: Out-of-pocket expenditure is common for patients with chronic conditions using this health facility, which suggests the possibility of patients defaulting on treatment due to lack of affordability. © 2015. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948181618	How far does family physician supply correlate with district health system performance?	Dyers R.E., Mash R., Naledi T.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.796	Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Western Cape Government: Health, South Africa; Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Dyers, R.E., Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Western Cape Government: Health, South Africa; Mash, R., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Naledi, T., Western Cape Government: Health, South Africa	Background: Since 2011, a new cadre of family physicians, with 4 years of postgraduate training, was deployed in the district health services of the Western Cape, and tasked with a considerable range of duties aimed at a general improvement in care and health outcomes. There is a need to evaluate the contribution of these family physicians to the district health system. Aim: To develop a methodology for describing the correlation between family physician supply and district health system performance, clinical processes and outcomes, and to measure this correlation at baseline. Method: A cross-sectional study was undertaken that analysed data at an ecological level for the period of 01 April 2011 to 31 March 2012. This was a pilot project analysing data from the first year of a 4-year project. The correlations between family physician supply and 18 health system indicators were assessed within a logic model. The supplies of other categories of staff were also measured. Results: Although most of the correlations with family physicians were positive, the study was unable to demonstrate any strong or statistically significant correlations at baseline. There were significant correlations with other categories of staff. Conclusions: This study developed a methodology for monitoring the relationship between family physician supply using routinely collected indicators of health system performance, clinical processes and outcomes over time. Additional research will also be needed to investigate the impact of family physicians and triangulate findings as this methodology has many limitations and potential confounding factors. © 2015.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861899118	Evaluation of malaria prevention strategies during pregnancy in Ndola, Zambia	Mulamba M., Mash B.	2010	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	2	1	10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.159	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Mulamba, M., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Mash, B., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Background: Malaria in pregnancy is associated with many negative outcomes for the woman, foetus and neonate. Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) using three doses of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP), insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spray (IRS), constitute the main strategies used to prevent malaria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies for the reduction of malaria prevalence in pregnant women. Methods: A questionnaire on socio-demographic information, history of malaria during current pregnancy and prevention strategies used was administered to 450 consecutive patients admitted into labour wards at three local clinics. From the antenatal cards, information was collected on the last menstrual period, date of each dose of SP taken, gravidity, and HIV status. A blood slide to detect Plasmodium was then collected from each woman after consent. Results: Of the participants in the study, 2.4% had a positive blood slide at term and 15.8% reported malaria during pregnancy. All the participants took at least one dose of SP with 87.6% completing the stipulated three doses. The mean gestational ages for each dose were 22.1 (SD 4.6), 29.1 (SD 4.4) and 34.4 (SD 3.9) weeks for the first, second and third dose respectively. With regard to ITNs, 79.5% had one, but only 74.1% used it regularly. IRS was completed in all three of the clinics' catchment areas. Only 23.4% used commercial insecticide. Conclusion: The measured prevalence of malaria at term in Ndola was remarkably low, although the self-reported rate during pregnancy was still high. The national targets for accessing IPTp were exceeded, although the timing of each dose needs to be improved. Access to ITNs was high, but usage needs to increase. © 2010. The Authors.	Malaria; Pregnancy; Prevention; Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine; Zambia	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958113181	The impact of the choice on termination of pregnancy act of 1996 (act 92 of 1996) on criminal abortions in the mthatha area of South Africa	Meel B.L., Kaswa R.P.	2009	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	1	1	10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.36	Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa	Meel, B.L., Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa; Kaswa, R.P., Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa	Background: The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996 (Act 92 of 1996) allows abortions to be legally carried out in South Africa. It is not clear how many people are utilising this service. Mthatha is a poverty-stricken area with a high rate of illiteracy. The available infrastructure, such as roads, health facilities and communication, is poor. Method: This was a retrospective, descriptive study carried out at the Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital in Mthatha. The registered criminal abortion cases recorded between 1993 and 2006 were analysed. Results: There were 51 cases of criminal abortions recorded from 1993 to 2006. Of these, 32 were aborted in the fi rst trimester of pregnancy and the rest were in the second trimester. No signifi cant gender differences were observed among aborted babies. 10 of the foetuses were male and nine were female. The highest number (nine) of abortions was recorded in 1993 and in 2005. The highest number of criminal abortions (11) took place in May. Most cases (35) were concealed births and were discovered accidentally either by the public or the police. Conclusion: The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996 (Act 92 of 1996) had no impact on criminal abortions in the Mthatha area of South Africa. © 2009. The Authors.	Choice on termination of pregnancy act of 1996 (Act 92 of 1996); Criminal abortion; Foetuses; South africa; Termination	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930665037	Evaluation of universal newborn hearing screening in South African primary care	Khoza-Shangase K., Harbinson S.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.769	Faculty of Humanities, Department of Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Khoza-Shangase, K., Faculty of Humanities, Department of Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Harbinson, S., Faculty of Humanities, Department of Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Background: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHC) is the gold standard toward early hearing detection and intervention, hence the importance of its deliberation within the South African context. Aim: To determine the feasibility of screening in low-risk neonates, using Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs), within the Midwife Obstetric Unit (MOU) three-day assessment clinic at a Community Health Centre (CHC), at various test times following birth. Method: Within a quantitative, prospective design, 272 neonates were included. Case history interviews, otoscopic examinations and Distortion Product OAEs (DPOAEs) screening were conducted at two sessions (within six hours and approximately three days after birth). Data were analysed via descriptive statistics. Results: Based on current staffing profile and practice, efficient and comprehensive screening is not successful within hours of birth, but is more so at the MOU three-day assessment clinic. Significantly higher numbers of infants were screened at session 2, with significantly less false-positive results. At session 1, only 38.1% of the neonates were screened, as opposed to more than 100% at session 2. Session 1 yielded an 82.1% rate of false positive findings, a rate that not only has important implications for the emotional well-being of the parents; but also for resource-stricken environments where expenditure has to be accounted for carefully. Conclusion: Current findings highlight the importance of studying methodologies to ensure effective reach for hearing screening within the South African context. These findings argue for UNHS initiatives to include the MOU three-day assessment to ensure that a higher number of neonates are reached and confounding variables such as vernix have been eliminated. © 2015. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866183320	The impact of brief quality improvement (QI) projects by medical students in primary care in Gauteng or the North West Province, South Africa	van Deventer C., Sondzaba N.	2012	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	4	1	10.4102/phcfm.v4i1.383	Family Physician, Dr Kenneth Kaunda District, North West Province, South Africa; Department of Family Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	van Deventer, C., Family Physician, Dr Kenneth Kaunda District, North West Province, South Africa, Department of Family Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Sondzaba, N., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Background: The Integrated Primary Care (IPC) rotation is undertaken over six weeks by final year medical students at the University of Witwatersrand. Students are placed in either rural or urban primary health care centres based in Gauteng or the North West Province. As part of the IPC rotation, students undertake short quality improvement (QI) projects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the QI projects undertaken over the period stretching from 2006 to 2010. Methods: An observational study of QI reports done by students. Project reports assessed and compared to site marks, indicators of learning assessed and individual and group marks compared. Results: Of 274 projects undertaken, 223 (81.4%) were available for evaluation. Geographical placements and QI themes were categorised. Management issues were most frequently identified as being problematic followed by chronic illnesses. Understanding and applying the principles of QI was partially achieved and gaps were identified for future projects. The most common intervention was training of personnel and design and distribution of posters or pamphlets. Conclusions: Most QI projects were well thought out and relevant to the chosen setting. In the majority of cases, a great deal of effort and creativity went into the process and skills other than clinical skills were employed such as writing, presentation of data in graphs and tables. Integration of theory and practice was achieved only partially. © 2012. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861894251	Impact of pharmacists' intervention on the knowledge of HIV infected patients in a public sector hospital of KwaZulu-Natal	Govender S., Esterhuizen T., Naidoo P.V.	2011	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	3	1	10.4102/phcfm.v3i1.258	School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Programme of Biostatistics, Research Ethics and Medical Law, College of Health Sciences, South Africa	Govender, S., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Esterhuizen, T., Programme of Biostatistics, Research Ethics and Medical Law, College of Health Sciences, South Africa; Naidoo, P.V., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: The study site started its roll-out of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention of mother-to-child transmission in 2006. All patients were counselled by trained counsellors, before seeing a doctor. At the pharmacy the medicines were collected with no intense counselling by a pharmacist as the patients would have visited the trained counsellors first. Subsequently it was found that there were many queries regarding HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Thus a dedicated antiretroviral pharmacy managed by a pharmacist was established to support the counsellors. Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a pharmacist intervention on the knowledge gained by HIV and AIDS patients with regard to the disease, antiretroviral drug use (i.e. how the medication is taken, its storage and the management of side effects) as well as adherence to treatment. Method: This study was undertaken at a public sector hospital using anonymous structured questionnaires and was divided into three phases: pre-intervention, intervention and postintervention phases. After obtaining patient consent the questionnaires were administered during the first phase. A month later all patients who visited the pharmacy were counselled intensely on various aspects of HIV and antiretroviral medication. Thereafter patients who participated in Phase 1 were asked to participate in the second phase. After obtaining their consent again, the same questionnaire was administered to them. Quantitative variables were compared between pre-intervention and post-intervention stages by using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. Categorical variables were compared using McNemar's Chisquare test (Binary) or McNemar-Bowker test for ordinal variables. Results: Overall the mean knowledge score on the disease itself had increased significantly (s.d. 6.6%), (p < 0.01), after the pharmacists' intervention (pre-intervention was 82.1% and post-intervention was 86.3%). A significant improvement was noted in the overall knowledge score with regard to medicine taking and storage (p < 0.05) and the management of the side effects. There was a non-significant difference between the adherence in pre-intervention and in post-intervention (p = 0.077). Conclusion: Pharmacists' intervention had a positive impact on HIV infected patients' HIV and AIDS knowledge on both the disease and on the antiretroviral drug use and storage. © 2011. The Authors.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000305821500007	The impact of a psychiatry clinical rotation on the attitude of Nigerian medical students to psychiatry	Abayomi, O.,Adebowale, T. O.,Adelufosi, A. O.,Ogunwale, A.,Ojo, T. M.	2012	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY	15	3	10.4314/ajpsy.v15i3.24	Neuropsychiat Hosp	None	Objective: Undergraduate medical students have ingrained and often negative attitudes towards psychiatry as a field and as a career. This in turn has affected recruitment of graduate medical students into the specialty Little is known about the impact of psychiatry rotations during undergraduate medical training on students' attitudes about psychiatry and eventual specialty choice in developing countries. This study examined the impact of a psychiatry clinical rotation on medical students' attitudes to psychiatry and possible career choice. Method: Eighty-one and one hundred and six fifth year medical students completed the ATP-30, socio-demographic and career choice questionnaires at the beginning and the end of a four week clinical rotation respectively Results: The overall attitude of the students to psychiatry was favourable at the beginning of the rotation with significant improvement following the rotation (p=0.003). Significant improvement in attitude was observed among female and younger students. Students who indicated preference for specialties other than psychiatry showed a greater improvement in their attitude to psychiatry following the rotation (p=0.011). The rotation however did not enhance students' preference for psychiatry as a future career. Conclusion: The four-week clinical rotation in psychiatry resulted in increased mean attitudinal score, but not in enhanced preference for psychiatry as a career.	ATTITUDE,"MEDICAL STUDENTS",NIGERIA,PSYCHIATRY,CAREER,CHOICE,SCHOOL	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904361608	Depressive symptoms, burnout and the impact of events in non-professional volunteer counselors in Durban, South Africa	Vawda N.B.M.	2014	African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa)	17	2	10.4172/1994-8220.SL1000101	Department of Behavioral Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 605 Exeter Hall, 24 Sol Harris Crescent, Durban, 4001, South Africa	Vawda, N.B.M., Department of Behavioral Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 605 Exeter Hall, 24 Sol Harris Crescent, Durban, 4001, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	adult; article; avoidance behavior; Beck Depression Inventory; burnout; clinical article; coping behavior; counseling; depersonalization; depression; emotional stress; female; human; Maslach Burnout Inventory; productivity; psychologic test; psychometry; religion; risk factor; South Africa; violence; voluntary worker; volunteer counselor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890192789	Screening a heterogeneous elderly South African population for cognitive impairment: The utility and performance of the Mini-Mental State Examination, six item screener, subjective memory rating scale and deterioration cognitive observee	Ramlall S., Chipps J., Bhigjee A.I., Pillay B.J.	2013	African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa)	16	6	10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.57	Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Neurology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Ramlall, S., Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Chipps, J., Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Bhigjee, A.I., Department of Neurology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, B.J., Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Objective: The aim of this study was to report on the prevalence of cognitive impairment, and to assess the performance and utility of subjective, objective and informant screening tools in a heterogeneous community sample. Method: A sample of 302 elderly participants (>60 years) living in residential homes in a large city in South Africa were screened for the presence of cognitive impairment using objective (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] and Six Item Screener-[SIS]), subjective (Subjective Memory Complaint [SMC]and Subjective Memory Rating Scale [SMRS]) and informant (Deterioration Cognitive Observee [DECO]) screening tools. All tools were compared to the MMSE and the influence of demographic variables on the performance on these tools was considered. Results: Significantly lower MMSE scores were found in participants aged 80-89 years (p= .023) and those who had 8-11 years of education (p= .002). For every one additional year of education, participants were 0.71 times less likely to screen positive on the MMSE. Differential item functioning on various components of the MMSE was demonstrated due to the effects of education, race and gender. There was significant differential performance between the recommended and alternate attention/concentration items (p<.001) with the alternate item favouring better performance. Based on the MMSE cutoffscore of < 23, the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 16.9%; the prevalence yielded by the remaining tools ranged from 10.5% using the DECO to 46% as determined by the presence of a SMC. Using the MMSE as the reference standard for the presence of cognitive impairment, the SIS, SMC, SMRS and DECO had sensitivities of 82.3%, 54.6%, 17.0% and 37.5%, and specificities of 71.3%, 57.6%, 87.4% and 96.7% respectively. Age and race influenced performance on the MMSE, SIS and SMRS. Conclusion: Different types of cognitive screening tools yielded varying sensitivities and specificities for identifying cognitive impairment when compared to the MMSE. The influence of race, age and education on test performance highlights the need for suitable, culture-fair screening tools. Locally, the alternate item for attention/concentration should be preferred.	Dementia; MMSE; Screening; South africa; Subjective memory complaints	age; aged; article; cognitive defect; depression; Deterioration Cognitive Observee; diagnostic test accuracy study; disease association; educational status; ethnicity; female; human; major clinical study; male; Mini Mental State Examination; outcome assessment; prevalence; scoring system; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; sex ratio; Six Item Screener; South Africa; Subjective Memory Compliant; Subjective Memory Rating Scale; very elderly	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348987743	The impact of war experiences and physical abuse on formerly abducted boys in Northern Uganda	Amone-P'Olak K., Garnefski N., Kraaij V.	2007	African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa)	10	2	None	Department of Psychology, Gulu University, PO Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands	Amone-P'Olak, K., Department of Psychology, Gulu University, PO Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Garnefski, N., Department of Psychology, Gulu University, PO Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Kraaij, V., Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands	Objective: In this article, war experiences and the impact of physical abuse on formerly abducted boys in Northern Uganda are assessed. Method: In a cross-sectional self-report design, Impact of Events Scale - Revised (IES-R), War Experiences Checklist questionnaires were administered to 216 formerly abducted boys between August and November 2004 and data from records at three rehabilitation centres were retrospectively assessed and analysed. Results: The boys were exposed to war events, participated in atrocities, were physically abused, and manifested many signs and symptoms of post traumatic stress. Consequently, many were psychologically distressed at the time of the study. Conclusions: The psychosocial intervention activities proposed include teaching better coping skills, entrepreneurial skills training, and provision of micro credit facilities.	Physical abuse; Psychosocial intervention; PTS; Uganda; War	adolescent; adult; article; child abuse; coping behavior; cross-sectional study; distress syndrome; experience; human; Impact of Events Scale; major clinical study; male; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychosocial care; questionnaire; school child; self report; Uganda; war	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69949095265	Level of maternal education and performance of Black, South African infants on the 1996 Griffiths Mental DevelopmentScales	Cockcroft K., Amod Z., Soellaart B.	2008	African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa)	11	1	None	School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Cockcroft, K., School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Amod, Z., School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Soellaart, B., School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Objective: The study compared the performance on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales of Black, South African infants with mothers who had twelve or more years of education and who were professionally employed with infants of mothers with fewer than twelve years of education and who were employed in non-professional jobs. Method: The sample consisted of 40 infants (aged 13-16 months), to whom the Griffiths Mental Development Scales was administered. Results: The infants with professional mothers performed significantly better than their counterparts with non-professional mothers on the General Quotient, as well as on the Locomotor Scale. While maternal level of education did not appear to distinguish between infants in terms of social, fine motor, language, hearing, processing speed or practical reasoning, it did discriminate in terms of gross-motor functioning. Conclusion: It is suggested that, as the infant develops, the skills assessed by the Griffiths Scales, which are initially differentiated, become increasingly interrelated. Consequently, poor gross-motor skills, which may be more likely in infants from a low socio-economic status, may have far-reaching implications. Thus, it is important to consider maternal level of education and the socio-economic status background of the infant, as this may influence overall performance on the Scales.	Developmental assessment; Griffiths mental development scales; Maternal level of education	academic achievement; Africa south of the Sahara; article; auditory system function; child; child development; controlled study; educational status; female; Griffith Mental Development Scale; human; intelligence quotient; language ability; male; mental development; mental performance; mother child relation; motor performance; rating scale; social behavior; social status; thinking	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84952329072	Evaluation of the implementation of family life and HIV education programme in Nigeria	Udegbe B.I., Fayehun F., Isiugo-Abanihe U.C., Nwagwu W., Isiugo-Abanihe I., Nwokocha E.	2015	African Journal of Reproductive Health	19	2	None	Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Africa Regional Centre for Information Science, University of Ibadan and Department of Information Science, University of South Africa, Pretor	Udegbe, B.I., Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Fayehun, F., Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Isiugo-Abanihe, U.C., Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Nwagwu, W., Africa Regional Centre for Information Science, University of Ibadan and Department of Information Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Isiugo-Abanihe, I., Institute of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Nwokocha, E., Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Family Life and HIV Education (FLHE) programme was introduced nationwide in Nigeria in 2003. Since then little is known about the patterns of its implementation across the states in the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. This study represents an attempt to fill this lacuna in the FLHE literature in Nigeria. Quantitative data was collected from the Federal Ministry of Education and the State Ministries of Education on all salient aspects of FLHE implementation. The findings from data collected in 35 states and the Abuja Federal Capital Territory show large variations in the year of adoption of the programme, level of implementation of the programme, the proportion of implementing schools that are reporting to the coordinating government ministries/agencies, the level to which schools have been supplied with relevant curriculum, and promptness of distribution of materials across the zones. All these indices did not show significant level of interdependence. In general, there were higher levels of FLHE activities in the South than the North. Several problems affect implementation of FLHE in Nigeria, most of which will require increased financial and technical support from government and other organizations. The FLHE programme has had positive effects in the states and among schools where the implementation has been effective, underscoring the need for a more effective implementation of the programmes throughout the country. © 2015, Women's Health and Action Research Centre. All rights reserved.	Advocacy; Budgetary allocation; Curriculum; FLHE; Nigeria; Sexuality education	curriculum; economics; HIV Infections; human; Nigeria; organization and management; program evaluation; sexual education; Curriculum; HIV Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Program Evaluation; Sex Education	None
WoS	WOS:000257576500004	Evaluation of a safer male circumcision training programme for traditional surgeons and nurses in the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Kanta, Xola,Nqeketo, Ayanda,Peltzer, Karl,Petros, George	2008	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES	5	4	None	Human Sciences Research Council-South Africa, University of the Free State, Impilo Ya Bantu Hlth	None	Training designed to improve circumcision knowledge, attitude and practice was delivered over 5 days to 34 traditional surgeons and 49 traditional nurses in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Training included the following topics: initiation rites; statutory regulation of traditional male circumcision and initiation into Manhood (TCIM); structure and function of the male sex organs; procedure of safe circumcision, infection control; sexually transmitted infections (STIs); HIV/AIDS; infection control measures; aftercare of the initiate including after care of the circumcision wound and initiate as a whole; detection and early management of common complications of circumcision; nutrition and fluid management; code of conduct and ethics; and sexual health education. The evaluation of the training consisted of a prospective assessment of knowledge and attitude immediately prior to and after training. Significant improvement in knowledge and/or attitudes was observed in legal aspects, STI, HIV and environmental aspects, attitudes in terms of improved collaboration with biomedical health care providers, normal and abnormal anatomy and physiology, sexually transmitted infections and including HIV, circumcision practice and aftercare of initiates. We concluded that safer circumcision training can be successfully delivered to traditional surgeons and nurses.	ATTITUDES,"EASTERN CAPE",evaluation,KNOWLEDGE,"safer male circumcision","SOUTH AFRICA","traditional nurses","traditional surgeons","training programme",HEALERS	None	None
WoS	WOS:000273205500010	EVALUATION OF A SAFER MALE CIRCUMCISION TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR NDEBELE TRADITIONAL SURGEONS AND NURSES IN GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA: USING DIRECT OBSERVATION OF CIRCUMCISION PROCEDURES	Banyini, Mercy,Kanta, Xola,Peltzer, Karl	2010	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES	7	2	None	Human Sciences Research Council-South Africa, University of the Free State, Impilo Ya Bantu Hlth	"Banyini, Mercy: Human Sciences Research Council-South Africa",	The aim of this study was to assess the safety of traditional male circumcision practices among Ndebele traditional surgeons following a five days training by direct observation of circumcision procedures. The sample included eight Ndebele traditional surgeons and traditional nurses and 86 initiates (abakhwetwa) from two districts in Gauteng province in South Africa. A structured observations tool was administered by a trained research doctor during circumcisions and (wound) care of the initiates of the trained traditional surgeons. Results indicate that from the observations of 86 traditional male circumcisions a high number (37%) of adverse events were recorded (excessive bleeding, excessive skin removed and damage to the penis) and in six cases the use of one instrument for the circumcision was observed. Before scaling up and/or considering integration traditional male circumcision services into medical male circumcision services in South Africa, a careful strategy to minimize unnecessary morbidity, and fundamental improvements on current traditional male circumcision techniques, are required. In addition, legislation and control of traditional male circumcision in Gauteng province, where the study took place, are recommended to make traditional male circumcision safer and to prevent adverse events to happen.	,"EASTERN CAPE",HIV	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937074095	Is South Africa's 20 years of democracy in crisis? Examining the impact of unrest incidents in local protests in the post-apartheid South Africa	Mkhize M.C.	2015	African Security Review	24	2	10.1080/10246029.2015.1038285	Centre for Military Studies (CEMIS), Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Mkhize, M.C., Centre for Military Studies (CEMIS), Stellenbosch University, South Africa	This article assesses South Africa's 20 years of democracy, which has frequently been bedevilled by local protests. This article is particularly interested in those unrest incidents that have been distinct for one reason or another. In South Africa, the surge in local unrest incidents is often linked to police behaviour, which has become increasingly militant and brutal when quelling protests. While the right to protest is constitutional, the damage caused during protest action can be immense owing to acts of violence. Protestors' resorting to violent protest action is often linked to increased frustrations as a result of the government's inability to live up to the expectations of marginalised and poor communities. While this article draws primarily on existing scholarly debates focusing on social protests, the primary objective is to examine the impact of unrest incidents on local protests in post-apartheid South Africa. The article further argues that ‘spaces’ for participation in local governance should be created so that citizens can become architects of development and their own future. © 2015 Institute for Security Studies.	globalisation; grassroots resistance; local protests; neoliberalism; police brutality; South Africa; spaces of participation; unrest incidents	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900521533	They protect us, but are they using protection? The potential impact of HIV on the South African Police Service	George G., Gow J.	2014	African Security Review	23	2	10.1080/10246029.2014.902387	Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, The University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; The University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia	George, G., Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, The University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Gow, J., The University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia	The drivers of HIV/AIDS in the South African Police Service (SAPS) and impact of the disease on this workforce are neglected areas of research. Existing evidence suggests that while the occupational risk for contracting HIV is low, there are factors associated with the profession that, if left unmanaged, place police officers at risk of contracting HIV. This study's two aims are to identify the potential pathways of HIV infection within policing services and determine the probable impact of HIV/AIDS on SAPS. Through a systematic literature review on HIV/AIDS within police services, and by analysing selected SAPS human resource data, the causal pathways and impact of HIV/AIDS on police services are explored. The study finds that police officers (particularly male officers) are likely to be highly susceptible to HIV infection as a result of risky sexual behaviours born out of occupational characteristics such as high levels of stress, difficult working conditions, living away from home and interactions with sex workers. The problem is exacerbated by the 'macho' culture that often prevails among police officers. HIV/AIDS interventions within SAPS must focus on sustained behaviour change. Further, HIV programmes must equip officers with the knowledge and awareness to avoid engaging in high-risk sexual practices that may compromise their health and the effectiveness of the policing service. © 2014 Institute for Security Studies.	drivers; HIV/AIDS; impact; South African Police Service	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874405623	The impact of crime on inbound tourism to South Africa: An application of the bounds test	Moyo B., Ziramba E.	2013	African Security Review	22	1	10.1080/10246029.2012.737815	The Department of Economics, The University of South Africa, South Africa; The Department of Economics, The University of Namibia, Namibia	Moyo, B., The Department of Economics, The University of South Africa, South Africa; Ziramba, E., The Department of Economics, The University of Namibia, Namibia	The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of various types of crimes on tourist inflows to South Africa using an ARDL bounds test approach. We used monthly data for the period March 2003 to April 2011 and found that crime in the form of car hijackings, sexual crimes, murder and kidnapping have a long run and short run negative impact on tourist visits to South Africa. World income and lagged tourist visits were found to have a positive effect on tourist inflows suggesting that tourism is a luxury good and the experience that visitors have about the country is important. These results call for the government and players in the tourism sector, as well as other crime prevention units in the country, to come up with strategies for dealing with crime. Beefing up security systems and personnel and ensuring police visibility in all places, particularly at these tourist attractions, should be considered. Information should be provided to tourists, warning them about dangerous or crime-prone areas that should be avoided at all costs, as ensuring the safety and comfort of visitors is not only important for encouraging more visitations but also for ensuring sustainable tourism growth, employment creation and poverty alleviation. © 2013 Institute for Security Studies.	Bounds test; Inbound tourism; Violent crimes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921649703	Financial performance of local government in Limpopo province, 2010-2012	Mamogale M.J.	2014	African Studies Quarterly	15	1	None	Limpopo Provincial Legislature, South Africa; Wits Graduate School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Mamogale, M.J., Limpopo Provincial Legislature, South Africa, Wits Graduate School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Governance problems mar local government in South Africa's Limpopo Province, especially in relation to financial management. The province received the highest rate of unsatisfactory audit outcomes between 2010 and 2012 of any province in South Africa. This paper examines the various explanations for this situation and uses the datasets from the Afrobarometer and the audit outcome reports to compare the financial performance of the Limpopo local government and its municipalities with that of other South African provinces. One key finding is that employment recruitment patterns have a major influence on financial performance of the municipalities. In particular, an "informal" cadre recruitment approach has a negative impact on local government's financial performance. The paper thus concludes that the governing African National Congress has used a strategy that disregards competitive recruitment practices and rewards party members and those affiliated with the party with access to employment, especially in local government, which has detrimental effects on financial management of municipalities. © University of Florida Board of Trustees, a public corporation of the State of Florida.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907189559	Jogoo la shambani haliwiki mjini: The village and the town in the Mũgithi and one-man guitar performances in Kenya	Mutonya M.W.	2014	African Studies Quarterly	14	4	None	University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Mutonya, M.W., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	The 1990s marked an emergence of a relatively new genre in the contours of Kenyan popular culture. The Mũgithi performance signaled a beginning of new directions, largely in Kenyan music and specifically in the contemporary Gikuyu music in terms of themes and style. The performance, mostly an urban phenomenon dominated by Gĩkũyũ one-man guitarists, is a major site for negotiation of identities and incorporates the interface and interplay between the traditional and the contemporary, especially in the urban setting. This article highlights the inherent contradictions in creation and re-creation of urban identities as expressed in this music. The main argument is that identities are always contested and different socio-economic situations call for a negotiation, if not a re-negotiation of identities. © University of Florida Board of Trustees.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19144362045	The impact of adult mortality on the living arrangements of older people in rural South Africa	Hosegood V., Timæus I.M.	2005	Ageing and Society	25	3	10.1017/S0144686X0500365X	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Hosegood, V., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Timæus, I.M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	This paper examines changes in households with older people in a northern rural area of KwaZulu Natal province, South Africa, between January 2000 and January 2002. The focus is the impact of adult deaths, especially those from AIDS, on the living arrangements of older people. The longitudinal data are from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System. In 2000, 3,657 older people (women aged 60 years or older, men 65 years or older) were resident in the area, and 3,124 households had at least one older member. The majority (87%) of older people lived in three-generation households. Households with older people were significantly poorer, more likely to be headed by a woman, and in homesteads with poorer quality infrastructure than households without older members. By January 2002, 316 (8%) of the older people in the sample had died. Of all the households with an older person, 12 per cent experienced at least one adult death from AIDS. The paper shows that older people, particularly those living alone or with children in the absence of other adults, were living in the poorest households. They were also coping with an increasing burden of young adult deaths, the majority of which were attributable to AIDS. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	Adult children; AIDS; Children; HIV; Household composition; Mortality; Older people; South Africa	elderly population; household structure; mortality; rural area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749184301	'This is where we buried our sons': People of advanced old age coping with the impact of the AIDS epidemic in a resource-poor setting in rural Uganda	Seeley J., Wolff B., Kabunga E., Tumwekwase G., Grosskurth H.	2009	Ageing and Society	29	1	10.1017/S0144686X08007605	School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Seeley, J., School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Wolff, B., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabunga, E., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Tumwekwase, G., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Grosskurth, H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Much research on the impact of HIV and AIDS on older people fails to differentiate between age groups, and treats those aged from 50 years to the highest ages as homogeneous. The 'oldest old' or those aged over 75 years may be particularly vulnerable through declining health and independence as a result of the AIDS epidemic, which has forced some to take on roles that younger relatives would have performed had they lived. In this paper we describe the past and current experience of eight people in advanced old age living in rural Uganda who were informants for an ethnographic study of the impact of HIV and AIDS on households during 1991-92 and again in 2006-07. The aim of the study was to understand how they had coped with the impacts of the epidemic. From the eight case studies, it is concluded that family size, socio-economic status and some measure of good fortune in sustained good health enabled these people to live to an advanced age. While we recommend that targeted social protection is important in helping the poorest among the oldest, we suggest that sustaining respect for age and experience, and ensuring that older people do not feel discarded by family and society are as important as meeting their practical needs. © 2008 Cambridge University Press.	Impact of HIV and AIDS; Older people; Oldest old; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; elderly population; epidemic; human immunodeficiency virus; low income population; rural area; socioeconomic conditions; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745321309	The differential impact of social-pension income on household poverty alleviation in three South African ethnic groups	Ferreira M.	2006	Ageing and Society	26	3	10.1017/S0144686X0600482X	The Albertina and Walter Sisulu Institute of Ageing in Africa, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Ferreira, M., The Albertina and Walter Sisulu Institute of Ageing in Africa, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Social pension programmes play a key role in old-age support systems through their ability to reach vulnerable older persons. Pension income helps to sustain households affected by extreme poverty and vulnerability, by providing resources for spending that protects against vulnerability, and thereby they facilitate economic and social development. Under apartheid, South Africa's citizens were categorised according to race, and persons classified as Asian, black and coloured (mixed race) had less access to the opportunities and resources available to whites. Parity in the amount of social pension benefits paid to beneficiaries in the different ethnic categories was achieved only in 1993. The Non-Contributory Pensions and Poverty Study, conducted in Brazil and South Africa, has assessed the impact of social pension income on household poverty alleviation. This paper draws on the findings of the South African survey to analyse the differential effects of pension income on household poverty alleviation in three ethnic-geographic groups. Its data show a pervasive social and economic gradient of disadvantage among the groups, with rural-black households being most disadvantaged, urban-coloured households least disadvantaged, and urban-black households in between. The impact of pension income on household poverty alleviation has a similar pattern. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the achievement of equity through informed policy interventions. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.	Equity; Ethnicity; Policy; Poverty alleviation; Social pensions; South Africa	black population; ethnicity; household income; household survey; pension system; poverty alleviation; social impact; social policy; Africa; Asia; Eurasia; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929151683	Evaluation of serum antioxidants in age-related hearing loss	Lasisi T.J., Lasisi A.O.	2015	Aging Clinical and Experimental Research	27	3	10.1007/s40520-014-0282-3	Departments of Physiology and Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P. O. Box 22040, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Lasisi, T.J., Departments of Physiology and Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P. O. Box 22040, Ibadan, Nigeria; Lasisi, A.O., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) has been linked to the shift in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant ratio. Our objectives were to assess serum levels of retinol and zinc among the elderly individuals and to correlate the levels with hearing threshold.Methods: Prospective study of apparently healthy individuals aged ≥60 years of age. Participants had complete clinical history, physical examination and pure tone average conducted. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum levels of retinol and zinc. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare retinol and zinc values. Pearson’s correlation test was used to determine the relationship between hearing threshold and serum levels of retinol and zinc.Results: Among 126 elderly participants with mean age 67 ± 2.7 years; the mean pure tone average for air conduction was 29.3 ± 1.6 dBHL while the mean bone conduction was 36.5 ± 1.8 dBHL. The median values of serum retinol and zinc levels in the elderly participants who had hearing loss in the speech frequencies were 52 and 83.3 μg/L, respectively, while among participants with normal hearing threshold, values were 50 and 89.9 μg/L, respectively (p = 0.59 and 0.99, respectively). For the high frequencies, the median value of serum retinol and zinc levels among the elderly participants with normal hearing threshold was 70.3 and 99.9 μg/L, while among those with hearing loss, it was 46.9 and 83.2 μg/L, respectively (p = 0.000 and 0.005, respectively).Conclusion: Serum retinol and zinc levels were significantly lower among elderly with hearing loss involving the high frequencies. This is added evidence to extant literature on the possible role of antioxidants in the development of ARHL and suggests further study on the effect of antioxidants supplementation in the control of ARHL which is presently controversial and inconclusive. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Age related hearing loss; Antioxidants; Elderly; Hearing threshold; Retinol; Zinc	retinol; zinc; adult; age related hearing loss; aged; air conduction; Article; auditory threshold; blood sampling; bone conduction; correlation coefficient; female; hearing impairment; human; major clinical study; male; pure tone audiometry; rank sum test; speech articulation; zinc blood level	None
