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Scopus	2-s2.0-81855212815	Value based financial performance measures: An evaluation of relative and incremental information content	Erasmus P.	2008	Corporate Ownership and Control	6	0.041666666667	None	Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Erasmus, P., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Value-based (VB) financial performance measures are often advanced as improvements over traditional measures. It is argued that the inclusion of a firms cost of capital in the calculation of these measures facilitates the evaluation of value creation. Furthermore they attempt to remove some accounting distortions resulting from the limitations of conventional accounting information. This paper investigates the ability of four VB measures to explain market-adjusted share returns and compare it to that of some traditional measures. Empirical results indicate that the relative information contents of the VB measures are not greater than that of earnings. The incremental information content tests indicate that their components add significantly to the information content of earnings, but that the level of significance is relatively low.	Accounting information; Cost of capital; Financial performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867263314	The effect of the South African market concentration on portfolio performance	Van Heerden J.D., Saunderson S.	2008	Corporate Ownership and Control	6	0.041666666667	None	Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; PO Box 330, Gallo Manor, 2052, South Africa	Van Heerden, J.D., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Saunderson, S., PO Box 330, Gallo Manor, 2052, South Africa	Portfolio risk is mainly a function of portfolio concentration and covariance between the assets in a portfolio. This study shows that South Africa experiences a high level of market concentration and that assets with large weights in the FTSE/JSE All Share Index (ALSI) have large covariances with each other. Together these two phenomena suggest that a high level of portfolio risk can be expected. Active portfolio managers in South African generally attempt to decrease portfolio concentration by deviating from the benchmark's weighting structure in order to decrease their portfolio risk. The effect of such a portfolio construction process on the measurement of relative performance, where the ALSI is used as the benchmark, was investigated by means of a simulation process. The results indicated that during times when those shares with larger weights in the index perform well, the probability of outperforming the ALSI is very small, while the probability of outperforming the ALSI during times when those same shares perform poorly is very high. These findings suggest that investors need to be educated about the bias regarding relative performance measurement using broad market indices, while alternative or additional methods of performance measurement need to be investigated to minimise this bias.	Performance measures; South Africa; Stock market	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883422763	CEO compensation and performance of state owned enterprises in South Africa	Ngwenya S., Khumalo M.	2012	Corporate Ownership and Control	10	0.041666666667	None	Department of Finance, Risk Management and Banking, University of South Africa, UNISA, 0003, South Africa	Ngwenya, S., Department of Finance, Risk Management and Banking, University of South Africa, UNISA, 0003, South Africa; Khumalo, M., Department of Finance, Risk Management and Banking, University of South Africa, UNISA, 0003, South Africa	The study investigates the relationship between CEO compensation and performance of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in South Africa, using data for the period 2009 to 2011. The results indicated that there exist no positive relationship between CEO compensation and SOEs performance as measured by return on assets. The results also indicated a positive relationship between CEO compensation (base salary) and the size of SOEs as measured by total revenue and number of employees. The results suggest that board members of SOEs in South Africa should hold CEOs accountable for the performance of SOEs, and should not pay huge salaries and bonuses to non performing CEOs.	CEO compensation; Corporate governance; SOE performance; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894071742	Exemplification and perceived job insecurity: Associations with self-rated performance and emotional exhaustion	De Cuyper N., Schreurs B., Elst T.V., Baillien E., De Witte H.	2014	Journal of Personnel Psychology	13	0.041666666667	10.1027/1866-5888/a000099	Research Group Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Maastricht University, Netherlands; Human Relations Research Group, HU Brussel, Belgium; North West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa	De Cuyper, N., Research Group Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Schreurs, B., Maastricht University, Netherlands; Elst, T.V., Research Group Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Baillien, E., Human Relations Research Group, HU Brussel, Belgium; De Witte, H., Research Group Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium, North West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa	Impression management is typically seen as a means to achieve success. Little is known about potential side effects for the self, or about impression management aimed at prevention of loss. Here, we probe the relationship between exemplification (impression management aimed at acquiring the image ofmodel employee) and performance and emotional exhaustion, accounting for the moderating role of job insecurity.Weuse the ResourceModel of Self-regulation and the Conservation of Resources Theory to propose that the association of exemplificationwith performance and emotional exhaustion is more positive with increased job insecurity. Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 603 Peruvian workers using structural equation modeling (SEM). The pattern of results supported our hypotheses: Exemplification has unintended effects when workers feel insecure. © 2014 Hogrefe Publishing.	Emotional exhaustion; Impression management; Job insecurity; Performance; Well-being	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649119135	Do boards and CEOs matter for bank performance? A comparative analysis of banks in Ghana	Kyereboah-Coleman A., Biekpe N.	2006	Corporate Ownership and Control	4	0.041666666667	None	University of Stellenbosch, Graduate School of Business, South Africa; Centre for Investment Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Kyereboah-Coleman, A., University of Stellenbosch, Graduate School of Business, South Africa; Biekpe, N., Centre for Investment Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	In this study, we examine whether Board characteristics have impact on bank performance by comparing listed and non-listed banks. The study uses panel data covering the eight year period, 1997- 2004 from all the 18 Banks in Ghana. Findings of the study confirm earlier studies. While the size of the board has positive correlation with bank performance whether listed or not listed, the more independent a board is the better the performance in spite of a bank's listing status. Of significance is the finding that when a CEO doubles as a board chairman, it impact positively on performance in the overall sample, but negatively in both sub-samples.	Bank-performance; Corporate governance; Ghana	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874227877	The relationship between board size, board composition, CEO duality and firm performance: Experience from Ghana	Kyereboah-Coleman A., Biekpe N.	2006	Corporate Ownership and Control	4	0.083333333333	None	University of Stellenbosch, Graduate School of Business, South Africa; Africa Centre for Investment Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Kyereboah-Coleman, A., University of Stellenbosch, Graduate School of Business, South Africa; Biekpe, N., Africa Centre for Investment Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	The paper examined board characteristics and its impact on the performance of non-financial listed firms in Ghana. Data covering 11 year period (1990-2001) was used and analysis conducted within the panel data framework. The study shows that most Ghanaian firms adopt the two-tier board structure and are largely non-independent. The regression results, though relatively mixed, confirm other studies and show that there should be a clear separation of the two critical positions of CEO and board chairman in order to reduce agency cost for enhanced firm performance.	Corporate governance; Firm-performance; Ghana; Tobin's Q	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880451968	Legitimacy or good governance: What drives carbon performance in Australia	Qian W.	2013	Corporate Ownership and Control	10	0.125	None	Governance and Sustainability, School of Commerce, University of South Australia, SA5001, South Africa	Qian, W., Governance and Sustainability, School of Commerce, University of South Australia, SA5001, South Africa	Previous studies present diverse views on carbon performance. The legitimacy perspective posits that external forces from a wide range of stakeholders drives environmental performance change, while the governance perspective posits that strong internal governance structure leads to performance improvement. This study empirically examines the validity of these different perspectives. Using data released by top polluting companies included in the Australian National Greenhouse and Energy Reports (NGER), the study finds that better governance structures are significantly associated with higher carbon performance, but there is no significant relationship between external carbon disclosure and carbon performance. The results suggest that future policy needs to focus more on ensuring strong corporate governance system and encouraging the integration of environmental aspects into governance agenda.	Carbon disclosure; Carbon performance; Corporate governance; Environmental sensitivity; Legitimacy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897139760	From philanthropy to impact investing: Shifting mindsets in South Africa	Viviers S., Ractliffe T., Hand D.	2011	Corporate Ownership and Control	8	0.16666666667	None	Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Viviers, S., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Ractliffe, T.; Hand, D.	This paper contributes to the body of knowledge on impact investing in South Africa by defining the phenomenon, outlining the relationship between philanthropy, responsible investing (RI) and impact investing, and discussing the moral roots and historical development of these three concepts. Attention is also given to the current status of philanthropy, RI and impact investing internationally and locally. A review of 53 local RI funds established over the period 1 June 1992 to 31 December 2010 reveal that the majority have an impact investing focus, either on its own or in combination with other RI strategies. The challenges in stimulating growth in impact investing in South Africa are highlighted and suggestions provided to address these challenges.	Impact investing; Philanthropy; Responsible investing; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904965593	Impact of carbon emissions on total assets and operating costs: An analysis of the jse100 companies	Bimha A.	2014	Corporate Ownership and Control	11	0.16666666667	None	Department of Finance, Banking and Risk Management, University of South Africa, P O Box 392, UNISA, 0003, South Africa	Bimha, A., Department of Finance, Banking and Risk Management, University of South Africa, P O Box 392, UNISA, 0003, South Africa	There is a definite concern in the rise of carbon emissions globally from traditional methods of production (Stern, 2008; IPCC, 2007). More so it is now widely acclaimed that by adopting production processes that reduce carbon emissions to low levels, companies will succeed in reducing their operating costs (Dietz et al, 2009; Sims et al, 2003). There has been limited study in investigating how the present state of companies' carbon emissions output is related to their operating costs and total assets. Therefore the study intends to establish the level of interactions between the carbon emissions, total assets and the operating costs they report annually. A panel data analysis was done on these three variables using a sample of the top 100 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) reporting companies in South Africa. The study utilized the data of companies that report their emissions to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) annually and are the top 100 JSE Companies by market capitalization and categorized the CDP reporting companies into 7 industrials sectors. The 7 industrial sectors are Consumer Discretionary, Consumer Staples, Energy and Materials, Financials, Health Care, Industrials and IT and Telecoms. The results indicate that in the short run there is no strong relationship between carbon emissions output and operating costs. More so, the carbon emissions have a very weak and statistically insignificant relationship with total assets.	Carbon emissions; JSE100; Panel data analysis; South africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904970991	The performance of socially responsible investment funds and exchange-traded funds: Evidence from Johannesburg stock exchange	Marozva G.	2014	Corporate Ownership and Control	11	0.16666666667	None	Department of Finance, Risk Management and Banking, University of South Africa, P.O.Box 392, UNISA, 003, Pretoria, South Africa	Marozva, G., Department of Finance, Risk Management and Banking, University of South Africa, P.O.Box 392, UNISA, 003, Pretoria, South Africa	The research reported in this article explored how the JSE SRI Index performed relative to exchange-traded funds during the period of economic growth as well as during the period of economic decline between 2004 and 2014. The JSE SRI Index and exchange traded funds are analysed by a single factor model as well as other risk-adjusted performance measures including the Sharpe ratio, the Treynor ratio and the M-squared ratio. The single-factor model regression results suggest that during the period of economic growth the JSE SRI index neither significantly outperformed nor underperformed the exchange-traded funds. However, the JSE SRI Index significantly underperformed the exchange-traded funds during the period of economic decline. Further tests that engaged other risk-adjusted measures indicated that the exchange-traded funds performed better than the JSE SRI index in both periods. Based on this research it is recommended that further research be conducted using models that can control for the liquidity difference in funds.	Capital asset pricing model; Exchange-traded funds; M-squared ratio; Performance; Sharpe ratio; Socially responsible investment index; Treynor ratio	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867099092	Modeling the impacts of reforestation on future climate in West Africa	Abiodun B.J., Adeyewa Z.D., Oguntunde P.G., Salami A.T., Ajayi V.O.	2012	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	110	02-Jan	10.1007/s00704-012-0614-1	Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Fed	Abiodun, B.J., Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Adeyewa, Z.D., Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Oguntunde, P.G., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Salami, A.T., Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ajayi, V.O., Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	This study investigates the potential impacts of reforestation in West Africa on the projected regional climate in the near two decades (2031-2050) under the SRES A1B scenario. A regional climate model (RegCM3) forced with a global circulation model (ECHAM5) simulations was used for the study. The study evaluates the capability of the regional model in simulating the present-day climate over West Africa, projects the future climate over the region and investigates impacts of seven hypothetical reforestation options on the projected future climate. Three of these reforestation options assume zonal reforestation over West Africa (i. e., over the Sahel, Savanna and Guinea), while the other four assume random reforestation over Nigeria. With the elevated GHGs (A1B scenario), a warmer and drier climate is projected over West Africa in 2031-2050. The maximum warming (+2. 5°C) and drying (-2 mm day -1) occur in the western part of the Sahel because the West Africa Monsoon (WAM) flow is stronger and deflects the cool moist air more eastward, thereby lowering the warming and drying in the eastern part. In the simulations, reforestation reduces the projected warming and drying over the reforested zones but increases them outside the zones because it influences the northward progression of WAM in summer. It reduces the speed of the flow by weakening the temperature gradient that drives the flow and by increasing the surface drag on the flow over the reforested zone. Hence, in summer, the reforestation delays the onset of monsoon flow in transporting cool moist air over the area located downwind of the reforested zone, consequently enhancing the projected warming and drying over the area. The impact of reforesting Nigeria is not limited to the country; while it lowers the warming over part of the country (and over Togo), it increases the warming over Chad and Cameroon. This study, therefore, suggests that using reforestation to mitigate the projected future climate change in West Africa could have both positive and negative impacts on the regional climate, reducing temperature in some places and increasing it in others. Hence, reforestation in West Africa requires a mutual agreement among the West African nations because the impacts of reforestation do not recognize political boundaries. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.	None	air temperature; atmospheric circulation; climate change; climate modeling; greenhouse gas; monsoon; reforestation; regional climate; temperature gradient; Cameroon; Chad; Guinea; Nigeria; Sahel [Sub-Saharan Africa]; Togo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35448962527	Sink competition and desuckering effects on field performance of triploid and tetraploid plantain genotypes	Tenkouano A., Vuylsteke D., Swennen R.	2007	Journal of Crop Improvement	20	02-Jan	10.1300/J411v20n01_02	Crop Improvement Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; IITA c/o L.W. Lam	Tenkouano, A., Crop Improvement Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA c/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Vuylsteke, D., Crop Improvement Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Swennen, R., Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium	Reproductive growth in polyarchic Musa spp. varieties occurs by the simultaneous growth of several shoots, resulting in competitive inhibition of fruit development in the individual shoots, particularly under poor soil fertility conditions. Nine plantain genotypes were forced into single-culm growth by continuous sucker removal in the ratoon crop (RC). There were no significant differences among genotypes for days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH) in the plant crop (PC), but significant differences occurred in RC for both traits. There was a negative correlation between degree of sucker growth in the PC and DTF or DTH in RC, indicating that early flowering and maturity in the RC occurred as a result of fast sucker development in the PC. Likewise, bunch weight in the RC was positively correlated with sucker growth in the previous crop. However, sucker growth appeared to compete against the development of the bunch in the PC, resulting in a significant reduction in fruit size but not fruit number. Desuckering significantly reduced DTF and DTH in the RC. Bunch weight and fruit size were significantly improved by sucker removal in the RC. Gains were highest for genotypes that normally produce multiple lateral shoots and lowest for those displaying a more hierarchical growth habit. Thus, sucker removal could be recommended as a crop management option for the polyarchic Musa genotypes. Copyright © by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Apical dominance; Bunch weight; Crop management; Desuckering; Genetic improvement; Musa spp.; Suckering behavior	Musa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958730136	Modern mill technology and centralised processing system, an alternative for improving performance of palm oil mills in Abia State, Nigeria	Owolarafe O.K., Oni O.A.	2011	Technology in Society	33	02-Jan	10.1016/j.techsoc.2011.03.002	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; New Nigerian Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria	Owolarafe, O.K., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oni, O.A., New Nigerian Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria	An assessment of palm fruit processing technologies in Abia State palm oil industry was carried out in this study. About 95% of the mills were in the small scale category with capacities in the range 0.2-3.0 t/hr. Majority (80-90%) of the mills still utilized local drums for sterilisation of fruit and clarification of oil. Palm fruit digestion and oil extraction operations have been mechanised to some extent with about 90% of the mills having one device or the other to handle the operations. Hand-operated screw press was predominant (80%) in most of the mill as a device for palm oil extraction. Fruit stripping was manually carried out. Nut/fibre separation by mechanical method is adopted by small group (40%) of the mills and 90% of the mills utilize nut cracker to crack their nuts. Most of the machines being utilized are sourced locally. Maintenance of the machines was being carried out mainly when they develop faults. More than 50% of the mills have abandoned one machine or the other with breakdown of machines being the predominant reason. Most of the mills sourced fruit by purchase or served as processing centre. The extraction rate of the mills was very low and was in the range of 7-13%. Cost of production was very high when compared with other West African palm oil producing countries. Introduction of a large scale mill utilising modern technology (and centralised processing system) in form of Public Private Partnership is being proposed. Such system will have to be backed up a palm oil act as well as adequate mobilization of the farmers in order to facilitate the adoption of the system by farmers. A modern mill of 5 t/hr capacity is being planned to serve a group of farmers in a catchment area as a model. This system will make available prompt returns to the farmers to strengthen their palm fruit production capacity and guarantee high quality oil that can be exported. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Extraction efficiency; Maintenance; Mill technology; Oil palm; Oil yield; Quality	Catchment area; Cost of productions; Extraction efficiencies; Extraction rate; Fruit processing; Fruit production; High quality; Improving performance; Mechanical methods; Mill technology; Modern technologies; Nigeria; Oil extraction; Oil palm; Oil yield; One-machine; Palm oil; Processing systems; Public private partnerships; Screw press; Small groups; Small scale; Agriculture; Catchments; Extraction; Fruits; Maintainability; Technology; Vegetable oils; industrial performance; industrial production; industrial technology; maintenance; milling; oil industry; public-private partnership; Abia; Nigeria; Elaeis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48849086369	Impact of corrosion inhibitors on the environment	Amadi S.A., Ukpaka C.P.	2007	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	68	02-Jan	None	Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, P.M.B.5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Amadi, S.A., Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, P.M.B.5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ukpaka, C.P., Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, P.M.B.5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This paper entailed the analysis of three commercial corrosion inhibitors to know the concentration of heavy metals in them and the attendant health effect of these heavy metals on the environment. The effect on the environment was investigated by polluting some soil samples with the corrosion inhibitors and then analyzing these soil samples, for 1 day and 2 weeks. Results showed that the corrosion inhibitors contain heavy metals whose concentration exceeds the FEPA limits. These heavy metals are injurious to human health, toxic to plants and animals. They also have adveise on the ecology of the receiving environment and on surface and ground water quality. Comparative effect of environmental pollution of these corrosion inhibitors was tested using t-test techniques (t-test for correlated non independent samples) to determine the significance of the difference between the concentration of these samples. The comprehensive and feasible data generated from the experimental investigation shows the significant effect of these samples. Numerical computation methods were employed to determine the variation on the concentration of the sample from 1 day to 2 weeks. The t-test (tcal(o)=0.851, tcal (5) = 0.964, tcal(10)= 1.015, and tcal(15) = 0.981). Finally, this shows that the degree of pollution of corrosion inhibitors to the environment increase daily and therefore poses a great potential impact on the environment.	Corrosion inhibitors; Environment; Impact; T-test comparative effect	Atmospherics; Concentration (process); Corrosion; Corrosion prevention; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant alloys; Groundwater; Health; Heavy metals; Metals; Soil surveys; Soils; Testing; Water quality; Commercial corrosion; Environment; Environmental pollutions; Experimental investigations; Ground water quality; Human health; Impact; Numerical computations; Soil samples; T-test comparative effect; Test techniques; Corrosion inhibitors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548837460	Evaluation of three serological tests for brucellosis in naturally infected cattle using latent class analysis	Muma J.B., Toft N., Oloya J., Lund A., Nielsen K., Samui K., Skjerve E.	2007	Veterinary Microbiology	125	02-Jan	10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.012	Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 70062, Kampala, Uganda; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Animal Disease Research Institute, Canada Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ont. K2H 8P9, Canada	Muma, J.B., Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Toft, N., Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; Oloya, J., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 70062, Kampala, Uganda; Lund, A., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Nielsen, K., Animal Disease Research Institute, Canada Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ont. K2H 8P9, Canada; Samui, K., Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Skjerve, E., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway	Serological methods are traditionally used in diagnosis of brucellosis. However, the comparative performance of these tests and their accuracy under the local environment in Zambia has not been assessed. Thus, the objective of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of three serological tests for brucellosis; Rose Bengal Test (RBT), competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and Fluorescence Polarisation Assay (FPA) in naturally infected cattle in Zambia without an appropriate reference test to classify animals into truly infected and non-infected. Serological test results from a study to determine sero-prevalence were used to compare the performance of RBT, c-ELISA and FPA in diagnosing brucellosis in traditional cattle. Since none of the tests can be seen as a perfect reference test or gold standard, their performance in a population of naturally infected cattle was evaluated using latent class analysis which allows the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) to be estimated in the absence of a gold standard. The highest Se was achieved by the c-ELISA (97%; Credible Posterior Interval (CPI) = 93-100%) and the highest Sp by the FPA (93%; CPI = 85-99%), conversely these tests also had the lowest Sp and Se, respectively, with the RBT performing well in both the Se (93%; CPI = 84-98%) and Sp (81%; CPI = 61-97). © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Brucellosis; c-ELISA; FPA; RBT; Sensitivity; Specificity	rose bengal; article; brucellosis; cattle disease; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; fluorescence polarization immunoassay; gold standard; nonhuman; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; serology; seroprevalence; Zambia; Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bayes Theorem; Brucella; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; Rose Bengal; Sensitivity and Specificity; Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866512350	The performance of DGT versus conventional soil phosphorus tests in tropical soils - An isotope dilution study	Six L., Pypers P., Degryse F., Smolders E., Merckx R.	2012	Plant and Soil	359	02-Jan	10.1007/s11104-012-1192-9	Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Ins. of the Intl. Centre for Tropical Agriculture (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia	Six, L., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Pypers, P., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Ins. of the Intl. Centre for Tropical Agriculture (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Degryse, F., School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Smolders, E., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Merckx, R., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Background and aims: A soil test that samples nutrients only from fractions that are accessible to plants will predict availability and uptake more robustly than empirical tests. This can be tested by comparison of the isotope ratios (specific activity, SA) of the nutrient between plant and the soil extract. This study was set up to assess this requirement for the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT), recently proposed as a soil P test, in comparison with conventional soil P tests viz. Olsen, Colwell, Bray-1, Mehlich-3, ammonium oxalate, anion exchange membranes (AEM) and 0. 01 M CaCl 2 solution. Methods: Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in two P-deficient soils from western Kenya with contrasting P sorption characteristics, amended with a low and a high P rate and labelled with 33P. Results: The SA in the plant shoot corresponded with that of the extracts of the different soil tests, except for CaCl 2 and ammonium oxalate extracts, at the low P rate in the soil with low P sorption capacity, Teso soil. For the high P rate on this soil, differences in SA between maize shoot and soil test were small for all established soil tests, but significant for the Colwell, Bray-1, Mehlich-3 and AEM tests. The SA in the soil extracts was significantly smaller than that in the maize shoot for Sega the strongly P-sorbing soil at both P rates for all conventional tests, including AEM. This indicates that these tests extracted P from a pool that is not accessible to the plant. For the DGT test, however, there was no difference in SA between the maize shoot and the soil test, for any of the treatments. Conclusions: Most conventional soil tests can extract a fraction of P which is not available to maize. The DGT technique, however, only samples P from the plant-accessible pool. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Isotopically exchangeable phosphate; Phosphorus deficiency; Soil fertility	chloride; dilution; fractionation; growth rate; ion exchange; isotopic analysis; maize; oxalate; performance assessment; phosphorus; soil fertility; sorption; tropical soil; Kenya; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960359875	Managerial roles and choice of performance measures in the kenyan five-star hotels using a cross-sectional correlational design	Wadongo B.I., Edwin O., Oscar K.O.	2010	Managing Leisure	15	02-Jan	10.1080/13606710903447980	Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya; American Hospitality Academy Romania, International Hotel Management Schools, Camp. Colegiul Astra, Cladire Corp B, Str Panselelor, Brasov, 500419, Kenya	Wadongo, B.I., Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya; Edwin, O., American Hospitality Academy Romania, International Hotel Management Schools, Camp. Colegiul Astra, Cladire Corp B, Str Panselelor, Brasov, 500419, Kenya; Oscar, K.O., Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya	Performance management was traditionally defined as the process of financial control, in which the mission and strategy are translated into budgets, and subsequently results are compared with budgets in Kenya. Despite the progress taking place with regard to the design of more effective performance measurement systems, little is known about the linkage between managerial roles and performance dimensionmeasures, yet this provides the best opportunity for organizations to improve their performancemeasurement systems.Across-sectionalcorrelational studyof160managers insixfive-starhotels in Nairobi andMombasa, Kenya found the relationships betweenmanagerial roles and choice of performance measures. Hospitality organizations that want to implement effective performance management systems should use managerial roles to influence managers' choice of performance measures. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Cross-sectional survey; Hotel industry; Kenya; managerial roles; Performance measures	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347381921	Identity and memory in Omobóyòdé Àrowá's Oríkì performance in (Yoruba) Ekiti dialect	Dasylva A.O.	2007	African and Asian Studies	6	02-Jan	10.1163/156921007X180631	Department of English, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Dasylva, A.O., Department of English, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oríkì is a significant panegyric poetry in indigenous Yoruba communities of South-Western Nigeria. The different sub-generic forms which characterize its form, and its obvious ethnographic and anthropological histrionics constitute its thrust and aesthetic peculiarities. This paper sets out to examine Omoboyode Arowa's oríkì performance, explores how she articulates the ethnographic cum-psychosocial knowledge of her environment, and subsequently exploits the same to advantage. It further demonstrates how this, in turn, engenders her re-inscription of self in the performance under reference. Whereas a performer usually recites, sings, or chants a form of oriki, Àrowá'ş oríkìperformance in Èk̀tì dialect embraces varieties of oríkì sub-types, giving her performance a more elaborate, and unique quality. Besides, the gender specificity noticeable in Àrowás performance in which as a woman chanter, she succeeds in negotiating a space for self re-inscribing, thereby qualifying her oriki corpus as one of the highly developed, complex, and most achieving form of oriki performances in indigenous Yoruba. It concludes that, in view of the findings, there is the urgent need for a new vigor and sense of commitment to the study of the oríkì repertoire of individual performer for the purpose of ensuring its survival in a manner that makes its scholarship transcend its present boundaries, thereby making it serve new functions. © Koninklijke Brill NV 2007.	Àrowá'ş oríkì; Eketi; Identity; Memory; Ogun; Omoboyode; oriki	anthropology; cultural history; cultural identity; indigenous population; language; memory; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49449092769	Impact of rainfall distribution on the parameterisation of a soil-moisture balance model of groundwater recharge in equatorial Africa	Mileham L., Taylor R., Thompson J., Todd M., Tindimugaya C.	2008	Journal of Hydrology	359	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.007	Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Water Resources Management Directorate (WRMD), P.O. Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	Mileham, L., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Taylor, R., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Thompson, J., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Todd, M., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Tindimugaya, C., Water Resources Management Directorate (WRMD), P.O. Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	Robust calibration of hydrological models, driven by gridded precipitation data derived from either Regional Climate Models or statistical downscaling of General Circulation Models, is essential to the quantitative analysis of the impacts of climate change on catchment hydrology and freshwater resources. Predicted warming in equatorial Africa, accompanied by greater evaporation and more frequent heavy precipitation events, may have substantial but uncertain impacts on terrestrial hydrology. In this study, we examine how the spatial representation of precipitation influences the parameterisation and calibration of a soil-moisture balance model (SMBM) in the humid tropics of equatorial Uganda. SMBMs explicitly account for changes in soil-moisture and partition effective precipitation into groundwater recharge and runoff. The semi-distributed SMBM, calibrated with daily station data over a 15 year period (1965-1979), estimates a mean annual recharge of 104 mm a-1 and mean annual surface runoff of 144 mm a-1. Interpolation of station precipitation by inverse distance weighting produces a more uniform distribution, and a 7% increase, in mean annual catchment precipitation relative to point-based station data. Application of interpolated (gridded), uncorrected precipitation to the SMBM results in an underestimation of runoff and overestimation of recharge by 57% and 52%; respectively whereas use of corrected, gridded precipitation results in an underestimation of recharge and runoff by 10% and 64%; respectively. Recalibration of the SMBM using gridded precipitation data requires a 3% reduction in potential evapotranspiration, a 12% increase in the runoff-coefficient, and an 18% reduction in the rainfall threshold. These values are inconsistent with local, point-based observations of these parameters. Although current efforts seek to improve the distribution and duration of key hydrological measurements (e.g. soil-moisture, groundwater levels) in data-poor regions, the parameterisation of gridded hydrological models remains largely empirical due to the discrepancy between gridded and locally observed hydrological parameters. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Africa; Distribution; Groundwater; Precipitation; Recharge	Calibration; Catchments; Climate change; Earth sciences; Groundwater; Hydraulic models; Hydrogeology; Hydrology; Moisture; Rain; Runoff; Soil moisture; Soils; Underground reservoirs; Water; Africa; Catchment hydrology; Distribution; Equatorial Africa; Fresh water resources; General circulation models; Gridded precipitation; Groundwater recharging; Heavy precipitation; Humid tropics; Hydrological modelling; Precipitation; Quantitative analysis; Rainfall distributions; Recharge; Regional climate modelling; Robust calibration; Spatial representations; Statistical downscaling; Geologic models; calibration; catchment; climate change; climate effect; climate modeling; climate prediction; evaporation; general circulation model; groundwater; hydrological modeling; interpolation; parameterization; precipitation (climatology); quantitative analysis; rainfall; recharge; runoff; soil moisture; spatial distribution; statistical analysis; uncertainty analysis; warming; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54449098133	The use of an indirect impact quick-stop mechanism during the turning of α-titanium BT5 alloy	Dahunsi O.A., Awopetu O.O.	2008	International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials	3	02-Jan	10.1504/IJMMM.2008.017626	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Dahunsi, O.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Awopetu, O.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	This paper studies the use of an indirect impact quick stop mechanism whose design, construction and mode of operation is relatively simpler in the chip root analysis of α-titanium alloy BT5 in a semi-finish turning operation. The quick-stop was used over a cutting speed range 2 120 m/min, but only micrographs for cutting at 60 m/min were presented, however, the mechanism attained a minimum withdrawal speed of about 3.2 mm/s and an average speed (estimated from the plotted graph) of about 11 m/s. Metallographic analysis of the chip roots presented pronounced Built-Up-Edge (BUE) and segmented chip formation features but the grains varied largely in appearance and shapes. The various chip segments also varied in sizes in contrast to the segments of stainless steel whose chips are usually segmented too. © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.	BUE; Built-Up-Edge; Chip root analysis; Metallographic analysis; Segmented chip; Semi-finish; Titanium; Withdrawal speed	Cutting; Metallography; Turning; Chip root analysis; Segmented chip; Withdrawal speed; Titanium alloys	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875399709	Investigation of the impact in variation of secondary radioclimatic variables on microwave at the lower atmosphere	Jonas A.U., Okechukwu U.D.	2013	Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics	120	02-Jan	10.1007/s00703-013-0234-z	Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41010 Enugu State, Nigeria	Jonas, A.U., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41010 Enugu State, Nigeria; Okechukwu, U.D., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41010 Enugu State, Nigeria	The work discusses the effect in the variations of secondary radioclimatic parameters in Nsukka, Nigeria. The data collected from the measured atmospheric profile using two automatic wireless weather stations for 3 years were used to estimate the propagation condition, geoclimatic factor, and effective earth radius. The result shows that, the calculated median value of k-factor is 1. 595, with an absolute span of 0. 26 of the standard value of k-factor 1. 333 owing to the increase in relative humidity during the rainy seasons and intensive temperature inversion in the morning and early afternoon periods of December due to the dry harmattan for the season. Also, from the result super-refraction propagation condition was observed for about 7 months of a year, while ducting condition dominates the remaining 5 months in the region. The regression analysis of k-factor as a function of ground refractivity showed that the pair is strongly correlated (0. 9996). These results have not been obtained in the region and it will help in planning of radio wave line-of-sight for better signal reception. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Wien.	None	air temperature; microwave radiation; radio wave; regression analysis; relative humidity; Enugu [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Nsukka	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846060888	Performance of empirical correlations for predicting monthly mean daily diffuse solar radiation values at Kampala, Uganda	Mubiru J., Banda E.J.K.B.	2007	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	88	02-Jan	10.1007/s00704-006-0249-1	Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Mubiru, J., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Banda, E.J.K.B., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Existing literature lacks information on formulation and performance assessment of diffuse solar radiation models in the Eastern African region yet this region has a high potential for the utilization of solar energy. The objective of this paper is to assess the performance of seventeen diffuse solar irradiation empirical correlations, at Kampala, Uganda. The best performing correlations were determined using the ranking method. The normalized absolute mean bias error and root mean square error were computed and utilized in the ranking process. The results indicated that the correlations relating diffuse transmittance (H̄d/H̄0) with relative sunshine duration (S̄/S̄0) are more reliable for diffuse solar radiation predictions at least in the Uganda environment. These models are expressed in terms of first, second and third order polynomials of the relative sunshine duration and are particularly recommended for their simplicity and worldwide applicability. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	None	correlation; empirical analysis; error analysis; numerical model; ranking; solar radiation; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949137714	Impact of postnatal depression on infants' growth in Nigeria	Adewuya A.O., Ola B.O., Aloba O.O., Mapayi B.M., Okeniyi J.A.O.	2008	Journal of Affective Disorders	108	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jad.2007.09.013	Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Nigeria; Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences. O	Adewuya, A.O., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Nigeria; Ola, B.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Aloba, O.O., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Mapayi, B.M., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex. Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Okeniyi, J.A.O., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences. Obafemi Awolowo University. Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background: The contribution of maternal postnatal depression to infant growth and under-nutrition in Africa has not been well studied. This study aims to examine the impact of postnatal depression (PND) on infants' physical growth in the first 9 months of life in Nigeria. Methods: A longitudinal case controlled study in which 242 women (consisting of 120 depressed and 122 matched non-depressed postpartum women) had their infants' weight and length measured at the 6th week, 3rd month, 6th month and 9th month after delivery. Discontinuation with breastfeeding and illnesses like diarrhoea, persistent vomiting, fever and cough were also recorded at these periods. Results: Infants of depressed mothers had statistically significant poorer growth than infants of non-depressed mothers at the 3rd month (weight OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.30-8.52; length OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.03-10.47) and the 6th month postpartum (weight OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.36-13.20; length OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.18-9.52). Depressed mothers were more likely to stop breastfeeding earlier and their infants more likely to have episodes of diarrhoea and other infectious illnesses. Limitations: Psychiatric interview was conducted only once (at 6 weeks postpartum), our sample size was moderate and we did not account for mothers who had been depressed in pregnancy. Conclusion: Prevention of postnatal depression and close monitoring of the growth of infants of depressed mothers should be integrated into maternal and child health policies in this region. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Breastfeeding; Cross-cultural; Infants' growth; Postnatal depression	article; body weight; breast feeding education; child growth; coughing; diarrhea; disease association; female; fever; human; interview; major clinical study; Nigeria; patient monitoring; priority journal; psychologic test; puerperal depression; vomiting; Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Depression, Postpartum; Developing Countries; Diarrhea, Infantile; Failure to Thrive; Female; Health Surveys; History, Ancient; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nigeria; Risk Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953818977	Predicting the impact of food processing industry on water quality of its environment using 24 full factorial design	Chukwu O.	2009	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	70	02-Jan	None	Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Chukwu, O., Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	A 24 full factorial design was used to predict the impact of a food processing industry on the water quality of its environment. The factorial, main, and interaction effects of four water pollutants, namely, total dissolved solids, sulphide of lead, total nitrates, and total undissolved solids on biological oxygen demand (BOD) were obtained statistically. From sensitive analysis, it was concluded that all the main effects and interactions in the model have significant impacts on the level of BOD of the surface water. The statistical analysis of the experimental data showed that the predictive model is adequate for obtaining optimum conditions. Validation of the model gave a correlation coefficient of 0.999749 between the measured and predicted values. It was recommended that any processing activity by the industry that could lead to the discharge of the pollutants into water bodies at values more than the maximum permissible limits must be discouraged.	Biological oxygen demand; Environment; Factorial design; Food processing; Impact; Prediction; Water ouality	Biological oxygen demand; Correlation coefficient; Environment; Experimental data; Factorial design; Food processing industry; Full factorial design; Interaction effect; Main effect; Optimum conditions; Predictive models; Processing activity; Sensitive analysis; Significant impacts; Statistical analysis; Total dissolved solids; Undissolved solids; Water pollutants; Waterbodies; Biochemical oxygen demand; Design; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Forecasting; Industry; Surface waters; Waste treatment; Water pollution; Water quality; Food processing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957454274	Wet season predictive technique for monitoring the hydrocarbon degradation in a continuous discharge of wastewater in pond system	Ukpaka C.P., Ogoni H.A., Amadi S.A., Akor J.A.	2010	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	71	02-Jan	None	Dept of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Dept of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Niger Delta of University of Bayelsa State, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria; Dept of A	Ukpaka, C.P., Dept of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ogoni, H.A., Dept of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Niger Delta of University of Bayelsa State, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria; Amadi, S.A., Dept of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Akor, J.A., Dept of Agriculture and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Mathematical model was developed in this paper for the prediction of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in a continuous discharge of wastewater in a pond system for wet season. The general partial differential equation obtained from the process was resolved using separation of variables tools. The functional parameters were evaluated and computed as shown in this paper, which led to the determination of maximum specific growth rate, maximum degradation rate and equilibrium constant for both theoretical and experimental obtained results. The comparison of theoretical and experimental results in terms of maximum specific growth rate and equilibrium constant shows a good match. This illustrates that the theoretical model developed is reliable and can be used to predict and monitor the degradation of individual hydrocarbon in a pond system upon the influence of momentum transfer.	Correlation; Hydrocarbon degradation; Microbial growth; Model; Pond; Wastewater	Correlation; Degradation rate; Functional parameters; Hydrocarbon degradation; Maximum specific growth rates; Microbial growth; Petroleum hydrocarbons; Pond; Pond systems; Predictive techniques; Separation of variables; Theoretical models; Wet season; Equilibrium constants; Hydrocarbons; Lakes; Mathematical models; Partial differential equations; Petroleum chemistry; Wastewater; Degradation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745172124	Evaluation of the surface and groundwater resources of Efuru river catchment, Mbano, South Eastern Nigeria	Egereonu U.U., Nwachukwu U.L.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	02-Jan	None	Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Egereonu, U.U., Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, U.L., Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Hydrochemical investigations were carried out in Isiala-Mbano in Imo state, Nigeria in order to locate the sources of pollution. Survey was carried out on Efuru river and groundwater in its watershed. The spatial distribution of pollutants due to poor land use systems and human activities are reported. The electrical conductivity, pH, metallic ions, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness ions, chemical oxygen demand, silica content, chloride, sulphate, nitrate and langelier index were analysed in both dry and rainy seasons. The results were evaluated in the light of the World Health Organization Standards and were found admissible for human consumption. Negative Langelier index indicated that the groundwater is corrosive while positive langelier index indicates that the groundwater is encrustating. The study emphasized the need for protection of surface and groundwater to meet the rapid population growth and rate of urbanization.	Efuru river; Hydrochemical; Langelier index; Pollution	Alkalinity; Catchments; Chemical oxygen demand; Chlorine compounds; Electric conductivity; Groundwater resources; Ions; Land use; Nitrates; pH effects; Pollution; Silica; Sulfur compounds; Surveying; Watersheds; Efuru river; Hardness ions; Hydrochemical; Langelier index; Pollutants; Rivers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48949090293	Health impact optimization model for the Nigerian National Onchocerciasis Control Program (NOCP)	Inyama S.C., Ogbugh C.C.	2007	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	68	02-Jan	None	Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Polytechnics, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria	Inyama, S.C., Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Ogbugh, C.C., Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Polytechnics, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria	Yearly, the National Onchocerciasis Control Programme (NOCP) commits its resources to the control/ eradication of Onchocerciasis, otherwise known as River blindness. This paper therefore aims at finding the optimal way of allocating this meager resources to achieve an optimum health impact. To achieve this, data was collected from Global 2000 River Blindness Programme, National Onchoocerciasis Control Programme and National Population Commission on the eight hyper-endemic Local Government areas of Imo State. A regression model of the health impact (Y) on the five facilities provided by NOCP (xi, i=1,2,3,4,5) was obtained as: Y=-39.6898932+0.0001377x1+0. 004225x2-0.635122x3+0.072234x4+1.94289x 5. The health impact (Y) is standardized and an optimization model constructed in linear programming form. This was solved using the simplex method which determines the resource combination that gives the maximum health impact. This yields a maximum health impact of 88.88% a year.	Global 2000; Health impact; Hyper-endemic; Onchocerciasis; Simplex method	Eye protection; Food processing; Population statistics; Regression analysis; River control; Control programs; Global 2000; Health impact; Health impacts; Hyper-endemic; Local Government Areas; Nigerian; Onchocerciasis; Optimization modeling; Regression modelling; Simplex method; Concurrency control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26444465627	In vitro evaluation of drug release from self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems using a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus	Attama A.A., Nkemnele M.O.	2005	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	304	02-Jan	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.08.018	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Attama, A.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Nkemnele, M.O., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are specialized form of delivery systems in which drugs are encapsulated in a lipid base with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. In this work, SMEDDS were formulated with a biodegradable homolipid from Capra hircus and Tween 65, and contained lipophilic drug-piroxicam, hydrophilic drug-chlorpheniramine maleate and hydrolipophilic drug-metronidazole. The SMEDDS formulated were evaluated for their drug release and drug content. The drug release studies were conducted in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and distilled water, representing different pH values. Particle size of the SMEDDS was determined by light microscopy. The results of this study indicated that drug release was affected by the particle size of the SMEDDS. It was found that piroxicam release from the SMEDDS formulated with homolipids from Capra hircus was highest in SIF compared to the other drugs. This method of drug delivery could prove to be a versatile and reliable alternative to conventional drug delivery approaches. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Biodegradable; Drug release; Homolipids; Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS); SGF; SIF	base; capra hircus homolipid; chlorpheniramine maleate; lipid; metronidazole; piroxicam; polymer; surfactant; tween 65; unclassified drug; adipose tissue; article; biodegradable implant; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug release; emulsion; encapsulation; goat; hydrophilicity; in vitro study; intestine fluid; lipophilicity; microscopy; particle size; pH; priority journal; simulation; stomach juice; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorpheniramine; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Gastric Juice; Goats; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Lipids; Metronidazole; Models, Biological; Particle Size; Piroxicam; Solubility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746054903	Evaluation of Clitoria, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows	Juma H.K., Abdulrazak S.A., Muinga R.W., Ambula M.K.	2006	Livestock Science	103	02-Jan	10.1016/j.livsci.2005.12.006	Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; KARI Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya	Juma, H.K., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; Muinga, R.W., KARI Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya; Ambula, M.K., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya	A study was carried out at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Mtwapa in Coastal lowland Kenya to evaluate the effects of supplementing Napier grass variety Bana (Pennisetum purpureum) with Clitoria ternatea (Clitoria), Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia) and Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk yield of lactating Jersey cows. Clitoria and Mucuna were compared with Gliricidia; a widely studied nitrogen supplement to roughage-based diets in dairy rations in coastal Kenya. Twelve lactating Jersey cows in their mid lactation were assigned to four groups balanced for initial milk yield and live weight in a completely randomised design. One group was fed Napier grass ad libitum and 3 kg of maize bran daily (control). The remaining three groups were fed the control diet supplemented with 8 kg of fresh Clitoria, Gliricidia or Mucuna. Mucuna had lower CP (180 g kg- 1) concentration compared to Gliricidia (232 g kg- 1) and Clitoria (218 g kg- 1). Tannin concentration was higher in Gliricidia compared to the other legumes. They were however below the critical level of 6% hence were not expected to have any negative effect on animal performance. The total dry matter intake was not affected by legume supplementation (P > 0.05). Legume supplementation had no significant effect on organic and dry matter digestibilities (P > 0.05). Nitrogen supplementation (P < 0.05) increased daily milk yield by 20%, 27.5% and 32.5% for cows fed Gliricidia, Clitoria and Mucuna respectively. Results from this study show that Mucuna and Clitoria can give similar lactation performance to Gliricidia as nitrogen supplements Napier grass basal diet. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diet digestibility; Feed intake; Jersey cows; Milk yield; Nitrogen supplementation	Animalia; Clitoria; Clitoria ternatea; Gliricidia; Gliricidia sepium; Mucuna; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344282103	Long-term effect of tillage and manure application on soil organic fractions and crop performance under Sudano-Sahelian conditions	Mando A., Ouattara B., Sédogo M., Stroosnijder L., Ouattara K., Brussaard L., Vanlauwe B.	2005	Soil and Tillage Research	80	02-Jan	10.1016/j.still.2004.03.002	Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya; An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo	Mando, A., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, An Intl. Ctr. Soil Fertil. Agric. D., BP 4483, Lomé, Togo; Ouattara, B., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Sédogo, M., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Stroosnijder, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Ouattara, K., Inst. l'Environnement Rech. Agric., 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Brussaard, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Vanlauwe, B., Trop. Biol. and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya	Human-induced degradation of natural resources in general and of soil in particular, is a major problem in many regions, including the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The combined effects of tillage and manure application on Lixisol properties and on crop performance were investigated at Saria, Burkina Faso, to find efficient soil management practices to improve soil fertility. A randomized block design with four treatments (hand hoeing only, hand hoeing+manure, ploughing only, oxen ploughing+manure) in three replications was started in 1990. Ten years later, total soil organic (SOC), particulate organic matter and C mineralization were measured. Initial SOC concentration was 4 mg/g and dropped to 2.1 mg/g soil in ploughed plots without manure and to 2.5 mg/g soil in hoed plots without manure. Manure addition mitigated the decrease of SOC in ploughed plots and even built up SOC in hoed plots, where it increased to 5.8 mg/g soil. Manure had a large effect on the fractions in which SOC was stored. In ploughed plots, a large amount of SOC was stored in physical particles >0.25 mm, while in hand hoed plots the maximum SOC was stored in finer fractions. In the topsoil, hoeing and manure resulted in a higher SOC than ploughing with no manure. However, in the 15-25 cm layer, particularly in September, particulate organic matter was greater in ploughed plots with manure than in hoed plots with manure. Crop yields were highest on ploughed+manure plots and lowest on ploughed plots with no manure. We conclude that applying manure annually mitigates the negative effect of ploughing and hand hoeing on SOC and related properties and therefore can contribute to the sustainability of the agricultural system in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crop performance; Manure; Organic C; Particulate organic matter; Ploughing	Agriculture; Crops; Degradation; Manures; Natural resources; Organic compounds; Sustainable development; Manure applications; Particulate organic matter; Tillage; Topsoil; Soils; crop performance; manure; soil organic matter; tillage; Agriculture; Degradation; Farm Crops; Manure; Natural Resources; Organic Matter; Soil; Sustained Yield; Africa; Burkina Faso; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Bos; Bovinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41349106751	Diclofenac sodium delivery to the eye: In vitro evaluation of novel solid lipid nanoparticle formulation using human cornea construct	Attama A.A., Reichl S., Müller-Goymann C.C.	2008	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	355	02-Jan	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.007	Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria	Attama, A.A., Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Reichl, S., Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Müller-Goymann, C.C., Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany	Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared with a combination of homolipid from goat (goat fat) and phospholipid, and evaluated for diclofenac sodium (DNa) delivery to the eye using bio-engineered human cornea, produced from immortalized human corneal endothelial cells (HENC), stromal fibroblasts and epithelial cells CEPI 17 CL 4. Encapsulation efficiency was high and sustained release of DNa and high permeation through the bio-engineered cornea were achieved. Results obtained in this work showed that permeation of DNa through the cornea construct was improved by formulation as SLN modified with phospholipid. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diclofenac sodium; Drug permeation; Human cornea construct; Ocular drug delivery; Solid lipid nanoparticles; Surface modification	diclofenac; phosphatidylcholine; solid lipid nanoparticle; article; cornea; differential scanning calorimetry; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug instillation; drug penetration; drug release; encapsulation; eye; human; in vitro study; particle size; priority journal; X ray diffraction; zeta potential; Algorithms; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biological Transport, Active; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cornea; Diclofenac; Drug Compounding; Eye; Humans; Lipids; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Permeability; Solubility; Tissue Engineering; X-Ray Diffraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648817250	Maleic anhydride derivatives of a protein isolate: Preparation and functional evaluation	Lawal O.S., Dawodu M.O.	2007	European Food Research and Technology	226	02-Jan	10.1007/s00217-006-0525-4	Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany; Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen	Lawal, O.S., Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany, Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Dawodu, M.O., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria	African locust bean protein isolate (NPI) was acylated with maleic anhydride at various concentrations. Addition of maleic anhydride at the levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/g of protein produced 36.4% (MP1), 43.7% (MP2) and 73.6% (MP3) of maleylated protein isolate, respectively. Water absorption capacity increased after maleylation but oil absorption capacity reduced progressively with increase in level of modification. Results also revealed that gelation capacities reduced after protein modifications. Emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (ES) increased following protein modification. In addition, corresponding increases in emulsifying properties were observed with increase in degree of modification of the proteins. Maleylation improved the foaming capacity of the native protein. Foaming capacity increased with increases in protein concentration for both native and maleylated protein derivatives while progressive decline in foam stability occurred with increases in level of protein modification. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Functional properties; Maleic anhydride; Modification; Protein isolate	Derivatives; Emulsions; Gelation; Maleic anhydride; Water absorption; Emulsifying activity (EA); Emulsion stability (ES); Foam stability; Functional properties; Protein isolate; Proteins; Parkia filicoidea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247483432	Bacterial wilt and drought stresses in banana production and their impact on economic welfare in Uganda: Implications for banana research in East African Highlands	Abele S., Pillay M.	2007	Journal of Crop Improvement	19	02-Jan	10.1300/J411v19n01_09	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Abele, S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Pillay, M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	This study investigates the economic impact of banana Xanthomonas wilt (bxw) and drought on banana production in Uganda. The objective of this research is to determine the benefits of targeted research to avoid economic losses. In the worst-case scenarios, spread of bxw at a rate of 8% per annum, or drought at 50% yield losses in a five-year interval, results in significant losses for both consumers and producers. These losses would not only seriously jeopardize food security, but also affect overall macro-economic performance in Uganda. More likely scenarios with lower bxw and drought losses still show high economic losses, but they are mainly occurring on the consumers' side. Producers benefit from price increases at small production losses. This implies that research has to focus on public goods that can be delivered at no cost to farmers, as farmers under these circumstances are not likely to adopt costly preventive management measures. The best bet in this case would be publicly financed breeding, plant material multiplication and dissemination. Other options may be quarantine or trade restrictions, however, research on linkages between trade and the spread of bxw is yet to be done. © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Banana markets; Breeding; Impact; Musa; Uganda; Xanthomonas wilt	Bacteria (microorganisms); Musa; Xanthomonas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044440115	Determination of lorazepam in plasma from children by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection	Muchohi S.N., Obiero K., Kokwaro G.O., Ogutu B.R., Githiga I.M., Edwards G., Newton C.R.J.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	824	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.040	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Obiero, K., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ogutu, B.R., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Githiga, I.M., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	A simple, sensitive, selective, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed for the determination of lorazepam (LZP) in human plasma, using oxazepam (OZP) as internal standard. LZP and OZP were extracted from alkalinized (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane-dichloromethane (70:30%; v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase Synergi ® Max RP analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.; 4 μm particle size), using an aqueous mobile phase (10 mM KH2PO 4 buffer (pH 2.4)-acetonitrile; 65:35%, v/v) delivered at a flow-rate of 2.5 ml/min. Retention times for OZP and LZP were 10.2 and 11.9 min, respectively. Calibration curves were linear from 10 to 300 ng with correlation coefficients (r2) better than 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 2.5 and 10 ng/ml, respectively, using 0.5 ml samples. The mean relative recoveries at 20 and 300 ng/ml were 84.1 ± 5.5% (n = 6) and 72.4 ± 5.9% (n = 7), respectively; for OZP at 200 ng the value was 68.2 ± 6.8% (n = 14). The intra-assay relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) at 20, 150 and 270 ng/ml of LZP were 7.8%, 9.8% (n = 7 in all cases) and 6.6% (n = 8), respectively. The inter-assay R.S.D. at the above concentrations were 15.9%, 7.7% and 8.4% (n = 7 in all cases), respectively. Intra- and inter-assay accuracy data were within the acceptance interval of ±20% of the nominal values. There was no interference from other commonly co-administered anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and antimalarial drugs. The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of LZP in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of a single intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) of LZP.	Analysis in plasma; Children; High-performance liquid chromatography; Lorazepam; Pharmacokinetics	Bioassay; Concentration (process); Drug products; High performance liquid chromatography; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmas; Separation; Solvent extraction; Analysis in plasma; Children; Lorazepam; Oxazepam (OZP); Ultraviolet detectors; acetonitrile; analgesic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; buffer; chloramphenicol; chloramphenicol hemisuccinate; chloroquine; cycloguanil; diazepam; dichloromethane; fosphenytoin sodium; gentamicin; hexane; lorazepam; midazolam; oxazepam; paracetamol; penicillin G; phenobarbital; phenytoin; potassium derivative; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; accuracy; alkalinity; article; calibration; child; controlled study; correlation coefficient; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; flow rate; human; liquid liquid extraction; particle size; priority journal; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; ultraviolet radiation; Anticonvulsants; Calibration; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lorazepam; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Artesunate; Cinchona pubescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33244492442	Work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance	Ntayi J.M.	2005	Journal of African Business	6	02-Jan	10.1300/J156v06n01_09	Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	Ntayi, J.M., Makerere University Business School, P.O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda	This study explores the relationship between work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance. Using data from Uganda retail firms, this study finds that work ethic was a significant positive predictor of salesforce task performance. Further, there was a significant relationship between the different behavioural families of work-related activity work withdrawal behaviours, organizational retaliation behaviours and salesforce task performance. Results from regression analysis indicate that organizational retaliation behaviours and work withdrawal behaviours are important factors for explaining declining performance of salespeople in Uganda retail firms. Managers aiming to improve salesforce task performance should recruit individuals with a strong work ethic. Additionally, retail managers need to reduce work withdrawal and organizational retaliation behaviours so as to increase salesforce task performance. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Job withdrawal behaviours; Locus of control; Organizational retaliation behaviours; Work ethic; Work withdrawal behaviours	ethics; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857287863	Innovation policies institutions and performance: Why Malaysia overtook Nigeria in the oil palm industry	Adebowale B.O.A.	2012	International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development	5	02-Jan	10.1504/IJTLID.2012.044880	National Centre for Technology Management (NACETEM), Obafemi Awolowo University, PMB 012, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Adebowale, B.O.A., National Centre for Technology Management (NACETEM), Obafemi Awolowo University, PMB 012, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Forty years ago, Nigeria and Malaysia had comparative GDP per capita; Nigeria was the leading oil palm producer and exporter in the world. Within a decade, Malaysia overtook Nigeria both as producer and exporter. This paper provides a comparative perspective of the evolution of institutions and policies contrasting Nigeria and Malaysia over a relatively long period. The aim is to understand, based on the evidence, how and why Malaysia performed so well and Nigeria did not thereby exploring the systemic, remote and immediate causes of the different evolutionary trajectories of the two countries with very similar geographical characteristics. The data for this paper came from a variety of methods including secondary and primary survey as well as face to face interviews. The paper concludes that differential institutions, policies and investment efforts explain much of the catch-up story of the oil palm sectors in the two countries. © 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Development; Economic catch-up; Industry performance; Innovation policies; Institutions; Investment; Malaysia; Nigeria; Technological learning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877900719	Evaluation of current rapid HIV test algorithms in Rakai, Uganda	Galiwango R.M., Musoke R., Lubyayi L., Ssekubugu R., Kalibbala S., Ssekweyama V., Mirembe V., Nakigozi G., Reynolds S.J., Serwadda D., Gray R.H., Kigozi G.	2013	Journal of Virological Methods	192	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.003	Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Makerere College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, United States	Galiwango, R.M., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Musoke, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Lubyayi, L., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Ssekubugu, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Kalibbala, S., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Ssekweyama, V., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Mirembe, V., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, United States; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Makerere College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Gray, R.H., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda	Rapid HIV tests are a crucial component of HIV diagnosis in resource limited settings. In Uganda, the Ministry of Health allows both serial and parallel HIV rapid testing using Determine, Stat-Pak and Uni-Gold. In serial testing, a non-reactive result on Determine ends testing. The performance of serial and parallel algorithms with Determine and Stat-Pak test kits was assessed. A cross-sectional diagnostic test accuracy evaluation using three rapid HIV test kits as per the recommended parallel test algorithm was followed by EIA-WB testing with estimates of the performance of serial testing algorithm. In 2520 participants tested by parallel rapid algorithms, 0.6% had weakly reactive result. Parallel testing had 99.7% sensitivity and 99.8% specificity. If Stat-Pak was used as the first screening test for a serial algorithm, the sensitivity was 99.6% and specificity was 99.7%. However, if Determine was used as the screening test, sensitivity was 97.3% and specificity was 99.9%. Serial testing with Stat-Pak as the initial screening test performed as well as parallel testing, but Determine was a less sensitive screen. Serial testing could be cost saving. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Algorithms; HIV; Rakai-Uganda; Rapids testing	adolescent; adult; age distribution; algorithm; article; controlled study; cost control; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; high risk population; HIV rapid test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; major clinical study; male; predictive value; priority journal; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; Western blotting; Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21244483602	Long-term integrated soil fertility management in South-western Nigeria: Crop performance and impact on the soil fertility status	Vanlauwe B., Diels J., Sanginga N., Merckx R.	2005	Plant and Soil	273	02-Jan	10.1007/s11104-005-0194-2	Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Vanlauwe, B., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Merckx, R., Laboratory of Soil and Water Management, Department of Land Management, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Crop response, tree biomass production and changes in soil fertility characteristics were monitored in a long-term (1986-2002) alley-cropping trial in Ibadan, Nigeria. The systems included two alley cropping systems with Leucaena leucocephala and Senna siamea on the one hand and a control (no-trees) system on the other hand, all cropped annually with a maize-cowpea rotation. All systems had a plus and minus fertilizer treatment. Over the years, the annual biomass return through tree prunings declined steadily, but more drastically for Leucaena than for Senna. In 2002, the nitrogen contribution from Leucaena residues stabilized at about 200 kg N/ha/year, while the corresponding value for Senna was about 160 kg N/ha/year. On average, the four Leucaena prunings were more equal in biomass as well as in amounts of N, P and cations, while the first Sennapruning was always contributing up to 60% of the annual biomass or nutrient return. Maize crop yields declined steadily in all treatments, but the least so in the Senna + fertilizer treatment where in 2002 still 2.2 tonnes/ha of maize were obtained. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was usually higher in the Senna treatment compared to the control or the Leucaena treatment. Added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer N and organic matter additions were observed only for the Sennatreatment and only in the last 6 years. At all other times, they remained absent or were even negative in the Leucaenatreatments for the first 3 years. Most chemical soil fertility parameters decreased in all the treatments, but less so in the alley cropping systems. The presence of trees had a positive effect on remaining carbon stocks, while they were reduced compared to the 1986 data. Trees had a positive effect on the maintenance of exchangeable cations in the top soil. Exchangeable Ca, Mg and K - and hence ECEC - were only slightly reduced after 16 years of cropping in the tree-based systems, and even increased in the Senna treatments. In the control treatments, values for all these parameters reduced to 50% or less of the original values after 16 years. All the above points to the Senna-based alley system with fertilizers as the more resilient one. This is reflected in all soil fertility parameters, in added benefits due to the combined use of fertilizer nitrogen and organic residue application and in a more stable maize yield over the years, averaging 2.8 tonnes/ha with maximal deviations from the average not exceeding 21%. © Springer 2005.	Added benefits; Alley cropping; Leucaena leucocephala; Maize; Nitrogen use efficiency; Senna siamea	alley cropping; biomass; crop performance; fertilizer application; soil fertility; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Leucaena; Leucaena leucocephala; Senna; Senna siamea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960573679	Performance of six commercial enzyme immunoassays and two alternative HIV-testing algorithms for the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in Kisumu, Western Kenya	Zeh C., Oyaro B., Vandenhoudt H., Amornkul P., Kasembeli A., Bondo P., Mwaengo D., Thomas T.K., Hart C., Laserson K.F., Ondoa P., Nkengasong J.N.	2011	Journal of Virological Methods	176	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.021	US-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya; Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States; US-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Poverty-related Communicable Diseases (CPCD), Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Netherlands	Zeh, C., US-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya; Oyaro, B., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Vandenhoudt, H., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Amornkul, P., US-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya; Kasembeli, A., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Bondo, P., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Mwaengo, D., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Thomas, T.K., US-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya; Hart, C., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States; Laserson, K.F., US-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya, US-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Ondoa, P., Center for Poverty-related Communicable Diseases (CPCD), Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Netherlands; Nkengasong, J.N., Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States	Performances of serological parallel and serial testing algorithms were analyzed using a combination of three ELISA and three rapid tests for the confirmation of HIV infection. Each was assessed individually for their sensitivity and specificity on a blinded panel of 769 retrospective sera of known HIV status. Western blot was used as a confirmatory assay for discordant results. Subsequently, one parallel and one serial testing algorithm were assessed on a new panel of 912 HIV-positive and negative samples. Individual evaluation of the ELISAs and rapid tests indicated a sensitivity of 100% for all assays except Uni-Gold with 99.7%. The specificities ranged from 99.1% to 99.4% for rapid assays and from 97.5% to 99.1% for ELISAs. A parallel and serial testing algorithms using Enzygnost and Vironostika, and Determine followed by Uni-Gold respectively, showed 100% sensitivity and specificity. The cost for testing 912 samples was US$4.74 and US$ 1.9 per sample in parallel and serial testing respectively. Parallel or serial testing algorithm yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. This alternative algorithm is reliable and reduces the occurrence of both false negatives and positives. The serial testing algorithm was more cost effective for diagnosing HIV infections in this population. © 2011.	Algorithm; Alternative; Diagnosis; HIV-1; Immunoassay; Sensitivity; Specificity	antigen p24; glycoprotein gp 41; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; immunoglobulin G antibody; immunoglobulin M antibody; recombinant protein; adolescent; adult; agglutination test; algorithm; analytical error; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; false positive result; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; immunoaffinity chromatography; intermethod comparison; Kenya; major clinical study; parallel testing algorithm; predictive value; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; serial testing algorithm; serodiagnosis; Western blotting; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Algorithms; Blotting, Western; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Kenya; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864859953	Impact-based cost-benefit analysis model for management of crude oil contaminated agricultural soil	Ogugua V.N., Egolum C.C., Onyike N.B., Onwurah I.N.E.	2012	International Journal of Environment and Waste Management	10	03-Feb	10.1504/IJEWM.2012.048373	Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Estate Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, Abia State, Nigeria; Polluti	Ogugua, V.N., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria; Egolum, C.C., Department of Estate Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria; Onyike, N.B., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, Abia State, Nigeria; Onwurah, I.N.E., Pollution Control and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria	Evaluating the compensation payable to farmers whose farms/farmlands have been rendered unproductive due to oil spill requires adequate scientific research and improved decision-making. This work proposes a bacterial-based mathematical framework as a decision-support system for evaluating crude oil spill impact on agricultural soil. The rate of 'in situ' biodegradation of the crude oil predicts the half-life of the spilled crude oil in the soil ecosystem while the inherent toxicity of the spilled oil provided the impact value (E), which was integrated into a version of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) model referred to as Impact-Based Cost-Benefit Analysis (IBCBA) that can be used for computing the adequate compensation payable. Scientific research initiatives that may engender integrated management of crude oil-contaminated agricultural soil are highlighted. © 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Adaptive management; Biodegradation rate; Oil-polluted soil; Valuation	Adaptive Management; Agricultural soils; Analysis models; Biodegradation rate; Impact value; In-situ; Integrated management; Mathematical frameworks; Scientific researches; Agriculture; Biodegradation; Cost effectiveness; Crude oil; Decision support systems; Microbiology; Oil spills; Resource valuation; Soil pollution; Soils; Solid wastes; Waste management; Geologic models	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62649112701	Evaluation of plantain peelings ash extract as coagulant aid in the coagulation of colloidal particles in low pH aqua system	Oladoja N.A., Aliu Y.D.	2008	Water Quality Research Journal of Canada	43	03-Feb	None	Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	Oladoja, N.A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria; Aliu, Y.D., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria	The use of plantain peelings ash extract (PPAE) as a coagulant aid in a low pH water was evaluated in the present studies. Plantain peelings were collected, washed, dried, and ashed in a furnace. The ash was extracted using deionized water, and the chemical composition was examined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Synthetic turbid water of varying turbidities (50, 100, 300 NTU) and varying pHs (2, 3, 4) were prepared by clay dispersion in deionized water. The optimum alum dosages for the coagulation of colloidal particles in different turbid waters of varying pHs were determined by method of continuous variation using the jar test procedure. The residual turbidities of the treated waters were determined, and the alum doses that gave the minimum residual turbidities were taken as the optimum dosage for the removal of colloidal particles. The use of PPAE as a coagulant aid with alum showed an improvement in the value of residual turbidities of the treated waters. Results obtained from the different studies showed that treated waters of lower residual turbidities were obtained from synthetic waters of higher initial turbidities and pHs. The pH of the treated water decreased with an increase in alum dosage, whereas an increase in the pH value was observed with the addition of PPAE as a coagulant aid. High correlation coefficient values (r2) were obtained when the changes in pH (i.e., ΔpH = pHf -pH) of the treated waters were correlated with alum and PPAE additions, and mathematical relationships were derived from the linear graph. Studies on the effect of flocculation time on residual turbidity showed that an optimum flocculation time of 30 minutes was attained, when alum was used alone, before redistribution and redispersion of the flocs was noticed. This phenomenon did not occur when PPAE was used as a coagulant aid. © 2008, CAWQ.	Alum; Ash; Coagulant; Plantain peel extract; Turbidity	Alum; Atomic absorption spectrophotometer; Chemical compositions; Clay dispersion; Colloidal particle; Correlation coefficient; Jar test; Linear graph; Mathematical relationship; pH value; Redispersions; Residual turbidity; Synthetic waters; Turbid water; Coagulation; Flocculation; Solvent extraction; Turbidity; Water absorption; Water treatment; Deionized water; ash; atomic absorption spectroscopy; chemical composition; coagulation; colloid; dispersion; flocculation; pH; plant extract; turbidity; water quality; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645528199	Performance of a prototype baited-trap in attracting and infecting the tick Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in field experiments	Maranga R.O., Hassanali A., Kaaya G.P., Mueke J.M.	2006	Experimental and Applied Acarology	38	03-Feb	10.1007/s10493-006-0002-6	Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Department of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Maranga, R.O., Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Hassanali, A., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Kaaya, G.P., Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Mueke, J.M., Department of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Investigations were commenced to study the potential use of the fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and the attraction-aggregation- attachment pheromone (AAAP) for the control of Ambloyomma variegatum as an environmentally friendly technology. The objective of the study was to develop and test a device, which could be used for pheromone and carbon dioxide delivery and infection of ticks with the fungi in an attempt to control the tick populations in the vegetation. Using a pheromone-baited device treated with the fungi mixture, 79% of the ticks released were attracted and exposed to the fungi and of these, 78% died during incubation in the laboratory. In another set of experiments, of the released ticks that were similarly exposed to fungi using the pheromone-baited device and left in the vegetation, 33.8% were recovered compared to recoveries of between 76 and 84% in the controls. These results were significantly different at the 5% level, an indication that the pheromone/fungi mixtures had significant effect in reducing the tick population in the field. © Springer 2006.	Attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone; Fungi; Vegetation	carbon dioxide; pheromone; aggregation pheromone; attractant; biological control; fungus; pest control; tick; animal; article; Ascomycetes; biological pest control; female; growth, development and aging; infestation; insect control; male; methodology; microbiology; tick; Animals; Ascomycota; Dry Ice; Female; Ixodidae; Male; Pest Control, Biological; Pheromones; Tick Control; Tick Infestations; Acari; Amblyomma; Amblyomma variegatum; Beauveria; Cordyceps bassiana; Fungi; Ixodidae; Metarhizium anisopliae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37549003684	Performance and fitness traits versus phenotypic appearance in the African Ankole Longhorn cattle: A novel approach to identify selection criteria for indigenous breeds	Ndumu D.B., Baumung R., Wurzinger M., Drucker A.G., Okeyo A.M., Semambo D., Sölkner J.	2008	Livestock Science	113	03-Feb	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.04.004	Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, North. Territ. 0909, Australia; International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Ndumu, D.B., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Baumung, R., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Wurzinger, M., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Drucker, A.G., School of Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, North. Territ. 0909, Australia; Okeyo, A.M., International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Semambo, D., National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda; Sölkner, J., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria	Ankole cattle are well known for their massive white horns and red coat colour. These characteristics are attributed to centuries of cultural breeding practices. Two experiments with traditional cattle keepers were carried out at a governmental Ankole nucleus farm in south-western Uganda to identify phenotypic characteristics as well as production and fitness traits which are important indigenous selection criteria. Forty one body measurements each were taken from 15 bulls and 35 cows and phenotypic characteristics were described in detail. In the first experiment 12 groups of 6 to 8 cattle keepers were invited to rank several groups of 4-5 animals according to their preference for a breeding bull or cow based on phenotype alone. In the second experiment the ranking was based on phenotype and a hypothetical life history that was randomly assigned to each animal on each day of experiment. The history included milk yield (on own performance for cows and that of the dam for bulls), fertility of the animal and its sire as well as events of East Coast Fever. For analysis, Generalized Multinomial Logit Models were fitted. To compare different models the likelihood-based pseudo R square measure was used. The results indicate that, in the selection of cows, performance and fitness traits are emphasized by the cattle keepers while in the selection of bulls, the phenotypic appearance of the animal plays an important role. Individual fertility followed by milk performance are the main criteria for selecting cows, resistance to East Coast Fever was of highest importance in bulls. In both sexes a dark red coat colour was highly rated. The study indicates that the methodology of preference ranking combining phenotype and a hypothetical life history may provide insight into indigenous selection criteria of stock owners elsewhere. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ankole cattle; Indigenous selection criteria; Multinomial logistic regression; Phenotypic ranking	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844442716	On-farm evaluation of biological nitrogen fixation potential and grain yield of Lablab and two soybean varieties in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Okogun J.A., Sanginga N., Abaidoo R., Dashiell K.E., Diels J.	2005	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	73	03-Feb	10.1007/s10705-005-3821-7	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma	Okogun, J.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA, c/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Abaidoo, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dashiell, K.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, United States; Diels, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	Several legumes with high biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) potentials have been studied in on-station trials. The processes involved in BNF and the benefits of these species to crop production need to be evaluated using farmers' management practices in farmers' fields. An on-farm trial with 20 farmers was conducted in the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of Nigeria. The aims were to evaluate the BNF potentials of an improved soybean variety (TGx 1448-2E) and a local variety (Samsoy-2) when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains, and of Lablab in farmer-managed and researcher-managed soybean-maize and Lablab-maize crop rotation systems. The level of soil P was generally low with more than 50% of the fields having less than the critical P level. The plant available P content was statistically significantly (P = 0.05) correlated with P in grain (r = 0.60), P in the shoot (r = 0.68), grain yield (r = 0.40) and nodule weight (r = 0.35). Variations in plant parameters (nodulation, shoot dry matter, percentage nitrogen derived from the air [%Ndfa], grain yield, and nutrient uptake) among and within farmers' fields were attributed to differences in soil fertility and crop management. About 60% of the fields were moderately fertile, sufficient to support legume establishment, while about 30% of the farmers' fields had a low fertility level. For farmers in the study area to benefit from the BNF potentials of the legumes, an external P fertilizer input was necessary as well as suitable crop management practices because all parameters measured in the researcher-managed plots were higher than in the farmer-managed plots. © Springer 2005.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Grain yield; Northern Guinea savanna; Soybean	crop yield; nitrogen fixation; rhizobacterium; soybean; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Bradyrhizobium; Glycine max; Lablab; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547655621	Evaluation of the performance of the Kenya Dual Purpose Goat composites: Additive and non-additive genetic parameters	Mugambi J.N., Wakhungu J.W., Inyangala B.O., Muhuyi W.B., Muasya T.	2007	Small Ruminant Research	72	03-Feb	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.10.001	Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Dev., P.O. Box 34188, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya	Mugambi, J.N., Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Dev., P.O. Box 34188, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Wakhungu, J.W., Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Inyangala, B.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Muhuyi, W.B., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Muasya, T., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya	Growth data from 6800 progeny of straightbreds, intermediate crosses and the resulting Kenya Dual Purpose Goat (KDPG) composites from 1982 to 2004 were used to estimate additive and non-additive genetic parameters. The KDPG was developed by crossing Toggenburg (T), Anglo-Nubian (N), Small East African (E) and Galla (G) breeds in equal proportions. All parameters were simultaneously estimated for early growth traits by fitting an animal model using Derivative-Free-Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) procedures (Meyer, 1998). The model included sex, type of birth, period and season of birth, and age of dam classes as fixed effects; crossbreeding parameters were fitted as covariates. Relative to Small East African breed, Anglo-Nubian showed the highest breed effects for weaning weight (+1.69 kg), yearling weight (+1.74 kg) and pre-weaning average daily gains (+13.28 g/day). Between the indigenous breeds, breed differences were in favour of Galla breed except for yearling weight. Individual heterosis had a positive effect on birth weight (+0.05 kg), yearling weight (+0.36 kg) and post-weaning average daily gains (+3.04 g/day) but negative in pre-weaning traits. Maternal heterosis was favourable in the traits influenced by pre-weaning maternal environment (weaning weight and pre-weaning average daily gains). The effect of recombination was negative and, therefore, reduced performance in all traits. Heritability estimates were low with very narrow range between traits. These estimates were 0.13 ± 0.03, 0.16 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.02 for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, pre-weaning and post-weaning average daily gains, respectively. The study shows that the developed KDPG composites have not optimized on the positive dominance effects; an effect due to retained recombination loss caused by lack of selection during breed development. It was concluded therefore, that the KDPG composites are still segregating and have not stabilized into a new breed as was the aim of the breeding programme. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crossbreeding parameters; Heritability; Kenya Dual Purpose Goat; Recombination loss	Animalia; Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928016842	Status and impact of strategic technology alliances among telecommunications firms in Nigeria	Ajao B.F., Oyebisi T., Aderemi H., Jegede O.	2015	International Journal of Business Performance Management	16	03-Feb	10.1504/IJBPM.2015.068723	National Centre for Technology Management, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria; African Institute for Science Policy and Innovation, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Management and Accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University I	Ajao, B.F., National Centre for Technology Management, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oyebisi, T., African Institute for Science Policy and Innovation, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Aderemi, H., Department of Management and Accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Jegede, O., National Centre for Technology Management, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria	This paper examined strategic technology alliance among telecommunications service providers in Nigeria and the benefits accrued to service providers and subscribers from the alliances. This was with a view to providing appropriate recommendation to improving the services rendered to subscribers. Primary data were collected from four GSM network operators, two CDMA network operators and three telecommunications service vendors in Nigeria. Findings revealed the existence of strategic technology alliances such as licensing, joint venture, turnkey, venture capital, franchising, merger and acquisition. Benefits derived from the strategic alliances in decreasing order were improved network coverage, decrease in call drops, decrease in signal down time and decrease in tariff of data and voice services. Furthermore, the allies enjoyed increased turnover when they engaged in strategic technology alliance. The study concluded that a well-structured strategic technology alliance relationship among telecommunications firms can bring about better services for sustainable development in the country. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	CDMA; Global system of mobile; GSM; Licensing; STA; Strategic technology alliance; Subscribers; Telecommunications vendors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744487139	Evaluation of top, middle and bottom stalk of sugarcane as planting material	Kolo I.N., Adesiyun A.A., Misari S.M., Ishaq M.N.	2005	Sugar Tech	7	03-Feb	None	National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Kolo, I.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria; Adesiyun, A.A., Dept. of Crop Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Misari, S.M., Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Ishaq, M.N., National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria	One of the major constraints of chewing sugarcane farming is the dearth of planting material. Two trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 seasons to evaluate the growth performance of the different parts of the chewing sugarcane stalk viz: top, middle and bottom. Three - budded cuttings of each part used as planting material was obtained from the stalks of the local chewing sugarcane variety NIG 008. There were no significant differences in most of the parameters taken, although, the growth performance of the Top and Middle parts of the stalk were better than the bottom one. In chewing sugarcane production, planting material (cane setts) are obtained from the middle of the stalk to the apex. Although both the middle and top are used, the top of the stalk is preferred by the local farmers as planting material because of the monetary value derived from the middle and bottom parts. . However, in large scale sugarcane farming, the bottom portion, in addition to the top and middle ones can be used without the fear of low cane yield.	Cane stalk segments (top, middle and base); Chewing sugarcane; Planting materials	Saccharum hybrid cultivar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947433681	Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: Evaluation of a new delivery approach and the policy implications for malaria control in Uganda	Mbonye A.K., Bygbjerg I., Magnussen P.	2007	Health Policy	81	03-Feb	10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.05.018	Reproductive Health Division, Department of Community Health, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL, Institute of Health Research and Development, Jaegersborg Allé ID, 2920 Charlottelund, Denmark	Mbonye, A.K., Reproductive Health Division, Department of Community Health, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Bygbjerg, I., Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Magnussen, P., DBL, Institute of Health Research and Development, Jaegersborg Allé ID, 2920 Charlottelund, Denmark	The impact of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) on malaria in pregnancy is well known. In countries where this policy is implemented, poor access and low compliance to this intervention has been widely reported. A study was designed to assess a new approach to deliver IPT to pregnant women through traditional birth attendants (TBAs), drug-shop vendors (DSVs), community reproductive health workers (CRHWs) and adolescent peer mobilisers (APMs); and compared this approach with IPT at health units. We evaluated this approach to assess user perceptions, its acceptability and sustainability. Results show that the new approach increased access and compliance to IPT. Mean gestational age at first dose of IPT was 21.0 weeks with the community approaches versus 23.1 weeks at health units, P > 0.0001. Health units accessed a high proportion of adolescents, 28.4%, versus 25.0% at the new approaches, P < 0.03; most primigravidae, 23.6%, versus 20.0% at the new approaches, P < 0.04. The proportion of women who received two doses of SP was 67.5.2% with the new approaches versus 39.9% at health units, P < 0.0001. The new approach was associated with a three-fold increase in use of ITNs from 8.8% at baseline to 23.4%. The factors that most influenced acceptability and use of IPT were trusted and easy accessible resource persons, their ability to make home visits especially with CRHWs and APMs; the support of spouses. Another factor was the high awareness on dangers of malaria in pregnancy and the benefits of IPT created by the resource persons. The women perceived better health using the first dose of sulphadoxine-pyremethamine (SP) and this compelled them to go for the second dose. IPT with this approach was highly acceptable with 89.1% of women at the new approaches intending to use it for the next pregnancy, while 48.0% of them had recommended it to other women. We suggest a review of the current policy on malaria prevention in pregnancy to allow provision of IPT through community structures that are feasible, practical and acceptable. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Acceptability; Compliance; Intermittent preventive treatment; Malaria in pregnancy; Sustainability; Uganda	antimalarial agent; fansidar; folic acid; iron; mebendazole; absence of side effects; adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; attitude to illness; attitude to pregnancy; community care; controlled study; female; fever; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health care policy; health care utilization; health promotion; home care; human; intermittent preventive treatment; interview; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; maternal morbidity; outcomes research; patient compliance; patient education; patient referral; peer group; perception; pregnancy; prenatal care; preventive health service; preventive medicine; repeated drug dose; school child; traditional birth attendant; Uganda; unspecified side effect; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Malaria; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Preventive Medicine; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250017351	Effect of dietary protein supplementation on performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) does during pregnancy and lactation	Nnadi P.A., Kamalu T.N., Onah D.N.	2007	Small Ruminant Research	71	03-Jan	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.06.007	Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nnadi, P.A., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kamalu, T.N., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Onah, D.N., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The effect of dietary protein supplementation on the reproductive performance of West African Dwarf goats (WAD) was studied. Eighteen 9-12-month-old female WAD goats that were free from both helminth and trypanosome infections were divided into two groups (A and B) of nine females each and confined separately in concrete floored, fly proof pens. Group A was maintained on a high dietary protein (HDP) diet of 13% crude protein (CP) per day and group B on a low dietary (LDP) protein diet of 9% crude protein (CP) per day from mating until 6 weeks postpartum. The mean live weights and body condition scores were determined weekly from mating (day zero of pregnancy) up to 6 weeks postpartum. These were also determined in neonates within 12 h of birth and at 6 weeks of age. The results showed that animals on HDP gained significantly more weight (P < 0.01) and also had significantly higher body condition scores P < 0.05 than those on LDP. Equally, they delivered and weaned kids of significantly higher birth and weaning weights than those on LDP (P < 0.01). It was concluded that protein supplementation in reproducing traditionally managed WAD goats enhanced foetal development, birth weight, mammary gland development and promoted lactation, all of which enhanced survivability of the neonates. These translated into the delivery of viable kids and weaning of kids of higher body weights, which are requirements for early disease resistance and finish. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Gestation; Lactation; Protein supplementation; WAD goats	Animalia; Capra hircus; Trypanosoma; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77649340615	Effects of feeding different levels of dried cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) based concentrates with Panicum maximum basal on the performance of growing West African Dwarf goats	Oni A.O., Arigbede O.M., Oni O.O., Onwuka C.F.I., Anele U.Y., Oduguwa B.O., Yusuf K.O.	2010	Livestock Science	129	03-Jan	10.1016/j.livsci.2009.12.007	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Univ	Oni, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Arigbede, O.M., Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oni, O.O., Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocation, Federal College of Education, PMB 2096, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Onwuka, C.F.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Anele, U.Y., Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oduguwa, B.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Yusuf, K.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	The feeding value of dried cassava leaves as supplement in the diet was investigated in an experiment with West African Dwarf goats at different inclusion levels of 0, 20, 40 and 60% of DM respectively, using guinea grass as a basal feed. The study lasted for 112 days during which feed intake, performance characteristics, digestibility and nitrogen utilization were monitored in 40 male goats using a completely randomized design. Dry matter (DM) intake from guinea grass was significantly (P < 0.05; 0.01) increased from 0% to 60% inclusion of dried cassava leaves in the diet. The total DM intakes were 482, 526, 537 and 528 g/d for the 0, 20, 40 and 60% of dried cassava leaves in the diet, respectively. The body weight gain of the animals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in the control group. The highest gain was recorded in goats with 60% of dried cassava leaves in the diet (52.9 g/d) and lowest for the control (33.8 g/d). The inclusion of dried cassava leaves significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the apparent digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), while it increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE), resulting in higher nitrogen balance (3.75 g/d) at 60% of the supplement. In conclusion, supplementing a basal diet of guinea grass (Panicum maximum) with dried cassava leaves improved DM intake, weight gain, apparent digestibility and N-retention in WAD goats. The inclusion level of dried cassava in the diet can be up to 60% level in a compounded ration for ruminant animals on DM basis. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Digestibility; Dried cassava leaves; Guinea grass; Nitrogen utilization; WAD goats	Animalia; Bovidae; Capra hircus; Manihot esculenta; Panicum maximum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858128134	Growth performance, blood characteristics and plasma lipids of growing pullet fed dietary concentrations of organic and inorganic copper sources	Jegede A.V., Oduguwa O.O., Oso A.O., Fafiolu A.O., Idowu O.M.O., Nollet L.	2012	Livestock Science	145	03-Jan	10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.011	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Dunboyne, Ireland	Jegede, A.V., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oduguwa, O.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Fafiolu, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Nollet, L., Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Dunboyne, Ireland	A 140-day study was conducted to determine the influence of dietary organic Cu (Cu proteinate) and inorganic Cu (CuSO 4) on growth performance, blood characteristics and plasma lipids of growing pullet. 480day-old Kabiru® breed chicks were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups of 80 birds split over 4 replicates of 20 birds each. The diets consisted of a basal diet (containing 32.84 and 31.78mg/kg Cu for starter and grower phases respectively) supplemented with organic Cu (Cu proteinate; Cu-P) or inorganic Cu (Cu sulphate; CuSO 4) fed at 3 dietary concentrations (50, 100 and 150mg/kg). No significant (P&gt;0.05) effect of Cu source, concentration and interaction of Cu source and concentration was obtained for growth response at starter and grower phases. CuSO 4 supplementation resulted in elevated (P&lt;0.05) serum uric acid. Supplementation of diets with 150mg/kg Cu resulted in the reduction (P&lt;0.05) of white blood cell count of the birds. Cu-P decreased (P&lt;0.05) plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride in comparison to CuSO 4. CuSO 4 supplementation resulted in increased high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cu concentration elicited a linear response (P&lt;0.05) for total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride. It was concluded that the source and concentration of Cu did not lead to a significant difference in growth performance. Furthermore, Cu-P reduced (P&lt;0.05) the plasma cholesterol concentration of the experimental birds when compared to CuSO 4. Also plasma cholesterol concentration reduced (P&lt;0.05) with increased dietary Cu concentration. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Copper; Growth; Lipid; Performance; Pullet	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649335405	Syntheses of new imidazole ligand series and evaluation of 1-, 2- and 4,5-imidazole substituent electronic and steric effects on N-donor strengths	Eseola A.O., Sun W.-H., Li W., Woods J.A.O.	2010	Journal of Molecular Structure	984	03-Jan	10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.09.015	Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of P	Eseola, A.O., Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria; Sun, W.-H., Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Li, W., Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Woods, J.A.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A series of new imidazole based heterocycles (5-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol- 2-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl acetate (Him-dp), (5-(1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl) furan-2-yl)methyl acetate (HIm-pt), (5-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2- yl)furan-2-yl)methyl acetate (HIm-phen), 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H- imidazole (HIm-n), 1-methyl-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (MeIm-n), N-(2-(1-ethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)benzamide (EtIm-ba) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(8-(1-ethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,4- dihydroquinolin-2-yl)phenol (EtIm-q) were synthesized and studied for the dependence of their azole donor characteristics on substituent factors by means of experimentally determined ionization constant data (derived as pK as), spectroscopic analyses and calculated properties of their DFT optimized molecular geometries performed at the B3LYP/6-311 + G level. Results showed that the lowest donor strength recorded for HIm-pt (pKa = 2.67 ± 0.07) could be traced to the extensive electronic conjugation of the azole π-electrons with 4,5- and 2-substituents. On the other hand, the strongest imidazole donor strength in the series was obtained from EtIm-q (pKa = 4.61 ± 0.04) for which the substituents possessed negligible π-overlap with the azole ring. The experimental results and theoretical calculations lead to conclusions that effective conjugation between the imidazole ring and substituent aromatic groups is accountable for significant withdrawal of charge densities on the imidazole N-donor atom and vice versa. Furthermore, observed donor strengths in the series suggest that electronic inductive effects of the substituents provided lesser impact on donor strength modification of imidazole base and that alkylation of 1-imidazole position did not yield the anticipated push of electron density in favour of the N-donor atom. It is anticipated that the results should promote the understanding of azole-containing bio-macromolecular species and reactions as well as tuning and application of azole functions in molecular science. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	DFT calculations; Protonation-deprotonation; Spectroscopy; Substituent effects	1H-imidazole; Aromatic group; Benzamides; DFT calculation; Donor atoms; Donor strength; Electron densities; Heterocycles; Imidazol; Inductive effects; Ionization constant; Methyl acetates; Molecular geometries; Molecular science; Steric effect; Substituent effect; Theoretical calculations; Amides; Phenols; Protonation; Spectroscopic analysis; Sulfur compounds; Impact strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249800094	Study of the impact of land use and hydrogeological settings on the shallow groundwater quality in a peri-urban area of Kampala, Uganda	Kulabako N.R., Nalubega M., Thunvik R.	2007	Science of the Total Environment	381	03-Jan	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.035	Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Water and Sanitation Program-Africa (WSP-AF), The World Bank, P.O.Box 4463, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100-44 Stockholm, Sweden	Kulabako, N.R., Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Nalubega, M., Water and Sanitation Program-Africa (WSP-AF), The World Bank, P.O.Box 4463, Kampala, Uganda; Thunvik, R., Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100-44 Stockholm, Sweden	A study to assess the impacts of land use and hydrogeological characteristics on the shallow groundwater in one of Kampala's peri-urban areas (Bwaise III Parish) was undertaken for a period of 19 months. Water quality monitoring was carried out for 16 installed wells and one operational protected spring to ascertain the seasonal variation. The aspects of hydrogeological setting investigated in the study were the subsurface unconsolidated material characteristics (stratigraphy, lithology, hydraulic conductivity, porosity and chemical content), seasonal groundwater depths and spring discharge, topography and rainfall of the area. Both laboratory and field measurements were carried out to determine the soil and water characteristics. Field surveys were also undertaken to identify and locate the various land use activities that may potentially pollute. The results demonstrate that the water table in the area responds rapidly to short rains (48 h) due to the pervious (10- 5 - 10- 3 ms- 1) and shallow (&lt; 1 mbgl) vadose zone, which consists of foreign material (due to reclamation). This anthropogenically influenced vadose zone has a limited contaminant attenuation capacity resulting in water quality deterioration following the rains. There is widespread contamination of the groundwater with high organic (up to 370 mgTKN/l and 779 mgNO- 3/l), thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) and faecal streptococci (FS) (median values as high as 126E3 cfu/100 ml and 154E3 cfu/100 ml respectively) and total phosphorus (up to 13 mg/l) levels originating from multiple sources of contamination. These include animal rearing, solid waste dumping, pit latrine construction and greywater/stormwater disposal in unlined channels leading to increased localised microbial (faecal) and organic (TKN/NO- 3) contamination during the rains. The spring discharge (range 1.22-1.48 m3/h) with high nitrate levels (median values of 117 and 129 mg/l in the wet and dry seasons) did not vary significantly with season (p = 0.087) suggesting that this source is fed by regional base flow. However, the microbial quality deterioration observed in the spring discharge after a rain event (median values of 815TTCs cfu /100 ml and 433 FS cfu/100 ml) was attributed to the poor maintenance of the protection structure. Identification and selection of appropriate management solutions for the protection of shallow groundwater in informal settlements should not only be based on water quality problems and the causal physical characteristics as demonstrated by this study, but also institutional and socio-economic factors. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Hydrogeological setting; Land use; Peri-urban; Thermotolerant coliforms; Total Kjedahl nitrogen; Total phosphorus	Hydrogeology; Land use; Nitrogen; Topography; Urban planning; Water quality; Hydrogeological settings; Thermotolerant coliforms; Total Kjedahl nitrogen; Total phosphorus; Groundwater; ground water; phosphorus; rain; well water; anthropogenic effect; coliform bacterium; discharge; fecal coliform; field survey; groundwater pollution; hydrogeology; land use; management practice; organic nitrogen; periurban area; phosphorus; pollution monitoring; seasonal variation; social impact assessment; socioeconomic conditions; topographic effect; vadose zone; water quality; article; coliform bacterium; Enterococcus faecalis; environmental monitoring; environmental reclamation; field experiment; hydraulic conductivity; laboratory test; land use; porosity; priority journal; soil analysis; solid waste management; stratigraphy; topography; Uganda; urban area; water analysis; water contamination; water quality; water table; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Rain; Refuse Disposal; Soil; Uganda; Water; Water Supply; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65549145508	Performance evaluation of a refrigerant-charged integrated solar water heater in northern Nigeria	Enaburekhan J., Yakasai U.T.	2009	Desalination	243	03-Jan	10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.014	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Gwarzo Road, Kano, Nigeria	Enaburekhan, J., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Gwarzo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Yakasai, U.T., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Gwarzo Road, Kano, Nigeria	The thermal performance of the refrigerant-charged integrated solar water heater was analyzed to show its applicability in Nigeria, using data of several sunny and cloudy days. This unit, having three identical small-scale solar water heating systems using refrigerants R-134a, R12, and ethanol, was constructed and tested side by side under various environmental and load conditions in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The thermal performance was evaluated extensively throughout the months of August and September 2006; the maximum water temperature increases of 28°C, 37°C and 40°C for R12, ethanol and R-134a were attained at about 14:00 h respectively, while the maximum collection efficiencies computed were 40.63%, 50.78% and 56.59% for R12, ethanol and R-134a respectively. Best performance was obtained using R134a, probably due to its higher latent heat, higher liquid thermal conductivity, and lower viscosity and high surface tension to improve capillary pumping. This reveals a good capability of the system to convert solar energy to heat which can be used for heating water in northern Nigeria. © 2009.	Heat-pipe solar collector; Phase-change; Refrigerant-charged solar collector; Solar water heating	Capillary pumping; Cloudy days; Collection efficiencies; Heat-pipe solar collector; Integrated solar water heaters; Load conditions; Nigeria; Northern Nigeria; Performance evaluations; Phase-change; Refrigerant-charged solar collector; Solar water heating; Solar water heating systems; Thermal performance; Water temperatures; Ethanol; Heat pipes; Heating; Heating equipment; Mixed convection; Refrigerants; Solar collectors; Solar heating; Solar water heaters; Surface tension; Solar energy; equipment; heating; performance assessment; thermal conductivity; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644432106	Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhoea treatment in Nigeria	Agunu A., Yusuf S., Andrew G.O., Zezi A.U., Abdurahman E.M.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	101	03-Jan	10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.025	Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Agunu, A., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Yusuf, S., Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Andrew, G.O., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Zezi, A.U., Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abdurahman, E.M., Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Five medicinal plants [Acacia nilotica, Acanthospermun hispidum, Gmelina arborea, Parkia biglobosa and Vitex doniana] used in diarrhoeal treatment in Kaduna State, Nigeria, were investigated. This study was carried out on perfused isolated rabbit jejunum and castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The aqueous methanol extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/ml) were generally found to cause a dose-dependent response in the isolated rabbit jejunum, though this was not uniform in all the plants. Gmelina arborea and Vitex doniana showed concentration dependent relaxation at low doses (0.5, 1.0 mg/ml), but showed no significant relaxation at higher doses (2.0, 3.0 mg/ml). Other extracts showed biphasic effects. For example, Acacia nilotica at 3.0 mg/ml caused initial relaxation quickly followed by contraction. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal, 100% protections were shown by extracts of Acacia nilotica and Parkia biglobosa (100, 200 mg/kg) while Vitex doniana showed a dose-dependent effect. The least protection was shown by Acanthospermun hispidum, at the same dose, when compared with the other four plants. The results obtained revealed that the aqueous methanol extracts of all the five medicinal plants investigated have pharmacological activity against diarrhoea. This may explain their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antidiarrhoeal; Castor oil; Medicinal plants; Methanol extracts; Tissue relaxation	Acacia nilotica extract; acanthospermum hispidum extract; castor oil; Gmelina arborea extract; loperamide; methanol; Parkia biglobosa extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; vitex doniana extract; Acacia; acanthospermum hispidum; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; diarrhea; drug activity; drug effect; drug screening; gmelina arborea; intestine contraction; jejunum; male; medicinal plant; mouse; muscle relaxation; Nigeria; nonhuman; Parkia biglobosa; rabbit; Vitex doniana; Acacia; Animals; Diarrhea; Jejunum; Male; Mice; Nigeria; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rabbits; Vitex; Acacia nilotica; Gmelina arborea; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Parkia biglobosa; Vitex doniana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644518381	Performance optimization of coagulant/flocculant in the treatment of wastewater from a beverage industry	Amuda O.S., Amoo I.A., Ajayi O.O.	2006	Journal of Hazardous Materials	129	03-Jan	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.078	Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Amuda, O.S., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Amoo, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Ajayi, O.O., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	This study investigated the effect of coagulation/flocculation treatment process on wastewater of Fumman Beverage Industry, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study also compared different dosages of coagulant, polyelectrolyte (non-ionic polyacrylamide) and different pH values of the coagulation processes. The effect of different dosages of polyelectrolyte in combination with coagulant was also studied. The results reveal that low pH values (3-8), enhance removal efficiency of the contaminants. Percentage removal of 78, 74 and 75 of COD, TSS and TP, respectively, were achieved by the addition of 500 mg/L Fe2(SO 4)3·3H2O and 93, 94 and 96% removal of COD, TSS and TP, respectively, were achieved with the addition of 25 mg/L polyelectrolyte to the coagulation process. The volume of sludge produced, when coagulant was used solely, was higher compared to the use of polyelectrolyte combined with Fe2(SO4)3·3H2O. This may be as a result of non-ionic nature of the polyelectrolyte; hence, it does not chemically react with solids of the wastewater. Coagulation/ flocculation may be useful as a pre-treatment process for beverage industrial wastewater prior to biological treatment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Beverage wastewater; Coagulation; pH control; Polyelectrolyte; Sludge	Beverages; Chemical reactions; Flocculation; Optimization; pH effects; Polyelectrolytes; Sewage sludge; Wastewater treatment; Beverage wastewater; Biological treatment; PH control; Sludge; Coagulation; coagulating agent; polyelectrolyte; proton; sulfur oxide; Beverages; Chemical reactions; Coagulation; Flocculation; Optimization; pH effects; Polyelectrolytes; Sewage sludge; Wastewater treatment; wastewater; article; beverage; chemical analysis; chemical reaction; flocculation; food contamination; pH; sludge; waste water management; wine industry; Beverages; Flocculation; Fruit; Industrial Waste; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Waste Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847666890	Recovery assessment of a refined-oil impacted and fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem	Otitoloju A.A., Are T., Junaid K.A.	2007	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	127	03-Jan	10.1007/s10661-006-9285-7	Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Federal Ministry of Environment, National Reference Laboratory, Lagos, Nigeria	Otitoloju, A.A., Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Are, T., Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Junaid, K.A., Federal Ministry of Environment, National Reference Laboratory, Lagos, Nigeria	An assessment of the diversity and abundance of macrobenthic community in a refined-oil (petrol) impacted and fire-ravaged mangrove ecosystem within the vicinity of a marine receipt terminal facility (Atlas Cove) serving as a distribution and pump station for refined products was carried out. The mangrove ecosystem was subjected to massive petrol spillage from a leaking pipeline and eventual fire outbreak. Following rehabilitation activities, a recovery assessment of the impacted ecosystem was carried out. The field surveys revealed that the petrol leakage and fire outbreak resulted in a near complete destruction of the mangrove ecosystem around the Atlas Cove depot, with macrobenthic species diversity index ranging between 00.4, compared to 0.780.87 in the control stations. The dominant early arrivals or colonizers of the impacted stations areas were Clibanarius africanus and Callinectes amnicola. Early signs of recovery of the impacted area were observed within about two and a half (2 1/2) to three (3) months, based on diversity and abundance indices respectively. The period of early signs of recovery also coincide with an observed reduction in the total hydrocarbon content (THC) levels in the sediment collected from the impacted stations by about nine folds from 3.67 mg/kg to 0.42 mg/kg within 3 months. Despite the apparent signs of recovery, the need for long-term monitoring of the impacted stations was discussed. © Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. 2006.	Atlas cove; Fire; Macrobenthos; Mangrove; Petroleum products; Recovery assessment	Environmental impact; Environmental impact assessments; Environmental protection; Fire hazards; Fires; Leakage (fluid); Petroleum pipelines; Petroleum products; Petroleum refining; Fire outbreak; Fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem; Macrobenthic community; Petrol spillage; Ecosystems; gasoline; hydrocarbon; abundance; assessment method; diversity index; macrobenthos; mangrove; oil spill; petroleum hydrocarbon; pollution effect; pollution monitoring; species diversity; article; biodiversity; controlled study; ecosystem fire history; ecosystem regeneration; ecosystem restoration; environmental impact assessment; environmental monitoring; macrobenthos; mangrove; Nigeria; petrochemical industry; population abundance; species diversity; spillage; vegetation; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Remediation; Fires; Geologic Sediments; Nigeria; Petroleum; Rhizophoraceae; Callinectes amnicola; Clibanarius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349267289	Performance of Toggenburg dairy goats in smallholder production systems of the eastern highlands of Kenya	Ahuya C.O., Ojango J.M.K., Mosi R.O., Peacock C.P., Okeyo A.M.	2009	Small Ruminant Research	83	03-Jan	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.11.012	FARM-Africa, Kenya Country Office, P.O. Box 49502, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya; Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University, Box 536, 20107 Njoro, Kenya	Ahuya, C.O., FARM-Africa, Kenya Country Office, P.O. Box 49502, Nairobi, Kenya; Ojango, J.M.K., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya, Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University, Box 536, 20107 Njoro, Kenya; Mosi, R.O., University of Nairobi, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya; Peacock, C.P., FARM-Africa, Kenya Country Office, P.O. Box 49502, Nairobi, Kenya; Okeyo, A.M., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	The use of exotic dairy goats in breeding programmes for smallholder production systems is popular in Eastern Africa. However, information on the performance of exotic breeds within these systems is scarce. This paper presents information on performance of Toggenburg dairy goats under smallholder production systems in a medium to high agricultural potential environment in Kenya under a community-based set-up as part of the characterization of its adaptive and productive attributes. Environmental factors affecting growth of 646 goats born in the environment, and fertility and milk production of 160 does from 1997 to 2005 were evaluated. Genetic parameters were also estimated for early growth traits. The average birth weight (BW) for 607 kids was 3.27 kg. Corrected weaning weights (CW), and average daily gain to weaning (ADG) for 646 kids were 19.12 kg and 136 g/day, respectively. The results indicated that the smallholder farmers were able to maintain comparably high levels of milk production in the first three parities (LMY), with yields of 475 ± 9 l in 201 days for 160 does in the first parity, 507 ± 9 l in 264 days from 130 does in the second parity and 513 ± 13 l in 296 days for 82 does in the third parity. Kidding intervals though initially long decreased with time to reasonable levels (302 ± 117 days). The heritability estimates obtained were low (0.23 ± 0.13 for BW, 0.18 ± 0.11 for CW and 0.14 ± 0.11 for ADG). Genetic correlations between the traits were also low. Genetic and phenotypic trends indicated little change in BW, CW and LMY over the years. The phenotypic trend in the kidding interval showed a reducing interval over time. The results demonstrated that the Toggenburg goats were able to perform and thrive reasonably well under the low-input farming conditions. © 2009.	Genetic parameters; Goat milk; Smallholder farming; Toggenburg	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-9744227368	Evaluation of the phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper double backcross resource population: Natural pasture challenge with gastro-intestinal nematode parasites	Mugambi J.M., Audho J.O., Baker R.L.	2005	Small Ruminant Research	56	03-Jan	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.06.003	Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, Kenya; National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 0902, Kenya, Kenya; P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand, New Zealand	Mugambi, J.M., National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 0902, Kenya, Kenya; Audho, J.O., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, Kenya; Baker, R.L., P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand, New Zealand	Six first cross (F1) Red Maasai x Dorper rams were mated to both Red Maasai (R) and Dorper (D) ewes to produce 1342 double backcross progeny (672 3/4 D/1/4 R and 670 3/4 R/1/4 D lambs born alive). These six double backcross resource families are being used to identify quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites (particularly Haemonchus contortus). This paper reports the phenotypic performance of the double backcross progeny relative to the performance of straight bred Red Maasai (158 born) and Dorper (131 born) lambs evaluated at pasture from birth to 6 months of age. Resistance to GI nematode parasites was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC), while resilience (tolerance) was assessed in terms of blood packed red cell volume (PCV). The R and 3/4 R lambs were consistently more resistant (lower FEC) and resilient (higher PCV) than the D and 3/4 D lambs and these differences were significant for lambs from 3 to 6 months of age. The difference between the backcrosses for both FEC and PCV was about a half of the difference between the straightbred R and D lambs indicating additive gene action. The D lambs were consistently significantly heavier than the R lambs at all sampling times from birth to 6 months with the difference increasing from a 52% advantage at birth (3.72 versus 2.44 kg, respectively) to a 86% advantage for 6-month-old lambs (23.1 versus 12.4 kg, respectively). The 3/4 D lambs were also significantly heavier than the 3/4 R at all sampling times and this difference was about a half that between the D and R lambs (5.1 ± 0.2 versus 10.7 ± 0.5 kg, respectively for 6-month-old lambs). For pre-weaning mortality there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) breed by birth type interaction due to significantly higher mortality rates in D and 3/4 D lambs than in R and 3/4 R in multiple-born lambs, but no significant breed effect for single-born lambs. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) breed effect for post-weaning mortality (3.5-6 months of age) with the D lambs (15.0%) and 3/4 D lambs (7.3%) having higher mortality rates than the 3/4 R and R lambs (0.8 and 1.4%, respectively). Mortality was attributed mainly to starvation/miss-mothering followed by pneumonia during the pre-weaning period and to haemonchosis and pneumonia from weaning to 6 months of age. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Breed differences; Gastro-intestinal nematodes; Haemonchus contortus; Resistance; Sheep	Haemonchus contortus; lamb; Nematoda; Ovis; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863748844	Prediction of reservoir performance in multi-well systems using modified hyperbolic model	Adeboye Y.B., Ubani C.E., Oribayo O.	2011	Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology	1	04-Feb	10.1007/s13202-011-0009-3	Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka	Adeboye, Y.B., Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Ubani, C.E., Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria; Oribayo, O., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Decline curve analyses are usually based on empirical Arps' equations: exponential, hyperbolic and harmonic decline. The applicable decline for the purpose of reservoir estimates is usually based on the historical trend that is seen on the well or reservoir performance. This remains an important tool for the reservoir engineer, so that the practice of decline curve analysis has been developed over the years through both theoretical and empirical considerations. Despite the fact that the fundamental principles are well known and understood, there are aspects which can still lead to a range of forecast and reserve estimates that until now have not been investigated. In this work, a model was developed considering the effect of well aggregation and interference in multi-well systems. This approach accounts for the entire production history of the well and the reservoir, and thus reduces the influence of well interference effects on decline curve analysis. It provides much better estimates of reserves in multi-well systems. The models were validated with field data from different wells. Production decline data from different wells in a reservoir were analyzed and used to demonstrate the application of the developed model. © 2011 The Author(s).	Decline curve; Forecast; Interference; Reserve estimates; Well aggregation	Arps' equation; Decline curve analysis; Decline curves; Developed model; Field data; Forecast; Fundamental principles; Historical trends; Hyperbolic models; Prediction of reservoir; Reserve estimates; Reservoir engineers; Reservoir performance; Well interference; Estimation; Oil well production; Wave interference; Wells; Forecasting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74349100385	Assessment of environmental impact on air quality by cement industry and mitigating measures: A case study	Kabir G., Madugu A.I.	2010	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	160	04-Jan	10.1007/s10661-008-0660-4	Chemical Engineering Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi P. M. B. 0248, Nigeria	Kabir, G., Chemical Engineering Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi P. M. B. 0248, Nigeria; Madugu, A.I., Chemical Engineering Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi P. M. B. 0248, Nigeria	In this study, environmental impact on air quality was evaluated for a typical Cement Industry in Nigeria. The air pollutants in the atmosphere around the cement plant and neighbouring settlements were determined using appropriate sampling techniques. Atmospheric dust and CO2 were prevalent pollutants during the sampling period; their concentrations were recorded to be in the range of 249-3,745 mg/m3 and 2,440-2,600 mg/m3, respectively. Besides atmospheric dust and CO2, the air pollutants such as NOx, SOx and CO were in trace concentrations, below the safe limits approved by FEPA that are 0.0062-0.093 mg/m 3NOx, 0.026 mg/m3SOx and 114.3 mg/m3 CO, respectively. Some cost-effective mitigating measures were recommended that include the utilisation of readily available and low-cost pozzolans material to produce blended cement, not only could energy efficiency be improved, but carbon dioxide emission could also be minimised during clinker production; and the installation of an advance high-pressure grinding rolls (clinker-roller-press process) to maximise energy efficiency to above what is obtainable from the traditional ball mills and to minimise CO2 emission from the power plant. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Atmosphere; Cement; Emission; Environment; Mitigation; Pollution	Air pollutants; Atmosphere; Atmospheric dust; Blended cement; Carbon dioxide emissions; Clinker production; High-pressure grinding; Mitigating measures; Nigeria; Press process; Sampling period; Sampling technique; Trace concentrations; Air quality; Ball milling; Ball mills; Carbon dioxide; Cement industry; Cement plants; Cements; Dust; Energy efficiency; Environmental impact; Environmental impact assessments; Global warming; Pollution; Carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; cement; nitric oxide; sulfur oxide; air quality; anthropogenic source; atmospheric pollution; carbon dioxide; carbon emission; cement; concentration (composition); dust; energy efficiency; environmental impact assessment; industrial emission; pollution policy; sampling; air pollutant; air quality; air sampling; article; atmosphere; case study; cement industry; controlled study; dust; environmental impact assessment; Nigeria; Air Pollutants; Carbon Dioxide; Construction Materials; Environmental Monitoring; Nigeria; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349242255	Monitoring of the physical parameters and evaluation of the chemical composition of river and groundwater in Calabar (Southeastern Nigeria)	Edet A., Worden R.H.	2009	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	157	04-Jan	10.1007/s10661-008-0532-y	Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom; Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Unical Post Office, Calabar 540001, Nigeria	Edet, A., Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom, Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Unical Post Office, Calabar 540001, Nigeria; Worden, R.H., Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom	A 12-month study was carried to assess the seasonal and tidal effects on the physical parameters of river and groundwater, which constitute the major potable water sources in Calabar (Nigeria). The study also included an evaluation of the chemical composition of the different water bodies and their relationship. The results show that there was a significant seasonal effect on dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate in groundwater on one hand, and on temperature, redox potential (Eh), and DO in river water on the other. Also, a significant tidal influence exists on DO in both river-and groundwater. Comparison between groundwater and river water show statistically significant difference in EC, TDS, Eh, DO, Na, Cl and NO3. The significant differences in EC, TDS, Na and Cl are due to tidal flushing. The difference in Eh is due to geology of the area while, NO3 is as a result of anthropogenic pollution. The concentrations of ions in the river and groundwater for the different seasons and tidal cycles show an inverse relationship, while the river water is generally more concentrated than the groundwater. Using a binary mixing model, estimates show that the degree of mixing of river water and groundwater is low, with values of between 1.93% and 2.76% respectively, in the western and eastern parts of the study area. The study concludes that tidal flushing, anthropogenic effects and oxygen supply during recharge contribute to the shaping of water chemistry in the area. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Calabar; Chemical composition; Coastal aquifer; Drinking water quality; Groundwater; Physical properties; River; Season; Tide	Calabar; Chemical composition; Coastal aquifer; Drinking water quality; Season; Aquifers; Biochemical oxygen demand; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Dissolved oxygen sensors; Electric conductivity measurement; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Oxygen supply; Physical properties; Rivers; Water distribution systems; Water pollution; Water quality; Potable water; dissolved oxygen; drinking water; ground water; nitrate; river water; chemical composition; coastal aquifer; dissolved oxygen; groundwater; nitrate; redox potential; river water; water chemistry; article; chemical composition; geology; monitoring; Nigeria; oxidation reduction potential; oxygen supply; physical chemistry; seasonal variation; statistical significance; temperature; water analysis; water pollution; Chlorine; Cities; Electric Conductivity; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nigeria; Nitrates; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Rivers; Seasons; Sodium; Temperature; Water Pollutants; Africa; Calabar; Cross River [(STT) Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049326022	The impact of irrigated agriculture on water quality of rivers Kongoni and Sirimon, Ewaso Ng'iro North Basin, Kenya	Mutisya D.K., Tole M.	2010	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution	213	04-Jan	10.1007/s11270-010-0373-5	Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Pwani University College, P. O. Box 195, 80180 Kilifi, Kenya	Mutisya, D.K., Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Tole, M., Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Pwani University College, P. O. Box 195, 80180 Kilifi, Kenya	This study aimed at determining the water quality of River Sirimon and River Kongoni, Ewaso Ng'iro North Basin, Kenya. Water quality analysis of these two rivers was done for a period of 5 months between November 2005 and February 2006. Portable Palintest equipment was used for the chemical analysis. The study established that there were sulphates concentrations of 22 mgL-1 in the Kongoni River water associated with the use of commercial fertilisers as compared to mean values of 7 mgL-1 along Sirimon River; phosphate concentrations were 1.3 mgL-1 in Kongoni and 0.15 mgL-1 in Sirimon and salinity 3 mgL-1 in Kongoni and 0.47 mgL-1 in Sirimon. On average, mean nitrates concentrations of 1.7 mgL-1 were recorded for Kongoni River, which were higher than those recorded for Sirimon River (0.033 mgL-1). These concentration levels were however within the standard levels set by WHO for example 50 mgL-1 for nitrates (WHO 2008). River Kongoni has two major irrigated horticultural farms across it which were likely polluting the river during the time of this study. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Fertilizer; Irrigation; Kenya; Kongoni and Sirimon rivers; Pollution	Concentration levels; Fertilisers; Irrigated agriculture; Kenya; Kongoni and Sirimon rivers; Mean values; Palintest; Phosphate concentration; River water; Sulphates; Water quality analysis; Chemical equipment; Concentration (process); Fertilizers; Irrigation; Nitrogen compounds; Pollution; Quality control; Rivers; Water quality; River pollution; ammonia; fertilizer; manganese; nitrate; nitrite; river water; sulfate; agriculture; chemical analysis; concentration (composition); fertilizer; horticulture; irrigation; nitrate; phosphate; river water; sulfate; water quality; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; environmental impact assessment; fertilizer application; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; river basin; river ecosystem; salinity; trend study; waste disposal; water analysis; water contamination; water pollutant; water quality; water standard; world health organization; Kenya; Ngiro River	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74349089723	Evaluation and analysis of noise levels in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria	Oyedepo O.S., Saadu A.A.	2010	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	160	04-Jan	10.1007/s10661-008-0719-2	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kwar State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Oyedepo, O.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Saadu, A.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kwar State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Evaluation and analysis of noise pollution levels have been carried out to determine the level of noise and its sources in Ilorin metropolis. Noise measurements have been done in the morning, at noon, in the evening, and at night to determine noise pollution all over the city. The selected areas of study are commercial centers, road junctions/busy roads, passenger loading parks, and high-density and low-density residential areas. The road junctions had the highest noise pollution levels, followed by commercial centers. The results of this study show that the noise levels in Ilorin metropolis exceeded allowed values at 30 of 42 measurements points. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) in the noise pollution levels and traffic noise index in all the locations. From the measured noise values, a map of noise pollution was developed for Ilorin. Many solutions proposed for noise abatement in the city are set out. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Environmental noise; Ilorin; Noise; Noise map; Noise pollution; Traffic noise	Environmental noise; High-density; Ilorin; Nigeria; Noise levels; Noise map; Noise measurements; Noise pollution level; Residential areas; Road junction; Traffic noise; Noise pollution; Parks; Roads and streets; Noise abatement; commercial activity; metropolitan area; noise pollution; pollution monitoring; traffic congestion; article; controlled study; Nigeria; noise measurement; noise pollution; residential area; traffic noise; Cities; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Nigeria; Noise; Ilorin; Kwara; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750429282	Assessing the performance of global solar radiation empirical formulations in Kampala, Uganda	Mubiru J., Banda E.J.K.B., D'Ujanga F., Senyonga T.	2007	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	87	04-Jan	10.1007/s00704-005-0196-2	Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Mubiru, J., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Banda, E.J.K.B., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; D'Ujanga, F., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Senyonga, T., Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Solar radiation incident on the Earth's surface is a determining factor of climate on Earth, hence having a proper solar radiation database is crucial in understanding climate processes in the Earth's atmosphere. Solar radiation data may be used in the development of insolation maps, analysis of crop growth and in the simulation of solar systems. Unfortunately, measured solar radiation data may not be available in locations where it is most needed. An alternative to obtaining observed data is to estimate it using an appropriate solar radiation model. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of thirteen global solar radiation empirical formulations, in Kampala, Uganda, located in an African Equatorial region. The best performing formulations were determined using the ranking method. The mean bias error, root mean square error and t-statistic value were calculated and utilized in the ranking process. Results have shown that the formulation: H̄/ H̄0 = a + b(S̄/S̄0) + c(S̄/ S̄0)2 is ranked the highest and therefore is the recommended empirical equation for the estimation of the monthly mean global solar irradiation in Kampala, Uganda and in other African Equatorial locations with similar climate and terrain. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	None	empirical analysis; error analysis; numerical model; performance assessment; ranking; solar radiation; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865466015	Performance and stability of seed yield in rainfed sesame genotypes as influenced by plant population density	Adebisi M.A., Ajala M.O.	2006	Tropical Agriculture	83	04-Jan	None	Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Adebisi, M.A., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ajala, M.O., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the performance and stability of seed yield in 14 sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes which were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications at three plant population densities in South-West Nigeria in each of two years. Two stability parameters were obtained (i) as the linear regression (b value) of genotype mean yield in each environment and the deviations from the regression (S 2d). The genotypes evaluated differed significantly for seed yield and genotype x environment (G x E) interactions. Regression coefficients ranged from 0.65-1.25 and were statistically close to unity. One genotype, 530-3, with a regression coefficient value of 1.01 and smaller S2d value and a relatively high seed yield, could be considered the most widely-adapted genotype. Deviations from the regression were significant in all the genotypes. The highest-yielding genotypes appeared less stable than the average of all entries. Three genotypes, Type A, 530-6-1, and Pbtill No. 1 were identified as suitable for cultivation in all the environments. Genotypes E8 and 69B-88Z were identified as desirable genotypes for cultivation in any of the three plant populations. The result pointed out Goza as being most appropriate for cultivation in 133 333 plants ha-1 and 73A-11 and C-K-Z in 266667 plants ha-1, while Domu would be appropriate in 266667 plants ha -1. These genotypes were distinct and therefore deserve a place in commercial seed production and future breeding programmes. ©2006 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Environment; Genotypes; Performance; Plant population density; Stability	Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865527472	The effect of seedbed preparation on the efficacy of herbicides and maize performance	Kayode J., Ademiluyi B.	2006	Tropical Agriculture	83	04-Jan	None	Department of Plant Science, University OfAdo-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Kayode, J., Department of Plant Science, University OfAdo-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Ademiluyi, B., Department of Plant Science, University OfAdo-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Maize (Zea mays L.) performance and weed control efficiency with three seedbed preparation methods combined with either a pre-plant or post-emergence herbicide were compared over two years. The treatments were: zero tillage + weedy check, zero tillage + hoe weeding, zero tillage + glyphosate, zero tillage + atrazine, ridge + weedy check, ridge + hoe weeding, ridge + glyphosate, ridge + atrazine, heap + weedy check, heap + hoe weeding, heap + glyphosate, and heap + atrazine. Atrazine applied at 3.0 kg active ingredient ha-1 post-emergence and glyphosate applied pre-emergence at the same rate produced better weed control efficiency, plant height, and grain yield under ridge and heap tillage than under zero tillage system. Atrazine compared well with hoe weeding, but performed better than glyphosate. ©2006 Trop. Agric (Trinidad).	Atrazine; Glyphosate; Heap; Hoe weeding; Weedy check; Zea mays; Zero tillage	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054751982	Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense enzymes in Clarias gariepinus as useful biomarkers for monitoring exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	Otitoloju A., Olagoke O.	2011	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	182	04-Jan	10.1007/s10661-010-1870-0	Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Otitoloju, A., Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Olagoke, O., Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	The toxicological evaluations of crude oil, xylene, toluene and benzene were carried out against juvenile stages of Clarias gariepinus. On the basis of LC 50 value, benzene (0.017 ml/l) was found to be the most toxic followed by xylene (0.086 ml/l), toluene (0.398 ml/l) and crude oil (2.219 ml/l) was the least toxic. The results of the lipid peroxidation assay showed that the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) in liver and gills of fish exposed to all the test chemicals increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to control. Measurement of activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in liver and gill of fishes exposed to sublethal concentration of the test chemicals over a 28-day period was found to decrease significantly (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to control. The observed reduction in the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GST in conjunction with an increase in MDA levels in the gill and liver tissues of test animals exposed to aromatic hydrocarbon compounds were recommended as a good battery of biomarkers for early detection of pollution during biomonitoring programmes. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Antioxidant enzymes; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Biomarkers; Biomonitoring; Lipid peroxidation	Antioxidant defense; Antioxidant enzyme; Biomonitoring; Clarias gariepinus; Early detection; Glutathione-S-transferase; Hydrocarbon compounds; Lipid peroxidation; Liver tissue; Malonaldehyde; Superoxide dismutases; Toxicological evaluation; Aldehydes; Animals; Aromatic compounds; Aromatization; Benzene; Computer system firewalls; Crude oil; Enzymes; Hydrocarbons; Oxidation; Oxidative stress; Oxygen; Pollution detection; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Tissue; Toluene; Toxic materials; Xylene; Catalysts; benzene; biological marker; catalase; glutathione transferase; malonaldehyde; petroleum; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; superoxide dismutase; toluene; xylene; bioassay; biomarker; biomonitoring; enzyme activity; fish; lipid; oxidation; PAH; pollution exposure; toxicity test; toxicology; acclimatization; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; biological monitoring; Clarias gariepinus; concentration (parameters); controlled study; environmental exposure; environmental monitoring; enzyme activity; enzyme inhibition; fingerling; gill; LC 50; lipid peroxidation; liver toxicity; nonhuman; oxidative stress; physical chemistry; signal transduction; Siluriformes; toxicity testing; Animals; Biological Markers; Catalase; Catfishes; Environmental Monitoring; Gills; Glutathione Transferase; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Nigeria; Petroleum Pollution; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Superoxide Dismutase; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865526554	Performance of four cauliflower varieties (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) under open field conditions in seychelles	Ijoyah M.O., Rakotomavo H.	2006	Tropical Agriculture	83	04-Jan	None	Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Mahe, Seychelles; Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	Ijoyah, M.O., Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Rakotomavo, H., Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Mahe, Seychelles	A field experiment was conducted from March to September 2005 at the Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, to evaluate the performance of four cauliflower varieties under open-field conditions in Seychelles. Results of the study showed that variety Rami not only produced curds with the largest circumference of 33.9 cm, but also produced the highest number of curds not affected with the black rot fungal disease. This variety, in addition, gave curd yield increases of 7.8, 15.7, and 25.0% compared to the yield obtained from Amazing, Clima, and Tropical Extra Early varieties, respectively. Rami performed best under open field conditions in Seychelles and can be considered as a potential replacement for the common variety (Tropical Extra Early). ©2006 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Cauliflower varieties; Performance; Seychelles	Botrytis; Brassica oleracea; Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949686387	Evaluation of microbial systems for biotreatment of cassava mill waste water in Nigeria: biodegradation of cyanide	Agarry S.E., Owabor C.N.	2012	International Journal of Environmental Engineering	4	04-Mar	10.1504/IJEE.2012.050771	Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria	Agarry, S.E., Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Owabor, C.N., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria	The capability of six isolated bacterial strains to utilise cyanide in cassava mill wastewater as a nitrogen source in a batch bioreactor was examined and evaluated. The results revealed that all the isolates were capable of degrading cyanide with percent degradation between 60 and 94% in 96 h. There was high positive correlation between cyanide biodegradation and microbial growth (0.90 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.97). The Monod kinetic model adequately described the dynamic behaviour of cyanide degradation by the different bacterial isolates. Thus, the study revealed the possibility of using the bacterial isolates in the biotreatment of cyanide waste effluents. © 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	bacterial isolates; bioremediation; cassava mill wastewater; cyanide removal; Monod kinetic model	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846268795	Effect of drilled solids on drilling rate and performance	Njobuenwu D.O., Wobo C.A.	2007	Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering	55	04-Mar	10.1016/j.petrol.2006.08.012	Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Fluids Division, Baker Hughes Nigeria Ltd, Plot 268 Trans Amadi, Industrial Layout, PMB 5241, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Njobuenwu, D.O., Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Wobo, C.A., Fluids Division, Baker Hughes Nigeria Ltd, Plot 268 Trans Amadi, Industrial Layout, PMB 5241, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This paper describes the results of laboratory investigations into the effect of drilled solids on the drilling rate and drilling performance. Drilling fluid performance and a successful result during drilling operations are characterised by the fluid's properties providing hole cleaning and cutting transport. Various concentrations of bentonite which has the same specific gravity with drilled solids were used to simulate drilling performance. The results were discussed in terms of electric stability (emulsion stability), high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) including the resultant filter cake, rheological properties of the active fluid Experiments show that the ES drops in half as the drilled solid (bentonite) concentration increases from 0 to 75 lb/bbl. The HPHT FL test produced thicker filter cake and the HPHT FL doubles while the YP quadruples as the bentonite concentration increases. Accumulation of filter cake on the bit or BHA during pull out of hole of a drill string and hole problems are attendant problems associated with inefficient solid control. The use of bentonite to simulate the drilled solid is good agreement with previous works. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Drilled Cuttings; Drilled Solids; Drilling Fluids; Emulsion Stability; Hole Problems; Synthetic Based Mud	Drilled solids; Drilling performance; Drilling rate; Emulsion stability; High-pressure high-temperature; Bentonite; Boreholes; Density (specific gravity); Drilling fluids; Emulsions; Stability; Oil well drilling; Bentonite; Boreholes; Density (specific gravity); Drilling fluids; Emulsions; Oil well drilling; Stability; bentonite; drilling fluid; emulsion; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36649026694	Evaluation of the susceptibility of local cocoa germplasms in Nigeria to Phytophthora pod rot disease using the leaf discs technique	Otuonye A.H., Adeoti A.Y.A., Agbeniyi S.O., Aikpokpodion P.O., Enikomehin O., Popoola T.O.	2007	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	5	04-Mar	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Otuonye, A.H., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adeoti, A.Y.A., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Agbeniyi, S.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Aikpokpodion, P.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Enikomehin, O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Popoola, T.O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	The Phytophthora pod rot disease constitutes a major threat to cocoa cultivation in all cocoa-growing regions worldwide. It is one of the most important diseases limiting the attainment of genetic yield potential of this tree crop. Though available, chemical control methods are often expensive and beyond the reach of peasant farmers that produce more than 95% of Nigeria crop. Also, the limited knowledge of rational chemical application among rural farmers and the adverse effect on the environment makes it an unfriendly approach. Breeding commercially viable resistant cacao genotypes have been advocated to be the most durable control approach against the Phytophthora pod rot. Towards achieving this objective, promising cacao materials were selected from the gene pool in Cocoa Research Institute ofNigeria (CRIN) Headquarters, Ibadan. Screening of these eight selected cocoa clones with four isolates of Phytophthora megakarya of known aggressiveness in combination-NGRI4, using the leaf discs inoculation method at standard inoculum concentration of zoospores of 3 x 105 ml-1 was carried out. Results showed that T12/5 was resistant, while clones T17/11 and T86/2 are moderately resistant. The other clones, T85/5, T85/45 and T20/11, were moderately susceptible. It is therefore suggested that clone T12/5 be integrated into the resistance breeding effort against Phytophthora pod rot.	Aggressiveness; Clones; Cocoa; Isolate; Phytophthora megakarya; Resistant; Screening	Phytophthora; Phytophthora megakarya; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845422044	Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment investigation of Dioscorea cayenensis cultivars in Ghana based on the GGE biplot analysis	Otoo E., Asiedu R.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	04-Mar	None	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Otoo, E., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Asiedu, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment identification are the most important objectives of multi-environment trials (MET). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of genotype and genotype x environment interaction on the tuber yield of 18 yellow yam (D. cayenensis L.) genotypes via GGE (genotype plus genotype x environment) biplot methodology. Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (RCD) 4 years at 3 locations (12 environments). The biplot analysis identified three D. cayenensis mega-environments in Ghana. The first mega-environment contained Wenchi 2002 (WEN02) with G10 as the winning genotype; Genotype 16 won in the second mega-environment consisting of Wenchi 2004 (WEN04), Bodwease 2001 (BOD01), Bodwease (BOD02), Fumesua 2001 (FUM01), Wenchi 2003 (WEN03), Bodwease 2004 (BOD04) and Fumesua 2002 (FUM02) and the winning genotype at Fumesua 2003 (FUM03), Wenchi 2001 (WEN01), Bodwease 2003 (BOD03) and Fumesua 2004 (FUM04) (the third mega-environment) was Genotype 17. Two thirds of the tested genotypes were identified as redundant. Genotype 16 was the most stable and highest yielding genotype and Genotype 11 the poorest. Genotypes 16 and 17 were closest to the ideal genotype. FUM02 and BOD04 were closest to the ideal environment with BOD04 as the best and WEN02 the poorest environment.	Dioscorea cayenensis; GGE; Ghana; Yams	Dioscorea alata; Dioscorea cayenensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908702550	Impact of micro credit and training on efficiency of small-scale entrepreneurs: Evidence from national directorate of employment (NDE) loan/training programmes in Nigeria	Akinrinola O.O., Fasoranti M.M., Aturamu O.A.	2014	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	12	04-Mar	None	Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo, Nigeria; Ekiti State College of Education, Ikere, Ekiti, Nigeria	Akinrinola, O.O., Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Fasoranti, M.M., Department of Economics, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo, Nigeria; Aturamu, O.A., Ekiti State College of Education, Ikere, Ekiti, Nigeria	This study analyses the impact of micro-credit and training on efficiency of small-scale entrepreneurs, using the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) programme as a case study. National Directorate of Employment (NDE) has been found to be functioning effectively in its training services. However, in the area of credit provision and utilization, there is no empirical evidence to support its efficiency. In order to evaluate the link between the loan/training programmes of the Directorate and the level of efficiency of micro-entrepreneurs in the state, we estimate technical efficiencies and identify significant policy variables influencing efficiency of selected micro enterprises, using the stochastic frontier production function. Results indicate that there are intra and inter group variations in the efficiency of bakers, furniture makers and burnt-brick makers, showing that there is possibility of improving the level efficiency of these entrepreneurs. The most significant determinants of technical efficiencies of bakers, furniture makers and burnt-brick makers are the level of education, business experience, age of operators, credit access, training experience and level of working capital and initial capital outlay. © 2014 World Food Ltd. and WFL Publishers. All rights reserved.	Employment; Entrepreneurs; Loan; Micro credit; Small scale	accounting; Article; commercial phenomena; education; enterpreneur; funding; furniture; human; loan; mathematical model; micro credit; named groups of persons; productivity; program efficacy; stochastic model; training; work experience	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80655140359	Self-perceived competencies assessment and human resource performance of zonal extension managers in northern Nigeria	Ogunlade I., Idowu Oladele O., Agboga F.I.	2011	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	9	04-Mar	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Northwest University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South	Ogunlade, I., Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Idowu Oladele, O., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Northwest University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Agboga, F.I., Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	This study examined the perceptions of Zonal Extension Managers (ZEMs) in Agricultural Development Projects (ADP) of the northern states in Nigeria regarding their human resource management competence and performance of human resources management activities. A simple random sampling procedure was used to select 13 out of 19 ADPs in northern Nigeria. A total of 52 questionnaires were mailed to the respondents but 42 were returned which made a return rate of 80%. The data were analysed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, rank and multiple correlations. The results show that the ZEMs were all males with mean age of 49.7 years-old, married (92.9%) and 26.2% had B.Sc/B.Agric. The highest human resource management competencies perceived by the ZEM were knowledge of organization (mean=4.69, SD=0.52), interpersonal relations (mean=4.57, SD=0.63) and engagement (mean=4.43, SD=0.70). The human resource management activities for which the ZEM indicated highest means were ability to understand the history, philosophy and contemporary nature of extension (mean=3.81, SD=0.89) and technical proficiency that enhances individual and organizational effectiveness (mean=3.76, SD=0.43). There is a significant positive relationship between human resource management activities, tenure in extension services and human resource management competencies (r=0.57, r=0.11, p=0.05), respectively. The findings revealed the training needs of ZEM in terms of human resource management.	