WoS	WOS:000259794900001	Impact of cooperatives on smallholders' commercialization behavior: evidence from Ethiopia	Bernard, Tanguy,Gabre-Madhin, Eleni,Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum	2008	AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS	39	2	10.1111/j.1574-0862.2008.00324.x	International Food Policy Research Institute, African Ctr Econ & Hist Studies, Int Food Policy Res Inst	"Bernard, Tanguy: International Food Policy Research Institute","Gabre-Madhin, Eleni: International Food Policy Research Institute",	This article examines the impact of marketing cooperatives on smallholder commercialization of cereals using detailed household data in rural Ethiopia. We use the strong government role in promoting the establishment of cooperatives to justify the use of: propensity score matching to compare households that are cooperative members to similar households in comparable areas without cooperatives. The analysis reveals that although cooperatives obtain higher prices for their members, they are not associated with it significant increase in the overall share of cereal production sold commercially by their members. However, these average results hide considerable heterogeneity across households. In particular, we find that smaller farmers tend to reduce their marketed Output as a result of higher prices, whereas the opposite is true for larger farmers.	cooperatives,"MARKET PARTICIPATION","PROGRAM EVALUATION","propensity score matching",EASTERN,FARMERS,INDIA,INVESTMENTS,MARKET-EFFICIENCY,MODEL,PROPENSITY-SCORE,RISK,"SOUTHERN AFRICA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920155060	The impact of HIV exposure and maternal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on infant immune responses to bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination	Jones C.E., Hesseling A.C., Tena-Coki N.G., Scriba T.J., Chegou N.N., Kidd M., Wilkinson R.J., Kampmann B.	2015	AIDS	29	2	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000536	Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St george'S, University of London, Mail point J2C, Level 2, Jenner Wing, London, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; DST/NRF Ctr. of Excellence for Biomed. TB Research and MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Division of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, Gambia	Jones, C.E., Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St george'S, University of London, Mail point J2C, Level 2, Jenner Wing, London, United Kingdom; Hesseling, A.C., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Tena-Coki, N.G., Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Scriba, T.J., South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Chegou, N.N., DST/NRF Ctr. of Excellence for Biomed. TB Research and MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Kidd, M., Division of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wilkinson, R.J., MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Kampmann, B., Academic Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, Gambia	Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the effect of maternal HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection on cellular responses to bacille Calmette- Guérin (BCG) immunization. Design: A mother-infant cohort study. Methods: Samples were collected from mother-infant pairs at delivery. Infants were BCG-vaccinated at 6 weeks of age and a repeat blood sample was collected from infants at 16 weeks of age. BCG-specific T-cell proliferation and intracellular cytokine expression were measured by flow cytometry. Secreted cytokines and chemokines in cell culture supernatants were analysed using a Multiplex assay. Results: One hundred and nine (47 HIV-exposed and 62 HIV-unexposed) mother-infants pairs were recruited after delivery and followed longitudinally. At birth, proportions of mycobacteria-specific proliferating T cells were not associated with either in-utero HIV exposure or maternal Mtb sensitization. However, in-utero HIV exposure affected infant-specific T-cell subsets [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) single positive proliferating CD4+ T cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), TNF-α dualpositive CD4+ T cells]. Levels of TNF-α protein in cell culture supernatants were also significantly higher in HIV-exposed infants born to Mtb-sensitized mothers. In the presence of maternal Mtb sensitization, frequencies of maternal and newborn BCG-specific proliferating CD4+ T cells were positively correlated. Following BCG vaccination, there was no demonstrable effect of HIV exposure or maternal Mtb infection on infant BCG-specific T-cell proliferative responses or concentrations of secreted cytokines and chemokines. Conclusion: Effects of maternal HIV and Mtb infection on infant immune profiles at birth are transient only, and HIV-exposed, noninfected infants have the same potential to respond to and be protected by BCG vaccination as HIV-unexposed infants. © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	Bacille Calmette-Gué rin; HIV infection; HIV-exposed; Immunogenicity; Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; Uninfected infants; Vaccination	BCG vaccine; chemokine; cytokine; gamma interferon; nevirapine; tumor necrosis factor alpha; zidovudine; Article; birth; blood sampling; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cell culture; controlled study; delivery; female; flow cytometry; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; immunization; infancy; infant; lung tuberculosis; lymphocyte proliferation; major clinical study; mother; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; sensitization; supernatant	084323, Medical Research Council; 088316, Medical Research Council; GR 077273, Medical Research Council; MC-UP-A900/115, MRC, Medical Research Council; MR/K007602/1, MRC, Medical Research Council; MR/K011944/1, MRC, Medical Research Council; U1175.02.0002
Scopus	2-s2.0-77649260008	Decline in early life mortality in a high HIV prevalence rural area of South Africa: Evidence of HIV prevention or treatment impact?	Ndirangu J., Newell M.-L., Tanser F., Herbst A.J., Bland R.	2010	AIDS	24	4	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328335cff5	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa; Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London, Institute of Child Health, United States; Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow Medical Faculty, United Kingdom	Ndirangu, J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa, Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London, Institute of Child Health, United States; Tanser, F., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa; Herbst, A.J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa; Bland, R., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow Medical Faculty, United Kingdom	OBJECTIVE: We present early life mortality rates in a largely rural population with high antenatal HIV prevalence, and investigate temporal and spatial associations with a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programme, an HIV treatment programme, and maternal HIV. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort analysis. METHODS: All births from January 2000 to January 2007 to women in the Africa Centre demographic surveillance were included. Under-two child mortality rates (U2MR) computed as deaths per 1000 live-births per year; factors associated with mortality risk assessed with Weibull regression. Availability of PMTCT (single-dose nevirapine; sdNVP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a programme included in multivariable analysis. Results: Eight hundred and forty-eight (6.2%) of 13 583 children under 2 years died. Deaths in under twos declined by 49% between 2001 and 2006, from 86.3 to 44.1 deaths per thousand live-births. Mortality was independently associated with birth season (adjusted hazard ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.33), maternal education (1.21, 1.02-1.43), maternal HIV (4.34, 3.11-6.04) and ART availability (0.46, 0.33-0.65). Children born at home (unlikely to have received sdNVP) had a 35% higher risk of dying than children born in a facility where sdNVP was available (1.35, 1.04-1.74). For 2005 births the availability of PMTCT and ART in public health programmes would have explained 8 and 31% of the decline in U2MR since 2000. Conclusion: These findings confirm the importance of maternal survival, and highlight the importance of the PMTCT and especially maternal HIV treatment with direct benefits of improved survival of their young children. © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Africa; ART; HIV; Mortality; PMTCT; Rural	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; nevirapine; adult; article; child; childhood mortality; controlled study; female; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infant feeding; major clinical study; male; newborn period; priority journal; risk assessment; risk factor; rural area; single drug dose; South Africa; vertical transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Nevirapine; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Rural Health; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903952593	Maternal HIV disclosure to young HIV-uninfected children: An evaluation of a family-centred intervention in South Africa	Rochat T.J., Arteche A.X., Stein A., Mkwanazi N., Bland R.M.	2014	AIDS	28	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000333	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, R618 towards Hlabisa, P O Box 198, Somkele, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Rochat, T.J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, R618 towards Hlabisa, P O Box 198, Somkele, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Arteche, A.X., Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Stein, A., Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mkwanazi, N., School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Bland, R.M., School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	OBJECTIVES:: Sub-Saharan Africa has large populations of HIV-infected parents who need support to raise their HIV-uninfected children. This research evaluates the 'Amagugu Intervention' aimed at supporting mothers to disclose their own HIV diagnosis to their HIV-uninfected children. DESIGN:: Uncontrolled pre and post-intervention evaluation. SETTING:: Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS:: Two hundred and eighty-one HIV-infected women and their HIV-uninfected children aged 6-10 years. INTERVENTION:: This lay counsellor-led intervention included six sessions conducted with mothers at home, providing printed materials and child-friendly activities to support disclosure of their diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:: The primary outcome was disclosure to the child (full, partial, none). The secondary outcomes included maternal mental health (General Health Questionnaire) and child mental health (Child Behaviour Checklist). RESULTS:: One hundred and seventy-one (60%) women 'fully' disclosed and 110 (40%) women 'partially' disclosed their HIV status to their child. Women who perceived their health to be excellent were less likely to 'fully' disclose compared to those considering their health to be poorer [adjusted odds ratio 0.48 (0.28-0.95), P = 0.11]. Compared to those not in a current partnership, those with a current partner were almost three times more likely to 'fully' disclose [adjusted odds ratio 2.92 (1.33-6.40), P = 0.008]. Mothers reported that most children reacted calmly to 'full' (79%) or 'partial' disclosure (83%). Compared to 'partial' disclosure, 'full' disclosure was associated with more children asking questions about maternal death (18 versus 8%). CONCLUSIONS:: This intervention is acceptable in resource-limited settings and shows promise. Further research using a controlled design is needed to test this intervention. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	disclosure; family; HIV; maternal disclosure; rural; school-Aged children; South Africa	adult; article; child; child welfare; comparative study; family centered care; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; human immunodeficiency virus uninfected children; interpersonal communication; major clinical study; male; maternal disease; maternal mortality; maternal welfare; mental health; outcome assessment; population research; priority journal; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; HIV Infections; middle aged; mother child relation; pregnancy; psychology; young adult; Adult; Child; Disclosure; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mother-Child Relations; Pregnancy; South Africa; Young Adult	097410/Z/11/Z, Wellcome Trust
WoS	WOS:000306670300012	The adult population impact of HIV care and antiretroviral therapy in a resource poor setting, 2003-2008	Ackers, Marta,Adamu-Zeh, Mirabelle,Broz, Dita,Gargano, Julia W.,Laserson, Kayla,Marston, Barbara,Muttai, Hellen,Nyabiage, Lennah,Odhiambo, Frank,Orimba, Vincent,Owuor, Karen,Sewe, Maquins,Williamson, John	2012	AIDS	26	12	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328353b7b9	CDC Res & Publ Hlth Collaborat, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Kenya Minist Hlth	None	Objective: To describe the population uptake of HIV care including antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its impact on adult mortality in a rural area of western Kenya with high HIV prevalence during a period of rapid HIV services scale-up. Design: Adult medical chart data were abstracted at health facilities providing HIV care/ART to residents of a Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) and linked with HDSS demographic and mortality data. Methods: We evaluated secular trends in patient characteristics across enrollment years and estimated proportions of HIV-positive adult residents receiving care. We evaluated adult (18-64 years) population mortality trends using verbal autopsy findings. Results: From 2003 to 2008, 5421 HDSS-resident adults enrolled in HIV care; 61.4% (n = 3331) were linked to HDSS follow-up data. As the number of facilities expanded from 1 (2003) to 17 (2008), receipt of HIV services by HIV-positive residents increased from less than 1 to 29.5%, and ART coverage reached 64.0% of adults with CD4 cell count less than 250 cells/mu l. The proportion of patients with WHO stage 4 at enrollment decreased from 20.4 to 1.9%, and CD4 cell count testing at enrollment increased from 1.0 to 53.4%. Population-level mortality rates for adults declined 34% for all causes, 26% for AIDS/tuberculosis, and 47% for other infectious diseases; noninfectious disease mortality rates remained constant. Conclusion: The initial years of rapid HIV service expansion coincided with a drop in adult mortality by a third. Continued expansion of population access to HIV clinical services, including ART, and program quality improvements will be necessary to achieve further progress in reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality. (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins	AIDS/HIV,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",MORTALITY,"POPULATION SURVEILLANCE","COTRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYLAXIS",HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS,INFECTIOUS-DISEASES,MORTALITY,"PROSPECTIVE COHORT","RURAL WESTERN KENYA",SOUTH-AFRICA,TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE,UGANDA,"VERB	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247116067	Role of the data safety and monitoring board in an international trial	Caceres C.F., Celentano D.D., Coates T.J., Hartwell T.D., Kasprzyk D., Kelly J.A., Kozlov A.P., Pequegnat W., Rotheram-Borus M.J., Solomon S., Woelk G., Wu Z.	2007	AIDS	21	None	10.1097/01.aids.0000266462.33891.0b	Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Costa Rica; Johns Hopkins University, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States; RTI International, United States; Medical College of Wisconsin, United States; Biomedical Center, St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation; National Institute of Mental Health; UCLA, United States; YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), India; University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Zimbabwe; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China	Caceres, C.F., Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Costa Rica; Celentano, D.D., Johns Hopkins University, United States; Coates, T.J., David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States; Hartwell, T.D., RTI International, United States; Kasprzyk, D.; Kelly, J.A., Medical College of Wisconsin, United States; Kozlov, A.P., Biomedical Center, St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation; Pequegnat, W., National Institute of Mental Health; Rotheram-Borus, M.J., UCLA, United States; Solomon, S., YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), India; Woelk, G., University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Zimbabwe; Wu, Z., Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China	OBJECTIVE: To describe the composition and role of the data safety and monitoring board (DSMB) for the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial. DESIGN: NIMH appointed to the DSMB nine members representing the following areas of expertise: prevention science, ethnography, infectious diseases (especially HIV and sexually transmitted diseases), laboratory diagnostics, clinical practice, methodology, international trial experience, statistics, and ethics. METHODS: The DSMB assessed the overall study for any concern about plans or implementation and reviewed cumulative study data to evaluate the safety of study participants, the ongoing conduct of the study, and the scientific validity and integrity of the Trial. Because of the Trial's international scope, the DSMB examined the effects of cultural differences on study implementation and fidelity. RESULTS: Among the DSMB recommendations that strengthened the Trial was one to conduct initial epidemiological studies of the venues selected for the intervention to verify risk and to establish intraclass correlation coefficients that could be used to calculate appropriate sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS: The DSMB played a critical role in this Trial. Because members have the expertise required to monitor the Trial, are not involved in the daily management of the Trial, and can review interim analyses and adverse event reports, they are in an excellent position to provide expert advice to ensure that the Trial's goals are achieved and that NIH funds are well invested. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Community popular opinion leader; Data safety and monitoring board; HIV; Sexually transmitted diseases	article; clinical practice; cultural factor; data analysis; ethics; ethnography; health care organization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection; laboratory test; medical research; methodology; monitoring; policy; priority journal; sample size; sexually transmitted disease; statistical analysis; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; China; Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees; Community Networks; Confidentiality; Data Collection; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; India; International Cooperation; Male; Multicenter Studies; National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.); Peru; Randomized Controlled Trials; Research Design; Risk Reduction Behavior; Russia; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547676187	The impact of AIDS on government service delivery: The case of the Zambia Wildlife Authority	Rosen S., Hamazakaza P., Feeley F., Fox M.	2007	AIDS	21	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/01.aids.0000279694.61652.e3	Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Farming Systems Association of Zambia, Mount Makulu Central Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia; Health Economics Research Office, Helen Joseph Hospital (Themba Lethu Clinic), Perth Road, Westdene 2092, South Africa	Rosen, S., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, Health Economics Research Office, Helen Joseph Hospital (Themba Lethu Clinic), Perth Road, Westdene 2092, South Africa; Hamazakaza, P., Farming Systems Association of Zambia, Mount Makulu Central Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia; Feeley, F., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Fox, M., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States	BACKGROUND: The loss of working-aged adults to HIV/AIDS has been shown to increase the costs of labor to the private sector in Africa. There is little corresponding evidence for the public sector. This study evaluated the impact of AIDS on the costs and service delivery capacity of a government agency, the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA). METHODS: Data were collected on workforce characteristics, mortality, costs, and number of days spent on patrol between 2003 and 2005 by 76 current patrol officers (reference subjects) and 11 patrol officers who died of AIDS or suspected AIDS (index subjects). The impact of AIDS on service delivery capacity and labor costs and the net benefits of providing treatment were estimated. RESULTS: Reference subjects averaged 197.4 patrol days per year. After adjustment index subjects patrolled 68% less in their last year of service (P < 0.0001), 51% less in their second to last year (P < 0.0001), and 37% less in their third to last year (P < 0.0001). For each employee who died, ZAWA lost an additional 111 person-days for management, funeral attendance, vacancy and staff replacement. Each death also cost ZAWA the equivalent of 3.3 years' annual compensation for care, benefits, recruitment, and training. In 2005, AIDS reduced service delivery capacity by 6.0% and increased labor costs by 9.3%. CONCLUSION: Impacts on this government agency are substantially larger than observed in the private sector. AIDS is constraining ZAWA's ability to protect Zambia's parks. At a cost of US $500/patient/ year, antiretroviral therapy (ART) would result in service improvements and net budgetary savings to ZAWA. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Antiretroviral therapy; Government; HIV/AIDS; Labor productivity; Zambia	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; compensation; death; female; government; health care cost; health care delivery; health service; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; information processing; major clinical study; male; mortality; priority journal; Zambia; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Commerce; Costs and Cost Analysis; Female; Government Agencies; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Male; Workplace; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149031631	Early effects of antiretroviral therapy on work performance: Preliminary results from a cohort study of Kenyan agricultural workers	Larson B.A., Fox M.P., Rosen S., Bii M., Sigei C., Shaffer D., Sawe F., Wasunna M., Simon J.L.	2008	AIDS	22	3	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f3cc0c	Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States	Larson, B.A., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Fox, M.P., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Rosen, S., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Bii, M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Sigei, C., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Shaffer, D., United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Sawe, F., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Wasunna, M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Simon, J.L., Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States	OBJECTIVE: This paper estimates the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on days harvesting tea per month for tea-estate workers in Kenya. Such information is needed to assess the potential economic benefits of providing treatment to working adults. METHODS: Data for this analysis come from company payroll records for 59 HIV-infected workers and a comparison group of all workers assigned to the same work teams (reference group, n = 1992) for a period covering 2 years before and 1 year after initiating ART. Mean difference tests were used to obtain overall trends in days harvesting tea by month. A difference in difference approach was used to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on days working in the pre-ART period. Information on likely trends in the absence of the therapy was used to estimate the positive impacts on days harvesting tea over the initial 12 months on ART. RESULTS: No significant difference existed in days plucking tea each month until the ninth month before initiating ART, when workers worked -2.79 fewer days than references (15% less). This difference grew to 5.09 fewer days (27% less) in the final month before initiating ART. After 12 months on ART, we conservatively estimate that workers worked at least twice as many days in the month than they would have in the absence of ART. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment had a large, positive impact on the ability of workers to undertake their primary work activity, harvesting tea, in the first year on ART. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	AIDS; Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Kenya; Work performance	antiretrovirus agent; absenteeism; adult; agricultural worker; article; controlled study; female; harvesting; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; job performance; Kenya; major clinical study; male; priority journal; tea; Absenteeism; Adult; Agriculture; Anti-HIV Agents; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Tea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862756838	Impact of asymptomatic Herpes simplex virus-2 infection on T cell phenotype and function in the foreskin	Prodger J.L., Gray R., Kigozi G., Nalugoda F., Galiwango R., Nehemiah K., Kakanga M., Hirbod T., Wawer M.J., Sewankambo N., Serwadda D., Kaul R.	2012	AIDS	26	10	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328354675c	Clinical Science Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Prodger, J.L., Clinical Science Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Gray, R., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Galiwango, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Nehemiah, K., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Kakanga, M., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Hirbod, T., Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Wawer, M.J., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States; Sewankambo, N., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kaul, R., Clinical Science Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada	Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) increases the risk of HIV acquisition in men and overall CD4 T cell density in the foreskin. Using tissues obtained during routine male circumcision, we examined the impact of HSV-2 on the function and phenotype of foreskin T cells in Ugandan men. HSV-2 infection was predominantly associated with a compartmentalized increase in CCR5 expression by foreskin CD4 T cells, which may contribute to HIV susceptibility. © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	CD3 antigen; CD4 antigen; CD8 antigen; chemokine receptor CCR5; gamma interferon; interleukin 17; interleukin 22; transcription factor FOXP3; tumor necrosis factor alpha; article; asymptomatic infection; CD25+ T lymphocyte; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cell density; circumcision; cytokine production; disease predisposition; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; human tissue; lymphocyte subpopulation; male; nonhuman; phenotype; prepuce; priority journal; protein expression; risk; Th17 cell; Adult; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Circumcision, Male; Foreskin; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Male; Receptors, CCR5; Viral Load	None
WoS	WOS:000311232900015	Differences between self-reported and electronically monitored adherence among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting	Bangsberg, David R.,Habyarimana, James P.,Pop-Eleches, Cristian,Sidle, John E.,Siika, Abraham M.,Siripong, Nalyn,Thirumurthy, Harsha,Vreeman, Rachel C.	2012	AIDS	26	18	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328359aa68	Columbia University, Georgetown University, Harvard University, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University System, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Moi University, University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, MGH Ctr Global Hlth, Ragon Inst MGH MIT & Harvard	"Habyarimana, James P.: Georgetown University","Pop-Eleches, Cristian: Columbia University","Siika, Abraham M.: Moi University","Siripong, Nalyn: University of North Carolina","Siripong, Nalyn: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Thirumurthy, Harsha: University of North Carolina","Thirumurthy, Harsha: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Vreeman, Rachel C.: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis","Vreeman, Rachel C.: Indiana University System",	Background: Measurement of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) by patient self-report is common in resource-limited settings but widely believed to overstate actual adherence. The extent to which these measures overstate adherence has not been examined among a large patient population. Methods: HIV-infected adult patients in Kenya who initiated ART within the past 3 months were followed for 6 months. Adherence was measured by participants' self-reports of doses missed in the past 7 days during monthly clinic visits and by continuous Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) in participants' pill bottles. Seven-day self-reported adherence was compared to 7-day MEMS adherence, 30-day MEMS adherence, and adherence more than 90% during each of the first 6 months. Results: Self-reported and MEMS adherence measures were linked for 669 participants. Mean 7-day self-reported adherence was 98.7% and mean 7-day MEMS adherence was 86.0%, a difference of 12.7% (P &lt; 0.01). The difference between the two adherence measures increased over time due to a decline in 7-day MEMS adherence. However, patients with lower MEMS adherence were in fact more likely to self-report missed doses and the difference between self-reported and MEMS adherence was similar for each number of self-reported missed doses. When analysis was limited to patients who reported rarely or never removing multiple doses at the same time, mean difference was 10.5% (P &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: There is a sizable and significant difference between self-reported and MEMS adherence. However, a strong relationship between the measures suggests that self-reported adherence is informative for clinical monitoring and program evaluation. (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins	ADHERENCE,"adherence measurement","ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY","ELECTRONIC MONITORING",COUNT,HAART,"HIV-INFECTED ADULTS",METAANALYSIS,OUTCOMES,"PROTEASE INHIBITORS","VIRAL SUPPRESSION"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43249092090	Impact of HIV on novel therapies for tuberculosis control	Sánchez M.S., Lloyd-Smith J.O., Porco T.C., Williams B.G., Borgdorff M.W., Mansoer J., Salomon J.A., Getz W.M.	2008	AIDS	22	8	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f7cb4b	Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; National TB Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University Initiative for Global Health, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States	Sánchez, M.S., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Porco, T.C., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Williams, B.G., World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Borgdorff, M.W., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Mansoer, J., National TB Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Salomon, J.A., Department of International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Initiative for Global Health, Cambridge, MA, United States; Getz, W.M., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States	OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The increased risk for tuberculosis in HIV-infected people has fueled a worldwide resurgence of tuberculosis. A major hindrance to controlling tuberculosis is the long treatment duration, leading to default, jeopardizing cure, and generating drug resistance. We investigated how tuberculosis is impacted by reducing treatment duration alone or combined with enhanced case detection and/or cure under different HIV prevalence levels. METHODS: Our model includes HIV stages I-IV and was calibrated to long-term tuberculosis and HIV data from Kenya. Benefits were assessed in terms of absolute and relative reductions in new tuberculosis cases and deaths. RESULTS: Compared with present-day strategies, at 3-20% HIV prevalence we attain a 6-20% decrease in incidence and mortality in 25 years when reducing treatment duration alone; benefits exceed 300% when combined with increased detection and cure. Benefits vary substantially according to HIV status and prevalence. Challenges arise because in absolute terms the number of infected people and deaths increases dramatically with increasing HIV prevalence, and because the relative efficacy of tuberculosis control policies displays a nonlinear pattern whereby they become less effective on a per capita basis at HIV prevalence levels greater than 15%. Benefits of reducing treatment duration may even be reversed at extreme HIV prevalence levels. Benefits of increasing cure versus detection increase as HIV prevalence increases. CONCLUSION: Reducing tuberculosis treatment duration, alone or in combination with other control strategies, can provide enormous benefits at high HIV prevalence. Tuberculosis control policies need to account for HIV levels because the efficacy of different interventions varies substantially with HIV prevalence. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Case detection; Cure rate; Disease control; Epidemiology; HIV; Mathematical model; Tuberculosis	article; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mortality; prevalence; priority journal; simulation; treatment duration; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Models, Biological; Prevalence; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879099534	Evaluation of impact of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and point-of-use water filters on HIV-1 disease progression in Kenya	Walson J.L., Sangaré L.R., Singa B.O., Naulikha J.M., Piper B.K.S., Yuhas K., Onchiri F.M., Otieno P.A., Mermin J., Zeh C., Richardson B.A., John-Stewart G.	2013	AIDS	27	9	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835ecba9	Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States	Walson, J.L., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Sangaré, L.R., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States; Singa, B.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Naulikha, J.M., Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Piper, B.K.S., Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Yuhas, K., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Onchiri, F.M., Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Otieno, P.A., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Mermin, J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Zeh, C., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Richardson, B.A., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States; John-Stewart, G., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Objectives: Among HIV-1-infected individuals in Africa, coinfection with malaria and diarrhoeal disease may be associated with more rapid HIV-1 disease progression. We sought to determine whether the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and simple point-of-use water filters can delay HIV-1 disease progression. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Two HIV care sites in Kenya. Participants: HIV-1-infected adults not yet meeting criteria for antiretroviral therapy. Interventions: One group received the standard of care, whereas the other received long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and water filters. Individuals were followed for up to 24 months. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measures were time to CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/μl and a composite endpoint of time to CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/|μl and nontraumatic death. Time to disease progression was compared using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Of 589 individuals included, 361 received the intervention and 228 served as controls. Median baseline CD4 cell counts were similar (P= 0.36). After controlling for baseline CD4 cell count, individuals receiving the intervention were 27% less likely to reach the endpoint of a CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/μl (hazard ratio 0.73; 95% confidence interval 0.57-0.95). CD4 cell count decline was also significantly less in the intervention group (-54 vs. - 70 cells/|μl per year, P=0.03). In addition, the incidence of malaria and diarrhoea were significantly lower in the intervention group. Conclusion: Provision of a long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net and water filter was associated with a delay in CD4 cell count decline and may be a simple, practical and cost-effective strategy to delay HIV-1 progression in many resource-limited settings. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Bed nets; Coinfection; Diarrhoeal disease; HIV; Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets; Malaria; Water filters	insecticide; water; adult; article; bed net; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical evaluation; cohort analysis; controlled study; death; diarrhea; disease course; female; filter; health care quality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; incidence; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; male; mixed infection; priority journal; proportional hazards model; prospective study; randomized controlled trial; treatment outcome; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diarrhea; Disease Progression; Female; Filtration; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Prospective Studies; Regression Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Viral Load; Water; Water Purification	P30 AI027757, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866730274	Performance of the integrated management of childhood illness algorithm for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection among African infants	Diener L.C., Slyker J.A., Gichuhi C., Tapia K.A., Richardson B.A., Wamalwa D., Farquhar C., Overbaugh J., Maleche-Obimbo E., John-Stewart G.	2012	AIDS	26	15	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283578bb8	Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Thematic Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States	Diener, L.C., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Slyker, J.A., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Gichuhi, C., Thematic Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Tapia, K.A., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Richardson, B.A., Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Wamalwa, D., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Farquhar, C., Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States; Overbaugh, J., Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Maleche-Obimbo, E., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; John-Stewart, G., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	OBJECTIVES: Early infant HIV-1 diagnosis and treatment substantially improve survival. Where virologic HIV-1 testing is unavailable, integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) clinical algorithms may be used for infant HIV-1 screening. We evaluated the performance of the 2008 WHO IMCI HIV algorithm in a cohort of HIV-exposed Kenyan infants. METHODS: From 1999 to 2003, 444 infants had monthly clinical assessments and quarterly virologic HIV-1 testing. Using archived clinical data, IMCI sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using virologic testing as a gold standard. Linear regression and survival analyses were used to determine the effect of age on IMCI performance and timing of diagnosis. RESULTS: Overall IMCI sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV value were 58, 87, 52, and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity (1.4%) and PPV (14%) were lowest at 1 month of age, when 81% of HIV infections already had occurred. Sensitivity increased with age (P<0.0001), but remained low throughout infancy (range 1.4-35%). Specificity (range 97-100%) was high at each time point and was not associated with age. Fifty-eight percent of HIV-1-infected infants (50 of 86) were eventually diagnosed by IMCI, and use of IMCI was estimated to delay diagnosis in HIV-infected infants by a median of 5.9 months (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: IMCI had low sensitivity during the first month of life, when the majority of HIV-1 infections had already occurred and initiation of treatment is most critical. Although sensitivity increased with age, the substantial delay in HIV-1 diagnosis using IMCI limits its utility in early infant HIV-1 diagnosis. © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Africa; clinical algorithm; HIV; infant; integrated management of childhood illness; pediatric	Africa; algorithm; article; female; gold standard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; infant; infant disease; major clinical study; performance; prediction; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; virus diagnosis; Algorithms; Anti-HIV Agents; Breast Feeding; Candidiasis, Oral; Child Health Services; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Female; Guidelines as Topic; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Kenya; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Mass Screening; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; World Health Organization	None