Human resources management competencies; Human resources management performance; Nigeria; Work-related characteristics; Zonal Extension Managers	adult; agriculture; article; attitude; female; human; human relation; leadership; male; manager; Nigeria; philosophy; professionalism; questionnaire; resource management; training	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859044666	Impact of Agricultural Extension Services on Cocoyam Production in Ogun State, Nigeria	Olagunju F.I., Adesiji G.B.	2011	Journal of Agricultural and Food Information	12	04-Mar	10.1080/10496505.2011.588937	Department of Agricultural Economics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Olagunju, F.I., Department of Agricultural Economics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Adesiji, G.B., Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	This study measured the impact of extension services on cocoyam production in Ogun State by comparing the output of farmers visited by extension workers (FV) with those not visited (FNV). A multistage sampling technique was used to select 90 farmers. Data were analyzed by means of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The regression result for the cocoyam production model revealed that FNV also enjoyed the benefits of extension services through their interaction with FV or cooperative societies in the study area in what could be termed a "trickle down" effect. These findings suggest that extension can help to close the gap between the output attainable with existing technologies and those actually realized by farmers. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	cocoyam farmers; cocoyam production; extension; Nigeria	Colocasia esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957801165	The impact of dietary protein on the pathophysiology of porcine trypanosome infection	Nnadi P.A., Ezeh I.O., Kalu K.C., Ngene A.A.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	173	04-Mar	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.004	Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University	Nnadi, P.A., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ezeh, I.O., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kalu, K.C., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ngene, A.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The influence of protein nutrition on porcine trypanosomosis was investigated in this study. Thirty six landrace/large white cross weanling pigs were used. Upon purchase, these were divided into two groups of 18 pigs each and these were housed separately to enable them adapt to our animal house management regimen. Post-adaptation, the pigs were divided into 6 groups A1 and A2, B1, and B2, and C1 and C2 (n=6). A1 and A2 were fed diet A1, B1 and B2 diet B while C1 and C2 were fed diet C with 28%, 20% and 16% crude protein, respectively. Two-week post-adaptation groups A1, B1, and C1 were infected with 3×106 Trypanosoma brucei brucei organisms intraperitoneally. Body weight, temperature and Packed Cell Volume of all group members were determined a week prior to infection, on the day of infection and weekly thereafter till end of the study. Serum biochemistry was also concurrently determined. Three days post-infection, blood was collected from all the members of A1, B1 and C1 and thoroughly screened microscopically for the presence of trypanosome organisms. This was repeated on subsequent days till all the infected animals developed patency by showing parasitaemia under wet mount. The result of this study showed that infection did not have any significant effect on the rate of weight gain except in group C (p≤0.05). Moreover, infections caused significant hyperthermia in all the infection groups (p≤0.05) with diet A showing the least response and C the most severe. Furthermore, diet did not have any effect on parasite establishment or parasitaemia as the prepatent period was similar in all the infection groups. There was also significant reduction in PCV whose severity also correlated with reduction in the protein dietary quality. Similar observation was also made on the total serum protein where significant hyperproteinaemia correlated with increasing dietary protein and the uninfected controls having higher serum protein relative to the infected. There was in addition parasite induced hypoalbuminaemia whose severity was also graduated in favour of increasing protein level. The study demonstrated the protective influence of dietary protein on some of the pathophysiological features of porcine trypanosomosis. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Anaemia; Body weight; Dietary protein; Pyrexia and serum proteins	albumin; plasma protein; animal experiment; article; blood chemistry; controlled study; disease severity; female; food quality; hematocrit; hyperthermia; hypoalbuminemia; male; nagana; nonhuman; parasitemia; pathophysiology; protein blood level; protein intake; swine; Trypanosoma brucei; weight gain; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Hematocrit; Parasitemia; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosomiasis, African; Animalia; Suidae; Sus; Trypanosoma brucei brucei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36649012395	Protein supplementary quality of vegetable leaf meal (Amaranthus cruentus) in the diets of laying hens: Egg laying performance, egg quality and heamatological implications	Fasuyi A.O., Dairo F.A.S., Olujimi O.T.	2007	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	5	04-Mar	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Olujimi, O.T., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out with Hy-line Brown variety layer birds at the beginning of the hen year (first egg laying phase). Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated in which the major difference was the percentage inclusion levels of the Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal (ACLM) at 0, 10, 15 and 20% in Diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Apart from the yolk colour score and feed efficiency that varied significantly (p<0.05) among the hens on the four dietary treatments, there were no significant differences in the mean values for body weight changes, hen day production, egg weight, albumen height, shell thickness and Haugh unit. The mean egg weight values ranged between 62.67±2.31 g in eggs collected from hens on Diet 3 and 68.30±6.51 g from hens on Diet 4 while albumen height ranged between 4.77±0.15 and 5.23±0.31 mm. The shell thickness also ranged from 0.39±0.04 in eggs from hens on Diet 3 to 0.47±0.09 in eggs from hens on Diet 1. The yolk colour score was significantly different (p<0.05) among eggs collected from hens on the different diets with yolk yellowish colouration deepening from Diet 1 to Diet 4. The feed efficiency, hen day production and albumen height values recorded for hens on Diet 2 (10% ACLM inclusion) were consistently higher than other values. Livability was 100% for all experimental hens and haematological investigation was favourable. No physical health hazards or deformations were observed in all experimental hens. It is evident that ACLM if well harnessed could be a potential supplementary protein source in poultry layer diets particularly at inclusion levels not exceeding 10%.	Albumen height; Body weight; Dietary treatments; Egg weight; Feed efficiency; Haugh unit; Shell thickness; Yolk colour	Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73949140351	Growth performance and meat wholesomeness of broiler chickens reared on different types of litter materials	Adebayo I.A., Awoniyi T.A.M., Akenroye A.H.	2009	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	7	04-Mar	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Adebayo, I.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Nigeria; Awoniyi, T.A.M., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Nigeria; Akenroye, A.H., Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	In an experiment carried out to determine the effects of using different litter materials on the growth performance and wholesomeness of broiler meat for consumption, one hundred and fifty day old broiler chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery. The chicks were reared for eight weeks and thereafter examined for carcass quality and bacterial load. Wood shavings (control) and saw-dusts, both from Brachystegia eurycoma wood; ricehusks, sand and grass (Eleusine indica) were used as the study litter materials. These constituted the five treatments, each replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Ten broiler chicks were weighed and randomly assigned per replicate. Data were taken per replicate on weekly basis. The results showed that birds reared on rice husks were significantly affected (P&lt;0.05) in weight gain in the first two weeks of the experiment, while feed consumption and feed conversion ratios were not significantly affected (P&gt;0.05) by all the treatments. Belly fat alone was significantly affected (P&lt;0.05) by type of litter materials in all carcass and organ parameters tested. Mortality rate of experimental birds were less than 3.5% throughout the period of the experiment. Bacterial counts of 3.4 x 103 and 7.5 x 103 colonies formed per unit (CFU) were found in the duodenum of broilers reared on grass and wood shavings, respectively. Bacterial isolates from the pure cultures included Streptococcus faecalis, Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella and Salmonella species. These results showed that any of the litter materials used in this study could be used for rearing broiler chickens on a deep litter system. Also, meat of broiler chickens reared on the study litter materials are safe and wholesome for human consumption.	Bacteriological condition; Broiler chickens; Growth performance; Litter materials	animal food; article; bacterial count; bird; carcass; chicken; colony forming unit; food intake; grass; hatchery; Klebsiella; meat industry; mortality; nonhuman; Salmonella; sand; Staphylococcus aureus; wood; Aves; Bacteria (microorganisms); Brachystegia; Eleusine indica; Enterococcus faecalis; Eurycoma; Gallus gallus; Klebsiella; Salmonella; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249114640	Evaluation of earth-ball (Icacina manni) as energy replacement for maize in the diets of rats	Umoren U.E., Ukam V.E., Akpet S.O., Udoekong E.C.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	04-Mar	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Production, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Ukam, V.E., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Production, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria; Akpet, S.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Production, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria; Udoekong, E.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Eighty weanling male albino rats of Wistar strain 21±2 days old were used in a study to determine the replacement value of differently processed Icacina manni tuber meal for maize in their diets. Five dietary treatments in which maize was replaced with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% Icacina tuber meal were formulated. The rats were randomly allotted to the five treatments with twenty rats per treatment of four rats per diet in a randomized complete block two-treatment factor analysis of variance. Results showed that daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing level of Icacina meal in 0, 24 and 48 hours fermented samples. Rats fed 72 hours fermented ration did not differ (p > 0.05) in feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency up to the 50% level of replacement, from those on the control diet. Mortality was highest in the unfermented sample at even the least replacement level (25%). Serum parameters of differently processed Icacina meal diets examined at same level of replacement (75%), revealed that serum glucose and cholesterol were low compared to the control diet. The serum enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) were higher (p < 0.01) in animals fed the unfermented sample than those on the control and other three fermented Icacina diets. It was concluded that fermented sun-dried Icacina tuber meal could replace maize in rat diets up to 75% without any adverse effects on performance.	Diets; Energy; Icacina manni; Maize; Rats; Replacement	Animalia; Icacina; Rattus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68149114270	Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of cultivated Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler, a Nigerian edible mushroom	Ayodele S.M., Okhuoya J.A.	2009	South African Journal of Science	105	04-Mar	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Kogi State University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Ayodele, S.M., Department of Biological Sciences, Kogi State University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Okhuoya, J.A., Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	A nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of cultivated Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler was carried out at the immature and mature stages of the mushroom. The cultivated mushroom is very rich in protein and fibres compared with the wild species, and has a low lipid and sugar content. The nutrient composition is dependent upon the stage of its development and nutrient content was at a maximum at immature stage and decreased during further development. Alkaloids were detected in the mature fruit body, but not in the immature stage. However, saponins and tannins were present in both immature and mature stages. Flavonoids and anthraquinones were absent in the mushroom. The importance of these findings is discussed.	Evaluation; Nutritional; Phytochemical; Psathyrella atroumbonata	developmental stage; mushroom; nutrition; phytochemistry; protein; wild population; Agaricus bisporus; Basidiomycota; Psathyrella	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862567119	The effects of mergers and acquisitions on business performance in Nigerian banking industry: An empirical analysis	Awolusi O.D.	2012	International Journal of Business Performance Management	13	04-Mar	10.1504/IJBPM.2012.047301	Department of Business Administration and Marketing, School of Management and Social Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	Awolusi, O.D., Department of Business Administration and Marketing, School of Management and Social Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper provides a holistic view of the mergers and acquisitions (M&As) implementation process, by reviewing the hard and soft factors that cause success and failure for M&As implementation, as well as, examine the impact of M&As on perceived business performance measures (PBPM) in Nigerian banking industry. The aim was achieved through an empirical study involving a survey on 19 Nigerian banks involved in mergers and/or acquisitions. Using SEM, multivariate analyses were mathematically represented in a single equation, and findings from this study confirmed that M&As had significant association on PBPM. The equation could be used by banks, and companies alike, to compose strategies to optimise their management of business performance and mergers and/or acquisition programmes. The model was able to provide predictive implications on business performance, given the activities of key factors manifesting successful M&As, hence, these factors could be adopted by companies wishing to undertake M&As programme in Nigeria. Nonetheless, to improve business performance management, companies could control their M&As programme. Copyright © 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Banking; Business performance; Consolidation; M&As; Mergers and acquisitions; Nigeria; Structural equation modelling	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84951202383	Values orientation, needs satisfaction and job performance of public servants in Cross River State of Nigeria	Bassey P.U., Omori A.E.	2015	Organizational Cultures	14	04-Mar	None	Department of Educational Psychology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Bassey, P.U., Department of Educational Psychology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Omori, A.E., University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of values orientation and needs satisfaction on public servants’ job performance in Cross River State, Nigeria. Survey data collected from five hundred (500) public servants were used in the study. In all, four hypotheses were formulated covering the variables in the study. The Workers’ Values Orientation, Needs Satisfaction and Performance Questionnaire (WVANSAPQ) was used, and data collected was tested at the 0.05 level of significance using the Pearson Moment Coefficient. The results and data analysis indicated that values orientation and needs satisfaction had significant influence on public servants’ job performance. Consequently, the study recommended that the government and counselors as well as employers of labour should embark on reorienting workers, particularly public servants in the area of values orientation and counseling in the public sector in order to raise their level of awareness and consciousness to the variables in the study as a means of facilitating their job effectiveness in the 21st century. © Common Ground, Peter Unoh Bassey, Anne Emmanuel Omori, All Rights Reserved.	Job performance; Needs satisfaction; Public servants; Values orientation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957098598	Performance assessment of a class of industrial fans with substantial process variability for on-condition monitoring and control system design	Obinabo E.C., Ikpotokm F.O.	2009	International Journal of Systems Signal Control and Engineering Application	2	04-Mar	10.3923/ijssceapp.2009.51.55	Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Computer Science, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Obinabo, E.C., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ikpotokm, F.O., Department of Computer Science, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	This study presents a statistical quality control study for on-condition monitoring of draught fans in a steelmaking process. The study proposes a procedure for obtaining consistent estimates of peak vibration levels for performance assessment the machines based on independent measurements of the variable assuming the time between successive occurrences of the peak vibration were distributed with a probability density function. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Experimental design and modelling; Nigeria; On-condition performance assessment; Probability density function; Statistical quality control; Vibration monitoring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957069513	On the performance assessment of a class of industrial fans with substantial process variability for on-condition monitoring and control system design	Ochonogor C.U., Obinabo E.C.	2009	International Journal of Systems Signal Control and Engineering Application	2	04-Mar	10.3923/ijssceapp.2009.40.44	Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Petroleum Training Institute, P.M.B. 20, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14 Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Ochonogor, C.U., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Petroleum Training Institute, P.M.B. 20, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria; Obinabo, E.C., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14 Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	This study presents a statistical quality control study for on-condition monitoring of draught fans in a steelmaking process. The study proposes a procedure for obtaining consistent estimates of peak vibration levels for performance assessment the machines based on independent measurements of the variable assuming the time between successive occurrences of the peak vibration were distributed with a probability density function. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Experimental design and modelling; Machine; Nigeria; Probability density function; Statistical quality control; Vibration monitoring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855436865	Binary models for evaluation of stakeholders' support for private forestry in southwest Nigeria	Agbeja B.O.	2010	Discovery and Innovation	21	04-Mar	None	Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Agbeja, B.O., Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Nigeria has a negligble record of private sector participation (PSP) in the forestry sector. The forestry sector tends to be weak, having taken for granted investment potential under the private sector. The study examined the perceptions of stakeholders on incentives to support private forestry in Southwest Nigeria with a view to eliciting support for an alternative to public forestry programme. The specific objective was to identify various incentives for private forestry in the study areas. Binary models were developed using the field data collected from Ekiti, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States in Southwest Nigeria to evaluate a number of incentives perceived to determine willingness of the stakeholders to support Private Forestry (PF). The binary logit models predict the probability that a respondent will be willing to support PF in relation to independent variables which include presence/absence of Federal and State Financial Assistance (FSFA), presence/absence of International Financial Assistance (IFA), presence/absence of Long Term Lease of Forest Land (LTLFL), Provision of Seedlings /Seeds (PSS), Provision of Loans (PL), Availability of Grants (AG), presence/absence of Technical Assistance (TA) and presence/absence of Market for Environmental Services Incentives (MESI). A total of 5 forestry headquarters, 10 towns and 20 communities were randomly selected for data collection in the five states. A structured questionnaire was employed for the study. Willingness to participate in PF was best predicted by highest odds ratio where presence of LTLFL has an odds ratio of 84.02. This was followed by PL with an odds ratio of 3.81, in the pooled model for the five states. Willingness to support PF appears to be guaranteed where LTLFL and PL for forest management are high. The specific models developed depend on the locations where the data were collected, and therefore should not be applied to areas outside the range of the data. However, the modelling approach is of general applicability and can be used to predict the willingness of the stakeholders support PF in other areas.	Binary; Incentives; Nature; Private forestry; Willingness	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746528668	Performance of Dacryodes edulis (Don. G. Lam H.J.), seeds and seedlings in a crude oil contaminated soil	Agbogidi M.O., Eshegbeyi O.F.	2006	Journal of Sustainable Forestry	22	04-Mar	10.1300/J091v22n03_01	Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria	Agbogidi, M.O., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria; Eshegbeyi, O.F., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria	Environmental pollution from oil activities in a major oil producing country like Nigeria is inevitable. Studies on the effects of crude oil contamination on forest tree species is vital because of the great deal of crude oil spillage in the coastal regions of Nigeria. This paper evaluates the performance of Dacryodes edulis seeds and seedlings in a crude oil contaminated soil in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Four crude oil concentrations (% by weight) in soil constituted treatments. These were 0.00%, 2.07%, 4.15% and 6.23% by weight per 1.3 kg weight of the soil samples. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was adopted with three replicates. The results showed that oil concentrations of 4.15% and 6.23% adversely affected percent (%) germination (62.33% and 37.67%) and performance of D. edulis seedlings in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, collar girth and dry mass at the 5% probability level. The study shows that crude oil pollution has a highly significant effect on the germination and seedling growth of this locally available multi-purpose forest fruit tree species. This further suggests that D. edulis can serve as bio-indicator of pollution in oil-producing areas of the Niger Delta. The present study has important implications for restoration of degraded areas. Copyright © by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.	Crude oil; Dacryodes edulis; Performance; Seedlings; Seeds; Soil pollution	Contamination; Crude petroleum; Oil spills; Performance; Restoration; Seed; Soil pollution; Dacryodes edulis; Germination; Randomized complete block design (RCBD); Seedling growth; Forestry; crude oil; oil spill; performance assessment; seed; seedling; soil pollution; tree; Crude Oil; Dacryodes; Forestry; Germination; Performance Evaluation; Pollution; Restoration; Seedlings; Spills; Dacryodes edulis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75149196702	Recent glacial recession and its impact on alpine riverflow in the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda	Taylor R.G., Mileham L., Tindimugaya C., Mwebembezi L.	2009	Journal of African Earth Sciences	55	04-Mar	10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.04.008	Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Water Resources Management, Ministry of Water and Environment, P.O. Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	Taylor, R.G., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Mileham, L., Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Tindimugaya, C., Water Resources Management, Ministry of Water and Environment, P.O. Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda; Mwebembezi, L., Water Resources Management, Ministry of Water and Environment, P.O. Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	The limited number and duration of hydrological measurements in the East African Highlands inhibit current understanding of the impact of glacial recession on alpine riverflow. From historical records and surveys conducted in the dry season of 2005 and wet season of 2007, we report (1) recent changes in the terminal positions of large valley glaciers (Speke, Elena) and (2) spot measurements of alpine riverflow along altitudinal transects of the principal river (River Mubuku) draining alpine icefields in order to assess the relative contribution of icefields and underlying ecotones to river discharge. Observed acceleration in the rates of termini retreat of the Speke and Elena glaciers since the late 1960s is attributed, in part, to the convex-concave slope profile in which these valley glaciers reside. We show that current glacial recession has a negligible impact on alpine riverflow. Spot measurements of meltwater discharges indicate that icefields contribute considerably less than 2% of the river discharge at the base of the Rwenzori Mountains during both dry and wet seasons. An anomalously high specific discharge of the River Mubuku (1730 mm a -1) arises from high rates of precipitation exceeding 2000 mm a -1 below alpine icefields within Heath-moss and Montane forest ecotones that occupy more than half of the river's gauged catchment area. For other tropical alpine icefields representing a tiny fraction (&lt;1%) of alpine river catchment areas (e.g. Irian Jaya, Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya), glacial meltwater discharges are similarly expected to contribute a negligible proportion of alpine riverflow. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; Climate change; Glacier; Riverflow; Tropics	climate change; ecotone; glacial hydrology; glacier retreat; ice field; meltwater; river discharge; river flow; seasonal variation; valley glacier; Rwenzori Mountains; Uganda; Bryophyta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891160427	Performance of pyroclastic rocks from Abakaliki Metropolis (southeastern Nigeria) in road construction projects	Okogbue C.O., Aghamelu O.P.	2013	Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment	72	04-Mar	10.1007/s10064-013-0489-0	Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Geology and Exploration Geophysics, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Okogbue, C.O., Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Aghamelu, O.P., Department of Geology and Exploration Geophysics, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	A total of 15 samples from the Abakaliki pyroclastic rock bodies were subjected to petrographic and mechanical analyses to determine the suitability of the rock type as a road aggregate. Results indicate that the Abakaliki pyroclastic rock yield aggregates with marginal performance in road projects. Although the aggregates meet a number of road stone requirements (i.e., ten percent fines and their ability to absorb water), they fail to meet other key road stone requirements. Whilst their aggregate impact values, Los Angeles abrasion values, and flakiness index are generally above the recommended limits, petrographic analyses reveal appreciable amounts of shaley to muddy lithic fragment and volcanic glassy groundmass. These detrimental constituents and marginal laboratory test results would likely translate to long term poor field performance where the pyroclastic aggregate is used for road construction. This study suggests that utilization of the Abakaliki pyroclastic rock as an aggregate, especially for road construction, requires informed caution, particularly when the material is exposed to climatic extremes (high volume of rainfall and high and fluctuating temperature) as is the case in the tropics. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Abakaliki; Field performance; Geotechnical property; Petrographic analysis; Pyroclastic rock; Road aggregate	Abakaliki; Field performance; Geotechnical properties; Petrographic analysis; Pyroclastic rocks; Road construction; Roads and streets; Rocks; Aggregates; aggregate; geotechnical property; petrography; pyroclastic deposit; road construction; rock mechanics; Abakaliki; California; Ebonyi; Los Angeles [California]; Nigeria; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856430789	In vitro genotoxicity evaluation of 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes using human lymphocytes	Adegoke O.A., Kyu J.K., Mukherjee A.	2012	Food and Chemical Toxicology	50	04-Mar	10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.022	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, 1266 Shinjeong-dong, Jeongeup 580-185, South Korea; Centre of Advanced Study, Cell	Adegoke, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Centre of Advanced Study, Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India; Kyu, J.K., Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, 1266 Shinjeong-dong, Jeongeup 580-185, South Korea; Mukherjee, A., Centre of Advanced Study, Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India	The genotoxicity of a new monoazo dye series, 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes has been evaluated using human lymphocytes by alkaline comet assay. Freshly isolated human lymphocytes were exposed to the dyes (AZ-01, -02, -03 and -04) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 μM for 3. h at 37 °C. Appropriate negative (culture medium) and positive (100 μM methyl methane sulfonate) controls were set up alongside with the dye-treated cells. Comet assay was performed to assess the extent of DNA damage. The four dyes gave varying results with respect to the parameters of DNA damage studied. AZ-01 showed concentration-dependent DNA damage (% Tail DNA) while lower concentrations (31.25-62.5 μM) did not produce any significant difference in the tail extent moment. AZ-02, the positional isomer of AZ-01, gave non-genotoxic effects at lower concentrations for the two DNA parameters. AZ-03 and AZ-04 (possessing additional C-7 substituents) did not produce significant genotoxic effect at all concentrations relative to the negative control. Two of these monoazo dyes show the potential of being used as edible colorants. The results revealed that genotoxicity of congeneric dyes bear a direct relationship to their chemical structure. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	4-Carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes; Comet assay; DNA damage; Genotoxicity; Human lymphocytes	4 [(2 hydroxy 7 (3 oxobutyl)naphthalen 1 yl)diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; 4 [(2 hydroxynaphthalen 1 yl)diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; 4 [(4 hydroxynaphthalen 1 yl)diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; 4 [(7 (1 carboxyethyl) 2 hydroxynaphthalen 1 yl)diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; azo dye; unclassified drug; adult; article; cell isolation; cell viability; chemical structure; comet assay; concentration (parameters); controlled study; DNA damage; genotoxicity; human; human cell; in vitro study; lymphocyte; male; structure activity relation; toxicity testing; Azo Compounds; Cells, Cultured; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Lymphocytes; Mutagens; Naphthols	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855423624	Prototype design and performance analysis of a sieving machine for improved food slurry processing in Nigeria	Simolowo O.E., Adeniji O.O.	2010	Discovery and Innovation	21	04-Mar	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Simolowo, O.E., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adeniji, O.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	In Nigeria, and many African countries, the domestic and medium-scale processing of various food slurry such as those for corn, sorghum, soya beans and millet have been done manually over the years with little or no technological development. These manual processes are associated with obvious constraints such as excessive length of time, tedium and boredom, coupled with inherent unhygienic conditions surrounding these processes. In this work, a vibration machine for the sieving of a staple food and primary infant diet in many countries in Africa popularly known as "Pap," has been conceptualized and fabricated. Experimental Performance tests were carried out using a newly designed machine and the results were compared with the conventional or manual sieving processes. Results showed that the newly designed vibration sieving machine was more efficient than the manual sieving process. It had an average filtration rate of 1.6 × 10 -5 m 3/s, against 8.68×10 -6 m 3/s for the manual method, thereby resulting in an 82% improvement over the manual sieving process. The employment of the machine also gave 50% and 56% reductions in the filtration time and volume of water used, respectively. In this work, presents a remarkable contribution to the processing of various food slurries in Nigeria and Africa as a whole by applying the principles of vibration to the design of new sieving equipment.	Food-slurry; Performance analysis; Prototype design; Sieving	Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48449089170	Simulation of West African monsoon using RegCM3 Part II: Impacts of deforestation and desertification	Abiodun B.J., Pal J.S., Afiesimama E.A., Gutowski W.J., Adedoyin A.	2008	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	93	04-Mar	10.1007/s00704-007-0333-1	Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Earth System Physics Group, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount University,	Abiodun, B.J., Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, 3134 Agronomy Building, Ames, IA, United States; Pal, J.S., Earth System Physics Group, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Afiesimama, E.A., WMO Regional Research and Training Institute, Lagos, Nigeria; Gutowski, W.J., Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, 3134 Agronomy Building, Ames, IA, United States; Adedoyin, A., Department of Physics, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	In this study, we investigate the feedback mechanisms between land cover and the monsoon in West African using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model (RegCM3). A series of multi-year simulations are performed using reanalysis boundary conditions under three idealised vegetation states (potential, desertified and deforested). The study shows that both desertification and deforestation tend to increase the monsoon flow over the Guinean region, although the mechanisms for change are different in each case. Desertification increases the flow mainly by increasing the meridional temperature gradient. While this reduces rainfall over the desertification region, it increases rainfall to the south. On the other hand, deforestation increases the monsoon flow mainly due to the reduced surface friction experienced by the flow over the Guinean region. This reduces rainfall over the entire West African region. The study furthershows that desertification and deforestation also increase the speed and specific humidity of the mid-tropospheric easterly flow, to the south of the African easterly jet. Consequently, the flow transports more moisture away from the West Africa region at the expense of low-level moisture, resulting in less moisture available for rainfall over the region. Overall, this study suggests that the state of the biosphere in West Africa may play an important role in determining the characteristics of the monsoon and rainfall pattern. © Springer-Verlag 2007.	None	biosphere; boundary condition; deforestation; desertification; feedback mechanism; land cover; monsoon; rainfall; regional climate; relative humidity; temperature gradient; troposphere; Africa; Guinea; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885962336	Is it time to rethink how neuropsychological tests are used to diagnose mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders? Impact of false-positive rates on prevalence and power	Meyer A.-C.L., John Boscardin W., Kwasa J.K., Price R.W.	2013	Neuroepidemiology	41	04-Mar	10.1159/000354629	Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Division of Geriatrics and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Meyer, A.-C.L., Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States, Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; John Boscardin, W., Division of Geriatrics and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kwasa, J.K., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Price, R.W., Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States	Background: Between 0 and 48% of normal HIV-uninfected individuals score below threshold neuropsychological test scores for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or are false positives. There has been little effort to understand the effect of varied interpretations of research criteria for HAND on false-positive frequencies, prevalence and analytic estimates. Methods: The proportion of normal individuals scoring below Z score thresholds drawn from research criteria for HAND, or false-positive frequencies, was estimated in a normal Kenyan population and a simulated normal population using varied interpretations of research criteria for HAND. We calculated the impact of false-positive frequencies on prevalence estimates and statistical power. Results: False-positive frequencies of 2-74% were observed for asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment/mild neurocognitive disorder and 0-8% for HIV-associated dementia. False-positive frequencies depended on the definition of an abnormal cognitive domain, Z score thresholds and neuropsychological battery size. Misclassification led to clinically important overestimation of prevalence and dramatic decreases in power. Conclusions: Minimizing false-positive frequencies is critical to decrease bias in prevalence estimates and minimize reductions in power in studies of association, particularly for mild forms of HAND. We recommend changing the Z score threshold to ≤-1.5 for mild impairment, limiting analysis to 3-5 cognitive domains and using the average Z score to define an abnormal domain. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.	Africa; Dementia; HIV; Power; Prevalence	article; cognition; false negative result; false positive result; HIV associated dementia; human; Kenya; major clinical study; mild cognitive impairment; neuropsychological test; prevalence; scoring system; adult; Article; disease classification; false positive result; Cognition Disorders; False Positive Reactions; HIV Infections; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests	K01TW008764, FIC, Fogarty International Center; K01TW008764, NIH, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NIDA, National Institute on Drug Abuse; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053529587	Sidetrack and recompletion risk evaluation - Waterflooded reservoir	Orodu O.D., Tang Z., Anawe P.A.L.	2011	Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering	78	04-Mar	10.1016/j.petrol.2011.08.015	Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Ota, Nigeria; Faculty of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China	Orodu, O.D., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Ota, Nigeria; Tang, Z., Faculty of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; Anawe, P.A.L., Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Ota, Nigeria	Sidetrack or recompletion time (t R) is optimized for the pair of a production and injection well simultaneously under uncertainty with respect to expected monetary value (EMV) or risked net present value (NPV) as the objective function to properly understand and shed more light on the critical parameters influencing t R. The option to sidetrack or not is also evaluated. Analysis is aided by a recent time dependent analytical waterflood performance model with respect to cumulative injected water for adequate economic analysis. There exist two zones, a productive and lower zone and a lesser producible upper zone that has low recoverable reserves, of which both zones are penetrated by both wells. The injection well enhances oil production in the production well by the displacement mechanism of waterflooding. Though sidetrack is simultaneous considering negligible time interval between sidetrack of both wells, it is actually a sequential operation with regards to the decision tree schematic. A possible outcome is, if sidetrack to produce from the upper zone fails, then no sidetrack to the upper zone through the injection well. Decision tree analysis is brought to fore considering the probability of success (POS) of continual production (injection) from (to) the producing zone and production (injection) commencement possibility for the upper zone. Uncertainty of parameters including POS in evaluating the objective function, EMV, is made possible by probable values using distributions for Monte Carlo simulation run. EMV and t R are optimized for each run by constraining t R to either, after water breakthrough time to the lower zone or from time 0. The objective function is solved with a constrained non-linear generalized gradient optimization scheme. Significant match was obtained for waterflood performance, and NPV of each terminal branch of the decision tree between the analytical approach and reservoir simulator generated data. Notably, optimal t R obtained through the analytical approach is highly dependent on POS of production and injection from (to) the upper zone. Evaluation of possible dependencies of POS is essential as regards to the sequential operation brought largely by geological uncertainties and may be to a lesser extent by the sidetrack operation based on the influence of probable pathways. Other criteria for selection of optimal time are more suitable for selection of an optimal range and not a single value. These criteria in essence, boost the EMV and cannot stand alone as an optimization tool. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Decision analysis; Optimization; Recompletion; Sidetrack; Uncertainty	Analytical approach; Critical parameter; Decision tree analysis; Displacement mechanisms; Expected monetary values; Generalized gradients; Geological uncertainty; Injected water; Injection wells; Monte Carlo Simulation; Net present value; Non-linear; Objective functions; Oil production; Optimal ranges; Optimal time; Optimization tools; Performance Model; Probability of success; Production wells; Recompletion; Recompletion risks; Recoverable reserves; Reservoir simulator; Sequential operations; Sidetrack; Single-value; Stand -alone; Time dependent; Time interval; Uncertainty; Water breakthrough; Water flood; Waterflooded reservoirs; Computer simulation; Constrained optimization; Decision trees; Economic analysis; Function evaluation; Injection (oil wells); Monte Carlo methods; Oil well flooding; Plant extracts; Trees (mathematics); Water injection; Well flooding; Well stimulation; Wells; Petroleum reservoir evaluation; computer simulation; decision making; hydrocarbon reservoir; Monte Carlo analysis; optimization; risk assessment; uncertainty analysis; Nucleopolyhedrovirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81355133830	Evaluation of nutritional status using body fat, physiological and biochemical parameters in some nigerian women1	Ojo J.O., Oketayo O.O., Aboderin A.O., Salawu A.A., Adewusi S.R.A.	2011	Nutrition and Health	20	04-Mar	None	Department of Physics, lle-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, lle-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, lie-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, l	Ojo, J.O., Department of Physics, lle-Ife, Nigeria; Oketayo, O.O., Department of Physics, lle-Ife, Nigeria; Aboderin, A.O., Department of Medical Microbiology, lle-Ife, Nigeria; Salawu, A.A., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, lie-Ife, Nigeria; Adewusi, S.R.A., Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, lle-Ife, Nigeria	Some nutritional parameters were investigated in 62 healthy Nigerian female subjects of low socio-economic status. The percentage body fat (% BF) and some biochemical parameters, High and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), Total Plasma Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Uric Acid (UA), Urinary Creatinine (U-Cr), Creatinine in plasma (P-Cr) and Creatinine clearance (Cr-Cl), were evaluated. Also determined were the Body Mass Index (BMI), Packed Cell Volume, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP-1, BP-2), various skin-fold measurements and body circumferences. Reference values were then established for these various parameters and the correlation between the various variables determined. When the subjects were stratified into four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese) based on their BMI, significant differences (ANOVA, p < 0.05) were observed in LDL-C, Cr-Cl, BP-1, as well as 10 out of the 13 anthropometric parameters. These differences could possibly provide diagnostic /prognostic insight for the four groups and the many important diseases associated with them. The hip circumference, in particular, has such a high correlation with both BMI and % BF that it is being suggested as a substitute for these two important parameters in Nigerian women of low socio-economic background. © 2011 A B Academic Publishers.	BMI; Body fat; Hip circumference; Lipids; Nigerian women; Nutrition; Nutritional status; Socio-economics	creatinine; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; adolescent; adult; article; blood; blood pressure; body fat distribution; body mass; female; hematocrit; human; metabolism; middle aged; Nigeria; nutritional status; poverty; Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; Body Fat Distribution; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Creatinine; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Nutritional Status; Poverty; Triglycerides; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856514457	Assessment of the performance of the drag and bulk transfer method in estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes in a tropical station	Adeniyi M.O., Ogunsola O.E.	2012	Theoretical and Applied Climatology	107	04-Mar	10.1007/s00704-011-0496-7	Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeniyi, M.O., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunsola, O.E., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The performance of the general bulk formulation in estimating sensible heat flux at Nigerian Micrometeorological Experimental site was assessed. Reliable sensible heat flux was estimated with the use of accurate diurnal values of transfer coefficient of sensible heat. The performances of one α, two β and a modified α formulations in the estimation of latent heat flux were also assessed at the station. The Lee and Pielke (β), modified Kondo (α), Jacquemin and Noilhan (α) and Noilhan and Planton (β) parameterizations gave good estimation of latent heat flux. The coefficient of determination (R 2) of the models between measured and estimated values were greater than 0. 7. Low diurnal mean absolute error and root mean squared error values were found between measured and estimated fluxes. All the parameterizations gave reliable latent heat flux when diurnal values of transfer coefficients of moisture were used. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.	None	estimation method; latent heat flux; parameterization; performance assessment; reliability analysis; sensible heat flux; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947163361	Karyotypic evaluation of plantain and banana somaclonal variants (Musa L. spp. Musaceae: Zingiberales)	Obute G.C., Aziagba P.C.	2005	Journal of Genetics and Breeding	59	04-Mar	None	Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Obute, G.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Aziagba, P.C., Library Department, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Tissue culture regenerated materials of Musa spp. (Banana and Plantain) along with their somaclonal variants were assessed for karyotype abnormalities to be used as rapid chromosome markers. Results indicate that the slight variations noticed in karyomorphometric characters like chromosome number, chromosome arm lengths, total complement length and total complement volume were not significant (P ≤0.05). It follows, therefore, that chromosomal abnormalities may not be accurate markers for somaclonal variation in these species. A few cases of aneuploidy were encountered and the need not to overemphasize chromosomal instability was highlighted; however, other causes of somaclonal variations are proposed to be explored to explain the phenomenon in Musa spp.	Banana; Karyotype; Musa/Spp.	Magnoliophyta; Musa; Musaceae; Zingiberales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901844904	Estimation of impact of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia on pastoralists in Kenya	Onono J.O., Wieland B., Rushton J.	2014	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	115	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.022	Department of Production and Population Health, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL97TA Hatfield, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxico-logy, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC, Mongolia	Onono, J.O., Department of Production and Population Health, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL97TA Hatfield, United Kingdom, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxico-logy, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Wieland, B., Department of Production and Population Health, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL97TA Hatfield, United Kingdom, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC, Mongolia; Rushton, J., Department of Production and Population Health, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL97TA Hatfield, United Kingdom	Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious disease which impacts cattle production in sub-Saharan Africa. To adequately allocate resources for its control, there is a need to assess its impact on cattle producers. The present study estimated the impact of CBPP on pastoralists through analysis of various strategies employed for its control in cattle herds including: preventive vaccination, antimicrobial treatment, slaughter of clinical cases and other combinations of these control strategies. The assessment was based on a loss-expenditure frontier framework to identify a control strategy with minimum cost from both expenditures on control strategies and output losses due to mortalities, reduced milk yield, reduced weight gain and reduced fertility rate. The analysis was undertaken in a stochastic spreadsheet model. The control strategy with minimum cost per herd was preventive vaccination with an estimated cost of US$ 193 (90% CI; 170-215) per 100 cows per year, while slaughter of clinical cases had an estimated cost of US$ 912 (90% CI; 775-1055) per 100 cows per year. The impact of CBPP to the nation was estimated at US$ 7.6 (90% CI; 6.5-8.7) million per year. Yet, if all pastoralists whose cattle are at high risk of infection adopted preventive vaccination, the aggregate national impact would be US$ 3.3 (90% CI; 2.9-3.7) million per year, with savings amounting to US$ 4.3 million through reallocation of control expenditures. The analysis predicted that control of CBPP in Kenya is profitable through preventive vaccination. However, further research is recommended for the technical and financial feasibility of implementing a vaccine delivery system in pastoral areas where CBPP is endemic. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Cost of disease; Impact assessment; Pastoral production system	Bos; Bovinae; Mycoplasma; animal; animal husbandry; bovine; Cattle Diseases; economics; female; incidence; Kenya; male; microbiology; Mycoplasma mycoides; physiology; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; prevalence; vaccination; veterinary; Bovinae; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Incidence; Kenya; Male; Mycoplasma mycoides; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Prevalence; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855452891	Comparative indices for the evaluation of the effectiveness of intercropping systems in yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Abakura J.B., Gungula D.T., Sajo A.A.	2010	Discovery and Innovation	21	04-Mar	None	Department of Vocational Education, Federal University of Technology, Yola (FUTY), Nigeria; Department of Crop Production and Horticulture FUTY, Nigeria	Abakura, J.B., Department of Vocational Education, Federal University of Technology, Yola (FUTY), Nigeria; Gungula, D.T., Department of Crop Production and Horticulture FUTY, Nigeria; Sajo, A.A., Department of Vocational Education, Federal University of Technology, Yola (FUTY), Nigeria	Field experiments were conducted during 2002, 2003, and 2004 rainfed cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the advantages of additive intercropping (maize-groundnut, maize-cowpea and maize-soybean). The indices (models) used included land equivalent ratio (LER), area × time equivalent ratio (ATER) and crop compensation ratio (CCR), which are commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of intercropping systems. The total LER and ATER of the intercrops were quite similar in three years because the maturity of maize and legumes did not vary significantly among the intercrops and the sole crops in Yola. The yield advantages as per total LER ranged from 64% to 80% while the ATER ranged from 71% to 93% in 2003. The highest value of CCR of 2.70 in 2003 and 2.59 in 2002 were obtained from maize-cowpea grown at 1m × 0.20m., while a value of 1.47 was obtained by maize-groundnut grown at 1m × 0.20m intra row spacing in 2004. This study justified the choice of farmers in the region who more often grow maize-cowpea rather than maize-groundnut or maize-soybean because of the greater compensation ratio associated with maize-cowpea intercropping.	Additive intercropping; Comparative indices; Effectiveness; Yola	Arachis hypogaea; Glycine max; Yola; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869145589	Growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae) in fertilized, tropical earthen ponds	Ekpenyong E., Ada F., Idung J.	2012	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	10	04-Mar	None	Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	Ekpenyong, E., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Ada, F., Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Idung, J., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria	The effect of cow dung, chicken manure and NPK on the production of Oreochromis niloticus was investigated in earthen ponds which were prepared thus: no liming, no fertilization (NL/NF), liming and fertilization with cow droppings (L/Cow), liming and fertilization with chicken droppings (L/Chick) and liming and fertilization with NPK (L/NPK). Best fish growth was recorded in the limed, NPK-fertilized (L/NPK) ponds while productivity values (Gross and Net) were highest in the limed, chicken droppings fertilized (L/Chick) ponds. Growth parameters decreased with age of fish while significant differences (P<0.05) were observed between treatments.	Culture; Fish; Organic and inorganic manure	age; article; growth; manure; nonhuman; Oreochromis niloticus; pond; Cichlidae; Oreochromis niloticus; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745175193	Evaluation and modelling of effluent from electroplating plant	Adeniyi O.D.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	04-Mar	None	Dept of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Adeniyi, O.D., Dept of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Industrial effluents discharge into the environment has been on the increase in recent years and this has led to the deterioration of the environment, there are changes in both the physical and chemical characteristics of these places and in particular a remarkable change in the pH values. This paper gives an evaluation of effluent from electroplating industries and further proposes a developed model for the prediction of the pH as a function of five different parameters of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), magnesium ion (Mg 2+), calcium ion (Ca2+), total metal and dissolved oxygen. Parametric coefficients in the model equation obtained showed that the effect of dissolved oxygen and calcium ions are higher than the others. Results of analysis reveal that the values of TSS were much higher than the set limits while the others were within manageable values. Simulation results on the pH show various degrees of variations form experimental, the reason attributed to this was the limited number of parameters considered in model development.	Ca2+; Effluent; Electroplating; Mg2+; Model; pH; TSS	Computer simulation; Dissolution; Effluents; Electroplating; Industrial plants; Magnesium printing plates; Industrial effluents discharge; Total Suspended Solids (TSS); Industrial wastes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858800410	Prevalence of livestock diseases and their impact on livelihoods in Central Equatoria State, southern Sudan	Malak A.K., Mpoke L., Banak J., Muriuki S., Skilton R.A., Odongo D., Sunter J., Kiara H.	2012	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	104	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.001	Directorate of Veterinary Services, Government of Southern Sudan, Sudan; Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom	Malak, A.K., Directorate of Veterinary Services, Government of Southern Sudan, Sudan; Mpoke, L., Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Banak, J., Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Muriuki, S., Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Skilton, R.A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Odongo, D., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Sunter, J., University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Kiara, H., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	A participatory epidemiological (PE) study was conducted in Kajo Keji and Yei Counties, Central Equatoria State, southern Sudan to assess the impact of livestock diseases on livelihoods. A serological survey of tick-borne diseases was conducted to supplement the PE study. PE data collection tools consisted primarily of focus group interviews and key informant interviews supplemented by observation. Information was collected on the social context, history and species of livestock kept. Constraints in livestock keeping were explored through description and probing. Proportional piling on the importance of different diseases and relative incidence scoring were also conducted. 243 sera were collected from cattle and tested for antibodies to Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Theileria mutans and T. parva by ELISA. Additionally, 173 blood samples were collected for a PCR assay of T. parva. Livestock diseases were ranked as the most important constraint to livestock keeping. While East Coast fever was ranked as the most important disease in Kajo Keji, diarrhoea in small ruminants was reported as the most important disease in Yei. Serological analyses of the sera indicated that A. marginale, B. bigemina, T. mutans and T. parva were most prevalent. Prevalence of B. bovis was found to be low (4.0% and 7.4% in Kajo Keji and Yei, respectively). 35% of the samples screened with the T. parva p104 gene nested PCR assay were positive. The study concludes that while ECF is the most important disease in Kajo Keji, it was not the case in Yei. Additional epidemiological studies are proposed before control strategies are recommended. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	East Coast fever; Livestock diseases; Participatory epidemiology; Prevalence; Southern Sudan	protozoon antibody; agriculture; Anaplasma marginale; animal; animal disease; article; Babesia; babesiosis; blood; bovids; cattle; cattle disease; diarrhea; economics; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; immunology; information processing; isolation and purification; livestock; male; parasitology; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; Sudan; Theileria; theileriosis; tick borne disease; Agriculture; Anaplasma marginale; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Babesia; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Focus Groups; Humans; Livestock; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Ruminants; Sudan; Theileria; Theileriasis; Tick-Borne Diseases; Anaplasma marginale; Babesia bigemina; Bos; Bovidae; Ixodida; Theileria; Theileria mutans; Theileria parva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879018579	Formulation and evaluation of novel solid lipid microparticles as a sustained release system for the delivery of metformin hydrochloride	Momoh M.A., Kenechukwu F.C., Attama A.A.	2013	Drug Delivery	20	04-Mar	10.3109/10717544.2013.779329	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Momoh, M.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Kenechukwu, F.C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Attama, A.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	The low encapsulation efficiency of conventional solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) especially for hydrophilic drugs has remained a challenge to drug formulation experts. This work seeks to address the issue of inefficient delivery of metformin hydrochloride (MTH), a potent hydrophilic oral antihyperglycemic agent, using novel SLMs based on solidified reverse micellar solutions (SRMS) prepared by melt-emulsification using a lipid derived from Capra hircus and Phospholipon® 90H. Characterization based on size, morphology, zeta potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), loading capacity (LC) and time-resolved stability were carried out on the SLMs. The in vitro release of MTH from the SLMs was performed in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) while the in vivo antidiabetic properties were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Stable, spherical and smooth SLMs were obtained. Loading of MTH into the SLMs had no effect on the surface charge of the particles. The SLMs with 1.0%w/w PEG 4000 resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher EE% while those with 2.0%w/w gave the least. The LC values ranged from 20.3 to 29.1 and 14.6 to 24.1 for SLMs containing 500 mg and 250 mg of MTH, respectively. The in vitro release studies revealed significant release of MTH from the SLMs whereas the in vivo antidiabetic studies indicated that novel SLMs containing 500 mg of MTH gave significantly (p < 0.05) higher glucose reduction than glucophage®. This research has shown that SLMs based on SRMS offer a new and better approach of delivering MTH, thus encouraging further development of this formulation. © 2013 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.	Anti-diabetic; Encapsulation efficiency; Metformin hydrochloride; Release; Solid lipid microparticles	buffer; glucose; macrogol 4000; metformin; phosphatidylcholine; solid lipid nanoparticle; alloxan diabetes mellitus; animal experiment; animal model; antidiabetic activity; article; controlled study; dispersion; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug screening; drug stability; emulsion; female; glucose blood level; in vitro study; in vivo study; male; micelle; morphology; nanoencapsulation; nonhuman; particle size; physical chemistry; priority journal; productivity; rat; surface charge; sustained drug release; zeta potential; Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Goats; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Metformin; Microspheres; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Random Allocation; Rats	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249084212	Packaged foods, consumption pattern and impact on the environment in Zaria, Nigeria	Odunze I.I., Mohammed A.Z., Ike E., Onuigbo P.E., Shuaibu-Imodagbe E.M.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	04-Mar	None	Home and Rural Economics, Samaru College of Agriculture/Division of Agricultural Colleges (DAC), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Sama	Odunze, I.I., Home and Rural Economics, Samaru College of Agriculture/Division of Agricultural Colleges (DAC), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mohammed, A.Z., Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ike, E., Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Onuigbo, P.E., Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Shuaibu-Imodagbe, E.M., Samaru College of Agriculture/DAC, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Packaged foods, consumption pattern and impact on the environment was studied in Zaria, Nigeria (Long. 7°30'-7°50'E and Lat. 11°00'-11°50'N). Convenient (packaged) foods are easier to prepare, save time, easy to store, reduce wastage and makes the task of food preparation by housewives, workers and students easier. For example in urban homes, women simply do not have the time to spend in shop queues or cooking time for breakfast meals in particular. Therefore, the pre-packaged, pre-priced goods available even in supermarket shops are a tremendous time saving device; thus providing convenience to the household. This study therefore aims to determine food materials commonly preferred by consumers in Zaria area as convenience foods, consumers preferred food packaging materials and food packaging material more commonly seen littering the Zaria environment. The study was therefore conducted using survey method, and interviews were employed for the non-literates in the sample areas. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample population of the institutions and business sector in Zaria. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance [ANOVA] procedure for means, standard deviations and tests of significance at P>0.05. Results showed that among reasons adduced by respondents for patronizing packaged food products include convenience, cost, quantity and disposability. Convenience (28.2%) was rated highest as reason for patronizing packaged food products, and consumers' prefer plastic food packaging materials to metal, glass or paper. Attributes that least influenced consumers' choice of package food products patronized in Zaria include colour (6.0%) and physical shape of the package (5.7%). This would suggest that food products that are well protected and the package can be re-used/recycled and have acceptable nutritional information clearly written on the package and the ease with which the packaging can be opened are attributes mostly driving packaged food products patronage in Zaria. However, consumers' food pattern is tilting towards packaged food product in Zaria and calls for further governmental quality control measures to promote consumers good health. Plastic waste food packaging materials do not degrade easily in the environment and constitute risk to health and environmental beauty.	Consumption; Environment; Food; Packaging; Zaria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84961194975	Logging ban policy and its impact on international trade in forest products: The case of Thailand	Sulaiman C., Abdul-Rahim A.S.	2015	International Journal of Green Economics	9	04-Mar	10.1504/IJGE.2015.075195	Faculty of Economics and Management, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Economics, Bauchi State University Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria	Sulaiman, C., Faculty of Economics and Management, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Department of Economics, Bauchi State University Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Abdul-Rahim, A.S., Faculty of Economics and Management, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia	In 1989, unnecessary logging activities triggered huge landslides in Thailand that led to the loss of 373 human lives and properties worth millions of baht. Consequently, Thailand's authorities officially imposed a logging ban to forestall the future reoccurrence of a similar disaster. Using a J-curve hypothesis, this paper examined the impact of the logging ban on Thailand's forest product trade balances. To achieve the objective, an autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration was applied to estimate the results using data from 1971 to 2010. The results revealed that the policy has had a negative effect on product trade balances in the short-run and the long-run. In addition, domestic income, foreign income and the exchange rate were found to significantly influence product trade balance variations. The J-curve effect was non-existent for all of the sampled products. As such, policies that will both safeguard the environment and ensure economic growth are recommended. © Copyright 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	ARDL approach; J-curve hypothesis; Logging ban; Trade balance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249096486	Performance of high protein maize variety and soil nutrient changes with fortified organic fertilizer	Ayoola O.T., Makinde E.A., Ande O.T.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	04-Mar	None	Farming Systems Research and Extension Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Federal College of Agriculture, I.A.R and T, Moor Plantation, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Land and	Ayoola, O.T., Farming Systems Research and Extension Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Makinde, E.A., Federal College of Agriculture, I.A.R and T, Moor Plantation, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ande, O.T., Land and Water Resources Management Programme, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Enriching manure with nutrients from limited quantity of inorganic fertilizer could combat the deficiency of late and low supply of nutrients. The growth and yield of high protein green maize (ART-98-SW1) was assessed using organic fertilizer made from municipal waste and cow dung at 5 t/ ha as well as organic fertilizer + urea (i.e. 2.5 t ha-1 municipal waste and cow dung + 100 kg ha-1 urea). These were compared with performance with inorganic NPK fertilizer and no fertilizer control. Maize growth significantly (P = 0.05) increased with application of the N-enriched organic fertilizer. The plants were comparable in height and leaf area with fertilizer application. Fertilization of maize gave significantly (P = 0.05) higher grain yields. Organic fertilizer alone gave yields of 2.68 t ha-1. The unfertilized control plants had an average yield of 1.47 t ha-1.Yield (3.78 t ha-1) obtained from the organic fertilizer + urea was statistically the same with yield (3.70 t ha-1) got from inorganic fertilization. Organic fertilizer + urea increased soil N, P and K contents by 25, 1 and 62%, respectively. It also increased soil Ca and Mg contents by 2 and 8%, respectively. Organic fertilizer at 2.5 t ha-1 with 100 kg/ha urea can be applied to maize. It gives a comparable yield as inorganic fertilizer and increases the soil N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents.	Cow dung; Growth; Maize; Soil nutrients; Yield	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960110966	The impacts of timber harvesting on residual trees and seedlings in a tropical rain forest ecosystem, southwestern Nigeria	Adekunle V.A.J., Olagoke A.O.	2010	International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystems Services and Management	6	04-Mar	10.1080/21513732.2010.534976	Forest Ecology Research Unit, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Adekunle, V.A.J., Forest Ecology Research Unit, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Olagoke, A.O., Forest Ecology Research Unit, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	This study examined logging damage to non-targeted neighbouring plant species and the forest ecosystem in a tropical forest in Ondo State, southwest Nigeria. Tree growth variables were recorded before and after felling, as was the number of crosscut logs. All plant species damaged during harvesting were enumerated and identified and the nature and level of the damage was also determined. Data providing demographic information, causes of damage to residual plants and measures to reduce the damage were obtained from the loggers using questionnaires. Data were collected on selective logging of 41 tree species. Despite selective logging practices, during felling, plants were damaged, soil compacted and the ecosystem disturbed. The observed damage to residual trees and seedlings ranged from 5% to 70% and it is therefore concluded that reduced impact logging and training of loggers is necessary to minimise the impacts. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Logging; Ondo State; Reduced impact logging	data set; demography; forest ecosystem; growth rate; harvesting; questionnaire survey; rainforest; seedling; selective logging; species diversity; timber harvesting; tropical region; Nigeria; Ondo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845695435	Genetic analysis of performance of maize inbred lines selected for tolerance to drought under low nitrogen	Meseka S.K., Menkir A., Ibrahim A.E.S., Ajala S.O.	2006	Maydica	51	04-Mar	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan	Meseka, S.K., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ibrahim, A.E.S., Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Ajala, S.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	Low soil nitrogen (low N) limits maize (Zea mays L.) production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Knowledge of inheritance of tolerance to low N in inbred lines selected for drought tolerance would be useful for developing hybrids adapted to low N conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the (i) effect of zero, one and two doses of drought tolerance in inbred lines on performance of hybrids under low N, (ii) type of gene action conditioning performance under low N, and (iii) relationship between per se performance of parental inbred lines and their hybrids. Ninety-six hybrids were formed from 24 inbred lines using the Design II mating scheme. The parental lines and hybrids were evaluated under both low and high N in separate trials side by side during the rainy season at one location in Nigeria for two years. Most of the hybrids with at least one drought tolerant parent had higher yields than those having two drought susceptible parents. Mean squares for GCA-males, GCA-females and SCA effects were significant for grain yield under both low and high N, whereas their interactions with year was significant only for GCA-male effects under low N. Non-additive gene action was slightly higher than additive gene action for grain yield under low N. Average heterosis for grain yield was 129% under low N and 114% under high N. Grain yield, plant and ear heights of inbred lines contributed positively to grain yields of hybrids. However, grain yields of inbred lines accounted for less than 15% of the total variation in grain yield among hybrids at each N level. Five of the 12 drought tolerant lines and two of the 12 susceptible inbred lines had significant positive GCA effects for grain yield under low N. Use of inbred lines, such as KU1409, 4058, 1824 and 9432 with consistently positive GCA effects for grain yield under low-N in a breeding program would be desirable to further improve grain yield and associated traits for low N environments.	Dosage effects; Drought tolerance; Gene action and gene effects; Inbred lines; Low nitrogen	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919876992	Dissecting indices of aridity for assessing the impacts of global climate change	Girvetz E.H., Zganjar C.	2014	Climatic Change	126	04-Mar	10.1007/s10584-014-1218-9	International Center for Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100, Seattle, WA, United States; The Nature Conservancy Central Science Program, 4245 North Fairfax Dr, Arlington, VA, United States	Girvetz, E.H., International Center for Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya, University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100, Seattle, WA, United States, The Nature Conservancy Central Science Program, 4245 North Fairfax Dr, Arlington, VA, United States; Zganjar, C., The Nature Conservancy Central Science Program, 4245 North Fairfax Dr, Arlington, VA, United States	There is great interest in understanding how climate change will impact aridity through the interaction of precipitation changes with rising temperatures. The Aridity Index (AI), Climatic Moisture Deficit (CMD), and Climatic Moisture Surplus (CMS) are metrics commonly used to quantify and map patterns in aridity and water cycling. Here we show that these metrics have different patterns of change under future climate—based on an ensemble of nine general circulation climate models—and the different metrics are appropriate for different purposes. Based on these differences between the metrics, we propose that aridity can be dissected into three different types—hydrological (CMS), agricultural (CMD), and meteorological. In doing this, we propose a novel modified version of the Aridity Index, called AI+, that can be useful for assessing changes in meteorological aridity. The AI + is based on the same ratio between precipitation and evapotranspiration as the traditional AI, but unlike the traditional AI, the AI + only accounts for changes to precipitation during months when precipitation is less than reference/potential evapotranspiration (i.e. there is a deficit). Moreover, we show that the traditional AI provides a better estimate of change in moisture surplus driven by changes to precipitation during the wet season, rather than changes in deficit that occur during the drier seasons. These results show that it is important to select the most appropriate metric for assessing climate driven changes in aridity. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	None	Climate models; Dissection; Evapotranspiration; Moisture; Aridity index; Future climate; General circulation; Global climate changes; Moisture deficit; Precipitation change; Rising temperatures; Water cycling; Climate change	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845447744	Comparative assessment of yield potentials of improved cowpea breeding lines using performance index and ranking methods	Ajeigbe H.A., Mohammed S.G., Singh B.B.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	04-Mar	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria	Ajeigbe, H.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria; Mohammed, S.G., Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Singh, B.B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kano Station, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria	Identification of the best variety from a variety trial is often done using the least significant difference (LSD), Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) and stability analysis methods. However, these methods are unable to discriminate among a smaller group of varieties which are not statistically significantly different from each other. Therefore, there is a need for another method which can further discriminate among these small groups of varieties. This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of the performance index (PI) and rank total (RT) methods in identifying the best variety from a variety trial. Eighteen cowpea breeding lines including a local check were grown for two years in three environments representing the major cowpea growing zone of West Africa to assess their grain yield potential. The yield data were analyzed and variety means were compared using different methods. The PI revealed that IT98K-398-14 was the best with a PI index of 88% compared to 59% for IT98K-412-13 and IT98K-506-1 with 35%, and RT method showed IT98K-412-13 with RT of 34, IT98K-398-14 with RT of 35 and IT98K-506-1 with RT 42 as the most promising cowpea varieties while the stability analysis indicated IT98K-506-1 with a b value of 1.03 as the most stable variety in the test environments with a mean yield of 1491 kg ha -1 which is above overall mean yield of 1340 kg ha-1. The PI is a simple and easy approach to classify varieties especially when the number of varieties and test environments is large. The RT method is also an alternative approach devoid of much calculation and will therefore be a valuable tool for plant breeders especially when quick decisions are to be made on the selections of varieties. All three methods identified the same three varieties as the best varieties.	Cowpea breeding lines; Performance index; Ranking total; Variety trial	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846347337	Maasai perception of the impact and incidence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in southern Kenya	Bedelian C., Nkedianye D., Herrero M.	2007	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	78	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.012	International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom	Bedelian, C., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Nkedianye, D., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Herrero, M., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3J6, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom	We investigated the perceived impact of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) to pastoralists in Isinya Division, a wildlife dispersal area of Nairobi National Park, and used a range of participatory epidemiology methodologies. We compared the relative importance, incidence and impact of MCF compared to other locally defined important diseases with a total of 158 respondents in 11 group meetings and 21 household meetings in July 2004. Direct losses due to disease were investigated through lowered prices as a result of the emergency sale of disease-infected animals. Overall, Maasai in Isinya Division perceived east coast fever (ECF) to be the most important cattle disease and to have the highest incidence. Anthrax was considered to have the largest impact. In areas within or adjacent to the wildebeest calving zone, MCF was perceived to be the most important cattle disease and also to have the largest impact. Outside the calving zone, MCF was considered the fourth-most important disease with the fourth largest impact, and these were areas where wildebeest were less common. MCF was also the fourth-most common disease, and across the Division incidence was estimated at 5% in calves and 10% in adults. However, MCF incidence varied greatly throughout the study area, from 3% to 12%, and the highest incidence risks were found in areas where wildebeest came to calve. The percent drop in sale price per animal infected with MCF was estimated at 50% for MCF for the year 2003-2004. Forced avoidance movements away from wildebeest calves were reported to decrease livestock production due to loss of access to prime grazing sites. As suggested by pastoralists in this study, the development of compensation schemes or incentives from wildlife would reduce the conflict between livestock keeping and wildlife conservation. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease impact; Disease incidence; Kenya; Maasai pastoralists; Malignant catarrhal fever; Participatory appraisal; Participatory epidemiology	animal; animal disease; animal parasitosis; anthrax; article; cattle; cattle disease; female; foot and mouth disease; incidence; Kenya; male; mortality; season; time; virology; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Anthrax; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Incidence; Kenya; Male; Malignant Catarrh; Seasons; Theileriasis; Time Factors; Animalia; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349151120	Using participatory epidemiological techniques to estimate the relative incidence and impact on livelihoods of livestock diseases amongst nomadic pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya	Bett B., Jost C., Allport R., Mariner J.	2009	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	90	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.001	International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya; Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya	Bett, B., International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya; Jost, C., International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya; Allport, R., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Mariner, J., International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya	A participatory epidemiological (PE) study was carried out with Turkana pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya, to determine the relative incidence of livestock diseasess and their impact on livelihoods. A sub-location was used as the sampling unit. A sub-location is the smallest administrative unit and is occupied by clusters of families (called adakars) that share common grazing patterns. A total of 32 sub-locations were randomly selected for the study. At least one focus group discussion involving more than 10 people was held with each adakar. In addition, key informant interviews involving local leaders and animal health service providers were conducted before or after the group sessions. PE techniques that were used with the stock owners include participatory mapping, relative incidence scoring, proportional piling, disease impact matrix scoring, seasonal calendars and probing. The methods used were pre-tested in four sub-locations that were excluded from further study. The study revealed that goats, with median score of 33 (10th and 90th percentiles of 25, 44, respectively) and sheep, median score of 20.5 (15, 26) were perceived to be the most abundant livestock species while goats (median score of 32 [21, 56]) and camels (median score of 22.5 [11, 33]) contributed the most to the livelihoods of the pastoralists. For goats, the overall relative incidence scores of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and mange were 23.5% (15, 34), 25% (21, 45) and 20% (19, 28), respectively. The respective median scores for case fatality rates were 66% (45, 76.5), 62.5% (25, 100) and 73.2% (21.4, 85.7). Disease impact matrix scores indicated that mange was the most important disease of goats. Mange (range: 28-32%) and pox (range: 16-38%) were perceived to be the most prevalent diseases in camels. Livestock movements, limited access to veterinary services and stock theft were identified as key factors that contributed to the high prevalence and persistence of these diseases. This paper discusses strategies that could be used to control these diseases given the challenges associated with nomadic pastoralism and insecurity. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diseases; Goats; Kenya; Participatory epidemiology (PE); Turkana pastoralists	animal; animal husbandry; article; camel; economics; goat; goat disease; human; incidence; Kenya; sheep; sheep disease; socioeconomics; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Camels; Goat Diseases; Goats; Humans; Incidence; Kenya; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Socioeconomic Factors; Animalia; Camelidae; Capra; Capra hircus; Mycoplasma; Ovis aries; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844264443	Evaluation of the phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper double backcross resource population: Indoor trickle challenge with Haemonchus contortus	Mugambi J.M., Audho J.O., Njomo S., Baker R.L.	2005	Veterinary Parasitology	127	04-Mar	10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.017	Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Mugambi, J.M., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, National Veterinary Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya; Audho, J.O., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Njomo, S., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Baker, R.L., Intl. Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, P.O. Box 238, Whangamata, New Zealand	Six F1 Dorper (D) × Red Maasai (R) rams were mated to both D and R ewes to produce backcross lambs. These six double backcross resource families are being analysed to identify quantitative trait loci that may be controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites, mainly Haemonchus contortus. After assessing the phenotypic performance of the lambs following exposure to natural infections, the surviving lambs were drenched and moved indoors for an artificial challenge with H. contortus along with straightbred D and R lambs. A total of 1317 lambs were included in the analyses consisting of 523 3/4D, 580 3/4R, 87 D and 127 R. The D lambs were significantly and consistently heavier than R lambs and 3/4D were significantly heavier than the 3/4R lambs. The difference between the backcrosses was about half of that between the straightbreds. Resistance was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) at necropsy while packed cell volume (PCV) was used to assess resilience to weekly oral doses of 2500 infective larvae of H. contortus. No significant breed differences were observed for log transformed FEC (LFEC). A significant breed difference in PCV was recorded. The backcrosses had the higher values and while no differences were observed between the straightbreds, 3/4D had significantly higher PCV than the 3/4R. Despite the absence of breed differences in FEC the R and the 3/4R had significantly fewer worms than the D and the 3/4D. The D had significantly longer worms than the R and the 3/4D had significantly longer worms than the 3/4R. Worms recovered from D had more eggs than those recovered from R. Similarly worms from 3/4D contained more eggs than those from 3/4R. Thus, on a breed basis the breed with more worms had longer worms. In contrast, when, in a small part of the experiment two doses of larvae were used to check for any breed by dose interactions, worms from the low dose (and hence fewer worms) animals were longer. We postulate that in fast growing hosts like the D, worms also have a better potential for growth and reproduction than in hosts that have less potential for growth. The overall correlation coefficient between PCV and LFEC was -0.67 while that between LFEC and LTWC was 0.72. From these results it is clear that the R do not respond to the artificial challenge the way they do to natural infection suggesting that phenotyping of R and R cross lambs for purposes of selecting those that are resistant or susceptible is best done under natural challenge. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Disease resistance; Haemonchus contortus; Resilience; Sheep-Nematoda	animal experiment; article; autopsy; disease predisposition; egg laying; feces analysis; female; Haemonchus contortus; host parasite interaction; infection resistance; lamb; male; nonhuman; parasitosis; phenotype; provocation; quantitative trait locus; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Crosses, Genetic; Feces; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Haemonchiasis; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Phenotype; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052431099	Calibration and resolution effects on model performance for predicting shallow landslide locations in Taiwan	Keijsers J.G.S., Schoorl J.M., Chang K.-T., Chiang S.-H., Claessens L., Veldkamp A.	2011	Geomorphology	133	04-Mar	10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.03.020	Land Dynamics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Kainan University, Taoyuan County 33857, Taiwan; Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; International Potato Center, P.O. Box 25171, 00603 Nairobi, Kenya; ITC, Twente University, P.O. Box, 7500 AA Enschede, Netherlands	Keijsers, J.G.S., Land Dynamics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Schoorl, J.M., Land Dynamics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Chang, K.-T., Kainan University, Taoyuan County 33857, Taiwan, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Chiang, S.-H., Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Claessens, L., Land Dynamics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, International Potato Center, P.O. Box 25171, 00603 Nairobi, Kenya; Veldkamp, A., Land Dynamics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, ITC, Twente University, P.O. Box, 7500 AA Enschede, Netherlands	In this paper we optimise the spatially explicit prediction of landslide hazard, landslide triggering and subsequent movement downslope of materials for a mountainous catchment in Taiwan. The location prediction is optimised by subsequently adding three location parameters: rainfall distribution, land-use classes and DEM derived slopes. Then the three most important model parameters are calibrated to find the best prediction for both stable and unstable areas. The landslides predicted by the LAPSUS-LS model are compared with a landslide inventory to validate the output. The optimal model settings for the calibration area are then applied to a validation area. Results show that model performance can be improved by adding the spatial distribution of rainfall and by stratifying according to land-use classes. Landslide prediction is better with fine resolution DEMs, mainly because the local topography is smoothed in coarser resolutions. Although in general the amount of landslides is over-predicted, the overall performance indicates that the model is able to capture the important factors determining landslide location. Additional spatially distributed data such as regolith or soil depth and regeneration rates of the legacy effect can further enhance the model's prediction. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Digital elevation model; Land use; Landslide modelling; Model calibration; Rainfall distribution	calibration; digital elevation model; hazard assessment; land use change; landslide; model validation; performance assessment; precipitation intensity; prediction; slope dynamics; slope stability; trigger mechanism; Taiwan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248524026	The economic impact of climate change on Kenyan crop agriculture: A Ricardian approach	Kabubo-Mariara J., Karanja F.K.	2007	Global and Planetary Change	57	04-Mar	10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.01.002	School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya	Kabubo-Mariara, J., School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Karanja, F.K., Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya	This paper measures the economic impact of climate on crops in Kenya. We use cross-sectional data on climate, hydrological, soil and household level data for a sample of 816 households. We estimate a seasonal Ricardian model to assess the impact of climate on net crop revenue per acre. The results show that climate affects crop productivity. There is a non-linear relationship between temperature and revenue on one hand and between precipitation and revenue on the other. Estimated marginal impacts suggest that global warming is harmful for crop productivity. Predictions from global circulation models confirm that global warming will have a substantial impact on net crop revenue in Kenya. The results also show that the temperature component of global warming is much more important than precipitation. Findings call for monitoring of climate change and dissemination of information to farmers to encourage adaptations to climate change. Improved management and conservation of available water resources, water harvesting and recycling of wastewater could generate water for irrigation purposes especially in the arid and semi-arid areas. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	adaptations; agriculture; climate change; crop revenue	acclimation; climate change; climate modeling; crop production; economic impact; glacial debris; global warming; precipitation (climatology); Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71149103926	Evaluation of empirically derived oil viscosity correlations for the Niger Delta crude	Ikiensikimama S.S., Ogboja O.	2009	Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering	69	04-Mar	10.1016/j.petrol.2009.09.005	Shell Petroleum Development Company, P. O. Box 263, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ikiensikimama, S.S., Shell Petroleum Development Company, P. O. Box 263, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ogboja, O., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper presents the evaluation of oil viscosity correlations for the Niger Delta crude. The viscosity properties considered are: dead oil viscosity, viscosity at the bubblepoint and the undersaturated oil viscosity. The existing oil viscosity correlations were assessed for their performances using viscosity database from the Region. Both quantitative and qualitative analytical methods were implemented using statistical parameters and performance plots respectively. From the general evaluation, using percent mean absolute relative error (Ea) as the screening criterion. It has been shown that Beal (1946) correlation is the best for undersaturated oil viscosity with Ea of 6.7291, Beggs and Robinson (1975) is the best for bubblepoint oil viscosity with Ea of 24.4274, while Labedi (1982) is the best for dead oil viscosity with Ea of 31.2628. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Bubblepoint oil; Dead oil; Undersaturated oil; Viscosity correlations	Bubble points; Dead oil viscosity; Dead-oil; Niger Delta; Oil viscosity; Qualitative analytical methods; Relative errors; Robinson; Statistical parameters; Under-saturated oil; Viscosity properties; Viscosity; bubble; correlation; crude oil; database; empirical analysis; error analysis; oil; parameterization; performance assessment; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; saturation; viscosity; Niger Delta; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956011911	Impact of livestock hygiene education programs on mastitis in smallholder water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Chitwan, Nepal	Ng L., Jost C., Robyn M., Dhakal I.P., Bett B., Dhakal P., Khadka R.	2010	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	96	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.012	Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01581, United States; International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal	Ng, L., Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01581, United States; Jost, C., International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Robyn, M., Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01581, United States; Dhakal, I.P., Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal; Bett, B., International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Dhakal, P., Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal; Khadka, R., Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal	A project implemented from 2003 to 2005 trained women in Chitwan District, Nepal, in hygienic dairy production using a process of social mobilization. The aim of this research was to assess if the prevalence of mastitis in water buffalo in the households of women who were trained was lower one year after training than in untrained households, if the training influenced knowledge and practices for the prevention or control of mastitis, and if these practices and knowledge were associated with a lower prevalence of mastitis. A total of 202 households from Eastern and Western Chitwan District were included in the study. Of these, 60 households had participated in the project and 142 had not. Milk samples were collected from 129 households (33 project households and 96 non-project households). Clinical mastitis was determined using visual inspection of udders and detection of macroscopic clots and flakes in milk. The California Mastitis Test was used to diagnose sub-clinical mastitis from milk samples, and the IDEXX SNAP test to identify the presence of tetracycline residues. The prevalence of mastitis in trained households (39.4%) was 43.78% of that in untrained households (60.4%), lower but not significantly so (p=0.08, 95% CI 0.17-1.12). Thirteen indicators of knowledge or practice for the control or prevention of mastitis were more likely to occur in trained households, four significantly so (not consuming milk from sick buffalo (p=0.001), using soap to wash hands before milking (p=0.001), discarding milk after antibiotic usage (p=0.01), and choosing appropriate flooring for their livestock (p=0.03)). Trained households that discarded milk from sick buffalo were 2.96 times more likely to have at least one animal with mastitis in the household (p=0.03, 95% CI 1.15-7.65). Trained households that knew to wash buffalos' teats after milking were less likely (OR 0.25) to have mastitis in their herd (p=0.02, 95% CI 0.08-0.80). Of the 138 buffalos tested, only one tested positive for tetracycline residues. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Antibiotics; Bubalus bubalis; Education; Mastitis; Nepal; Training; Water buffalo	antiinfective agent; drug residue; tetracycline; animal; animal disease; article; buffalo; chemistry; dairying; education; female; hygiene; mastitis; microbiology; milk; Nepal; prevalence; standard; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Buffaloes; Dairying; Drug Residues; Female; Hygiene; Mastitis; Milk; Nepal; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Animalia; Bubalus; Bubalus bubalis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849114280	Legume-maize rotation and nitrogen effects on weed performance in the humid and subhumid tropics of West Africa	Chikoye D., Ekeleme F., Lum A.F., Schulz S.	2008	Crop Protection	27	05-Mar	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.09.007	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; German Agro Action, 18th Street Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia	Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ekeleme, F., Department of Crop Protection, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Lum, A.F., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Schulz, S., German Agro Action, 18th Street Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia	A long-term trial was established in 1998. The objectives among others were to assess the impact of nitrogen, natural bush fallow, and legume-maize rotations on weed growth and species composition in the forest/savanna transition zone (Ibadan) and northern Guinea savanna (Zaria) in Nigeria. At both locations, the experiment was arranged as a split-plot design. The main plots were green manure legumes (Pueraria phaseoloides [Roxb.] Benth in Ibadan and Aeschynomene histrix Poir. in Zaria), a forage legume (Stylosanthes guianensis [Aubl.] Sw.), grain legumes (cowpea [Vigna unguiculata {L.} Walp 'IT-90K-284-2' or soybean [Glycine max {L.} Merr 'TGx 1864 and TGx 1485-1 D'), natural bush fallow, and continuous cropping with maize [Zea mays L.]/cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz] '82/00058' at Ibadan and maize at Zaria. Grain legumes were either double-cropped in one season by growing short-duration soybean with cowpea varieties sequentially, or by growing long-duration cultivars within one growing season. Nitrogen levels (0 and 30 kg N ha-1) were the subplot treatments. Weed data were collected in 2000 and 2003 after 2 years of continuous cropping or rotation with natural fallow or legumes. Weed density was significantly higher at Zaria (177 plants m-2) than at Ibadan (149 plants m-2). Weed dry matter was higher at Ibadan than at Zaria. Weed density and dry matter were lower in the green manure and forage legume treatments in both years at Ibadan. At Zaria, the forage legume treatment had the lowest weed density and dry matter in 2003 only. In 2003 at Ibadan, per capita weed population growth rate (WPGR) decreased in the green manure and forage legume treatments. There was an increase in WPGR in continuous cropping, double-cropping with cowpea and soybean, and natural bush fallow treatments. At Zaria, WPGR was not affected by fallow type or nitrogen (P&gt;0.05). Redundancy analysis showed significant differences in species composition among the various treatments. Nitrogen level did not affect density, dry matter, or the composition of weeds. © 2007.	Bush fallow; Continuous cropping; Species composition; Weed density	community composition; continuous cropping; crop rotation; dry matter; experimental study; growing season; growth rate; humid environment; legume; maize; nitrogen; population density; transition zone; tropical environment; weed; Africa; Ibadan; Kaduna [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Zaria; Aeschynomene histrix; Glycine max; Manihot esculenta; Pueraria; Pueraria phaseoloides; Stylosanthes guianensis; Vigna unguiculata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745164279	Deterministic model for predicting gaseous pollutants concentration: An effective tool for pollution monitoring	Odigure J.O., Aregbesola B.O.	2005	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	66	06-May	None	Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	Odigure, J.O., Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria; Aregbesola, B.O., Chemical Engineering Dept., Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria	There are various methods by which the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere can be obtained. One of the methods is qualitative analytical technique, which involves the use of various chemical reagents and apparatus. There is no single apparatus for this analysis. A method, which is quicker, is by modelling using known parameters and standard equations. This method although is quicker, cleaner and less laborious, is, however, just an estimate but is suitable for decision-making. This is the focus of this paper. The Fundamental principle of this paper is that the presence of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere causes disequilibria in the prevailing meteorological condition. This is in accordance with the existing gas law. Therefore prevailing atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed and vapour pressure are function of the gaseous constituent concentration in the air. This project is aimed at developing a deterministic model for predicting gaseous pollutants' concentration. The developed model is presented as CPOLLUTANT=exp[- ūPPOLLUTANTΔx/KT3/2 The simulated results for concentration of air pollutants and the daily average of these concentrations were found to be comparable with the experimental results obtained from the various agencies in Nigeria. The proposed model can serve as a tool for predicting overall air pollutants' concentration in projects that require the overall impact of pollution. It is not suitable in case where the concentration of a particular pollutant is required.	Concentration; Mathematical modelling; Pollutants; Simulation	Atmospheric pressure; Computer simulation; Environmental impact; Mathematical models; Numerical methods; Parameter estimation; Air pollutants; Pollutants; Pollution monitoring; Meteorology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929932856	Particle boards produced from cassava stalks: Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties	Aisien F.A., Amenaghawon A.N., Bienose K.C.	2015	South African Journal of Science	111	06-May	10.17159/sajs.2015/20140042	Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Aisien, F.A., Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Amenaghawon, A.N., Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Bienose, K.C., Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	We investigated the potential use of cassava stalks for the production of bonded particle boards. Particle boards were produced from cassava stalks using urea-formaldehyde as a binder. Water absorption and thickness swelling tests were carried out to determine dimensional stability of the boards while modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity tests were carried out to assess the mechanical strength of the boards. Particle boards produced using an adhesive-cassava stalk ratio of 3:1 gave the best results in terms of the lowest mean values of water absorption (20%) and thickness swelling (6.26%), as well as the highest values of modulus of rupture (4×106 N/m2) and modulus of elasticity (2366.74×106 N/m2). The particle boards produced met the ANSI/A208.1-1999 standard for general-purpose boards. The results of analyses of variance carried out revealed that the adhesive-cassava stalk ratio had a marked influence (p<0.05) on the physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) but not on the mechanical properties (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity). © 2015. The Author(s).	Cassava stalks; Dimensional stability; Particle board; Thickness swelling; Urea-formaldehyde	absorption; cassava; mechanical property; physical property; swelling; variance analysis; wood; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935748546	Evaluation of new cassava varieties for adhesive properties	John Olusola A., Babatunde Adebiyi O., Riyaad K.	2015	Starch/Staerke	67	08-Jul	10.1002/star.201400239	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Food Science and Technology, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria	John Olusola, A., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, Department of Food Science and Technology, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria; Babatunde Adebiyi, O., Department of Food Science and Technology, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria; Riyaad, K., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago	Cassava varieties: Red stick, Butter stick, Maracas Black stick, and M Col 22 were evaluated for pulp yield, starch yield, amylose, and protein contents in a screening exercise of new cassava varieties. Starch content of the tubers was determined. Starch was extracted from freshly harvested nine-month-old tubers using standard method. The starch paste was air dried before final drying at 50°C for 8-h in an oven. Amylose and protein contents of the starch were determined by approved methods. Adhesive was made by heating 10% starch slurry in 0.1-M KOH solution to 70 and 80°C, respectively. Color, pH, viscosities, adhesive force, adhesiveness, stickiness, and storage properties of the adhesives were determined. Pulp yields (74.1-83.1%), starch yields (11.8-20.3%); starch amylose (23.5-26.5%) and protein contents (0.34-0.82%) of cassava tubers differed. Also peak viscosity (297-393 RVU), breakdown viscosity (195-263 RVU), and set back viscosity (43-52 RVU) of the starches were significantly different. Similarly the adhesive force (-77 to -146 and adhesiveness (-1952-gs to -3075-gs) varied significantly. Adhesive from variety M Col 22 resolved into two fractions at two weeks of storage and completely broke down by week three. Pastes produced at 80°C were less viscous, had lower adhesiveness and adhesive force and were darker than pastes produced at 70°C. Storage reduced the adhesive force and adhesiveness of the adhesives. The adhesive pastes were alkaline (pH10.69-11.58). The Maracas Black Stick and Butter Stick varieties produced the best adhesives in terms of stickiness and resistance to degradation than the other two varieties. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.	Adhesive; Cassava; Properties; Starch	Adhesives; Alkalinity; Cyclodextrins; Plants (botany); Proteins; Screening; Starch; Viscosity; Adhesive properties; Breakdown viscosity; Cassava; Cassava varieties; Peak viscosities; Properties; Protein contents; Storage properties; Adhesive pastes; Manihot esculenta	None
WoS	WOS:000282735100003	Impact of ALSO training on the management of prolonged labor and neonatal care at Kagera Regional Hospital, Tanzania	Elsass, Peter,Massawe, Siriel,Nielsen, Birgitte Bruun,Nyakina, Juma,Rasch, Vibeke,Sorensen, Bjarke Lund	2010	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY &amp; OBSTETRICS	111	1	10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.031	Aarhus University, University of Copenhagen, Kagera Reg Hosp, Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Odense Univ Hosp	"Elsass, Peter: University of Copenhagen","Nielsen, Birgitte Bruun: Aarhus University","Sorensen, Bjarke Lund: University of Copenhagen",	Objective: To evaluate the management of prolonged labor and neonatal care before and after Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO) training. Methods: Staff involved in childbirth at Kagera Regional Hospital, Tanzania, attended a 2-day ALSO provider course. In this prospective intervention study conducted between July and November 2008, the management and outcomes of 558 deliveries before and 550 after the training were observed. Results: There was no significant difference in the rate of cesarean deliveries owing to prolonged labor, and vacuum delivery was not practiced after the intervention. During prolonged labor, action was delayed for more than 3 hours in half of the cases. The stillbirth rate. Apgar scores, and frequency of neonatal resuscitation did not change significantly. After the intervention, there was a significant increase in newborns given to their mothers within 10 minutes, from 5.6% to 71.5% (RR 12.71; 95% CI, 9.04-17.88). There was a significant decrease from 6 to 0 neonatal deaths before discharge among those born with an Apgar score after 1 minute of 4 or more (P=0.03). Conclusion: ALSO training had no effect on the management of prolonged labor. Early contact between newborn and mother was more frequently practiced after ALSO training and the immediate neonatal mortality decreased. (C) 2010 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	"Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO)","clinical skills training","emergency obstetric and neonatal care","MATERNAL MORTALITY","NEONATAL CARE","PROLONGED LABOR",Tanzania,MORTALITY	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891641090	Reproductive performance of Abergelle goats and growth rate of their crosses with Boer goats	Belay S., Gebru G., Godifey G., Brhane M., Zenebe M., Hagos H., Teame T.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	1	None	Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Mekelle Agricultural Research Centre, Tigray, Ethiopia	Belay, S., Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Gebru, G., Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Godifey, G., Mekelle Agricultural Research Centre, Tigray, Ethiopia; Brhane, M., Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Zenebe, M., Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Hagos, H., Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Teame, T., Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia	This study was undertaken to evaluate the pre and post weaning growth of F1 crossbred Boer-Abergelle goat kids, and reproductive performance of pure Abergelle under a semi-intensive management system. The study was implemented in Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre goat farm in northern Ethiopia. Three independent variables: namely birth type, sex and parity number and seven dependent variables: body weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), six-month weight (SMW), yearling weight (YW) and weight gains to weaning, six months and one year were analyzed. A total of 166 F1 kids of which 90 were from the first parity, 53 from the second and 23 from the third parity were used to evaluate the growth rate of the crossbred kids. Yearling weights of the crossbred kids were higher for males than for females. The highest values for WWG, SMWG and YWG were observed in the first parity. Average kidding interval of the Abergelle goats was 11.3 months with a minimum and maximum of 9 and 17 months, respectively. Prolificacy rates were 1.06, 1.11 and 1.07 in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Generally, Boer-Abergelle F1 kids had high growth rates (range 73 to 113 g/day) and had low mortality, especially pre-weaning. Purebred Abergelle goats had long kidding interval and most had single births.	Crossbreeding; Growth; Mortality; Reproductive performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749415376	Comparative performances of Holstein-Friesian cows under smallholder and large scale farmers' management in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia	Tolla N., Vijchulata P., Chairatanayuth P., Swsdiphanich S.	2006	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	40	1	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Tolla, N., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Vijchulata, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Chairatanayuth, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Swsdiphanich, S., Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	A study was conducted in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia to assess comparative productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows under small and large scale farmers' management. A total of 28 animals from both small (14) and large scales farms (14) in different parity classes were used for data collection for a period of 28 weeks. Significant differences were observed in daily intakes of dry matter, crude protein and P (p<0.001) as well as metabolizable energy and Na (p<0.01) between the two farming scales. Daily milk yield and fat corrected (FC) milk yields were also significantly (p<0.001) different. The differences in the composition of milk and postpartum reproductive parameters measured were not statistically significant (p>0.05) between the farm scales. However, the longer days open (171) was observed for small scale farms than the large scale farms (148). Days from calving to the first sign of estrus (115d) and numbers of services per conception (2.1) were higher on large scale farms than on the small scale farms (96 and 1.6 respectively). Milk yield, milk composition and reproductive efficiencies did not significantly (p>0.05) differ between parity classes. Generally, the productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows in this study were under their expected genetic potential, as compared to other parts of the tropics. This might be attributed mainly to poor nutritional qualities of the available feed resources, in terms of protein, energy and mineral balance which needed further investigation.	Dairy cows; Ethiopia; Farm scales; Parity; Productivity	Animalia; Bos taurus; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928138418	Land suitability evaluation to optimize land management of small-scale farms in the Gerado catchment, North-Eastern Ethiopia	Bahir A.L., Ahmed M.A., Antille D.L.	2015	Tropical Agriculture	92	1	None	Addis Ababa University, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; University of Southern Queensland, National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia	Bahir, A.L., Addis Ababa University, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ahmed, M.A., Addis Ababa University, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Antille, D.L., University of Southern Queensland, National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia	Biophysical and socio-economic constraints and sub-optimal utilization of soil and water resources have resulted in progressive reduction of land productivity in Ethiopia. This study investigated the suitability of land mapping units of the Gerado catchment for subsistence rainfed cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and teff (Eragrostis tef Zucc.). A land resource survey was conducted and it identified nine different land mapping units (LMU). The FAO maximum limitation method was used to assess LMU and determine land suitability subclasses. The study indicated that soil erosion, soil wetness, soil fertility status, and soil workability were the main limiting factors affecting land quality within the catchment. We suggest that drainage using traditional ditches may be a cost-effective method to reduce the incidence of waterlogging conditions. Long-term fertility management requires the implementation of suitable fertilization programs that consider the use of organic materials such as manure and compost. Such programs need to account for nutrient budgets over the entire crop rotation to maximize use efficiency and minimize environmental losses. Soil erosion may be mitigated through stone terracing, soil bunding and by adopting a more conservative approach to agriculture, that is, by matching land use with land capability based on the correct assessment of land suitability. Implementation of the proposed approach to optimizing land management in the Gerado catchment will deliver a range of socio-economic and agri-environmental benefits to the local communities. © 2015 Trop. Agric.	Environmental quality; Land capability; Land-use optimization; Small-scale farming; Sustainable soil management; Tropical rainfed subsistence-agriculture	Eragrostis tef; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
WoS	WOS:000273194900009	Health professionals' attitudes and misconceptions regarding podoconiosis: potential impact on integration of care in southern Ethiopia	Davey, Gail,Deribe, Kebede,Yakob, Bereket	2010	TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE	104	1	10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.07.021	Addis Ababa University, Fayyaa Integrated Dev Assoc	"Davey, Gail: Addis Ababa University","Yakob, Bereket: Addis Ababa University",	Offering long-term community care for patients with podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) is challenging, and requires co-operation between patients and their families, the community and health care professionals. Health professionals who harbour misconceptions about podoconiosis or stigmatize patients are likely to deliver substandard services and propagate such attitudes within the community. In January 2007, we used a structured self-administered questionnaire to assess knowledge of and attitudes towards podoconiosis among 275 health professionals in public and private health institutions in southern Ethiopia. Nearly all (97.8%) health professionals held at least one significant misconception about the cause of podoconiosis, and 97.1% responded incorrectly to one or more questions about signs and symptoms of podoconiosis. Around half (53.9%) incorrectly considered podoconiosis to be an infectious disease and were afraid of acquiring podoconiosis while providing care. All (100%) held one or more stigmatizing attitudes towards people with podoconiosis. These high levels of misconceptions and stigmatizing attitudes suggest negative effects of health professionals, seriously undermining integration between themselves, patients and community partners. We recommend pre- and in-service training of health professionals to overcome these misconceptions, to diminish stigma and to improve integration among those offering community care of patients with podoconiosis. (c) 2009 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	ATTITUDE,"chronic care model",elephantiasis,ETHIOPIA,PODOCONIOSIS,STIGMA,ASSOCIATION,DISEASE,"ENDEMIC ELEPHANTIASIS","NON-FILARIAL ELEPHANTIASIS"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000332072800013	School-based intervention: evaluating the role of water, latrines and hygiene education on trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections in Ethiopia	Aboset, Nigusu,Berhane, Yemane,Gelaye, Bizu,Kumie, Abera,Williams, Michelle A.	2014	JOURNAL OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT	4	1	10.2166/washdev.2013.060	Addis Ababa University, Harvard University, University of Washington, University of Washington Seattle, Addis Continental Inst Publ Hlth, Family Hlth Int	"Williams, Michelle A.: Harvard University",	We sought to evaluate the impact of a hygiene and sanitation intervention program among school-children to control active trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections. This longitudinal epidemiologic study was conducted among 630 students in rural Ethiopia. Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted to evaluate the impact of a three-pronged intervention program: (i) construction of ventilated improved pit latrines; (ii) provision of clean drinking water; and (iii) hygiene education. Socio-demographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Presence of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections were evaluated using standard procedures. At baseline, 15% of students had active trachoma, while 6.7% of them were found to have active trachoma post-intervention (p &lt; 0.001). Similar improvements were noted for parasitic infections. At baseline, 7% of students were reported to have helminthic infections and 30.2% protozoa infections. However, only 4% of students had any helminthic infection and 13.4% (p &lt; 0.001) of them were found to have any protozoa infection during follow-up surveys. Improvements were also noted in students' knowledge and attitudes towards hygiene and sanitation. In summary, the results of our study demonstrated that provision of a comprehensive and targeted sanitation intervention program was successful in reducing the burden of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infection among schoolchildren.	ETHIOPIA,INTERVENTION,"PARASITIC INFECTION",SANITATION,SCHOOL,TRACHOMA,"ACTIVE TRACHOMA",ALBENDAZOLE,CHILDREN,DISTRICT,EFFICACY,PREVALENCE,PROMOTION,RISK-FACTORS,"SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS",TANZANIA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651456579	Psychological Constructs and Academic Performance at the National Open University of Nigeria: Counseling and Planning Implications	Nelson Adewole I., Olajide Olawole A., Maruff Akinwale O., Akinola Gbadebo A.	2010	European Journal of Social Sciences	18	1	None	Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Lagos, Nigeria; Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Nigeria	Nelson Adewole, I., Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Lagos, Nigeria; Olajide Olawole, A., Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Nigeria; Maruff Akinwale, O., Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Lagos, Nigeria; Akinola Gbadebo, A., Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Lagos, Nigeria	The recognition of the importance of distance education in providing students with the best and most up-to-date educational resources available in addition to the traditional teaching methods that they receive has led to rapid transformation of several traditional Universities from single mode to dual mode ones. With the growth and acceptance of distance education, it is important to ensure the success of students in the programme. This study therefore aimed at providing a causal explanation of distance learners' academic performance through the analysis of some students' psychological variables.The descriptive research design of the 'ex-post facto' type was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 1500 participants while purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the National Open University of Nigeria. Data were collected through three validated and reliable questionnaires. Two research questions were raised and answered with the aid of multiple regression analysis. The three psychological variables had joint contribution of 15.6% to academic performance. The order of importance of these variables to the prediction of academic performance is self-regulation, self-efficacy and self-concept respectively. Only self-regulations made significant contribution to academic performance. Students should endeavour to inculcate good selfregulations skills.	Academic performance; Distance learning; Psychological variables	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871357624	Ground-based in situ measurements of near-surface aerosol mass concentration over Anantapur: Heterogeneity in source impacts	Reddy B.S.K., Kumar K.R., Balakrishnaiah G., Gopal K.R., Reddy R.R., Sivakumar V., Arafath S.M., Lingaswamy A.P., Pavankumari S., Umadevi K., Ahammed Y.N.	2013	Advances in Atmospheric Sciences	30	1	10.1007/s00376-012-1234-5	Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkoido University, Sapporo, 0600819, Japan; School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, India	Reddy, B.S.K., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkoido University, Sapporo, 0600819, Japan; Kumar, K.R., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India, School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Balakrishnaiah, G., Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Gopal, K.R., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Reddy, R.R., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Sivakumar, V., School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Arafath, S.M., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Lingaswamy, A.P., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Pavankumari, S., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Umadevi, K., Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515003 Andhra Pradesh, India; Ahammed, Y.N., Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, India	Surface measurements of aerosol physical properties were made at Anantapur (14.62°N, 77.65°E, 331 m a. s. l), a semiarid rural site in India, during August 2008-July 2009. Measurements included the segregated sizes of aerosolsas as well as total mass concentration and size distributions of aerosols measured at low relative humidity (RH&lt;75%) using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) in the 25-0.05 μm aerodynamic diameter range. The hourly average total surface aerosol mass concentration in a day varied from 15 to 70 μg m-3, with a mean value of 34.02±9.05 μg m-3 for the entire study period. A clear diurnal pattern appeared in coarse, accumulation and nucleation-mode particle concentrations, with two local maxima occurring in early morning and late evening hours. The concentration of coarse-mode particles was high during the summer season, with a maximum concentration of 11.81±0.98 μg m-3 in the month of April, whereas accumulationmode concentration was observed to be high in the winter period contributed &gt;68% to the total aerosol mass concentration. Accumulation aerosol mass fraction, Af (= Ma/Mt) was highest during winter (mean value of Af ~ 0.80) and lowest (Af ~ 0.64) during the monsoon season. The regression analysis shows that both Reff and Rm are dependent on coarse-mode aerosols. The relationship between the simultaneous measurements of daily mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (AOD500) and PM2.5 mass concentration ([PM2.5]) shows that surface-level aerosol mass concentration increases with the increase in columnar aerosol optical depth over the observation period. © 2012 Chinese National Committee for International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	aerosols mass concentration; backward trajectories; effective radius; size distribution	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149459606	Biotribological evaluation of artificial disc arthroplasty devices: Influence of loading and kinematic patterns during in vitro wear simulation	Grupp T.M., Yue J.J., Garcia Jr. R., Basson J., Schwiesau J., Fritz B., Blömer W.	2009	European Spine Journal	18	1	10.1007/s00586-008-0840-5	Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University, Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Munich, Germany; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Orthopedic Care Center, Aventura, FL, United States; 6o of Freedom, Cape Town, South Africa; Biomechanical Research Laboratory, Aesculap AG Research and Development, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany	Grupp, T.M., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany, Ludwig Maximilian University, Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Munich, Germany, Biomechanical Research Laboratory, Aesculap AG Research and Development, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany; Yue, J.J., Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Garcia Jr., R., Orthopedic Care Center, Aventura, FL, United States; Basson, J., 6o of Freedom, Cape Town, South Africa; Schwiesau, J., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Fritz, B., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany; Blömer, W., Aesculap AG Research and Development, Tuttlingen, Germany	Wear simulation is an essential pre-clinical method to predict the mid- and long-term clinical wear behavior of newly introduced devices for total disc arthroplasty. The main requirement of a suitable method for spinal wear simulation has to be the ability to distinguish between design concepts and allow for a direct comparison of predicate devices. The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of loading and kinematic patterns based on two different protocols for spinal wear simulation (ISO/FDIS 18192-1 (2006) and ASTM F2423-05). In vitro wear simulation was performed with six activ ® L lumbar artificial disc devices (Aesculap Tuttlingen, Germany). The applied kinematic pattern of movement was multidirectional for ISO (elliptic track) and unidirectional with a curvilinear shape for ASTM. Testing was done for 10 million cycles in the ISO loading mode and afterwards with the same specimens for 5 million cycles according to the ASTM protocol with a customized six-station servohydraulic spinal wear simulator (EndoLab Thansau, Germany). Gravimetrical and geometrical wear assessment, a slide track analysis correlated to an optical surface characterization, and an estimation of particle size and morphology were performed. The gravimetric wear rate for the first 10 million cycles was ISOinitial = 2.7 ± 0.3 mg/million cycles. During the ASTM test period (10-15 million cycles) a gravimetric wear rate of 0.14 ± 0.06 mg/million cycles was estimated. The wear rates between the ISO and ASTM driven simulations differ substantially (approximately 20-fold) and statistical analysis demonstrates a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) between the test groups. The main explanation of divergency between ISO and ASTM driven wear simulations is the multidirectional pattern of movement described in the ISO document resulting in a cross-shear stress on the polyethylene material. Due to previous retrieval observations, it seems to be very unlikely that a lumbar artificial disc is loaded with a linear wear path.Testing according to ASTM F2423-05 with pure unidirectional motion does not reflect the kinematics of TDA patients' daily activities. Based on our findings it seems to be more reliable to predict the clinical wear behavior of an artificial disc replacement using the ISO/FDIS 18192-1 method. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Lumbar total disc arthroplasty; Particle analysis; Pattern of movement; Wear simulation	polyethylene; arthroplasty; article; daily life activity; device; geometry; gravimetry; kinematics; lumbar spine; mechanical stress; methodology; morphology; particle size; priority journal; shear stress; simulation; Arthroplasty, Replacement; Biomechanics; Compressive Strength; Intervertebral Disk; Joint Prosthesis; Materials Testing; Polyethylene; Stress, Mechanical; Weight-Bearing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856060931	Making music, making money: Informal musical production and performance in venda, South Africa	McNeill F.G.	2012	Africa	82	1	10.1017/S000197201100074X	Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	McNeill, F.G., Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	This article presents an ethnographic analysis of the popular economy of informal musical production in the Venda region of South Africa. It focuses on the activities surrounding the Burnin' Shak Studio, a recording house that specializes in reggae music. Reliant on second-hand computers, pirated software, borrowed instruments, networks of trust and cycles of debt, musicians and producers in the Burnin' Shak occupy a distinctly peripheral position in South Africa's music industry. Unlike artists in the formal sphere of musical production, who sign deals with specific record labels, musicians in the informal sector seek out sponsors usually young local businessmen to fund their recordings with local producers. Marketing and distribution is the sole responsibility of the artist and the sponsor, who often develop a patronclient relationship. And yet whilst the artists' entrepreneurial activity often earns them significant airplay on local radio stations, and associated cultural capital, the financial benefits are slim. In order to convert their cultural capital into cash, musicians in the informal sector must compete in the market for performances at government-sponsored shows. These shows are well funded by lucrative tenders, but they present musicians with a double-edged sword. To secure a contract with tender holders or to entertain hopes of regular paid performances musicians must ensure that these performances do not express critical political sentiment. As purveyors of a genre renowned for its critical social commentary, reggae musicians are particularly affected by this expectation of self-censorship. Informal musical production in the post-apartheid era thus affords musicians little artistic freedom. Rather, whilst the products of this culture industry may appear to be part of a secondary economy, removed from the spheres of formalized production and control, they are in fact regulated and standardized through the process of tender allocation. © International African Institute 2012.	None	informal sector; music; Limpopo; South Africa; Venda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856401418	Quality control and performance of HIV rapid tests in a microbicide clinical trial in rural KwaZulu-Natal	von Knorring N., Gafos M., Ramokonupi M., Jentsch U.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0030728	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Contract Laboratory Services, University of the Witwatersrand Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa	von Knorring, N., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gafos, M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Ramokonupi, M., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Jentsch, U., Contract Laboratory Services, University of the Witwatersrand Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Quality control (QC) and evaluation of HIV rapid test procedures are an important aspect of HIV prevention trials. We describe QC and performance of two rapid tests, Determine™ and Uni-Gold™ used in a microbicide clinical trial in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods/Results: Internal QC of both HIV rapid tests was conducted at the trial site using a Uni-Gold control kit (Uni-Gold™Recombigen® HIV). Both assays produced the expected results for a total of 4637 QC tests. Study participants were tested for HIV at screening and, if enrolled, at regular time points throughout the study. Positive or discordant results were confirmed by a double HIV immunoassay testing strategy at a local laboratory. Overall, 15292 HIV rapid test were performed. Sensitivity and specificity of Determine was 98.95% (95% CI: 97.72-99.61) and 99.83% (95% CI: 99.70-99.91) respectively [positive predictive value (PPV) 97.91% (95% CI: 96.38-98.92)], for Uni-Gold it was 99.30% (95% CI: 98.21-99.81) and 99.96% (95% CI: 99.88-99.99) respectively [PPV 99.47% (95% CI: 98.46-99.89)]. Conclusions: The results suggest that a Uni-Gold control kit can be used for internal QC of both Uni-Gold and the HIV-1 component of the Determine rapid tests. Both rapid tests performed proficiently in the trial population. © 2012 von Knorring et al.	None	microbicide; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; antiinfective agent; adult; article; controlled study; female; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; major clinical study; male; predictive value; quality control; rural area; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; analytical equipment; clinical trial (topic); diagnostic procedure; drug effect; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; isolation and purification; methodology; microbiological examination; quality control; rural population; standard; virology; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoassay; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Quality Control; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rural Population; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880335035	Evaluation of the impact of immediate versus WHO recommendations-guided antiretroviral therapy initiation on HIV incidence: The ANRS 12249 TasP (Treatment as Prevention) trial in Hlabisa sub-district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Study protocol for a clus	Iwuji C.C., Orne-Gliemann J., Tanser F., Boyer S., Lessells R.J., Lert F., Imrie J., Bärnighausen T., Rekacewicz C., Bazin B., Newell M.-L., Dabis F.	2013	Trials	14	1	10.1186/1745-6215-14-230	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; University Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, ISPED, Centre Inserm U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, UMR912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France; UMR-S912, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Observ. Régional de la Santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; INSERM U1018, CESP, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France; University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, UMRS 1018 Villejuif, Paris, France; Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Research Department of Infection and Population, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States; Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom	Iwuji, C.C., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Orne-Gliemann, J., University Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France, INSERM, ISPED, Centre Inserm U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France; Tanser, F., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Boyer, S., INSERM, UMR912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France, UMR-S912, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France, ORS PACA, Observ. Régional de la Santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France; Lessells, R.J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lert, F., INSERM U1018, CESP, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, UMRS 1018 Villejuif, Paris, France; Imrie, J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Research Department of Infection and Population, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Bärnighausen, T., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States; Rekacewicz, C., Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Bazin, B., Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Dabis, F., University Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France, INSERM, ISPED, Centre Inserm U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France	Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV viral load in all body compartments and so limits the risk of HIV transmission. It has been suggested that ART not only contributes to preventing transmission at individual but potentially also at population level. This trial aims to evaluate the effect of ART initiated immediately after identification/diagnosis of HIV-infected individuals, regardless of CD4 count, on HIV incidence in the surrounding population. The primary outcome of the overall trial will be HIV incidence over two years. Secondary outcomes will include i) socio-behavioural outcomes (acceptability of repeat HIV counselling and testing, treatment acceptance and linkage to care, sexual partnerships and quality of life); ii) clinical outcomes (mortality and morbidity, retention into care, adherence to ART, virologic failure and acquired HIV drug resistance), iii) cost-effectiveness of the intervention. The first phase will specifically focus on the trial's secondary outcomes.Methods/design: A cluster-randomised trial in 34 (2 × 17) clusters within a rural area of northern KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), covering a total population of 34,000 inhabitants aged 16 years and above, of whom an estimated 27,200 would be HIV-uninfected at start of the trial. The first phase of the trial will include ten (2 × 5) clusters. Consecutive rounds of home-based HIV testing will be carried out. HIV-infected participants will be followed in dedicated trial clinics: in intervention clusters, they will be offered immediate ART initiation regardless of CD4 count and clinical stage; in control clusters they will be offered ART according to national treatment eligibility guidelines (CD4 <350 cells/μL, World Health Organisation stage 3 or 4 disease or multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis). Following proof of acceptability and feasibility from the first phase, the trial will be rolled out to further clusters.Discussion: We aim to provide proof-of-principle evidence regarding the effectiveness of Treatment-as-Prevention in reducing HIV incidence at the population level. Data collected from the participants at home and in the clinics will inform understanding of socio-behavioural, economic and clinical impacts of the intervention as well as feasibility and generalizability. © 2013 Iwuji et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV infections; Prevention; South Africa	nevirapine; zidovudine; anemia; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; counseling; health impact assessment; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; kidney dysfunction; liver dysfunction; morbidity; mortality; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; outcome assessment; phase 1 clinical trial; practice guideline; quality of life; randomized controlled trial; rural area; South Africa; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Clinical Protocols; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Costs; Drug Resistance, Viral; Feasibility Studies; Guideline Adherence; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Medication Adherence; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Predictive Value of Tests; Quality of Life; Research Design; Rural Health Services; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; World Health Organization; Young Adult	Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903559734	The lover and another: A consideration of the efficacy of utilizing a performance poetry competition as vehicle for HIV/AIDS education among young adults	Wilson D., Suter K.	2013	Matatu	43	1	None	University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Wilson, D., University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Suter, K., University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000207805600007	How Insecurity Impacts on School Attendance and School Dropout among Urban Slum Children in Nairobi	Izugbara, Chimaraoke,Mudege, Netsayi N.,Zulu, Eliya M.	2008	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE	2	1	None	African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr	None	This paper discusses how perceptions of personal security can impact on school enrolment and attendance. It mainly focuses on threats of physical harm, crime, and community and domestic violence. These security fears can include insecurity that children suffer from as they go to school, maybe through the use of unsafe routes; insecurity that children feel at school; and the insecurity they suffer from in their homes. Although poverty can be a source and/or an indicator of insecurity, this paper does not focus solely on poverty as it is well covered elsewhere in the literature. The paper relies on qualitative data collected in Korogocho and Viwandani slum areas in Nairobi, Kenya between October and November 2004. The paper analyses data from individual interviews and focus group interviews and focuses on the narrative of slum dwellers on how insecurity impacts on educational attainment. The conclusion in this paper is that insecure neighbourhoods may have a negative impact on schooling. As a result policies that address insecurity in slum neighbourhoods can also improve school attendance and performance.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856564960	Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Kaduna State, Nigeria: First evidence of the potential for elimination in the operational area of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control	Tekle A.H., Elhassan E., Isiyaku S., Amazigo U.V., Bush S., Noma M., Cousens S., Abiose A., Remme J.H.	2012	Parasites and Vectors	5	1	10.1186/1756-3305-5-2822313631	African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO/APOC, P. O. Box: 01 B.P. 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; SightSavers Regional Office for Africa, Dakar, Senegal; Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, Kaduna, Nigeria; No. 8 Somto Anugwom Close. Ekulu West, G.R.A. Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Sightsavers, PO Box 181909, Airport, Accra, Ghana; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sightcare International, Secretariat Main Office, P.O. Box 29771, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; APOC, 120 Rue des Campanules, 01210 Ornex, France	Tekle, A.H., African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO/APOC, P. O. Box: 01 B.P. 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Elhassan, E., SightSavers Regional Office for Africa, Dakar, Senegal; Isiyaku, S., Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, Kaduna, Nigeria; Amazigo, U.V., No. 8 Somto Anugwom Close. Ekulu West, G.R.A. Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bush, S., Sightsavers, PO Box 181909, Airport, Accra, Ghana; Noma, M., African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO/APOC, P. O. Box: 01 B.P. 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Cousens, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Abiose, A., Sightcare International, Secretariat Main Office, P.O. Box 29771, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Remme, J.H., APOC, 120 Rue des Campanules, 01210 Ornex, France	Background. Onchocerciasis can be effectively controlled as a public health problem by annual mass drug administration of ivermectin, but it was not known if ivermectin treatment in the long term would be able to achieve elimination of onchocerciasis infection and interruption of transmission in endemic areas in Africa. A recent study in Mali and Senegal has provided the first evidence of elimination after 15-17 years of treatment. Following this finding, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) has started a systematic evaluation of the long-term impact of ivermectin treatment projects and the feasibility of elimination in APOC supported countries. This paper reports the first results for two onchocerciasis foci in Kaduna, Nigeria. Methods. In 2008, an epidemiological evaluation using skin snip parasitological diagnostic method was carried out in two onchocerciasis foci, in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area (LGA), and in the Kauru and Lere LGAs of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The survey was undertaken in 26 villages and examined 3,703 people above the age of one year. The result was compared with the baseline survey undertaken in 1987. Results. The communities had received 15 to 17 years of ivermectin treatment with more than 75% reported coverage. For each surveyed community, comparable baseline data were available. Before treatment, the community prevalence of O. volvulus microfilaria in the skin ranged from 23.1% to 84.9%, with a median prevalence of 52.0%. After 15 to 17 years of treatment, the prevalence had fallen to 0% in all communities and all 3,703 examined individuals were skin snip negative. Conclusions. The results of the surveys confirm the finding in Senegal and Mali that ivermectin treatment alone can eliminate onchocerciasis infection and probably disease transmission in endemic foci in Africa. It is the first of such evidence for the APOC operational area. © 2012 Tekle et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	APOC; elimination; epidemiological evaluation; Kaduna Nigeria; Onchocerciasis	ivermectin; adolescent; adult; article; child; eradication therapy; feasibility study; female; human; infant; infection control; major clinical study; male; Microfilaria; Nigeria; nonhuman; Onchocerca volvulus; onchocerciasis; preschool child; prevalence; school child; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Eradication; Female; Humans; Infant; Ivermectin; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Onchocerca volvulus; Onchocerciasis; Prevalence; Public Health; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-8744262025	Impact assessment of a community-based animal health project in Dollo Ado and Dollo Bay districts, southern Ethiopia	Admassu B., Nega S., Haile T., Abera B., Hussein A., Catley A.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	1	10.1023/B:TROP.0000047932.70025.44	African Union/Interafrican Bur. A., PO Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya; Veterinary Services Team, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Natl. Animal Health Research Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Action Contre la Faim, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia, Ethiopia	Admassu, B., African Union/Interafrican Bur. A., PO Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya; Nega, S., Veterinary Services Team, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Haile, T., Natl. Animal Health Research Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Abera, B., Action Contre la Faim, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Hussein, A., Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia, Ethiopia; Catley, A., African Union/Interafrican Bur. A., PO Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya	Participatory methods were used to assess the impact of a community-based animal health worker (CAHW) project in two remote pastoralist districts of Ethiopia. The CAHW project had been operating for 3 years at the time of the assessment. Participatory methods were standardized and repeated with 10 groups of informants in the project area. The assessment showed significant reductions in disease impact for diseases handled by CAHWs compared with diseases not handled by CAHWs. In camels, there was significant reduction (p<0.001) in the impact of mange, trypanosomosis, helminthosis, anthrax and non-specific respiratory disease. In cattle there was a signficant reduction (p<0.001) in the impact of blackleg, anthrax and helminthosis. In sheep and goats there was a sign reduction (p<0.001) in the impact of mange, helminthosis, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, orf and non-specific diarrhoea. In order of importance, these reductions in disease impact were attributed to (1) increased use of modern veterinary services provided by CAHWs, (2) vaccination campaigns involving CAHWs, (3) good rainfall and availability of grazing and (4) decreased herd mobility. Decreased herd mobility was also associated with negative impact of tick infestation. Community-based animal health workers were considered to be highly accessible, available, affordable and trustworthy relative to other service providers. They were also perceived to be suppliers of a good quality service. Specific types of positive impact attributed to CAHW activities were increases in milk, meat, income and draught power.	community-based animal health worker; Ethiopia; impact assessment; participatory methods	rain; animal; animal disease; animal husbandry; animal welfare; article; community care; developing country; domestic animal; Ethiopia; health care quality; human; methodology; organization and management; paramedical personnel; standard; vaccination; veterinary medicine; Animal Husbandry; Animal Technicians; Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Community Networks; Developing Countries; Ethiopia; Humans; Quality of Health Care; Rain; Vaccination; Veterinary Medicine; Acari; Animalia; Anthrax; Bos taurus; Camelidae; Capra; Capra hircus; Mycoplasma; Ovis aries	None
WoS	WOS:000313561800010	Conceptual Framework for Development of Comprehensive e-Health Evaluation Tool	Durrani, Hammad,Khoja, Shariq,Piryani, Usha,Sajwani, Afroz,Scott, Richard E.	2013	TELEMEDICINE AND E-HEALTH	19	1	10.1089/tmj.2012.0073	Aga Khan University, University of Calgary	"Piryani, Usha: Aga Khan University","Sajwani, Afroz: Aga Khan University",	Objective: The main objective of this study was to develop an e-health evaluation tool based on a conceptual framework including relevant theories for evaluating use of technology in health programs. This article presents the development of an evaluation framework for e-health programs. Materials and Methods: The study was divided into three stages: Stage 1 involved a detailed literature search of different theories and concepts on evaluation of e-health, Stage 2 plotted e-health theories to identify relevant themes, and Stage 3 developed a matrix of evaluation themes and stages of e-health programs. Results: The framework identifies and defines different stages of e-health programs and then applies evaluation theories to each of these stages for development of the evaluation tool. This framework builds on existing theories of health and technology evaluation and presents a conceptual framework for developing an e-health evaluation tool to examine and measure different factors that play a definite role in the success of e-health programs. The framework on the horizontal axis divides e-health into different stages of program implementation, while the vertical axis identifies different themes and areas of consideration for e-health evaluation. Conclusions: The framework helps understand various aspects of e-health programs and their impact that require evaluation at different stages of the life cycle. The study led to the development of a new and comprehensive e-health evaluation tool, named the Khoja-Durrani-Scott Framework for e-Health Evaluation.	e-health,evaluation,FRAMEWORK,OUTCOMES,THEORIES,INFORMATION-SYSTEMS,NEED,SERVICES	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927513994	Impact of mass rearing and gamma irradiation on thermal tolerance of Eldana saccharina	Mudavanhu P., Addison P., Conlong D.E.	2014	Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata	153	1	10.1111/eea.12228	Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute (ARC-PPRI), Private Bag X5017, Vredenburg Campus, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; South African Sugarcane Research Institute, 170 Flanders Drive, Mt Edgecombe, Durban, South Africa	Mudavanhu, P., Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute (ARC-PPRI), Private Bag X5017, Vredenburg Campus, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Addison, P., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Conlong, D.E., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa, South African Sugarcane Research Institute, 170 Flanders Drive, Mt Edgecombe, Durban, South Africa	Mating ability, survival, and fitness of mass-produced sterile insects when released into the wild, are critical to the success of the sterile insect technique (SIT) as a pest management strategy, but their field performance remains one of the greatest challenges. Thermal stress tolerance by irradiated insects is a determinant of sterile insect quality, hence knowledge of their physiological competitiveness is essential for developing the SIT. Here, we report the results of experiments investigating effects of laboratory rearing and increasing radiation dosage on thermal limits to activity of the adult stage of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and critical thermal minimum (CTmin) were assayed using a dynamic method on both sexes of E. saccharina moths in laboratory vs. wild populations (to determine effect of rearing history). Furthermore, the laboratory population was exposed to 150, 200, and 250 Gy, to determine the effect of radiation dose. Laboratory-reared E. saccharina were more heat tolerant compared to wild moths for both sexes (CTmax = 44.5 vs. 44.3 °C), whereas in the case of CTmin (3.7 vs. 4.4 °C), wild moths were more cold tolerant than their laboratory-reared counterparts. Irradiation had a negative effect on both CTmax and CTmin. Moths treated at the lowest radiation dose were more cold and heat tolerant than those treated at the highest dosages (CTmin = 4.5 vs. 6.2 °C; CTmax = 43.9 vs. 43.5 °C), thereby reinforcing the importance of lower dosages rather than those that induce full sterility against E. saccharina. In general, sex had no influence on critical thermal limits in all moth treatments except for those irradiated at 150 Gy. The data presented in this article provide evidence that increasing radiation dose impacts on fitness of laboratory-produced moths relative to their wild counterparts, which in turn could affect the effectiveness of the SIT programme. © 2014 The Netherlands Entomological Society.	Critical thermal limits; Laboratory domestication; Lepidoptera; Physiological fitness; Pyralidae; Radiation treatment; SIT; Sterile insect technique; Sugarcane	Eldana saccharina; Hexapoda; Lepidoptera; Pyralidae; Saccharina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77649198073	Performance of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-dipsticks for rapid detection of intestinal schistosomiasis in schoolchildren from shoreline communities of Lake Victoria	Standley C.J., Lwambo N.J.S., Lange C.N., Kariuki H.C., Adriko M., Stothard J.R.	2010	Parasites and Vectors	3	1	10.1186/1756-3305-3-7	Biomedical Parasitology Division, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Invertebrate Zoology Section, Nairobi National Museum, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Standley, C.J., Biomedical Parasitology Division, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Lwambo, N.J.S., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Lange, C.N., Invertebrate Zoology Section, Nairobi National Museum, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya; Kariuki, H.C., Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Adriko, M., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Stothard, J.R., Biomedical Parasitology Division, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom	For disease surveillance and mapping within large-scale control programmes, RDTs are becoming popular. For intestinal schistosomiasis, a commercially available urine-dipstick which detects schistosome circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in host urine is being increasingly applied, however, further validation is needed. In this study, we compared the CCA urine-dipstick test against double thick Kato-Katz faecal smears from 171 schoolchildren examined along the Tanzanian and Kenyan shorelines of Lake Victoria. Diagnostic methods were in broad agreement; the mean prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis inferred by Kato-Katz examination was 68.6% (95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 60.7-75.7%) and 71.3% (95% CIs = 63.9-78.8%) by CCA urine-dipsticks. There were, however, difficulties in precisely 'calling' the CCA test result, particularly in discrimination of 'trace' reactions as either putative infection positive or putative infection negative, which has important bearing upon estimation of mean infection prevalence; considering 'trace' as infection positive mean prevalence was 94.2% (95% CIs = 89.5-97.2%). A positive association between increasing intensity of the CCA urine-dipstick test band and faecal egg count was observed. Assigning trace reactions as putative infection negative, overall diagnostic sensitivity (SS) of the CCA urine-dipstick was 87.7% (95% CIs = 80.6-93.0%), specificity (SP) was 68.1% (95% CIs = 54.3-80.0%), positive predictive value (PPV) was 86.1% (95% CIs = 78.8-91.7%) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 71.1% (95% CIs = 57.2-82.8%). To assist in objective defining of the CCA urine-dipstick result, we propose the use of a simple colour chart and conclude that the CCA urine-dipstick is a satisfactory alternative, or supplement, to Kato-Katz examination for rapid detection of intestinal schistosomiasis. © 2010 Standley et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	parasite antigen; schistosome circulating cathodic antigen; unclassified drug; article; child; controlled study; feces analysis; human; intermethod comparison; Kenya; lake; prevalence; schistosomiasis; school child; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; urinalysis; Schistosoma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925878225	Evaluation of adherence measures of antiretroviral prophylaxis in HIV exposed infants in the first 6 weeks of life	Desmond A.C., Moodley D., Conolly C.A., Castel S.A., Coovadia H.M.	2015	BMC Pediatrics	15	1	10.1186/s12887-015-0340-9	Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa-CAPRISA, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Maternal Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Desmond, A.C., Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa-CAPRISA, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Moodley, D., Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa-CAPRISA, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Conolly, C.A., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Castel, S.A., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Coovadia, H.M., Maternal Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Adherence to an antiretroviral regimen is imperative for treatment success in both HIV infected adults and children. Likewise, adherence to antiretroviral prophylaxis is critical in HIV prevention. Studies on pediatric adherence are limited, particularly the prophylactic use of antiretroviral drugs and treatment adherence in very young infants. The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 046 study (Clinical Trial Registration NCT00074412) determined the safety and efficacy of an extended regimen of nevirapine suspension in infants born to HIV-1 infected women for the prevention of vertical HIV transmission during breastfeeding. As per protocol, adherence to nevirapine prophylaxis was measured by maternal verbal reports. In addition, the pharmacy assessed the unused returned suspension. The aim of this sub-study was to determine the reliability of maternal verbal reports in measuring adherence to antiretroviral prophylaxis in infants in the first 6 weeks of life and evaluating the unused returned nevirapine as an alternative method of measuring adherence. Methods: Maternal verbal reports and pharmacy returns indicative of "missed&lt;2 doses" were evaluated against a plasma nevirapine concentration of &gt;100 ng/ml in a subgroup of infants at 2, 5 and 6 weeks of age. Plasma nevirapine concentration of &gt;100 ng/ml was used as a marker of adherence (10 times the in vitro IC50 against HIV). Results: Adherence was 87.7% (maternal verbal report) and 71.3% (unused returned medication), as compared to 85.6% by plasma nevirapine concentration. Evaluated against plasma nevirapine concentration &lt;100 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of maternal verbal reports to detect a missed dose in the last 3 days were 75% and 78% (p=0.03) respectively. Overall, among infants who were classified as adherent based on missed doses by maternal verbal reports and unused returned medication, 88.4% and 87.4% of infants attained a nevirapine concentration above 100 ng/ml respectively. Conclusion: Maternal verbal reports are a reliable measure of adherence to infant antiretroviral prophylaxis in the first 6 weeks of life and could be useful in assessing adherence to antiretroviral treatment in infants younger than 6 weeks. In the absence of resources or expertise to determine plasma drug concentration, we would recommend random assessments of unused returned medication. © Desmond et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Adherence measures; Antiretroviral prophylaxis; Infants; Maternal verbal report; Pharmacy returns	nevirapine; adult; antibiotic prophylaxis; Article; breast feeding; diagnostic test accuracy study; drug blood level; drug efficacy; drug safety; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; IC50; infant; maternal verbal report; measurement; medication compliance; patient compliance; sensitivity and specificity; verbal communication; vertical transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549146585	Impact of Redbilled Quelea control operations on wetlands in South Africa	Lötter L.	2008	International Pest Control	50	1	None	Agricultural Research Council, ARC, Plant Protection Research Institute, PPRI, Private bag X 134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa	Lötter, L., Agricultural Research Council, ARC, Plant Protection Research Institute, PPRI, Private bag X 134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	bird; crop damage; migratory species; pest control; wetland; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Quelea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958027963	Field evaluation of maize inbred lines for resistance to Exserohilum turcicum	Craven M., Fourie A.P.	2011	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	28	1	None	Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag 1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Craven, M., Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag 1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Fourie, A.P., Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag 1251, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Nine maize inbred lines with excellent grey leaf spot resistance and good combining ability were evaluated for their reaction to infection by Exserohilum turcicum. The lines were compared to a differential set consisting of Oh43 and B73 (susceptible controls) and OMZHt1B, Oh43Ht2, Oh43Ht3, B37HtN (containing resistant genes) in both growth chamber and field trials. All nine lines possessed seedling resistance to northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). Two field trials were planted over two growing seasons (2007/08 and 2008/09) as randomized complete block designs with three replicates. Trials were inoculated twice (at the 4-5 and 8-12 leaf stages) with NCLB and disease assessments made at growth stages R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5. Disease progress curves were created and total severity (yt), diseased plant severity (ydp) and AUDPC were determined for each replicate. Linearised forms of the exponential, logistic and Gompertz models were fitted to the disease-progress data and the best model selected for each trial. Rate of disease increase (r) and level of disease at the onset of the epidemic (y0; time=0) were obtained from which y0* (back-transformed from y0) were determined. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) indicated that yt, ydp, sAUDPC and y0* were responsible for 73.68% of the variation observed between the lines, with r explaining 15.44% of the variation. Ranking of lines were based on their yt, y dp, sAU-DPC and y0* performance. GLS resistant lines 185-2, 182-2, 72-2A and 182-1 demonstrated higher levels of resistance to NCLB than that of lines Oh43Ht1B, Oh43Ht2, Oh43Ht3 and B37HtN while 122-2, 578 and 72-3 showed higher levels of resistance than that of Oh43Ht2 and B37HtN.	Canonical variate analysis; Cercospora maydis; Northern corn leaf blight; Sources of resistance; Zeamays	canonical analysis; disease resistance; disease severity; fungal disease; growing season; logistics; maize; Cercospora; Setosphaeria turcica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856973712	The impacts of herbivory on vegetation in Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana: 1967-2001	Hamandawana H.	2012	Regional Environmental Change	12	1	10.1007/s10113-011-0230-0	Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Soil, Water and Climate, PB X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Hamandawana, H., Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Soil, Water and Climate, PB X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Browsing and grazing pressure on vegetation in the Moremi Game Reserve in Botswana was analyzed using remotely sensed imagery comprising CORONA photographs of 1967 and Landsat TM and Landsat ETM imagery of 1989 and 1994 and 2001, respectively. Comparison of temporal variations in the spatial distributions of different vegetation types and changes in the abundance of selected wildlife species demonstrate a persistent decrease in capacity of the environment to support wild animals, due to increasing abundance of poorly preferred browse species and increasing scarcity of favored varieties. Given the long-term direction of change showing continued deterioration of habitat conditions and the limited prospects for reversal of this trend, it is apparent that there is immediate need to realign wildlife management strategies in ways that can enhance the sustainability of wildlife and the supporting environment. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.	Preferred browse; Vegetation response; Wildlife management	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875868358	Evaluation of the bovineSNP50 genotyping array in four south african cattle populations	Qwabe S.O., vanMarle-Köster E., Maiwashe A., Muchadeyi F.C.	2013	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	43	1	10.4314/sajas.v43i.7	Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Qwabe, S.O., Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa, Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; vanMarle-Köster, E., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Maiwashe, A., Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Muchadeyi, F.C., Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	The BovineSNP50 genotyping array is a product with a wide range of applications in cattle such as genome-wide association studies, identification of copy number variation and investigation of genetic relationships among cattle breeds. It also holds potential for genomic selection, especially for traits that are expensive and difficult to measure. The successfulness of this chip for any of these applications depends on the degree of polymorphisms in the cattle breeds. The SNP50 array has not been validated in any South African cattle population and this could lead to overestimating the number of polymorphic SNPs available for application in it. This study is a first attemptto evaluate the Bovine64SNP50 genotyping array in the South African cattle population. Ninety six bovine samples, consisting of 45 Holstein, 29 Nguni, 12 Angus and 10 Nguni x Angus crossbred animals, were genotyped with the BovineSNP50 infinium assay. The results of this study demonstrated that 40 555 SNPs were polymorphic (MAF >0.05) in these breeds and indicate potential for application in South African cattle populations. Genomic information generated from the BovineSNP50 can now beapplied in genetic prediction, genetic characterization and genome-wide association studies.	Call rate; Minor allele frequency	Animalia; Bos; Bovinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897446615	Diversity in Puccinia triticina detected on wheat from 2008 to 2010 and the impact of new races on South African wheat germplasm	Terefe T.G., Visser B., Herselman L., Prins R., Negussie T., Kolmer J.A., Pretorius Z.A.	2014	European Journal of Plant Pathology	139	1	10.1007/s10658-013-0368-3	Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem, 9700, South Africa; Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; CenGen, 78 Fairbairn St., Worcester, 6850, South Africa; USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States	Terefe, T.G., Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem, 9700, South Africa; Visser, B., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Herselman, L., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Prins, R., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa, CenGen, 78 Fairbairn St., Worcester, 6850, South Africa; Negussie, T., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Kolmer, J.A., USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States; Pretorius, Z.A., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Samples of wheat and triticale infected with leaf rust were collected from 2008 to 2010 in South Africa to identify Puccinia triticina races. Races were identified based on their virulence profile on standard differential lines. Eight races were identified from 362 isolates. The dominant races were 3SA133 (syn. PDRS) in 2008 (78 %) and 2009 (34 %), and 3SA145 (47 %) in 2010. Race 3SA145 (CCPS) identified in 2009 was a new race in South Africa with virulence for the adult plant resistance gene Lr37. Another new race, 3SA146 (MCDS), was identified in 2010. Race 3SA146 is also virulent for Lr37 but unlike 3SA145, it is virulent for Lr1 and Lr23 and avirulent for Lr3ka and Lr30. Microsatellite analysis showed that 3SA145 and 3SA146 shared 70 % genetic similarity with each other, but only 30 % similarity with other races in South Africa, suggesting that both represent foreign introductions. In seedling tests of 98 South African winter and spring cultivars and advanced breeding lines, 27 % were susceptible to 3SA145 and 3SA146 but resistant to 3SA133. In greenhouse studies of 59 spring wheat adult plants, 19 % of breeding lines and 46 % of cultivars were susceptible to 3SA145, whereas 29 % of the lines and 53 % of cultivars were susceptible to 3SA146. The cssfr6 gene-specific DNA marker confirmed the presence of Lr34 gene for leaf rust resistance in a homozygous condition in 28 wheat entries. Five entries were heterogeneous for Lr34. Several entries which were susceptible as seedlings to the new races carried Lr34. These lines are expected to show lower levels of leaf rust as adult plants. Results of these studies indicate a continued vulnerability of South African wheat cultivars to new races and emphasise the importance of regular rust monitoring and the need to incorporate genes for durable resistance. © 2014 KNPV.	