None	None	Evaluation of a dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA program for early infant diagnosis and viral load monitoring at rural and remote healthcare facilities	Lofgren S.M., Morrissey A.B., Chevallier C.C., Malabeja A.I., Edmonds S., Amos B., Sifuna D.J., Von Seidlein L., Schimana W., Stevens W.S., Bartlett J.A., Crump J.A.	2009	AIDS	23	18	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328331f702	Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Magunga Hospital, Korogwe, Tanzania; Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Joint Malaria Programme, Tanga, Tanzania; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Parktown, South Africa	Lofgren, S.M., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Morrissey, A.B., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Chevallier, C.C., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Malabeja, A.I., Magunga Hospital, Korogwe, Tanzania; Edmonds, S., Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Amos, B., Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Sifuna, D.J., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania; Von Seidlein, L., Joint Malaria Programme, Tanga, Tanzania; Schimana, W., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania; Stevens, W.S., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Parktown, South Africa; Bartlett, J.A., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Crump, J.A., Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania	OBJECTIVE: To assess technical and operational performance of a dried blood spot (DBS)-based HIV-1 RNA service for remote healthcare facilities in a low-income country. DESIGN: A method comparison and operational evaluation of DBS RNA against conventional tests for early infant diagnosis of HIV and HIV RNA quantitation under field conditions in Tanzania. METHODS: DBSs were prepared and plasma was frozen at-80°C. DBSs were mailed and plasma couriered to a central laboratory for testing using the Abbott m2000 system. Infant diagnosis DBSs were also tested for HIV-1 DNA by ROCHE COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan System. Results of DBS RNA were compared with conventional tests; program performance was described. RESULTS: Among 176 infant diagnosis participants, using a threshold of at least 1000 copies/ml, sensitivity and specificity of DBS versus plasma RNA were 1.00 and 0.99, and of DBS RNA versus DBS DNA were 0.97 and 1.00. Among 137 viral load monitoring participants, when plasma and DBS RNA were compared, r value was 0.9709; r value was 0.9675 for at least 5000 copies/ml but was 0.7301 for less than 5000 copies/ml. The highest plasma RNA value at which DBS RNA was not detected was 2084 copies/ml. Median (range) turnaround time from sample collection to result receipt at sites was 23 (4-69) days. The Tanzania mail service successfully transmitted all DBS and results between sites and the central laboratory. CONCLUSION: Under program conditions in Tanzania, DBS provided HIV-1 RNA results comparable to conventional methods to remote healthcare facilities. DBS RNA testing is an alternative to liquid plasma for HIV-1 RNA services in remote areas. © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Blood specimen collection; Diagnosis; HIV; Laboratory techniques and procedures; Reverse transcriptase PCR; Tanzania	antiretrovirus agent; lamivudine; nevirapine; stavudine; virus DNA; virus RNA; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; controlled study; female; health care facility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; infant; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; newborn; preschool child; priority journal; school child; sensitivity and specificity; virus load; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Male; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Rural Health; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84957683924	A 15-year study of the impact of community antiretroviral therapy coverage on HIV incidence in Kenyan female sex workers	McClelland R.S., Richardson B.A., Cherutich P., Mandaliya K., John-Stewart G., Miregwa B., Odem-Davis K., Jaoko W., Kimanga D., Overbaugh J.	2015	AIDS	29	17	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000829	Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359909, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Vaccine and Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; National AIDS and STD Control Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Mombasa County Department of Policy and Research, Mombasa, Kenya	McClelland, R.S., Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359909, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Richardson, B.A., Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States, Division of Vaccine and Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Cherutich, P., National AIDS and STD Control Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Mandaliya, K., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; John-Stewart, G., Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Miregwa, B., Mombasa County Department of Policy and Research, Mombasa, Kenya; Odem-Davis, K., Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Jaoko, W., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Kimanga, D., National AIDS and STD Control Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Overbaugh, J., Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States	Objective: To test the hypothesis that increasing community antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage would be associated with lower HIV incidence in female sex workers (FSWs) in Mombasa District, Kenya. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: From 1998 to 2012, HIV-negative FSWs were asked to return monthly for an interview regarding risk behavior and testing for sexually transmitted infections including HIV. We evaluated the association between community ART coverage and FSW's risk of becoming HIV infected using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: One thousand, four hundred and four FSWs contributed 4335 woman-years of follow-up, with 145 acquiring HIV infection (incidence 3.35/100 woman-years). The ART rollout began in 2003. By 2012, an estimated 52% of HIV-positive individuals were receiving treatment. Community ART coverage was inversely associated with HIV incidence (adjusted hazard ratio 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.61-0.98; P=0.03), suggesting that each 10% increase in coverage was associated with a 23% reduction in FSWs' risk of HIV acquisition. Community ART coverage had no impact on herpes simplex virus type-2 incidence (adjusted hazard ratio 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.79-1.20; P=0.8). Conclusion: Increasing general population ART coverage was associated with lower HIV incidence in FSWs. The association with HIV incidence, but not herpes simplex virus type-2 incidence, suggests that the effect of community ART coverage may be specific to HIV. Interventions such as preexposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral-containing microbicides have produced disappointing results in HIV prevention trials with FSWs. These results suggest that FSWs' risk of acquiring HIV infection might be reduced through the indirect approach of increasing ART coverage in the community. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	Africa; antiretroviral therapy; HIV; sex worker; transmission; women	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adolescent; adult; antiviral therapy; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; community care; female; follow up; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; Kenya; Kenyan; priority journal; prospective study; prostitution; sexually transmitted disease; virus load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863843550	The impact of antiretroviral treatment on the age composition of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa	Hontelez J.A.C., De Vlas S.J., Baltussen R., Newell M.-L., Bakker R., Tanser F., Lurie M., Bärnighausen T.	2012	AIDS	26	SUPPL.1	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283558526	Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Primary and Community Care, Nijmegen International Center for Health System Analysis and Education, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and the International Health Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Hontelez, J.A.C., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands, Department of Primary and Community Care, Nijmegen International Center for Health System Analysis and Education, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; De Vlas, S.J., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Baltussen, R., Department of Primary and Community Care, Nijmegen International Center for Health System Analysis and Education, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Bakker, R., Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands; Tanser, F., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Lurie, M., Department of Epidemiology and the International Health Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Bärnighausen, T., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Introduction: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage is rapidly expanding in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Based on the effect of ART on survival of HIV-infected people and HIV transmission, the age composition of the HIV epidemic in the region is expected to change in the coming decades. We quantify the change in the age composition of HIV-infected people in all countries in SSA. Methods: We used STDSIM, a stochastic microsimulation model, and developed an approach to represent HIV prevalence and treatment coverage in 43 countries in SSA, using publicly available data. We predict future trends in HIV prevalence and total number of HIV-infected people aged 15-49 years and 50 years or older for different ART coverage levels. Results: We show that, if treatment coverage continues to increase at present rates, the total number of HIV-infected people aged 50 years or older will nearly triple over the coming years: from 3.1 million in 2011 to 9.1 million in 2040, dramatically changing the age composition of the HIV epidemic in SSA. In 2011, about one in seven HIV-infected people was aged 50 years or older; in 2040, this ratio will be larger than one in four. Conclusion: The HIV epidemic in SSA is rapidly ageing, implying changing needs and demands in many social sectors, including health, social care, and old-age pension systems. Health policymakers need to anticipate the impact of the changing HIV age composition in their planning for future capacity in these systems. © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	aging; antiretroviral therapy; epidemiological trends; HIV; mathematical model	antiretrovirus agent; adolescent; adult; age distribution; antiviral therapy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; major clinical study; male; priority journal; prostitution; sexual behavior; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Aging; Anti-HIV Agents; Epidemics; Female; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Life Expectancy; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Prevalence; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349188909	Impact of baseline health and community support on antiretroviral treatment outcomes in HIV patients in South Africa	Wouters E., Van Damme W., Van Rensburg D., Meulemans H.	2008	AIDS	22	18	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5562	Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium	Wouters, E., Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Van Damme, W., Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van Rensburg, D., Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Meulemans, H., Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	The importance of community support when scaling-up antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited settings is poorly understood. We assessed the impact of baseline health, patient characteristics and community support on ART outcomes at 6 and 12 months in a representative sample of 268 patients enrolled in the Free State public sector ART program (South Africa). Delayed ART initiation reduced ART response, whereas support from treatment buddies, community health workers and support groups significantly improved treatment outcomes.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; community; community care; drug response; female; health auxiliary; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; priority journal; social support; South Africa; treatment outcome; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Community Health Services; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Rural Health; Social Support; South Africa; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052397989	Impact of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on the health of breast-fed, HIV-exposed, HIV-negative infants in a resource-limited setting	Coutsoudis A., Kindra G., Esterhuizen T.	2011	AIDS	25	14	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834ad699	Department Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Programme of Biostatistics Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Family and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Coutsoudis, A., Department Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kindra, G., Department Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Esterhuizen, T., Programme of Biostatistics Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Family and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	WHO guidelines recommend cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (CTXP) in all HIV-exposed negative infants who are still breastfeeding. This is based on the evidence of efficacy in HIV-infected infants, but there is no evidence of benefit in HIV-negative, breast-fed infants. We assessed the impact of CTXP on diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity in breast-fed, HIV-exposed negative infants in a community programme. CTXP for more than 60 days showed no consistent evidence of benefit for incidence of lower respiratory tract infection [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-1.26; P=0.241] but an increased incidence of diarrhoea (IRR=1.38, 95% CI 0.98-1.94; P=0.065). The guidelines should be reconsidered by conducting a randomized control trial. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	cotrimoxazole; article; breast feeding; diarrhea; drug efficacy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; lower respiratory tract infection; major clinical study; morbidity; priority journal; prophylaxis; socioeconomics; vertical transmission; Breast Feeding; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Rural Population; South Africa; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80055049890	Impact of CD8 + T-cell activation on CD4 + T-cell recovery and mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy	Hunt P.W., Cao H.L., Muzoora C., Ssewanyana I., Bennett J., Emenyonu N., Kembabazi A., Neilands T.B., Bangsberg D.R., Deeks S.G., Martin J.N.	2011	AIDS	25	17	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834c4ac1	Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda; CA Department of Health Services, Uganda; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, MA, United States	Hunt, P.W., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Cao, H.L., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States, Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda, CA Department of Health Services, Uganda; Muzoora, C., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda; Ssewanyana, I., Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda; Bennett, J., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Emenyonu, N., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, MA, United States; Kembabazi, A., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda; Neilands, T.B., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Bangsberg, D.R., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, MA, United States; Deeks, S.G., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Martin, J.N., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States	OBJECTIVES:: To assess whether T-cell activation independently predicts the extent of CD4 T-cell recovery and mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN:: Prospective cohort study. METHODS:: HIV-infected adults starting ART and achieving a plasma HIV RNA level (VL) less than 400 copies/ml by month 6 were sampled from the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes (UARTO) cohort in Mbarara, Uganda. CD4 count, VL, and the percentage-activated (CD38HLA-DR) T cells were measured every 3 months. RESULTS:: Of 451 HIV-infected Ugandans starting ART, most were women (70%) with median pre-ART values: age, 34 years; CD4 count, 135 cells/μl; and VL, 5.1 log10 copies/ml. Of these, 93% achieved a VL less than 400 copies/ml by month 6 and were followed for a median of 24 months, with 8% lost to follow-up at 3 years. Higher pre-ART CD8 T-cell activation was associated with diminished CD4 recovery after year 1, after adjustment for pre-ART CD4 count, VL, and sex (P = 0.017). Thirty-four participants died, 15 after month 6. Each 10% point increase in activated CD8 T cells at month 6 of suppressive ART was associated with a 1.6-fold increased hazard of subsequent death after adjusting for pretherapy CD4 count (P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS:: Higher pre-ART CD8 T-cell activation independently predicts slower CD4 T-cell recovery and higher persistent CD8 T-cell activation during ART-mediated viral suppression independently predicts increased mortality among HIV-infected Ugandans. Novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or reversing immune activation during ART are needed in this setting. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Mortality; Sub-Saharan Africa; T-cell activation; Uganda	virus RNA; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; cohort analysis; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; mortality; priority journal; T lymphocyte activation; Uganda; virus load; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antigens, CD38; CD4-CD8 Ratio; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gene Expression; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Uganda; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12144265481	Impact of African herbal medicines on antiretroviral metabolism	Mills E., Foster B.C., Van Heeswijk R., Phillips E., Wilson K., Leonard B., Kosuge K., Kanfer I.	2005	AIDS	19	1	None	Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mills, E., Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Foster, B.C., University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Van Heeswijk, R., Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Phillips, E., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Wilson, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Leonard, B., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kosuge, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	We examined the effects of two African herbal medicines recommended for HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral metabolism. Extracts from Hypoxis and Sutherlandia showed significant effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism and activated the pregnane X receptor approximately twofold. P-glycoprotein expression was inhibited, with Hypoxis showing 42-51% and Sutherlandia showing 19-31% of activity compared with verapamil. Initiating policies to provide herbal medicines with antiretroviral agents may put patients at risk of treatment failure, viral resistance or drug toxicity.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cytochrome P450 3A4; glycoprotein P; Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; nelfinavir; plant extract; pregnane X receptor; rifampicin; Sutherlandia extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; controlled study; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; enzyme activation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Hypoxis; priority journal; protein expression; treatment failure; virus resistance; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Fabaceae; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hypoxis; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; P-Glycoprotein; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Verapamil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746715037	Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: Impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control	Lawn S.D., Myer L., Bekker L.-G., Wood R.	2006	AIDS	20	12	10.1097/01.aids.0000238406.93249.cd	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	OBJECTIVES: To determine burden and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) in an antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme and its impact on ART outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Prevalent TB was assessed at baseline and incident TB was ascertained prospectively over 3 years among 944 patients accessing a community-based ART programme in South Africa. RESULTS: At enrollment, median CD4 cell count was 96 cells/μl and 52% of patients had a previous history of TB. Prevalent TB (current antituberculosis treatment or active TB) was present in 25% and was strongly associated with advanced immunodeficiency. During 782 person-years of ART, 81 cases of TB were diagnosed. The incidence was 22.1/100 person-years during the first 3 months of ART and decreased to an average of 4.5/100 person-years during the second and third years. In multivariate analysis, risk of incident TB during follow-up was only associated with the current absolute CD4 cell count at that time point; an increase of 100 cells/μl was associated with a 25% lower risk (P = 0.007). Although prevalent and incident TB were associated with greater than two-fold increased mortality risk, they did not compromise immunological and virological outcomes among survivors at 48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Late initiation of ART was associated with a major burden of TB in this ART programme. TB reduced survival but did not impair immunovirological outcomes. Reductions in TB incidence during ART were dependent on CD4 cell count; however, after 3 years of treatment, rates were still 5- to 10-fold higher than among non-HIV-infected people. Earlier initiation of ART may reduce this burden of TB. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral programme; HAART; HIV; Resource-limited country; TB control; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; didanosine; efavirenz; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; tuberculostatic agent; zidovudine; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; disease association; female; follow up; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; major clinical study; male; mortality; multivariate analysis; patient assessment; priority journal; South Africa; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cost of Illness; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis; Viral Load	None
WoS	WOS:000272135900011	The use of routine monitoring and evaluation systems to assess a referral model of family planning and HIV service integration in Nigeria	Abubakar, Zubaida,Awi, Dorka D.,Chabikuli, Nzapfurundi O.,Chukwujekwu, Ogo,Gwarzo, Usman,Hamelmann, Christoph,Ibrahim, Mohammed,Merrigan, Mike	2009	AIDS	23	None	None	Family Hlth Int	None	Objective: To measure changes in service utilization of a model integrating family planning with HIV Counselling and testing (HCT), antiretroviral therapy (ART) and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in the Nigerian public health facilities. Design: It is a retrospective survey of attendance and family planning commodity uptake in 71 health facilities in Nigeria that analyzes the preintegration and postintegration periods between March 2007 and January 2009. Methods: A prepost retrospective comparison of mean attendance at family planning clinics and couple-years of protection (CYP) compared 6 months preintegration with 9 months postintegration period. An analysis of service ratios was conducted, relating completed referrals at family planning clinics to service utilization at the referring HIV clinics. Results: Mean attendance at family planning clinics increased significantly from 67.6 in preintegration to 87.0 in postintegration. The mean CYP increased significantly from 32.3 preintegration to 38.2 postintegration. Service ratio of referrals from each of the HIV clinics was low but increased in the postintegration period by 4, 34 and 42 per 1000 clients from HCT, ART and PMTCT clinics, respectively. Service ratios were higher in primary healthcare settings than in secondary or tertiary hospitals. Attendance by men at family planning clinics was significantly higher among clients referred from HIV clinics. Conclusion: Family planning-HIV integration using the referral model improved family planning service utilization by clients accessing HIV services, but further improvement is possible. Male utilization of family planning services also improved. The government of Nigeria should review the family planning User fee policy and scale up the integration in primary healthcare facilities. (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins	CONTRACEPTION,"health services evaluation",HIV,INTEGRATION,NIGERIA,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY","CONTRACEPTIVE USE","HEALTH-CARE NEEDS",INTENTIONS,PREGNANCY,"PROSPECTIVE COHORT","REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH","RURAL UGANDA",SOUTH-AFRICA,WOMEN	None	None
WoS	WOS:000258761700014	Assessing the economic impact of HIV/AIDS on Nigerian households: a propensity score matching approach	Canning, David,Mahal, Ajay,Odumosu, Kunle,Okonkwo, Prosper	2008	AIDS	22	None	None	Harvard University, Nigerian Inst Social & Econ Res	"Canning, David: Harvard University","Mahal, Ajay: Harvard University",	Objectives: We used a novel approach to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on individuals' healthcare utilization and spending in the Oyo and Plateau states of Nigeria and income foregone from work time lost. Methods: Data from a 2004 random Survey of over 6400 individuals were compared with a sample of 482 individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Estimating the effect of HIV is complicated by the fact that our sample of HIV-positive individuals was non-random; there are selection effects, both in acquiring HIV and being in our sample of HIV-positive people, which was based on contacts through non-govern menta I organizations. To overcome these, we compared HIV-positive people with a control group with similar observed characteristics, using propensity score matching. The matched HIV-negative individuals had worse health and greater health spending than the full HIV-negative group. This suggests that our HIV sample would not have had 'average' outcomes even if they had not acquired HIV. Results: Compared with Our matched control group, HIV is associated with significantly increased morbidity, healthcare utilization, public health facility use, lost work time and family time devoted to care-giving. Direct private healthcare costs and indirect income loss per HIV-positive individual were 36065 Naira, approximately 56% of annual income per capita in affected households. Approximately 40% of these costs were income losses associated with sickness and care-giving. 10% of the cost of HIV is accounted for by public subsidies for health. The largest single cost, representing 54% of the total economic burden of HIV, is for out-of-pocket expenses for healthcare. (C) 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	"DIRECT COSTS","ECONOMIC IMPACTS",HIV,HOUSEHOLDS,NIGERIA,"propensity-score matching"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927911032	Tuberculosis distorts the inhibitory impact of interleukin-10 in HIV infection	Chetty S., Porichis F., Govender P., Zupkosky J., Ghebremichael M., Pillay M., Walker B.D., Ndung'u T., Kaufmann D.E., Kasprowicz V.O.	2014	AIDS	28	18	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000437	HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Centre de Recherche Du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Chetty, S., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Porichis, F., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States; Govender, P., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Zupkosky, J., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States; Ghebremichael, M., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States; Pillay, M., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Walker, B.D., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States; Ndung'u, T., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States; Kaufmann, D.E., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Centre de Recherche Du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Kasprowicz, V.O., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, United States	Objectives: This study aimed to assess how Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) coinfection alters the impact of interleukin-10 in chronic HIV infection. Design: We assessed plasma cytokine levels (interleukin-10, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-γ, interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and interleukin-13) in 82 individuals presenting with HIV monoinfection, HIV-LTBI (latent MTB infection) coinfection or HIV-TB (active tuberculosis) coinfection. We also assessed the influence of MTB on the functional impact of interleukin-10 receptor alpha (interleukin-10Ra) blockade on HIV and MTB-specific CD4+ T cells. Methods: Plasma cytokine levels were measured by high sensitivity Luminex. We used an ex-vivo interleukin-10Ra blockade assay to assess if functional enhancement of HIV and MTB-specific CD4+ T cells was possible following a 48-h stimulation with HIV gag or pooled ESAT-6 (6 kDa early secretory antigenic target) and CFP-10 (10-kDa culture filtrate protein) peptides. Cell supernatant was collected 48 h after stimulation and the cytokine profile was measured by Luminex. Results: Plasma interleukin-10 levels were elevated in HIV-TB as compared with HIV monoinfection (P&lt;0.05) and HIV-LTBI (P&lt;0.05). Plasma interleukin-10 levels correlated to HIV viral load in HIV monoinfection (P=0.016) and HIV-LTBI (P=0.042), but not HIV-TB. Ex-vivo blockade of interleukin-10Ra significantly enhanced MTB and HIVspecific CD4+ T-cell function in HIV-LTBI individuals but not in HIV-TB individuals. Conclusion: Tuberculosis disrupts the correlation between interleukin-10 and markers of HIV disease progression. In addition, HIV-TB is associated with a more inflammatory cytokine milieu compared with HIV monoinfection. Interestingly, interleukin-10Ra blockade can enhance both HIV and MTB-specific T-cell function in HIV-LTBI, but not in HIV-TB coinfection. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	HIV coinfection; Immune regulation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-10 receptor alpha blockade; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	culture filtrate protein 10; gamma interferon; interleukin 10; interleukin 10 receptor alpha; interleukin 13; interleukin 2; interleukin 6; tumor necrosis factor alpha; interleukin 10; Article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; controlled study; cytokine release; disease course; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; mixed infection; priority journal; protein blood level; protein expression; tuberculosis; virus load; blood; complication; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; tuberculosis; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; HIV Infections; Humans; Interleukin-10; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903997164	Modelling the long-term impacts on affected children of adult HIV: Benefits, challenges and a possible approach	Desmond C., Bruce F., Tomlinson M., Marlow M.B., Aber J.L., Ouifki R., Welte A.	2014	AIDS	28	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000329	Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, 750 Francois Road, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, NY, United States	Desmond, C., Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, 750 Francois Road, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa; Bruce, F., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa; Tomlinson, M., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Marlow, M.B., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Aber, J.L., Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, NY, United States; Ouifki, R., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa; Welte, A., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, South Africa	We outline the benefits, challenges and possible approaches to developing mathematical models that could be used to estimate the magnitude of negative consequences of adult HIV infection for children. Adult HIV infection can lead to numerous negative consequences for dependent children, including depression, anxiety, withdrawal from school and early sexual debut, among others. For advocacy and planning purposes, it is important to highlight and consider as many of these as possible. A focus solely on orphan numbers, which is the typical summary measure for children affected by HIV and AIDS, can be misleading. The complexity of child development that is characterized by the interaction of a multitude of proximal and distal factors, coupled with a significant lack of data on child development in the context of adult HIV infection make the development of models a challenging task. Although it may not be possible in the first attempt to develop a population-based model capable of examining family dynamics, the negative consequences together with the impact of interventions, steps in that direction can be taken. We propose approaches and assumptions that we believe will allow the development of a useful first set of models. We conclude with a brief discussion of the type of data that, if collected, would facilitate refinement and development of these models. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	affected children; child development; modelling; orphans	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult disease; anxiety; article; child development; child health; childhood disease; depression; disease course; environmental factor; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; maternal welfare; priority journal; risk factor; adult; child; child parent relation; family health; female; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mental disease; preschool child; psychology; theoretical model; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Family Health; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Mental Disorders; Models, Theoretical; Parent-Child Relations	USAID, National Research Foundation; National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902255611	Performance of symptom-based tuberculosis screening among people living with HIV: Not as great as hoped	Ahmad Khan F., Verkuijl S., Parrish A., Chikwava F., Ntumy R., El-Sadr W., Howard A.A.	2014	AIDS	28	10	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000278	ICAP Columbia University, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; ICAP-Columbia, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London, South Africa	Ahmad Khan, F., ICAP Columbia University, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Verkuijl, S., ICAP-Columbia, Pretoria, South Africa; Parrish, A., Department of Internal Medicine, Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London, South Africa; Chikwava, F., ICAP-Columbia, Pretoria, South Africa; Ntumy, R., ICAP-Columbia, Pretoria, South Africa; El-Sadr, W., ICAP Columbia University, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Howard, A.A., ICAP Columbia University, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States	OBJECTIVE:: The objective of the present study was to determine the diagnostic performance of the symptom-based tuberculosis (TB) screening questionnaire recommended by WHO for people living with HIV (PLWH) in resource-limited settings, among adults off and on antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN:: Cross-sectional study at two HIV clinics in South Africa. METHODS:: A total of 825 PLWH completed the screening questionnaire and underwent investigations [chest radiography (CXR) and microbiologic testing of sputa]. A positive screen was defined as presence of cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was defined as sputum smear positive for acid-fast bacilli or growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS:: Of 737 participants with at least one diagnostic sputum specimen, PTB was diagnosed in 31 of 522 (5.9%) on ART, and 34 of 215 (15.8%) not on ART. The questionnaire missed 15 of 31 (48.4%) PTB cases on ART, and three of 34 (8.8%) not on ART. Among participants on ART, post-test probability of PTB diagnosis (95% confidence interval) was 6.8% (4.0-10.9%) if screening positive, and 5.2% (2.9-8.4%) if screening negative, whereas among participants not on ART, post-test probabilities were 20.3% (14.2-27.5%) and 4.8% (1.0-13.5%), respectively. Among participants diagnosed with PTB, those on ART were significantly less likely to screen positive (adjusted odds ratio 0.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.39). In both groups (ART and no ART), screening was more sensitive when CXR was incorporated. CONCLUSION:: For case detection and exclusion of PTB, the WHO-recommended questionnaire performed adequately among PLWH not on ART, and poorly among those on ART. Further research is needed to identify feasible and effective TB screening strategies for PLWH in resource-limited settings. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Resource-limited settings; Screening; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; acid fast bacterium; adult; article; bacterial growth; controlled study; coughing; female; fever; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; night sweat; nonhuman; priority journal; probability; questionnaire; screening; sensitivity and specificity; sputum analysis; sputum smear; symptom; thorax radiography; weight reduction; world health organization; clinical medicine; complication; cross-sectional study; developing country; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV Infections; mass screening; microbiology; microscopy; middle aged; pathology; procedures; South Africa; tuberculosis; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Clinical Medicine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
WoS	WOS:000246162900008	Voluntary counselling and testing: uptake, impact on sexual behaviour, and HIV incidence in a rural Zimbabwean cohort	Chawira, Godwin,Cremin, Ide,Dube, Sabada,Gregson, Simon,Kakowa, Memory,Lopman, Ben,Nyamukapa, Constance,Oberzaucher, Nicole,Sherr, Lorraine	2007	AIDS	21	7	None	Imperial College London, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Medical School, University College London, University of London, Biomed Res & Training Inst, European Ctr Social Welf Policy & Res	None	Objectives: To examine the determinants of uptake of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services, to assess changes in sexual risk behaviour following VCT, and to compare HIV incidence amongst testers and non-testers. Methods: Prospective population-based cohort study of adult men and women in the Manicaland province of eastern Zimbabwe. Demographic, socioeconomic, sexual behaviour and VCT utilization data were collected at baseline (1998-2000) and follow-up (3 years later). HIV status was determined by HIV-1 antibody detection. In addition to services provided by the government and non-governmental organizations, a mobile VCT clinic was available at study sites. Results: Lifetime uptake of VCT increased from under 6% to 11% at follow-up. Age, increasing education and knowledge of HIV were associated with VCT uptake. Women who took a test were more likely to be HIV positive and to have greater HIV knowledge and fewer total lifetime partners. After controlling for demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour was not independently associated with VCT uptake. Women who tested positive reported increased consistent condom use in their regular partnerships. However, individuals who tested negative were more likely to adopt more risky behaviours in terms of numbers of partnerships in the last month, the last year and in concurrent partnerships. HIV incidence during follow-up did not differ between testers and non-testers. Conclusion: Motivation for VCT uptake was driven by knowledge and education rather than sexual risk. Increased sexual risk following receipt of a negative result may be a serious unintended consequence of VCT. It should be minimized with appropriate pre- and post-test counselling. (c) 2007 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	counselling,"HIV INCIDENCE","sexual behaviour",VCT,ZIMBABWE,AFRICA,COUPLES,EFFICACY,KENYA,MEN,PREVENTION,RANDOMIZED-TRIAL,"RISK BEHAVIOR",TANZANIA,TRANSMISSION	None	None