Leaf rust; Lr34; Microsatellites; Puccinia triticina; Race	cultivar; disease resistance; fungal disease; gene expression; genetic marker; germplasm; seedling; species diversity; vulnerability; wheat; South Africa; Puccinia triticina; Triticosecale; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749099272	Evaluation of sole and amended organic fertilizers on soil fertility and growth of kola seedlings (Cola acuminate)	Moyin-Jesu E.I.	2009	Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science	32	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	A healthy kola seedling in the nursery is very important for sustainable establishment and high yield of kolanuts in the fields. An investigation was carried out in Akure, in the rainforest zone of Nigeria, to determine the effectiveness of amended forms of wood ash and cocoa husk, turkey, goat and duck manures (sole) as sources of fertilizers, on the growth of kola (Cola acuminate) seedlings in the nursery. For this purpose, nine organic fertilizer treatments [duck manure, goat manure, turkey manure (sole), wood ash/duck manure mix, cocoa husk/duck manure mix, goat manure/wood ash mix, goat manure/cocoa husk mix, turkey manure/cocoa husk mix and turkey manure and wood ash mix] were applied at 8t/ha (40g per 10kg soil filled pots), replicated three times with NPK fertilizer and a control (no fertilizer), and arranged in a completely randomized design. The soil, plant and the organic residues were chemically analysed. The findings revealed that the use of organic residues significantly increased plant height, leaf area, stem girth, root length as well as leaf number of kolanut seedlings, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg concentrations, soil pH and O.M contents (p&lt;0.05), relative to the control treatments. The amended wood ash + duck increased the shoot weight, plant height, root length, leaf area, leaf number and stem girth of kolanut by 6%, 27%, 20%, 35%, 27% and 37% respectively, as compared to using the NPK fertilizer. In addition, it was also found to increase the same parameters by 84%, 80%, 72%, 78%, 56% and 82% respectively, as compared to the control treatment. As for the soil chemical composition, duck manure + wood ash were shown to increase the soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, pH and O.M by 42%, 26%, 38%, 46%, 59%, 6% and 52% respectively, compared to the duck manure (sole). At the same time, it also increased soil K, Ca, Mg, pH and O.M by 51%, 97%, 93%, 29% and 90% respectively, as compared to using the NPK fertilizer. In particular, the treatment using duck manure + cocoa husk increased the leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg of kolanut seedlings by 12%, 74%, 56%, 69% and 75%, respectively as compared to merely using duck manure (sole). It also increased the same leaf parameters by 42%, 54%, 92% and 84% respectively, as compared to the control treatment. In this study, the NPK fertilizer was found to decrease soil O.M but it increased soil N and P more than the organic residues. The amended duck manure + wood ash and duck manure + cocoa husk, applied at 8tha-1 (40g/10kg), were found to be the most effective in improving the performance of kolanut seedlings. ©Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.	Cola acuminate; Kolanut seedlings; Organic fertilizers	Capra hircus; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865618859	Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, wood ash and neem leaf extracts for seed treatment and pest control in maize (Zea mays L.)	Moyin-Jesu E.I.	2010	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	22	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted at Akure, rainforest zone of Nigeria to evaluate the effectiveness of neem leaf, wood ash extracts, modified neem leaf extract, Apron star 42WS and Karate 720EC as seed treatment and pest control in maize. The organic treatment extracts namely neem leaf extract, wood ash extract applied at 1200ml per hectare and modified neem leaf extract (1:1 ratio 600ml wood ash + 600ml neem leaf extract) were compared with Apron star 42WS (seed treatment), Karate 720EC and control treatment (no neem leaf, wood ash extracts nor Karate),replicated four times and arranged in randomized complete block design. The results showed that there were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the germination counts, insect population, number of damaged leaves, growth and yield parameters of maize under different treatments compared to the control treatment. The modified neem leaf extract performed better in germination counts, reduction of damaged leaves, insect population and yield of maize than the sole application of neem leaf and wood ash. For percentage germination counts, Apron star 42WS had 65% followed by modified neem leaf extract (57%), wood ash extract (51%), neem leaf extract (47%) respectively. Modified neem leaf extract increased the leaf area, plant height and stem girth of maize by 8%, 5% and 7% respectively compared to the neem leaf (sole) extract. Generally, modified neem leaf extract had the best values of maize growth parameters followed by Karate, neem leaf and wood ash extracts respectively. Modified neem leaf extract decreased significantly the insect population, number of damaged leaves and number of holes per plant in maize by 33%, 70% and 30% respectively compared to the neem leaf extract (sole). When compared to modified neem extract, Karate decreased the number of damaged leaves per sample plot by 33%. However, there was no significant difference between karate and modified neem extract for insect population. For yield parameters, modified neem leaf extract significantly increased the maize yield gains by 15%, 14% and 2% compared to neem leaf, wood ash extracts and karate treatments respectively. However, wood ash and neem leaf extracts did not affect significantly the maize yield. Therefore, the modified neem leaf extract applied at 1200L/ha (3L/25m2) was most effective for pest control and seed treatment in maize crop.	Modified neem leaf; Neem leaf; Pest control and maize; Wood ash extract	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878793878	Comparative evaluation of different organic fertilizers on the soil fertility, leaf mineral composition and growth of bitter kola seedlings	Moyin-Jesu E.I., Adeofun C.O.	2008	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	20	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; College of Environmental Studies, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adeofun, C.O., College of Environmental Studies, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	The effect of oil palm bunch ash, spent grain, poultry and turkey manures applied solely and their supplemented forms, as sources of fertilizer on soil fertility, leaf mineral composition and growth of bitter kola (Garnicia colae) seedlings was investigated at Akure in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. The eight organic fertilizer treatments: spent grain, oil palm bunch ash, poultry manure, turkey manure, spent grain + poultry manure, spent grain + turkey manure, oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure and oil palm bunch ash + turkey manure were applied at 40g per 10kg soil filled polybag (8t/ha dry weight) with a reference treatment 400kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer (2g per bag) and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. The supplemented or amended treatments were applied at a 50:50% by weight (20g each). The results showed that these organic fertilizers increased the growth parameters, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg, soil pH and organic matter significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control treatment. The supplements of oil palm bunch ash and wood ash with poultry and turkey manures increased consistently the growth, soil and leaf mineral compared to their sole forms. Oil pal bunch ash + poultry manure increased the leaf N (52%), P (27%), K (44%), Ca (39%) and Mg (51%) compared to the sole application of poultry manure. When compared with NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer, the oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased the plant height (40%) leaf area (50%), stem girth (45%) number of leaves (53%), and fresh shoot weight (29%). For soil chemical composition, the oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased the soil pH (28%), O.M. (92%), P (26.3%), Ca (99%), Mg (98%) and Na (93%) compared to the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer. However, the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer increased the soil K by 11% compared to the former. The high soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment led to an imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrient to bitter kola seedlings. In these experiments, oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure applied at 8t/ha was most effective treatment in improving bitter kola growth parameters, soil and leaf mineral composition.	Bitter kola seedlings.; Growth parameters; Leaf mineral composition; Organic fertilizer; Soil fertility	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875021820	Comparative evaluation of different organic fertilizer on the soil fertility, leaf mineral composition, and growth performance of mango seedlings (Magnifera indica L.)	Moyin-Jesu E.I., Adeofun C.O.	2008	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	20	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria; College of Environmental Studies, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria; Adeofun, C.O., College of Environmental Studies, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	An investigation was carried out at Akure in the rainforest of Nigeria to determine the effectiveness of sole and amended oil palm bunch ash and spent grain with poultry and turkey manures as sources of fertilizers on the growth of mango seedlings (Magnifera indica L) in the nursery. Eight organic fertilizer treatments, spent grain, oil palm bunch ash, poultry manure, turkey manures (sole forms), oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure, oil palm bunch ash + turkey manure, spent grain + poultry manure, spent grain + turkey manure, were applied at 8t/ha (40g per 10kg soil filled poly bag) with an NPK fertilizer 400kg/ha (2g per bag) treatment as a reference and a control (no fertilizer; no manure), replicated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the organic fertilizers increased significantly (P<0.05) plant height, leaf area, stem girth, number of leaves of mango seedlings and root length, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg, soil pH and organic matter contents relative to the control treatment. Oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased the plant height, stem girth, leaf area, leaf number and root length of mango seedlings by 22%, 24%, 1%, 27% and 10% respectively, compared to NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment. Amended oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment also increased the soil pH (H2O), O.M., N, P, Ca and Mg by 27%, 79%, 30%, 26%, 99% and 99.2% respectively compared to NPK fertilizer treatment. In addition, it also increased the leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg by 37%, 45%, 18%, 35%, and 15% respectively compared to the oil palm bunch ash (sole) treatment. However, NPK 15- 15-15 fertilizers increased only soil K by 10% compared to the oil palm bunch ash (sole) treatment. The highest soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in NPK fertilizer treatment led to imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to mango. Oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment applied at 8t/ha was the most effective treatment in improving mango growth parameters, leaf mineral composition, and soil fertility.	Growth performance and mango seedlings.; Leaf mineral composition; Organic fertilizers; Soil fertility	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27844443523	The impact of reduced drug prices on the cost-effectiveness of HAART in South Africa	Nattrass N., Geffen N.	2005	African Journal of AIDS Research	4	1	None	AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Nattrass, N., AIDS and Society Research Unit, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Geffen, N., Treatment Action Campaign, 34 Main Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa	South Africa has started 'rolling out' highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) through the public health sector, but implementation has been slow. Studies have shown that in Africa AIDS prevention may be more cost-effective than providing HAART; such published results provide some support for the South African government's apparent reluctance to implement a large-scale rapid HAART roll-out. However, previous studies have not linked treatment and prevention plans, and do not, for the most part, consider the potential savings to the public health sector (e.g., fewer hospital admissions) that may arise from the introduction of HAART. The South African costing exercise summarised here avoids both these limitations. It provides an update of earlier work and takes into account the recent decline in antiretroviral drug prices. It shows that once HIV-related hospital costs are included in the calculation, the cost per HIV infection averted is lower in a treatment-plus-prevention intervention scenario than it is in a prevention-only scenario. This suggests that it is economically advantageous to fund a large-scale comprehensive intervention plan and that the constraints for doing so are political. Once human-rights considerations are included, the case for providing HAART is even more compelling. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS; Prevention; Public health; Treatment	antiretrovirus agent; article; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; cost of illness; drug cost; drug utilization; government; health care planning; health program; health promotion; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hospital cost; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human rights; nonhuman; patient counseling; preventive health service; public health service; South Africa; vertical transmission; virus transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899987950	Re-evaluation of microscopy confirmed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria by nested PCR detection in southern Ethiopia	Mekonnen S.K., Aseffa A., Medhin G., Berhe N., Velavan T.P.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-48	Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany	Mekonnen, S.K., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Abba, Ethiopia, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Aseffa, A., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Medhin, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Berhe, N., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Abba University, Addis Abba, Ethiopia; Velavan, T.P., Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany	Background: With 75% of the Ethiopian population at risk of malaria, accurate diagnosis is crucial for malaria treatment in endemic areas where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax co-exist. The present study evaluated the performance of regular microscopy in accurate identification of Plasmodium spp. in febrile patients visiting health facilities in southern Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was employed to recruit study subjects who were microscopically positive for malaria parasites and attending health facilities in southern Ethiopia between August and December 2011. Of the 1,416 febrile patients attending primary health facilities, 314 febrile patients, whose slides were positive for P. falciparum, P. vivax or mixed infections using microscopy, were re-evaluated for their infection status by PCR. Finger-prick blood samples were used for parasite genomic DNA extraction. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to reconstruct the distribution of different Plasmodium spp. across the three geographical areas. Results: Of the 314 patients with a positive thick blood smear, seven patients (2%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. by nested PCR. Among 180 microscopically diagnosed P. falciparum cases, 111 (61.7%) were confirmed by PCR, 44 (24.4%) were confirmed as P. vivax, 18 (10%) had mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax and two (1.1%) were mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. malariae and five (2.8%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. Of 131 microscopically diagnosed P. vivax cases, 110 (84%) were confirmed as P. vivax, 14 (10.7%) were confirmed as P. falciparum, two (1.5%) were P. malariae, three (2.3%) with mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax and two (1.5%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax mixed infections were observed. Plasmodium malariae was detected as mono and mixed infections in four individuals. Conclusion: False positivity, under-reporting of mixed infections and a significant number of species mismatch needs attention and should be improved for appropriate diagnosis. The detection of substantial number of false positive results by molecular methodologies may provide the accurate incidence of circulating Plasmodium species in the geographical region and has important repercussions in understanding malaria epidemiology and subsequent control. © 2014 Mekonnen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Ethiopia; Malaria; Microscopy; Nested PCR; Plasmodium	genomic DNA; adolescent; adult; article; blood sampling; blood smear; child; cross-sectional study; Ethiopia; evaluation study; female; gametocyte; health care facility; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; middle aged; mixed infection; molecular diagnosis; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; polymerase chain reaction system; preschool child; school child; young adult; aged; blood; diagnostic error; genetics; isolation and purification; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; microscopy; parasitology; polymerase chain reaction; procedures; very elderly; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic Errors; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium vivax; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult	DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893204534	Identifying perceived barriers to monitoring service quality among substance abuse treatment providers in South Africa	Myers B., Petersen Z., Kader R., Koch J.R., Manderscheid R., Govender R., Parry C.D.H.	2014	BMC Psychiatry	14	1	10.1186/1471-244X-14-31	Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; National Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors, Washington DC, United States; Department of Sociology, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Myers, B., Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Petersen, Z., Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Kader, R., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Koch, J.R., Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Manderscheid, R., National Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors, Washington DC, United States; Govender, R., Department of Sociology, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Parry, C.D.H., Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: A performance measurement system is planned for South African substance abuse treatment services. Provider-level barriers to implementing these systems have been identified in the United States, but little is known about the nature of these barriers in South Africa. This study explored the willingness of South African substance abuse treatment providers' to adopt a performance measurement system and perceived barriers to monitoring service quality that would need to be addressed during system development.Methods: Three focus group discussions were held with treatment providers from two of the nine provinces in South Africa. These providers represented the diverse spread of substance abuse treatment services available in the country. The final sample comprised 21 representatives from 12 treatment facilities: eight treatment centres in the Western Cape and four in KwaZulu-Natal. Content analysis was used to extract core themes from these discussions.Results: Participants identified barriers to the monitoring of service quality that included outdated modes of collecting data, personnel who were already burdened by paperwork, lack of time to collect data, and limited skills to analyse and interpret data. Participants recommended that developers engage with service providers in a participatory manner to ensure that service providers are invested in the proposed performance measurement system.Conclusion: Findings show that substance abuse treatment providers are willing to adopt a performance measurement system and highlight several barriers that need to be addressed during system development in order to enhance the likelihood that this system will be successfully implemented. © 2014 Myers et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Performance measurement; Service monitoring; Service quality; South Africa; Substance abuse treatment	adult; article; female; health care facility; health care personnel; health care quality; health service; human; information processing; job stress; male; middle aged; patient monitoring; performance measurement system; physician; psychologist; social participation; social worker; South Africa; substance abuse; health care personnel; perception; psychology; Substance-Related Disorders; task performance; Adult; Female; Focus Groups; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Perception; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders; Task Performance and Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20144361977	Valuing the impacts of climate change on protected areas in Africa	Velarde S.J., Malhi Y., Moran D., Wright J., Hussain S.	2005	Ecological Economics	53	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.07.024	Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom	Velarde, S.J., Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; Malhi, Y., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Moran, D., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; Wright, J., Department of Geography, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Hussain, S., Land Economy, Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Main Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom	This study quantifies the economic costs of climate change impacts on protected areas in Africa. Downscaled results from four Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are used to classify different ecosystems in accordance with the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) system. A benefits transfer approach is then used to place an economic value on the predicted ecosystem shifts resulting from climate change in protected areas. The results provide approximations for the impacts on biodiversity in Africa under the "business-as-usual" scenario established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the middle and end of the 21st century. The geographical analysis shows that there are twenty HLZs in Africa and all of them are represented in the protected area network. Three of these HLZs do not change in extent as a result of climate change. Assuming initially that the willingness to pay (WTP) values and the preferences for different ecosystem services remain constant, three of the GCM models show an (undiscounted) negative economic impact of climate change for protected areas in Africa for the year 2100. The worst-case damage scenario totals USD 74.5 million by 2100. However, the model for the year 2065 shows a higher undiscounted value than the present. The finding of positive net impacts from warming is consistent with the predictions of other macro models that show potential gains from warming scenarios. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	African protected areas; Benefits transfer; Climate change; Ecosystem shifts; Holdridge life zones	climate change; economic impact; environmental impact; protected area; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; World	None
None	None	Evaluation of the long-lasting insecticidal net Interceptor LN: Laboratory and experimental hut studies against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in northeastern Tanzania	Malima R., Tungu P.K., Mwingira V., Maxwell C., Magesa S.M., Kaur H., Kirby M.J., Rowland M.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-296	Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom	Malima, R., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Tungu, P.K., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Mwingira, V., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Magesa, S.M., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Kaur, H., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Kirby, M.J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom	Background: Long lasting insecticidal nets (LN) are a primary method of malaria prevention. Before new types of LN are approved they need to meet quality and efficacy standards set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. The process of evaluation has three phases. In Phase I the candidate LN must meet threshold bioassay criteria after 20 standardized washes. In Phase II washed and unwashed LNs are evaluated in experimental huts against wild, free flying anopheline mosquitoes. In Phase III the LN are distributed to households in malaria endemic areas, sampled over three years of use and tested for continuing insecticidal efficacy. Interceptor® LN (BASF Corporation, Germany) is made of polyester netting coated with a wash resistant formulation of alpha-cypermethrin. Methods. Interceptor LN was subjected to bioassay evaluation and then to experimental hut trial against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito mortality, blood feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets, conventional alpha-cypermethrin treated nets (CTN) washed 20 times and LNs washed 0, 20 and 30 times. Results: In Phase I Interceptor LN demonstrated superior wash resistance and efficacy to the CTN. In the Phase II hut trial the LN killed 92% of female An. gambiae when unwashed and 76% when washed 20 times; the CTN washed 20 times killed 44%. The LN out-performed the CTN in personal protection and blood-feeding inhibition. The trend for An. funestus was similar to An. gambiae for all outcomes. Few pyrethroid-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus were killed and yet the level of personal protection (75-90%) against Culex was similar to that of susceptible An. gambiae (76-80%) even after 20 washes. This protection is relevant because Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis in East Africa. After 20 washes and 60 nights' use the LN retained 27% of its initial insecticide dose. Conclusions: Interceptor LN meets the approval criteria set by WHO and is recommended for use in disease control against East African vectors of malaria and filariasis. Some constraints associated with the phase II evaluation criteria, in particular the washing procedure, are critically reviewed. © 2013 Malima et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex quinquefasciatus; Experimental hut; Interceptor LN; LN; Long-lasting insecticidal net	cipermethrin; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; bioassay; chemical industry; clinical evaluation; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; human; insecticide resistance; lymphatic filariasis; malaria; malaria control; Tanzania; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; Animals; Anopheles; Biological Assay; Culex; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Survival Analysis; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of permanet 3.0 a deltamethrin-PBO combination net against Anopheles gambiae and pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: An experimental hut trial in Tanzania	Tungu P., Magesa S., Maxwell C., Malima R., Masue D., Sudi W., Myamba J., Pigeon O., Rowland M.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-21	Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Pesticides Research Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 11 Rue du Bordia, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Tungu, P., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Magesa, S., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Malima, R., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Masue, D., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Sudi, W., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Myamba, J., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Pigeon, O., Pesticides Research Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 11 Rue du Bordia, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background. Combination mosquito nets incorporating two unrelated insecticides or insecticide plus synergist are designed to control insecticide resistant mosquitoes. PermaNet 3.0 is a long-lasting combination net incorporating deltamethrin on the side panels and a mixture of deltamethrin and synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the top panel. PBO is an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases implicated in pyrethroid resistance. Method. An experimental hut trial comparing PermaNet 3.0, PermaNet 2.0 and a conventional deltamethrin-treated net was conducted in NE Tanzania using standard WHOPES procedures. The PermaNet arms included unwashed nets and nets washed 20 times. PermaNet 2.0 is a long-lasting insecticidal net incorporating deltamethrin as a single active. Results. Against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to unwashed PermaNet 2.0 in terms of mortality (95% killed), but showed differences in blood-feeding rate (3% blood-fed with PermaNet 3.0 versus 10% with PermaNet 2.0). After 20 washes the two products showed no difference in feeding rate (10% with 3.0 and 9% with 2.0) but showed small differences in mortality (95% with 3.0 and 87% with 2.0). Against pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus, mediated by elevated oxidase and kdr mechanisms, the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 killed 48% and PermaNet 2.0 killed 32% but after 20 washes there was no significant difference in mortality between the two products (32% killed by 3.0 and 30% by 2.0). For protecting against Culex PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to PermaNet 2.0 when either unwashed or after 20 washes; both products were highly protective against biting. Laboratory tunnel bioassays confirmed the loss of biological activity of the PBO/deltamethrin-treated panel after washing. Conclusion. Both PermaNet products were highly effective against susceptible Anopheles gambiae. As a long-lasting net to control or protect against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes PermaNet 3.0 showed limited improvement over PermaNet 2.0 against Culex quinquefasciatus. © 2010 Tungu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	deltamethrin; oxidoreductase; piperonyl butoxide; vasculotropin receptor 2; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; piperonyl butoxide; pyrethroid; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; Culex quinquefasciatus; feeding behavior; insect bite; mortality; nonhuman; Tanzania; world health organization; animal; Culex; drug effect; drug resistance; human; methodology; mosquito; survival; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Culex; Drug Resistance; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Piperonyl Butoxide; Pyrethrins; Survival Analysis; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903217902	Effects of different organic materials and npk fertilizer on the performance of maize [Utjecaj različitih organskih tvari i npk gnojiva na performance kukuruza]	Remison S.U., Eifediyi E.K.	2014	Poljoprivreda	20	1	None	Ambrose Alli University, Department of Crop Science, Ekpoma, Nigeria; University of Ilorin, Department of Agriculture, Ilorin, Nigeria	Remison, S.U., Ambrose Alli University, Department of Crop Science, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Eifediyi, E.K., University of Ilorin, Department of Agriculture, Ilorin, Nigeria	The interest in organic materials as soil fertility restorer is increasing due to the high cost and unavailability at the right time of inorganic fertilizer and the problem associated with residue disposal by burning which can further aggravate global warming. The effects of different organic materials and NPK fertilizer on the performance of maize were examined in field experiments carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma in a forest savanna transition zone of Edo State, Nigeria. The investigations were carried out during the 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons and involved the use of organic materials (wood shavings, rice hulls, kola husks and their combinations) and NPK fertilizer. The layout of the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results indicated that most of the organic materials, especially kola husk and mixtures with kola husk and NPK increased yield and its components. The treatments significantly increased the concentrations of N, P, K and Na in ear leaves and grains.	Maize yield; Rice hull and kola husk; Wood shavings	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880098112	Evaluation of specific gravity of potato varieties in Ethiopia as a criterion for determining processing quality	Abebe T., Wongchaochant S., Taychasinpitak T.	2013	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	47	1	None	Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Horticulture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Abebe, T., Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Adet Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 08, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Wongchaochant, S., Department of Horticulture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Taychasinpitak, T., Department of Horticulture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Specific gravity (SG) is the measure of choice for estimating dry matter (DMC) and starch content (SC) and ultimately for determining the processing quality of potato varieties. Evaluation of the SG of 25 potato varieties was carried out at three distinct locations in the Amhara region of Ethiopia with the main objectives of determining their culinary quality and most suitable areas of production. The varieties were planted in a 5 × 5 balanced lattice design of six replications during the 2011 rainy season. The results of the data analysis showed highly significant (P < 0.01) genotypic and location differences and significant (P < 0.05) genotype × environment interactions. The pooled SG values ranged from 1.058 to 1.102. The SG of tubers of the improved variety Belete was the highest while that of Menagesha was the lowest. Furthermore, the SG values for varieties grown at Debretabor were higher than those for the corresponding varieties grown at Adet and Merawi. The DMC and SC were computed based on the SG and showed significant (P < 0.01) genotypic variability. The highest DMC and SC were also obtained at Debretabor; thus, it is an ideal location to grow potatoes for high DMC and starch accumulation. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis identified CIP-392640.524, Zengena, Jalenie and Belete as stable genotypes with SG values above average.	Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis; Potato varieties; Processing quality; Specific-gravity; Variability	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744447128	The first 5 years of the family clinic for HIV at Tygerberg hospital: Family demographics, survival of children and early impact of antiretroviral therapy	van Kooten Niekerk N.K.M., Knies M.M., Howard J., Rabie H., Zeier M., van Rensburg A., Frans N., Schaaf H.S., Fatti G., Little F., Cotton M.F.	2006	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	52	1	10.1093/tropej/fmi047	Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	van Kooten Niekerk, N.K.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Knies, M.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Howard, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Rabie, H., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Zeier, M., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Rensburg, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Frans, N., Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Schaaf, H.S., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Fatti, G., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cotton, M.F., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Family clinics address the problems of HIV-infected children and their families. The aims were to document demographics of the children and caregivers attending the Family Clinic for HIV at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TAH) and to investigate factors affecting disease progression in children. Methods: A retrospective folder review of children and parents attending the Family Clinic at TAH between January 1997 and December 2001, a period noted for its lack of antiretroviral treatment. Results: Of 432 children seen for testing, 274 children, median age 16.9 months, were HIV-infected. During follow-up, 46 children died (median age 23 months) and 113 were lost to follow-up. The majority of children were malnourished. Those <2 years of age had lower weight for age Z-scores (WAZ) than older children (p<0.001). At presentation, 47 per cent were in clinical stage B and two-thirds had moderate or severe CD4+ T cell depletion. Seventeen children had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 12 dual and 31 monotherapy. HAART was associated with improved survival compared to dual or monotherapy. Risk of death was reduced from eleven-fold for a WAZ <-4 to four-fold between -2 and -3. There was no association with immunological and clinical classification at entry and risk of mortality. Only 18 per cent of parents were evaluated in the clinic. Non-parental care was documented for 25 per cent of families. Conclusions: A low WAZ is associated with poor survival in children. Nutritional status should receive more attention in HIV disease classification in children. Parent utilization of the clinic was inadequate. Even in the absence of HAART, extended survival in children is possible. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; antiretrovirus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; article; body weight; caregiver; CD4+ T lymphocyte; child; child care; child death; clinical feature; correlation analysis; cost of illness; demography; disease classification; disease course; disease severity; family counseling; female; follow up; general practice; health care utilization; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; lymphocyte depletion; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; medical documentation; monotherapy; nutritional status; risk assessment; scoring system; screening test; South Africa; survival; Age Factors; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Analysis of Variance; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Patient Compliance; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544475944	Effect of constant photoperiods on the laying performance of broiler breeders allowed conventional or accelerated growth	Lewis P.D., Backhouse D., Gous R.M.	2005	Journal of Agricultural Science	143	1	10.1017/S0021859605005010	Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom	Lewis, P.D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa, Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom; Backhouse, D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	An experiment was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal to assess the effect of constant photoperiods on sexual maturity and egg-laying performance in broiler breeders given two levels of control-feeding during the rearing phase. Cobb broiler breeder females were grown to reach 2.1 kg body weight at 17 or 21 weeks, and maintained on 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 16-h photoperiods from 2 days to 68 weeks of age. There were no significant interactions between photoperiod and growth rate for any production parameter. The time required reaching 2.1 kg increased proportionally with photoperiod but, because of delayed sexual development, birds on longer photoperiods consumed more feed to, and were heavier at, sexual maturity than shorter daylengths. The longer-photoperiod birds also had inferior rates of lay in the first half of the cycle, but superior in the second, which, together with the photoperiodic effects on maturity, resulted in birds on 11, 13 or 14 h producing most eggs to 68 weeks, and those on 16 h fewest. It is possible that the pattern of egg production was due to some of the birds on ≥ 13-h photoperiods becoming photorefractory, having a mid-cycle pause, and then spontaneously resuming egg production in the latter half of the cycle. However, a hinge-analysis of current and other data to the more usual depletion age of 60 weeks showed that the combined effects of photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production resulted in constant 10-h birds producing the highest number of eggs, with numbers decreasing by 3.6 eggs/h of photoperiod above the hinge and 7.8 eggs/h of photoperiod below it. Mean egg weight increased by 0.4 g/h of photoperiod, but the proportion of abnormally large and floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were unaffected by daylength. For each photoperiod, accelerated growth resulted in body weights being heavier than controls at sexual maturity, despite the mean age at maturity being 10 days earlier for the faster-growing birds. Body weights for the two growth groups were not significantly different at 68 weeks. Faster-growth birds consumed 1 kg less feed to 2.1 kg body weight, but 1.3 kg more feed to sexual maturity and 2.7 kg more to 68 weeks, and produced 6 more eggs than, but had similar patterns of egg production to, the conventionally managed controls. Mean egg weight, the proportion of floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were similar for both groups. Notwithstanding that the overall production of abnormally large eggs was low (1.1 eggs per bird); the faster-growing birds produced significantly more than the controls. Egg weight was positively influenced by age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity and photoperiod, but was unaffected by rate of growth to 2.1 kg per se. These findings show that there are differences between broiler breeders and egg-type pullets in their response to constant photoperiods. It is likely that the factors responsible for these differences, particularly in terms of sexual development, are the exhibition of photorefractoriness by, and the retardational effects of controlled feeding on, broiler breeders. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	photoperiod; poultry; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955024861	Broiler performance and bone strength minimally affected by either a simulated dusk or night-interruption photoperiod	Lewis P.D., Gous R.M., Tumova E.	2010	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	40	1	None	Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic, Czech Republic	Lewis, P.D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Tumova, E., Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic, Czech Republic	Two genotypes of male broilers were given 12 h of daily illumination; as a conventional photoperiod, with the final hour at reduced illuminance to simulate dusk, or with 1 h of the light given during the middle of the night. The lighting modifications had no significant effect on any performance variable or on tibial breaking strength. Feed intake was unaffected by the lighting treatments during either the 1-h dusk period or the night, but was inexplicably stimulated in the both experimental groups during the main photoperiod. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Bone strength; Broiler growth; Dusk; Photoperiod	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906943697	Influence of Acacia tortilis leaf meal-based diets on growth performance of pigs	Khanyile M., Ndou S.P., Chimonyo M.	2014	Livestock Science	167	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2014.04.016	Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01 Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Khanyile, M., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01 Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Ndou, S.P., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01 Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Chimonyo, M., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01 Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	The objectives of the study were to assess nutritive value of Acacia leaf meals and to determine the optimum inclusion level of Acacia tortilis leaf meal in finishing pigs. Five dominant leguminous leaf meals namely, Acacia tortilis, Acacia robusta, Acacia nilotica, Acacia nigrescens and Acacia xanthophloea, were individually hand-harvested and analyzed for their chemical and physical properties. Although the crude protein content of A. xanthophloea and A. tortilis were similar, the latter was incorporated into the experimental diets as it had the lowest water holding capacity, swelling capacity and moderate levels of condensed tannins. A. tortilis was also the most abundant in the locality. Thirty finishing male F1 hybrid (Landrace×Large White) pigs with an initial weight of 60.6 (s.d.=0.94)kg were randomly allotted to six diets containing 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250g/kg DM inclusion levels of A. tortilis leaf meal. Each diet was offered ad libitum to five pigs in individual pens for 21 days. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) ratio was measured every week. There was an increase in both ADFI and ADG (P&lt;0.001) as A. tortilis leaf meal increased, before they started to decrease. An increase in A. tortilis leaf meal levels in the diets caused a quadratic decrease (P&lt;0.01) in the G:F ratio. The change of ADFI, ADG and G:F ratio during each week of successive feeding decreased (P&lt;0.05) with incremental levels of A. tortilis in the diets. Using piecewise regression (broken-stick analyses), it was observed that A. tortilis leaf meal can be included up to 129g/kg DM in finishing pig feeds, without negatively affecting G:F ratio. The ability with which pigs utilize leaf meal-based diets improves with duration of exposure to such diets. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Acacia tortilis; Condensed tannins; Feed intake; Pig performance	Acacia; Acacia nigrescens; Acacia nilotica; Acacia robusta; Acacia tortilis; Acacia xanthophloea; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875870637	Effect of dietary protein on performance of four broiler strains and on the allometric relationships between carcass portions and body protein	Danisman R., Gous R.M.	2013	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	43	1	10.4314/sajas.v43i1.3	Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Danisman, R., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	This is the second paper in a series that reports the allometric relationships between some of the physical parts and body protein weight of commercial broiler strains reared, sexes separate, on different dietary protein levels. In this trial, four commercial broiler strains were sampled at day old and then weekly from each of three dietary protein treatments to determine the weights of the physical parts and the chemical composition of each of 936 birds. Allometric regressions were compared between strains, sexes and dietary protein levels using linear regression with groups. Whereas these regressions were similar over strains and sexes, some interactions were evident between factors, the largest differences occurring when broilers were fed differing dietary protein levels. These differences may be explained on the basis that lipid is deposited to different extents in each of the parts in response to dietary protein. Day-old breast meat and wing weights fell below the regression that best fitted the remaining observations and so were omitted from allometric analyses. The allometric regressions presented are an attempt to provide information that would enable the prediction of the weights of breast meat, thigh, drum and wing at different stages of growth of broilers whose genotype and feed composition are adequately described.	Breast meat; Carcass yield; Drum; Thigh; Wing	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860695112	The performance of broilers on a feed depends on the feed protein content given previously	Gous R.M., Emmans G.C., Fisher C.	2012	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	42	1	10.4314/sajas.v42i1.8	Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Scottish Agricultural College, Bush Estate, Midlothian, EH26 0QE, Scotland, United Kingdom	Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Emmans, G.C., Scottish Agricultural College, Bush Estate, Midlothian, EH26 0QE, Scotland, United Kingdom; Fisher, C., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	It has been proposed that all animals have an inherent relationship between body protein and lipid that can be described allometrically, and the hypothesis tested in the research reported here is that the animal will at all times attempt to retain this relationship. The test was accomplished by feeding broilers, of three genotypes and in two experiments, in such a way as to produce lean and fat birds that were then subjected to a range of dietary protein levels in a second feeding period, during which their performance was measured. Birds were initially offered one of two feeds with widely different protein to energy ratios until they reached a pre-defined liveweight, after which they were given one of two feed protein contents in Experiment 1 and four in Experiment 2. Their performance was monitored until a second pre-defined liveweight was reached, at which time they were killed for carcass analysis. The genotype selected to be lean, in Experiment 1, showed no response to protein level in the second period, whether they were fat or lean at the start. Conversely, the genetically fat birds showed some additional growth in males and additional efficiency in the females. Averaged across genotypes and sexes, birds initially in the fat state gained only 6.9 g lipid/d versus 13.5 g lipid/d for the nutritionally lean broilers. In Experiment 2, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were related directly to dietary protein content and were higher for those birds made nutritionally fat. Carcass lipid gain was lower for the initially fat birds on the three highest dietary protein treatments. All birds made fat at 880 g and 1000 g, by giving them a low protein feed, had a much reduced fat content in their subsequent gain, provided that the protein content of the feed used was sufficiently high, indicating that they were making use of the excessive lipid reserves as an energy source. The hypothesis tested cannot be rejected by the evidence presented.	Body lipid: Protein ratio; Broiler nutrition; Dietary protein content; Fatness	Animalia; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901061068	Koch's postulate in reproduction of broiler coccidiosis by co-infection with eight most common Eimeria spp.: A model for future evaluation of new biologics	Barbour E.K., Ayyash D.B., Shaib H., Bragg R.R., Azhar E., Iyer A., Harakeh S., Kambris Z., Kumosani T.	2014	International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine	12	1	None	Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon; Biochemistry Department, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Special Infectious Agents Unit - Biosafety Level 3, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Biology Dept, American University of Beirut, Lebanon	Barbour, E.K., Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon, Biochemistry Department, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Ayyash, D.B., Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon; Shaib, H., Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon; Bragg, R.R., Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Azhar, E., Special Infectious Agents Unit - Biosafety Level 3, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Iyer, A., Biochemistry Department, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Harakeh, S., Special Infectious Agents Unit - Biosafety Level 3, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Kambris, Z., Biology Dept, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Kumosani, T., Biochemistry Department, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	The purpose of this research is to establish a model of Koch's postulate for reproducing coccidiosis in broilers by co-infection with eight most common Eimeria spp. involved in this economic disease, in an attempt to use this model in future evaluation of new controlling biologics. Four groups of broilers each challenged at a different age (14, 21, 28, and 35 d) with an equivalent number of sporulated oocysts of eight Eimeria spp. had a reduction in their mean weight gain of 10.2% compared to the four parallel control groups of birds that were deprived of the challenge. The mean feed to live body weight conversion ratio increased significantly from 1.5 in the four unchallengedcontrol groups to 3.1 in the four challenged groups (P<0.05). The mean frequency of mortality increased up to 15% in the challenged groups in comparison to 5% in the controls. This higher mortality was associated in most challenged groups with significant increase in the mean lesion scores and mean oocyst count in the intestine compared to those observed in the controls. The benefit of this established model of Koch's postulate for reproducing coccidiosis in broilers, in future search of new controlling biologics, will be presented.	Chicken; Eimeria spp.; Koch's postulate; Lesions; Oocyst count; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953656769	Impact of climate and predation on autumn migration of the Curlew Sandpiper	Barshep Y., Hedenström A., Underhill L.G.	2011	Waterbirds	34	1	10.1675/063.034.0101	Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Theoretical Ecology, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, PMB 13404, Jos, Nigeria	Barshep, Y., Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, PMB 13404, Jos, Nigeria; Hedenström, A., Theoretical Ecology, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Underhill, L.G., Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Using constant-effort catch data, causes of annual variation in the timing of migration of Curlew Sandpipers (Calidris ferruginea) migrating through Ottenby, Sweden, as well as the trend in timing of migration from 1946-2005, was investigated. Variation in the timing of autumn migration of adult and juvenile Curlew Sandpipers was influenced by breeding success connected to predation pressure on the Arctic breeding grounds. Median migration date of adult birds was significantly later in good breeding years compared with poor breeding years while the migration of juveniles was earlier in good breeding years compared with poor breeding years. Also, adults migrated earlier when the average temperature in June was warmer. Median migration dates of adults have advanced by 23 days from 1946-2005, but the migration dates of juveniles have remained unchanged. Unchanged migration dates of juveniles indicate that earlier departure of the adult Curlew Sandpipers from the breeding grounds was not due to earlier breeding. Evidence suggests that declining breeding productivity as a result of increasing predation on broods of shorebirds might, over the years, be the reason for the observed pattern of early departure of adults from the breeding grounds. One possible consequence of earlier migration is a mismatch between timing of migration and periods of food abundance on migration routes and at the wintering grounds, leading to a decline in adult and juvenile survival and population size.	Arctic; breeding success; Calidris ferruginea; Curlew Sandpiper; June temperature; migration; Ottenby; phenology; predation	adult; annual variation; autumn; breeding site; climate change; climate effect; food availability; juvenile; migration; phenology; population decline; population size; predation; reproductive success; wader; Kalmar [Sweden]; Oland; Ottenby; Sweden; Aves; Calidris ferruginea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952601356	Chemical evaluation of the nutritive quality of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]	Akande K.E., Abubakar M.M., Adegbola T.A., Bogoro S.E., Doma U.D.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	1	None	Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B0248, Bauchi State, Nigeria	Akande, K.E., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B0248, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Abubakar, M.M., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B0248, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Adegbola, T.A., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B0248, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Bogoro, S.E., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B0248, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Doma, U.D., Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, P.M.B0248, Bauchi State, Nigeria	This study was carried out to evaluate the proximate and amino acid compositions of samples of raw and roasted pigeon pea seeds. The following range of values were obtained for dry matter (95.89-96.34%), crude protein (21.03-21.07%), crude fat (4.43-5.96%), crude fibre (7.16-7.52%) and ash (3.76-4.02%) respectively for the raw and roasted seeds of pigeon pea. While values for nitrogen free extract ranged from 57.77-59.51% for the roasted and raw pigeon pea seeds respectively. Results from the amino acid analysis revealed that some amino acids like arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, leucine and tyrosine had their concentration in the seeds increased with heat processing, while other amino acids were not. On the whole, the concentration of glutamic acid was found to be the highest in the pigeon pea, with a value of 14.21 g/16 gN for the roasted seeds. Lysine showed the highest concentration among the indispensable amino acids (7.79 g/16 gN for the raw seeds and 7.55 g/16 gN for the roasted seeds). Pigeon pea seed was found to be deficient in the sulphur-containing amino acids (cystine and methionine). © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Amino acid; Composition; Evaluation; Pigeon pea; Proximate	Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900306877	Sexual dimorphism in bite performance drives morphological variation in chameleons	Da Silva J.M., Herrel A., Measey G.J., Tolley K.A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0086846	Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Île-de-France, France; Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium; Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape Province, South Africa	Da Silva, J.M., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Herrel, A., Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Île-de-France, France, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium; Measey, G.J., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; Tolley, K.A., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape Province, South Africa	Phenotypic performance in different environments is central to understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes that drive adaptive divergence and, ultimately, speciation. Because habitat structure can affect an animal's foraging behaviour, anti-predator defences, and communication behaviour, it can influence both natural and sexual selection pressures. These selective pressures, in turn, act upon morphological traits to maximize an animal's performance. For performance traits involved in both social and ecological activities, such as bite force, natural and sexual selection often interact in complex ways, providing an opportunity to understand the adaptive significance of morphological variation with respect to habitat. Dwarf chameleons within the Bradypodion melanocephalum-Bradypodion thamnobates species complex have multiple phenotypic forms, each with a specific head morphology that could reflect its use of either open- or closed-canopy habitats. To determine whether these morphological differences represent adaptations to their habitats, we tested for differences in both absolute and relative bite performance. Only absolute differences were found between forms, with the closed-canopy forms biting harder than their open-canopy counterparts. In contrast, sexual dimorphism was found for both absolute and relative bite force, but the relative differences were limited to the closed-canopy forms. These results indicate that both natural and sexual selection are acting within both habitat types, but to varying degrees. Sexual selection seems to be the predominant force within the closed-canopy habitats, which are more protected from aerial predators, enabling chameleons to invest more in ornamentation for communication. In contrast, natural selection is likely to be the predominant force in the open-canopy habitats, inhibiting the development of conspicuous secondary sexual characteristics and, ultimately, enforcing their overall diminutive body size and constraining performance. © 2014 da Silva et al.	None	animal tissue; article; bite; body size; Bradypodion melanocephalum; Bradypodion thamnobates; canopy; chameleon; controlled study; ecological specialization; evolutionary adaptation; female; intraspecific variation; lizard; male; morphological trait; natural selection; nonhuman; organismal interaction; organisms by outer appearance; phenotypic variation; sex difference; species difference; species habitat; Adaptation, Biological; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biological Evolution; Bite Force; Body Weights and Measures; Ecosystem; Female; Lizards; Male; Selection, Genetic; Sex Characteristics; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64149131946	The potential for predicted climate shifts to impact genetic landscapes of lizards in the South African Cape Floristic Region	Tolley K.A., Makokha J.S., Houniet D.T., Swart B.L., Matthee C.A.	2009	Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution	51	1	10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.017	Applied Biodiversity Research, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Tolley, K.A., Applied Biodiversity Research, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Makokha, J.S., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Houniet, D.T., Applied Biodiversity Research, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, 7735 Cape Town, South Africa; Swart, B.L., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Matthee, C.A., Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is well-known for its floral diversity, yet also contains a rich herpetofauna with >180 species, 28% of which are endemic. Recent studies conducted on CFR lizards indicated that phylogeographic patterns show some congruency, and that the western CFR shows higher overall diversity in the form of population and/or clade turnover. Here, we combine mitochondrial sequence data from two published (Bradypodion spp. and Agama atra) and one new dataset (Pedioplanis burchelli) to investigate whether geographic patterns of genetic diversity could be influenced by predicted climatic changes. We utilised Bayesian methodology and spatial genetic landscapes to establish broad-scale patterns and show that the western CFR is a contact zone for several clades in all three taxa, supporting the hypothesis of phylogeographic congruence. Current levels of gene flow are virtually zero between the western and eastern CFR. In the east, gene flow between populations is negligible at present but was probably stronger in the past given the present lack of strong genetic structure. Bioclimatic modelling predicted that climatically suitable areas within the CFR will decline for Bradypodion spp. and P. burchelli, with areas high in clade turnover loosing more climatically suitable areas than areas with low clade turnover. The models also predict that loss of climatic suitability may result in highly fragmented and patchy distributions, resulting in a greater loss of connectivity. In contrast, A. atra does not show significant climatic suitability losses overall, although it may experience localised losses (and gains). This species is not predicted to loose suitability in areas of high clade turnover. Thus, the incorporation of genetic data into climatic models has extended our knowledge on the vulnerability of these species given the predicted threat of landscape change. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Burchell's sand lizard; Climate change; Dwarf chameleon; Phylogeography; Southern rock agama	mitochondrial DNA; Africa; animal; article; biological model; classification; climate; DNA sequence; gene flow; genetic variability; genetics; geography; lizard; molecular evolution; phylogeny; population genetics; Africa, Southern; Animals; Climate; DNA, Mitochondrial; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Flow; Genetic Variation; Genetics, Population; Geography; Lizards; Models, Genetic; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Agama; Agama atra; Bradypodion; Pedioplanis burchelli; Squamata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84882598747	Influence of reference temperature on exergy and exergoeconomic performance of a natural gas fired thermal power plant	Anozie A.N., Odejobi O.J.	2013	International Journal of Exergy	13	1	10.1504/IJEX.2013.055780	Applied Thermodynamics and Process Design Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria	Anozie, A.N., Applied Thermodynamics and Process Design Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria; Odejobi, O.J., Applied Thermodynamics and Process Design Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria	The influence of reference temperature on exergy and exergoeconomic performance parameters of a thermal plant was investigated. The plant was simulated using HYSYS (2003) process simulator software and the exergy and exergoeconomic analyses were done using Microsoft EXCEL spreadsheet. As reference temperature increased from 15°C to 35°C, exergy efficiency decreased from 11.7% to 11.5% and irreversibility increased from 1790 MW to 1812 MW. Also, overall exergy cost decreased from 6650.78 MW to 6055.40 MW and monetary cost from $75,343.84/h to $68,430.19/h. The optimum (base case) reference temperature, where the exergy and the monetary exergy loss costs were at minimum, was found to be 30°C. At this temperature both the condenser and boiler units made significant contributions to the process exergy and monetary exergy loss costs. The study concluded that the performance of the thermal plant depends on reference temperature, efficiencies of condenser and boiler units. Copyright © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Exergetic efficiency; Exergoeconomic improvement potential.; Exergoeconomic loss cost; Exergy improvement potential; Exergy loss costs; Irreversibility; Reference temperature	Exergetic efficiency; Exergoeconomic; Exergy improvement potentials; Exergy loss; Irreversibility; Loss costs; Reference temperature; Boilers; Computer software; Costs; Heat engines; Thermoelectric power plants; Exergy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956526884	Effects of rootstock on grapevine performance, petiole and must composition, and overall wine score of Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay and pinot noir	Wooldridge J., Louw P.J.E., Conradie W.J.	2010	South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture	31	1	None	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Sapex Exports (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa	Wooldridge, J., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Louw, P.J.E., Sapex Exports (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Conradie, W.J., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa	Characteristics of Chardonnay and Pinot noir vines on Richter 99 (99R), Richter 110 (110R), Ruggeri 140 (140Ru) and SO4 rootstocks were assessed over six consecutive seasons in a factorial field trial on an Avalon soil in Stellenbosch that had been limed to pH 5.75 (1M KCl). Ruggeri 140 promoted the highest cane mass (vigour), highest petiole and must nitrogen (N), lowest ratio of yield to cane mass, and lowest overall wine quality. The lowest cane mass and highest wine quality were produced by vines on 110R. Petiole N, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and must N and Ca, were also lower for vines on 110R than for those on 140Ru.	Cane mass; Chardonnay; Must; Petiole; Pinot noir; Yield	Vitaceae; Vitis; Vitis vinifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956514102	Soil management in the Breede River valley wine grape region, South Africa. 1. Cover crop performance and weed control	Fourie J.C.	2010	South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture	31	1	None	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa	Fourie, J.C., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa	Eight cover crop treatments were applied for 12 consecutive years on a medium-textured soil in a vineyard near Robertson (33°50'S, 19°54'E). A treatment with full surface straw mulch and full surface post-emergence chemical control applied from just before grapevine bud break to harvest (BB), and one with no cover crop combined with BB, were also applied. The control consisted of mechanical control in the work row and post-emergence chemical control in the vine row applied from bud break to harvest. Rotating Triticale v. Usgen 18 (triticale) and Vicia dasycarpa Ten. (vetch) did not improve the dry matter production (DMP) of either species. Average DMP decreased as follows: triticale > Secale cereale L. v. Henog (rye)/Vicia faba L. v. Fiord (faba bean) mixture > triticale/vetch biennial rotation > triticale/vetch annual rotation > vetch. Triticale (BB) resulted in total winter weed suppression from 1995 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2004. Total weed control from bud break to the pea size berry stage of the grapevines was achieved with straw mulch (BB), triticale (BB), rye/faba bean mixture (BB) and triticale/vetch rotated biennially (BB) from 2001 to 2003. For triticale combined with full surface post-emergence chemical control applied from grapevine berry set (AB), and for triticale/vetch rotated annually (BB), this was restricted to 2001 and 2003. From the pea size berry stage to harvest, straw mulch (BB), triticale (BB), vetch (BB), rye/faba bean mixture (BB) and triticale (AB) reduced the weed stand significantly in comparison to the control.	Cover crops; Grapevines; Management practices; Mulches; Weed control	Pisum sativum; Secale cereale; Triticosecale; Vicia; Vicia faba; Vicia villosa varia; Vitaceae; Vitis; Vitis vinifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958786775	Soil management in the breede river valley wine grape region, South Africa. 3. Grapevine performance	Fourie J.C.	2011	South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture	32	1	None	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa	Fourie, J.C., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa	Eight cover crop treatments were applied for 12 consecutive years on a medium textured soil in a vineyard near Robertson (33°50'S, 19°54'E). A treatment with full surface straw mulch combined with full surface post-emergence chemical control applied from just before grapevine bud break to harvest (BB) and another with no cover crop combined with BB was also applied. The control consisted of mechanical control in the work row and post-emergence chemical control in the vine row applied from bud break to harvest. In the BB treatments, grapevine shoot growth was signifcantly higher than in the treatment where a perennial cover crop was established in the work row during both the second (1993/94) and third (1994/95) season after the grapevines were established. The grape yield in all the BB treatments, except the one in which a mixture of Secale cereale L. v. Henog and Vicia faba L. v. Fiord was sown, was signifcantly higher than that of the control and the treatment in which a perennial cover crop was sown in the work row during the 1995/96 season. During the 2001/02 season, the grape yield of the BB treatment with a full surface straw mulch was signifcantly higher than that of all the other treatments. The different soil management practices had a signifcant effect on the N status of the juice, but did not affect wine quality.	Cover crops; Grape juice; Grape yield; Grapevines; Shoot growth; Soil management	Secale cereale; Vicia faba; Vitaceae; Vitis; Vitis vinifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924851019	Evaluation of indigenous fynbos and renosterveld species for cover crop management in the vineyards of the Coastal Wine Grape Region, South Africa	Fourie J.C.	2014	South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture	35	1	None	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Fourie, J.C., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Four treatments in which fynbos and renosterveld species were employed as cover crops, and two treatments in which exotic species were used as cover crops, were applied. A treatment in which indigenous annuals and an exotic annual was sown as a mixture, and a control in which no cover crop was established, were also included in the trial. These eight treatments were applied for four consecutive years on a sandy soil (33°52 1 S, 18°58' E) and a sandy loam soil (33 °551 S, 18°52 'E) in vineyards near Stellenbosch, South Africa. Effective suppression of the winter growing weeds was achieved with Avena saliva L. cv. Pallinup on a sandy soil from the third season onwards. This was also achieved with a mixture of Ornithopus sativus L. cv. Emena (50%) and three indigenous broadleaf annuals (50%), namely Felicia helerophylla (Cass) Grau, Dimorphothecapluvialis (L.) Moench and Scenecio elegans L. None of the renosterveld and lowland fynbos mixtures or monocultures had the abifity to become established effectively on both the sandy and sandy loam soil, or could compete effectively with the winter-growing weeds commonly found in the vineyards of the Coastal wine grape region of the Western Cape. These species therefore should not be considered for cover crop management in this region.	Biodiversity; Cover crops; Grapevines; Indigenous species; Soil cultivation	Avena sativa; Felicia; Ornithopus sativus; Vitis vinifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68949105688	Effects of season and regulated photoperiod on the reproductive performance of sows	Chokoe T.C., Siebrits F.K.	2009	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	39	1	None	ARC, Department of Reproduction Genetic Resources, Irene Animal Improvement Institute, Private Bag X02, Irene 0062, South Africa; Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Animal Sciences, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Chokoe, T.C., ARC, Department of Reproduction Genetic Resources, Irene Animal Improvement Institute, Private Bag X02, Irene 0062, South Africa, Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Animal Sciences, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Siebrits, F.K., Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Animal Sciences, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Reproductive performance of experimental commercial Dalland sows (n = 87) maintained under a constant photoperiod (10 h light and 14 h darkness) and control sows (n = 187) maintained under natural daylight length (10.4 h light in winter and 13.4 h light in summer) were compared. In early summer 4.1% of experimental sows returned to oestrus compared to 20.8% of the control sows. In late summer 9.1% of experimental sows returned to oestrus compared to 21.9% of the control sows. Reduced photoperiod improved the farrowing rate of experimental sows in the early summer breeding compared to the control group (95.4% and 81.3%, respectively). With winter breeding there was a small proportion of sows that returned to service in both groups (7.9% and 8.9%) while the farrowing rate was high in both groups (93.9% and 91.0% in the experimental and control groups, respectively). Litter sizes derived from early summer services were 11.4 and 11.6 for the experimental and control groups, respectively, while winter services led to litter sizes of 11.6 and 12.4 whereas in late summer services, regulated photoperiod had improved the litter size of the experimental group (12.3) compared to the control group (11.2). © South African Society for Animal Science.	Farrowing rate; Litter size; Regulated photoperiod; Return to oestrus; Season	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875846348	Estimates of variance components for postweaning feed intake and growth in bonsmara bulls andevaluation of alternative measures of feed efficiency	MacNeil M.D., Scholtz M.M., Maiwashe A.	2013	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	43	1	10.4314/sajas.v43i1.2	ARC-Animal Production Institute, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Delta G, 145 Ice Cave Road, Miles City, MT 59301, United States; University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	MacNeil, M.D., ARC-Animal Production Institute, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa, Delta G, 145 Ice Cave Road, Miles City, MT 59301, United States, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; Scholtz, M.M., ARC-Animal Production Institute, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; Maiwashe, A., ARC-Animal Production Institute, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa	Feed efficiency is of major economic importance in beef production. The objective of this work was to evaluate alternative measures of feed efficiency for use in genetic evaluation. To meet this objective, genetic parameters were estimated for the components of efficiency. These parameters were then used in multiple-trait animal model genetic evaluations and alternative genetic predictors of feed efficiency were derived from the results. Corresponding single-trait evaluations for residual feed intake (RFI), residual daily gain (RDG), and residual intake and gain (RIG) were also conducted. The data contained 3 331 animals with records and an additional 6 322 animals in their pedigree. The alternative measures of feed efficiency were compared using Spearman rank correlations. Heritability estimates for metabolic body weight (MBW), average daily gain (ADG) and averagedaily feed intake (DFI) were 0.38 ± 0.05, 0.25 ± 0.05 and 0.37 ± 0.05, respectively. Estimates of the genetic correlations among these traits were 0.79 ± 0.07, 0.54 ± 0.08 and 0.66 ± 0.08 for MBW with ADG, MBW with DFI, and ADG with DFI, respectively. The various measures of feed efficiency were highly correlated. However, RFI and RDG did provide different rankings of candidates for selection. The combination of RFI and RDG to form RIG appears to provide an effective harmonization of the former two biological measures of efficiency. It is recommended that genetic evaluation systemsinclude analyses of ADG and DFI, and breeders are advised to base selection decisions on the basisof multiple-trait selection indexes that incorporate feed intake and performance.	Genetic evaluation; Residual feed intake; Residual gain	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347353294	The impact of heavy grazing on an ephemeral river system in the succulent karoo, South Africa	Allsopp N., Gaika L., Knight R., Monakisi C., Hoffman M.T.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	71	1	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.03.001	ARC-LBD: Range and Forage Unit, Private Bag X17 Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Lesley Hill Institute of Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Allsopp, N., ARC-LBD: Range and Forage Unit, Private Bag X17 Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Gaika, L., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Knight, R., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Monakisi, C., Lesley Hill Institute of Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Hoffman, M.T., Lesley Hill Institute of Plant Conservation, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	The impact of long-term high grazing pressure on geomorphological features, plant community composition and cover and soil characteristics of an ephemeral river system in Namaqualand, South Africa, was compared to that of lighter grazing pressure across fencelines which crossed the river system. Under heavy grazing the river system was less braided and a higher proportion of the river width was unvegetated runoff channels. The river system was generally dominated by very sandy soil. However, more silt and organic matter, and less sand were found in soil under plants growing in the river bed. Since vegetation cover was much higher under light grazing, river soil was more fertile when grazing was light. A plant species compositional shift when grazing pressure was high resulted in riparian vegetation which more closely resembled the surrounding rangelands. Graminoid growth forms were encountered more frequently in the lightly grazed river. A rest from grazing of 33 months resulted in increased plant cover in another section of the river system. Heavy grazing alters the physical and soil features of this river system by reducing plant cover. Riparian vegetation, by slowing flow rates and catching light soil particles increases landscape heterogeneity and creates productive sites in the landscape. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Animal-plant interactions; Landscape patches; Livestock impacts; Namaqualand; Resource control; Riparian vegetation	community composition; ephemeral pool; grazing pressure; Karoo Supergroup; landscape; livestock; plant community; plant-herbivore interaction; riparian vegetation; river system; sedge; vegetation cover; Africa; Namaqualand; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894078678	Evaluation of three-way maize (Zea mays L) hybrids for yield and resistance to maize streak virus and turcicum leaf blight diseases	Karavina C., Mandumbu R., Mukaro R.	2014	Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences	24	1	None	Bindura University of Science Education, Department of Crop Science, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Department of Research and Specialist Services, Crop Breeding Institute, P. O. Box CY550, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe	Karavina, C., Bindura University of Science Education, Department of Crop Science, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Mandumbu, R., Bindura University of Science Education, Department of Crop Science, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Mukaro, R., Department of Research and Specialist Services, Crop Breeding Institute, P. O. Box CY550, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe	Maize, a staple food crop in sub-Saharan Africa and many other parts of the world, is affected by many diseases that reduce yield. Disease management has mainly been reliant on chemical and cultural control options. However, such options are unsustainable to the smallholder resource poor farmers and environmentally unfriendly. A study carried out at the Harare Research Station evaluated eight three-way and four commercial maize hybrids for yield and resistance to Maize streak virus using controlled leaf hopper infestation and Turcicum Leaf Blight under artificial inoculation. The objectives of the study were to identify hybrids that have multiple resistance to Maize streak virus and Turcicum Leaf Blight and to determine the relationship between disease severity and yield performance of the hybrids. The experiment was laid out in a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with Disease type as the main plot factor while Maize hybrids were the subplot factor. Ratings of 1 (tolerant) to 5 (susceptible) based on streaked and blighted leaf surfaces were used. The hybrid 053WH54 had multiple resistance to Turcicum Leaf Blight and Maize streak virus. The hybrids 043WH61 and 043WH07 were high-yielding even at high disease pressure while 043WH41 and 013WH03 were relatively low yielding at low disease pressure. This showed the inherent genetic diversity of the hybrids. The hybrids ZS 225, 043WH61 and 043WH07 are recommended for production in areas with high prevalence of both diseases.	Hybrid; Maize streak virus; Resistance; Severity; Turcicum Leaf Blight; Yield	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898957144	System wide impacts of fuel usage patterns in the Ethiopian highlands: Potentials for breaking the negative reinforcing feedback cycles	Duguma L.A., Minang P.A., Freeman O.E., Hager H.	2014	Energy for Sustainable Development	20	1	10.1016/j.esd.2014.03.004	ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter Jordanstr. 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya	Duguma, L.A., ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Minang, P.A., ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Freeman, O.E., ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, UN Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Hager, H., Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter Jordanstr. 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria	Due to scarcity of firewood, farmers in rural Ethiopia are forced to use cattle dung as a complementary energy source. By looking at patterns of firewood and cattle dung use for energy generation and their implications for food crop production, forest regeneration and community level emission reduction potentials, this study explores system interactions using a community living next to the Menagesha Suba state forest in Ethiopia as a case study. Mixed methods were used including household surveys, nutrient content analyses of firewood and cattle dung, and calculations of fuel and emission reductions for four cooking energy efficiency scenarios. It was found that the community and surrounding environment is stuck in a negative feedback cycle. Therefore shifts in current practices and systems are needed to break this cycle, for example by enhancing firewood supply, improving soil fertility, improving energy efficiency and enabling access to carbon financing for emissions reduced. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.	Cattle dung; Crop production; Emission reductions; Ethiopian highlands; Firewood; Nutrient cycling	crop production; emission control; energy efficiency; fuel; household survey; manure; nutrient cycling; soil fertility; wood; Ethiopian Highlands; Bos	FTA, Federal Transit Administration
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856005905	Vulnerability of coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef fisheries	Cinner J.E., McClanahan T.R., Graham N.A.J., Daw T.M., Maina J., Stead S.M., Wamukota A., Brown K., Bodin O.	2012	Global Environmental Change	22	1	10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018	Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, United States; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Coral Reef Conservation Project, Mombasa, Kenya; Computational Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Sweden; Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Sweden	Cinner, J.E., Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; McClanahan, T.R., Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, United States; Graham, N.A.J., Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Daw, T.M., School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Maina, J., Coral Reef Conservation Project, Mombasa, Kenya, Computational Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Stead, S.M., School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Wamukota, A., Coral Reef Conservation Project, Mombasa, Kenya; Brown, K., School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; Bodin, O., Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Sweden, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Sweden	Coral reefs support the livelihood of millions of people especially those engaged in marine fisheries activities. Coral reefs are highly vulnerable to climate change induced stresses that have led to substantial coral mortality over large spatial scales. Such climate change impacts have the potential to lead to declines in marine fish production and compromise the livelihoods of fisheries dependent communities. Yet few studies have examined social vulnerability in the context of changes specific to coral reef ecosystems. In this paper, we examine three dimensions of vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) of 29 coastal communities across five western Indian Ocean countries to the impacts of coral bleaching on fishery returns. A key contribution is the development of a novel, network-based approach to examining sensitivity to changes in the fishery that incorporates linkages between fishery and non-fishery occupations. We find that key sources of vulnerability differ considerably within and between the five countries. Our approach allows the visualization of how these dimensions of vulnerability differ from site to site, providing important insights into the types of nuanced policy interventions that may help to reduce vulnerability at a specific location. To complement this, we develop framework of policy actions thought to reduce different aspects of vulnerability at varying spatial and temporal scales. Although our results are specific to reef fisheries impacts from coral bleaching, this approach provides a framework for other types of threats and different social-ecological systems more broadly. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Coral bleaching; Coral reef; Fisheries; Global climate change; Resilience; Social-ecological systems; Vulnerability	climate change; coastal zone; coral; coral bleaching; coral reef; economic impact; environmental stress; fishery economics; fishery production; global change; mortality; nature-society relations; policy approach; vulnerability; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean (West); Anthozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67651119884	The impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse abundance on the plateau of eastern Zambia	Ducheyne E., Mweempwa C., De Pus C., Vernieuwe H., De Deken R., Hendrickx G., Van den Bossche P.	2009	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	91	1	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.009	Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium; Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia; Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, South Africa	Ducheyne, E., Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium; Mweempwa, C., Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia; De Pus, C., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium; Vernieuwe, H., Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium; De Deken, R., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium; Hendrickx, G., Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium; Van den Bossche, P., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, South Africa	Tsetse-transmitted human or livestock trypanosomiasis is one of the major constraints to rural development in sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemiology of the disease is determined largely by tsetse fly density. A major factor, contributing to tsetse population density is the availability of suitable habitat. In large parts of Africa, encroachment of people and their livestock resulted in a destruction and fragmentation of such suitable habitat. To determine the effect of habitat change on tsetse density a study was initiated in a tsetse-infested zone of eastern Zambia. The study area represents a gradient of habitat change, starting from a zone with high levels of habitat destruction and ending in an area where livestock and people are almost absent. To determine the distribution and density of the fly, tsetse surveys were conducted throughout the study area in the dry and in the rainy season. Landsat ETM+ imagery covering the study area were classified into four land cover classes (munga, miombo, agriculture and settlements) and two auxiliary spectral classes (clouds and shadow) using a Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Classifier. The classes were regrouped into natural vegetation and agricultural zone. The binary images were overlaid with hexagons to obtain the spatial spectrum of spatial pattern. Hexagonal coverage was selected because of its compact and regular form. To identify scale-specific spatial patterns and associated entomological phenomena, the size of the hexagonal coverage was varied (250 and 500 m). Per coverage, total class area, mean patch size, number of patches and patch size standard deviation were used as fragmentation indices. Based on the fragmentation index values, the study zone was classified using a Partitioning Around Mediods (PAM) method. The number of classes was determined using the Wilks' lambda coefficient. To determine the impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse abundance, the correlation between the fragmentation indices and the index of apparent density of the flies was determined and habitat changes most affecting tsetse abundance was identified. From this it followed that there is a clear relationship between habitat fragmentation and the abundance of tsetse flies. Heavily fragmented areas have lower numbers of tsetse flies, but when the fragmentation of natural vegetation decreases, the number of tsetse flies increases following a sigmoidal-like curve. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Fragmentation analysis; GIS; Tsetse	animal; article; disease carrier; ecosystem; female; geographic information system; growth, development and aging; human; male; parasitology; season; Trypanosoma; tsetse fly; Zambia; Animals; Ecosystem; Female; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; Insect Vectors; Male; Seasons; Trypanosoma; Tsetse Flies; Zambia; Glossina (genus)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938718507	Influence of business information use on sales performance of SMEs in Lagos State	Ojo A., Akinsunmi S., Olayonu O.	2015	Library Philosophy and Practice	2015	1	None	Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria	Ojo, A., Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Akinsunmi, S., Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Olayonu, O., Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria	Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) are crucial drivers of every nation's economy. However, reports suggest SMEs in Nigeria have not performed creditably well in terms of sales. Hence, they are yet to contribute to a large extent to the economic growth and development of the country. Considering that business information is an indispensable resource in overall business performance, one is forced to question the availability and utilisation of business information by SME owners. This study examines the influence of business information use on the sales performance of SMEs in the information technology sector in Lagos State. Employing a survey research design, the study population comprised of 575 Computer and Allied Product Dealers Association of Nigeria (CAPDAN) registered SMEs in Computer Village of Lagos State. The stratified sampling technique was used to survey the responses of 181 SME owners who served as respondents in this study. A selfdeveloped questionnaire was used as the instrument of data collection. Frequency distribution, simple percentages, and regression analysis were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that SMEs obtained most of the information they use from newspapers and informal sources. Also revealed was that business information utilisation influences sales performance of SMEs (R = 0.36, R Square = .212, F<inf>1,161</inf> = 94.18, p < 0.05). The study concludes that business information use for SMEs sales performance is inevitable. However, use is predicated on availability. It is recommended that agencies in charge of SMEs in Nigeria should put more effort in ensuring formal information sources are made available to SME owners.	Business information; Information availability; Information use; Sales performance; SMEs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856597389	Evaluation and modification of off-host flea collection techniques used in northwest Uganda: Laboratory and field studies	Borchert J.N., Eisen R.J., Holmes J.L., Atiku L.A., Mpanga J.T., Brown H.E., Graham C.B., Babi N., Montenieri J.A., Enscore R.E., Gage K.L.	2012	Journal of Medical Entomology	49	1	10.1603/ME11045	Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Uganda Viral Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Borchert, J.N., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Eisen, R.J., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Holmes, J.L., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Atiku, L.A., Uganda Viral Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Mpanga, J.T., Uganda Viral Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Brown, H.E., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Graham, C.B., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Babi, N., Uganda Viral Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Montenieri, J.A., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Enscore, R.E., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States; Gage, K.L., Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States	Quantifying the abundance of host-seeking fleas is critical for assessing risk of human exposure to flea-borne disease agents, including Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague. Yet, reliable measures of the efficacy of existing host-seeking flea collection methods are lacking. In this study, we compare the efficacy of passive and active methods for the collection of host-seeking fleas in both the laboratory and human habitations in a plague-endemic region of northwest Uganda. In the laboratory, lighted "Kilonzo" flea traps modified with either blinking lights, the creation of shadows or the generation of carbon dioxide were less efficient at collecting Xenopsylla cheopis Rothchild and Ctenocephalides felis Bouch fleas than an active collection method using white cotton socks or cotton flannel. Passive collection using Kilonzo light traps in the laboratory collected significantly more X. cheopis than C. felis and active collection, using white socks and flannel, collected significantly more C. felis than X. cheopis. In field studies conducted in Uganda, Kilonzo traps using a flashlight were similar in their collection efficacy to Kilonzo traps using kerosene lamps. However, in contrast to laboratory studies, Kilonzo flea traps using flashlights collected a greater number of fleas than swabbing. Within human habitations in Uganda, Kilonzo traps were especially useful for collecting C. felis, the dominant species found in human habitations in this area. © 2012 Entomological Society of America.	Ctenocephalides felis; flea; flea trap; plague; Xenopsylla cheopis	animal; article; classification; flea; insect control; instrumentation; physiology; species difference; Uganda; Animals; Insect Control; Siphonaptera; Species Specificity; Uganda; Ctenocephalides; Ctenocephalides felis; Gossypium hirsutum; Siphonaptera (fleas); Xenopsylla; Xenopsylla cheopis; Yersinia pestis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855438985	On-farm evaluation and demonstration of different types of hay press	Teffera A., Tekeste S., Denekew Y.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	1	None	Bahir Dar Agricultural Mechanization and Food Science Research Center, P.O. Box 133, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box: 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Teffera, A., Bahir Dar Agricultural Mechanization and Food Science Research Center, P.O. Box 133, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Tekeste, S., Bahir Dar Agricultural Mechanization and Food Science Research Center, P.O. Box 133, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Denekew, Y., Andassa Livestock Research Center, P.O. Box: 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Hay is the oldest and most important conserved fodder. The aim of haymaking is to store feed for later on-farm use. Traditional haymaking practice in Ethiopia has many problems. Delayed or early harvesting, improper handling system during harvesting, transportation, and storage stages are identified as main causes of feed loss. This project is, therefore, intended to evaluate and demonstrate manual hay presses so as to assist users in haymaking and baling practice. Two hay press models, vertical and horizontal hay presses, were manufactured and after preliminary test, practical on field test was conducted at two sites. Besides, discussions were made with farmers and their opinions were recorded. The test result has shown that, the average pressing rate, bale density, and baling time of vertical hay press was 45.2 kg h-1, 86.5 kg m -3 and 14.1 min per piece. Likewise, similar parameters of the horizontal type were 36.9 kg hr-1, 72.3 kg m -3 and 17.4 min per piece, respectively. It was observed that most of the respondent farmers preferred vertical type press due to its lower energy requirement and better output. Therefore, the vertical hay press model is recommended for further promotion.	Animal feed; Hay making; Mechanical hay press	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948771504	Higher breastfeeding performance index is associated with lower risk of illness in infants under six months in Ethiopia	Haile D., Biadgilign S.	2015	International Breastfeeding Journal	10	1	10.1186/s13006-015-0057-2	Bahir Dar University, Department of Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Independent Public Health Research Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Haile, D., Bahir Dar University, Department of Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Biadgilign, S., Independent Public Health Research Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Breastfeeding performance index is an explanatory attempt to summarize key breastfeeding practices by summarizing the different dimensions of breastfeeding practices into a single summary variable. Breastfeeding performance index is used to assess optimal breastfeeding practices by constructing a single composite index that includes timely initiation of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeding, current breastfeeding status, bottle feeding, any liquid given(except medicine) in the last 24h, formula given in the last 24h, any solid food given in the last 24h. This study aimed to assess optimal breastfeeding practices of 0-6 month infants using breastfeeding performance index (BPI) and its association with childhood illness in Ethiopia. Methods: A secondary data analysis was carried out based on the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2011 data. The BPI was created using seven components by giving equal weight for all components during scoring. The data were described using descriptive statistics and analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of low, medium, and high BPI was 18.41, 57.96 and 23.63% respectively. The mean BPI score was 4.38 (SD 1.25; 95% CI 4.31, 4.45). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that those infants who had low BPI score were 2.22 times (AOR=2.22; 95% CI 1.20, 4.11) and medium BPI category had 2.15 times at higher odds (AOR=2.15; 95% CI 1.23, 3.75) of developing diarrhea compared to infants in the highest BPI category. Being in the lower BPI category was significantly associated with higher odds of having fever (AOR=1.73; 95% CI 1.06, 2.80). Being in the medium index category was also associated with higher odds of having short and rapid breaths (AOR=2.02; 95% CI 1.01, 4.04). Conclusion: More than 80% of the infants did not receive optimal breastfeeding practices based on the Breastfeeding Performance Index. Lower BPI was statistically associated with diarrhea, fever and short and rapid breaths illness in the last 2 weeks. This study implicates the importance of optimal breastfeeding to reduce childhood illness. © 2015 Haile and Biadgilign.	Breastfeeding; DHS; Ethiopia; Index; Infants	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879584016	Enhancing self-regulated learning in teaching spoken communication: Does it affect speaking efficacy and performance?	Aregu B.B.	2013	Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching	10	1	None	Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia	Aregu, B.B., Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia	The study examines the effects of enhancing self-regulated learning in the teaching of spoken communication on speaking efficacy and performances among second year students attending spoken and written communication lessons in the College of Business and Economics of Bahir Dar University. In this study, two sections consisting of 91 participants were included. To gather data, scales, tests, and diaries were used. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test, independent samples t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were applied to analyze the quantitative data. On the other hand, the qualitative data were analysed using such steps as looking for themes and coding, categorizing codes of similar content, and writing summary and interpretation. The outputs of the ANCOVA show that 56% of the variance in speaking performance and 39% of the variance in speaking efficacy are accounted for by the self-regulated learning intervention controlling for initial differences. The qualitative analysis also indicated that the experimental group improved its speaking efficacy and performances. Overall, the results reveal that the experimental group surpasses the control group in both speaking efficacy and performances. The results imply that attention needs to be paid to the enhancement of self-regulated learning in the process of teaching spoken communication. © Centre for Language Studies National University of Singapore.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000311783600002	Evaluation of the effectiveness of an outreach clinical mentoring programme in support of paediatric HIV care scale-up in Botswana	Anabwani, Gabriel,Draper, Heather R.,Gaetsewe, Neo,Jibril, Haruna,Kirk, Brianna,Scherzer, Leah,Thuto, Boitumelo,Tolle, Michael A.,Wanless, R. Sebastian,Workneh, Gelane	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	1	10.1080/09540121.2012.674096	Baylor College of Medicine, Minist Hlth, Princess Marina Hosp, Texas Childrens Hosp	"Draper, Heather R.: Baylor College of Medicine","Gaetsewe, Neo: Baylor College of Medicine","Thuto, Boitumelo: Baylor College of Medicine","Wanless, R. Sebastian: Baylor College of Medicine",	Clinical mentoring by providers skilled in HIV management has been identified as a cornerstone of scaling-up antiretroviral treatment in Africa, particularly in settings where expertise is limited. However, little data exist on its effectiveness and impact on improving the quality-of-care and clinical outcomes, especially for HIV-infected children. Since 2008, the Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence (COE) has operated an outreach mentoring programme at clinical sites around Botswana. This study is a retrospective review of 374 paediatric charts at four outreach mentoring sites (Mochudi, Phutadikobo, Molepolole and Thamaga) evaluating the effectiveness of the programme as reflected in a number of clinically-relevant areas. Charts from one visit prior to initiation of mentoring and from one visit after approximately one year of mentoring were assessed for statistically-significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in the documentation of clinically-relevant indicators. Mochudi showed notable improvements in all indicators analysed, with particular improvements in documentation of pill count, viral load (VL) results, correct laboratory monitoring and correct antiretroviral therapy (ART) dosing (p&lt;0.0001, p&lt;0.0001, p&lt;0.0001 and p&lt;0.0001, respectively). Broad and substantial improvements were also seen in Molepolole, with the most improvement in disclosure documentation of all four sites. At Thamaga, improvements were restricted to CD4 documentation (p&lt;0.001), recent VL and documented pill count (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.05, respectively). Phuthadikobo showed the least amount of improvement across indicators, with only VL documentation and correct ART dosing showing statistically-significant improvements (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.0001, respectively). These findings suggest that clinical mentoring may assist improvements in a number of important areas, including ART dosing and monitoring; adherence assessment and assurance; and disclosure. Clinical mentoring may be a valuable tool in scale-up of quality paediatric HIV care-and-treatment outside specialised centres. Further study will help refine approaches to clinical mentoring, including assuring mentoring translates into improved clinical outcomes for HIV-infected children.	"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",BOTSWANA,"clinical mentoring",EFFECTIVENESS,"paediatric HIV",ADHERENCE,ADOLESCENTS,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",DISCLOSURE,EXPERIENCE,HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS,"INFECTED CHILDREN",MANAGEMENT,PERSPECTIVES,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899795687	Evaluation of the mosquitocidal effect of Birbira (Mellitia ferruginea) seed extract against Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia	Andemo A., Yewhalaw D., Alemayehu B., Ambelu A.	2014	Acta Tropica	136	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.016	Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Andemo, A., Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Yewhalaw, D., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Alemayehu, B., Bench Maji Zonal Health Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia; Ambelu, A., Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Mosquito control using insecticides has been the most successful intervention known to reduce malaria prevalence and/or incidence. However, over time success has been hampered due to the development of resistance by mosquitoes against chemical insecticides recommended for public health use. Development of effective botanical mosquitocidal compounds however can be potential alternatives tool in malaria vector control. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the mosquitocidal effect of "Birbira" (Mellitia ferruginea) seed extract against the primary malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis from Ethiopia. The mosquitocidal activity of M. ferruginea was assessed following WHO susceptibility test procedure. Methanol extract of M. ferruginea seeds was evaluated against third &amp; fourth instar larvae, pupae and, non-blood fed 3-5 days old laboratory strains and field populations of A. arabiensis under laboratory condition. Mortality was then recorded after 24h exposure. The seed extract of M. ferruginea showed high mosquitocidal activity against larvae, pupae and adult stages of both the laboratory strain and field population of A. arabiensis. The LC50 values for larvae and pupae population from a laboratory strains was, respectively, 14.7 and 41.33mg/L. While the LC50 values for the larvae and a pupa of the field population were, respectively, 30.88 and 74.54mg/L. In addition, the LC99 and LD99 values were also identified. The findings of this study indicated that, the extract could be applied on mosquito breeding sites. The plant extract could be also used for indoor residual sprays after conducting the persistency test. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Bioassay; Botanicals; Ethiopia; Malaria; Mosquito; Vector control	insecticide; Mellitia ferruginea extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; insecticide; plant extract; bioassay; disease control; disease vector; efficiency measurement; insecticide; malaria; mosquito; pesticide resistance; Anopheles arabiensis; article; berry; botany; controlled study; Ethiopia; evaluation research; IC 50; insecticidal activity; larval stage; malaria; Mellitia ferruginea; mortality; nonhuman; parasite vector; plant seed; pupa (life cycle stage); toxicity testing; animal; Anopheles; chemistry; drug effects; Fabaceae; Ethiopia; Animals; Anopheles; Fabaceae; Insecticides; Plant Extracts; Seeds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77449153568	Formulation of annatto feed concentrate for layers and the evaluation of egg yolk color preference of consumers	Ofosu I.W., Appiah-Nkansah E., Owusu L., Apea-Bah F.B., Oduro I., Ellis W.O.	2010	Journal of Food Biochemistry	34	1	10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00264.x	Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya - Accra, Ghana	Ofosu, I.W., Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Appiah-Nkansah, E., Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Owusu, L., Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Apea-Bah, F.B., Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya - Accra, Ghana; Oduro, I., Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Ellis, W.O., Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Now a days, intensely farmed poultry eggs show almost no differences in egg yolk and albumin compared with domestic layers. Annatto shrub grows rapidly to produce seeds coated with bixin and norbixin dyes which are used to color foods requiring no limits according to codex standards because they are generally regarded as safe for food applications. In this research, annatto concentrate prepared at 1:1 feed to annatto seeds was applied at 1, 4, 7 and 10% over 8 months. The results show that such feeds had no effect on the egg size (P > 0.05) (mean = 62.25 g) as well as proximate composition of feed and flavor of the resulting egg yolks, while rate of application of concentrate show significant (P < 0.05) effect on overall preference of egg yolk of layers fed up to 7%. It is recommended that annatto concentrate can be applied at 1% to give generally acceptable color intensity. © 2010, The Author(s) Journal compilation © 2010, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905995470	Evaluation and quantification of the contributions of damaged shea kernels to the quality of Nigerian shea butter	Obibuzor J.U., Abigor R.D., Omamor I.B., Omoriyekemwen V.O., Okunwaye T., Okogbenin E.A.	2014	International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation	4	1	10.1504/IJPTI.2014.064140	Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria; Pathology Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria	Obibuzor, J.U., Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria; Abigor, R.D., Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria; Omamor, I.B., Pathology Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria; Omoriyekemwen, V.O., Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria; Okunwaye, T., Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria; Okogbenin, E.A., Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, NIFOR, PMB 1030, Benin City, Nigeria	The objective of the research was to characterise the quality of shea kernel that is whole and intact (WSK), bruised (BSK), and microbial and pest (MPSK) and, to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of the extracted butter in order to partition the contributions of the spoilt kernels to the overall butter quality. The study was performed using shea nuts from Kutigi, Bida, Nigeria. Proximate composition, physico-chemical and fatty acid composition were determined using standard methods of analysis on the whole kernel and the extracted butter. The lipid content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in WSK (52.44%) relative to BSK (41.99%) and MPSK (39.80%). The study indicated that MSPK made the highest contribution in lowering the shea butter quality by 30%-50%. There was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of the three sample categories. The free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value and anisidine value were 3.4, 3.4, 5 and 3 times higher in MPSK than in BSK respectively. This study recommends that the shea kernel processors should sort the shea kernels into three categories and process them correspondingly to yield three different grades and markets depending on period of storage. Overall, the spoilage process in stored shea kernel significantly affects the chemical quality of butter and this study has revealed numerically the degree. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Butter; Fatty acids; Microbial; Nigeria; Postharvest.; Proximate composition; Quality; Shea kernel	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906545171	The evaluation of pioneering bioethanol projects in nigeria following the announcement and implementation of the nigerian biofuel policy and incentives	Ohimain E.I.	2015	Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy	10	1	10.1080/15567249.2010.512904	Bioenergy and Environmental Biotechnology Unit, Biological Science Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, 560001 Bayelsa State, Nigeria	Ohimain, E.I., Bioenergy and Environmental Biotechnology Unit, Biological Science Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, 560001 Bayelsa State, Nigeria	Nigeria has joined the bioenergy production bandwagon in an attempt to reduce fossil fuel consumption, decentralize its energy sources and increase the renewable and cleaner energy share of the nations energy consumption. Following the release and implementation of the Nigerian Biofuel Policy and Incentives, 20 new bioethanol projects have commenced with an additional 13 projects in the offing. These projects qualify to be accorded pioneer status and its attendant benefits because they are directly involved in the production of fuel ethanol from locally sourced biomass feedstocks. We examined the projects based on the nominal ethanol yield from the various feedstocks and found that some of the projects were misevaluated in terms of feedstock requirement to produce the desired ethanol output. In such instances, we provided a more realistic estimate, which the project proponents could adapt in order to meet the designed ethanol production output. This study provided the very first attempt to evaluate pioneering bioethanol projects in Nigeria. Such information is typically not available in public domains in Nigeria. The study also highlighted the importance of policy for the promotion of biofuel, and actualization of environmental and sustainable development goals. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	bioethanol; biofuel policy; biorefineries; incentives; pioneer	Biomass; Energy utilization; Ethanol; Feedstocks; Bioenergy productions; Biofuel policies; Biomass feedstock; Biorefineries; Cleaner energies; Ethanol production; incentives; pioneer; Bioethanol	None
None	None	Development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans	Okumu F.O., Killeen G.F., Ogoma S., Biswaro L., Smallegange R.C., Mbeyela E., Titus E., Munk C., Ngonyani H., Takken W., Mshinda H., Mukabana W.R., Moore S.J.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0008951	Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands	Okumu, F.O., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Killeen, G.F., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ogoma, S., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biswaro, L., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Smallegange, R.C., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Mbeyela, E., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Titus, E., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Munk, C., College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Ngonyani, H., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Takken, W., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Mshinda, H., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mukabana, W.R., School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Moore, S.J., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom	Background: Disease transmitting mosquitoes locate humans and other blood hosts by identifying their characteristic odor profiles. Using their olfactory organs, the mosquitoes detect compounds present in human breath, sweat and skins, and use these as cues to locate and obtain blood from the humans. These odor compounds can be synthesized in vitro, then formulated to mimic humans. While some synthetic mosquito lures already exist, evidence supporting their utility is limited to laboratory settings, where long-range stimuli cannot be investigated. Methodology and Principal Findings: Here we report the development and field evaluation of an odor blend consisting of known mosquito attractants namely carbon dioxide, ammonia and carboxylic acids, which was optimized at distances comparable with attractive ranges of humans to mosquitoes. Binary choice assays were conducted inside a large-cage semi-field enclosure using attractant-baited traps placed 20 m apart. This enabled high-throughput optimization of concentrations at which the individual candidate attractants needed to be added so as to obtain a blend maximally attractive to laboratory-reared An. gambiae. To determine whether wild mosquitoes would also be attracted to this synthetic odor blend and to compare it with whole humans under epidemiologically relevant conditions, field experiments were conducted inside experimental huts, where the blend was compared with 10 different adult male volunteers (20-34 years old). The blend attracted 3 to 5 times more mosquitoes than humans when the two baits were in different experimental huts (10-100 metres apart), but was equally or less attractive than humans when compared side by side within same huts. Conclusion and Significance: This highly attractive substitute for human baits might enable development of technologies for trapping mosquitoes in numbers sufficient to prevent rather than merely monitor transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. © 2010 Okumu et al.	None	ammonia; carbon dioxide; carboxylic acid; adult; article; controlled study; field experiment; human; male; mosquito; nonhuman; odor; Animals; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Mosquito Control	None
None	None	Impact of promoting longer-lasting insecticide treatment of bed nets upon malaria transmission in a rural Tanzanian setting with pre-existing high coverage of untreated nets	Russell T.L., Lwetoijera D.W., Maliti D., Chipwaza B., Kihonda J., Charlwood J.D., Smith T.A., Lengeler C., Mwanyangala M.A., Nathan R., Knols B.G., Takken W., Killeen G.F.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-187	Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, 57 Thorvaldensvej, Fredriksberg -C, DK 1870, Denmark; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS Academic Medical Center, F4-217, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands	Russell, T.L., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Lwetoijera, D.W., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Maliti, D., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Chipwaza, B., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kihonda, J., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Charlwood, J.D., DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, 57 Thorvaldensvej, Fredriksberg -C, DK 1870, Denmark; Smith, T.A., Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland; Lengeler, C., Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland; Mwanyangala, M.A., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Nathan, R., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Knols, B.G., Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS Academic Medical Center, F4-217, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Takken, W., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands; Killeen, G.F., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland	Background. The communities of Namawala and Idete villages in southern Tanzania experienced extremely high malaria transmission in the 1990s. By 2001-03, following high usage rates (75% of all age groups) of untreated bed nets, a 4.2-fold reduction in malaria transmission intensity was achieved. Since 2006, a national-scale programme has promoted the use of longer-lasting insecticide treatment kits (consisting of an insecticide plus binder) co-packaged with all bed nets manufactured in the country. Methods. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated through monthly surveys in 72 houses randomly selected in each of the two villages. Mosquitoes were caught using CDC light traps placed beside occupied bed nets between January and December 2008 (n = 1,648 trap nights). Sub-samples of mosquitoes were taken from each trap to determine parity status, sporozoite infection and Anopheles gambiae complex sibling species identity. Results. Compared with a historical mean EIR of ∼1400 infectious bites/person/year (ib/p/y) in 1990-94; the 2008 estimate of 81 ib/p/y represents an 18-fold reduction for an unprotected person without a net. The combined impact of longer-lasting insecticide treatments as well as high bed net coverage was associated with a 4.6-fold reduction in EIR, on top of the impact from the use of untreated nets alone. The scale-up of bed nets and subsequent insecticidal treatment has reduced the density of the anthropophagic, endophagic primary vector species, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, by 79%. In contrast, the reduction in density of the zoophagic, exophagic sibling species Anopheles arabiensis was only 38%. Conclusion. Insecticide treatment of nets reduced the intensity of malaria transmission in addition to that achieved by the untreated nets alone. Impacts were most pronounced against the highly anthropophagic, endophagic primary vector, leading to a shift in the sibling species composition of the A. gambiae complex. © 2010 Russell et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; controlled study; Culex; female; household; human; inoculation; insect bite; malaria; mosquito; nonhuman; parity; scale up; sibling; species composition; species identification; sporozoite; Tanzania; animal; Anopheles; classification; demography; disease transmission; feeding behavior; malaria; methodology; mosquito; parasitology; retrospective study; rural population; time; zoology; Animals; Anopheles; Entomology; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Residence Characteristics; Retrospective Studies; Rural Population; Tanzania; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920903920	Computational analysis of the radial mechanical performance of PLLA coronary artery stents	Pauck R.G., Reddy B.D.	2015	Medical Engineering and Physics	37	1	10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.09.014	Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa; Centre for Research in Computational and Applied Mechanics (CERECAM), UCT, South Africa	Pauck, R.G., Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa, Centre for Research in Computational and Applied Mechanics (CERECAM), UCT, South Africa; Reddy, B.D., Centre for Research in Computational and Applied Mechanics (CERECAM), UCT, South Africa	Stents have been an effective tool to restore and maintain the patency of narrowed blood vessels, but they must have sufficient radial strength. Biodegradable stent materials have substantially lower mechanical properties than permanent stents. The stent geometry and material properties must be considered simultaneously when assessing stent performance. Material tests were performed to determine the mechanical characteristics of high-molecular-weight poly- l-lactic acid (PLLA). The results were used to calibrate an anisotropic elastic-plastic material model. Three distinct geometries were analysed with a range of material stiffness values in a finite element analysis to investigate their comparative effect on the radial strength, recoil, and radial stiffness. The performance of the different geometries varies substantially, with one particular geometry, with the highest material stiffness of 9. GPa, exceeding the desired radial strength of 300. mmHg. © 2014 IPEM.	Finite element analysis; Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA); Radial strength; Stent	Biomaterials; Blood vessels; Elastoplasticity; Geometry; Lactic acid; Mechanical properties; Organic polymers; Polymer blends; Stents; Stiffness; Strength of materials; Biodegradable stents; Computational analysis; High molecular weight; Mechanical characteristics; Mechanical performance; Poly L lactic acid; Radial strength; Stent; Finite element method; polylactic acid; lactic acid; polylactic acid; polymer; anisotropy; Article; biodegradability; biomechanics; calibration; coronary stenting; elasticity; finite element analysis; geometry; mathematical analysis; mechanical torsion; molecular weight; performance; physical parameters; proton radiation; radial stiffness; radial strength; simulation; stress strain relationship; tensile strength; biodegradable implant; blood vessel prosthesis; computer simulation; coronary blood vessel; device failure analysis; prosthesis; stent; theoretical model; Young modulus; Absorbable Implants; Anisotropy; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Calibration; Computer Simulation; Coronary Vessels; Elastic Modulus; Equipment Failure Analysis; Finite Element Analysis; Lactic Acid; Models, Theoretical; Polymers; Prosthesis Design; Stents; Tensile Strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893667565	Evaluation of the in vitro interaction of amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains	Olajuyigbe O.O., Oyedeji O., Adedayo O.	2014	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	4	1	10.7324/JAPS.2014.40116	Biosciences and Biotechnology Department, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Nigeria; Phytomedicine Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Olajuyigbe, O.O., Biosciences and Biotechnology Department, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Nigeria, Phytomedicine Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Oyedeji, O., Biosciences and Biotechnology Department, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Nigeria; Adedayo, O., Biosciences and Biotechnology Department, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Nigeria	The in vitro combination effects of amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole on clinical isolates was investigated using the agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods. The results showed that these organisms had varied susceptibility to the different concentrations of each of these antibiotics and their combinations. The susceptibility of the isolates to the antibacterial combinations showed that they were susceptible in the following order: Streptococcus pyogenes (TD2) > Streptococcus pyogenes (TD10) > Streptococcus pneumoniae (TE10) > Salmonella typhi (TC6) > Salmonella typhi (TC2). The macrobroth assay showed a drastic reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both antibiotics. While the MIC of amoxicillin ranged between 0.1202 and 0.4808 μg/ml and that of cotrimoxazole ranged between 0.2405 and 0.9619 μg/ml, the MIC of the antibacterial combinations ranged between 0.00305 and 0.0150 μg/ml. A statistical analysis of the zones of inhibitions produced by the antibiotics and their combinations indicated that the mean differences between the zones of inhibitions were significantly diverse. This study showed that there was synergistic interaction between amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole in vitro and could be an alternative choice of therapy for the treatment of streptococcal and gastrointestinal infections in which these organisms have been implicated. © 2014 Olufunmiso Olusola Olajuyigbe et al.	Antibacterial combinations; Antibiotics; Bacteria; Drug-drug interaction; Synergy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81055157615	Investigating the performance of thermonebulisation fungicide fogging system for loaded fruit storage room using CFD model	Delele M.A., Vorstermans B., Creemers P., Tsige A.A., Tijskens E., Schenk A., Opara U.L., Nicolaï B.M., Verboven P.	2012	Journal of Food Engineering	109	1	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.030	BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Proefcentrum Fruitteelt, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium; Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; South African Research Department in Postharvest Technology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Delele, M.A., BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium, South African Research Department in Postharvest Technology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Vorstermans, B., Proefcentrum Fruitteelt, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium; Creemers, P., Proefcentrum Fruitteelt, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium; Tsige, A.A., BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Tijskens, E., BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Schenk, A., Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Opara, U.L., South African Research Department in Postharvest Technology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Nicolaï, B.M., BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium, Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Verboven, P., BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	To study the operation of postharvest storage fungicide fogging systems, a CFD model was used. The modelling was based on an Eulerian-Lagrangian multiphase flow model. The effect of air circulation rate, circulation interval, bin design, stacking pattern and room design on deposition of fungicide was investigated. Air circulation rates of 0 m3 h-1 (no circulation), 2100 and 6800 m3 h-1 were used. Interval circulation of air was also investigated. The highest fungicide deposition was observed during fogging without circulation while the lowest deposition corresponded to fogging with the highest circulation rate. For the considered on/off combination times, the effect of circulation interval on overall average deposition and uniformity was not significantly different from the case of fogging with continuous air circulation. Bin with higher vent hole ratio and the presence of air deflector increased the amount and uniformity of deposition. Good agreement was found between measured and predicted results of deposition of fungicide particles. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Aerosol; Airflow; Apple; CFD; Cold storage; Pyrimethanil	Air circulation; Air deflectors; Airflow; Apple; Bin design; CFD models; Circulation rates; Fogging system; Fruit storage; Multi-phase flow models; Post-harvest storage; Pyrimethanil; Stacking patterns; Aerosols; Air; Bins; Cold storage; Computational fluid dynamics; Deposition; Fruits; Fungicides; Multiphase flow; Fog dispersal; Malus x domestica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950118323	The impact of Bioversity International's African Leafy Vegetables programme in Kenya	Gotor E., Irungu C.	2010	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	28	1	10.3152/146155110X488817	Bioversity International, via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, Maccarese, Rome 00057, Italy; St Paul's University, Private Bag 00217, Limuru, Kenya	Gotor, E., Bioversity International, via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, Maccarese, Rome 00057, Italy; Irungu, C., St Paul's University, Private Bag 00217, Limuru, Kenya	An objective of Bioversity International is to promote income and food security by ensuring that agricultural biodiversity is conserved, characterised and used to improve productivity. The African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) programme was initiated and implemented to meet this objective but no impact evaluation has been carried out since its conclusion. This study aims to evaluate the role played by Bioversity and its partners in the programme, and to assess the impact of the ALVs programme on the livelihoods of farmers in four regions of Kenya. The study used both primary and secondary data. Information from the survey was complemented by focus group discussions. To assess the role of Bioversity and its partners, all the partners were identified and interviewed. Bioversity was found to have ably acted as catalyst, facilitator and coordinator of the programme. Results also showed that production, consumption and marketing of ALVs had increased since 1997, women still dominated most of the ALVs activities, and those households that marketed ALVs were relatively better off than those that did not. © IAIA 2010.	Agro-biodiversity; ALVs; Impact assessment; In-situ conservation; Kenya; Poverty alleviation	agricultural production; biodiversity; food security; leafy vegetable; poverty alleviation; productivity; Kenya	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900016364	Influence of soil fertility amendment practices on ex-situ utilisation of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and performance of maize and common bean in Kenyan Highlands	Nyaga J., Jefwa J.M., Muthuri C.W., Okoth S.A., Matiru V.N., Wachira P.	2014	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	17	1	None	Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility-CIAT, P.O Box 30777, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-001000 Nairobi, Kenya	Nyaga, J., Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Jefwa, J.M., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility-CIAT, P.O Box 30777, Nairobi, Kenya; Muthuri, C.W., Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Okoth, S.A., School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-001000 Nairobi, Kenya; Matiru, V.N., Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Wachira, P., School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-001000 Nairobi, Kenya	Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are important in agriculture and have received attention as they are considered a part of an active and diverse soil biological community essential for increasing the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, most of agricultural practices have a negative impact on AMF association and agricultural soils are AMF impoverished. Interventions to replenish AMF include re-introduction through inoculation or manipulation of existing AMF to increase density. A major problem with inoculation is that there is possible competition with native (indigenous) AMF species. Indigenous AMF will be more adapted to the soil environment than introduced strains but with conflicting results on the effects of AMF inoculation on crop yield, more field studies for different ecological areas are required. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of inoculating crops with indigenous AMF applied applied singly or combined with other Soil Fertility Amendment Practices (SFAP) on root colonisation and subsequent performance of maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Analysis was also done on the best soil amendment practice that encourages crop colonisation by AMF. This was tested under field experiment and compared with control treatment (no soil amendment practice) and three other soil fertility amendment practices used singly or in combination with AMF; (1) MAVUNO (macro- and micronutrients and secondary nutrients) fertilizer, and (2) Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) (3) cattle manure. Maize and bean performances were determined and compared between the treatments for a period of two consecutive seasons with the experiment replicated in two benchmark sites of Embu district (highlands of central Kenya) and Taita-Taveta district (coastal highlands). Soils at Embu have high soil pH than at Taita which results in low phosphorus levels and possible micronutrients deficiencies. Even though no significant differences were observed from root colonisation by AMF with application of SFAP, significant differences were observed at the crop yield. Bean crop was more responsive to AMF inoculation than maize in terms of yield. Combination of AMF inoculant with other organic and inorganic fertilizers resulted in higher crop yield compared to AMF applied singly. Thus, utilisation of indigenous AMF species has potential to constitute an environmentally friendly method of soil fertility amendment over time to improve maize and bean production potential of small-scale holders but consideration should be done on the local soil nutrients conditions, other soil fertility amendment practices in use and the targeted crop.	Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi; Colonisation intensity; Crop yield; Indigenous species; Inoculation; Soil fertility amendment practices	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149102054	Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: White Rhino impacts on a south African savanna	Waldram M.S., Bond W.J., Stock W.D.	2008	Ecosystems	11	1	10.1007/s10021-007-9109-9	Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia	Waldram, M.S., Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Bond, W.J., Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Stock, W.D., Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa, Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia	Herbivory can change the structure and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. We ask whether all species of grazers in a savanna ecosystem can have this effect or whether megaherbivores (>1000 kg) have a 'special' role that cannot be replicated by other species of grazers. We performed a replicated landscape scale experiment that examined the effects of White Rhino on the grass sward, on other species of grazing mammals and on the movement of fire through the landscape. White Rhino maintained short grass ('lawn') patches in mesic areas (∼750 mm pa) with increases in grass sward height when they were removed. Other species of grazers were unable to maintain short grass communities when White Rhino were removed. In semi-arid areas (∼600 mm pa) other, smaller grazers were able to maintain short grass communities in the absence of White Rhino and sward height did not increase. White Rhino removals affected fire by increasing fuel loads and fuel continuity. This resulted in larger, less patchy fires. We propose that the White Rhino acts as an influential ecosystem engineer, creating and maintaining short grass swards, which alter habitat for other grazers and change the fire regime. These results indicate the existence of context-dependent facilitation between White Rhino and other grazers in mesic, but not in semi-arid, savannas. Such top down effects on the ecosystem may have been much more widespread before the extinction of large grazers in the Pleistocene. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Ecosystem engineers; Facilitation; Fire; Grazing; Keystone species; Megaherbivores; Pleistocene extinctions; Savanna; White Rhino	ecosystem engineering; experimental study; extinction; grass; grazing; herbivory; keystone species; Pleistocene; savanna; ungulate; wildfire; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Mammalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891803931	Evaluation of the false recent classification rates of multiassay algorithms in estimating HIV type 1 subtype C incidence	Moyo S., LeCuyer T., Wang R., Gaseitsiwe S., Weng J., Musonda R., Bussmann H., Mine M., Engelbrecht S., Makhema J., Marlink R., Baum M.K., Novitsky V., Essex M.	2014	AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses	30	1	10.1089/aid.2013.0055	Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; National Health Laboratory and Botswana-Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana; National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa; R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL, United States	Moyo, S., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; LeCuyer, T., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, United States; Wang, R., Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Gaseitsiwe, S., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Weng, J., Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Musonda, R., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Bussmann, H., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Mine, M., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, National Health Laboratory and Botswana-Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana; Engelbrecht, S., Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa; Makhema, J., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Marlink, R., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Baum, M.K., R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL, United States; Novitsky, V., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Essex, M., Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard School of Public Health, FXB 402, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	Laboratory cross-sectional assays are useful for the estimation of HIV incidence, but are known to misclassify individuals with long-standing infection as recently infected. The false recent rate (FRR) varies widely across geographic areas; therefore, accurate estimates of HIV incidence require a locally defined FRR. We determined FRR for Botswana, where HIV-1 subtype C infection is predominant, using the BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED), a Bio-Rad Avidity Index (BAI) assay (a modification of the Bio-Rad HIV1/2+O EIA), and two multiassay algorithms (MAA) that included clinical data. To estimate FRR, stored blood samples from 512 antiretroviral (ARV)-naive HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals from a prospective cohort in Botswana were tested at 18-24 months postenrollment. The following FRR mean (95% CI) values were obtained: BED 6.05% (4.15-8.48), BAI 5.57% (3.70-8.0), BED-BAI 2.25% (1.13-4.0), and a combination of BED-BAI with CD4 (>200) and viral load (>400) threshold 1.43% (0.58-2.93). The interassay agreement between BED and BAI was 92.8% (95% CI, 90.1-94.5) for recent/long-term classification. Misclassification was associated with viral suppression for BED [adjusted OR (aOR) 10.31; p=0.008], BAI [aOR 9.72; p=0.019], and MAA1 [aOR 16.6; p=0.006]. Employing MAA can reduce FRR to <2%. A local FRR can improve cross-sectional HIV incidence estimates. © 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	adult; age; article; Botswana; CD4 lymphocyte count; classification algorithm; cohort analysis; enzyme immunoassay; female; follow up; gender; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (strain C); Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; male; middle aged; opportunistic infection; priority journal; virus load; young adult; algorithm; blood; classification; geography; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; incidence; pregnancy; prospective study; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Adult; Algorithms; Botswana; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; Geography; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Incidence; Male; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880183631	The impact of podoconiosis on quality of life in Northern Ethiopia	Mousley E., Deribe K., Tamiru A., Davey G.	2013	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	11	1	10.1186/1477-7525-11-122	Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Orthodox Christian Charities, Debre Markos, Ethiopia	Mousley, E., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; Deribe, K., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tamiru, A., International Orthodox Christian Charities, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Davey, G., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom	Background: Podoconiosis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases, which untreated, causes considerable physical disability and stigma for affected individuals. Little is known about the quality of life (QoL) of patients with podoconiosis. This study aimed to assess the QoL of patients with podoconiosis in comparison with healthy controls in Ethiopia.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2012, among 346 clinically confirmed adult patients with podoconiosis, and 349 healthy adult neighbourhood controls in Dembecha woreda (district) in northern Ethiopia. QoL was assessed using the validated Amharic version of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQoL-BREF) scale; in addition, mental health and stigma were assessed by the Kessler-10 scale and podoconiosis stigma scale respectively. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with QoL.Results: Patients with podoconiosis had significantly lower mean overall QoL than the controls (52.05 versus 64.39), and this was also true in all four sub domains (physical, psychological, social and environmental). Controls were 7 times more likely to have high (above median) QoL (Odds Ratio = 6.74, 95% Confidence Interval 4.62 to 9.84) than cases. Factors associated with lower QoL were: experiencing high levels of stigma, living in an urban area, being illiterate, having additional co-morbidities, and being unmarried. Mental illness was associated with lower scores in psychological and physical domains.Conclusions: Programs targeting podoconiosis interventions should include QoL as an indicator for monitoring progress. Interventions targeting improvement of QoL among patients with podoconiosis should address depression, stigma and other co-morbidities. © 2013 Mousley et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Elephantiasis; Ethiopia; Neglected tropical diseases; Podoconiosis; Quality of life	adult; article; comorbidity; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; Ethiopia; female; human; major clinical study; male; mental disease; mental health; outcome assessment; podoconiosis; quality of life; questionnaire; scoring system; stigma; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cost of Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Elephantiasis; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Young Adult	099876, Wellcome Trust; 091956, Wellcome Trust
WoS	WOS:000262517900008	The impact of distance of residence from a peripheral health facility on pediatric health utilisation in rural western Kenya	Adazu, Kubaje,Audi, Allan,Feikin, Daniel R.,Lindblade, Kim A.,Nguyen, Ly Minh,Ombok, Maurice,Slutsker, Laurence	2009	TROPICAL MEDICINE &amp; INTERNATIONAL HEALTH	14	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02193.x	CDC, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr	None	To explore the impact of distance on utilisation of peripheral health facilities for sick child visits in Asembo, rural western Kenya. As part of a demographic surveillance system (DSS), censuses of all households in the Asembo population of 55 000 are conducted three times a year, data are collected at all outpatient pediatric visits in seven DSS clinics in Asembo, and all households are GIS-mapped and linkable to a child's unique DSS identification number. Between May 1, 2003 and April 30, 2004, 3501 clinic visits were linked to 2432 children among 10 973 DSS-resident children &lt; 5 years of age. Younger children and children with more severe illnesses travelled further for clinic visits. The median distance travelled varied by clinic. The rate of clinic visits decreased linearly at 0.5 km intervals up to 4 km, after which the rate stabilised. Using Poisson regression, controlling for the nearest DSS clinic for each child, socio-economic status and maternal education, and accounting for household clustering of children, for every 1 km increase in distance of residence from a DSS clinic, the rate of clinic visits decreased by 34% (95% CI, 31-37%) from the previous kilometer. Achieving equity in access to health care for children in rural Kenya will require creative strategies to address a significant distance-decay effect in health care utilisation.	"access to care",DISTANCE,"health care utilisation",KENYA,ATTENDANCE,CHILDREN,DISTRICT,FEVERS,MALARIA,MORTALITY,SERVICES	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649118525	Competitive strategy, environmental characteristics and performance in African emerging economies: Lessons from firms in Ghana	Acquaah M., Adjei M.C., Mensa-Bonsu I.F.	2008	Journal of African Business	9	1	10.1080/15228910802052732	Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26165, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States; Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Sunyani, Ghana; Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Acquaah, M., Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26165, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States; Adjei, M.C., Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Sunyani, Ghana; Mensa-Bonsu, I.F., Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	This paper examines the impact of the implementation of competitive strategy on organizational performance in response to economic liberalization policies using survey data from organizations in Ghana. We also examine how the perceived intensity of industry competition and industry sector moderate the relationship between competitive strategy and organizational performance. The results show that the implementation of the competitive strategies of low-cost, differentiation, and integrated low-cost and differentiation were all positively related to performance (return on assets and return on sales). We also find that both industry competition and industry sector moderate the relationship between differentiation strategy and return on assets. Moreover, industry competition moderates the relationships between both low-cost and differentiation strategies and return on sales. The results indicate that implementing a clearly defined competitive strategy is beneficial to organizations experiencing significant changes in the environment due to economic liberalization. The findings also suggest that while low-cost strategy is more beneficial to organizations in a highly competitive industry, differentiation strategy is more beneficial to firms in lowly competitive industry. At the same time, organizations in the manufacturing sector benefit more than those in the service sector when they implement the differentiation strategy. Managerial implications are presented. © 2008 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.	African emerging economies; Competitive strategy; Economic liberalization; Industry competition; Industry sector; Organizational performance	corporate strategy; economic policy; implementation process; industrial competition; industrial performance; industrial structure; manufacturing; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897885776	Evaluation of the resistance of German cultivars of maize and sorghum to Maize streak virus	Drechsler N., Thieme T., Shepherd D.N., Schubert J.	2014	Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection	121	1	None	BTL Bio-Test Labor GmbH Sagerheide, Thünenplatz 1, 18190 Groß Lüsewitz, Germany; University of Cape Town, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Julius Kuehn-Institute, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	Drechsler, N., BTL Bio-Test Labor GmbH Sagerheide, Thünenplatz 1, 18190 Groß Lüsewitz, Germany; Thieme, T., BTL Bio-Test Labor GmbH Sagerheide, Thünenplatz 1, 18190 Groß Lüsewitz, Germany; Shepherd, D.N., University of Cape Town, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Schubert, J., Julius Kuehn-Institute, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany	Maize streak virus (MSV) is the cause of one of the most devastating maize diseases in Africa. It is transmitted by leafhoppers of the genus Cicadulina. Due to the changing climate it is possible that species of this genus capable of transmitting MSV will become established and spread the virus in Europe. There is no data on the level of resistance of cultivars of European maize to MSV. The susceptibility of three maize and 15 sorghum cultivars, and Miscanthus × giganteus was investigated using agroinoculation with the virus. DAS-ELISA and a newly developed real time quantitative PCR was used to determine the concentration of virus. All three cultivars of maize were susceptible to MSV administered using agroinoculation, although there were significant differences in the levels of susceptibility. The 15 culti-vars of sorghum and Miscanthus were resistant to MSV. Transmission tests using Cicadulina mbila as the vector confirmed the resistance of two of the cultivars of sorghum and Miscanthus. Agroinoculation can only be carried out under S2 biosafety conditions. Therefore, the persistence of agro-bacteria in the plants was investigated. Five weeks after agroinoculation, the bacteria were no longer found in the above-ground parts of the plants, but still persisted in the roots of some plants. Transmission tests with an indigenous species of leafhopper, Psammotettix alienus, a vector of the related geminivirus Wheat dwarf virus, revealed that this species is not capable of transmitting MSV. Virus was found only in the body of these insects and not in their heads, which is necessary for persistent transmission through salivary glands. © Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart.	Agroinfection; Agroinoculation; Bioenergy crops; Climate change; Leafhoppers; Miscanthus; MSV; Realtime PCR	bioenergy; biosafety; climate variation; cultivar; disease resistance; disease severity; disease transmission; energy crop; maize; polymerase chain reaction; real time; sorghum; viral disease; Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849092886	The impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers	Ligthelm A.A.	2008	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	11	1	None	Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, South Africa	Ligthelm, A.A., Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa, South Africa	The retail sector forms a critical element of a community's economic and social welfare. It provides people with choices and services. These choices were until recently very limited in township areas. The pre-1994 retail landscape was dominated by small, often informal businesses offering basic household necessities to relatively low income earners. This has resulted in township residents' preference to shop outside townships, known as 'outshopping'. Rapid income growth of township residents since 1994 resulted in a substantial increase in consumer expenditure in these areas, known as 'in-bound shopping'. This lucrative emerging market forms the last retail frontier in South Africa and is being explored by national retailers, especially supermarket chains. This article is aimed at establishing the impact of shopping mall development in townships on the traditional small township retailers including spaza/tuck shops. The net balance sheet on the impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers clearly suggests a decline in the township retailers' market share. A change in small business model towards, inter alia, effective customer service with a small dedicated assortment of merchandise, satisfaction of emergency needs, selling in small units and extension of credit facilities may result in the survival of some small township retailers (albeit often at a smaller turnover).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349113448	Enhancing Nigerian business students' interests and performance in office management through the cooperative learning approach	Koko M.N.	2007	European Journal of Scientific Research	19	1	None	Business Education Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Koko, M.N., Business Education Department, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This study examined the effect of Cooperative Learning Approach (CLA) as an enhancement tool for Business students' interests and performance in Office Management in Nigeria. The sample consisted of 98 final-year students who offered BED 431 in the (2004/2005 academic session) selected through the simple random sampling technique and divided into control and experimental group using balloting. The OMIS and OMAT were the instruments used for data collection. The quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was adopted in the study. The results revealed that the experimental group, exposed to the Cooperative Learning Approach, exhibited higher interest and performance in Office Management than the Control group taught through the traditional method. It was therefore concluded that Cooperative Learning Approach enhances students' interest and performance and should therefore be adopted by educationists at all levels of education in Nigeria. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2007.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649093337	In vitro evaluation of the viability of vaginal cells (VK2/E6E7) and probiotic Lactobacillus species in lemon juice	Anukam K.C., Reid G.	2009	Sexual Health	6	1	10.1071/SH08037	Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A4V2, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria	Anukam, K.C., Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A4V2, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria; Reid, G., Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A4V2, Canada	Background: Women, especially in developing countries, most often bear the brunt of HIV infections. The continued lack of viable vaccines and microbicides has made some women resort to using natural products such as lemon or lime juice to avoid infection. Few in vitro studies have been done on the effect of lemon juice on vaginal cells and lactobacilli that constitute the major microbiota in healthy women. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of lemon juice on the viability of vaginal cells (VK2/E6E7) and vaginal Lactobacillus species. Methods: Vaginal cells were exposed to different concentrations (0-30%) of lemon juice at pH 2.3 and 4.5 for 10min. Viability was determined by staining the cells with propidium iodide and analysing them by flow cytometry. Lactobacillus organisms were dispensed into microplates with vaginally defined medium+peptone (VDMP) containing different concentrations of lemon juice ranging from 0 to 100%. Results: Lemon juice at pH 2.3 had a significant (P=0.03) toxic effect on the vaginal cell line used. At 30% concentration, the vaginal cells were practically non-viable, typified by a 95% loss of viability, whereas at pH 4.5 there was only 5% cell loss. Lemon juice had varying growth inhibitory effects on the Lactobacillus species tested. At pH 4.5 and using 10-30% lemon juice, there was a stimulatory growth effect on certain Lactobacillus species. Conclusions: Lemon juice (20-30%) at pH 2.3 was highly toxic to VK2/E6E7 cells, and at pH 4.5 there was no significant effect on the viability of the cells within 10min. Lemon juice above 10% at pH 2.3 was found to be detrimental to the growth of vaginal lactobacilli. Although lemon juice may be useful in other applications, its use in the vaginal region should be discouraged. © CSIRO 2009.	Bacteria; HIV; Lemon juice; Microbicides	propidium iodide; article; bacterial growth; cell viability; clinical evaluation; concentration response; controlled study; female; flow cytometry; growth inhibition; human; human cell; in vitro study; Lactobacillus; lemon juice; pH measurement; vagina flora; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Beverages; Cells, Cultured; Citrus aurantiifolia; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactobacillus; Species Specificity; Vagina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59849092365	The impact of community based rehabilitation as implemented by community rehabilitation facilitators on people with disabilities, their families and communities within South Africa	Chappell P., Johannsmeier C.	2009	Disability and Rehabilitation	31	1	10.1080/09638280802280429	CBR Education and Training for Empowerment (CREATE), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Chappell, P., CBR Education and Training for Empowerment (CREATE), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Johannsmeier, C., CBR Education and Training for Empowerment (CREATE), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Purpose. To find out the impact of community based rehabilitation (CBR) as implemented by mid-level rehabilitation workers known as community rehabilitation facilitators (CRFs) on people with disabilities (PWD), their families and the communities in South Africa. Method. A qualitative research design was used with an emphasis on participatory methods with PWD and their family members. Data collection took the form of individual interviews, focus groups and transects walks in both urban and rural settings within six provinces of South Africa. Results. Although CRFs work with individuals, groups, families and the community, they appear to have had a stronger impact on individuals with disabilities rather than the community at large. Various gaps were also identified and were related to the poor recognition of the scope of practice of CRFs as well as to individual CRFs abilities to carry out certain tasks. Conclusions. Although the results suggest that CRFs have had a positive impact, there are still a number of issues that need to be addressed. These include proper support of CRFs and intersectoral collaboration between government departments to ensure the future of CBR in South Africa.	Community based rehabilitation; Mid-level rehabilitation workers; South Africa	Community Health Services; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disabled Persons; Focus Groups; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Patient Participation; Professional-Patient Relations; Self Efficacy; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891623832	The impact of malaria in pregnancy on changes in blood pressure in children during their first year of life	Ayoola O.O., Omotade O.O., Gemmell I., Clayton P.E., Cruickshank J.K.	2014	Hypertension	63	1	10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02238	Cardiovascular Sciences and Paediatric Endocrinology Groups, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom; Child Health, College of Medi	Ayoola, O.O., Cardiovascular Sciences and Paediatric Endocrinology Groups, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Child Health and Paediatric Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Omotade, O.O., Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Gemmell, I., Department of Primary Care and Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clayton, P.E., Child Health and Paediatric Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Cruickshank, J.K., King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom, Cardiovascular Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, 150 Stamford St, London SE1 9RN, United Kingdom	We established a maternal birth cohort in Ibadan, Nigeria, where malaria is hyperendemic, to assess how intrauterine exposure to malaria affected infant blood pressure (BP) development. In a local maternity hospital, healthy pregnant women had regular blood films for malaria parasites from booking to delivery. Growth and BP were measured on 318 babies, all followed from birth to 3 and 12 months. Main outcomes were standardized measures of anthropometry and change in BP to 1 year. Babies exposed to maternal malaria were globally smaller at birth, and boys remained smaller at 3 months and 1 year. Change in systolic BP (SBP) during the year was greater in boys than in girls (20.9 versus 15.7 mm Hg; P=0.002) but greater in girls exposed to maternal malaria (18.7 versus 12.7 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 1-11 mm Hg; P=0.02). Eleven percent of boys (greater than twice than expected) had a SBP ≥95th percentile (hypertensive, US criteria), of whom 68% had maternal malaria exposure. On regression analysis (β coefficients, mm Hg), sex (boys>girls; β=4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.7; P=0.01), maternal malaria exposure (3.64; 0.3-6.9; P=0.03), and weight change (2.4; 0.98-3.8/1 standard deviation score; P=0.001) all independently increased SBP change to 1 year, whereas increase in length decreased SBP (-1.98; -3.6 to -0.40). In conclusion, malaria-exposed boys had excess hypertension, whereas malaria-exposed girls a greater increase in SBP. Intrauterine exposure to malaria had sex-dependent effects on BP, independent of infant growth. Because infant-child-adult BP tracking is powerful, a malarial effect may contribute to the African burden of hypertension. © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.	Child development; Malaria; Pregnancy	pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; adult; anthropometry; article; birth; blood; blood pressure; blood pressure measurement; child development; clinical assessment; cohort analysis; controlled study; delivery; environmental exposure; female; hospital; human; hypertension; infant; major clinical study; malaria; male; middle aged; Nigeria; outcome assessment; Plasmodium; Plasmodium falciparum; pregnant woman; prevalence; priority journal; sex difference; systolic blood pressure; weight change; young adult; child development; malaria; pregnancy; Anthropometry; Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Child Development; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Infant; Malaria; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Sex Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942190785	The effect of performance-based financing on illness, care-seeking and treatment among children: An impact evaluation in Rwanda	Skiles M.P., Curtis S.L., Basinga P., Angeles G., Thirumurthy H.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-1033-7	Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States; Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Department Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Skiles, M.P., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Curtis, S.L., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Basinga, P., Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Angeles, G., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Thirumurthy, H., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Department Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Background: Performance-based financing (PBF) strategies are promoted as a supply-side, results-based financing mechanism to improve primary health care. This study estimated the effects of Rwanda's PBF program on less-incentivized child health services and examined the differential program impact by household poverty. Methods: Districts were allocated to intervention and comparison for PBF implementation in Rwanda. Using Demographic Health Survey data from 2005 to 2007-08, a community-level panel dataset of 5781 children less than 5 years of age from intervention and comparison districts was created. The impacts of PBF on reported childhood illness, facility care-seeking, and treatment received were estimated using a difference-in-differences model with community fixed effects. An interaction term between poverty and the program was estimated to identify the differential effect of PBF among children from poorer families. Results: There was no measurable difference in estimated probability of reporting illness with diarrhea, fever or acute respiratory infections between the intervention and comparison groups. Seeking care at a facility for these illnesses increased over time, however no differential effect by PBF was seen. The estimated effect of PBF on receipt of treatment for poor children is 45 percentage points higher (p∈=∈0.047) compared to the non-poor children seeking care for diarrhea or fever. Conclusions: PBF, a supply-side incentive program, improved the quality of treatment received by poor children conditional on patients seeking care, but it did not impact the propensity to seek care. These findings provide additional evidence that PBF incentivizes the critical role staff play in assuring quality services, but does little to influence consumer demand for these services. Efforts to improve child health need to address both supply and demand, with additional attention to barriers due to poverty if equity in service use is a concern. © 2015 Skiles et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949099573	Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) strip for diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis in Hassoba school children, Afar, Ethiopia	Ayele B., Erko B., Legesse M., Hailu A., Medhin G.	2008	Parasite	15	1	None	Carter Center-Ethiopia, P.O. Box 13373, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ayele, B., Carter Center-Ethiopia, P.O. Box 13373, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Erko, B., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hailu, A., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Medhin, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A total of 206 urine samples collected from Hassoba Elementary schoolchildren, Afar, Ethiopia, a low Schistosoma haematobium endemic setting, was diagnosed to evaluate the performance of CCA strip using double references, urine filtration technique and urinalysis dipstick (Combur 10 Test®] that detect schistosome eggs and blood in urine, respectively. The former was used as a gold standard reference method. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the CCA were 52 %, 63.8 %, 56.7 % and 59 % respectively, with reference to urine filtration technique whereas these parameters were 50.4 %, 62.4 %, 55.6 % and 57.5 % respectively, with reference to Combur 10 Test®. 47 S. haematobium egg-positive children were found negative by CCA strip while 38 egg-negative children were found positive by CCA strip. Moreover, among the pre-tests done in duplicate, inconsistent results were also recorded. Assays were also compared with regard to the cost of equipment and reagents, speed and simplicity of use. Though CCA strip was found to be rapid and could be performed with minimal training, it was found to be expensive (US $ 4.95 per test) to use it for large-scale field use even if its diagnostic value would have been satisfactory. Further development and standardization of the CCA strip are required for its applicability for field use. It is also recommended that its cost per strip should be substantially cut down if it is to be used in poor schistosomiasis endemic countries.	Circulating cathodic antigen strip; Diagnosis; Ethiopia; Urinary schistosomiasis	CCA protein, Schistosoma mansoni; glycoprotein; helminth protein; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; animal; article; child; cost; economics; Ethiopia; female; filtration; human; isolation and purification; male; parasite identification; prediction and forecasting; preschool child; Schistosoma hematobium; sensitivity and specificity; test strip; urine; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Costs and Cost Analysis; Ethiopia; Female; Filtration; Glycoproteins; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Strips; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Schistosoma; Schistosoma haematobium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878542959	The experimental evaluation and molecular dynamics simulation of a heat-enhanced transdermal delivery system	Otto D.P., De Villiers M.M.	2013	AAPS PharmSciTech	14	1	10.1208/s12249-012-9900-6	Catalysis and Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States	Otto, D.P., Catalysis and Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; De Villiers, M.M., School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, United States	Transdermal delivery systems are useful in cases where preferred routes such as the oral route are not available. However, low overall extent of delivery is seen due to the permeation barrier posed by the skin. Chemical penetration enhancers and invasive methods that disturb the structural barrier function of the skin can be used to improve transdermal drug delivery. However, for suitable drugs, a fast-releasing transdermal delivery system can be produced by incorporating a heating source into a transdermal patch. In this study, a molecular dynamics simulation showed that heat increased the diffusivity of the drug molecules, resulting in faster release from gels containing ketoprofen, diclofenac sodium, and lidocaine HCl. Simulations were confirmed by in vitro drug release studies through lipophilic membranes. These correlations could expand the application of heated transdermal delivery systems for use as fast-release-dosage forms. © 2012 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.	diffusion; heated patch; ketoprofen; molecular dynamics; transdermal	diclofenac; ketoprofen; lidocaine; article; chemical reaction; correlation analysis; diffusion; drug delivery system; drug release; experimental study; gel; heat; heating; in vitro study; lipophilicity; molecular dynamics; priority journal; skin conductance; skin penetration; transdermal patch; Administration, Cutaneous; Gels; Hot Temperature; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Permeability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844272012	Practical process for the air oxidation of cresols: Part B. evaluation of the laboratory-scale oxidation process	Barton B., Logie C.G., Schoonees B.M., Zeelie B.	2005	Organic Process Research and Development	9	1	10.1021/op049844j	Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Barton, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Logie, C.G., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Schoonees, B.M., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa; Zeelie, B., Catalysis Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Port Elizabeth Technikon, Private Bag X6011, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa	Mechanistic proposals and predictions made in a preceding paper (Part A) were evaluated by carrying out the catalytic air oxidation of p-cresol in an alternative solvent system, comprising either a mixture of ethylene glycol and acetic acid (for oxidations under acidic conditions) or ethylene glycol and water (for oxidations under basic conditions). The results obtained in these experiments confirmed that ethylene glycol acts as a nucleophile in these solvent systems, thereby stabilizing the quinomethide intermediate and resulting in highly efficient oxidations in both alkaline and acidic media. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, the desired product, was thus obtained in isolated yields of up to 98% and purities >99%. The inherent draw-backs associated with alkaline methanol and aqueous acetic acid solutions were thus circumvented, and the result is a highly efficient process for the production of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.	None	acetic acid; cresol; ethylene glycol; quinone derivative; water; acidity; alkalinity; article; catalysis; chemical reaction; molecular mechanics; molecular stability; oxidation kinetics; prediction; reaction analysis; scale up	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856697469	Investigation into the use of short message services to expand uptake of human immunodeficiency virus testing, and whether content and dosage have impact	De Tolly K., Skinner D., Nembaware V., Benjamin P.	2012	Telemedicine and e-Health	18	1	10.1089/tmj.2011.0058	Cell-Life, CPUT BARC Building, 80 Roeland St., Cape Town 8001, South Africa; Research on Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa	De Tolly, K., Cell-Life, CPUT BARC Building, 80 Roeland St., Cape Town 8001, South Africa; Skinner, D., Research on Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Nembaware, V., Cell-Life, CPUT BARC Building, 80 Roeland St., Cape Town 8001, South Africa; Benjamin, P., Cell-Life, CPUT BARC Building, 80 Roeland St., Cape Town 8001, South Africa	Objective: South Africa has one of the highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rates in the world, but despite the well-established benefits of HIV counseling and testing (HCT), there is low uptake of HCT. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using short message services (SMSs) to encourage HCT while interrogating the impact of altering SMS content and dosage (the number of SMSs). Materials and Methods: About 2,533 participants were recruited via an SMS sent to 24,000 mobiles randomly sampled from a pre-existing database. Recruits were randomly allocated to four intervention groups that received 3 or 10 informational (INFO) or motivational (MOTI) SMSs, and a control group. After the intervention, participants were prompted to go for HCT, and postintervention assessment was done after 3 weeks. Results: In comparison with the control, receipt of 10 MOTI messages had the most impact on uptake of HCT with a 1.7-fold increased odds of testing (confidence interval 95%; p=0.0036). The lack of efficacy of three SMSs indicates a threshold effect, that is, a minimum number of MOTI SMSs is required. INFO SMSs, whether 3 or 10 were sent, did not have a statistically significant effect. The cost can be calculated for the marginal effect of the SMSs, that is, the cost to get people to test over and above those who were likely to test without the intervention. Use of 10 MOTI SMSs yielded a cost-per-tester of $2.41. Conclusions: While there are methodological issues apparent in our study, the results demonstrate the potential of SMSs to influence the uptake of HCT, the importance of appropriate content, and the need to determine a threshold for SMS-based interventions. These results indicate a potential for SMSs to be used more generally for interventions encouraging people to take health-related actions, and the need for further research in this field. The reasonable cost-per-tester is promising for the scale-up of such an intervention. © 2012 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	e-health; HIV; HIV testing; telecommunications; telehealth	Confidence interval; Control groups; Ehealth; HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Marginal effects; Prevalence rates; Scale-up; Short message services; South Africa; Telehealth; Threshold effect; Diseases; Medical computing; Telecommunication; Viruses; Costs	None