WoS	WOS:000262876600006	The impact of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief on expansion of HIV care services for adult patients in western Kenya	Einterz, Robert,Kimaiyo, Silvester,Musick, Beverly,Nyandiko, Winstone,Sidle, John,Siika, Abraham,Tierney, William M.,Wools-Kaloustian, Kara,Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.	2009	AIDS	23	2	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831cc3e6	Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University System, Moi University, Regenstrief Institute Inc	"Einterz, Robert: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis","Einterz, Robert: Indiana University System","Kimaiyo, Silvester: Moi University","Musick, Beverly: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis","Musick, Beverly: Indiana University System","Nyandiko, Winstone: Moi University","Siika, Abraham: Moi University","Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis","Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.: Indiana University System",	Background: The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief committed $15 billion to addressing HIV in resource-poor settings. Objective: To assess the impact of The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief on the treatment services of an HIV care program. Design, setting, and patients: Cohort study utilizing computerized medical records of nonpregnant adults enrolled into the Academic Model for the Prevention and Treatment of HlV/AIDS system, in western Kenya between 27 November 2001 and 24 July 2006. Main outcomes measures: Number of clinics and patients enrolled in Academic Model for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS, as well as patient demographics, immunologic, and clinical characteristics during three periods defined by the availability of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Results: Enrollment as of May 2006 was 23 539. Mean monthly enrollment increased from 64 to 815 between periods 1 and 3. The median CD4 cell count at enrollment during period 3 (172 cells/mu l) was significantly higher than for period 2 (119 cells/mu l; P&lt;0.001). World Health Organization stage at enrollment differed significantly between periods with 6.7% having stage 4 disease in period 3 compared with 13.8% during period 1 (P&lt;0.001). Significantly more patients had complete documentation of cART eligibility, during period 3 as compared with the previous periods. Time from enrollment to cART initiation decreased from a median of 64 weeks in period 1 to 12 weeks during period 3 (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief funding has allowed Academic Model for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS to significantly increase the number of individuals receiving HIV care and provided the ability to expand services allowing for identification of patients earlier in their disease process. (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins	Africa,AIDS,antiretrovirals,HIV,SCALE-UP,AFRICA,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",EXPERIENCE,OUTCOMES,PROGRAM,SCALING-UP	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903947358	Evidence of impact: Health, psychological and social effects of adult HIV on children	Sherr L., Cluver L.D., Betancourt T.S., Kellerman S.E., Richter L.M., Desmond C.	2014	AIDS	28	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000327	Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SA, South Africa; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Management Sciences for Health, Washington, DC, United States; HIV, AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Sherr, L., Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Cluver, L.D., Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SA, South Africa; Betancourt, T.S., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Kellerman, S.E., Management Sciences for Health, Washington, DC, United States; Richter, L.M., HIV, AIDS, STIs and TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Desmond, C., Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa	There is a growing evidence base on the immediate and short-term effects of adult HIV on children. We provide an overview of this literature, highlighting the multiple risks and resultant negative consequences stemming from adult HIV infection on the children they care for on an individual and family basis. We trace these consequences from their origin in the health and wellbeing of adults on whom children depend, through multiple pathways to negative impacts for children. As effective treatment reduces vertical transmission, the needs of affected children will predominate. Pathways include exposure to HIV in utero, poor caregiver mental or physical health, the impact of illness, stigma and increased poverty. We summarize the evidence of negative consequences, including those affecting health, cognitive development, education, child mental health, exposure to abuse and adolescent risk behaviour, including sexual risk behaviour, which has obvious implications for HIV-prevention efforts. We also highlight the evidence of positive outcomes, despite adversity, considering the importance of recognizing and supporting the development of resilience. This study is the first in a series of three commissioned by President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)/United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the summary provided here was used to inform a second study which seeks to identify insights from the broader child development field which will help us predict what long-term negative consequences children affected by HIV and AIDS are likely to experience. The third study discusses the design of a model to estimate these consequences. Although comprehensive, the review is often hampered by poor-quality research, inadequate design, small sample sizes and single studies in some areas. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	adult; article; caregiver; child; child development; cognition; cognitive development; domestic violence; government; health behavior; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mental health; priority journal; psychological well being; sample size; school; sexual health; social behavior; social support; stigma; vertical transmission; adolescent; child development; child parent relation; family health; female; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; male; mental disease; mental health; newborn; preschool child; psychology; United States; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Family Health; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Parent-Child Relations; United States	USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846624283	Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: Incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa	Lawn S.D., Myer L., Bekker L.-G., Wood R.	2007	AIDS	21	3	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011efac	Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Bekker, L.-G., Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	OBJECTIVE: To determine the burden and impact of immune reconstitution disease (IRD) associated with tuberculosis (TB) among patients initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a study cohort enrolled over 3 years within a community-based ART service in South Africa. METHODS: Patients receiving treatment for TB at the time ART was initiated (n = 160) were studied. Cases of TB-associated IRD during the first 4 months of ART were ascertained. RESULTS: The median baseline CD4 cell count was 68 cells/μl [interquartile range (IQR), 29 - 133 cells/μl) and ART was initiated after a median of 105 days (IQR, 61 - 164 days) from TB diagnosis. Although IRD was diagnosed in just 12% (n = 19) of patients overall, IRD developed in 32% (n = 12) of those who started ART within 2 months of TB diagnosis. Pulmonary involvement was observed in 84% (n = 16) and intra-abdominal manifestations were also common (37%). Overall, 4% (n = 7) of the cohort required secondary level health-care for IRD and two (1%) patients died. In multivariate analysis, risk of IRD was strongly associated with early ART initiation and low baseline CD4 cell count. Of patients with CD4 counts < 50 cells/μl, the proportions who developed IRD following initiation of ART within 0-30, 31-60, 61-90, 91-120 and > 120 days of TB diagnosis were 100%, 33%, 14%, 7% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of TB-associated IRD in this setting is very high for those with low baseline CD4 cell counts initiating ART early in the course of antituberculosis treatment. However, most cases were self-limiting; overall secondary health-care utilization and mortality risk from IRD were low. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Africa; Antiretroviral treatment; Immune reconstitution disease; Resource-limited country; Tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; corticosteroid; efavirenz; lamivudine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; tuberculostatic agent; abdominal disease; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; death; female; health care; human; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; laparotomy; lung disease; major clinical study; male; morbidity; multivariate analysis; priority journal; retrospective study; risk; risk factor; South Africa; tuberculosis; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antitubercular Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Developing Countries; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Inflammation; Male; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897546757	Impact of viral load and the duration of primary infection on HIV transmission: Systematic review and meta-analysis	Blaser N., Wettstein C., Estill J., Vizcaya L.S., Wandeler G., Egger M., Keiser O.	2014	AIDS	28	7	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000135	Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Blaser, N., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Wettstein, C., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Estill, J., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Vizcaya, L.S., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Wandeler, G., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Egger, M., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Keiser, O., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland	OBJECTIVES:: HIV 'treatment as prevention' (TasP) describes early treatment of HIV-infected patients intended to reduce viral load and transmission. Crucial assumptions for estimating TasPÊ1/4s effectiveness are the underlying estimates of transmission risk. We aimed to determine transmission risk during primary infection, and describe the relation of HIV transmission risk to viral load. DESIGN:: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS:: We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies that established a relationship between viral load and transmission risk, or primary infection and transmission risk, in serodiscordant couples. We analysed assumptions about the relationship between viral load and transmission risk, and between duration of primary infection and transmission risk. RESULTS:: We found 36 eligible articles, based on six different study populations. Studies consistently found that higher viral loads lead to higher HIV transmission rates, but assumptions about the shape of this increase varied from exponential increase to saturation. The assumed duration of primary infection ranged from 1.5 to 12 months; for each additional month, the log10 transmission rate ratio between primary and asymptomatic infection decreased by 0.40. CONCLUSION:: Assumptions and estimates of the relationship between viral load and transmission risk, and the relationship between primary infection and transmission risk, vary substantially and predictions of TasPÊ1/4s effectiveness should take this uncertainty into account. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health.	acute disease; HIV; primary infection; systematic review,transmission; treatment as prevention; viral load	article; asymptomatic infection; CD4+ T lymphocyte; disease association; disease duration; disease transmission; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; primary infection; priority journal; risk assessment; systematic review; virus load; disease transmission; family size; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; meta analysis; statistics and numerical data; time; transmission; virology; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Family Characteristics; HIV Infections; Humans; Risk Assessment; Time Factors; Viral Load	NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916244520	Viral load versus CD4+ monitoring and 5-year outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive children in Southern Africa: A cohort-based modelling study	Salazar-Vizcaya L., Keiser O., Technau K., Davies M.-A., Haas A.D., Blaser N., Cox V., Eley B., Rabie H., Moultrie H., Giddy J., Wood R., Egger M., Estill J.	2014	AIDS	28	16	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000446	Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Rahima Moosa Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Khayelitsha ART Programme, Médecins Sans Frontières, India; Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Salazar-Vizcaya, L., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Keiser, O., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Technau, K., Rahima Moosa Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Davies, M.-A., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Haas, A.D., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Blaser, N., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Cox, V., Khayelitsha ART Programme, Médecins Sans Frontières, India; Eley, B., Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Rabie, H., Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Moultrie, H., Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Giddy, J., McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Egger, M., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Estill, J., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland	Objectives: Many paediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in Southern Africa rely on CD4+ to monitor ART. We assessed the benefit of replacing CD4+ by viral load monitoring.Design: A mathematical modelling study.Methods: A simulation model of HIV progression over 5 years in children on ART, parameterized by data from seven South African cohorts. We simulated treatment programmes with 6-monthly CD4+ or 6- or 12-monthly viral load monitoring. We compared mortality, second-line ART use, immunological failure and time spent on failing ART. In further analyses, we varied the rate of virological failure, and assumed that the rate is higher with CD4+ than with viral load monitoring.Results: About 7% of children were predicted to die within 5 years, independent of the monitoring strategy. Compared with CD4+ monitoring, 12-monthly viral load monitoring reduced the 5-year risk of immunological failure from 1.6 to 1.0% and the mean time spent on failing ART from 6.6 to 3.6 months; 1% of children with CD4+ compared with 12% with viral load monitoring switched to second-line ART. Differences became larger when assuming higher rates of virological failure. When assuming higher virological failure rates with CD4+ than with viral load monitoring, up to 4.2% of children with CD4+ compared with 1.5% with viral load monitoring experienced immunological failure; the mean time spent on failing ART was 27.3 months with CD4+ monitoring and 6.0 months with viral load monitoring.Conclusion: Viral load monitoring did not affect 5-year mortality, but reduced time on failing ART, improved immunological response and increased switching to second-line ART. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; Children; Mathematical model; Sub-Saharan Africa; Viral load monitoring	antivirus agent; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; proteinase inhibitor; antiretrovirus agent; antiviral therapy; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; childhood disease; cohort analysis; disease course; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; mortality; outcome assessment; patient compliance; simulation; therapy; treatment failure; treatment outcome; virus load; adolescent; Africa; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; comparative study; drug monitoring; evaluation study; female; HIV Infections; immunology; infant; male; preschool child; procedures; survival; theoretical model; virology; Adolescent; Africa, Southern; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Drug Monitoring; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Models, Theoretical; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	32333B-150934, SNSF, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; 5U01-AI069924-05, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
WoS	WOS:000258761700016	Macroeconomic and household-level impacts of HIV/AIDS in Botswana	Jefferis, Keith,Kinghorn, Anthony,Siphambe, Happy,Thurlow, James	2008	AIDS	22	None	None	International Food Policy Research Institute, University of Botswana, Econsult Botswana, Hlth & Dev Africa	"Siphambe, Happy: University of Botswana","Thurlow, James: International Food Policy Research Institute",	Objective: To measure the impact of HlV/AIDS on economic growth and poverty in Botswana and estimate how providing treatment can mitigate its effects. Methods: Demographic and financial projections were combined with economic simulation models, including a macroeconomic growth model and a macro-microeconomic computable general equilibrium and microsimulation model. Results: HlV/AlDS significantly reduces economic growth and increases household poverty. The impact is now severe enough to be affecting the economy as a whole, and threatens to pull some of the uninfected population into poverty. Providing antiretroviral therapy can partly offset this negative effect. Treatment increases health's share of government expenditure only marginally, because it increases economic growth and because withholding treatment raises the cost of other health services. Conclusion: Botswana's treatment programme is appropriate from a macroeconomic perspective. Conducting macroeconomic impact assessments is important in countries where prevalence rates are particularly high. (C) 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	AIDS,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",BOTSWANA,"macroeconomic impact",POVERTY,AIDS,GROWTH	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951876879	HIV-subtype A is associated with poorer neuropsychological performance compared with subtype D in antiretroviral therapy-naive Ugandan children	Boivin M.J., Ruel T.D., Boal H.E., Bangirana P., Cao H., Eller L.A., Charlebois E., Havlir D.V., Kamya M.R., Achan J., Akello C., Wong J.K.	2010	AIDS	24	8	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283389dcc	International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, CA, United States; Makerere University-Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Boivin, M.J., International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Ruel, T.D., Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Boal, H.E., Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Bangirana, P., Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Cao, H., California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, CA, United States; Eller, L.A., Makerere University-Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda; Charlebois, E., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States; Havlir, D.V., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Achan, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Akello, C., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Wong, J.K., Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: HIV-subtype D is associated with more rapid disease progression and higher rates of dementia in Ugandan adults compared with HIV-subtype A. There are no data comparing neuropsychological function by HIV subtype in Ugandan children. Design: One hundred and two HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive Ugandan children 6-12 years old (mean 8.9) completed the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, second edition (KABC-2), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test for Motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2). Using a PCR-based multiregion assay with probe hybridization in five different regions (gag, pol, vpu, env, gp-41), HIV subtype was defined by hybridization in env and by total using two or more regions. Analysis of covariance was used for multivariate comparison. Results: The env subtype was determined in 54 (37 A, 16 D, 1 C) children. Subtype A and D groups were comparable by demographics, CD4 status, and WHO stage. Subtype A infections had higher log viral loads (median 5.0 vs. 4.6, P = 0.02). Children with A performed more poorly than those with D on all measures, especially on KABC-2 Sequential Processing (memory) (P = 0.01), Simultaneous Processing (visual-spatial analysis) (P = 0.005), Learning (P = 0.02), and TOVA visual attention (P = 0.04). When adjusted for viral load, Sequential and Simultaneous Processing remained significantly different. Results were similar comparing by total HIV subtype. Conclusion: HIV subtype A children demonstrated poorer neurocognitive performance than those with HIV subtype D. Subtype-specific neurocognitive deficits may reflect age-related differences in the neuropathogenesis of HIV. This may have important implications for when to initiate ART and the selection of drugs with greater central nervous system penetration. © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Attention; CD activation; Children; Cognitive ability; Encephalopathy; HIV clades; Home environment; Memory; Motor; Viral load	antiretrovirus agent; Gag protein; glycoprotein gp 41; Pol protein; virus envelope protein; Vpu protein; article; Bruininks Oseretsky Test for Motor Proficiency; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; comparative study; controlled study; depth perception; disease association; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; kaufman assessment battery for children; learning; major clinical study; male; neuropsychological test; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; priority journal; school child; Test of Variables of Attention; Uganda; virus load; vision; AIDS Dementia Complex; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child; Disease Progression; Female; Genetic Variation; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; RNA, Viral; Uganda; Viral Tropism	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922480936	Comparative performance of urinary lipoarabinomannan assays and Xpert MTB/RIF in HIV-infected individuals	Shah M., Ssengooba W., Armstrong D., Nakiyingi L., Holshouser M., Ellner J.J., Joloba M., Manabe Y.C., Dorman S.E.	2014	AIDS	28	9	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000264	Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Boston Medical Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States	Shah, M., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ssengooba, W., Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Armstrong, D., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nakiyingi, L., Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Holshouser, M., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ellner, J.J., Boston Medical Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Joloba, M., Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Manabe, Y.C., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Dorman, S.E., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Xpert MTB/RIF ('Xpert') and urinary lipoarabinomannan (LAM) assays offer rapid tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, but have suboptimal sensitivity when used individually in HIV-positive patients. The yield of these tests used in combination for the diagnosis of active TB among HIV-infected TB suspects is unknown. Design: Study of comparative diagnostic accuracy nested into a prospective study of HIV-infected individuals with signs and/or symptoms of TB in Uganda. Methods: Xpert testing of archived sputum was conducted for culture-confirmed TB cases and TB suspects in whom a diagnosis of TB was excluded. Additional testing included sputum smear microscopy, sputum culture (solid and liquid media), mycobacterial blood culture, and urinary testing for LAM using a lateral flow test ('LF-LAM') and an enzyme-linked immunosorbance assay ('ELISA-LAM'). Results: Among 103 participants with culture-confirmed TB, sensitivity of Xpert was 76% (95% confidence interval, CI 0.66-0.84), and was superior to that of LF-LAM (49%, 95% CI 0.39-0.59, P<0.001). Specificity was greater than 97% for both tests among 105 individuals without TB. The combination of smear microscopy and LF-LAM identified 67% (95% CI 0.57-0.76) of culture-confirmed TB cases and approached sensitivity of Xpert testing alone (P=0.15). The sensitivity of the combination of Xpert and LF-LAM was 85% (88/103 95% CI 0.77-0.92), which was superior to either test alone (P<0.05) and approached sensitivity of sputum liquid culture testing (94%, 95% CI 0.88-0.98, P=0.17). Conclusion: Sputum Xpert and urinary LAM assays were complementary for the diagnosis of active TB in HIV-infected patients, and sensitivity of the combination of these tests was superior to that of either test alone. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Diagnostics; HIV; Lipoarabinomannan; Tuberculosis; Xpert MTB/RIF	lipoarabinomannan; lipoarabinomannan; lipopolysaccharide; adult; Article; blood culture; CD4 lymphocyte count; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; fluorescence microscopy; hospital patient; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; immunosuppressive treatment; lipid analysis; major clinical study; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; outpatient; priority journal; prospective study; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; sputum analysis; sputum culture; sputum cytodiagnosis; sputum smear; tuberculosis; tuberculosis rapid test; Uganda; urinalysis; urinary lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assay; comparative study; complication; evaluation study; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoaffinity chromatography; microbiology; molecular diagnosis; procedures; saliva; tuberculosis; urine; Adult; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunochromatography; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Prospective Studies; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculosis; Uganda	NIAID, NIAID, National Institutes of Health; NIH, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-53549099373	Evaluation of the WHO criteria for antiretroviral treatment failure among adults in South Africa	Mee P., Fielding K.L., Charalambous S., Churchyard G.J., Grant A.D.	2008	AIDS	22	15	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830e4cd8	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom	Mee, P., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, MRC Clinical Trials Unit, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom; Fielding, K.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Churchyard, G.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objective: To assess the performance of WHO clinical and CD4 cell count criteria for antiretroviral treatment (ART) failure among HIV-infected adults in a workplace HIV care programme in South Africa. Design: Cohort study. Methods: We included initially ART-naive participants who remained on first-line therapy and had an evaluable HIV viral load result at the 12-month visit. WHO-defined clinical and CD4 cell count criteria for ART failure were compared against a gold standard of virological failure. Results: Among 324 individuals (97.5% men, median age 40.2, median starting CD4 cell count and viral load 154 cells/μl and 47 503 copies/ml, respectively), 33 (10.2%) had definite or probable virological failure at 12 months, compared with 19 (6.0%) and 40 (12.5%) with WHO-defined CD4 and clinical failure, respectively. CD4 criteria had a sensitivity of 21.2% and a specificity of 95.8% in detecting virological failure, and clinical criteria had sensitivity of 15.2% and specificity of 88.1%. The positive predictive value of CD4 and clinical criteria in detecting virological failure were 36.8 and 12.8%, respectively. Exclusion of weight loss or tuberculosis failed to improve the performance of clinical criteria. Conclusion: WHO clinical and CD4 criteria have poor sensitivity and specificity in detecting virological failure. The low specificities and positive predictive values mean that individuals with adequate virological suppression risk being incorrectly classified as having treatment failure and unnecessarily switched to second-line therapy. Virological failure should be confirmed before switching to second-line therapy. © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; Developing countries; Drug monitoring; HIV infections	antiretrovirus agent; efavirenz; lamivudine; nevirapine; stavudine; zidovudine; adult; article; bacterial pneumonia; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; drug treatment failure; enteritis; extrapulmonary tuberculosis; female; gold standard; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; leukoplakia; major clinical study; male; neutropenia; predictive validity; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sinusitis; South Africa; thrush; virology; virus inhibition; virus load; weight reduction; world health organization; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Developing Countries; Drug Monitoring; Drug Resistance, Viral; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Treatment Failure; Viral Load; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84965082032	Modelling the impact and cost-effectiveness of combination prevention amongst HIV serodiscordant couples in Nigeria	Mitchell K.M., Lépine A., Terris-Prestholt F., Torpey K., Khamofu H., Folayan M.O., Musa J., Anenih J., Sagay A.S., Alhassan E., Idoko J., Vickerman P.	2015	AIDS	29	15	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000798	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Family Health International, Abuja, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society, Lagos, Nigeria; University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; National Ag	Mitchell, K.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Lépine, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Terris-Prestholt, F., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Torpey, K., Family Health International, Abuja, Nigeria; Khamofu, H., Family Health International, Abuja, Nigeria; Folayan, M.O., Obafemi Awolowo University, New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society, Lagos, Nigeria; Musa, J., University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Anenih, J., National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Nigeria; Sagay, A.S., University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Alhassan, E., National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Nigeria; Idoko, J., National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Nigeria; Vickerman, P., University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom	Objective: To estimate the impact and cost-effectiveness of treatment as prevention (TasP), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and condom promotion for serodiscordant couples in Nigeria. Design: Mathematical and cost modelling. Methods: A deterministic model of HIV-1 transmission within a cohort of serodiscordant couples and to/from external partners was parameterized using data from Nigeria and other African settings. The impact and cost-effectiveness were estimated for condom promotion, PrEP and/or TasP, compared with a baseline where antiretroviral therapy (ART) was offered according to 2010 national guidelines (CD4+ &lt;350cells/μl) to all HIV-positive partners. The impact was additionally compared with a baseline of current ART coverage (35% of those with CD4+ &lt;350cells/μl). Full costs (in US $2012) of programme introduction and implementation were estimated from a provider perspective. Results: Substantial benefits came from scaling up ART to all HIV-positive partners according to 2010 national guidelines, with additional smaller benefits of providing TasP, PrEP or condom promotion. Compared with a baseline of offering ART to all HIV-positive partners at the 2010 national guidelines, condom promotion was the most cost-effective strategy [US $1206/disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY)], the next most cost-effective intervention was to additionally give TasP to HIV-positive partners (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio US $1607/DALY), followed by additionally giving PrEP to HIV-negative partners until their HIV-positive partners initiate ART (US $7870/DALY). When impact was measured in terms of infections averted, PrEP with condom promotion prevented double the number of infections as condom promotion alone. Conclusions: The first priority intervention for serodiscordant couples in Nigeria should be scaled up ART access for HIV-positive partners. Subsequent incremental benefits are greatest with condom promotion and TasP, followed by PrEP. © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	antiretroviral therapy; condom; disability-adjusted life years; mathematical models; pre-exposure prophylaxis; treatment as prevention	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884499092	Realtime adherence monitoring of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected adults and children in rural Uganda	Haberer J.E., Kiwanuka J., Nansera D., Muzoora C., Hunt P.W., So J., O'Donnell M., Siedner M., Martin J.N., Bangsberg D.R.	2013	AIDS	27	13	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328363b53f	MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Haberer, J.E., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Kiwanuka, J., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Nansera, D., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Muzoora, C., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Hunt, P.W., University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; So, J., University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; O'Donnell, M., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Siedner, M., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Martin, J.N., University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Bangsberg, D.R., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda	A real-time wireless electronic adherence monitor (EAM) and weekly self-report of missed doses via interactive voice response (IVR) and short message service (SMS) queries were used to measure antiretroviral therapy adherence in 49 adults and 46 children in rural Uganda. Median adherence was 89.5% among adults and 92.8% among children by EAM, and 99-100% for both adults and children by IVR/SMS self-report. Loss of viral suppression was significantly associated with adherence by EAM (odds ratio 0.58 for each 10% increase), but not IVR/SMS. Wireless EAM creates an exciting opportunity to monitor and potentially intervene with adherence challenges as they are happening. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	antiretrovirus agent; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; virus RNA; antiviral therapy; article; child; drug monitoring; electronic adherence monitor; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information system; interactive voice response system; major clinical study; male; medication compliance; monitor; priority journal; rural area; school child; self report; short message service; Uganda; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Medication Adherence; Reminder Systems; Rural Population; Uganda; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67049144187	Estimating the public health impact of the effect of herpes simplex virus suppressive therapy on plasma HIV-1 viral load	Baggaley R.F., Griffin J.T., Chapman R., Hollingsworth T.D., Nagot N., Delany S., Mayaud P., De Wolf F., Fraser C., Ghani A.C., Weiss H.A.	2009	AIDS	23	8	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832aadf2	MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; lnfectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Universite Montpellier 1, EA 4205 Transmission, Pathogenese et Prevention de I'infection par le VIH, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; HIV Monitoring Foundation, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom	Baggaley, R.F., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Griffin, J.T., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Chapman, R., lnfectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hollingsworth, T.D., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Nagot, N., Universite Montpellier 1, EA 4205 Transmission, Pathogenese et Prevention de I'infection par le VIH, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Delany, S., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mayaud, P., Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; De Wolf, F., HIV Monitoring Foundation, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Fraser, C., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Ghani, A.C., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Weiss, H.A., lnfectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Objective: Trials of herpes simplex virus (HSV) suppressive therapy among HSV-2/ HIV-1-infected individuals have reported an impact on plasma HIV-1 viral loads (PVLs). Our aim was to estimate the population-level impact of suppressive therapy on female-to-male HIV-1 sexual transmission. Design and methods: By comparing prerandomization and postrandomization individual-level PVL data from the first two HSV suppressive therapy randomized controlled trials in sub-Saharan Africa, we estimated the effect of treatment on duration of asymptomatic infection and number of HIV-1 transmission events for each trial. Results: Assuming that a reduction in PVL is accompanied by an increased duration of HIV-1 asymptomatic infection, 4-6 years of HSV suppressive therapy produce a 1 -year increase in the duration of this stage. To avert one HIV-1 transmission requires 8.8 [95% confidence interval (Cl), 5.9-14.9] and 11.4 (95% Cl, 7.8-27.5) women to be treated from halfway through their HIV-1 asymptomatic period, using results from Burkina Faso and South African trials, respectively. Regardless of the timing of treatment initiation, 51.6 (95% Cl, 30.4-137.0) and 66.5 (95% Cl, 36.7-222.6) treatment-years are required to avert one HIV-1 infection. Distributions of set-point PVL values from sub-Saharan African populations suggest that unintended adverse consequences of therapy at the population level (i.e. increased HIV-1 transmission due to increased duration of infection) are unlikely to occur in these settings. Conclusion: HSV suppressive therapy may avert relatively few HIV-1 transmission events per person-year of treatment. Its use as a prevention intervention may be limited; however, further research into its effect on rate of CD4 cell count decline and the impact of higher dosing schedules is warranted. © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Acyclovir; Herpes simplex virus type 2; HIV; Suppressive therapy; Transmission; Valacyclovir; Viral load	immunosuppressive agent; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; disease duration; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; priority journal; public health; randomized controlled trial; sexual transmission; treatment duration; virus load; Africa South of the Sahara; Antiviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Public Health; RNA, Viral	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052403045	Impact of lamivudine on HIV and hepatitis B virus-related outcomes in HIV/hepatitis B virus individuals in a randomized clinical trial of antiretroviral therapy in southern Africa	Matthews G.V., Manzini P., Hu Z., Khabo P., Maja P., Matchaba G., Sangweni P., Metcalf J., Pool N., Orsega S., Emery S.	2011	AIDS	25	14	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328349bbf3	National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Cnr West and Boundary Streets, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Project PHIDISA, South African Military Health Services, South African National Defence Force, Centurion, South Africa; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Bio-Analytical Research Corporation PTY LTD, Johannesburg, South Africa	Matthews, G.V., National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Cnr West and Boundary Streets, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Manzini, P., Project PHIDISA, South African Military Health Services, South African National Defence Force, Centurion, South Africa; Hu, Z., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Khabo, P., Project PHIDISA, South African Military Health Services, South African National Defence Force, Centurion, South Africa; Maja, P., Project PHIDISA, South African Military Health Services, South African National Defence Force, Centurion, South Africa; Matchaba, G., Project PHIDISA, South African Military Health Services, South African National Defence Force, Centurion, South Africa; Sangweni, P., Project PHIDISA, South African Military Health Services, South African National Defence Force, Centurion, South Africa; Metcalf, J., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Pool, N., Bio-Analytical Research Corporation PTY LTD, Johannesburg, South Africa; Orsega, S., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Emery, S., National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Cnr West and Boundary Streets, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia	Objective: To examine HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related outcomes in HIV/HBV-coinfected participants in the PHIDISA II study by use of HBV-active vs. non-HBV-active antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design and Methods: PHIDISA II was a randomized study of ART therapy in HIV-infected adults employing zidovudine along with didanosine, or lamivudine along with stavudine in a factorial 2x2 design. HIV/HBV-coinfected participants by randomization received HBV-active or non-HBV-active ART. The following outcomes of interest were examined: immunological recovery and HIV RNA suppression; hepatic flare; HBV DNA suppression; and mortality. Results: HIV/HBV coinfection was present in 106 of 1771 (6%) of participants. Participants with HIV/HBV coinfection were more likely to be men, and have higher baseline alanine aminotransferase, lower albumin, and lower platelets than those with HIV monoinfection. Median CD4 + cell gain and HIV RNA suppression was similar across all groups. Hepatic flare was observed in 9.4% of coinfected and 0.02% monoinfected participants. HBV DNA suppression (&lt;55IU/ml) at week 48 was observed in only 33% of those on lamivudine vs. 13% in those on no HBV-active drugs (P=0.13). Mortality over follow-up was significantly greater in coinfected (17%) than monoinfected (11%) participants (P=0.04). Conclusion: In summary, the use of lamivudine-containing ART in HIV/HBV participants in PHIDISA II resulted in little additional benefit over that of ART itself and failed to impact on the greater mortality in this group. These data provide strong support for recent guidelines advocating the use of tenofovir in all HIV-HBV-coinfected individuals initiating ART. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	hepatitis B; HIV; lamivudine; mortality; randomized controlled trial; South Africa	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; didanosine; lamivudine; stavudine; virus DNA; virus RNA; zidovudine; adult; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; article; combination chemotherapy; disease exacerbation; female; hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; mortality; priority journal; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; thrombocyte count; Adult; Africa, Southern; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Didanosine; Female; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; HIV-1; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Lamivudine; Male; Stavudine; Treatment Outcome	None