None	None	Wastewater treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetlands in African countries: A review	Mekonnen A., Leta S., Njau K.N.	2015	Water Science and Technology	71	1	10.2166/wst.2014.483	Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	Mekonnen, A., Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leta, S., Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33348, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Njau, K.N., Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	In Africa, different studies have been conducted at different scales to evaluate wastewater treatment efficiency of constructed wetland. This paper aims to review the treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetland used in African countries. In the reviewed papers, the operational parameters, size and type of wetland used and the treatment efficiency are assessed. The results are organized and presented in six tables based on the type of wetland and wastewater used in the study. The results of the review papers indicated that most of the studies were conducted in Tanzania, Egypt and Kenya. In Kenya and Tanzania, different full-scale wetlands are widely used in treating wastewater. Among wetland type, horizontal subsurface flow wetlands were widely studied followed by surface flow and hybrid wetlands. Most of the reported hybrid wetlands were in Kenya. The results of the review papers indicated that wetlands are efficient in removing organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) and suspended solids. On the other hand, nutrient removal efficiency appeared to be low. © IWA Publishing 2015.	Constructed wetland; Horizontal subsurface flow; Removal efficiency; Surface flow	Biochemical oxygen demand; Chemical oxygen demand; Efficiency; Oxygen; Wastewater treatment; Constructed wetlands; Horizontal subsurface flow; Nutrient removal efficiency; Operational parameters; Removal efficiencies; Surface flow; Treatment performance; Wastewater treatment efficiencies; Wetlands; organic matter; phosphorus; surface water; constructed wetland; pollutant removal; sewage treatment; subsurface flow; surface flux; Africa; Article; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; constructed wetland; nonhuman; nutrient loading; sludge dewatering; suspended particulate matter; waste water management; Egypt; Kenya; sewage; standards; Tanzania; wetland; Egypt; Kenya; Tanzania; Africa; Egypt; Kenya; Tanzania; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wetlands	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858766258	Early impacts of orphaning: Health, nutrition, and food insecurity in a cohort of school-going adolescents in South Africa	DeSilva M.B., Skalicky A., Beard J., Cakwe M., Zhuwau T., Quinlan T., Simon J.	2012	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	7	1	10.1080/17450128.2011.648968	Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	DeSilva, M.B., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Skalicky, A., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Beard, J., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Cakwe, M., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Zhuwau, T., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Quinlan, T., Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Simon, J., Center for Global Health and Development (CGHD), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	We recruited a cohort of 157 recent orphans and 480 non-orphans aged 9-15 in a region of high HIV/AIDS mortality in South Africa using stratified cluster sampling to determine the impact of recent parental death on health and food insecurity of school-going orphans compared to non-orphans over time. Between September 2004 and June 2007, household heads, caregivers, and children were interviewed at three annual intervals. Bivariate associations and multivariate models were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). In the health domain, compared to non-orphans, double orphans were more likely to report worse health status and being very ill in the previous 12 months. For those who reported being very ill, maternal or paternal orphans were more than twice as likely not to seek care than non-orphans; no differences were found for double orphans. For nutrition and food insecurity, maternal or paternal orphans were more likely not to have eaten dinner and to have gone to bed hungry the previous night compared to non-orphans; no differences were found for double orphans. Overall, recent school-aged orphans were disadvantaged in health and food insecurity within two years after the death of a parent, compared to their non-orphaned counterparts, but the disparities were smaller than expected. No changes in health, nutritional status, or food insecurity were apparent over the three study rounds. Longer term effects into adulthood may well be more pronounced and warrant careful longitudinal investigation. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	food insecurity; health; nutrition; orphans; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23944490137	Through the magnifying glass: A descriptive theoretical analysis of the possible impact of the South African higher education policies on academic staff and their job satisfaction	Mapesela M., Hay H.R.	2005	Higher Education	50	1	10.1007/s10734-004-6358-9	Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Mapesela, M., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Hay, H.R., Center for Higher Education Studies and Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 4345, Bloemfontein, South Africa	This article provides a descriptive theoretical analysis of the most important higher education policies and initiatives which were developed by the democratically elected government of South Africa after 1994 to transform the South African higher education system. The article sheds light on the rationale for the policies under scrutiny; how they take cognisance of academics' diverse needs; as well as how their implementation is bound to affect academics and possibly influence job satisfaction. The article argues that the South African higher education fraternity, currently overwhelmed by mammoth change initiatives, is simultaneously faced with two processes, namely transforming the socio-political state of the country, as well as transformation to respond to national higher education policy imperatives. Seemingly South African policy-makers, in their attempts to break away from the past, are oblivious of the realities of thorough policy implementation and do not take the voluminous nature of policies into consideration as an inhibiting factor. Undoubtedly this could have adverse effects for academic staff who are expected to propel change and transformation, but who are oftentimes confronted with the complexities of implementation which entail among others, dealing with cumbersome procedures, processes, bureaucratic structures as well as increasing workloads. © Springer 2005.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887081737	Impact of housing condition on indoor-biting and indoor-resting Anopheles arabiensis density in a highland area, central Ethiopia	Animut A., Balkew M., Lindtjørn B.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-393	Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Animut, A., Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Balkew, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Lindtjørn, B., Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Background: Exposure of individuals to malaria infection may depend on their housing conditions as houses serve as biting and resting places of vectors. This study describes the association of housing conditions with densities of indoor-biting and indoor-resting Anopheles arabiensis in Hobe, Dirama and Wurib villages of a highland area in central Ethiopia. Methods. Data on housing conditions, including presence of house apertures, number of occupants and number and the type of domestic animal tethered inside, were collected. Indoor-biting mosquitoes were sampled using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and indoor-resting mosquitoes sampled with pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) monthly for two years (July 2008 to June 2010). Female anophelines were identified to species and processed. Univariate and general linear estimating equation allowing for repeated measures were used to assess the contribution of housing conditions for indoor-biting and indoor-resting An. arabiensis. Results: About 96% (4,597/4,788) of anophelines were caught inside residential houses. Nine anopheline species were identified, among which An. arabiensis was most prevalent (2,489; 52%). Vectors entering houses were higher in those situated at low (β = 4.475; 95% CI = 3.475-5.476; p <0.001; β = strength of the association) and medium (β = 2.850; 95% CI = 1.975-3.724; p <0.001) altitudes compared to high altitude, and where houses have no windows (β = -0.570; 95% CI = -1.047-0.094; p = 0.019) compared with those that have. Numbers of indoor-resting vectors were higher in those situated at low (β = 6.100; 95% CI = 4.571-7.629; p <0.001) and medium (β = 4.411; 95% CI = 2.284-6.537; p <0.001) altitudes compared to high altitudes, and where houses had open eaves (β =1.201; 95% CI = 0.704-1.698; p <0.001) compared with those that had closed eaves. Conclusion: Housing conditions such as presence of open eaves, absence of window, location at low and mid altitudes, were strong predictors of indoor exposure to An. arabiensis bite in a highland area of south-central Ethiopia. © 2013 Animut et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	aerosol; altitude; Anopheles arabiensis; article; bite; density; disease control; domestic animal; Ethiopia; housing; indoor biting; light; mosquito; nonhuman; pyrethrum; Animals; Anopheles; Ethiopia; Female; Housing; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Population Density	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937064907	The feasibility, time savings and economic impact of a designated time appointment system at a busy HIV care clinic in Kenya: A randomized controlled trial	Kwena Z.A., Njoroge B.W., Cohen C.R., Oyaro P., Shikari R., Kibaara C.K., Bukusi E.A.	2015	Journal of the International AIDS Society	18	1	10.7448/IAS.18.1.19876	Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Kwena, Z.A., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Njoroge, B.W., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Cohen, C.R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Oyaro, P., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Shikari, R., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Kibaara, C.K., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Bukusi, E.A., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya	Introduction: As efforts are made to reach universal access to ART in Kenya, the problem of congestion at HIV care clinics is likely to worsen. We evaluated the feasibility and the economic benefits of a designated time appointment system as a solution to decongest HIV care clinics. Methods: This was an explanatory two-arm open-label randomized controlled trial that enrolled 354 consenting participants during their normal clinic days and followed-up at subsequent clinic appointments for up to nine months. Intervention arm participants were given specific dates and times to arrive at the clinic for their next appointment while those in the control arm were only given the date and had the discretion to decide on the time to arrive as is the standard practice. At follow-up visits, we recorded arrival and departure times and asked the monetary value of work participants engaged in before and after clinic. We conducted multiple imputation to replace missing data in our primary outcome variables to allow for intention-to-treat analysis; and analyzed the data using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Overall, 72.1% of the intervention participants arrived on time, 13.3% arrived ahead of time and 14.6% arrived past scheduled time. Intervention arm participants spent a median of 65 [interquartile range (IQR), 52-87] minutes at the clinic compared to 197 (IQR, 173-225) minutes for control participants (p < 0.01). Furthermore, intervention arm participants were more productively engaged on their clinic days valuing their cumulative work at a median of USD 10.5 (IQR, 60.0-16.8) compared to participants enrolled in the control arm who valued their work at USD 8.3 (IQR, 5.5-12.9; p = 0.02). Conclusions: A designated time appointment system is feasible and provides substantial time savings associated with greater economic productivity for HIV patients attending a busy HIV care clinic. © 2015 Kwena ZA et al; licensee International AIDS Society.	Clinic waiting time; Designated time appointment system; HIV care clinic; HIV patient; Kenya	adult; Article; controlled study; economics; female; follow up; health care system; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; major clinical study; male; open study; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; time	None
None	None	Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: Evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya	Wong J., Bayoh N., Olang G., Killeen G.F., Hamel M.J., Vulule J.M., Gimnig J.E.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-143	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Tanzania	Wong, J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States; Bayoh, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Olang, G., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Killeen, G.F., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Tanzania; Hamel, M.J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Vulule, J.M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Gimnig, J.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Operational vector sampling methods lack standardization, making quantitative comparisons of malaria transmission across different settings difficult. Human landing catch (HLC) is considered the research gold standard for measuring human-mosquito contact, but is unsuitable for large-scale sampling. This study assessed mosquito catch rates of CDC light trap (CDC-LT), Ifakara tent trap (ITT), window exit trap (WET), pot resting trap (PRT), and box resting trap (BRT) relative to HLC in western Kenya to 1) identify appropriate methods for operational sampling in this region, and 2) contribute to a larger, overarching project comparing standardized evaluations of vector trapping methods across multiple countries. Methods. Mosquitoes were collected from June to July 2009 in four districts: Rarieda, Kisumu West, Nyando, and Rachuonyo. In each district, all trapping methods were rotated 10 times through three houses in a 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Anophelines were identified by morphology and females classified as fed or non-fed. Anopheles gambiae s.l. were further identified as Anopheles gambiae s.s. or Anopheles arabiensis by PCR. Relative catch rates were estimated by negative binomial regression. Results: When data were pooled across all four districts, catch rates (relative to HLC indoor) for An. gambiae s.l (95.6% An. arabiensis, 4.4% An. gambiae s.s) were high for HLC outdoor (RR = 1.01), CDC-LT (RR = 1.18), and ITT (RR = 1.39); moderate for WET (RR = 0.52) and PRT outdoor (RR = 0.32); and low for all remaining types of resting traps (PRT indoor, BRT indoor, and BRT outdoor; RR < 0.08 for all). For Anopheles funestus, relative catch rates were high for ITT (RR = 1.21); moderate for HLC outdoor (RR = 0.47), CDC-LT (RR = 0.69), and WET (RR = 0.49); and low for all resting traps (RR < 0.02 for all). At finer geographic scales, however, efficacy of each trap type varied from district to district. Conclusions: ITT, CDC-LT, and WET appear to be effective methods for large-scale vector sampling in western Kenya. Ultimately, choice of collection method for operational surveillance should be driven by trap efficacy and scalability, rather than fine-scale precision with respect to HLC. When compared with recent, similar trap evaluations in Tanzania and Zambia, these data suggest that traps which actively lure host-seeking females will be most useful for surveillance in the face of declining vector densities. © 2013 Wong et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; CDC light trap; Human biting rate; Human landing catch; Ifakara tent trap; Mosquito sampling; Window exit trap	adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; box resting trap; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap; disease transmission; female; human; human landing catch; Ifakara tent trap; Kenya; malaria; male; morphology; nonhuman; parasite vector; polymerase chain reaction; pot resting trap; rural area; sampling; standardization; window exit trap; Adult; Animals; Child, Preschool; Culicidae; Disease Vectors; Entomology; Female; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Population Density	None
WoS	WOS:000304490600006	A longitudinal evaluation of religiosity and psychosocial determinants of suicidal behaviors among a population-based sample in the United States	Agbanu, Harry L. K.,Agbanu, Samuel Kwami,Diedhiou, Abdoulaye,Nkansah-Amankra, Stephen,Opoku-Adomako, Nana Serwaa,Twumasi-Ankrah, Philip	2012	JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS	139	1	10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.027	Central Michigan University, University of Ghana, University of Kansas, University of Kansas Medical Center, University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina Columbia, University of South Carolina System, IntraHlth Int, Somerset Christian Coll	"Agbanu, Harry L. K.: University of Ghana","Nkansah-Amankra, Stephen: Central Michigan University","Opoku-Adomako, Nana Serwaa: Central Michigan University","Twumasi-Ankrah, Philip: University of Kansas","Twumasi-Ankrah, Philip: University of Kansas Medical Center",	Background: Relationships among religiosity and other psychosocial factors in determining suicidal behaviors in adolescence and in emerging adulthood have been inconclusive. We sought to investigate prospective relationships among religiosity, psychosocial factors and suicidal behaviors using a nationally representative sample of adolescents emerging into adulthood. Method: Analysis was based on 9412 respondents from four waves of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) procedure was used to fit a series of models on the response variable (suicidal behaviors) and a set of psychosocial and religiosity predictors taking into account the correlated structure of the datasets. Results: Analyses showed that adolescent suicidality and religious activity participation showed significant declines over time. Using multinomial logistic regression we found that females showed statistically significant risks of suicidal behaviors, but this effect declined in adulthood. In adjusted models, baseline attendance of a church weekly was associated with 42% reduction (95% Confidence Interval: 0.35-0.98) of suicide ideation in Wave III. Across all waves, low support from fathers (compared with mothers) consistently explained variability in suicidal behaviors among genders emerging into adulthood. Limitations: Accurate measurement of religiosity is psychometrically challenging. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that religious activity participation is associated with reduced suicidal behaviors among adolescents but this effect declines during emerging adulthood. Psychosocial supports particularly from fathers' have an enduring impact on reduced suicidal behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults. Prevention, identification and evaluation of disorders of suicidality need a careful assessment of underlying mental pain (psyache) to reduce the likelihood of aggravated suicide. Published by Elsevier B.V.	"Private religiosity","Public religiosity",SPIRITUALITY,"SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS","AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS",DEPRESSION,DEVELOPMENTAL-TRENDS,GENDER-DIFFERENCES,INVOLVEMENT,MENTAL-HEALTH,"OLDER DUTCH CITIZENS",SELF-ESTEEM,SPIRITUALITY,"YOUNG ADULTHOOD"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951691514	The impact of upgrading roads on the conservation of the threatened flightless dung beetle, Circellum bacchus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)	Hayward M.W., Hayward G.J., Kerley G.I.H.	2010	Coleopterists Bulletin	64	1	10.1649/0010-065X-64.1.75	Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031 Eastern Cape, South Africa	Hayward, M.W., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031 Eastern Cape, South Africa; Hayward, G.J., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031 Eastern Cape, South Africa; Kerley, G.I.H., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031 Eastern Cape, South Africa	The flightless dung beetle Circellum bacchus (Fabricius, 1781) is a unique, ectothermic dung beetle that is of conservation concern due to a massive decline in its distribution. Very little is known about its conservation ecology and the upgrade of roads in one of its last strongholds, South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park, led to concerns that road kill was threatening the population because drivers could not see the beetles due to their similar colour as the upgraded roads. We tested whether the upgraded, black, tar roads led to more road kills than the original sandy-red, gravel roads using counts of live and dead beetles along transects through similar habitats of the park. There was no significant difference between the number of live and dead dung beetles on the tar or gravel roads illustrating that the infrastructure improvements themselves are not threatening the persistence of the species. The high levels of vehicle-derived mortality along roads, however, suggest that road kills may be a threatening process with potentially 100,000 C. bacchus killed on roads annually (although 45,000 is a more conservative estimate). Further research is needed to ascertain whether this off-take is sustainable and to formulate mitigation measures.	Addo Elephant National Park; Invertebrate conservation; Road ecology; Road kill; Threatening processes	anthropogenic effect; beetle; ectothermy; flightlessness; habitat conservation; national park; population decline; species conservation; Addo Elephant National Park; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Coleoptera; Invertebrata; Scarabaeidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645005227	Using niche-based modelling to assess the impact of climate change on tree functional diversity in Europe	Thuiller W., Lavorel S., Sykes M.T., Araújo M.B.	2006	Diversity and Distributions	12	1	10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00216.x	Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Thuiller, W., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Climate Change Research Group, Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag x 7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Lavorel, S., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université J. Fournier, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Sykes, M.T., Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Araújo, M.B., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, 7000-730 Évora, Portugal, Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, United Kingdom, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain	Rapid anthropogenic climate change is already affecting species distributions and ecosystem functioning worldwide. We applied niche-based models to analyse the impact of climate change on tree species and functional diversity in Europe. Present-day climate was used to predict the distributions of 122 tree species from different functional types (FT). We then explored projections of future distributions under one climate scenario for 2080, considering two alternative dispersal assumptions: no dispersal and unlimited dispersal. The species-rich broadleaved deciduous group appeared to play a key role in the future of different European regions. Temperate areas were projected to lose both species richness and functional diversity due to the loss of broadleaved deciduous trees. These were projected to migrate to boreal forests, thereby increasing their species richness and functional diversity. Atlantic areas provided an intermediate case, with a predicted reduction in the numbers of species and occasional predicted gains in functional diversity. This resulted from a loss in species within the broadleaved deciduous FT, but overall maintenance of the group. Our results illustrate the fact that both species-specific predictions and functional patterns should be examined separately in order to assess the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and gain insights into future ecosystem functioning. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Climate change; Functional diversity; Niche-based models; Species richness	climate change; ecosystem function; functional response; modeling; niche; species richness; Eurasia; Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249101047	Impact of land use on the biodiversity integrity of the moist sub-biome of the grassland biome, South Africa	O'Connor T.G., Kuyler P.	2009	Journal of Environmental Management	90	1	10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.10.012	Centre for African Ecology, School of A.P.E.S., University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	O'Connor, T.G., Centre for African Ecology, School of A.P.E.S., University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kuyler, P., Centre for Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	South Africa's moist grassland harbours globally significant biodiversity, supplies essential ecosystem services, supports crop and livestock agriculture, forestry and settlement, yet is poorly conserved. Ongoing transformation and limited opportunity for expanding the protected area network require instead that biodiversity conservation is 'mainstreamed' within other land uses. This exercise sought to identify the relative compatibility of 10 land uses (conservation, livestock or game ranching, tourism/recreation, rural settlement, dryland cropping, irrigated cropping, dairy farming, plantation forestry, and urban settlement) with maintaining biodiversity integrity. This was assessed using 46 indicators for biodiversity integrity that covered landscape composition, structure, and functioning. Data was integrated into a single measure per land use through application of the analytic hierarchy process, with supporting information gained from interviews with experts. The rank order of importance amongst indicators was landscape structure, functioning and composition. Consistent differences among land uses for all three categories revealed two clear groupings. Conservation, livestock or game ranching had the lowest impact and retained substantial natural asset, while that for tourism/recreation was intermediate. All other land uses had a severe impact. Impact on biodiversity integrity depended mainly on the extent of transformation and fragmentation, which accounted for the greatest impact on habitats and species, and impairment of landscape functioning. It is suggested that a strategic intervention for maintaining biodiversity integrity of moist grassland is to support livestock or game ranching and limit ongoing urban sprawl. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Agriculture; Analytic hierarchy process; Biodiversity indicator; Ecosystem functioning; Forestry; Landscape; Livestock	analytical hierarchy process; biodiversity; bioindicator; biome; ecological impact; ecosystem function; ecosystem service; grassland; land use; article; conservation biology; controlled study; cropping system; dairying; environmental impact; environmental protection; grassland; habitat fragmentation; irrigation (agriculture); land use; landscape ecology; livestock; nonhuman; plantation; recreation; residential area; rural area; South Africa; species diversity; tourism; urban area; Agriculture; Animals; Biodiversity; Birds; Climate; Conservation of Natural Resources; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Environment; Forestry; Insects; Mammals; Poaceae; Soil; South Africa; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247530793	Ten years hence - Has the South African choice on termination of Pregnant Act, Act 92 of 1996, realised its aims? A moral-critical evaluation	de Roubaix M.	2007	Medicine and Law	26	1	None	Centre for Applied Ethics, Department of Philosophy, University of Stellenbosch, West Cape, South Africa	de Roubaix, M., Centre for Applied Ethics, Department of Philosophy, University of Stellenbosch, West Cape, South Africa	The South African Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (Act 92 of 1996) (CTOP) passed by parliament ten years ago, aims to promote female reproductive autonomy through legitimising free access to abortion up to 20 weeks' of gestation. The article critically evaluates CTOP and highlights three societal concerns: the effect of CTOP on the self-esteem of nurses who perform abortion; the effect on general societal morality, and its desirability. CTOP has enjoyed mixed success. On the plus side, it has furthered female reproductive autonomy, has decreased early pregnancy maternal mortality and has advanced non-racialism through equal access to safe abortion. On the minus side, it remains controversial; the majority of the population opposes abortion on request, predominantly based on religiously-informed intuitions on the value of ante-natal life. Officials and managers of public health care facilities are often obstructive, and TOP personnel victimised and socially stigmatised. An unacceptably high rate of unsafe abortion prevails, particularly in rural areas and amongst adolescents, but also in certain urban areas. The prime causes are inadequate public education, attitudinal problems, and lack of psychological support for TOP personnel, the segregation of ante-natal care and abortion services, inadequate training, research, communication and contraceptive services, absence of incentives for TOP personnel and "traditional" gender roles and male power-based domination in reproductive choices. Corrective measures include a goal directed educational programme and initiatives like value clarification workshops which have been effective in changing negative attitudes of participants, and may thus address stigmatisation, improve working conditions of TOP personnel, promote societal tolerance and acceptance, and informed consent. Of particular concern are the questions of informed consent, minors, promotion of counselling and contraceptive services (particularly for adolescents), conscientious objection and the protection of compliant (and non-compliant) personnel. ©YOZMOT 2007.	Abortion legislation; Adolescents; Birth control; Constitutional concerns; Education; Gender based domination; Minors; Pre-natal moral significance; Reproductive autonomy; Safe unsafe abortion; Self-esteem; Societal Morality; South Africa	abortion; article; birth control; contraception; fetal rights; first trimester pregnancy; gestational age; health care access; health care facility; health education; health promotion; human; illegal abortion; induced abortion; informed consent; maternal mortality; medicolegal aspect; morality; nurse attitude; patient attitude; patient autonomy; pregnancy termination; prenatal care; psychosocial care; public health; racism; religion; reproductive rights; right to life; self esteem; sex role; social desirability; social psychology; South Africa; Abortion, Legal; Female; Humans; Morals; Pregnancy; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876317667	The impact of the EU generalized system of preferences on exports and GSP utilization by Asian and Latin American countries	Cuyvers L., Soeng R.	2013	Journal of International Trade Law and Policy	12	1	10.1108/14770021311312511	Centre for ASEAN Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Regional Integration Studies, United Nations University, Bruges, Belgium; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; National University of Management, Phnom Penh, Cambodia	Cuyvers, L., Centre for ASEAN Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Centre for Regional Integration Studies, United Nations University, Bruges, Belgium, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Soeng, R., Centre for ASEAN Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, National University of Management, Phnom Penh, Cambodia	Purpose - The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of changes in the Generalized System of Preferences of the European Union, on the EU GSP imports from beneficiary countries in ASEAN and China, and Latin America, respectively, and the utilization of GSP benefits by these countries for the period 1994-2007. Design/methodology/approach - The econometric model specifications used is with unlagged and one year lagged reactions. GSP dummy variables are added in order to test whether the changes in the EU GSP has had impact on bilateral trade flows and the degree of utilization. Findings - The paper finds that EU GSP agricultural imports are negatively affected by the changes in the EU GSP system, but these of industrial products seem to have positively reacted to changes in the EU GSP. For imports of textile products, the results are not significant. It is also found that ASEAN plus China are significantly benefiting more from the EU GSP for industrial and textile products than the Latin American countries, but the changes in the GSP had no significant different effect on both groups of countries. The authors estimations also show that the graduation mechanism in the EU GSP, against beneficiary countries with higher EU market shares, seems to be effective for industrial products, but in contrast, is working in favour of such countries for textile products. By and large, the other graduation mechanism in the EU GSP linking GSP benefits and level of development of the beneficiary country has not been effective. Originality/value - The paper is the first to address the issue how the many changes in the EU GSP since 1994 have affected the exports and GSP utilization of beneficiary countries. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Developing countries; Exports; Generalized System of Preferences; Utilization	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864054602	An evaluation of a family support programme in the southern Free State ['n evaluasie van'n gesinsondersteuningsprogram in die Suid-Vrystaat]	Marais J.G.L., Ingle M.K., Skinner D., Sigenu K.	2012	Acta Academica	44	1	None	Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Unit for Research on Health and Society, University of Stellenbosch, P O Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Marais, J.G.L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Ingle, M.K., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Skinner, D., Unit for Research on Health and Society, University of Stellenbosch, P O Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Sigenu, K., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	This article details the evaluation of an NGO Family Support Programme (FSP) that was implemented in the southern Free State's Kopanong local municipality. The FSP is primarily aimed at strengthening Early Childhood Development (ECD) in what is a very socio-economically deprived environment for small children. The article argues for the critical importance of ECD within the human development paradigm. It then reports on the actual FSP assessment and advances a number of recommendations for how the initiative could be bolstered. It concludes that the FSP methodology is sound in principle and that it warrants replication at scale. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939428673	Solar water heater contribution to energy savings in higher education institutions: Impact analysis	Popoola O.M., Burnier C.	2014	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	25	1	None	Centre for Energy and Electric Power, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; ESIEE, Amiens, France; French South Africa Institute of Technology, South Africa	Popoola, O.M., Centre for Energy and Electric Power, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Burnier, C., ESIEE, Amiens, France, French South Africa Institute of Technology, South Africa	This paper focuses on the impact of Solar Water Heaters (SWH) at a higher institution of learning. An energy audit was conducted for the evaluation of the energy conservation measure: energy conoduction Energy is a key element in the development of any country or institution; as a result any shortage in energy will have a serious effect on the economy and social aspect of such country or institution. South Africa has, in recent years, experienced high economic growth as well as a rapid expansion in the elsumption analysis, correlation of consumption with weather; financial criteria, payback period and needed solar heater system (SWH) to determine the energy that may be termed as wastage or can be saved. The method of investigation includes assessment of the hot water usage within the institution campus and residencies, analysis of bills, metering and development of a software model for the analysis of energy use, system needed and environmental variables. This renewable measure (SWH) showed a high potential of energy and financial savings for higher education institutions especially those with residences.	Energy; Software development and validation; Solar water heater	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927515726	Evaluation of the environmental and social sustainability policy of a mass tourism resort: A narrative account	Swart I.	2012	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies	68	1	10.4102/hts.v68i1.1264	Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Swart, I., Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	The recordation of the life stories of individuals residing in the community of Ledig, who have been dependent on the Sun City Resort situated in the Pilanesberg area in the North West Province of South Africa for their quality of life for more than 20 years, provided the basis for the evaluation of the environmental and social sustainability of this micro-cosmos on a multidisciplinary level. This study focused on the hermeneutical arch of narrative theory within the framework of human geography and sustainability science. The natural environment was evaluated for the role it plays in the sustainability of the livelihoods of the Ledig community members as well as the institutional life of the Sun City Resort. The results of this study suggested that the environmental policy for the Sun City Resort, formalised in 2004, has been guiding the Sun City Resort to contribute positively to the sustainability of the area. The study also demonstrated that a focus on the next generation of potential employees and the environmental education of all the communities were crucial to ensure the resilience of the social and ecological capacity of the area. © 2012. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855973874	Reading between the lines: contributing factors that affect Grade 5 student reading performance as measured across South Africa's 11 languages	van Staden S., Howie S.	2012	Educational Research and Evaluation	18	1	10.1080/13803611.2011.641270	Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	van Staden, S., Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Howie, S., Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This article reports on the South African results of a study to identify and explain relationships between some major factors associated with successful reading at Grade 5. With 11 official languages, educational policy in South Africa advocates an additive bilingualism model, and students in Grades 1 to 3 are taught in their mother tongue. Thereafter, the language of learning and teaching changes to a second language, which in most cases is English. With this complexity of issues, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to determine the effect of a number of explanatory variables at student and school level on reading achievement as outcome variable, while controlling for language using the South African Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2006 data. Utilizing Creemers' comprehensive model of educational effectiveness (Creemers & Reezigt, 1999) as theoretical point of departure, this article will focus on the results of an overall South African model with student- and school-level variables. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	educational policies; PIRLS 2006; reading literacy; secondary analysis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955025949	Finding the best fit: The adaptation and translation of the performance indicators for primary schools for the South African context	Archer E., Scherman V., Robert C., Howie S.J.	2010	Perspectives in Education	28	1	None	Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Curriculum Evaluation and Management Centre, University of Durham, United Kingdom	Archer, E., Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Scherman, V., Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Robert, C., Curriculum Evaluation and Management Centre, University of Durham, United Kingdom; Howie, S.J., Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Reform and improvement are imperative in the current South African education system. Monitoring of school and learner achievement is an essential for establishing praxis for school improvement. Diversity of culture and South Africa's 11 official languages make it difficult to develop valid monitoring systems. Limited resources, time constraints and the need to redress neglect of large portions of the education infrastructure from the apartheid era make it problematic to develop new monitoring systems for all official languages. Adaptation and translation of existing international monitoring instruments provide alternative solutions to developing new monitoring systems. Adaptation and translation of existing instruments is a daunting process, which balances statistical analysis, translation processes and user and expert evaluations. We investigate how to balance these different processes in order to create an instrument that provides valid data for educational decisions. The processes utilised in the adaptation and translation of the vocabulary subtest of the Performance Indicators for Primary Schools (PIPS) test for the South African context are used to illustrate the complex interplay between user and expert input as well as psychometric rigour. It is hoped this paper will contribute to the development of the necessary instrument adaptation skills in South Africa.	Expert and user collaboration; Instrument adaptation and contextualisation; Rasch analysis; Translation of assessment instruments	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878084570	Effective or just practical? An evaluation of an online postgraduate module on evidence-based medicine (EBM)	Rohwer A., Young T., Van Schalkwyk S.	2013	BMC Medical Education	13	1	10.1186/1472-6920-13-77	Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Parow 7500, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Cochrane Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre for Health Professions Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Parow 7500, Cape Town, South Africa	Rohwer, A., Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Parow 7500, Cape Town, South Africa; Young, T., Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Parow 7500, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Cochrane Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Van Schalkwyk, S., Centre for Health Professions Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Parow 7500, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Teaching the steps of evidence-based medicine (EBM) to undergraduate as well as postgraduate health care professionals is crucial for implementation of effective, beneficial health care practices and abandonment of ineffective, harmful ones. Stellenbosch University in Cape Town, South Africa, offers a 12-week, completely online module on EBM within the Family Medicine division, to medical specialists in their first year of training. The aim of this study was to formatively evaluate this module; assessing both the mode of delivery; as well as the perceived effectiveness and usefulness thereof. Methods. We used mixed methods to evaluate this module: A document review to assess whether the content of the module reflects important EBM competencies; a survey of the students to determine their experiences of the module; and semi-structured interviews with the tutors to explore their perspectives of the module. Ethics approval was obtained. Results: The document review indicated that EBM competencies were covered adequately, although critical appraisal only focused on randomised controlled trials and guidelines. Students had a positive attitude towards the module, but felt that they needed more support from the tutors. Tutors felt that students engaged actively in discussions, but experienced difficulties with understanding certain concepts of EBM. Furthermore, they felt that it was challenging explaining these via the online learning platform and saw the need to incorporate more advanced technology to better connect with the students. In their view the key to successful learning of EBM was to keep it relevant and applicable to everyday practice. Tutors also felt that an online module on EBM was advantageous, since doctors from all over the world were able to participate. Conclusion: Our study has shown that the online module on EBM was effective in increasing EBM knowledge and skills of postgraduate students and was well received by both students and tutors. Students and tutors experienced generic challenges that accompany any educational intervention of EBM (e.g. understanding difficult concepts), but in addition had to deal with challenges unique to the online learning environment. Teachers of EBM should acknowledge these so as to enhance and successfully implement EBM teaching and learning for all students. © 2013 Rohwer et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Evaluation; Evidence-based medicine; Online learning; Postgraduate	article; education; evaluation study; evidence based medicine; human; medical education; methodology; standard; teaching; education; evidence based medicine; medical education; procedures; standards; teaching; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Education, Medical, Continuing; Educational Measurement; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Education, Medical, Continuing; Educational Measurement; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans	None
None	None	Evaluation of two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in western Kenya highlands	Kweka E.J., Zhou G., Lee M.-C., Gilbreath T.M., Mosha F., Munga S., Githeko A.K., Yan G.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-110	Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Kweka, E.J., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Zhou, G., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Lee, M.-C., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Gilbreath, T.M., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Mosha, F., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Munga, S., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Githeko, A.K., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Yan, G., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Background: Malaria vector intervention and control programs require reliable and accurate information about vector abundance and their seasonal distribution. The availability of reliable information on the spatial and temporal productivity of larval vector habitats can improve targeting of larval control interventions and our understanding of local malaria transmission and epidemics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in the western Kenyan highlands, the aerial sampler and the emergence trap. Methods. The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up for sixty days in each season in three habitat types: drainage ditches, natural swamps, and abandoned goldmines. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up in eleven places in each habitat type. The success of each in estimating habitat productivity was assessed according to method, habitat type, and season. The effect of other factors including algae cover, grass cover, habitat depth and width, and habitat water volume on species productivity was analysed using stepwise logistic regression. Results: Habitat productivity estimates obtained by the two sampling methods differed significantly for all species except for An. implexus. For for An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus, aerial samplers performed better, 21.5 and 14.6 folds, than emergence trap respectively, while the emergence trap was shown to be more efficient for culicine species. Seasonality had a significant influence on the productivity of all species monitored. Dry season was most productive season. Overall, drainage ditches had significantly higher productivity in all seasons compared to other habitat types. Algae cover, debris, chlorophyll-a, and habitat depth and size had significant influence with respect to species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the aerial sampler is the better of the two methods for estimating the productivity of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus in the western Kenya highlands and possibly other malaria endemic parts of Africa. This method has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring malaria vector populations and for control program design, and provides useful means for determining the most suitable sites for targeted interventions. © 2011 Kweka et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	air sampling; algal community; Anopheles; anopheles coustani; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Anopheles implexus; Anopheles squamous; Anopheles zeimann; article; controlled study; Culex; grass; habitat structure; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; larva; microhabitat; mining; nonhuman; parasite vector; population productivity; seasonal variation; species difference; species habitat; swamp; animal; comparative study; ecosystem; evaluation; female; growth, development and aging; larva; methodology; mosquito; zoology; algae; Animals; Culicidae; Ecosystem; Entomology; Female; Kenya; Larva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908105890	The last one heard: The importance of an early-stage participatory evaluation for programme implementation	Gilmore B., Vallières F., McAuliffe E., Tumwesigye N.M., Muyambi G.	2014	Implementation Science	9	1	10.1186/s13012-014-0137-5	Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, 7-9 Leinster Street South, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; World Vision Uganda, Kisozi Complex, Kampala, Uganda	Gilmore, B., Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, 7-9 Leinster Street South, Dublin 2, Ireland; Vallières, F., Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, 7-9 Leinster Street South, Dublin 2, Ireland; McAuliffe, E., Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, 7-9 Leinster Street South, Dublin 2, Ireland; Tumwesigye, N.M., School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Muyambi, G., World Vision Uganda, Kisozi Complex, Kampala, Uganda	Background: The systematic involvement of project beneficiaries in community maternal and child health programmes remains low and limited, especially during the formative stages of the project cycle. Understanding how positive and negative feedbacks obtained from communities can subsequently be used to inform and iterate existing programmes is an important step towards ensuring the success of community health workers for maternal and child health programming and, ultimately, for improving health outcomes.Methods: The study took place over a period of 4 weeks in North Rukiga, Kabale District of southwestern Uganda. Using a cross-sectional qualitative study that employed an epistemological approach of phenomenology, nine focus group discussions and eight in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 76 female participants across six different sites. Women were identified as either users or non-users of the maternal and child health programme. Purposeful sampling was employed to recruit women from six different locations within the programme catchment area. Translated and transcribed transcripts were subjected to a bottom-up thematic analysis using NVivo 10 Software, whereby themes were arrived at inductively. Results: Predominant themes emerging from the focus groups and key informant interviews identified early trends in programme strengths. Beneficiaries reported confidence in both the programme and the relationships they had forged with community health workers, exhibited pride in the knowledge they had received, and described improved spousal involvement. Beneficiaries also identified a number of programme challenges including barriers to adopting the behaviours promoted by the programme, and highlighted issues with programme dependency and perceived ownership. It also emerged that community health workers were not reaching the entire population of intended programme beneficiaries. Conclusions: This research provides support for the importance of an early-stage participatory evaluation of beneficiaries' perceptions of newly initiated health programmes. Our results support how evaluations conducted in the early phases of programme implementation can provide valuable, timely feedback as well as yield recommendations for programme adjustment or re-alignment, and in turn, better meet end-user expectations. Potential reasons for the observed lack of community participation in early stages of programme implementation are considered. © 2014 Gilmore et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community health workers; Evaluation; Maternal and child health; Participation; Programme implementation; Project cycle	adolescent; adult; attitude to health; child; child health care; cross-sectional study; female; health auxiliary; health care planning; health service; human; human relation; organization and management; patient compliance; patient satisfaction; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; pregnant woman; professional standard; program evaluation; psychology; social support; spouse; standards; statistics and numerical data; supply and distribution; Uganda; utilization; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Child; Child Health Services; Community Health Workers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Plan Implementation; Humans; Maternal Health Services; Patient Compliance; Patient Satisfaction; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnant Women; Professional Role; Professional-Patient Relations; Program Evaluation; Social Support; Spouses; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893353935	Performance of four computer-coded verbal autopsy methods for cause of death assignment compared with physician coding on 24,000 deaths in low- and middle-income countries	Desai N., Aleksandrowicz L., Miasnikof P., Lu Y., Leitao J., Byass P., Tollman S., Mee P., Alam D., Rathi S.K., Singh A., Kumar R., Ram F., Jha P.	2014	BMC Medicine	12	1	10.1186/1741-7015-12-20	Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Center for the Promotion of Research Involving Innovative Statistical Methodology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York NY, United States; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Medical Research Council, Wits Univ. Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations, Their Health (INDEPTH) Network, Accra, Ghana; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, India	Desai, N., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Aleksandrowicz, L., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Miasnikof, P., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Lu, Y., Center for the Promotion of Research Involving Innovative Statistical Methodology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York NY, United States; Leitao, J., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Byass, P., WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Tollman, S., Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Medical Research Council, Wits Univ. Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations, Their Health (INDEPTH) Network, Accra, Ghana; Mee, P., Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Medical Research Council, Wits Univ. Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Alam, D., International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Rathi, S.K., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Singh, A., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Kumar, R., School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, India; Ram, F., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Jha, P., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada	Background: Physician-coded verbal autopsy (PCVA) is the most widely used method to determine causes of death (CODs) in countries where medical certification of death is uncommon. Computer-coded verbal autopsy (CCVA) methods have been proposed as a faster and cheaper alternative to PCVA, though they have not been widely compared to PCVA or to each other.Methods: We compared the performance of open-source random forest, open-source tariff method, InterVA-4, and the King-Lu method to PCVA on five datasets comprising over 24,000 verbal autopsies from low- and middle-income countries. Metrics to assess performance were positive predictive value and partial chance-corrected concordance at the individual level, and cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy and cause-specific mortality fraction error at the population level.Results: The positive predictive value for the most probable COD predicted by the four CCVA methods averaged about 43% to 44% across the datasets. The average positive predictive value improved for the top three most probable CODs, with greater improvements for open-source random forest (69%) and open-source tariff method (68%) than for InterVA-4 (62%). The average partial chance-corrected concordance for the most probable COD predicted by the open-source random forest, open-source tariff method and InterVA-4 were 41%, 40% and 41%, respectively, with better results for the top three most probable CODs. Performance generally improved with larger datasets. At the population level, the King-Lu method had the highest average cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy across all five datasets (91%), followed by InterVA-4 (72% across three datasets), open-source random forest (71%) and open-source tariff method (54%).Conclusions: On an individual level, no single method was able to replicate the physician assignment of COD more than about half the time. At the population level, the King-Lu method was the best method to estimate cause-specific mortality fractions, though it does not assign individual CODs. Future testing should focus on combining different computer-coded verbal autopsy tools, paired with PCVA strengths. This includes using open-source tools applied to larger and varied datasets (especially those including a random sample of deaths drawn from the population), so as to establish the performance for age- and sex-specific CODs. © 2014 Desai et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Causes of death; Computer-coded verbal autopsy (CCVA); InterVA-4; King-Lu; Physician-certified verbal autopsy (PCVA); Random forest; Tariff method; Validation; Verbal autopsy	adolescent; adult; aged; article; autopsy; cause of death; child; computer coded verbal autopsy; computer program; controlled study; death certificate; human; infant; intermethod comparison; interVA 4 method; king lu method; lowest income group; measurement accuracy; middle aged; mortality; newborn; physician; physician coded verbal autopsy; predictive value; preschool child; procedures, parameters and devices; random forest; school child; Tariff method; task performance; very elderly; young adult; Automatic Data Processing; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Databases, Factual; Humans; Physician's Role; Poverty	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955108129	The impact of burnout on the intention to quit among professional nurses in the Free State region - A national crisis?	Pienaar J.W., Bester C.L.	2011	South African Journal of Psychology	41	1	None	Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, Department of Industrial Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Pienaar, J.W., Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, Department of Industrial Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Bester, C.L., Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, Department of Industrial Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Thousands of qualified nurses leave the South African health sector on an annual basis owing to various reasons, including burnout. Research showed that demanding work circumstances could influence employees to consider whether to leave an organisation or not. The aim of this study was to determine the level of burnout among professional nurses and to explore the potential impact of burnout on the intention to quit/change. The sample consisted of 563 professional nurses representing 140 clinics located in five health districts in the Free State region. A total of 542 (97%) questionnaires were completed and returned. Participants in the study were predominantly black (83.8%), female (89.3%), day-shift working (89.8%) and full-time employed (99.8%). The measuring tools included a biographical questionnaire, Maslach's Burnout Inventory to determine the level of burnout of professional nurses, and an Intention to Quit/Change questionnaire. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences regarding burnout between different groups with varying degrees of intention to quit/change. Respondents exhibited high levels of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and average levels of Personal Accomplishment. Respondents with the highest levels of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization and the lowest levels of Personal Accomplishment displayed a higher degree of intention to quit/change. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Burnout; Free state; HIV; Intention to quit; Professional nurses; Stress	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049063040	Monitoring effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in lower-income countries	Stringer E.M., Chi B.H., Chintu N., Creek T.L., Ekouevi D.K., Coetzee D., Tih P., Boulle A., Dabis F., Shaffer N., Wilfert C.M., Stringer J.S.A.	2008	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	86	1	10.2471/BLT.07.043117	Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; PAC-CI Programme, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board, Nso, Northwest Province, Cameroon; Institut de Sante Publique d'Epidemiologie et de Developpment (ISPED), Universite Victor Segalen, Boudeaux, France; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Stringer, E.M., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Chi, B.H., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Chintu, N., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Creek, T.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; Ekouevi, D.K., PAC-CI Programme, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Coetzee, D., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Tih, P., Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board, Nso, Northwest Province, Cameroon; Boulle, A., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dabis, F., Institut de Sante Publique d'Epidemiologie et de Developpment (ISPED), Universite Victor Segalen, Boudeaux, France; Shaffer, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; Wilfert, C.M., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Stringer, J.S.A., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia	Ambitious goals for paediatric AIDS control have been set by various international bodies, including a 50% reduction in new paediatric infections by 2010. While these goals are clearly appropriate in their scope, the lack of clarity and consensus around how to monitor the effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) makes it difficult for policy-makers to mount a coordinated response. In this paper, we develop the case for using population HIV-free child survival as a gold standard metric to measure the effectiveness of PMTCT programmes, and go on to consider multiple study designs and source populations. Finally, we propose a novel community survey-based approach that could be implemented widely throughout the developing world with minor modifications to ongoing Demographic and Health Surveys.	None	antiretrovirus agent; nevirapine; zidovudine; demography; developing world; disease control; disease transmission; health survey; human immunodeficiency virus; low income population; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; developing country; female; gold standard; health program; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infection prevention; lowest income group; single drug dose; survival; vertical transmission; Developing Countries; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Organizational Objectives; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Program Evaluation; Survival Rate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45949110251	Evaluation of the nutrient and sensory properties of multimixes and porridges made from maize, soybean, and plantain for use as complementary food	Nnam N.M., Baiyeri G.T.	2008	Ecology of Food and Nutrition	47	1	10.1080/03670240701615374	Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nnam, N.M., Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Baiyeri, G.T., Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	This study is part of a series of exploratory works on the use of cheap and locally available staples to improve the Nigerian traditional complementary foods. The proximate, some mineral, and vitamin compositions of composite flours formulated from maize, soybean, and plantain landrace or hybrid were evaluated. The processing included sprouting maize for 48 h, boiling soybean for 1 h, and hand peeling plantain to obtain the pulp. The samples were dried and milled into fine flours. The flours were combined in ratios of 70:30:0, 65:30:5, 60:30:10, and 55:30:15 (protein basis) of maize, soybean, and plantain landrace or hybrid. Standard assay methods were used to evaluate the composites for nutrient composition. The nutrient levels of the composites were compared with Codex Alimentarius Commission Guidelines for formulated supplementary foods for older infants and young children. "Ogi" flour and Nutrend served as the controls. Porridges made from the composites were evaluated for sensory properties. The boiled soybean contained appreciable quantities of protein (42.18%) and lipid (18.60%). The energy levels of the flour blends and the protein levels of some of the composites (maize, soybean, and plantain landrace or hybrid, 60:30:10) were comparable to that of Nutrend and met the Codex Alimentarius Commission Guidelines. The composites showed nutritional superiority over "ogi" flour in terms of protein, lipid, ash, and iron nutriture. The porridges made from the composites were accepted slightly by the judges. Further work is currently underway in our laboratory to improve the nutrient composition of the composites and the acceptability of their porridges.	Acceptability; Complementary food; Composite flour; Nutrients; Porridges	food consumption; food quality; maize; nutrient; nutritive value; soybean; vitamin; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549115840	Global indicators of biological invasion: Species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses	McGeoch M.A., Butchart S.H.M., Spear D., Marais E., Kleynhans E.J., Symes A., Chanson J., Hoffmann M.	2010	Diversity and Distributions	16	1	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00633.x	Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB30NA, United Kingdom; Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, C/o Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, 2011 Crystal Drive, Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; IUCN Species Programme, IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland	McGeoch, M.A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; Butchart, S.H.M., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB30NA, United Kingdom; Spear, D., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Marais, E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Kleynhans, E.J., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Symes, A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; Chanson, J., IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; Hoffmann, M., IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, C/o Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, 2011 Crystal Drive, Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, IUCN Species Programme, IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland	Aim Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a significant threat to biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 Biodiversity Target, and the associated indicator for IAS, has stimulated globally coordinated efforts to quantify patterns in the extent of biological invasion, its impact on biodiversity and policy responses. Here, we report on the outcome of indicators of alien invasion at a global scale. Location Global. Methods We developed four indicators in a pressure-state-response framework, i.e. number of documented IAS (pressure), trends in the impact of IAS on biodiversity (state) and trends in international agreements and national policy adoption relevant to reducing IAS threats to biodiversity (response). These measures were considered best suited to providing globally representative, standardized and sustainable indicators by 2010. Results We show that the number of documented IAS is a significant underestimate, because its value is negatively affected by country development status and positively by research effort and information availability. The Red List Index demonstrates that IAS pressure is driving declines in species diversity, with the overall impact apparently increasing. The policy response trend has nonetheless been positive for the last several decades, although only half of countries that are signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have IAS-relevant national legislation. Although IAS pressure has apparently driven the policy response, this has clearly not been sufficient and/or adequately implemented to reduce biodiversity impact. Main conclusions For this indicator of threat to biodiversity, the 2010 Biodiversity Target has thus not been achieved. The results nonetheless provide clear direction for bridging the current divide between information available on IAS and that needed for policy and management for the prevention and control of IAS. It further highlights the need for measures to ensure that policy is effectively implemented, such that it translates into reduced IAS pressure and impact on biodiversity beyond 2010. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Convention on Biological Diversity 2010 Biodiversity Target; Environmental legislation; Invasive alien species; Red List Index; Species richness	biodiversity; biological invasion; invasive species; policy analysis; policy implementation; Red List; species diversity; species richness	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149139296	Thermal tolerance in a south-east African population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera, Glossinidae): Implications for forecasting climate change impacts	Terblanche J.S., Clusella-Trullas S., Deere J.A., Chown S.L.	2008	Journal of Insect Physiology	54	1	10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.007	Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Terblanche, J.S., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Clusella-Trullas, S., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Deere, J.A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Chown, S.L., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	For tsetse (Glossina spp.), the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases, the physiological mechanisms linking variation in population dynamics with changing weather conditions have not been well established. Here, we investigate high- and low-temperature tolerance in terms of activity limits and survival in a natural population of adult Glossina pallidipes from eastern Zambia. Due to increased interest in chilling flies for handling and aerial dispersal in sterile insect technique control and eradication programmes, we also provide further detailed investigation of low-temperature responses. In wild-caught G. pallidipes, the probability of survival for 50% of the population at low-temperatures was at 3.7, 8.9 and 9.6 °C (95% CIs: ±1.5 °C) for 1, 2 and 3 h treatments, respectively. At high temperatures, it was estimated that treatments at 37.9, 36.2 and 35.6 °C (95% CIs: ±0.5 °C) would yield 50% population survival for 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. Significant effects of time and temperature were detected at both temperature extremes (GLZ, p<0.05 in all cases) although a time-temperature interaction was only detected at high temperatures (p<0.0001). We synthesized data from four other Kenyan populations and found that upper critical thermal limits showed little variation among populations and laboratory treatments (range: 43.9-45.0 °C; 0.25 °C/min heating rate), although reduction to more ecologically relevant heating rates (0.06 °C/min) reduce these values significantly from ∼44.4 to 40.6 °C, thereby providing a causal explanation for why tsetse distribution may be high-temperature limited. By contrast, low-temperature limits showed substantial variation among populations and acclimation treatments (range: 4.5-13.8 °C; 0.25 °C/min), indicating high levels of inter-population variability. Ecologically relevant cooling rates (0.06 °C/min) suggest tsetses are likely to experience chill coma temperatures under natural conditions (∼20-21 °C). The results from acute hardening experiments in the Zambian population demonstrate limited ability to improve low-temperature tolerance over short (hourly) timescales after non-lethal pre-treatments. In flies which survived chilling, recovery times were non-linear with plateaus between 2-6 and 8-12 °C. Survival times ranged between 4 and 36 h and did not vary between flies which had undergone chill coma by comparison with flies which had not, even after factoring body condition into the analyses (p>0.5 in all cases). However, flies with low chill coma values had the highest body water and fat content, indicating that when energy reserves are depleted, low-temperature tolerance may be compromised. Overall, these results suggest that physiological mechanisms may provide insight into tsetse population dynamics, hence distribution and abundance, and support a general prediction for reduced geographic distribution under future climate warming scenarios. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Climate change; Cold tolerance; Fitness costs; Geographic distribution; Insect vector; Phenotypic plasticity; Seasonal variation; Trade-offs	climate change; fly; geographical distribution; phenotypic plasticity; population dynamics; population structure; seasonal variation; acclimatization; analysis of variance; animal; article; climate; comparative study; geography; greenhouse effect; Kenya; motor activity; physiology; population dynamics; survival; temperature; tsetse fly; Zambia; Acclimatization; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Climate; Geography; Greenhouse Effect; Kenya; Motor Activity; Population Dynamics; Survival Analysis; Temperature; Tsetse Flies; Zambia; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zambia; Animalia; Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina pallidipes; Glossinidae; Hexapoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946720989	Co-ownership and collaboration: Insights into the measurement of impact and change from evidence-based community and state violence prevention partnerships	Mutongwizo T., Leoschut L., Burton P.	2015	Stability	4	1	10.5334/sta.fh	Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, South Africa	Mutongwizo, T., Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, South Africa; Leoschut, L., Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, South Africa; Burton, P., Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, South Africa	Effective partnerships in community crime and violence prevention interventions are challenging to foster. Though challenging, their merits cannot be denied; thus it is necessary to involve diverse stakeholders in processes that aim to address violence and crime prevention in order to better approach the causes of crime. However, practical experiences have been used to identify the challenges of crime prevention partnerships, particularly in developing indicators that appropriately measure, monitor and evaluate progress. It has also been noted that it is difficult to discern which interventions yield success, particularly in partnerships with various stakeholders. This article therefore encourages joint assessments from the outset of crime prevention projects and the development of indicators that relate to all partners. This paper will draw on three violence and crime prevention pilot projects, conducted in South Africa. The discussion will focus on the processes of developing performance measurement frameworks and the challenges and successes experienced throughout the monitoring, evaluation and learning process. © 2015 The Author(s).	Crime prevention; Monitoring and evaluation; Multi-stakeholder forums; Partnerships; Safety audits	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952546769	The mineralogy of pyrrhotite from Sudbury CCN and Phoenix nickel ores and its effect on flotation performance	Becker M., Bradshaw D., De Villiers J.	2011	Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly	50	1	10.1179/000844311X552269	Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Julius Krutschnitt Mineral Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Becker, M., Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Bradshaw, D., Julius Krutschnitt Mineral Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; De Villiers, J., Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The non-stoichiometric sulphide pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS), common to many nickel ores, occurs in a variety of crystallographic forms and compositions. In order to manipulate its performance in nickel processing operations either to target the recovery or rejection or pyrrhotite, one needs an understanding of pyrrhotite mineralogy, reactivity and the effect this may have on its flotation performance. In this study, a non-magnetic Fe 9S10 pyrrhotite from Sudbury CCN in Canada and a magnetic Fe7S8 pyrrhotite from Phoenix in Botswana were selected to explore the relationship between mineralogy, reactivity and microflotation. Non-magnetic Sudbury pyrrhotite was less reactive in terms of its oxygen uptake and showed the best collectorless flotation recovery. Magnetic Phoenix pyrrhotite was more reactive and showed poor collectorless flotation, which was significantly improved with the addition of xanthate and copper activation. These differences in reactivity and flotation performance are interpreted to be a result of the pyrrhotite mineralogy, the implications of which may aid in the manipulation of flotation performance. © 2011 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.	Mineralogy; Oxidation; Pyrrhotite; Reactivity; Sulphide flotation	Botswana; Copper activation; Flotation performance; Flotation recovery; Microflotation; Nickel ores; Nonmagnetics; Oxygen uptake; Processing operations; Pyrrhotite; Reactivity; Sulphide flotation; Crystallography; Flotation; Mineralogy; Minerals; Nickel; Ore treatment; Oxidation; Oxygen; Iron ores	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924097953	Evaluation of the polyphenolic contents and some antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Garlic, Ginger, Cayenne Pepper and their mixture	Otunola G.A., Afolayan A.J.	2013	Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality	86	1	10.5073/JABFQ.2013.086.010	Centre for Phytomedicine Research, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alicee, South Africa	Otunola, G.A., Centre for Phytomedicine Research, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alicee, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Centre for Phytomedicine Research, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alicee, South Africa	Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens) are common culinary spices that are used singly or combined in the diet of many populations of the world and there is a long-held belief of their health-enhancing properties. This study investigated the aqueous extracts each of garlic, ginger, cayenne pepper and a combination of the three for polyphenolic and antioxidant properties that might justify such claims. Antioxidant activities were studied using DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide radical scavenging activities and reducing power assay. Each of the spice extracts showed high content of phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins, with the pepper extract exhibiting the highest concentration of each polyphenol investigated. The antioxidant activities of the spices and their mixture were concentration dependent, though positively comparable with the standards used. Among the extracts, the mixture exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to the individual spices and standards probably due to a synergistic effect of combining the spices. The present study confirmed that the aqueous extracts of garlic, ginger and pepper exhibited significant polyphenolic content and antioxidant potentials.	None	antioxidant; aqueous solution; concentration (composition); herb; phenolic compound; plant extract; population structure; Allium sativum; Capsicum annuum; Capsicum frutescens; Zingiber officinale	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59749097626	The impact of exchange rate movements on employment: The economy-wide effect of a rand appreciation	Ngandu S.N.C.	2009	Development Southern Africa	26	1	10.1080/03768350802640180	Centre for Poverty, Employment and Growth, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Ngandu, S.N.C., Centre for Poverty, Employment and Growth, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	There has been some debate on the impact of exchange rate volatility and levels in South Africa. This is a particular concern as South Africa needs to dramatically expand sustainable employment and at the same time raise value-added in its production of goods and services. These are not necessarily complementary objectives for a mineral-exporting economy. Using a computable general equilibrium model, with the appreciation induced by a commodity price boom, this paper analyses the possible impact of an appreciation of the rand on employment. The intention is to identify the impact on both aggregate employment and sectoral output. Although the economy does well as a result of the commodity boom, the results indicate the potential for 'Dutch Disease' - type effects. Almost all traded sectors are negatively affected, while the non-traded sectors experience a boost as a result of the appreciation.	