None	None	The impact of the HIV epidemic on tuberculosis transmission in Tanzania	Egwaga S.M., Cobelens F.G., Muwinge H., Verhage C., Kalisvaart N., Borgdorff M.W.	2006	AIDS	20	6	10.1097/01.aids.0000218557.44284.83	National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, PO Box 146, 2501 CC The Hague, Netherlands	Egwaga, S.M., National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Cobelens, F.G., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, PO Box 146, 2501 CC The Hague, Netherlands; Muwinge, H., National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Verhage, C., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Kalisvaart, N., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Borgdorff, M.W., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Objective: To assess the impact of the HIV epidemic on tuberculosis transmission in Tanzania by estimating the trend in annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) over the period 1983-2003. Design: Tuberculin survey among school children aged 6-14 years, randomly selected by cluster sampling. Methods: Primary outcome was the ARTI among children without a BCG vaccination scar. To obtain time trends, data were reanalysed from three previous surveys carried out at intervals of 5 years since 1983, using identical methods and definitions. Results: Of 96 226 children included in the analysis (74% of those enrolled), 10 239 (11%) had no BCG scar. The ARTI was 0.68% (95% confidence interval 0.55-0.81). Despite a doubling of notification rates of smear-positive tuberculosis since 1983, this represents an average annual decline since the first survey of 2.7% (P < 0.001). The declining trend in ARTI was observed in 17 of 20 regions, with no association between this trend and region-specific prevalence of HIV infection among patients with tuberculosis (P= 0.575). A similar decline in ARTI was observed among children with a BCG scar and for various ways of estimating the prevalence of tuberculosis infection from the distribution of skin test reactions. Conclusion: Despite substantial increases in tuberculosis incidence, the overall population-level effect of the HIV epidemic on tuberculosis transmission in Tanzania has been limited. This suggests that in the presence of a strong control programme, the HIV epidemic has limited impact on tuberculosis transmission. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Health surveys; HIV infections; Tanzania; Tuberculin test; Tuberculosis	BCG vaccine; article; blood smear; disease transmission; epidemic; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection control; infection risk; priority journal; Tanzania; tuberculin test; tuberculosis; Adolescent; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Child; Developing Countries; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Tanzania; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547674873	The uneven impact of AIDS in a polarized society	Marais H.	2007	AIDS	21	SUPPL. 3	10.1097/01.aids.0000279691.76900.8b	PO Box 1363, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	Marais, H.PO Box 1363, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	Literature on the impact of serious AIDS epidemics anticipates severe outcomes, and places special emphasis on the epidemic's likely effects on productive and governance capacities. Implicit in many impact scenarios is the assumption that the effects are distributed more or less uniformly across society, and are channeled 'naturally' through and across sectors. This article examines evidence of the AIDS epidemic's impact at household level, and in the health, education and economic sectors of South Africa. It shows that the epidemic's impact is strongly shaped by the highly unequal distribution of power, entitlement, risk and responsibility in South Africa. The article concludes that many of the costs associated with the AIDS epidemic are being displaced into the lives, homes and neighbourhoods of poorer South Africans, especially black African women - thus deepening poverty trends, as well as reproducing and hardening the polarized character of South African society. Priority steps to remedy these trends are outlined. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	AIDS; HIV; Home-based care; Household; Impact; Inequality; Poverty; Social protection; Women; Workplace	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; community care; economic aspect; epidemic; health care cost; health care facility; health care organization; health care personnel; health care system; health service; highly active antiretroviral therapy; home care; hospitalization; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medical literature; morbidity; mortality; outcome assessment; poverty; priority journal; responsibility; risk assessment; social status; society; South Africa; workplace; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Community Health Services; Costs and Cost Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Educational Status; Female; Home Care Services; Humans; Male; Poverty; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650304104	Impact of tuberculosis cotreatment on viral suppression rates among HIV-positive children initiating HAART	Zanoni B.C., Phungula T., Zanoni H.M., France H., Feeney M.E.	2011	AIDS	25	1	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833f9e04	Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Zanoni, B.C., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Phungula, T., Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Zanoni, H.M., Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; France, H., Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Feeney, M.E., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, United States, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Objective: To evaluate the association between treatment of HIV-tuberculosis (TB) coinfection and primary virologic failure among children initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. Design: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 1029 children initiating antiretroviral therapy at two medical centers in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, a region of very high TB incidence. Methods: Data were extracted from electronic medical records and charts and the impact of TB cotreatment on viral suppression at 6 and 12 months was assessed using logistic regression. Results: The overall rate of virologic suppression (<400 HIV RNA copies/ml) was 85% at 6 months and 87% at 12 months. Children who received concurrent treatment for TB had a significantly lower rate of virologic suppression at 6 months (79 vs. 88%; P = 0.003). Those who received nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART had similar rates of viral suppression regardless of whether they received concurrent TB therapy. In contrast, children who received protease inhibitor-based HAART had significantly lower viral suppression rates at both 6 and 12 months if treated concurrently for TB (P = 0.02 and 0.03). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that age at initiation, protease inhibitor therapy, and TB coinfection were each independently associated with primary virologic failure. Conclusion: Concurrent treatment for TB is associated with lower rates of viral suppression among children receiving protease inhibitor-based HAART, but not among those receiving nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART. Guidelines for the care of young HIV-TB coinfected infants should be continually evaluated, as protease inhibitor-based antiviral therapy may not provide optimal viral suppression in this population. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	children; HAART; HIV; resource-limited setting; tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; ethionamide; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; proteinase inhibitor; pyrazinamide; rifampicin; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; virus RNA; article; child; cohort analysis; extrapulmonary tuberculosis; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; nonhuman; patient care; priority journal; recommended drug dose; retrospective study; South Africa; tuberculosis; tuberculous meningitis; virus inhibition; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antitubercular Agents; Female; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; RNA, Viral; South Africa; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248551114	WHO HIV clinical staging or CD4 cell counts for antiretroviral therapy eligibility assessment? An evaluation in rural Rakai district, Uganda	Kagaayi J., Makumbi F., Nakigozi G., Wawer M.J., Gray R.H., Serwadda D., Reynolds S.J.	2007	AIDS	21	9	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32810c8dce	Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Kagaayi, J., Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Makumbi, F., Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Programme, Rakai, Uganda; Wawer, M.J., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	The ability of WHO clinical staging to predict CD4 cell counts of 200 cells/μl or less was evaluated among 1221 patients screened for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Sensitivity was 51% and specificity was 88%. The positive predictive value was 64% and the negative predictive value was 81%. Clinical criteria missed half the patients with CD4 cell counts of 200 cells/μl or less, highlighting the importance of CD4 cell measurements for the scale-up of ART provision in resource-limited settings. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	None	adult; antiviral therapy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical assessment; clinical evaluation; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; female; human; major clinical study; male; prediction; priority journal; scale up; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; world health organization; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Infections; Humans; Rural Health; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62349083377	Impact of aciclovir on genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA in HSV-2/HIV-1 co-infected women: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in South Africa	Delany S., Mlaba N., Clayton T., Akpomiemie G., Capovilla A., Legoff J., Belec L., Stevens W., Rees H., Mayaud P.	2009	AIDS	23	4	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831db217	Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, France; Université Paris V, Centres de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers and Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 18512, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2038, South Africa	Delany, S., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 18512, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2038, South Africa; Mlaba, N., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clayton, T., Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Akpomiemie, G., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Capovilla, A., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Legoff, J., Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, France; Belec, L., Université Paris V, Centres de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers and Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rees, H., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mayaud, P., Clinical Research Unit and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Several studies suggest that herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) may enhance HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aciclovir 400 mg twice daily for 3 months in 300 HSV-2/HIV-1 co-infected women not yet on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Participants were evaluated prerandomization and at monthly visits for 3 months. Primary outcomes were the detection and quantity of genital HIV-1 RNA at the month 3 (M3) visit. Analyses were also undertaken using data from all visits. The treatment effects on plasma HIV-1 RNA, CD4 + cell count and genital HSV-2 DNA were also assessed. Results: At M3 fewer women had detectable genital HIV in the aciclovir group compared to placebo, but this was not significant [61/132 (46%) vs. 71/137 (52%), risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-1.14; P = 0.36]. There was also little difference in quantity of HIV-1 RNA among shedders(+0.13 log 10 copies/ml, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.39) at M3. However, aciclovir significantly decreased the frequency of HIV-1 shedding over all visits [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.89]. Significant reductions in M3 plasma HIV-1 RNA (-0.34 log 10 copies/ml, 95% CI 0.15-0.54), genital HSV-2 DNA (8 vs. 20%, RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.73) and genital ulceration (8 vs. 18%, RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.84) were observed in the aciclovir group. Conclusion: HSV-2 suppressive therapy, by reducing HIV-1 plasma viral load and altering the pattern of genital HIV-1 shedding, may contribute to the reduction in sexual transmission of HIV-1 and may delay the requirement for HAART initiation. © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health|Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Aciclovir; Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2); HIV-1; Randomized controlled trial; South Africa; Suppressive therapy	aciclovir; placebo; virus DNA; virus RNA; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical trial; concurrent infection; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; disease course; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; female; genital herpes; genital ulcer; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; treatment outcome; virus transmission; Acyclovir; Adult; Antiviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cervix Uteri; DNA, Viral; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Middle Aged; RNA, Viral; Sexual Behavior; Specimen Handling; Treatment Outcome; Vagina; Virus Shedding; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893335914	Predicted levels of HIV drug resistance: Potential impact of expanding diagnosis, retention, and eligibility criteria for antiretroviral therapy initiation	Cambiano V., Bertagnolio S., Jordan M.R., Pillay D., Perriëns J.H., Venter F., Lundgren J., Phillips A.	2014	AIDS	28	SUPPL. 1	10.1097/QAD.0000000000000082	Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark	Cambiano, V., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; Bertagnolio, S., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Jordan, M.R., Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Pillay, D., Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Perriëns, J.H., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Venter, F., Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lundgren, J., Department of Infectious Disease, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Phillips, A., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom	BACKGROUND:: There is concern that the expansion of antiretroviral roll-out may impact future drug resistance levels and hence compromise the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at an individual and population level. We aimed to predict future drug resistance in South Africa and its long-term effects. METHODS:: The previously validated HIV Synthesis model was calibrated to South Africa. Resistance was modeled at the level of single mutations, transmission potential, persistence, and effect on drug activity. RESULTS:: We estimate 652 000 people (90% uncertainty range: 543 000-744 000) are living with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs)-resistant virus in South Africa, 275 000 in majority virus [Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistant virus present in majority virus (NRMV)] with an unsuppressed viral load. If current diagnosis and retention in care and eligibility criteria are maintained, in 20 years' time HIV incidence is projected to have declined by 22% (95% confidence interval, CI -23 to -21%), and the number of people carrying NNRTI resistance to be 2.9-fold higher. If enhancements in diagnosis and retention in care occur, and ART is initiated at CD4 cell count less than 500 cells/μl, HIV incidence is projected to decline by 36% (95% CI: -37 to -36%) and the number of people with NNRTI resistance to be 4.1-fold higher than currently. Prevalence of people with viral load more than 500 copies/ml carrying NRMV is not projected to differ markedly according to future ART initiation policy, given the current level of diagnosis and retention are maintained. CONCLUSION:: Prevalence of resistance is projected to increase substantially. However, introduction of policies to increase ART coverage is not expected to lead to appreciably higher prevalence of HIV-positive people with resistance and viral load more than 500 copies/ml. Concern over resistance should not stop expansion of treatment availability.	Antiretroviral therapy for prevention; antiretroviral treatment; drug resistance; HIV; mathematical model; prevention; South Africa; test and treat	nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; adolescent; adult; antiretroviral therapy; antiviral resistance; antiviral therapy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; disease course; drug activity; epidemic; health care policy; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; infection prevention; major clinical study; mathematical model; middle aged; mortality; nonhuman; patient care; priority journal; sexual transmission; South Africa; virus load; virus mutation; virus resistance; virus transmission; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Drug Resistance, Viral; Drug Utilization; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Prevalence; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147124299	The impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence and cost per infection prevented: A stochastic simulation model from Rakai, Uganda	Gray R.H., Li X., Kigozi G., Serwadda D., Nalugoda F., Watya S., Reynolds S.J., Wawer M.	2007	AIDS	21	7	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3280187544	School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States; University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States; National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MA, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Urology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	Gray, R.H., School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Li, X., School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Watya, S., Department of Urology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MA, United States; Wawer, M., School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States	OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence, the number of procedures per HIV infection averted, and costs per infection averted. METHODS: A stochastic simulation model with empirically derived parameters from a cohort in Rakai, Uganda was used to estimate HIV incidence, assuming that male circumcision reduced the risks of HIV acquisition with rate ratios (RR) ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 in men, their female partners, and in both sexes combined, with circumcision coverage 0-100%. The reproductive number (R0) was also estimated. The number of HIV infections averted per circumcision was estimated from the incident cases in the absence of surgery minus the projected number of incident cases over 10 years following circumcision. The cost per procedure ($69.00) was used to estimate the cost per HIV infection averted. RESULTS: Baseline HIV incidence was 1.2/100 person-years. Male circumcision could markedly reduce HIV incidence in this population, particularly if there was preventative efficacy in both sexes. Under many scenarios, with RR ≤ 0.5, circumcision could reduce R0 to < 1.0 and potentially abort the epidemic. The number of surgeries per infection averted over 10 years was 19-58, and the costs per infection averted was $1269-3911, depending on the efficacy of circumcision for either or both sexes, assuming 75% service coverage. However, behavioral disinhibition could offset any benefits of circumcision. CONCLUSION: Male circumcision could have substantial impact on the HIV epidemic and provide a cost-effective prevention strategy if benefits are not countered by behavioral disinhibition. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Cost per infection; HIV incidence; Male circumcision; Uganda	adolescent; adult; article; circumcision; cost benefit analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; female; health behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection control; major clinical study; male; priority journal; prophylaxis; reproduction; risk reduction; simulation; stochastic model; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Circumcision, Male; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Stochastic Processes; Uganda	None
WoS	WOS:000248626000010	Evaluation of a workplace HIV treatment programme in South Africa	Charalambous, Salome,Churchyard, Gavin J.,Fielding, Katherine,Grant, Alison,Hamilton, Robin,Innes, Craig,Kumaranayake, Lilani,Muirhead, Debbie,Pemba, Lindiwe	2007	AIDS	21	None	None	University of Kwazulu Natal, University of London, Aurum Inst Hlth Res	None	Objective: To review the experience of implementing a workplace HIV care programme in South Africa and describe treatment outcomes in sequential cohorts of individuals starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design: A review of an industrial HIV care and treatment programme. Between October 2002 and December 2005, 2262 patients enrolled in the HIV care programme. Results: CD4 cell counts increased by a median of 90, 113 and 164cells/mu l by 6, 12 and 24 months on treatment, respectively. The viral load was suppressed below 400 copies/ml in 75, 72 and 72% of patients at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively, at an average cost of US$1654, 3567 and 7883 per patient virally suppressed, respectively. Treatment outcomes in sequential cohorts of patients were consistent overtime. A total of 93.6% of patients at 14752 clinic visits reported missing no tablets over the previous 3 days. Almost half the patients (46.8%) experienced one or more adverse events, although most were mild (78.7%). By the end of December 2005, 30% of patients were no longer on ART, mostly because of defaulted or stopped treatment (12.8%), termination of employment (8.2%), or death (4.9%). Conclusion: This large workplace programme achieved virological results among individuals retained in the programme comparable to those reported for developed countries; more work is needed to improve retention. Monitoring treatment outcomes in sequential cohorts is a useful way of monitoring programme performance. As the programme has matured, the costs of programme implementation have reduced. Counselling is a central component of an ART programme. Challenges in implementing a workplace ART programme are similar to the challenges of public-sector programmes. (c) 2007 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",COHORT,HIV,INDUSTRIAL,programmes,"VIRAL LOAD","ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",MALAWI,"VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000249645000014	Biological and behavioural impact of an adolescent sexual health intervention in Tanzania: a community-randomized trial	Anemona, Alessandra,Balira, Rebecca,Changalucha, John,Cleophas-Mazige, Bernadette,Everett, Dean,Gavyole, Awene,Grosskurth, Heiner,Hayes, Richard J.,Mabey, David C.,Makokha, Maende J.,Mosha, Frank,Obasi, Angela I. N.,Parry, John V.,Plummer, Mary L.,Ross, D	2007	AIDS	21	14	None	University of London, Mwanza Ctr	None	Objective: The impact of a multicomponent intervention programme on the sexual health of adolescents was assessed in rural Tanzania. Design: A community-randomized trial. Methods: Twenty communities were randomly allocated to receive either a specially designed programme of interventions (intervention group) or standard activities (comparison group). The intervention had four components: community activities; teacher-led, peer-assisted sexual health education in years 5-7 of primary school; training and supervision of health workers to provide 'youth-friendly' sexual health services; and peer condom social marketing. Impacts on HIV incidence, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) and other sexual health outcomes were evaluated over approximately 3 years in 9645 adolescents recruited in late 1998 before entering years 5, 6 or 7 of primary school. Results: The intervention had a significant impact on knowledge and reported attitudes, reported sexually transmitted infection symptoms, and several behavioural outcomes. Only five HIV seroconversions occurred in boys, whereas in girls the adjusted rate ratio (intervention versus comparison) was 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34, 1.66]. Overall HSV2 prevalences at follow-up were 11.9% in male and 21.1% in female participants, with adjusted prevalence ratios of 0.92 (CI 0.69, 1.22) and 1.05 (CI 0.83, 1.32), respectively. There was no consistent beneficial or adverse impact on other biological outcomes. The beneficial impact on knowledge and reported attitudes was confirmed by results of a school examination in a separate group of students in mid-2002. Conclusion: The intervention substantially improved knowledge, reported attitudes and some reported sexual behaviours, especially in boys, but had no consistent impact on biological outcomes within the 3-year trial period. (C) 2007 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	ADOLESCENTS,HIV,"PREGNANCY PREVENTION","SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS",Tanzania,"AIDS EDUCATION",HIV,IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS,PREGNANCIES,"REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH","RISK REDUCTION","RURAL TANZANIA",SELF-REPORT,"TRANSMITTED DISEASES",TRICHOMONAS-VAGINALIS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349208440	The WHOMEN's scale (women's HAART optimism monitoring and EvaluatioN scale v.1) and the association with fertility intentions and sexual behaviours among HIV-positive women in Uganda	Kaida A., Lima V.D., Andia I., Kabakyenga J., Mbabazi P., Emenyonu N., Patterson T.L., Hogg R.S., Bangsberg D.R.	2009	AIDS and Behavior	13	SUPPL. 1	10.1007/s10461-009-9553-y	BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada; Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States; University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, United States; Simon Fraser University (SFU), Burnaby, BC, Canada; Harvard Medical School/MGH, Boston, MA, United States	Kaida, A., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada; Lima, V.D., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Andia, I., Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; Kabakyenga, J., Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; Mbabazi, P., Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; Emenyonu, N., University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States; Patterson, T.L., University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, United States; Hogg, R.S., BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Simon Fraser University (SFU), Burnaby, BC, Canada; Bangsberg, D.R., Harvard Medical School/MGH, Boston, MA, United States	The objective of this study was to develop a reliable HAART optimism scale among HIV-positive women in Uganda and to test the scale's validity against measures of fertility intentions, sexual activity, and unprotected sexual intercourse. We used cross-sectional survey data of 540 women (18-50 years) attending Mbarara University's HIV clinic in Uganda. Women were asked how much they agreed or disagreed with 23 statements about HAART. Data were subjected to a principal components and factor analyses. Subsequently, we tested the association between the scale and fertility intentions and sexual behaviour using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Factor analysis yielded three factors, one of which was an eight-item HAART optimism scale with moderately high internal consistency (α = 0.70). Women who reported that they intended to have (more) children had significantly higher HAART optimism scores (median = 13.5 [IQR: 12-16]) than women who did not intend to have (more) children (median = 10.5 [IQR: 8-12]; P < 0.0001). Similarly, women who were sexually active and who reported practicing unprotected sexual intercourse had significantly higher HAART optimism scores than women who were sexually abstinent or who practiced protected sexual intercourse. Our reliable and valid scale, termed the Women's HAART Optimism Monitoring and EvaluatioN scale (WHOMEN's scale), may be valuable to broader studies investigating the role of HAART optimism on reproductive intentions and sexual behaviours of HIV-positive women in high HIV prevalence settings. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Fertility intentions; HAART; HAART optimism; HAART optimism scale; HIV; Scale; Sexual behaviour; Uganda; Women	adult; article; factorial analysis; female; fertility; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; prevalence; rank sum test; reproduction; scoring system; sexual behavior; sexual intercourse; Uganda; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fertility; HIV Infections; Humans; Intention; Interviews as Topic; Pregnancy; Questionnaires; Reproductive Behavior; Sexual Behavior; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899626659	Monitoring microbicide gel use with real-time notification of the container's opening events: Results of the CAPRISA wisebag study	Gengiah T.N., Upfold M., Naidoo A., Mansoor L.E., Feldblum P.J., Abdool Karim Q., Abdool Karim S.S.	2014	AIDS and Behavior	18	5	10.1007/s10461-014-0750-y	Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; FHI360, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States	Gengiah, T.N., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Upfold, M., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, A., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Mansoor, L.E., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Feldblum, P.J., FHI360, Durham, NC, United States; Abdool Karim, Q., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States; Abdool Karim, S.S., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States	Accurate estimation of the effectiveness of a microbicide for HIV prevention requires valid measurement of adherence to product use. A microbicide gel applicator container (Wisebag), fitted with cell phone technology to transmit opening events and text message reminders, was developed to monitor each opening event of the container as a proxy for gel use and adherence. Ten women were enrolled in a pilot study and followed for up to 4 months. Wisebag opening (WBO) dates and times were recorded and correlated with self-reported sex acts and gel applicator returns. During the 33 monthly follow-up visits, 47.8 % (77/161) of the recorded number of WBO events were concordant with the number of empty (used) applicators returned. The discrepancies were likely due to removal of more than one applicator during a single opening event. When the date and time of the WBO event data was assessed in relation to three different self-report adherence measures, agreement was fairly modest. The Wisebag was found to be acceptable as a storage container and the cell phone reminders generated were useful in supporting the dosing strategy. We recommend that the Wisebag be considered for larger scale and lengthier testing in microbicide trials. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Adherence; Clinical trials; Electronic monitoring; HIV prevention; Microbicides	antiinfective agent; gel; adult; coitus; devices; drug delivery system; feasibility study; female; follow up; gel; HIV Infections; human; intravaginal drug administration; medication compliance; mobile phone; pilot study; questionnaire; text messaging; Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Cell Phones; Coitus; Drug Delivery Systems; Feasibility Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gels; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Pilot Projects; Questionnaires; Text Messaging	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959987568	The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on activities of daily living in HIV-infected adults in South Africa	Kakinami L., De Bruyn G., Pronyk P., Mohapi L., Tshabangu N., Moshabela M., McIntyre J., Martinson N.A.	2011	AIDS and Behavior	15	4	10.1007/s10461-010-9776-y	Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester, Box 644, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Kakinami, L., Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester, Box 644, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; De Bruyn, G., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pronyk, P., Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mohapi, L., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tshabangu, N., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Moshabela, M., School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McIntyre, J., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Martinson, N.A., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	This study investigated the relationship between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) among two clinical cohorts in South Africa. Between 2003 and 2008 structured questionnaires were administered to HIV-positive patients attending outpatient clinics at an urban hospital (Soweto, n = 3,081) and a rural hospital (Acornhoek, n = 1,247). Among those receiving help, an average of 4.8 and 5.1 h of assistance with IADLs daily was reported (rural and urban participants, respectively), with the patient's mother and children assisting the most. Participants on HAART were 17 and 41% less likely to receive assistance with IADLs in the rural and urban cohorts, respectively, after adjusting for demographic characteristics, healthcare utilization, and CD4 counts. HAART significantly decreased the IADL assistance among patients in South Africa. Alongside clinical benefits, HAART has the potential to reduce the burden of HIV-related care, potentially extending wider social and economic gains to other family members. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Antiretroviral therapy; Family; HIV; Household economy; Indirect benefits; Instrumental activities of daily living; South Africa	adult; aged; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; daily life activity; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; outpatient department; quality of life; questionnaire; rural population; socioeconomics; South Africa; treatment outcome; urban population; virology; virus load; Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Treatment Outcome; Urban Population; Viral Load; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905574645	First evaluation of a population-based screen to detect emotional-behavior disorders in orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa	Sharp C., Venta A., Marais L., Skinner D., Lenka M., Serekoane J.	2014	AIDS and Behavior	18	6	10.1007/s10461-014-0739-6	Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Research on Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Sharp, C., Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Venta, A., Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Marais, L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Skinner, D., Research on Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Lenka, M., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Serekoane, J., Department of Anthropology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic which has left 12 million children orphaned in Sub-Saharan Africa, children are at increased risk for mental health problems. Currently, no validity data exist for any screening measure of emotional-behavior disorders in pre-adolescent children in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aims of the current study were to evaluate the construct validity of the caregiver-, teacher-, and self-report versions of the one-page Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in 466 orphans in South Africa between the ages of 7 and 11 (Mage = 9.23 years, SD = 1.33, 51.93 % female) and to provide, for the first time, clinical cut-offs for this population. Findings demonstrated support for the caregiver SDQ, but not the teacher and self-report versions. We provide clinical cut-offs, but caution their use before further research is conducted. There remains a critical need for further psychometric studies of the SDQ in the developing world. Resumen Debido a la pandemia de VIH /SIDA que ha dejado a 12 millones de niños huérfanos en Á frica subsahariana, los niños tienen un riesgo mayor de tener problemas de salud mental. Actualmente, no hay data para validar ningún cuestionario de trastornos emocionales y de comportamiento en los niños pre-adolescentes en el Á frica subsahariana. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la validez de constructo de varias versiones (completadas por cuidador, maestro, y autoinforme) de un cuestionario de una página, el Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), en 466 huérfanos en Sudáfrica entre las edades de 7 y 11 (M = 9.23 años, SD = 1.33, 51.93 % mujeres) y describir, por primera vez, los puntos de estratificación para esta población. Los resultados demuestran apoyo para la versión SDQ completada por el cuidador, pero no la versión completada por el maestro ni por autoinforme. Ofrecemos puntos de estratificación, pero advertimos contra su uso antes de que se realicen más investigaciones. Sigue habiendo una necesidad crítica de estudios psicométricos del SDQ en el mundo subdesarrollado. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.	Africa; Children; Orphans; Population screen; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; Validity	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adaptive behavior; Africa south of the Sahara; child; emotion; epidemiology; evaluation study; female; follow up; human; male; mass screening; Mental Disorders; mental stress; orphaned child; poverty; psychology; psychometry; questionnaire; self report; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adaptation, Psychological; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child, Orphaned; Emotions; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Mental Disorders; Poverty; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Self Report; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological	078757, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939876734	The Impact of Community Support Initiatives on the Stigma Experienced by People Living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa	Masquillier C., Wouters E., Mortelmans D., le Roux Booysen F.	2015	AIDS and Behavior	19	2	10.1007/s10461-014-0865-1	Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Masquillier, C., Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium; Wouters, E., Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Mortelmans, D., Department of Sociology, Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, Belgium; le Roux Booysen, F., Department of Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	In the current context of human resource shortages in South Africa, various community support interventions are being implemented to provide long-term psychosocial care to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, it is important to analyze the unintended social side effects of such interventions in regards to the stigma felt by PLWHA, which might threaten the successful management of life-long treatment. Latent cross-lagged modeling was used to analyze longitudinal data on 294 PLWHA from a randomized controlled trial (1) to determine whether peer adherence support (PAS) and treatment buddying influence the stigma experienced by PLWHA; and (2) to analyze the interrelationships between each support form and stigma. Results indicate that having a treatment buddy decreases felt stigma scores, while receiving PAS increases levels of felt stigma at the second follow up. However, the PAS intervention was also found to have a positive influence on having a treatment buddy at this time. Furthermore, a treatment buddy mitigates the stigmatizing effect of PAS, resulting in a small negative indirect effect on stigma. The study indicates the importance of looking beyond the intended effects of an intervention, with the goal of minimizing any adverse consequences that might threaten the successful long-term management of HIV/AIDS and maximizing the opportunities created by such support. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Peer adherence support; South Africa; Stigma; Treatment buddy; Unintended social side effects	anti-retroviral agents; adolescent; adult; community health services; controlled study; Helping Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; organization and administration; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Peer Group; psychology; randomized controlled trial; Social Stigma; Social Support; South Africa; Stereotyping; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Community Health Services; Helping Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Peer Group; Social Stigma; Social Support; South Africa; Stereotyping	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868592655	Depressive symptoms and their impact on health-seeking behaviors in newly-diagnosed HIV-infected patients in Durban, South Africa	Ramirez-Avila L., Regan S., Giddy J., Chetty S., Ross D., Katz J.N., Freedberg K.A., Walensky R.P., Losina E., Bassett I.V.	2012	AIDS and Behavior	16	8	10.1007/s10461-012-0160-y	Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, United States; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; St. Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill, Durban, South Africa; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States	Ramirez-Avila, L., Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02139, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Regan, S., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Giddy, J., McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Chetty, S., McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Ross, D., St. Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill, Durban, South Africa; Katz, J.N., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Freedberg, K.A., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Walensky, R.P., Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Losina, E., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Bassett, I.V., Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States	We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms prior to HIV diagnosis and determined the effect of these symptoms on seeking HIV care at an urban and rural clinic in Durban, South Africa. Adults were administered a questionnaire which included the 5-item Mental Health Index (MHI-5) before HIV testing. We determined the depressive symptoms among HIV-infected subjects. Of 1,545 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected subjects, 55% had depressive symptoms by MHI-5 score. Enrolling at the urban clinic and decreasing functional activity score were associated with depressive symptoms. Subjects with depressive symptoms who were referred for HIV testing by a healthcare provider were less likely to obtain a CD4 count than those without depressive symptoms who self-referred for testing. Depressive symptoms were common among newly-diagnosed HIV-infected participants and impacted CD4 uptake. Depression screening at the time of HIV diagnosis is critical for improving linkage to mental health and HIV services in South Africa. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.	Africa; Depression; Depressive symptoms; HIV; Linkage to care; South Africa	adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; depression; evaluation; female; follow up; health behavior; hospital; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; mass screening; methodology; multivariate analysis; patient attitude; patient referral; prevalence; prospective study; psychological aspect; questionnaire; rural population; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistics; urban population; Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Depression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Behavior; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Rural; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Multivariate Analysis; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Referral and Consultation; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84555203857	Impact of a mhealth intervention for peer health workers on AIDS care in rural Uganda: A mixed methods evaluation of a cluster-randomized trial	Chang L.W., Kagaayi J., Arem H., Nakigozi G., Ssempijja V., Serwadda D., Quinn T.C., Gray R.H., Bollinger R.C., Reynolds S.J.	2011	AIDS and Behavior	15	8	10.1007/s10461-011-9995-x	Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 E. Jefferson St., Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Chang, L.W., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 E. Jefferson St., Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Kagaayi, J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Arem, H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Ssempijja, V., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Rakai, Uganda; Quinn, T.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Bollinger, R.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Reynolds, S.J., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Mobile phone access in low and middle-income countries is rapidly expanding and offers an opportunity to leverage limited human resources for health. We conducted a mixed methods evaluation of a cluster-randomized trial exploratory substudy on the impact of a mHealth (mobile phone) support intervention used by community-based peer health workers (PHW) on AIDS care in rural Uganda. 29 PHWs at 10 clinics were randomized by clinic to receive the intervention or not. PHWs used phones to call and text higher level providers with patient-specific clinical information. 970 patients cared for by the PHWs were followed over a 26 month period. No significant differences were found in patients' risk of virologic failure. Qualitative analyses found improvements in patient care and logistics and broad support for the mHealth intervention among patients, clinic staff, and PHWs. Key challenges identified included variable patient phone access, privacy concerns, and phone maintenance. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.	Cluster-randomized trial; Community health workers; HIV; Mhealth; Mixed methods research	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; cluster analysis; community care; evaluation; female; health care personnel; human; interpersonal communication; male; middle aged; mobile phone; organization and management; peer group; randomized controlled trial (topic); rural population; telemedicine; Uganda; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-HIV Agents; Cellular Phone; Cluster Analysis; Communication; Community Health Services; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peer Group; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rural Population; Telemedicine; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899643646	Impact of an adherence intervention on the effectiveness of tenofovir gel in the CAPRISA 004 trial	Mansoor L.E., Karim Q.A., Werner L., Madlala B., Ngcobo N., Cornman D.H., Amico K.R., Fisher J., Fisher W.A., MacQueen K.M., Karim S.S.A.	2014	AIDS and Behavior	18	5	10.1007/s10461-014-0752-9	Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa	Mansoor, L.E., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Karim, Q.A., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Werner, L., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Madlala, B., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Ngcobo, N., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Cornman, D.H., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Amico, K.R., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Fisher, J., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Fisher, W.A., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; MacQueen, K.M., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa; Karim, S.S.A., Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella 4013, South Africa	High adherence is important in microbicide trials, but no adherence interventions to date have demonstrated empiric improvements in microbicide adherence or effectiveness. Approximately midway during the CAPRISA 004 trial, we implemented a novel adherence intervention (Adherence Support Program - ASP), based on an Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model and incorporating a Motivational Interviewing approach. We assessed the impact of the ASP on adherence and tenofovir gel effectiveness using a before-and-after comparison. Of the 889 women in the trial, 774 contributed 486.1 women-years of follow-up pre-ASP and 828 contributed 845.7 women-years of follow-up post-ASP. Median adherence rose from 53.6 % pre-ASP to 66.5 % post-ASP. Detectable tenofovir levels increased from 40.6 % pre-ASP to 62.5 % post-ASP in 64 women who had paired tenofovir drug samples. Gel effectiveness improved post-ASP; HIV incidence in the tenofovir gel arm was 24 % lower pre-ASP compared to 47 % lower post-ASP. Following implementation of the ASP, microbicide adherence improved with a concomitant increase in the effectiveness of tenofovir gel. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Adherence support; HIV prevention; Motivational interviewing; Tenofovir gel	adenine; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; gel; phosphonic acid derivative; tenofovir; topical antiinfective agent; adult; analogs and derivatives; controlled study; double blind procedure; epidemiology; female; gel; health behavior; HIV Infections; human; incidence; intervention study; medication compliance; motivational interviewing; psychological model; psychology; randomized controlled trial; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gels; Health Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Intervention Studies; Medication Adherence; Models, Psychological; Motivational Interviewing; Organophosphonates; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Treatment Outcome	USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951683403	Combined impact of sexual risk behaviors for HIV seroconversion among women in Durban, South Africa: Implications for prevention policy and planning	Wand H., Ramjee G.	2011	AIDS and Behavior	15	2	10.1007/s10461-010-9845-2	HIV Prevention Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Wand, H.; Ramjee, G., HIV Prevention Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	The objective of this study was to estimate the joint impact of demographic and sexual risk behaviors on HIV acquisition. A total of 2,523 HIV seronegative women were recruited through three community based studies in Durban, South Africa. Point and interval estimates of partial population attributable risk (PAR) were used to quantify the proportion of HIV seroconversions which can be prevented if a combination of risk factors is eliminated from a target population. More than 80% of the observed HIV acquisitions were attributed to five risk factors: lack of cohabitation, frequency of sex, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), incidence of pregnancy and not being employed/no income. Structural factors such as minimizing migratory patterns by ensuring cohabitation of partners, access to treatment of STIs, income generation and safe sex negotiation skills are likely to play an important role in future prevention strategies. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	HIV incidence; Population attributable risk; South Africa	adult; age; article; female; follow up; health care policy; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; pregnancy; questionnaire; risk factor; sexual behavior; sexuality; sexually transmitted disease; socioeconomics; South Africa; Adult; Age Factors; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Policy; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Incidence; Pregnancy; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872674698	"it's important to take your medication everyday okay?" An evaluation of counselling by lay counsellors for arv adherence support in the Western Cape, South Africa	Dewing S., Mathews C., Schaay N., Cloete A., Louw J., Simbayi L.	2013	AIDS and Behavior	17	1	10.1007/s10461-012-0211-4	Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa	Dewing, S., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Mathews, C., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Schaay, N., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Cloete, A., HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Louw, J., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Simbayi, L., HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	There is growing interest in standard care programmes for antiretroviral (ARV) adherence support. In South Africa, individual counselling following ARV initiation is a main strategy for supporting adherence in the public sector. Egan's client-centred "Skilled Helper" counselling model is the predominant model used in HIV counselling in this context. This study evaluated counselling delivered by lay ARV adherence counsellors in Cape Town in terms of adherence to Egan's model. Thirty-eight transcripts of counselling sessions with non-adherent patients were analysed based on the methods of content analysis. These sessions were conducted by 30 counsellors. Generally counsellors' practice adhered neither to Egan's model nor a client-centred approach. Inconsistent with evidence-based approaches to counselling for ARV adherence support, counsellors mainly used information-giving and advice as strategies for addressing clients' non-adherence. Recommendations for improving practice are made. The question as to how appropriate strategies from developed countries are for this setting is also raised. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Antiretroviral adherence support; Counselling; Egan's skilled helper model; Standard care	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; article; directive counseling; evaluation; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; male; methodology; motivation; patient attitude; patient care; patient compliance; psychological aspect; South Africa; Anti-HIV Agents; Directive Counseling; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Motivation; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient-Centered Care; Professional-Patient Relations; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32144457214	Traditional healers for HIV/AIDS prevention and family planning, Kiboga district, Uganda: Evaluation of a program to improve practices	Ssali A., Butler L.M., Kabatesi D., King R., Namugenyi A., Kamya M.R., Mandel J., Chen S.Y., McFarland W.	2005	AIDS and Behavior	9	4	10.1007/s10461-005-9019-9	Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	Ssali, A., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Butler, L.M., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kabatesi, D., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; King, R., Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against AIDS (THETA), Kampala, Uganda; Namugenyi, A., District Health Team, Kiboga District, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mandel, J., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Chen, S.Y., San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States; McFarland, W., Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-6033, United States	In the face of ongoing epidemics of HIV/AIDS and STI, high demand for family planning, and limited resources, traditional healers may be under-utilized providers of reproductive health education in rural sub-Saharan Africa. We implemented a training program in HIV prevention and family planning methods for healers in the Kiboga district of Uganda and evaluated the program's impact on healers' clinical practice and the diffusion of information to their female clients. Of 46 healers recruited, 30 (65%) completed a pre- and post- training interview. Following training, traditional healers increased discussions of family planning with their clients. Of 84 female clients recruited, 44 (52%) completed the interview before and after the training for healers. Female clients corroborated that they increased discussions of family planning with their healers, as well as discussions about HIV/AIDS. Both healers and their female clients were more likely to make a connection between family planning, condom use, and HIV prevention after the training compared to before the training. Findings provide evidence that traditional healers in a rural area of Uganda can successfully adapt HIV prevention messages and family planning information into their clinical practices. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	Family planning; HIV prevention; Traditional healers; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; clinical practice; condom; controlled study; counseling; evaluation; family planning; female; gender; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; interview; male; medical information; normal human; traditional medicine; training; Uganda; Adult; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Program Evaluation; Rural Population; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880918429	Feasibility, performance, and acceptability of the wisebag™ for potential monitoring of daily gel applicator use in Durban, South Africa	Van Der Straten A., Montgomery E., Pillay D., Cheng H., Naidoo A., Cele Z., Naidoo K., Hartmann M., Piper J., Nair G.	2013	AIDS and Behavior	17	2	10.1007/s10461-012-0330-y	Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; DAIDS, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States	Van Der Straten, A., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States; Montgomery, E., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Pillay, D., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Cheng, H., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Naidoo, A., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Cele, Z., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, K., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa; Hartmann, M., Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States; Piper, J., DAIDS, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Nair, G., Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), EThekwini, Durban, South Africa	The Wisebag™, a lunchbag-style container with an electronic events-monitoring system, was designed as a real-time indirect objective measure of microbicide gel use. Due to cost, alternative functionalities (i.e. use of offline and dummy versions) were explored. We conducted a three-arm, double-blinded pilot study among 50 HIV-negative women in Durban, South Africa to assess participant adherence and Wisebag acceptability and performance. Participants were randomized 2:2:1 to Wisebag with online (events transmitted via cellular signal in real-time), offline (events stored in device memory) or inactive "dummy" devices. Participants were instructed to open the Wisebag daily for 2 weeks, retrieve a study sticker and affix it on a diary card. All participants completed the study. At exit, 94 % did not know which device they had received, nor could they differentiate the Wisebag types when presented with the three options. Five offline devices failed (no data recorded). Per Wisebag events, 26 % of women were perfectly adherent compared to 48 % by self-report and 46 % per diary card. Of reported non-adherence, 92 % did not open the Wisebag (travelling or forgot) and 22 % opened Wisebag >1×/day (curiosity). Participants liked and were comfortable carrying Wisebag. Successful blinding will allow inclusion of offline and/or dummy Wisebags in future study designs. Perfect adherence by opening events was significantly lower than by self-report, highlighting the importance of objective measures of adherence in clinical trials. Additional studies to validate Wisebag data with actual products, with and without SMS and online functionality, in different populations and settings, and in comparison to biomarkers are warranted. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Adherence; Africa; Electronic monitoring; Microbicide gel	agents used intravaginally; topical antiinfective agent; adolescent; adult; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug monitoring; equipment design; feasibility study; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medication compliance; middle aged; patient attitude; patient satisfaction; pilot study; randomized controlled trial; reproducibility; South Africa; statistics; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Double-Blind Method; Drug Monitoring; Equipment Design; Feasibility Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Satisfaction; Pilot Projects; Reproducibility of Results; South Africa; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies	5UM1AI068633, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
WoS	WOS:000295735200015	Evaluation of a Peer Network-Based Sexual Risk Reduction Intervention for Men in Beer Halls in Zimbabwe: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial	Chasakara, Charles,Chirowodza, Admire,Fritz, Katherine,Kellogg, Timothy,Makumbe, Knox,Mashoko, Chamunorwa,McFarland, Willi,Woelk, Godfrey,Wyrod, Robert	2011	AIDS AND BEHAVIOR	15	8	10.1007/s10461-011-9922-1	Research Triangle Institute, University of California San Francisco, University of California System, University of Michigan, University of Michigan System, University of Zimbabwe, Harare Beer Hall Intervent, Int Ctr Res Women, RTI Int, San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth	"Wyrod, Robert: University of Michigan","Wyrod, Robert: University of Michigan System",	While much emphasis has been placed on involving men in AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa, there remain few rigorously evaluated interventions in this area. A particularly appealing point of intervention is the sexual risk behavior associated with men's alcohol consumption. This article reports the outcomes of The Sahwira HIV Prevention Program, a male-focused, peer-based intervention promoting the idea that men can assist their friends in avoiding high-risk sexual encounters associated with alcohol drinking. The intervention was evaluated in a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) implemented in 24 beer halls in Harare, Zimbabwe. A cadre of 413 male beer hall patrons (similar to 20% of the patronage) was trained to assist their male peers within their friendship networks. Activities included one-on-one interactions, small group discussions, and educational events centering on the theme of men helping their male friends avoid risk. Venues were randomized into 12 control versus 12 intervention beer halls with little cross-contamination between study arms. The penetration and impact of the intervention were assessed by pre- and post-intervention cross-sectional surveys of the beer hall patronage. The intervention was implemented with a high degree of fidelity to the protocol, with exposure to the intervention activities significantly higher among intervention patrons compared to control. While we found generally declining levels of risk behavior in both study arms from baseline to post-intervention, we found no evidence of an impact of the intervention on our primary outcome measure: episodes of unprotected sex with non-wife partners in the preceding 6 months (median 5.4 episodes for men at intervention beer halls vs. 5.1 among controls, P = 0.98). There was also no evidence that the intervention reduced other risks for HIV. It remains an imperative to find ways to productively engage men in AIDS prevention, especially in those venues where male bonding, alcohol consumption, and sexual risk behavior are intertwined.	ALCOHOL,"Beer halls",HIV,MEN,ZIMBABWE,AIDS,BEHAVIOR,"DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS","GAY MEN",HIV/AIDS,"HIV-PREVENTION INTERVENTION","OPINION LEADERS","PARTNER VIOLENCE","SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",WOMEN	None	None
WoS	WOS:000295735200003	Can Peer Education Make a Difference? Evaluation of a South African Adolescent Peer Education Program to Promote Sexual and Reproductive Health	Flisher, Alan J.,Mason-Jones, Amanda J.,Mathews, Catherine	2011	AIDS AND BEHAVIOR	15	8	10.1007/s10461-011-0012-1	South African Medical Research Council, University of Cape Town	"Flisher, Alan J.: University of Cape Town",	Peer education is popular both with governments and with young people. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a government-led peer education program on the self-reported sexual health behavior and related psychosocial outcomes of adolescent students in public high schools in the Western Cape of South Africa. Grade 10 students (n = 3934), at 30 public high schools (15 intervention, 15 comparison) were recruited to the study. In the intervention schools, peer educators were recruited and trained to provide information and support to their fellow students. Sexual health behaviors and related psychosocial outcomes of students were measured at baseline and at follow up 18 months later. Comparisons were made between those in the intervention and comparison group schools. We were unable to detect a significant difference in the age of sexual debut, use of condoms at last sex, goal orientation, decision-making or future orientation for students in the intervention group as compared to students in the comparison group. The findings suggest that the peer education program was not effective in reducing the age of sexual debut or condom use. Issues around the implementation of the program suggested that this was sub-optimal. Governments who advocate widespread use of peer education as an approach need to recognise barriers to implementation and ensure ongoing monitoring and evaluation of effectiveness and cost effectiveness.	ADOLESCENT,Africa,HIV,"PEER EDUCATION",SCHOOL,COUNTRIES,GENDER,"HIV PREVENTION",INTERVENTIONS,SCHOOLS	None	None
WoS	WOS:000310316200030	Divinity and Distress: The Impact of Religion and Spirituality on the Mental Health of HIV-Positive Adults in Tanzania	Kershaw, Trace,Mosha, John S.,Ng, Reuben,Steglitz, Jeremy	2012	AIDS AND BEHAVIOR	16	8	10.1007/s10461-012-0261-7	Yale University, Primary Hlth Care Inst Iringa	"Ng, Reuben: Yale University",	This study examined the relationship between religiosity, spirituality and mental health in the context of a stress-coping framework. Participants were 135 rural, low-income HIV-positive adults in Iringa, Tanzania. The relationships between religiosity, spirituality, coping responses, social support, and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) were examined using structural equation modeling. Religiosity was related to decreased avoidant coping and increased social support, which in turn were related to psychological distress. Spirituality was positively related to active coping and social support. Results suggest that coping strategies and social support may mediate the relationship between religiosity and spirituality and psychological distress. Interventions to reduce psychological distress among HIV-positive individuals in Tanzania might incorporate strategies to reduce avoidant coping and increase social support. According to the present findings, this may be accomplished through faith-based approaches that incorporate religious and spiritual activities into HIV prevention programs.	COPING,HIV/AIDS,"PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS",religiosity/spirituality,Tanzania,ADOLESCENTS,"COPING STYLE",HIV/AIDS,INFECTION,"LIFE STRESSORS",LONG,"PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS","SOCIAL SUPPORT",STRATEGIES,WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350625511	The demographic impact of HIV and AIDS across the family and household life-cycle: Implications for efforts to strengthen families in sub-Saharan Africa	Hosegood V.	2009	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	21	SUPPL. 1	10.1080/09540120902923063	Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; CYFSD, HSRC, Dalbridge, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies/UKZN, Durban, South Africa	Hosegood, V., Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, CYFSD, HSRC, Dalbridge, South Africa, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies/UKZN, Durban, South Africa	HIV is no longer a new or emerging disease in southern Africa. In the era of HIV and AIDS, families and households have continued to form, build, migrate and dissolve. Children born in the 1980s with the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission have already gone on to start the next generation of families and households. Isolating the impact of HIV and AIDS on families and households is complex given that the epidemic has become part of the direction and force of contemporary demographic, social and economic processes and trends. Cycles of family and household life have occurred in a changing HIV and AIDS public-health environment, one in which HIV treatment access has increased rapidly. As part of an on-going process to assess the relevance and effectiveness of policies and programmes designed to protect and support children affected by HIV and AIDS, it is necessary to update our knowledge about the family and household circumstances in which children live. This paper summarises findings from a review on the Demographic Evidence of Family and Household Changes in Response to the Effects of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa: Implications for Efforts to Strengthen Families. The review examined published literature presenting data from empirical studies, primarily large, cross-sectional or longitudinal population-based or sample surveys. The family or household life-cycle is used as a conceptual and organisational framework. The implications of the demographic evidence are discussed in relation to policy and programme responses to strengthen families and households in the region. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Demographic impact True; Demography; Families; HIV/AIDS; Households	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa; article; demography; family counseling; health care policy; health program; health survey; household; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; marriage; nonhuman; priority journal; professional practice; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Family Health; Female; Health Surveys; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Reproductive Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Vulnerable Populations; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903306367	The HIV basic care package: Where is it available and who receives it? Findings from a mixed methods evaluation in Kenya and Uganda	Penfold S., Simms V., Downing J., Powell R.A., Mwangi-Powell F., Namisango E., Moreland S., Atieno M., Gikaara N., Kataike J., Kwebiha C., Munene G., Banga G., Higginson I.J., Harding R.	2014	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	26	9	10.1080/09540121.2014.882489	Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Futures Group, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Penfold, S., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Simms, V., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Downing, J., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Powell, R.A., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Mwangi-Powell, F., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Namisango, E., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Moreland, S., Futures Group, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Atieno, M., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Gikaara, N., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Kataike, J., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Kwebiha, C., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Munene, G., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Banga, G., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Higginson, I.J., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Harding, R., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom	An evidence-based basic care package (BCP) of seven interventions (Family testing, Cotrimoxazole, Condoms, Multivitamins, Access to safe water treatment, Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and Insecticide-treated bednet) has been advocated to prevent infections among people with HIV in low-income settings. We examined the availability and receipt of the BCP in HIV outpatient clinics in Kenya and Uganda. A survey of 120 PEPFAR-funded facilities determined the services offered. At each of the 12 largest facilities, a longitudinal cohort of 100 patients was recruited to examine care received and health status over three months. The full BCP was offered in 14% (n = 17/120) of facilities; interventions most commonly offered were Support for family testing (87%) and Condoms (87%), and least commonly IPT (38%). Patients (n = 1335) most commonly reported receiving Cotrimoxazole (57%) and Multivitamins (36%), and least commonly IPT (4%), directly from the facility attended. The BCP (excluding Isoniazid) was received by 3% of patients directly from the facility and 24% from any location. BCP receipt was associated with using antiretroviral therapy (ART; OR 1.1 (95% CI 1.0-1.1), receipt from any location) but not with patient gender, wealth, education level or health. The BCP should be offered at more HIV care facilities, especially Isoniazid, and to more people irrespective of ART use. Coordinating local BCP suppliers could help improve availability through addressing logistical challenges or reducing costs. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	delivery of healthcare; East Africa; HIV; opportunistic infections	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; cotrimoxazole; isoniazid; multivitamin; adult; article; bed net; condom; family testing; female; health; health care delivery; health care facility; health care survey; health status; HIV test; hospital; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; Kenya; major clinical study; male; mental health; palliative therapy; priority journal; Uganda; water supply; water treatment; delivery of healthcare; East Africa; HIV; opportunistic infections; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Communicable Disease Control; Condoms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Intervention Studies; Interviews as Topic; Isoniazid; Kenya; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination; Uganda; Vitamins; Water Supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868582364	Concomitant herbal medicine and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) use among HIV patients in Western Uganda: A cross-sectional analysis of magnitude and patterns of use, associated factors and impact on ART adherence	Lubinga S.J., Kintu A., Atuhaire J., Asiimwe S.	2012	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	24	11	10.1080/09540121.2011.648600	Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Clinical Trials Unit, Kabwohe Clinical Research Center (KCRC), Bushenyi, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Lubinga, S.J., Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Kintu, A., Clinical Trials Unit, Kabwohe Clinical Research Center (KCRC), Bushenyi, Uganda; Atuhaire, J., Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Asiimwe, S., Clinical Trials Unit, Kabwohe Clinical Research Center (KCRC), Bushenyi, Uganda, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Use of herbal medicines among patients receiving Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) remains by far an uncharacterised phenomenon in Africa and Uganda specifically. We evaluated the use of herbal medicines among patients on ART at the HIV clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), examined factors associated with their concomitant use and their impact on ART adherence. This was a cross-sectional study among 334 systematically sampled patients receiving ART at the HIV clinic of MRRH from February to April 2010. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, perceptions of quality of care received, self-perceived health status, information on ART received, herbal medicines use and ART adherence. Study outcomes were concomitant herbal medicine and ART use, and ART adherence. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were conducted using Stata10.0. Close to half, 155 (46.4%) reported concomitant herbal medicines and ART use, with 133 (39.8%) using herbal medicines at least once daily. Most (71.6%) used herbal medicines to treat HIV-related symptoms. A majority (92.3%) reported that the doctors were unaware of their use of herbal medicines, 68.5% citing its minimal importance to the attending physician. Most frequently used herbs were Aloe vera (25%) and Vernonia amygdalina (21%). Time since start of ART (OR 1.14 95% CI: 1.01-1.28, for each one year increase), number of ART side effects reported (≥3 vs.≤1, OR 2.20 95% CI 1.13-4.26) and self-perceived health status (Good vs. Poor, OR 0.31 95% CI 0.12-0.79) were independently associated with concomitant herbal medicine and ART use. Concomitant herbal medicine and ART use was not associated with poor ART adherence (OR 0.85 95% CI 0.47-1.53). There is widespread concomitant herbal medicines and ART use among our patients, with no association to poor ART adherence. Patients appear to use these therapies to complement as opposed to substituting ART. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	adherence; Antiretroviral Therapy; herbal medicine; Uganda	adolescent; adult; adverse drug reaction; Aloe vera; antiretroviral therapy; antiviral therapy; article; cross-sectional study; educational status; employment status; female; follow up; Gymnanthemum amygdalinum; health status; herbal medicine; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; major clinical study; male; marriage; patient compliance; priority journal; religion; treatment duration; Uganda; wellbeing; Adolescent; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disclosure; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Medication Adherence; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Compliance; Physician-Patient Relations; Phytotherapy; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; Tertiary Care Centers; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952035026	Diarrhea prevention in people living with HIV: An evaluation of a point-of-use water quality intervention in Lagos, Nigeria	Barzilay E.J., Aghoghovbia T.S., Blanton E.M., Akinpelumi A.A., Coldiron M.E., Akinfolayan O., Adeleye O.A., LaTrielle A., Hoekstra R.M., Gilpin U., Quick R.	2011	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	23	3	10.1080/09540121.2010.507749	Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; HOPE worldwide, Lagos, Nigeria; Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States;	Barzilay, E.J., Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Aghoghovbia, T.S., HOPE worldwide, Lagos, Nigeria; Blanton, E.M., Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Akinpelumi, A.A., Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Coldiron, M.E., Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States; Akinfolayan, O., HOPE worldwide, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeleye, O.A., HOPE worldwide, Lagos, Nigeria; LaTrielle, A., Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Hoekstra, R.M., Biostatistics Information Management Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Gilpin, U., Population Services International, Washington, United States; Quick, R., Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States	Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Africa. The impact of a point-of-use water chlorination and storage intervention on diarrheal-disease risk in a population of HIV-infected women in Lagos, Nigeria was evaluated. A baseline survey was performed, followed by six weeks of baseline diarrhea surveillance consisting of weekly home visits, distribution of free water chlorination products and safe storage containers to project participants, and continued weekly home-based diarrhea surveillance for 15 additional weeks. To confirm use of the water chlorination product, during each home visit, stored water was tested for residual chlorine. About 187 women were enrolled. At baseline, 80% of women had access to improved water supplies and 95% had access to sanitation facilities. Following distribution of the intervention, water stored in participants' households was observed to have residual chlorine during 50-80% of home visits, a sign of adherence to recommended water-treatment practices. Diarrhea rates in project participants were 36% lower in the post-intervention period than during the baseline period (p=0.04). Diarrhea rates were 46% lower in the post-intervention period than the baseline period among project participants who were confirmed to have residual chlorine in stored water during 85% or more of home visits (p=0.04); there was no significant difference in diarrhea rates between baseline and post-intervention periods in participants confirmed to have residual chlorine in stored water during less than 85% of home visits. The percent change in diarrhea rates between baseline and post-intervention surveillance periods was statistically significant among non-users of prophylactic antibiotics (-62%, p=0.02) and among persons who used neither prophylactic antibiotics nor antiretroviral treatment (-46%, p=0.04). Point-of-use water treatment was associated with a reduced risk of diarrhea in PLHIV. Regular water treatment was required to achieve health benefits. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.	diarrhea; HIV/AIDS; PMTCT; water treatment	adult; article; chlorination; diarrhea; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; priority journal; sanitation; water quality; water supply; water treatment; Adolescent; Adult; Diarrhea; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Patient Compliance; Risk Factors; Sanitation; Water Purification; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956926852	Impact of telephonic psycho-social support on adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after rape	Abrahams N., Jewkes R., Lombard C., Mathews S., Campbell J., Meel B.	2010	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	22	10	10.1080/09540121003692185	Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7405, Cape Town, South Africa; Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa	Abrahams, N., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7405, Cape Town, South Africa; Jewkes, R., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Lombard, C., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Mathews, S., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7405, Cape Town, South Africa; Campbell, J., Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States; Meel, B., Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa	South Africa has one of the highest rates of both rape and HIV infections. Of great concern is the possibility of HIV transmission during the assault, but adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) has been varied and low. We developed a telephonic psycho-social support, leaflet and adherence diary intervention for rape victims and tested its impact on adherence to PEP. A randomised control trial was conducted in the Western and Eastern Cape and 279 rape survivors were enrolled in two arms. The intervention involved the providing of an information leaflet including an adherence diary and follow-up support through telephone calls by a counsellor during the 28 days of taking the PEP. The controls received the leaflet. Follow-up interviews and tablet checks were done with 253 participants to assess adherence. The primary outcome was completion of 28 days of PEP with no more than three missed doses (94% adherence). There was more adherence in the intervention arm (38.2% vs. 31.9%), but the estimated intervention effect of 6.5% (95% CI: -4.6 to 17.6%) was not statistically significant, p=0.13. The intervention was associated with the reading of the pamphlet (p=0.07) and an increased use of the diary (p=0.01), but did not reduce depressive psychopathology. Overall adherence was greater amongst those who read the leaflet and used the medication diary. The study showed that the intervention was not effective in significantly improving adherence and adherence levels were low in both study arms. Further research to understand reasons for non-adherence is needed before further interventions are developed. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	adherence; HIV transmission; post-exposure prophylaxis; sexual assault	lamivudine; lamivudine plus zidovudine; zidovudine; adolescent; adult; article; child; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; depression; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intervention study; interview; major clinical study; outcome assessment; patient care; patient compliance; priority journal; prophylaxis; randomized controlled trial; rape; school child; social support; South Africa; survivor; telephone; virus transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Child; Counseling; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Patient Education as Topic; Rape; Social Support; South Africa; Telephone; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955261225	The impact of ART scale upon health workers: Evidence from two South African districts	George G., Atujuna M., Gentile J., Quinlan T., Schmidt E., Tobi P., Renton A.	2010	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	22	SUPPL. 1	10.1080/09540120903544439	Health Economics and HIV, AIDS Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London, London, United Kingdom	George, G., Health Economics and HIV, AIDS Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Atujuna, M., Health Economics and HIV, AIDS Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Gentile, J., School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Quinlan, T., Health Economics and HIV, AIDS Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Schmidt, E., Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London, London, United Kingdom; Tobi, P., Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London, London, United Kingdom; Renton, A., Institute for Health and Human Development, University of East London, London, United Kingdom	This study explores the effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes on health-care human resources in South Africa. The study included two parts, a questionnaire-based survey of 269 health workers published earlier and a qualitative study of 21 purposively selected health practitioners involved in ART scale up. Contrary to what has been presented in literature, our survey showed that health workers in ART programmes experienced higher levels of morale, lower stress, lower sickness absenteeism and higher levels of job satisfaction. This paper uses qualitative data to provide insights into the working environment of ART workers and examines some possible explanations for our survey findings. The key factors that contribute to the different perception of working environment by ART workers identified in this study include bringing hope to patients, delaying deaths, acquiring training and the ability to better manage and monitor the disease. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	ART; health workers; HIV/AIDS; South Africa	antiretrovirus agent; absenteeism; article; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; job stress; priority journal; questionnaire; South Africa; work environment; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Attitude of Health Personnel; Developing Countries; Health Personnel; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Qualitative Research; Questionnaires; South Africa; Workload	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248532010	Evaluation of use of cellphones to aid compliance with drug therapy for HIV patients	Donald S., Ulrike R., Charissa B., Skinner D.	2007	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	19	5	10.1080/09540120701203378	Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; University of Cape Town, South Africa; Hidden Dimensions Corporate Training Consultants; Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa	Donald, S., Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Ulrike, R., University of Cape Town, South Africa; Charissa, B., Hidden Dimensions Corporate Training Consultants; Skinner, D., Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa	Key to the care of people living with HIV is effective data on use of ARVs, their responses to the medication and additional needs. An adaptation of cellphone technology by Cell-Life provides an easy-to-use data capturing devise for use by therapeutic counsellors (home based carers). Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with all the counsellors using the technology at two points in time, six months apart. The technology was found to be easy to use, especially for those who had previously used a cellphone. It eased data collection considerably and reduced fears around loosing notes. Improvements in technology between the two sets of interviews showed responsiveness from Cell-Life to the users of the technology. The patients also responded well to the technology, feeling that it improved their treatment. The major concern for home-based carers was the risk of crime due to having a cellphone, which led to the therapeutic counsellors eventually leaving the cellphones at home when visiting patients and entering the data at a later point. While the carers initially felt that the technology was an intrusion in their lives they later adapted to it. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.	None	antiretrovirus agent; article; caregiver; drug efficacy; fear; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; information technology; interview; mobile phone; patient compliance; patient monitoring; priority journal; Cellular Phone; Female; HIV Infections; Home Care Services; Humans; Male; Patient Compliance; Quality of Life	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937253721	Integrating family planning and HIV services in western Kenya: The impact on HIV-infected patients' knowledge of family planning and male attitudes toward family planning	Onono M., Guzé M.A., Grossman D., Steinfeld R., Bukusi E.A., Shade S., Cohen C.R., Newmann S.J.	2015	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	27	6	10.1080/09540121.2014.999744	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA, United States	Onono, M., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kisumu, Kenya; Guzé, M.A., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Grossman, D., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA, United States; Steinfeld, R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Bukusi, E.A., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kisumu, Kenya; Shade, S., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Cohen, C.R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Newmann, S.J., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Little information exists on the impact of integrating family planning (FP) services into HIV care and treatment on patients' familiarity with and attitudes toward FP. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in 18 public HIV clinics with 12 randomized to integrated FP and HIV services and 6 to the standard referral-based system where patients are referred to an FP clinic. Serial cross-sectional surveys were done before (n = 488 women, 486 men) and after (n = 479 women, 481 men) the intervention to compare changes in familiarity with FP methods and attitudes toward FP between integrated and nonintegrated (NI) sites. We created an FP familiarity score based on the number of more effective FP methods patients could identify (score range: 0-6). Generalized estimating equations were used to control for clustering within sites. An increase in mean familiarity score between baseline (mean = 5.16) and post-intervention (mean = 5.46) occurred with an overall mean change of 0.26 (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.09, 0.45; p = 0.003) across all sites. At end line, there was no difference in increase of mean FP familiarity scores at intervention versus control sites (mean = 5.41 vs. 5.49, p = 0.94). We observed a relative decrease in the proportion of males agreeing that FP was "women's business" at integrated sites (baseline 42% to end line 30%; reduction of 12%) compared to males at NI sites (baseline 35% to end line 42%; increase of 7%; adjusted odds ration [aOR] = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.85). Following FP-HIV integration, familiarity with FP methods increased but did not differ by study arm. Integration was associated with a decrease in negative attitudes toward FP among men. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	Family planning; HIV treatment; integration; Kenya; knowledge; male attitudes	adult; age; Article; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; educational status; family planning; female; health service; health status; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; interpersonal communication; Kenya; major clinical study; male; marriage; outcome assessment; patient attitude; patient referral; priority journal; randomized controlled trial	NCATS, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; KL2TR000143, NIH, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Scopus	2-s2.0-18644383332	The impact of social environments on the effectiveness of youth HIV prevention: A South African case study	Campbell C., Foulis C.A., Maimane S., Sibiya Z.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	4	10.1080/09540120412331319705	London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom	Campbell, C., London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom, HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Social Psychology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom; Foulis, C.A., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Maimane, S., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sibiya, Z., HIVAN, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Few would disagree that 'social context' shapes the effectiveness of HIV-prevention programmes. However much work remains to be done in developing systematic conceptualisations of HIV/AIDS-relevant aspects of social environments in vulnerable communities. This paper contributes to this challenge through a case study (44 interviews, 11 focus groups with 55 people and fieldworker diaries) of the impact of social context on a participatory peer education programme involving young people in a peri-urban community in South Africa. Three interacting dimensions of context undermine the likelihood of effective HIV-prevention. Symbolic context includes stigma, the pathologisation of youth sexuality (especially that of girls) and negative images of young people. Organisationall network context includes patchy networking amongst NGOs, health, welfare and education representatives and local community leaders and groups. This is exacerbated by different understandings of the causes of HIV/AIDS and how to manage it. These challenges are exacerbated in a material-political context of poverty, unemployment and crime, coupled with the exclusion of young people from local and national decision-making and politics. HIV-prevention initiatives seeking to promote health-supporting social environments should work closely with social development programmes-to promote young peoples' social and political participation, increase opportunities for their economic empowerment, challenge negative social representations of youth, and fight for greater recognition of their sexuality and their right to protect their sexual health. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; community; crime; education program; group psychology; health care organization; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; infection prevention; politics; poverty; priority journal; sexuality; social environment; social isolation; South Africa; unemployment; urban area; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Body Image; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Object Attachment; Peer Group; Sex Education; Social Environment; Social Identification; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27144502745	Evaluation of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related counselling in a workplace-based ART implementation programme, South Africa	Stenson A.L., Charalambous S., Dwadwa T., Pemba L., Du Toit J.D., Baggaley R., Grant A.D., Churchyard G.J.	2005	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	17	8	10.1080/09540120500100940	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Stenson, A.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dwadwa, T., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pemba, L., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Du Toit, J.D., Anglogold Health Services, South Africa; Baggaley, R., Christian Aid, London, United Kingdom; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G.J., Aurum Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa	Counselling about antiretroviral therapy (ART) is thought important to prepare patients for treatment and enhance adherence. A workplace-based HIV care programme in South Africa instituted a three-step ART counselling protocol with guidelines prompting issues to be covered at each step. We carried out an early evaluation of ART counselling to determine whether patients understood key information about ART, and the perceptions that patients and health care professionals (HCP) had of the process. Among 40 patients (median time on ART 83 days), over 90% answered 6/7 HIV/ART knowledge-related questions correctly. 95% thought counselling sessions were good. 93% thought ongoing counselling was important. Recommendations included the need for continuing education about HIV/ART, being respectful, promoting HIV testing and addressing the issues of infected partners and stigma. 24 participating HCP identified additional training needs including counselling of family and friends, family planning, sexually transmitted infections and running support groups. 90% of HCP thought that counselling guidelines were helpful. The programme appears to be preparing patients well for ART. Counselling should be offered at every clinic visit. Counselling guidelines were a valuable tool and may be useful elsewhere. The evaluation helped to assess the quality of the programme and to suggest areas for improvement. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; clinical article; continuing education; controlled study; family; family planning; friend; health care personnel; health care quality; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; patient compliance; patient counseling; patient education; practice guideline; priority journal; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; support group; workplace; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Attitude of Health Personnel; Counseling; Female; Guidelines; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Education; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; South Africa; Workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745921485	The impact of HIV on maternal quality of life in Uganda	Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H., Mayon-White R., Okong P., Carpenter L., Jenkinson C.	2006	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	18	6	10.1080/09540120500359298	Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), London, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Health Services Research Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom; St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda; Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom	Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, H., Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), London, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit (MRC-CTU), 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom; Mayon-White, R., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Okong, P., St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda; Carpenter, L., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Jenkinson, C., University of Oxford, Health Services Research Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom	To study the effect of HIV infection on quality of life (QOL) during pregnancy and puerperium, QOL was measured in a cohort study at St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda. Dartmouth COOP charts were administered to 132 HIV-positive and 399 HIV-negative women at 36 weeks of pregnancy and six weeks post-partum. Responses were coded from 0 = best health-status to 4 = worst health-status and scores of 3-4 defined as poor. Odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals(CI)) for poor scores were calculated and independent predictors of poor QOL examined using logistic regression. In pregnancy, HIV-positive women were more likely to have poor scores in feelings: OR = 3.2(1.9-5.3), daily activities: OR = 2.8(1.4-5.5), pain: OR = 2.1(1.3-3.5), overall health: OR = 1.7(1.1-2.7) and QOL: OR = 7.2(3.6-14.7), all p = ≤ 0.01. Differences in physical fitness, change in health, social activities and social support were not statistically significant (all p >0.2). HIV infection was independently associated with poor QOL: OR = 8.5(3.8-19). Findings in puerperium were similar to those in pregnancy except more HIV-positive women had poor scores in social activities: OR = 2.5(1.4-4.7) and change in health: OR = 5.4(2-14.5) and infant death also predicted poor QOL: OR = 6.7(2.4-18.5). The findings reflect HIV's adverse impact on maternal QOL and the need for interventions to alleviate this infection's social and emotional effects. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	None	adult; article; cohort analysis; comparative study; confidence interval; controlled study; daily life activity; female; fitness; health status; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; maternal welfare; pain assessment; pregnancy; priority journal; puerperium; quality of life; risk; scoring system; social behavior; social support; Uganda; Adult; Female; Health Status; HIV Infections; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Puerperal Disorders; Quality of Life; Uganda	None
None	None	The impact of taking or not taking ARVs on HIV stigma as reported by persons living with HIV infection in five African countries	Makoae L.N., Portillo C.J., Uys L.R., Dlamini P.S., Greeff M., Chirwa M., Kohi T.W., Naidoo J., Mullan J., Wantland D., Durrheim K., Holzemer W.L.	2009	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	21	11	10.1080/09540120902862576	National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa; University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, P.O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland; North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65004, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, United States; School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Makoae, L.N., National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa; Portillo, C.J., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; Uys, L.R., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Dlamini, P.S., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, P.O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland; Greeff, M., North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Chirwa, M., Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi; Kohi, T.W., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65004, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Naidoo, J., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Mullan, J., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, United States; Wantland, D., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; Durrheim, K., School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Holzemer, W.L., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States	Aim. This study examined the impact of taking or not taking antiretroviral (ARV) medications on stigma, as reported by people living with HIV infection in five African countries. Design. A two group (taking or not taking ARVs) by three (time) repeated measures analysis of variance examined change in reported stigma in a cohort sample of 1454 persons living with HIV infection in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Participants self-reported taking ARV medications and completed a standardized stigma scale validated in the African context. Data were collected at three points in time, from January 2006 to March 2007. Participants taking ARV medications self-reported a mean CD4 count of 273 and those not taking ARVs self-reported a mean CD4 count of 418. Results. Both groups reported significant decreases in total HIV stigma over time; however, people taking ARVs reported significantly higher stigma at Time 3 compared to those not taking ARVs. Discussion. This study documents that this sample of 1454 HIV infected persons in five countries in Africa reported significantly less HIV stigma over time. In addition, those participants taking ARV medications experienced significantly higher HIV stigma over time compared to those not taking ARVs. This finding contradicts some authors' opinions that when clients enroll in ARV medication treatment it signifies that they are experiencing less stigma. This work provides caution to health care providers to alert clients new to ARV treatment that they may experience more stigma from their families and communities when they learn they are taking ARV medications. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Africa; Antiretrovirals; HIV/AIDS; Stigma	antiretrovirus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; controlled study; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Lesotho; major clinical study; Malawi; male; patient compliance; priority journal; self report; South Africa; stigma; Swaziland; Tanzania; Africa; analysis of variance; clinical trial; multicenter study; patient compliance; psychological aspect; social psychology; Adult; Africa; Analysis of Variance; Anti-HIV Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Stereotyping	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70450159289	Managing identity impacts associated with disclosure of HIV status: A qualitative investigation	Frye V., Fortin P., MacKenzie S., Purcell D., Edwards L.V., Mitchell S.G., Valverde E., Garfein R., Metsch L., Latka M.H.	2009	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	21	8	10.1080/09540120802657514	Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, New York, United States; New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Sojourner Douglass College, Baltimore, MD, United States; Health and Productivity Research Division, Thomson Medstat, Washington, DC, United States; Friends Social Research Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Centre for HIV/STD/TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa	Frye, V., Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, New York, United States; Fortin, P., New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States; MacKenzie, S., University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Purcell, D., Sojourner Douglass College, Baltimore, MD, United States; Edwards, L.V., Sojourner Douglass College, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mitchell, S.G., Health and Productivity Research Division, Thomson Medstat, Washington, DC, United States, Friends Social Research Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Valverde, E., Centre for HIV/STD/TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Garfein, R., School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Metsch, L., Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Latka, M.H., Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa	Disclosure of HIV status to potential and current sex partners by HIV-positive people (HIVPP) is a complex issue that has received a significant amount of attention. Research has found that disclosure depends upon the evaluation by HIVPP of potential benefits and risks, especially of the risks stemming from the profound social stigma of HIV and AIDS. Drawing on concepts from Goffman's classic stigma theory and Anderson's more recently developed cultural-identity theory of drug abuse, we analyzed data from in-depth, post-intervention qualitative interviews with 116 heterosexually active, HIV-positive injection drug users enrolled in a randomized trial of a behavioral intervention to prevent HIV transmission. We explored how disclosure experiences lead to identity impacts defined as: (1) identity challenges (i.e. interactions that challenge an individual's self-concept as a normal or non-deviant individual); and (2) identity transformations (i.e. processes whereby an individual comes to embrace a new identity and reject behaviors and values of an old one, resulting in the conscious adoption of a social and/or public identity as an HIV-positive individual). Participants engaged in several strategies to manage the identity impacts associated with disclosure. Implications of these findings for research and prevention programming are discussed.	HIV disclosure; HIV prevention; Injection drug use; Social identity	adult; article; behavior therapy; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cultural factor; disease transmission; drug abuse; female; heterosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; intravenous drug abuse; major clinical study; male; priority journal; psychological theory; qualitative analysis; randomized controlled trial; risk benefit analysis; self concept; self disclosure; social aspect; social isolation; social status; Adult; Female; Heterosexuality; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Self Disclosure; Sexual Partners; Social Identification; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Unsafe Sex	None
WoS	WOS:000258977600014	The economic impact of HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality on households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Araya, T.,Davey, G.,Mariam, D. Haile,Reniers, G.,Tekola, F.	2008	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	20	8	10.1080/09540120701777256	Addis Ababa University, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Colorado System, University of Witwatersrand	"Araya, T.: Addis Ababa University","Davey, G.: Addis Ababa University","Mariam, D. Haile: Addis Ababa University","Tekola, F.: Addis Ababa University",	The present study investigates whether the household-level economic impact of an adult AIDS death is different from that of death from another cause. The data come from cross-sectional post-mortem interviews (verbal autopsies) with relatives or primary caregivers of deceased adults randomly selected from deaths recorded in an ongoing burial surveillance in Addis Ababa. Our analyses consist of three parts. First, we assess the sociodemographic risk factors for AIDS mortality. Subsequently, we reverse the causal order of this relationship and carry out an analysis of the effect of AIDS mortality on the subjective experience of change in the household's financial situation following the death of a household member. Finally, we quantify the direct and indirect costs of illness and death on the household. Results indicate that households experiencing an HIV/AIDS death are poorer than those experiencing a non-HIV/AIDS death. In addition, poorer households experience a greater decline in socioeconomic status following death of a household member. AIDS mortality has more detrimental effects on the household economic status than deaths due to other causes. While the difference between AIDS and non-AIDS mortality in terms of direct costs is minimal, the indirect cost of an AIDS death per household exceeds that of non-AIDS death by 58%. In conclusion, poor households are more likely to experience an AIDS death and in turn are more vulnerable to the socioeconomic impact of death. Therefore, it is justifiable to target HIV-impact mitigation programs on poorer households.	"Addis Ababa",ETHIOPIA,HIV/AIDS,MORBIDITY,MORTALITY,"socioeconomic impact",AFRICA,AIDS,EXPENDITURE,HIV-INFECTION,RISK,SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS	None	None
WoS	WOS:000320019700006	Exploring impacts of multi-year, community-based care programs for orphans and vulnerable children: A case study from Kenya	Brooks, Mohamad,Bryant, Malcolm,Larson, Bruce A.,Masila, Juliana,Rohr, Julia,Wambua, Nancy,Wangai, Susan	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	None	10.1080/09540121.2012.729807	Boston University, Benevolent Inst Dev Initiat, Christian Aid	"Brooks, Mohamad: Boston University","Bryant, Malcolm: Boston University","Rohr, Julia: Boston University",	The Community-Based Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CBCO) program operated in Kenya during 2006-2010. In Eastern Province, the program provided support to approximately 3000 orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) living in 1500 households. A primary focus of the program was to support savings and loan associations composed of OVC caregivers (typically elderly women) to improve household and OVC welfare. Cross-sectional data were collected in 2011 from 1500 randomly selected households from 3 populations: program participants (CBCO group, n=500), households in the same villages as program participants but not in the program (the local-community-group = Group L, n=300), and households living in nearby villages where the program did not operate (the adjacent-community-group, Group A, n=700). Primary welfare outcomes evaluated are household food security, as measured by the Household Food Insecurity Access instrument, and OVC educational attainment. We compared outcomes between the CBCO and the subset of Group L not meeting program eligibility criteria (L-N) to investigate disparities within local communities. We compared outcomes between the CBCO group and the subset of Group A meeting eligibility criteria (A-E) to consider program impact. We compared outcomes between households not eligible for the program in the local and adjacent community groups (L-N and A-N) to consider if the adjacent communities are similar to the local communities. In May-June 2011, at the end of the OVC program, the majority of CBCO households continued to be severely food insecure, with rates similar to other households living in nearby communities. Participation rates in primary school are high, reflecting free primary education. Among the 18-22 year olds who were children during the program years, relatively few children completed secondary school across all study groups. Although the CBCO program likely provided useful services and benefits to program participants, disparities continued to exist in food security and educational outcomes between program participants and their non-OVC peers in the local community. Outcomes for CBCO households were similar to those observed for OVC households in adjacent communities.	"educational attainment","FOOD SECURITY","orphans and vulnerable children","village savings and loan associations"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000311783600002	Evaluation of the effectiveness of an outreach clinical mentoring programme in support of paediatric HIV care scale-up in Botswana	Anabwani, Gabriel,Draper, Heather R.,Gaetsewe, Neo,Jibril, Haruna,Kirk, Brianna,Scherzer, Leah,Thuto, Boitumelo,Tolle, Michael A.,Wanless, R. Sebastian,Workneh, Gelane	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	1	10.1080/09540121.2012.674096	Baylor College of Medicine, Minist Hlth, Princess Marina Hosp, Texas Childrens Hosp	"Draper, Heather R.: Baylor College of Medicine","Gaetsewe, Neo: Baylor College of Medicine","Thuto, Boitumelo: Baylor College of Medicine","Wanless, R. Sebastian: Baylor College of Medicine",	Clinical mentoring by providers skilled in HIV management has been identified as a cornerstone of scaling-up antiretroviral treatment in Africa, particularly in settings where expertise is limited. However, little data exist on its effectiveness and impact on improving the quality-of-care and clinical outcomes, especially for HIV-infected children. Since 2008, the Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence (COE) has operated an outreach mentoring programme at clinical sites around Botswana. This study is a retrospective review of 374 paediatric charts at four outreach mentoring sites (Mochudi, Phutadikobo, Molepolole and Thamaga) evaluating the effectiveness of the programme as reflected in a number of clinically-relevant areas. Charts from one visit prior to initiation of mentoring and from one visit after approximately one year of mentoring were assessed for statistically-significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in the documentation of clinically-relevant indicators. Mochudi showed notable improvements in all indicators analysed, with particular improvements in documentation of pill count, viral load (VL) results, correct laboratory monitoring and correct antiretroviral therapy (ART) dosing (p&lt;0.0001, p&lt;0.0001, p&lt;0.0001 and p&lt;0.0001, respectively). Broad and substantial improvements were also seen in Molepolole, with the most improvement in disclosure documentation of all four sites. At Thamaga, improvements were restricted to CD4 documentation (p&lt;0.001), recent VL and documented pill count (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.05, respectively). Phuthadikobo showed the least amount of improvement across indicators, with only VL documentation and correct ART dosing showing statistically-significant improvements (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.0001, respectively). These findings suggest that clinical mentoring may assist improvements in a number of important areas, including ART dosing and monitoring; adherence assessment and assurance; and disclosure. Clinical mentoring may be a valuable tool in scale-up of quality paediatric HIV care-and-treatment outside specialised centres. Further study will help refine approaches to clinical mentoring, including assuring mentoring translates into improved clinical outcomes for HIV-infected children.	"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",BOTSWANA,"clinical mentoring",EFFECTIVENESS,"paediatric HIV",ADHERENCE,ADOLESCENTS,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",DISCLOSURE,EXPERIENCE,HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS,"INFECTED CHILDREN",MANAGEMENT,PERSPECTIVES,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000320574400008	Randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an interactive group counseling intervention for HIV-positive women on prenatal depression and disclosure of HIV status	Antelman, Gretchen,Blander, Jeffrey,Chopyak, Elena,Cyprian, Fileuka,Emmons, Karen M.,Fawzi, Mary C. Smith,Kaaya, Sylvia F.,Levine, Michelle,Matsumoto, Kenji	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	7	10.1080/09540121.2013.763891	Columbia University, Harvard University, University of Massachusetts Boston, University of Massachusetts System, Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci	"Antelman, Gretchen: Columbia University","Blander, Jeffrey: Harvard University","Chopyak, Elena: Harvard University","Emmons, Karen M.: Harvard University","Fawzi, Mary C. Smith: Harvard University","Levine, Michelle: University of Massachusetts Boston","Levine, Michelle: University of Massachusetts System","Matsumoto, Kenji: Harvard University",	The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of group counseling, using a problem-solving therapy approach, on reducing depressive symptoms and increasing prenatal disclosure rates of HIV status among HIV-positive pregnant women living in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A randomized controlled trial was performed comparing a six-week structured nurse-midwife facilitated psychosocial support group with the standard of care. Sixty percent of women in the intervention group were depressed post-intervention, versus 73% in the control group [Relative Risk (RR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67-1.01, p=0.066]. HIV disclosure rates did not differ across the two study arms. However, among those women who disclosed, there was a significantly higher level of overall personal satisfaction with the response to disclosure from family and friends among women in the treatment (88%) compared to the control group (62%; p=0.004). The results indicate reductions in the level of depressive symptoms comparable with major depressive disorder (MDD) for HIV-positive pregnant women participating in a group counseling intervention. Although the psychosocial group counseling did not significantly increase disclosure rates, an improvement in the level of personal satisfaction resulting from disclosure was associated with the intervention. This suggests that the counseling sessions have likely reduced the burden of depression and helped clients better manage partner reactions to disclosure. Public agencies and non-governmental organizations working in Tanzania and similar settings should consider offering structured psychosocial support groups to HIV-positive pregnant women to prevent poor mental health outcomes, promote early childhood development, and potentially impact HIV-related disease outcomes in the long term.	DEPRESSION,DISCLOSURE,HIV,PREGNANCY,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",Tanzania,DAR-ES-SALAAM,"DISEASE PROGRESSION",HEALTH-PROBLEMS,"INFECTED PREGNANT-WOMEN",PREVENTION,"SEROSTATUS DISCLOSURE",SOUTH-AFRICA,TANZANIA,THERAPY,TRANSMISSION	None	None
WoS	WOS:000263568900008	An evaluation of a brief motivational interviewing training course for HIV/AIDS counsellors in Western Cape Province, South Africa	Engelbrecht, Sarah-Kate,Evangeli, Michael,Forsberg, Lisa,Soka, Nosiphiwo,Swartz, Leslie,Turner, Karen	2009	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	21	2	10.1080/09540120802002471	Human Sciences Research Council-South Africa, Karolinska Institutet, Stellenbosch University, University of Cape Town, Independent Educ Consultant	"Forsberg, Lisa: Karolinska Institutet","Soka, Nosiphiwo: University of Cape Town",	HIV/AIDS counselling in South Africa covers a range of areas of prevention and treatment with a commonly used model of lay counsellors trained by non-governmental organisations and working alongside professionals in public health settings. This study presents a single group evaluation of a six-session (12-hour) course of Motivational Interviewing (MI) delivered to 17 HIV/AIDS lay counsellors working in peri-urban settings in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Counsellors reported that they used MI techniques both at the start and at the end of the training. In addition, they reported confidence in their ability to influence their clients' motivation at both time points. The results from the ratings of role play performance showed that there was a marked change in emphasis over the group of counsellors from MI non-adherent practice before training (with advice giving, directiveness, control and confrontation) to more MI adherent practice (asking permission before giving advice, emphasising client autonomy, affirming the client and stressing the client's responsibility to change) at the end of the training. Only a small proportion of the counsellors reached the level of beginning proficiency (according to the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code) on the measure of the ratio of MI adherent to non-adherent responses. The ratio of reflections to questions and the percentage of open questions also showed improvements in performance across the group but generally to levels below that suggesting beginning proficiency in MI. There was no evidence of any change on global therapist ratings (of empathy and the spirit of MI, i.e. collaboration, evocation and autonomy support) or the percentage of complex reflections across the group of counsellors. Possible explanations for the results and public health implications are discussed.	AIDS,HIV,"motivational interviewing","SOUTH AFRICA",TRAINING,ADHERENCE,"ASSESSING COMPETENCE",CLINICIAN,CONTROLLED-TRIAL,INTERVENTION,THERAPY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000337962500011	The impact of HIV on children's education in eastern Zimbabwe	Campbell, Catherine,Eaton, Jeffrey W.,Gregson, Simon,Munyati, Shungu,Nyamukapa, Constance,Pufall, Erica L.,Robertson, Laura,Skovdal, Morten	2014	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	26	9	10.1080/09540121.2014.892564	Imperial College London, University of Copenhagen, University of London, Biomed Res & Training Inst	"Campbell, Catherine: University of London","Eaton, Jeffrey W.: Imperial College London","Gregson, Simon: Imperial College London","Pufall, Erica L.: Imperial College London","Robertson, Laura: Imperial College London","Skovdal, Morten: University of Copenhagen",	Little is known about how HIV impacts directly and indirectly on receiving, or particularly succeeding in, education in sub-Saharan Africa. To address this gap, we used multivariable logistic regression to determine the correlation between education outcomes in youth (aged 15-24) (being in the correct grade-for-age, primary school completion and having at least five "O" level passes) and being HIV-positive; having an HIV-positive parent; being a young carer; or being a maternal, paternal or double orphan, in five rounds (1998-2011) of a general population survey from eastern Zimbabwe. The fifth survey round (2009-2011) included data on children aged 6-17, which were analysed for the impacts of the above risk factors on regular attendance in primary and secondary schools and being in the correct grade-for-age. For data pooled over all rounds, being HIV-positive had no association with primary school completion, "O" level passes, or being in the correct grade-for-age in adolescents aged 16-17 years. Additionally, HIV status had no significant association with any education outcomes in children aged 6-17 surveyed in 2009-2011. In 2009-2011, being a young carer was associated with lower attendance in secondary school (69% vs. 85%, AOR: 0.44; p=0.02), whilst being a maternal (75% vs. 83%, AOR: 0.67; p&lt;0.01), paternal (76% vs. 83%, AOR: 0.67; p=0.02) or double (75% vs. 83%, AOR: 0.68; p=0.02) orphan was associated with decreased odds of being in the correct grade-for-age. All forms of orphanhood also significantly decreased the odds of primary school completion in youths surveyed from 1998 to 2011 (all p&lt;0.01). We found no evidence that HIV status affects education but further evidence that orphans do experience worse education outcomes than other children. Combination approaches that provide incentives for children to attend school and equip schools with tools to support vulnerable children may be most effective in improving education outcomes and should be developed and evaluated.	CHILDREN,EDUCATION,HIV,orphanhood,ZIMBABWE,AIDS,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",CONSEQUENCES,NON-ORPHANS,OUTCOMES,"PARENTAL DEATH",POVERTY,SCHOOL,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",TANZANIA	None	None
WoS	WOS:000320574400001	Can palliative care integrated within HIV outpatient settings improve pain and symptom control in a low-income country? A prospective, longitudinal, controlled intervention evaluation	Alexander, Carla,Collins, Karilyn,Combo, Eric,Harding, Richard,Loy, George,Memiah, Peter,Patrick, Genevieve,Sigalla, Geoffrey,Simms, Victoria	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	7	10.1080/09540121.2012.736608	Kings College London, University of London, University of Maryland Baltimore, University System of Maryland, AIDS Relief, Evangel Lutheran Church Tanzania, Hosp Teule, Sekou Toure Hosp	"Alexander, Carla: University of Maryland Baltimore","Alexander, Carla: University System of Maryland","Harding, Richard: Kings College London","Harding, Richard: University of London","Memiah, Peter: University of Maryland Baltimore","Memiah, Peter: University System of Maryland","Simms, Victoria: Kings College London","Simms, Victoria: University of London",	A high burden of pain, symptoms and other multidimensional problems persist alongside HIV treatment. WHO policy indicates palliative care as essential throughout the disease course. This study aimed to determine whether palliative care delivered from within an existing HIV outpatient setting improves control of pain and symptoms compared to standard care. A prospective, longitudinal controlled design compared patient outcomes at an outpatient facility that introduced palliative care training to clinicians and stocked essential palliative care drugs, to outcomes of a cohort of patients at a similar HIV care facility with no palliative care, in Tanzania. Inclusion criteria were clinically significant pain or symptoms. Patients were followed from baseline fortnightly until week 10 using validated self-report outcome measures. For the primary pain outcome, the required sample size of 120 patients was recruited. Odds of reporting pain reduced significantly more at intervention site (OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.50-0.72) than at control (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.80-0.90), p=0.001. For secondary outcomes, longitudinal analysis revealed significant difference in slope between intervention and control, respectively: Medical Outcomes Study-HIV (MOS-HIV) physical score 1.46 vs. 0.54, p=0.002; MOS-HIV mental health 1.13 vs. 0.26, p=0.006; and POS total score 0.84 vs. 0.18, p=0.001. Neither baseline CD4 nor antiretroviral therapy (ART) use was associated with outcome scores. These data are the first to report outcomes evaluating integrated HIV outpatient palliative care in the presence of ART. The data offer substantive evidence to underpin the existing WHO clinical guidance that states an essential role for palliative care alongside HIV treatment, regardless of prognosis.	evaluation,HIV,PAIN,palliative,SYMPTOMS,"ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",BURDEN,CONTROLLED-TRIALS,"HEALTH SURVEY",INFECTION,"OUTCOME SCALE",PREVALENCE,QUALITY-OF-LIFE,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",UGANDA	None	None
WoS	WOS:000286937000013	An evaluation of the impact of a community-based adherence support programme on ART outcomes in selected government HIV treatment sites in South Africa	Ebrahim, R.,Grimwood, A.,Igumbor, J. O.,Jason, A.,Scheepers, E.	2011	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	23	2	10.1080/09540121.2010.498909	North West University - South Africa, Absolute Return Kids, Kheth Impilo	"Igumbor, J. O.: North West University - South Africa",	This study assessed the impact of a community-based adherence support service on the outcomes of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The evaluation was a retrospective study based on patient clinical records. This study noted that a significantly higher proportion of patients with a community-based adherence supporter (also known as a patient advocate, PA) had viral load (VL) of less than 400 copies/ml at six months of treatment (70%, p = 0.001); a significantly higher proportion of patients with PAs (89%) attained a treatment pickup rate of over 95% (67%; p = 0.021). Patients at health facilities with PA services maintained a suppressed VL for a longer period as opposed to patients at health facilities without PA services (p = 0.001), also patients at health facilities with PA services remained in care for longer periods (p = 0.001). Therefore, the study concludes that integrated community-based adherence support is crucial in ensuring that patients remain in care, regularly pickup their treatment from ART clinics and are virologically suppressed. The study also underscores the importance of access to health services and the presence of an enabling environment in the treatment of AIDS.	ADHERENCE,AIDS,"antiretroviral therapy (ART)","community-based support",HIV,"patient advocates (PA)","ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",EFFICACY,INTERVENTION,"MEDICATION ADHERENCE",PREDICTORS,"PROTEASE INHIBITORS",SURVIVAL	None	None
WoS	WOS:000320019700009	Evaluating the effects of community-based organization engagement on HIV and AIDS-related risk behavior in Kenya	Bonnel, Rene,Fruh, Joseph,Godoy-Garraza, Lucas,Kakietek, Jakub,Manteuffel, Brigitte A.,Murithi, Patrick,N'Jie, N'Della,Orago, Alloys,Riehman, Kara S.,Rodriguez-Garcia, Rosalia	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	None	10.1080/09540121.2013.778383	The World Bank, Amer Canc Soc, ICF Macro, Natl AIDS Control Council	"Bonnel, Rene: The World Bank","N'Jie, N'Della: The World Bank","Rodriguez-Garcia, Rosalia: The World Bank",	International donors have increasingly shifted AIDS funding directly to community-based organizations (CBOs) with the assumption that responding to the epidemic is best achieved at the community level. The World Bank, ICF Macro, and the National Council for Population and Development in Kenya, conducted a study to evaluate the community response in Kenya. The study used a quasi-experimental design comparing seven study communities and seven comparison communities in Nyanza Province and Western Province. We examined the impact of CBO activity on individual and community-level outcomes, including HIV knowledge, awareness and perceptions, sexual risk behavior, and social transformation (gender ideology and social capital). The study consisted of two components: a household survey conducted in all 14 communities, and qualitative data collected in a subset of communities. Individuals in communities with higher CBO engagement were significantly more likely to have reported consistent condom use. Higher CBO engagement was associated with some measures of social capital, including participation in local and national elections, and participation in electoral campaigns. CBOs provide added value in addressing the HIV and AIDS epidemic in very targeted and specific ways that are closely tied to the services they provide (e.g., prevention education); thus, increasing CBO engagement can be an effective measure in scaling up prevention efforts in those areas.	COMMUNITY,"community-based organization",HIV,KENYA,PREVENTION,"NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000305973900001	Caring for the caregiver: Evaluation of support groups for guardians of orphans and vulnerable children in Kenya	Jarabi, Ben,Rice, Janet,Thurman, Tonya R.	2012	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	24	7	10.1080/09540121.2011.644229	Tulane University, University of Nairobi	"Jarabi, Ben: University of Nairobi","Rice, Janet: Tulane University",	HIV and AIDS have altered the context in which millions of children in sub-Saharan Africa are raised. Many are under the care of a widowed or ill parent, and others are residing with their extended family. Caregivers of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) face a variety of stressors that may adversely affect children. This study explores potential benefits of caregivers' membership in support groups on their own psychosocial wellbeing, and on the treatment and psychosocial well-being of OVC aged 8-14 under their care. A post-test study design comparing members and non-members was applied, drawing upon random samples of current and prospective beneficiaries from a rural community in Kenya. With up to two children per caregiver eligible for study inclusion, the sample comprised 766 caregivers and 1028 children. Three-quarters of children had lost at least one parent. Nearly 90% were cared for by a female, often their natural mother or grandmother. Half of the caregivers were widowed and one-fifth had a chronic illness. Over one-third of caregivers were members of support groups, more commonly female caregivers. Regression analyses assessed the effect of support group membership after controlling for household, caregiver and child characteristics. Members reported less social marginalization, better family functioning and more positive feelings towards the children in their care than nonmembers. Children with caregivers in support groups exhibited fewer behavioral problems, higher rates of pro-social behavior and reported lower incidence of abuse from adults in their household. The psychological state of caregivers, however, was not associated with support group membership. Results underscore that quality care of vulnerable children hinges on interventions that address the psychosocial challenges facing their caregivers.	CAREGIVERS,evaluation,KENYA,"orphans and vulnerable children","SUPPORT GROUP","AFRICAN-AMERICAN FAMILIES",AIDS,DIFFICULTIES,GRANDPARENTS,"HIV EPIDEMIC",IMPACT,INTERVENTIONS,MOTHERS,"PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT","SOCIAL SUPPORT"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000278681800013	Evaluation of a case management program for HIV clients in Rwanda	Dushimimana, Abel,Haas, Laura J.,Lavin, Bridget,Mock, Nancy,Thurman, Tonya Renee	2010	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	22	6	10.1080/09540120903443376	Tulane University, University of Rwanda	"Dushimimana, Abel: University of Rwanda","Haas, Laura J.: Tulane University","Lavin, Bridget: Tulane University","Mock, Nancy: Tulane University","Thurman, Tonya Renee: Tulane University"	Case management is a standard practice in the United States for the effective care of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA); however, application of this approach in developing countries has not been demonstrated. Although great advances have been made in Africa to increase PLHA's access to HIV services, care and support systems often remain fragmented. In September 2004, CARE International initiated a case management program in health facilities in Rwanda designed to enhance linkages between clinical and non-clinical services for PLHA. This paper presents findings from an evaluation of the program conducted in 2006 focusing on its implementation, specifically the responsibilities of case managers, community linkages, and integration within the health facility. Program outcomes of antiretroviral treatment adherence and quality of life among PLHA also were explored. Qualitative data were collected from case managers, clients, health care providers, and CARE staff. A survey was conducted among 75% of the 149 case managers. Results indicate the case management program strengthened linkages between health facility and community service providers for PLHA. However, most case managers (79%) reported inadequate resources to carry out their duties and high client loads, averaging 55 clients each. They also had limited referral networks. Nonetheless, case managers were highly regarded and appreciated by health professionals, who reported that the program helped to enhance patient-doctor relationships and ensure follow-up of patients' needs. Respondents further highlighted benefits of improved psychosocial well-being and better adherence to antiretroviral medications among clients. Issues remain in terms of case management efficacy in developing country environments, notably the availability and accessibility of needed ancillary services. Despite some limitations, data suggest case management is a viable strategy for providing comprehensive support to PLHA in Rwanda and its implementation elsewhere in Africa should be explored. Considerations in replicating this approach are discussed.	"CASE MANAGEMENT","people living with HIV and AIDS",RWANDA,"ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",ADHERENCE,CARE,HIV/AIDS,SERVICES	None	None
WoS	WOS:000228730200006	Evaluating the sexual behaviour, barriers to condom use and its actual use by university students in Nigeria	SUNMOLA, AM	2005	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	17	4	10.1080/09540120412331319732	University of Ibadan	None	This research quantified the barriers to condom use of a sample of university students in Nigeria. It further analyzed association between condom use at last intercourse and the barriers, in addition to HIV risk sexual practices. A total of 96 women and 128 men were randomly selected, and they completed a survey. Results indicated both men and women reported that condoms hindered their sexual satisfaction, caused health problems for them and reduced their sexual interest. The findings also showed that obtaining condoms from clinics and perception that condoms do not cause health problems predicted the likelihood of condom use for both sexes. In addition, the results indicated that obtaining first time information from family members or relatives predicted the likelihood of condom use for women. It was recommended that intervention efforts should make condoms freely available in tertiary institutions, and such interventions should be tailored to overcome the relevant barriers that interfere with condom use for both the women and men.	,DETERMINANTS,RISK	None	None
WoS	WOS:000270529100011	Household impacts of AIDS: using a life course approach to identify effective, poverty-reducing interventions for prevention, treatment and care	Hadingham, Jacqui,Loewenson, Rene,Whiteside, Alan	2009	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	21	8	10.1080/09540120802626170	University of Kwazulu Natal, TARSC	"Hadingham, Jacqui: University of Kwazulu Natal","Whiteside, Alan: University of Kwazulu Natal",	A life course approach was used to assess household level impacts and inform interventions around HIV risk and AIDS vulnerability across seven major age-related stages of life. Our focus was sub-Saharan Africa. We provided a qualitative review of evidence from published literature, particularly multicountry reviews on impacts of AIDS, on determinants of risk and vulnerability, and reports of large surveys. Areas of potential stress from birth to old age in households affected by AIDS, and interventions for dealing with these specific stresses were identified. While specific interventions for HIV are important at different stages, achieving survival and development outcomes demands a wider set of health, social security and development interventions. One way to determine the priorities amongst these actions is to give weighting to interventions that address factors that have latent impacts later in life, which interrupt accumulating risk, or that change pathways to reduce the risk of both immediate and later stress. This qualitative review suggested that interventions, important for life cycle transitions in generalised epidemics where HIV risk and AIDS vulnerability is high, lie within and outside the health sector, and suggested examples of such interventions.	"AIDS impacts","intersectoral action","Life course approach",AFRICA,CHILD,EDUCATION,EQUITY,HIV/AIDS,INCLUSION,INDIA,RESPONSES,SUPPORT,WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748632889	The impact of an HIV and AIDS life skills program on secondary school students in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa	James S., Reddy P., Ruiter R.A.C., McCauley A., Van Den Borne B.	2006	AIDS Education and Prevention	18	4	10.1521/aeap.2006.18.4.281	Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands; Horizons Program, Population Council, Washington, DC, United States; Medical Research Council, Health Promotion R and D Group, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	James, S., Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Medical Research Council, Health Promotion R and D Group, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Reddy, P., Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Ruiter, R.A.C., Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands; McCauley, A., Horizons Program, Population Council, Washington, DC, United States; Van Den Borne, B., Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands	The evaluation of the Department of Educations' life skills program on HIV and AIDS prevention among Grade 9 students in 22 randomly allocated schools in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, showed only a significant increase in student knowledge about HIV/AIDS in the intervention group compared with the control group. No effects were found on safe sex practices (condom use, sexual intercourse) or on measures of psychosocial determinants of these practices (attitude and self-efficacy). A process evaluation among the teachers showed that some implemented the program fully (seven schools) and some partially (four schools). An exploratory analysis showed that students who received the full intervention were more positive in their perceptions about sexual behavior and social connectedness (at 10-month follow-up) and reported less sex and more condom use (at 6-month follow-up) than students in the partial and control groups. These limited effects therefore call for further analysis of the content and implementation strategies used in the classroom. © 2006 The Guilford Press.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; child; condom; controlled study; demography; education program; female; follow up; health education; high school student; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; knowledge; male; medical society; questionnaire; safe sex; sexual behavior; sexual education; skill; social psychology; social support; South Africa; teacher; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Condoms; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Safe Sex; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Time Factors	None
WoS	WOS:000280743400005	EVALUATION OF A U.S. EVIDENCE-BASED PARENTING INTERVENTION IN RURAL WESTERN KENYA: FROM PARENTS MATTER! TO FAMILIES MATTER!	Buve, Anne,Marum, Elizabeth,Menten, Joris,Miller, Kim S.,Obong'o, Christopher O.,Ochura, Juliet,Otwoma, Nelson J.,Poulsen, Melissa N.,Vandenhoudt, Hilde,Wyckoff, Sarah C.	2010	AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION	22	4	None	Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Inst Trop Med, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr	None	We evaluated Families Matter! Program (FMP), an intervention designed to improve parent-child communication about sexual risk reduction and parenting skills. Parents of 10- to 12-year-olds were recruited in western Kenya. We aimed to assess community acceptability and FMP's effect on parenting practices and effective parent-child communication. Data were collected from parents and their children at baseline and 1 year postintervention. The intervention's effect was measured on six parenting and parent-child communication composite scores reported separately for parents and children. Of 375 parents, 351 (94%) attended all five intervention sessions. Parents' attitudes regarding sexuality education changed positively. Five of the six composite parenting scores reported by parents, and six of six reported by children, increased significantly at 1 year postintervention. Through careful adaptation of this U.S. intervention, FMP was well accepted in rural Kenya and enhanced parenting skills and parent-child sexuality communication. Parents are in a unique position to deliver primary prevention to youth before their sexual debut as shown in this Kenyan program.	,"ADOLESCENT DRUG-ABUSE",AFRICAN-AMERICAN,BEHAVIOR,COMMUNICATION,"CONDOM USE",EDUCATION,HIV,"PRIMARY PREVENTION",SEXUAL-RISK,TRIAL	None	None
WoS	WOS:000250391300001	The reliability and validity of self-report measures used to evaluate adolescent HIV/AIDS prevention programs in Sub-saharan Africa	Aastrom, Anne N.,Klepp, Knut-Inge,Komro, Kelli A.,Kugler, Karl C.,Masatu, Melkiory,Mnyika, Kagoma S.,Stigler, Melissa H.	2007	AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION	19	5	None	Florida State University System, University of Bergen, University of Florida, University of Minnesota System, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, University of Oslo, Blue Cross Blue Shield Minnesota	None	The use of reliable and valid tools to evaluate theory-based health interventions is widely accepted as critical to the behavioral sciences. However, quite often the psychometric properties of survey instruments used to evaluate behavioral interventions are not published, limiting our understanding of how the theory works. The purpose of this study was to present the results of psychometric analyses on measures used to evaluate an HIV/AIDS prevention program for youth in Tanzania. We first began by pilot-testing a self-administered questionnaire with sixth-and seventh-grade students in nine schools in 11 villages throughout the Kahe ward of Tanzania (n = 524). Theory-based scales tapped into intrapersonal, social and attitudinal factors. Reliability was evaluated by examining internal consistency, while validity was determined by examining content, construct and discriminant validities. The results indicate that the scales constructed are reasonably reliable and valid measures. Use of these measures should be considered when designing, implementing, and analyzing interventions targeting youth in sub-Saharan Africa.	,"AIDS EDUCATION","CONDOM USE",HIV,INTENTIONS,PREDICTORS,"PRIMARY-SCHOOL CHILDREN",RISK,SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR,TANZANIA,YOUTH	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247594240	An evaluation of awareness: Attitudes and beliefs of pregnant Nigerian women toward voluntary counseling and testing for HIV	Okonkwo K.C., Reich K., Alabi A.I., Umeike N., Nachman S.A.	2007	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	21	4	10.1089/apc.2006.0065	Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66106, Unit	Okonkwo, K.C., Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66106, United States; Reich, K., West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Alabi, A.I., West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Umeike, N., West African AIDS Group, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Nachman, S.A., Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States	The rate of HIV seroprevalence in Nigeria is troublesome because it is one of the highest prevalence rates worldwide. As in most developing countries, vertical transmission from mother to child accounts for most of the HIV infections in Nigerian children. The purpose of this study was to determine the awareness, attitudes, and beliefs of pregnant Nigerian women toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV. Two hundred forty pregnant women in Awka, Nigeria, completed questionnaires aimed at determining their willingness to accept or reject VCT. Furthermore, participants where questioned about their knowledge of HIV infection, routes of transmission, and treatment options. The majority of the women (87%) approved of VCT; of those who approved, 93% were aware that VCT could reduce the risk of transmission of HIV to their babies. All respondents who accepted VCT were willing to be tested if results remained confidential and 89% would accept if they were tested simultaneously with their partners. 69% of the women who refused VCT attribute their refusal to the social and cultural stigmatization associated with HIV. Overall, the acceptance of VCT appears to depend on the understanding that VCT has proven benefits for the unborn child. Sociocultural factors such as stigmatization of HIV-infected individuals appears to be the major barrier toward widespread acceptance of VCT in Nigeria, thus the development of innovative health education strategies is essential for providing women with information regarding the benefits of VCT and other means of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	adult; article; attitude to health; awareness; evaluation; female; health belief; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection prevention; infection risk; Nigeria; patient counseling; pregnancy; pregnant woman; questionnaire; stigma; treatment refusal; vertical transmission; Adult; Counseling; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Evaluation Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prejudice; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922280061	Is CD4 Monitoring Needed among Ugandan Clients Achieving a Virologic and Immunologic Response to Treatment?	Reynolds S.J., Sempa J.B., Kiragga A.N., Newell K., Nakigozi G., Galiwango R., Gray R., Quinn T.C., Serwadda D., Chang L.	2014	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	28	11	10.1089/apc.2014.0086	Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Plot 1577 Gaba Road, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Clinical Research Dir./CMRP, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda	Reynolds, S.J., Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Plot 1577 Gaba Road, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Sempa, J.B., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kiragga, A.N., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Newell, K., Clinical Research Dir./CMRP, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States; Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Galiwango, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Gray, R., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Quinn, T.C., Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Plot 1577 Gaba Road, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Chang, L., Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	It is unclear whether ongoing CD4 monitoring is needed following immunologic and virologic response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the proportion of clients who achieved a virologic and immunologic response and then had a subsequent CD4 count <200 cells/μL despite continued virologic suppression. Included in this analysis were clients receiving ART through the Rakai Health Sciences Program between June 2004-May 2013 who achieved a CD4 ≥200 cells/μL and VL ≤400 copies/mL and who had three sets of CD4 and VL measurements (defined as a sequence) within a 390 day period. A CD4 decline was defined as any drop in CD4 count to <200 cells/μL during a period of viral suppression. A total of 1553 clients were included, 68% females, mean age of 35.5 years (SD 8.3), median baseline CD4 count 183 cells/μL (IQR 106-224). 43 (2.8%) clients developed CD4 declines, the majority, 32/43 (74%), among individuals whose initial CD4 was <300 cells/μL. Of the 43 clients with CD4 declines, 24 had an additional CD4 measurement and 20/24 (83%) achieved a CD4 ≥200 cell/μL on their next measurement (median 285 cells/μL; IQR 220-365). CD4 declines were significantly greater among those with lower CD4 at sequence initiation [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 4.3 (95% CI 2.1, 9.0) CD4 200-249 versus ≥350 cells/μL]. Clients who achieved an immunologic and virologic response to ART were unlikely to experience a subsequent CD4 count decline to <200 cells/μL, and among those experiencing a decline, the majority were transient in nature. Thus, ongoing CD4 monitoring could be omitted. © 2014 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	adult; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; immune response; major clinical study; male; patient monitoring; treatment response; Ugandan; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; evaluation study; health service; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; immunology; multivariate analysis; treatment outcome; Uganda; virology; virus load; antiretrovirus agent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Uganda; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69249119007	Field evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of an oral fluid rapid test for HIV, tested at point-of-service sites in rural Zimbabwe	Pascoe S.J.S., Langhaug L.F., Mudzori J., Burke E., Hayes R., Cowan F.M.	2009	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	23	7	10.1089/apc.2008.0225	IDEU, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom; National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe; Comforce/CDC Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Pascoe, S.J.S., IDEU, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Langhaug, L.F., Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom; Mudzori, J., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe; Burke, E., Comforce/CDC Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hayes, R., IDEU, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Cowan, F.M., Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom	The objective of this study was to validate the use of OraQuick® ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody test (OraSure Technologies Inc., Bethlehem, PA) on oral fluid for a population-based HIV prevalence survey of rural youth in southeast Zimbabwe. The evaluation was conducted in patients presenting for voluntary counseling and testing at rural clinics. Each participant provided an oral fluid sample tested using OraQuick® ADVANCE. In addition, dried blood specimens were collected and tested blind at the National Microbiology Reference Laboratory in Harare using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA; Vironostika®, Biomérieux BV, Boxtel, The Netherlands and Ani Labsystems, Ltd., Vantaa, Finland) with confirmatory Western blot (MP Diagnostics [formerly Genelabs Diagnostics], Medical Technology Promedt Consulting GMBH, St. Ingbert, Germany) for samples with discrepant results. Diagnostic accuracy of the oral fluid assay was determined against the ELISA/Western blot algorithm as gold standard. Five hundred and ninety-one participants took part in the study between February and July 2006. Sensitivity of the test on oral fluid was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.9-100), and specificity was 100% (95% CI: 99.1-100). HIV prevalence based on the reference standard was 29.8% (95% CI: 26.1-33.5). This is one of the first validations of this rapid assay on oral fluid conducted in a general population to be reported in Africa. While there are some limitations with the assay (e.g., unlikely to detect those in early stages of HIV infection or with reduced viral load; altered accuracy in pregnancy) these limitations also apply to other rapid assays. The results showed the assay to be 100% accurate in determining HIV status, performed well in field settings, and can be considered suitable for use in epidemiologic surveys aiming to estimate HIV prevalence in general populations. © Copyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; controlled study; counseling; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; field study; gold standard; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; major clinical study; male; oral fluid rapid test; outpatient department; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; validation study; Western blotting; Zimbabwe; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Algorithms; Blotting, Western; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rural Population; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82455179571	Peer health workers and AIDS care in rakai, Uganda: A mixed methods operations research evaluation of a cluster-randomized trial	Arem H., Nakyanjo N., Kagaayi J., Mulamba J., Nakigozi G., Serwadda D., Quinn T.C., Gray R.H., Bollinger R.C., Reynolds S.J., Chang L.W.	2011	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	25	12	10.1089/apc.2010.0349	Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Arem, H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nakyanjo, N., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Kagaayi, J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Mulamba, J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Quinn, T.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Bollinger, R.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Reynolds, S.J., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Chang, L.W., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States	Settings with limited health care workers are challenging environments for delivery of antiretroviral therapy. One strategy to address this human resource crisis is to task shift through training selected patients as peer health workers (PHWs) to provide care to other individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. To better understand processes of a cluster-randomized trial on the effect of these PHWs on AIDS care, we conducted a mixed methods operations research evaluation. Qualitative methods involved patients, PHWs, and clinic staff and included 38 in-depth interviews, 8 focus group discussions, and 11 direct observations. Quantitative methods included staff surveys, process, and virologic data analyses. Results showed that task shifting to PHWs positively affected structural and programmatic functions of care delivery-improving clinical organization, medical care access, and patient-provider communication-with little evidence for problems with confidentiality and inadvertent disclosure. Additionally, this evaluation elucidated trial processes including evidence for direct and indirect control arm contamination and evidence for mitigation of antiretroviral treatment fatigue by PHWs. Our results support the use of PHWs to complement conventional clinical staff in delivering AIDS care in low-resource settings and highlight how mixed methods operations research evaluations can provide important insights into community-based trials. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; AIDS patient; article; confidentiality; contamination; controlled study; female; follow up; health care access; health care delivery; health care personnel; human; interview; male; patient compliance; peer health worker; randomized controlled trial; stigma; Uganda; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Community Health Services; Confidentiality; Data Collection; Female; Focus Groups; Health Personnel; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Patient Care; Peer Group; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rural Population; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954920925	Evaluation of the efficiency of patient flow at three HIV clinics in Uganda	Wanyenze R.K., Wagner G., Alamo S., Amanyire G., Ouma J., Kwarisima D., Sunday P., Wabwire-Mangen F., Kamya M.	2010	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	24	7	10.1089/apc.2009.0328	Makerere University, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States; Reachout Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	Wanyenze, R.K., Makerere University, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Wagner, G., RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States; Alamo, S., Reachout Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Amanyire, G., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Ouma, J., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Kwarisima, D., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda; Sunday, P., Reachout Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Makerere University, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M., Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals' Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	With dramatic increases in antiretroviral therapy (ART) provision, many clinics in sub-Saharan Africa are congested, but little attention has focused on the efficiency of clinics. Between April and June 2008, we conducted a time-and-motion study to assess patient flow at three HIV clinics in Uganda. Mulago HIV Clinic had 6,700 active patients, compared with 2,700 at Mbarara Municipal Council Clinic (MMC) and 2,800 at Reachout Mbuya (ROM). Mulago had six doctors and eight nurses; MMC had two doctors and two nurses, and ROM had two doctors and 12 nurses. Mulago and MMC used a doctor-led model, whereas ROM used a nurse-led model. Randomly selected patients were tracked, with data collected on time waiting and time spent with providers. Patients were categorized as new, preparing for ART, early ART, stable ART, or non-ART. Doctors indicated whether the patients they saw warranted their consultation. Data were collected on 689 patients (230 at Mulago, 229 at MMC, and 230 at ROM). Overall waiting time was longest at ROM (274 min; 209-346) and Mulago ISS (270 min; 230-336) compared with MMC (183 min; 148-233). Nurse-clinicians at ROM spent twice the time with patients compared with the doctors at Mulago. At Mulago, doctors indicated that 27% of the patients they reviewed did not need to see a doctor, compared with 45% at MMC. Task-shifting may not be efficient in terms of time. More-effective triage and longer visit intervals could improve patient flow and capacity for cost-effective scale-up. © 2010, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2010.	None	Africa; article; clinical effectiveness; consultation; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; emergency health service; female; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; information processing; major clinical study; male; nurse; outpatient department; patient care; patient selection; physician; Uganda; virotherapy; ambulatory care; clinical practice; economics; evaluation study; health care quality; health care survey; HIV Infections; hospital management; organization and management; outpatient department; statistics and numerical data; task performance; time management; Uganda; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anti-HIV Agents; Appointments and Schedules; Efficiency, Organizational; Health Care Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Office Visits; Physician's Practice Patterns; Quality of Health Care; Time and Motion Studies; Time Management; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890419515	Prospective cohort study of the impact of antiretroviral therapy on employment outcomes among HIV clients in Uganda	Linnemayr S., Glick P., Kityo C., Mugyeni P., Wagner G.	2013	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	27	12	10.1089/apc.2013.0139	RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States; Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda	Linnemayr, S., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States; Glick, P., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States; Kityo, C., Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda; Mugyeni, P., Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda; Wagner, G., RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407, United States	This study evaluates the impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on employment-related outcomes using prospective, longitudinal analysis. Starting in January 2008, 602 treatment-naïve clients in one rural clinic and in one clinic in the capital Kampala were interviewed about their medical history, and psychosocial and socioeconomic adjustment at baseline and at months 6 and 12. Half of the sample was eligible to receive ART, while the other half was also in HIV care, but not yet eligible for ART, therefore providing a comparison group that is similar to the treatment group in that its members are HIV-positive and have made the decision to enroll in HIV care. We found improvements in general health, reduction in the incidence of pain and health interfering with work, as well as improvements in work-related self-efficacy for both groups over time, but significantly more so for the group receiving ART treatment. At baseline, less than half of the people in the ART group worked, but after 6 months more than three quarters of them were working, surpassing the fraction of people working in the control group after 1 year. Another key finding of the study was the importance of mental health as a key mediator for employment-related outcomes. These data indicate that ART clients experience greater improvements compared to pre-ART clients, and not only with regard to general health, but also in restoring confidence in their ability to work, as well as actual work status. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; antiretroviral treatment; antiviral therapy; article; clinical trial; cohort analysis; employment; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; prospective study; self concept; Uganda; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Employment; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Socioeconomic Factors; Treatment Outcome; Uganda; Young Adult	Rockefeller Foundation; HE 007, Rockefeller Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856365361	Task-shifting to community health workers: Evaluation of the performance of a peer-led model in an antiretroviral program in Uganda	Alamo S., Wabwire-Mangen F., Kenneth E., Sunday P., Laga M., Colebunders R.L.	2012	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	26	2	10.1089/apc.2011.0279	Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, P.O. Box 7307, Kampala 256, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; HIV Epidemiology and Control Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	Alamo, S., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, P.O. Box 7307, Kampala 256, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kenneth, E., Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Sunday, P., Reach Out Mbuya Parish HIV/AIDS Initiative, Kampala, Uganda; Laga, M., HIV Epidemiology and Control Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Colebunders, R.L., Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	Task shifting to community health workers (CHW) has received recognition. We examined the performance of community antiretroviral therapy and tuberculosis treatment supporters (CATTS) in scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Reach Out, a community-based ART program in Uganda. Retrospective data on home visits made by CATTS were analyzed to examine the CATTS ability to perform home visits to patients based on the model's standard procedures. Qualitative interviews conducted with 347 randomly selected patients and 47 CATTS explored their satisfaction with the model. The CATTS ability to follow-up with patients worsened from patients requiring daily, weekly, monthly, to three-monthly home visits. Only 26% and 15% of them correctly home visited patients with drug side effects and a missed clinic appointment, respectively. Additionally, 83% visited stable pre-ART and ART patients (96%) more frequently than required. Six hundred eighty of the 3650 (18%) patients were lost to follow-up (LTFU) during the study period. The mean number of patients LTFU per CATTS was 40.5. Male (p=0.005), worked for longer durations (p=0.02), and had lower education (p=0.005). An increased number of patients (p=0.01) were associated with increased LTFU. Ninety-two percent of the CATTS felt the model could be improved by reducing the workload. CATTS who were HIV positive, female, not residing in the same village as their patients, more educated, married, on ART, and spent less time with the patients were rated better by their patients. The Reach-Out CHW model is labor-intensive. Triaged home visits could improve performance and allow CATTS time to focus on patients requiring more intensive follow-up. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; controlled study; female; follow up; health auxiliary; health care management; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; major clinical study; male; marriage; medical education; patient satisfaction; peer group; professional practice; qualitative analysis; retrospective study; school child; shift worker; Uganda; workload; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Community Health Workers; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seropositivity; Home Care Services; House Calls; Humans; Lost to Follow-Up; Male; Middle Aged; Program Evaluation; Retrospective Studies; Uganda; Young Adult	None
None	None	Evaluation of a health setting-based stigma intervention in five African countries	Uys L., Chirwa M., Kohi T., Greeff M., Naidoo J., Makoae L., Dlamini P., Durrheim K., Cuca Y., Holzemer W.L.	2009	AIDS Patient Care and STDs	23	12	10.1089/apc.2009.0085	School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi; College of Health Sciences, Muhimbili University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Nursing, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Nursing, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; Department of Nursing, University of Swaziland, Mbabane, Swaziland; Department of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Uys, L., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Chirwa, M., College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi; Kohi, T., College of Health Sciences, Muhimbili University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Greeff, M., Department of Nursing, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Naidoo, J., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Makoae, L., Department of Nursing, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; Dlamini, P., Department of Nursing, University of Swaziland, Mbabane, Swaziland; Durrheim, K., Department of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Cuca, Y., School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Holzemer, W.L., School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	The study aim is to explore the results of an HIV stigma intervention in five African health care settings. A case study approach was used. The intervention consisted of bringing together a team of approximately 10 nurses and 10 people living with HIV or AIDS (PLHA) in each setting and facilitating a process in which they planned and implemented a stigma reduction intervention, involving both information giving and empowerment. Nurses (n = 134) completed a demographic questionnaire, the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument-Nurses (HASI-N), a self-efficacy scale, and a self-esteem scale, both before and after the intervention, and the team completed a similar set of instruments before and after the intervention, with the PLHA completing the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument for PLHA (HASI-P). The intervention as implemented in all five countries was inclusive, action-oriented, and well received. It led to understanding and mutual support between nurses and PLHA and created some momentum in all the settings for continued activity. PLHA involved in the intervention teams reported less stigma and increased self-esteem. Nurses in the intervention teams and those in the settings reported no reduction in stigma or increases in self- esteem and self-efficacy, but their HIV testing behavior increased significantly. This pilot study indicates that the stigma experience of PLHA can be decreased, but that the stigma experiences of nurses are less easy to change. Further evaluation research with control groups and larger samples and measuring change over longer periods of time is indicated. © 2009 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; Africa; article; clinical evaluation; controlled study; female; health care; health care quality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intervention study; major clinical study; male; medical information; nurse; questionnaire; rating scale; self concept; serodiagnosis; Adult; Africa; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Prejudice; Stereotyping	None
WoS	WOS:000311886700008	Impact of Internalized Stigma on HIV Prevention Behaviors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Seeking HIV Care in Kenya	Akach, Emannuel,Dodge, Brian,Kingori, Caroline,Murray, Maresa,Ngatia, Peter,Obeng, Samuel,Ojakaa, David,Reece, Michael,Shacham, Enbal	2012	AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS	26	12	10.1089/apc.2012.0258	Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University System, Ohio University, Saint Louis University, African Med Res Fdn AMREF	"Dodge, Brian: Indiana University Bloomington","Dodge, Brian: Indiana University System","Kingori, Caroline: Ohio University","Murray, Maresa: Indiana University Bloomington","Murray, Maresa: Indiana University System","Obeng, Samuel: Indiana University Bloomington","Obeng, Samuel: Indiana University System","Reece, Michael: Indiana University Bloomington","Reece, Michael: Indiana University System","Shacham, Enbal: Saint Louis University",	In general, an initial diagnosis of HIV is likely to be correlated with the onset of HIV stigma. HIV-positive individuals are likely to internalize stigma, may suffer from psychosocial issues, or engage in maladaptive behaviors to cope with the diagnosis. Internalized stigma stems from fear of stigmatization also known as felt stigma. The current study examined the impact of HIV felt stigma on overall health and success of HIV prevention behaviors among 370 participants living with HIV and receiving care at an urban HIV clinic in Kenya. An 18-item instrument was cross culturally adapted to measure felt stigma. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses examined the data. Findings indicate that 25.9% (n = 96) of participants who reported experiencing high levels of felt stigma related to other people's attitudes toward their condition, ostracizing, and a disruption of their personal life, were likely to not adhere to prescribed HIV medication and not disclose their HIV serostatus to one other person. Those who also experienced felt stigma related to a disruption of their personal lives while mediated by depression were likely to report poor overall health. Findings support having HIV clinics and interventions develop relevant HIV prevention strategies that focus on the emerging dimensions of felt stigma which can significantly impact disclosure of serostatus, medication adherence, and overall health.	,ADHERENCE,DEPRESSION,DISCLOSURE,HEALTH,HIV/AIDS,PEOPLE,SCALE,TRANSLATION,VALIDATION,VALIDITY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000282682300005	The Perceived Impact of Disclosure of Pediatric HIV Status on Pediatric Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence, Child Well-Being, and Social Relationships in a Resource-Limited Setting	Ayaya, Samwel O.,Inui, Thomas S.,Marrero, David G.,Nyandiko, Winstone M.,Vreeman, Rachel C.,Walumbe, Eunice G.	2010	AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS	24	10	10.1089/apc.2010.0079	Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University System, Moi University, Regenstrief Institute Inc, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), USAID Acad Model Providing Access Healthcare AMPA	"Walumbe, Eunice G.: United States Agency for International Development (USAID)",	In resource-limited settings, beliefs about disclosing a child's HIV status and the subsequent impacts of disclosure have not been well studied. We sought to describe how parents and guardians of HIV-infected children view the impact of disclosing a child's HIV status, particularly for children's antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. A qualitative study was conducted using involving focus groups and interviews with parents and guardians of HIV-infected children receiving ART in western Kenya. Interviews covered multiple aspects of the experience of having children take medicines. Transcribed interview dialogues were coded for analysis. Data were collected from 120 parents and guardians caring for children 0-14 years (mean 6.8 years, standard deviation [SD] 6.4); 118 of 120 had not told the children they had HIV. Children's caregivers (parents and guardians) described their views on disclosure to children and to others, including how this information-sharing impacted pediatric ART adherence, children's well-being, and their social relationships. Caregivers believed that disclosure might have benefits such as improved ART adherence, especially for older children, and better engagement of a helping social network. They also feared, however, that disclosure might have both negative psychological effects for children and negative social effects for their families, including discrimination. In western Kenya, caregivers' views on the risks and benefits to disclosing children's HIV status emerged a key theme related to a family's experience with HIV medications, even for families who had not disclosed the child's status. Assessing caregivers' views of disclosure is important to understanding and monitoring pediatric ART.	,ADOLESCENTS,DIAGNOSIS,HEALTH-CARE,HIV/AIDS,"MEDICAL LITERATURE","QUALITATIVE RESEARCH",SURVIVAL,"USERS GUIDES","VIRUS-INFECTED CHILDREN","WESTERN KENYA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891803931	Evaluation of the false recent classification rates of multiassay algorithms in estimating HIV type 1 subtype C incidence	Moyo S., LeCuyer T., Wang R., Gaseitsiwe S., Weng J., Musonda R., Bussmann H., Mine M., Engelbrecht S., Makhema J., Marlink R., Baum M.K., Novitsky V., Essex M.	2014	AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses	30	1	10.1089/aid.2013.0055	Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; National Health Laboratory and Botswana-Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana; National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa; R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International Univ