None	commodity price; computable general equilibrium analysis; currency market; economic impact; employment; exchange rate; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919460553	Evaluation of the implementation of a phd capacity-building program for nurses in South Africa	Sheehan A., Comiskey C., Williamson C., Mgutshini T.	2015	Nursing Research	64	1	10.1097/NNR.0000000000000069	Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, 24 D'Olier St., Dublin 2, Ireland; SANTRUST, Durban, South Africa; University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Sheehan, A., Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, 24 D'Olier St., Dublin 2, Ireland; Comiskey, C., Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, 24 D'Olier St., Dublin 2, Ireland; Williamson, C., SANTRUST, Durban, South Africa; Mgutshini, T., University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: Nursing is experiencing a significant deficit in research capacity needed to meet future global healthcare demands-there is a call to double the number of nurses and healthcare professionals with a doctorate. Aim: The aim of this research was to evaluate the implementation of a national PhD capacity-building program for academic and practice-based nurses and other healthcare professionals in South Africa.Methods: An implementation science framework was used. Implementation of the program across two national, longitudinal cohorts of participants was studied. Evidence of enablers and barriers to implementation was obtained from multiple data sources, including the curriculum for the program, regular evaluation reports from program participants and program facilitators after each stage of the PhD curriculum delivery, and meeting notes. Supplementary sources included rates of PhD candidate recruitment, retention, and successful completion.Results: Evidence for the presence of enablers for successful implementation was found, including stakeholder consultation and buy-in, leadership, resources, staff capacity, and implementation teams. No evidence of an implementation plan, a supportive organizational culture, or effective ongoing communication at Stage 4 of the implementation process was found. Barriers to implementation included external environmental factors, resistance to change, and vested interests.Discussion: Within the context of a recognized worldwide shortage of nursing scientists, the application of an implementation science framework to evaluate the initial stages of a national PhD development program rollout provided information on how effective implementation can be strengthened and how barriers to success can be overcome. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	International educational exchange; Nursing research; South Africa	adult; cohort analysis; curriculum; education; human; nursing education; organization; organization and management; program evaluation; South Africa; Adult; Cohort Studies; Curriculum; Education, Nursing, Graduate; Humans; Nursing Education Research; Organizational Culture; Program Evaluation; School Admission Criteria; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948180161	The impact of health service variables on healthcare access in a low resourced urban setting in the Western Cape, South Africa	Scheffler E., Visagie S., Schneider M.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.820	Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Scheffler, E., Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Visagie, S., Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Schneider, M., Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Health care access is complex and multi-faceted and, as a basic right, equitable access and services should be available to all user groups. Objectives: The aim of this article is to explore how service delivery impacts on access to healthcare for vulnerable groups in an urban primary health care setting in South Africa. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study design was used. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with purposively sampled participants and analysed through thematic content analysis. Results: Service delivery factors are presented against five dimensions of access according to the ACCESS Framework. From a supplier perspective, the organisation of care in the study setting resulted in available, accessible, affordable and adequate services as measured against the District Health System policies and guidelines. However, service providers experienced significant barriers in provision of services, which impacted on the quality of care, resulting in poor client and provider satisfaction and ultimately compromising acceptability of service delivery. Although users found services to be accessible, the organisation of services presented them with challenges in the domains of availability, affordability and adequacy, resulting in unmet needs, low levels of satisfaction and loss of trust. These challenges fuelled perceptions of unacceptable services. Conclusion: Well developed systems and organisation of services can create accessible, affordable and available primary healthcare services, but do not automatically translate into adequate and acceptable services. Focussing attention on how services are delivered might restore the balance between supply (services) and demand (user needs) and promote universal and equitable access. © 2015. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82855175182	Occurrence and persistence of water level/salinity states and the ecological impacts for St Lucia estuarine lake, South Africa	Lawrie R.A., Stretch D.D.	2011	Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science	95	1	10.1016/j.ecss.2011.08.007	Centre for Research in Environmental, Coastal and Hydrological Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Surveying and Construction, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa	Lawrie, R.A., Centre for Research in Environmental, Coastal and Hydrological Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Surveying and Construction, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Stretch, D.D., Centre for Research in Environmental, Coastal and Hydrological Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Surveying and Construction, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa	The St Lucia estuarine lake in South Africa forms part of a World Heritage Site and is an important local source of biodiversity. Like many estuarine systems worldwide, St Lucia has experienced significant anthropogenic impacts over the past century. Abstractions have decreased fresh water inflows from the lake catchments by about 20%. Furthermore the Mfolozi river, which previously shared a common inlet with St Lucia and contributed additional fresh water during droughts, was diverted from the system in 1952 because of its high silt loads. The separated St Lucia mouth was subsequently kept artificially open until the onset of a dry period in 2002 when the mouth was left to close naturally. These changes and the current drought have placed the system under severe stress with unprecedented hypersaline conditions coupled with desiccation of large portions of the lake. Long-term simulations of the water and salt balance were used to estimate the occurrence and persistence of water levels and salinities for different management scenarios. The risks of desiccation and hyper-salinity were assessed for each case. The results show that the configuration of the Mfolozi/St Lucia inlets plays a key role in the physicochemical environment of the system. Without the Mfolozi link desiccation (of about 50% of the lake area) would occur for 32% of the time for an average duration of 15 months. Artificially maintaining an open mouth would decrease the chance of desiccation but salinities would exceed 65 about 17% of the time. Restoring the Mfolozi link would reduce the occurrence of both desiccation and hypersaline conditions and a mostly open mouth state would occur naturally. Integrating these modeled scenarios with observed biological responses due to changes in salinity and water depth suggests that large long-term changes in the biological structure can be expected in the different management scenarios. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Biological responses; Persistence times; Salinity; St Lucia; Water level	anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; desiccation; long-term change; physicochemical property; restoration ecology; salinity; water depth; water level; World Heritage Site; KwaZulu-Natal; Lake Saint Lucia; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857643664	Creative Industries, Inequality and Social Development: Developments, Impacts and Challenges in Cape Town	Booyens I.	2012	Urban Forum	23	1	10.1007/s12132-012-9140-6	Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Booyens, I., Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town 8000, South Africa, Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Creative industries are often regarded as avenues for urban regeneration, economic development and job creation. The growth of creative industries is linked to post-Fordist economic restructuring in cities. As a result, the economic base of cities has moved away from manufacturing to knowledge-intensive and service-based industries. While countries in the Global South generally contribute marginally to the global economy, some countries are seeking to enhance their competitiveness in the global environment and gain from opportunities presented by the creative economy. Policymakers in the Global South have therefore adopted creative industry policies, and often link these to social development outcomes. However, this presents various challenges. The literature indicates that creative industries can exacerbate existing inequalities and marginalise working class residents. Furthermore, the benefits of creative urban renewal do not necessarily reach poor communities. This paper contributes to debates regarding the role of creative industries in the urban economies of cities in the Global South. This reflects on the impacts of creative urban renewal, and the implications for social development and policy. It also considers recent development and challenges around creative industry promotion in Cape Town, with specific reference to the city-fringe neighbourhood of Woodstock. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Cities; Creative industries; Gentrification; Inequality; Post-industrial; Urban renewal	economic development; gentrification; global economy; industrial production; literature review; neighborhood; policy making; resident population; social development; social policy; urban economy; urban renewal; Cape Town; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846473188	Hydrologic and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain Part 3: Applications to assess ecological impact	Kleynhans M.T., James C.S., Birkhead A.L.	2007	Water SA	33	1	None	Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Streamflow Solutions cc, East London, South Africa	Kleynhans, M.T., Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; James, C.S., Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Birkhead, A.L., Streamflow Solutions cc, East London, South Africa	The ecological functioning of the Nyl River floodplain in the Limpopo Province of South Africa depends on water supplied by catchments which are experiencing continuing water resource development. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been produced to assist in future planning by simulating the effects of developments on ecologically relevant flooding characteristics. The models are applied here to predict the impacts of different development scenarios on the areal extent of suitable habitat for a key species, the Wild Rice (Oryza longistaminata), which can be characterised in terms of the depth, duration and timing of flood events. The results show that historical developments in the contributing catchments have already significantly reduced the area suitable for Wild Rice growth, particularly in relatively dry years, and increased the likely dry period between flooding events. Dam construction on one of the tributaries would reduce the suitable area further in dry to average years and increase the inter-event dry period. Careful dam operation could ameliorate impacts in very dry years, however.	Ecohydraulics; Environmental impact; Hydroecology; Nyl River floodplain; Nylsvlei; Nylsvley Nature Reserve; Wetland modelling; Wetlands	Ecology; Environmental impact; Hydraulic models; Hydraulics; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Wetlands; Hydroecology; River floodplain; Wetland modeling; Rivers; Ecology; Environmental impact; Hydraulic models; Hydraulics; Hydrology; Mathematical models; Rivers; Wetlands; assessment method; catchment; dam construction; ecological impact; floodplain; flow modeling; hydraulics; hydrological modeling; resource development; water resource; water supply; Africa; Limpopo; Nyl River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Oryza longistaminata; Zizania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890973440	Formulation and evaluation of Pheroid vesicles containing mefloquine for the treatment of malaria	Du Plessis L.H., Helena C., Van Huysteen E., Wiesner L., Kotzé A.F.	2014	Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology	66	1	10.1111/jphp.12147	Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Du Plessis, L.H., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Helena, C., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Van Huysteen, E., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kotzé, A.F., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa	Objectives Mefloquine (MQ) is an antimalarial drug with high efficacy, often used in the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of malaria. However, it has low solubility in water, a long elimination half-life (4 days), and is neurotoxic, which leads to unwanted side effects. Methods We investigated a lipid-based drug delivery system, Pheroid vesicles, in combination with MQ (Pheroid MQ), to promote future clinical use. MQ was incorporated into Pheroid vesicles and the formulations characterized. The formulations were evaluated in terms of in-vitro efficacy and toxicity. In-vivo bioavailability studies were conducted in C57 BL6 mice. Key findings The vesicles incorporated MQ with ∼63% entrapment efficiency. The IC50 values of MQ after 48-h incubation in chloroquine-resistant (RSA11) and chloroquine sensitive (3D7) strains, were reduced by ∼50% and ∼30% respectively. In-vivo bioavailability study revealed no change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of MQ, and the incorporation of the drug in Pheroid vesicles reduced the in-vitro haemolytic activity by ∼75%. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity against human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) of the free drug was reduced by ∼64% with Pheroid MQ. Conclusions Pheroid vesicles may therefore decrease the toxicity of MQ and thereby improve its therapeutic index, a strategy that may provide an effective alternative for malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment. © 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.	lipid-based drug delivery system; malaria; mefloquine; Pheroid technology; toxicity	chloroquine; drug carrier; mefloquine; pheroid vesicle; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; controlled study; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug cytotoxicity; drug delivery system; drug dosage form comparison; drug efficacy; drug formulation; entrapment efficiency; hemolysis; human; human cell; IC 50; in vitro study; in vivo study; malaria; male; mouse; neuroblastoma cell; nonhuman; pharmacological parameters; Plasmodium falciparum; lipid-based drug delivery system; malaria; mefloquine; Pheroid technology; toxicity; Animals; Biological Availability; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chloroquine; Coated Vesicles; Drug Delivery Systems; Half-Life; Humans; Malaria; Male; Mefloquine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuroblastoma; Particle Size; Solubility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862140149	Bis(ferrocenylimine)palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes: Synthesis, molecular structures and evaluation as antitumor agents	Motswainyana W.M., Onani M.O., Madiehe A.M.	2012	Polyhedron	41	1	10.1016/j.poly.2012.04.010	Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Motswainyana, W.M., Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Onani, M.O., Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Madiehe, A.M., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Compounds (ferrocenyl-2-furylmethyl)imine (L1), (ferrocenyl-2- thiophenemethyl)imine (L2) and (ferrocenyl-2-thiopheneethyl)imine (L3) were synthesized by condensation reactions and obtained in very good yields. Reactions of L1-L3 with 0.5 equiv. of either PdCl 2(cod), PdClMe(cod) or K 2[PtCl 4] gave the new corresponding trans-bis(ferrocenylimine)palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes 1-9. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 3 and 6 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Both structures crystallize in monoclinic P2 1/n space system. The coordination geometry around the palladium atom in complexes 3 and 6 exhibits a square planar geometry at the palladium atom. Complexes 1, 7 and 9 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human breast (MCF-7) and human ovarian (A2780) cancer cell lines, and they exhibited low cytotoxic activities but comparable to that of cisplatin. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Cancer; Cisplatin; Cytotoxicity; Ferrocenylimine; Molecular structures; Palladium; Platinum	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879079917	Evaluating the growth performance of local Kei chickens and their F 1-crosses with Rhode Island Red and Fayoumi breeds in watershed areas of Guraghe administrative zone, southern Ethiopia	Alewi M., Melesse A.	2013	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	16	1	None	Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Alewi, M., Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Melesse, A., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia	This study describes the on-farm performance of local Kei chicken and its F1 crosses with Fayoumi and Rhode Island Red (RIR) breeds in Beresa watershed of Guraghe administrative zone, southern Ethiopia. The Kei paternal line was mated with maternal lines of Fayoumi and RIR chickens to produce F1-crosses. Body weight developments and feed intake were determined on weekly basis. Then body weight gain and feed efficiency ratios (FER, weight gain: feed) were calculated. Hatchability was 59.0% and 73.7%, 54.7% for Kei, Fayoumi-crosses and RIR-crosses, respectively. In male chicks, the mean day-old weight ranged from 28.8 to 40.1 g and in female chicks from 26.2 to 35.8 g. The average body weight of matured male and female RIR-crosses was 1682 and 1227 g, respectively. The corresponding values for Fayoumi-crosses were 1310 and 1054 g and that of local Kei 1273 and 987 g. During the brooding period, the average daily feed intake was 25.9, 27.0 and 24.4 g for Kei, Fayoumi-crosses and RIR-crosses, respectively. The mean FER was 0.197, 0.213 and 0.243 g for Kei, Fayoumi-crosses and RIR-crosses, respectively. The average age at sexual maturity for Kei, Fayoumi-crosses and RIR-crosses was 183, 154 and 162 days, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that both F 1-crosses showed a significant improvement in body weight, weight gain and FER under farmers' management condition of the watershed areas suggesting the suitability of both genetic combinations with local Kei chickens for on-farm chicken productivity.	F1-crosses; Farmers' management; Fayoumi chicken; Growth performance; Local Kei chicken; Rhode Island Red chicken	Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877709122	Impact of nutrition education on nutrition knowledge of public school educators in South Africa: A pilot study	Oldewage-Theron W.H., Egal A.	2012	Health SA Gesondheid	17	1	10.4102/hsag.v17i1.602	Centre of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	Oldewage-Theron, W.H., Centre of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa; Egal, A., Centre of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	The Department of Basic Education (DBE) has not given nutrition education the necessary emphasis that it needs, despite its importance in South African schools. Nutrition is included as only one of many topics forming part of the Life Orientation syllabus. Educators are role models for learners in making healthy food choices, however, studies have shown that major gaps exist in the health and nutrition-related knowledge and behaviour of educators. The objective of this research was to undertake a pilot study to determine the impact of a nutrition education programme (NEP) on the nutrition knowledge of Life Orientation educators in public schools in South Africa (SA). An exploratory baseline survey, to determine the nutrition education practices in 45 purposively selected public schools, was carried out before the experimental nutrition education intervention study. A nutrition knowledge questionnaire was completed by 24 purposively selected educators, representing all nine provinces in SA, before and after a three-day NEP. Pre and post-NEP data were analysed on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for a Windows program version 17.0 for descriptive statistics, version 17.0. Paired t-tests measured statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) before and after the NEP. The knowledge of the respondents improved significantly after the NEP as the mean±s.d. score of correctly answered questions (n = 59) improved from 63.3±30.2% before to 80.6±21.1% after the NEP. The results proved that nutrition knowledge of Life Orientation educators in primary schools is not optimal, but can be improved by NEP. © 2012. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857837922	The world café in South Africa: A case study on improving performance and commitment	Eriaan O., Cady S.H.	2012	Organization Development Journal	30	1	None	ChangeWright Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa	Eriaan, O., ChangeWright Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cady, S.H., ChangeWright Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa	We present a case study based on a body of methodologies within a field referred to as whole system collaboration and change, large-group methods or interventions, and large-scale change. The World Café conversational process was utilized as part of an intervention designed to improve employee commitment and ensure continued effort in a service improvement program at an Information and Communications Technology (ICT) company. We describe the process for evaluating the impact of interventions; and, we report that the intervention appeared to improve an objective measure of performance and positively impact attitudes within the organization.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919572776	Use of ground-penetrating radar for construction monitoring and evaluation of perpetual pavements	Li J., Walubita L.F., Simate G.S., Alvarez A.E., Liu W.	2015	Natural Hazards	75	1	10.1007/s11069-014-1314-1	Changsha University of Science and Technology (CUST), Changsha, Hunan, China; TTI, PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, United States; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; TTI, College Station, TX, United States	Li, J., Changsha University of Science and Technology (CUST), Changsha, Hunan, China, TTI, College Station, TX, United States; Walubita, L.F., TTI, PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, United States; Simate, G.S., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Alvarez, A.E., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; Liu, W., TTI, College Station, TX, United States	The inherent quality of perpetual pavement (PP) governs its performance, which consequently influences the frequency and level of the potential accidents during the whole service life.This paper presents the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) as a nondestructive testing (NDT) tool that was utilized for construction monitoring and evaluation of Texas (USA) perpetual pavements. The currently existing Texas PP sections typically consist of hot-mix asphalt layers of over 350-mm total thickness supported on a 200-mm-thick treated (6 % lime or 2 % cement) base, which is resting on a well-compacted in situ subgrade soil. Overall, the results indicate that the GPR has great potential as an effective NDT tool for aiding with the construction quality monitoring, forensic investigations, and structural/performance evaluation of PP structures. In particular, the GPR is useful in determining pavement layer thicknesses, assessing compaction uniformity, locating areas of moisture retention, identifying low-density spots and localized high voided areas, indicative assessment of vertical segregation and debonding, and quality assessment of construction joints. Additionally, the current GPR system has the advantage of rapidly and continuously collecting pavement data up to a depth of 610 mm, together with integrated video images and a GPS system, over any desired highway length while traveling at a nominal speed of about 113 km/h without disturbing conventional traffic. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Accidents; Construction; Density; Ground-penetrating radar; Moisture; Perpetual pavement	None	FHWA, Federal Highway Administration
Scopus	2-s2.0-18144391576	Utilization of cellobiose by recombinant β-glucosidase-expressing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characterization and evaluation of the sufficiency of expression	McBride J.E., Zietsman J.J., Van Zyl W.H., Lynd L.R.	2005	Enzyme and Microbial Technology	37	1	10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.01.034	Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	McBride, J.E., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Zietsman, J.J., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Zyl, W.H., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Lynd, L.R., Chem. and Biochem. Eng. Program, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States	Two recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the BGL1 (β-glucosidase) gene originating from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were characterized with respect to gene expression and growth on cellobiose under air and nitrogen gas phases. The laboratory strain Y294[ySF1], with β-glucosidase expression from a multi-copy plasmid, grew at comparable rates on cellobiose and glucose under both air and nitrogen gas phases. By contrast, strain N96[ySF1] grew at a much slower rate on cellobiose than on glucose under both gas phases. For the various strain and substrate combinations tested, cell-specific enzyme activity was significantly higher under a nitrogen gas phase as compared to an air gas phase. The ability of these strains to grow on cellobiose, a non-native substrate, was evaluated in terms of a dimensionless 'sufficiency' parameter, S, consisting of the ratio of the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose production from cellobiose to the maximum cell-specific rate of glucose consumption. At sufficiency values substantially less than one, specific growth rates were found to be limited by heterologous enzyme expression, whereas for values of sufficiency near and greater to one, specific growth rates on cellobiose approached their values on glucose. The concept of sufficiency appears to have general utility for work aimed at growth enablement on non-native substrates by virtue of heterologous enzyme expression. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	β-Glucosidase; Cellobiose; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sufficiency	Cell culture; Genes; Glucose; Microorganisms; Strain; Substrates; Cellobiose; Gas phase; Gene expression; Saccharomycel cerevisiae; Enzymes; beta glucosidase; cellobiose; nitrogen; air; article; controlled study; culture medium; fungal metabolism; fungal strain; fungus growth; gene expression; glucose metabolism; growth rate; nonhuman; protein expression; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomycopsis fibuligera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76149091240	Microwave-assisted synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of 3-{3-(s-aryl and s-heteroaromatic)acryloyl}-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives	Ajani O.O., Nwinyi O.C.	2010	Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry	47	1	10.1002/jhet.298	Chemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Science, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Ajani, O.O., Chemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Nwinyi, O.C., Department of Biological Science, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	(Chemical Equation Presented) The exploration of potential utilization of microwaves as an energy source for heterocyclic synthesis was herein investigated using condensation of 3-acetylcoumarin (1) with aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding aromatic chalcones (2a-j) and heteroaromatic chalcones (3a-e and 4a-e), respectively, in good to excellent yield within 1-3 min. The chemical structures were confirmed by analytical and spectral data. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity and 3-{3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)acryloyl}-2H-chromen-2- one (2i) was discovered to be the most active at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 7.8 μg/mL. © 2010 HeteroCorporation.	None	3 (5 phenylpenta 2,4 dienoyl) 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (3 hydroxyphenyl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (4 chlorophenyl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (4 dimethylaminophenyl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (4 ethylphenyl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (4 hydroxy 3 methoxyphenyl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (4 hydroxyphenyl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (4 nitrophenyl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 chloro 1h pyrrol 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 chlorofuran 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 ethyl 1h pyrrol 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 ethylfuran 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 methyl 1h pyrrol 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 methylfuran 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 nitro 1h pyrrol 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (5 nitrofuran 2 yl]acryloyl) 2h chromen 2 one; 3 [3 (furan 2 yl)acryloyl] 2h chromen 2 one; 3 acetylcoumarin; 3 cinnamoyl 2h chromen 2 one; aldehyde derivative; antiinfective agent; chalcone derivative; coumarin derivative; streptomycin; unclassified drug; antibacterial activity; article; Bacillus anthracis; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus subtilis; controlled study; drug screening; drug structure; drug synthesis; Escherichia coli; Geobacillus stearothermophilus; infrared spectroscopy; Klebsiella pneumoniae; mass spectrometry; microwave radiation; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; nuclear magnetic resonance; polymerization; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Shigella dysenteriae; Staphylococcus aureus; ultraviolet spectroscopy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957520713	The impact of executive directors' service contracts on strategic plan	Dandira M.	2011	Business Strategy Series	12	1	10.1108/17515631111106830	Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe	Dandira, M., Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe	Purpose The purpose of this paper is to help boards of directors to find ways of establishing continuity in the strategic plan when strategists are employed on contract leave before the end of the strategic plan period. Design/methodology/approach The author has conducted research in organisations that have executives on contracts of three to five years, and identifies how strategic plans are negatively affected when executives on contract especially top management leave organisations when their contracts ends. Research in organisations has shown that strategic plans usually have longer periods than the contract of the strategist, and contract renewal is sometimes not obvious. Findings The length of the strategist's contract and the length of the strategic plan have not been taken into account when crafting strategic plans in organisations and appointing executive directors. This scenario has caused a lot of strategy failures. Practical implications Ways are provided for boards of directors and organisations to foster a culture of continuity of the strategic plan even when executives leave the organisation unceremoniously or when their contracts end and are not renewed. Originality/value This paper gives practical advice from situations in organisations and helps boards of directors to take into account the duration of strategic plans when employing executives. © 2011 Emerald Group Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.	Contract workers; Corporate strategy; Mission achievement; Strategic planning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951546609	Environmental impact assessment, land degradation and remediation in Nigeria: Current problems and implications for future global change in agricultural and mining areas	Chukwuma Sr. C.	2011	International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology	18	1	10.1080/13504509.2011.543837	Chrysanthus Centre for Future-Oriented Studies, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Chukwuma Sr., C., Chrysanthus Centre for Future-Oriented Studies, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Natural and anthropogenic processes and products of mining affect quality of life in highly mineralised areas, such as the derelict Enyigba-Abakaliki agriculture-oriented lead-zinc mining area, which has degradation of land and groundwater resources. This study establishes that Nigeria and other developing nations should maximise the benefits and mitigate the negative impacts of adverse natural and mining activities so as to achieve poverty alleviation. Baseline data on the economic, fiscal, social, land and flora, as well as environmental impacts and plans were designed to take into consideration the ways and means for mine closure and remediation to reduce health, environmental, socio-cultural risks and to assess costs. Certain cultivated and wild plant species are suggested as heavy metal indicators for environmental monitoring. The findings show that communities need leadership, partnerships, sharing of experiences and support from all government levels to preserve land and groundwater resources. We must adopt broader policies in a coordinated fashion so as to cope with interrelated environmental and developmental problems, irrespective of the expansive uncertainty regarding the nature of these problems, particularly with respect to economically doubtful mining operations that can degrade our agricultural soils. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.	agricultural soils; developing countries; environmental impacts; land degradation; mining areas; remediation	agricultural land; cultivation; developing world; economic analysis; environmental impact assessment; environmental monitoring; groundwater resource; heavy metal; land degradation; land management; mineralization; mining; plant community; poverty alleviation; risk assessment; state role; uncertainty analysis; wild population; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052523434	Effects of cocoa tree phenology and canopy microclimate on the performance of the mirid bug Sahlbergella singularis	Babin R., Anikwe J.C., Dibog L., Lumaret J.-P.	2011	Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata	141	1	10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01164.x	CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs Analyse et Maîtrise du Risque, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; IRAD, BP 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Arthropod Team, UMR 5175 CEFE, University of Montpellier III, Montpellie	Babin, R., CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs Analyse et Maîtrise du Risque, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Anikwe, J.C., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dibog, L., IRAD, BP 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Lumaret, J.-P., Arthropod Team, UMR 5175 CEFE, University of Montpellier III, Montpellier, France	Populations of the cocoa mirid, Sahlbergella singularis Haglund (Hemiptera: Miridae), on cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae), display sharp seasonal fluctuations in population size. To better understand factors and mechanisms involved in seasonal variation, we studied the life history traits of 10 successive generations of a caged population under field conditions. Nymphal survival and development were assessed on pods stored under cocoa canopy, whereas female survival and fecundity were evaluated on sleeved pods in cocoa trees. At the same time, cocoa phenology and cocoa canopy microclimate were characterized. A life table analysis was conducted with survival and fecundity temporal data. Reproductive parameters showed far more variation than nymphal development parameters, both within and among generations. We obtained low intrinsic rates of natural increase (about 0.04), the variation of which was mainly linked to the decrease in fecundity. Fecundity as well as life table parameters varied in accordance with natural population fluctuations, suggesting that S. singularis seasonal variation might be mainly linked to variation in female fecundity. A multiple regression analysis showed that variation in female fecundity was first correlated with the presence of young fruits on cocoa trees. Fecundity was also weakly affected by daily minimum r.h. and daily mean temperature. The usefulness of our results for modeling of S. singularis population dynamics and for the improvement of IPM strategies is discussed. © 2011 The Authors. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata © 2011 The Netherlands Entomological Society.	Demographic parameters; Demographic processes; Fecundity; Hemiptera; IPM strategy; Life history traits; Life tables; Miridae; Nymphal development; Seasonal variation; Survival; Theobroma cacao	biological development; cocoa; crop pest; developmental stage; fecundity; insect; integrated pest management; life history trait; life table; microclimate; multiple regression; phenology; population dynamics; population modeling; population size; reproductive status; seasonal variation; survival; Hemiptera; Malvaceae; Miridae; Sahlbergella singularis; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921469715	Urban transport safety assessment in Akure based on corresponding performance indicators	Oye A., Aderinlewo O., Croope S.	2013	Central European Journal of Engineering	3	1	10.2478/s13531-012-0043-z	Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Delaware Department of Transportation, Delaware, United States	Oye, A., Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Aderinlewo, O., Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Croope, S., Delaware Department of Transportation, Delaware, United States	The level of safety of the transportation system in Akure, Nigeria was assessed by identifying the associated road safety problems and developing the corresponding safety performance indicators. These indicators were analysed with respect to accidents that occurred within the city from the year 2005 to 2009 based on the corresponding attributable risk measures. The results of the analysis showed the state of existing safety programs in Akure town. Six safety performance indicators were identified namely alcohol and drug use, excessive speeds, protection system (use of seat belts and helmets), use of day time running lights, state of vehicles (passive safety) and road condition. These indicators were used to determine the percentage of injury accidents as follows: 83.33% and 86.36% for years 2005 and 2006 respectively, 81.46% for year 2007 while years 2008 and 2009 had 82.86% and 78.12% injury accidents respectively. © Versita sp. z o.o.	Attributable risk; Injury accidents; Protection system; Safety performance indicators; Vulnerability	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951786726	Women war survivors of the 1989-2003 conflict in Liberia: The impact of sexual and gender-based violence	Liebling-Kalifani H., Mwaka V., Ojiambo-Ochieng R., Were-Oguttu J., Kinyanda E., Kwekwe D., Howard L., Danuweli C.	2011	Journal of International Women's Studies	12	1	None	Clinical Psychology, Coventry University, Makerere University, Uganda; Makerere University, Uganda; Isis-Women's International Cross Cultural Exchange, Kampala, Uganda; Information and Documentation at Isis-WICCE, Uganda; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda; Ministry of Gender and Development, Cottingham University, Liberia; University of York, United Kingdom; University of Liberia, Liberia	Liebling-Kalifani, H., Clinical Psychology, Coventry University, Makerere University, Uganda; Mwaka, V., Makerere University, Uganda; Ojiambo-Ochieng, R., Isis-Women's International Cross Cultural Exchange, Kampala, Uganda; Were-Oguttu, J., Information and Documentation at Isis-WICCE, Uganda; Kinyanda, E., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda; Kwekwe, D., Ministry of Gender and Development, Cottingham University, Liberia; Howard, L., University of York, United Kingdom; Danuweli, C., University of Liberia, Liberia	This article presents a summary of the qualitative data from research carried out in post-conflict Liberia by Isis-WICCE, a women's international non-government organisation, in conjunction with the Ministry of Gender and Development of Liberia and Women in Peace-building Network, WIPNET. Analysis of research findings detail women's experiences of conflict and the serious effects of sexual violence and torture on their physical and psychological health. The paper also describes the omission of women from justice and rehabilitation processes. In support of women participants' views, the authors' recommend that funding is urgently required for the provision of holistic and sustainable, gender- sensitive services. Additional recommendations are made with respect to health, justice and policy changes in line with enhancing women survivor's roles and utilising their skills and resilience.	Gender-based violence; Liberia; Sexual; War; Women	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81355147314	Prevalence and impact of hepatitis B and C virus co-infections in antiretroviral treatment naïve patients with HIV infection at a major treatment center in Ghana	Sagoe K.W.C., Agyei A.A., Ziga F., Lartey M., Adiku T.K., Seshi M., Arens M.Q., Mingle J.A.A.	2012	Journal of Medical Virology	84	1	10.1002/jmv.22262	Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Pharmacy Department, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, United States	Sagoe, K.W.C., Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Agyei, A.A., Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Ziga, F., Pharmacy Department, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Lartey, M., Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Adiku, T.K., Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Seshi, M., Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Arens, M.Q., Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, United States; Mingle, J.A.A., Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana	Data on the effects of the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients co-infected with these viruses and HIV in West Africa are conflicting and little information is available in Ghana. A cohort of 138 treatment naïve individuals infected with HIV was screened for HBV and HCV serologic markers; HBsAg positive patients were tested for HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc IgM. The viral load of HIV-1 in the plasma was determined in 81 patients. Eighteen of the 138 patients (13%) and 5 (3.6%) had HBsAg and anti-HCV, respectively. None of the patients had anti-HBc IgM, but 10 (55.6%) and 8 (44.4%) of the 18 patients who were HBsAg positive had HBeAg and anti-HBe, respectively. In patients with measurement of CD4 + undertaken within 1 month (n=83), CD4 + count was significantly lower in patients with HBeAg (median [IQR], 81 [22-144]) as compared to those with anti-HBe (median [IQR], 210 [197-222]) (P=0.002, CI: -96.46 to 51.21). However, those with HIV mono-infection had similar CD4 + counts (median [IQR], 57 [14-159]) compared to those with HBeAg (P=1.0, CI: -71.75 to 73.66). Similar results were obtained if CD4 + count was measured within 2 months prior to initiation of HAART (n=119). Generally, HBV and anti-HCV did not affect CD4 + and viral loads of HIV-1 in plasma but patients with HIV and HBV co-infection who had HBeAg had more severe immune suppression as compared to those with anti-HBe. This may have implication for initiating HAART in HBV endemic areas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	CD4 +; Ghana; Hepatitis viruses; HIV; Viral load	antiretrovirus agent; hepatitis B core antibody; hepatitis B surface antigen; hepatitis B(e) antibody; hepatitis B(e) antigen; adult; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; controlled study; Ghana; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; major clinical study; mixed infection; prevalence; screening test; virus load; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Coinfection; Comorbidity; Female; Ghana; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Middle Aged; Viral Load; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12344249998	Evaluation of microbial diversity of different soil layers at a contaminated diesel site	Maila M.P., Randima P., Surridge K., Drønen K., Cloete T.E.	2005	International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation	55	1	10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.06.012	Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway	Maila, M.P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Randima, P., Cncl. for Sci. and Indust. Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Surridge, K., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Drønen, K., Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Cloete, T.E., Dept. Microbiol. and Plant Pathol., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	In this study, we evaluated the hydrocarbon removal efficiency and microbial diversity of different soil layers. The soil layers with high counts of recoverable hydrocarbon degrading bacteria had the highest hydrocarbon removal rate compared with soil layers with low counts of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Removal efficiency was 48% in the topsoil, compared with 31% and 11% at depths of 1.5 and 1 m, respectively. In the 1 and 1.5 m soil layers, there was no significant difference between total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal in nutrient amended treatments and controls. The respiration rate reflected the difference in the number of bacteria in each soil layer and the availability of nutrients. High O2 consumption corresponded positively with high TPH removal. Analysis of the microbial diversity in the different soil layers using functional diversity (community-level physiological profile, via Biolog) and genetic diversity using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rDNA revealed differences in, respectively, substrate utilisation patterns and DGGE profiles of 16S rDNA fragments. Microbial diversity as revealed by DNA fragments was lower in the highly contaminated soil layer (1.5 m) than in the topsoil and at 1 m. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Biodegradation; Biodiversity; Contamination; Hydrocarbons; Nutrition; Soils; Microbial diversity; Nutrients; Respiration rate; Soil layers; Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH); Bacteria; biodegradation; diesel; hydrocarbon; soil microorganism; soil pollution; species diversity; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873035112	Evaluation of cassava flour in the production of cocoa powder-based biscuits	Gyedu-Akoto E., Laryea D.	2013	Nutrition and Food Science	43	1	10.1108/00346651311295914	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Knust-Kumasi, Ghana	Gyedu-Akoto, E., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Laryea, D., Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Knust-Kumasi, Ghana	Purpose: The aim of this paper is to promote the local consumption of cassava through its utilization in baked products such as cocoa powder-based biscuits. Design/methodology/approach: Wheat flour was substituted with cassava flour at different levels - 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent in the production of cocoa powder-based biscuits. The products obtained were analyzed for protein and ash contents. Sensory analysis was also conducted on the products to determine the optimum level of inclusion of cassava flour. Findings: The incremental addition of cassava flour to the biscuits reduced the sensory and chemical quality of the products. The use of sole cassava flour (100 percent) could not form dough to produce biscuits. However, biscuits with 20 percent cassava flour were found to be most acceptable. Regression analysis of the data showed that the quality of the products depended on their texture and protein content since these attributes had R2 values higher than 0.80. Originality/value: This study was done to determine the potential use of cassava flour in baked products to meet the needs of the dynamic consumer market and also help in the reduction of excess cassava on the Ghanaian market. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Cassava flour; Cocoa powder; Food products; Ghana; Gluten; Lipoprotein matrix; Wheat flour	Manihot esculenta; Theobroma cacao; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855758508	Lameness in dairy cattle: Prevalence, risk factors and impact on milk production	Sulayeman M., Fromsa A.	2012	Global Veterinaria	8	1	None	College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Sulayeman, M., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Fromsa, A., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	The importance of lameness has increased as it became one of the greatest insults to the productivity of dairy cattle and took the third place in causing economic loss to dairy farmers next to infertility and mastitis. However, it is among the most neglected and least studied dairy problems in Ethiopia. This observational and repeated cross-sectional study was carried out on 432 dairy cattle that belonged to 23 randomly selected farms from Hawasa town to determine the prevalence of lameness, identify the associated risk factors and assess the effect on milk production. The result showed an overall lameness prevalence of 3.5%. Lameness of one or more animal was detected in 11 (47.83%) of the 23 visited farms. Milking status, pregnancy, feeding, floor type, length of rough track, frequency of floor cleaning, age, sex and herd size were considered as risk factors and statistically tested. All the risk factors except milking status were not significantly associated with lameness (P>0.05). Lameness was more frequent in hind limbs (2.8%) than in forelimbs (0.7%). In milking dairy cows, the mean daily milk yield was significantly reduced after the onset of lameness. The study showed that lameness is an economically important dairy herd problem. Therefore, prevention or early diagnosis and treatment of lameness in cows at all stages of lactation should be part of dairy farm management practice. © IDOSI Publications, 2012.	Dairy cattle; Lameness; Prevalence; Risk factors	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054008736	Evaluation of some robusta coffee (Coffea canephora pierre ex a. Froehner) clones for optimal density planting in Ghana	Anim-Kwapong G.J., Anim-Kwapong E., Oppong F.K.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	1	None	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana	Anim-Kwapong, G.J., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Anim-Kwapong, E., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Oppong, F.K., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. BOX 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana	Increasing productivity is a main objective in Robusta coffee improvement in Ghana. A field trial was established in 1998 to evaluate the potential of ten Robusta coffee clones for optimal density planting, at the experimental field of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana sub-station, Afosu. The clones were evaluated at three planting densities (1667, 2222 and 2667 trees ha -1) in a split plot design with three replicates, for yield and five vegetative traits namely: stem diameter, crown diameter, orthotropic internodes length, plagiotropic internodes length and number of bearing nodes per plagiotropic branch. Highly significant (P &lt; 0.00) interaction effects were observed for all parameters measured. The highest yields (averaging 1289.5 kg ha -1 year -1) were obtained from the highest planting density with clones 197, A129, B191, 181, and A115. These clones also had a relatively compact growth habit (smaller stem diameter and shorter plagiotropic and orthotropic internode lengths) compared to the other five clones (E152, B96, E138, E139 and B36). The findings suggest that productivity increases in Robusta coffee could be achieved through the use of planting materials which combine compact growth habit and high harvest potential in close spacing planting scheme. © 2010 Academic Journals.	High density planting; Robusta coffee clones; Vegetative vigour; Yield potential	Coffea canephora; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68049089781	The rooting performance of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) cuttings leached in water and application of rooting hormone in different media	Yeboah J., Lowor S.T., Amoah F.M.	2009	Journal of Plant Sciences	4	1	10.3923/jps.2009.10.14	Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana	Yeboah, J., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Lowor, S.T., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana; Amoah, F.M., Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Tafo-Akim, Ghana	In order to improve the rooting performance of shea stem cuttings to enhance the establislunent of shea plantation, an investigation was carried out in 2003/2004 at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana Substation, Bole in a polythene propagator. The propagating structures for the experiment were kept under a shade net (50% shade) to create a microclimate for the cuttings. The treatments employed were leaching, different growth media and hormone application. Rejuvenated (coppiced cuttings) shoots that were not leached (not dipped in water) gave significantly higher rooting than the leached cuttings while Seradix 3 powder applied cuttings produced significantly higher (p<0.05) rooting than the control. Significantly high in number, more developed and longer roots per cutting were recorded for the rice husk medium than the sand and sand-top soil (1: 1) media. The biochemical analysis significantly recorded high levels of sugar and phenol for cuttings that were not leached in water. The results of this study demonstrated that rice husk medium was the best for rooting shea cuttings. © 2009 Academic Journals Inc.	Phenol; Rice husk medium; Sand; Sand+top soil; Sugar	Theobroma cacao; Vitellaria paradoxa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645385128	Clonal evaluation of vegetatively propagated half-node cuttings of Coffea canephora	Famaye A.O., Oloyede A.A., Ayegboyin K.O.	2006	Tropical Science	46	1	10.1002/ts.10	Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Famaye, A.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oloyede, A.A., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ayegboyin, K.O., Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria	Of five high-yielding clones of robusta coffee, half-node cuttings of C36, C96, C108 and C111 sprouted, rooted and grew well. T1049 was markedly inferior, but the half-node technique could be used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Clonal evaluation; Coffee; Cutting; Half-node; Robusta	Coffea canephora	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645783649	Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal as protein source for pullets: 1. Performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Ironkwe M.C., Ojewola G.S.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	1	10.3923/ijps.2006.60.64	College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ironkwe, M.C., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	The experiment was conducted with 150 nine week-old black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of grower pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets from the grower (9th week) stage of life. The experiment, which was in a completely randomized design (CRD), comprised pullets fed 20% PSM diets that were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The seeds were used as raw, boiled for 30 minutes, toasted for 30 minutes or soaked in water for 24 hours. Each treatment (raw, boiled, toasted, soaked or control diets) was replicated three times. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live weight at point of lay and feed cost. Pullets fed 20% boiled PSM diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) daily protein intake and live weight at point of lay. It was concluded that PSM could be a good protein source for grower pullets, which could be incorporated into the diets at 20% of the whole diet without any adverse effect on growth performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Diets; Grower pullets; Pigeon pea seeds; Processed seeds	Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949092932	High performance Pd-based catalysts for oxidation of formic acid	Wang R., Liao S., Ji S.	2008	Journal of Power Sources	180	1	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.027	College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, South Africa	Wang, R., College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Liao, S., College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Ji, S., South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, South Africa	Two novel catalysts for anode oxidation of formic acid, Pd2Co/C and Pd4Co2Ir/C, were prepared by an organic colloid method with sodium citrate as a complexing agent. These two catalysts showed better performance towards the anodic oxidation of formic acid than Pd/C catalyst and commercial Pt/C catalyst. Compared with Pd/C catalyst, potentials of the anodic peak of formic acid at the Pd2Co/C and Pd4Co2Ir/C catalyst electrodes shifted towards negative value by 140 and 50 mV, respectively, meanwhile showed higher current densities. At potential of 0.05 V (vs. SCE), the current density for Pd4Co2Ir/C catalyst is as high as up to 13.7 mA cm-2, which is twice of that for Pd/C catalyst, and six times of that for commercial Pt/C catalyst. The alloy catalysts were nanostructured with a diameter of ca. 3-5 nm and well dispersed on carbon according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The composition of alloy catalysts was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Pd4Co2Ir/C catalyst showed the highest activity and best stability making it the best potential candidate for application in a direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC). © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrocatalysts; Formic acid oxidation; Fuel cell; Pd-based catalysts	Current density; Electrocatalysts; Energy dispersive X ray analysis; Formic acid fuel cells (FAFC); Oxidation; Complexing agents; Organic colloid method; Sodium citrate; Formic acid	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922091077	Spatial analysis of groundwater potential using remote sensing and GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation in Raya Valley, northern Ethiopia [Analyse spatiale du potentiel d’eau souterraine à l’aide d’images satellites et d’évaluation multicritères à partir d	Fenta A.A., Kifle A., Gebreyohannes T., Hailu G.	2014	Hydrogeology Journal	23	1	10.1007/s10040-014-1198-x	College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Dept. of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Institute of Geo-information and Earth Observation Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia	Fenta, A.A., College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Dept. of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Kifle, A., Institute of Geo-information and Earth Observation Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Gebreyohannes, T., College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Hailu, G., Institute of Geo-information and Earth Observation Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia	Sustainable development and management of groundwater resources require application of scientific principles and modern techniques. An integrated approach is implemented using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria evaluation to identify promising areas for groundwater exploration in Raya Valley, northern Ethiopia. The thematic layers considered are lithology, lineament density, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, rainfall and land use/cover. The corresponding normalized rates for the classes in a layer and weights for thematic layers are computed using Saaty’s analytical hierarchy process. Based on the computed rates and weights, aggregating the thematic maps is done using a weighted linear combination method to obtain a groundwater potential (GP) map. The GP map is verified by overlay analysis with observed borehole yield data. Map-removal and single-parameter sensitivity analyses are used to examine the effects of removing any of the thematic layers on the GP map and to compute effective weights, respectively. About 770 km2 (28 % of the study area) is designated as ‘very good’ GP. ‘Good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ GP areas cover 630 km2 (23 %), 600 km2 (22 %) and 690 km2 (25 %), respectively; the area with ‘very poor’ GP covers 55 km2 (2 %). Verification of the GP map against observed borehole yield data shows 74 % agreement, which is fairly satisfactory. The sensitivity analyses reveal the GP map is most sensitive to lithology with a mean variation index of 6.5 %, and lithology is the most effective thematic layer in GP mapping with mean effective weight of 52 %. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Ethiopia; Geographic information systems; Groundwater potential; Multi-criteria evaluation; Remote sensing	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892540235	The impact of language of learning and teaching in primary schools: A case study of the Gauteng province	Mogashoa T.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	1	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p295	College of Education, University of South Africa, South Africa	Mogashoa, T., College of Education, University of South Africa, South Africa	The aim of the research was to establish the impact of language of learning and teaching in selected South African primary schools. This study was underpinned by critical discourse analysis. The framework of analysis included analysis of texts, interactions and social practices at the local, institutional and societal levels. Language policies can be better understood by looking at the social issues of the community as well as the language and type of texts used. When exercising a choice with regard to method, researchers often have to decide between qualitative and quantitative methods or a combination of both. Qualitative research was chosen as a relevant research instrument for this study to gather information. During data analysis the data were organised categorically and coded and the responses were correlated with the prominent and emerging views identified in the literature survey. The findings of this study revealed that African learners are taught in second or third languages while white learners are taught in their home languages. The Department of Basic Education and policy makers should be persuaded to promote programmes in which home language instruction is given meaningful financial and material support to make the production and rewriting of textbooks and dictionaries across school curricula possible.	Critical discourse analysis; Curriculum; Evaluation and assessment; Involvement; Perspectives; Purpose and emphasis; Qualitative; Significance; Teacher	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849106681	Impact of industrial effluents on water, soils and plants in the Alakia industrial area of Ibadan, South West Nigeria	Awomeso J.A., Ufoegbune G.C., Oluwasanya G.O., Ademola-Aremu O.O.	2009	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	91	1	10.1080/02772240802074975	College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Awomeso, J.A., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ufoegbune, G.C., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oluwasanya, G.O., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ademola-Aremu, O.O., College of Environmental Resources Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Chemical analysis of the effluents of the industrial area in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, and their effect on three communities were evaluated. The degree of pollution was ascertained by determination of the concentration of 12 metals including Pb, Cu, Ni, K, Cd, Fe, Zn, Ca, Cr, Mn, Na, Mg, a specific nonmetal phosphorus, as well as chloride (Cl) and nitrates (NO3 -. The study established the presence of metals in concentrations higher than the recommended limits in effluent discharges in all the samples in the study area. © 2009 Taylor &amp; Francis.	Effluent; Industrial growth; Metals; Pollution; Radicals	Calcium; Chlorine compounds; Chromium; Industrial plants; Lead; Manganese; Manganese compounds; Metals; Nitrogen compounds; Phosphorus; Pollution; Sewage; Sodium; Wastewater treatment; Zinc; Concentration of; Effluent discharges; Industrial areas; Industrial effluents; Industrial growth; Nigeria; Radicals; Study areas; Effluents; chemical pollutant; concentration (composition); discharge; effluent; heavy metal; nitrate; Africa; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919752607	Pre-service ultrasonic and manual evaluation of the reproductive organs of dairy cows presumed to be in estrus	Hansar E., Lemma A., Yilma T.	2014	SpringerPlus	3	1	10.1186/2193-1801-3-529	College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Hansar, E., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Lemma, A., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Yilma, T., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Manual and ultrasonic evaluation of the the reproductive organs of 62 dairy cows and heifers belonging to smallholder farms was conducted. The objective was to assess the efficiency of visual estrus detection method in the dairy animals that were presented for artificial insemination. Data were collected on reproductive status, body condition, estrus signs, and findings of rectal examination. Thirty-three animals were inseminated after ultrasonic evaluation while 29 animals were inseminated after manual evaluation through rectal palpation. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed using ultrasound 30 days post insemination. The most frequently observed estrus signs by the dairy owners were mucus discharge (83.9%) and mounting (67.7%) while the most frequently confirmed physical signs of estrus by rectal examination were cervical opening (88.7%), and uterine turgidity (82.3%). The overall mean (±SD) diameter of the largest follicle was 12.9 ± 3.4 mm with an average number of 3.5 follicles per ovary. The overall pregnancy rate was 29%. Evaluation of post-insemination records showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the diameter of largest follicle between the pregnant (14.7 mm) and non-pregnant (12.1 mm) animals. The mean (±SD) time interval between the first observed estrus sign to service were 10.5 ± 7.0 hrs and 14.5 ± 10.0 hrs for pregnant and non-pregnant, respectively. The low pregnancy rate, delayed time of insemination, and the difference in the size of dominant follicle indicate the incompatibility between visual estrus detection and optimal time of insemination. This confirms the significance of improving estrus detection and the need for combining estrus signs with pre-service evaluation of the reproductive organs either manually or using ultrasound. © 2014, Hansar et al.; licensee Springer.	Artificial insemination; Estrus sign; Reproductive organs; Ultrasonography	None	None
WoS	WOS:000274115900013	The impact of immunization on the association between poverty and child survival: Evidence from Kassena-Nankana District of northern Ghana	Adjuik, Martin,Bawah, Ayaga A.,Binka, Fred N.,MacLeod, Bruce,Phillips, James F.,Vaughan-Smith, Maya	2010	SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH	38	1	10.1177/1403494809352532	Columbia University, Navrongo Health Research Center, University of Ghana, University of Maine System, University of Southern Maine, INDEPTH Network	"Adjuik, Martin: Navrongo Health Research Center","Binka, Fred N.: University of Ghana","MacLeod, Bruce: University of Maine System","MacLeod, Bruce: University of Southern Maine","Phillips, James F.: Columbia University",	Background: Research conducted in Africa has consistently demonstrated that parental poverty and low educational attainment adversely affect child survival. Research conducted elsewhere has demonstrated that low-cost vaccines against preventable diseases reduce childhood mortality. Therefore, the extension of vaccination to impoverished populations is widely assumed to diminish equity effects. Recent evidence that childhood mortality is increasing in many countries where vaccination programmes are active challenges this assumption. Data and methods: This paper marshals data from accurate and complete immunization records and survival histories for 18,368 children younger than five years in a rural northern Ghanaian population that is generally impoverished, but where family wealth and parental educational differentials exist nonetheless. Time-conditional Weibull hazard models are estimated to test the hypothesis that childhood immunization offsets the detrimental effects of poverty and low educational attainment. Conclusions: Findings show that the adverse effects of poverty disappear and that the effects of educational attainment are reduced in survival models that control for immunization status. This finding lends empirical support to policies that promote immunization as a strategic component of poverty-reduction programmes.	"CHILD SURVIVAL",HEALTH,IMMUNIZATION,POVERTY,AFRICA,GUINEA-BISSAU,MORTALITY,"NAVRONGO EXPERIMENT"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000301868800006	The impact of reducing financial barriers on utilisation of a primary health care facility in Rwanda	Bonds, Matthew H.,Dhillon, Ranu S.,Fraden, Max,Ndahiro, Donald,Ruxin, Josh	2012	GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH	7	1	10.1080/17441692.2011.593536	Columbia University, University of Rwanda, Millennium Villages Project	"Bonds, Matthew H.: University of Rwanda","Dhillon, Ranu S.: Columbia University","Fraden, Max: Columbia University","Ruxin, Josh: Columbia University",	This study investigates the impact of subsidising community-based health insurance (mutuelle) enrolment, removing point-of-service co-payments, and improving service delivery on health facility utilisation rates in Mayange, a sector of rural Rwanda of approximately 25,000 people divided among five 'imidugudu' or small villages. While comprehensive service upgrades were introduced in the Mayange Health Centre between April 2006 and February 2007, utilisation rates remained similar to comparison sites. Between February 2007 and April 2007, subsidies for mutuelle enrolment established virtually 100% coverage. Immediately after co-payments were eliminated in February 2007, patient visits levelled at a rate triple the previous value. Regression analyses using data from Mayange and two comparison sites indicate that removing financial barriers resulted in about 0.6 additional annual visits for curative care per capita. Although based on a single local pilot, these findings suggest that in order to achieve improved health outcomes, key short-term objectives include improved service delivery and reduced financial barriers. Based on this pilot, higher utilisation rates may be affected if broader swaths of the population are enrolled in mutuelle and co-payments are eliminated. Health leaders in Rwanda should consider further studies to determine if the impact of eliminating co-payments and increasing subsidies for mutuelle enrolment as seen in Mayange holds at greater levels of scale. Broader studies to better elucidate the impact of enrolment subsidies and co-payment subsidies on utilisation, health outcomes, and costs would also provide policy insights.	"community-based health insurance",Mayange,mutuelle,RWANDA,"USER FEES",ACCESS,AFRICA,COST,INSURANCE,POVERTY,SERVICES,UGANDA,"USER FEES"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939165185	Effects of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on cognitive performance following exercise-induced hyperthermia in humans	Lee J.K.W., Ang W.H., Ng J.W.X., Fan P.W.P., Teo Y.S., Nolte H.W., Yeo Y.Y.W.	2014	Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition	11	1	10.1186/s12970-014-0051-x	Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; ERGOnomics TECHnologies, Research and Development, Armscor, Pretoria, South Africa	Lee, J.K.W., Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Ang, W.H., Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore; Ng, J.W.X., Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Fan, P.W.P., Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore; Teo, Y.S., Combat Protection and Performance Programme, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore; Nolte, H.W., ERGOnomics TECHnologies, Research and Development, Armscor, Pretoria, South Africa; Yeo, Y.Y.W., Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore	Background: There is limited information on the effects of sports drinks on cognitive function after exercise in the heat. We aimed to investigate the effects of ingesting a commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO) solution on cognitive performance following exercise-induced hyperthermia. Methods: Twelve participants completed three practices of cognitive tests, one full familiarisation and two experimental trials in an environmental chamber (dry bulb temperature: 30.2 ± 0.3°C, relative humidity: 70 ± 3%). The experimental trials consisted of five cognitive tests (symbol digit matching, search and memory, digit span, choice reaction time and psychomotor vigilance test) performed before and after a 75-min run on a treadmill at 70% VO<inf>2</inf> max. One ml/kg body mass of a 6.8% CHO solution or placebo was consumed at the start, every 15 min during exercise and between cognitive tests after exercise. Core temperature, heart rate, blood glucose concentrations, subjective ratings and cognitive performance were assessed (symbol digit matching, search and memory, digit span, choice reaction time and psychomotor vigilance). Results: Participants were hyperthermic at the end of the run (placebo: 39.5 ± 0.4°C, CHO: 39.6 ± 0.5°C; Mean ± SD; p = 0.37). The change in blood glucose was higher with CHO ingestion (1.6, 0.7 to 4.5 mmol/L) (median, range) than with placebo ingestion (0.9, -0.1 to 4.7 mmol/L; p < 0.05). CHO ingestion reduced the maximum span of digits memorized, in contrast to an increase in maximum span with placebo ingestion (p < 0.05). CHO solution had no effect on other cognitive tests (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that CHO solution ingestion may impair short-term memory following exertional heat stress. © 2014 Lee et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902523905	African primary care research: Performing a programme evaluation	Dudley L.	2014	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	6	1	10.4102/phcfm.v6i1.634	Community Health Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Dudley, L., Community Health Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	This article is part of a series on Primary Care Research in the African context and focuses on programme evaluation. Different types of programme evaluation are outlined: developmental, process, outcome and impact. Eight steps to follow in designing your programme evaluation are then described in some detail: engage stakeholders; establish what is known; describe the programme; define the evaluation and select a study design; define the indicators; plan and manage data collection and analysis; make judgements and recommendations; and disseminate the findings. Other articles in the series cover related topics such as writing your research proposal, performing a literature review, conducting surveys with questionnaires, qualitative interviewing and approaches to quantitative and qualitative data analysis. © 2014. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856885740	Impact of conflict on agricultural production in the Niger-Delta: Evidence from Cross River State, Nigeria	Ofem N.I., Ndifon H.M., Angba A.O., Effiong J.B., Akinmosin O.C.	2012	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	10	1	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria	Ofem, N.I., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Ndifon, H.M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Angba, A.O., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Effiong, J.B., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Akinmosin, O.C., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria	The study determined the impact of conflicts on agricultural production in the Niger Delta of Nigeria with specific evidence from Cross River State. The state was purposively selected because of its high rate of communal conflict. A multi-staged sampling procedure was employed and respondents were randomly sampled from two different communities where conflicts have occurred over time. A total of 60 respondents were used for the study. Data were collected from respondents using personal interviews, with the aid of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics (ordered probit regression) were used to analyze data. Results from the descriptive analysis revealed that a greater percentage of the respondents (63.33%) were farmers, 41.67% were youths between the ages of 21 and 40 years, majority (56.67%) had low educational attainments and there was a high level of unemployment (90%) in the area, while 25 percent of the respondents earned as low as N30,000 or less per-annum. The results of the hypotheses tested revealed that there is a significant relationship between conflicts and respondents' socio-economic characteristics such as age, occupation, marital status, family size, education and employment status while gender, income and infrastructure were not significant. The result also showed a significant but negative relationship between agricultural GDP and conflict. Therefore, the study noted that strategies and programmes aimed at addressing the socio-economic needs of the people and investments in agriculture were required to stem the spate of conflicts in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria.	Agricultural production; Clashes; Communal; Conflict; Impact; Niger-delta; Probit; Regression; Violence	adult; age; agricultural worker; article; community dynamics; conflict; crop production; educational status; family size; female; human; interview; male; marriage; Nigeria; occupation; social status; structured questionnaire; unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896042349	Evaluation of the deposition, translocation and pathological response of brake dust with and without added chrysotile in comparison to crocidolite asbestos following short-term inhalation: Interim results	Bernstein D.M., Rogers R., Sepulveda R., Kunzendorf P., Bellmann B., Ernst H., Phillips J.I.	2014	Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology	276	1	10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.016	Consultant in Toxicology, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland; Rogers Imaging, Needham, MA 02494, United States; GSA Gesellschaft für Schadstoffanalytik mbH, D-40882 Ratingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Bernstein, D.M., Consultant in Toxicology, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland; Rogers, R., Rogers Imaging, Needham, MA 02494, United States; Sepulveda, R., Rogers Imaging, Needham, MA 02494, United States; Kunzendorf, P., GSA Gesellschaft für Schadstoffanalytik mbH, D-40882 Ratingen, Germany; Bellmann, B., Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Ernst, H., Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Phillips, J.I., National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa, Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Chrysotile has been frequently used in the past in manufacturing brakes and continues to be used in brakes in many countries. This study was designed to provide an understanding of the biokinetics and potential toxicology following inhalation of brake dust following short term exposure in rats. The deposition, translocation and pathological response of brake dust derived from brake pads manufactured with chrysotile were evaluated in comparison to the amphibole, crocidolite asbestos. Rats were exposed by inhalation 6h/day for 5days to either brake dust obtained by sanding of brake-drums manufactured with chrysotile, a mixture of chrysotile and the brake dust or crocidolite asbestos. No significant pathological response was observed at any time point in either the brake dust or chrysotile/brake dust exposure groups. The long chrysotile fibers (&gt;20μm) cleared quickly with T1/2 estimated as 30 and 33days, respectively in the brake dust and the chrysotile/brake dust exposure groups. In contrast, the long crocidolite fibers had a T1/2&gt;1000days and initiated a rapid inflammatory response in the lung following exposure resulting in a 5-fold increase in fibrotic response within 91days. These results provide support that brake dust derived from chrysotile containing brake drums would not initiate a pathological response in the lung following short term inhalation. © 2014 The Authors.	Amphibole asbestos; Brake dust; Chrysotile; Inhalation toxicology; Lung/pleura; Pathology	amphibole; chrysotile; crocidolite; air monitoring; air sampling; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; atmospheric deposition; clinical examination; connective tissue; controlled study; diaphragm; dust; dust exposure; ecotoxicology; exhaust gas; histopathology; inhalation; lung parenchyma; nonhuman; rat; tissue preparation; Rattus; Amphibole asbestos; Brake dust; Chrysotile; Inhalation toxicology; Lung/pleura; Pathology; Animals; Asbestos, Crocidolite; Asbestos, Serpentine; Asbestosis; Disease Models, Animal; Dust; Half-Life; Industry; Inhalation Exposure; Lung; Male; Materials Testing; Motor Vehicles; Occupational Diseases; Physicochemical Phenomena; Protective Devices; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Mucosa; Tissue Distribution; Toxicity Tests, Acute	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875478818	Eco-hydrological impacts of Eucalyptus in the semi humid Ethiopian Highlands: The Lake Tana Plain	Chanie T., Collick A.S., Adgo E., Lehmann C.J., Steenhuis T.S.	2013	Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics	61	1	10.2478/johh-2013-0004	Cornell University Master's Program in Integrated Watershed Management, Hydrology Cornell University at Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853 NY, United States; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia	Chanie, T., Cornell University Master's Program in Integrated Watershed Management, Hydrology Cornell University at Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Collick, A.S., Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Adgo, E., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Lehmann, C.J., Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853 NY, United States; Steenhuis, T.S., Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States, Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Eucalyptus is the tree of choice for wood production by farmers in Ethiopia. Although there are many claims about its harmful effect on ecology and water availability, little actual research exists. The main objective of this study was, therefore, to study the extent of harm of Eucalyptus on the ecosystem. This study was conducted at the Koga Watershed near Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Twenty-five farmers were interviewed and a field experiment with three replications was carried out to quantify the effect of Eucalyptus on various soil physical and chemical properties and maize crop measurements and to compare bulk density, soil moisture contents, maize crop counts and shading effects in fields bordered by Eucalyptus and Croton macrostachyus. Our results show that Eucalyptus decreased both soil nutrients and maize yields within 20 m of the trees. Although moisture content was not affected during the monsoon, it decreased faster within 30 m of the Eucalyptus trees than elsewhere. Soils become water repellent, too. Local farmers' perception agreed with our experimental findings and indicated that Eucalyptus trees are exhausting the once productive land. They also reported that Eucalyptus dries up springs. Despite this, the growers insist on planting Eucalyptus because of its cash income.	Croton machrostachyus; Eucalyptus; Koga watershed; Soil water repellency	Croton machrostachyus; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus trees; Farmers' perceptions; Soil physical and chemical properties; Soil water repellency; Water availability; Water repellents; Chemical properties; Crops; Ecology; Forestry; Lakes; Moisture determination; Soil moisture; Watersheds; Soil surveys; Chemical Properties; Ecology; Eucalyptus; Farm Crops; Forestry; Lakes; Moisture; Soil; Surveys; Water Sheds; Croton macrostachyus; Eucalyptus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83055174037	Detection and monitoring of surface subsidence associated with mining activities in the Witbank Coalfields, South Africa, using differential radar interferometry	Engelbrecht J., Inggs M.R., Makusha G.	2011	South African Journal of Geology	114	1	10.2113/gssajg.114.1.77	Council for Geoscience, Western Cape Unit, P.O. Box 572, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Anglo Coal, P.O Box 61587, Marshalltown, Johannesburg, 2107, South Africa	Engelbrecht, J., Council for Geoscience, Western Cape Unit, P.O. Box 572, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Inggs, M.R., University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Makusha, G., Anglo Coal, P.O Box 61587, Marshalltown, Johannesburg, 2107, South Africa	Surface subsidence associated with coal mining activities in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, changes the natural environment in several ways and current challenges for mining companies lie in rehabilitation of the natural environment and the prevention of further degradation. To monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of surface subsidence, traditional field-based monitoring approaches, including GPS and spirit levelling, are employed at a number of locations. However, the resulting measurements are point-based and frequent visitations are necessary to map the evolution of surface subsidence basins over time. To address these limitations, differential interferograms derived from repeat-pass satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems were tested for their ability to measure and monitor surface deformation. The resulting interferograms revealed several features indicative of surface subsidence. Ground truth data confirmed the presence of a subsidence basin detected using differential interferometry techniques during the 35 day period between April 12, 2008 and May 17, 2008, with a maximum vertical deformation of 3.2 cm being recorded. Interferometric monitoring revealed an eastward migration of the subsidence basin between June 2, 2008 and September 15, 2008, with an additional 4.7 cm of subsidence being observed. This migration coincides with the advance of the working face of the mine during this period. The results demonstrate the ability of interferometric synthetic aperture radar techniques to measure surface subsidence as well as the monitoring of the evolution of subsidence basins over time. This implies that the technique could be included, together with traditional field-based surveying techniques, in an operational monitoring system. © 2011 March Geological Society of South Africa.	None	basin evolution; coal mining; deformation; detection method; environmental monitoring; GPS; human activity; leveling; monitoring system; radar interferometry; subsidence; synthetic aperture radar; temporal evolution; Mpumalanga; South Africa; Witbank Coalfield	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84961292145	Heuristic space diversity control for improved meta-hyper-heuristic performance	Grobler J., Engelbrecht A.P., Kendall G., Yadavalli V.S.S.	2015	Information Sciences	300	1	10.1016/j.ins.2014.11.012	Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Malaysia; Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Grobler, J., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Engelbrecht, A.P., Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Kendall, G., School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Malaysia; Yadavalli, V.S.S., Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This paper expands on the concept of heuristic space diversity and investigates various strategies for the management of heuristic space diversity within the context of a meta-hyper-heuristic algorithm in search of greater performance benefits. Evaluation of various strategies on a diverse set of floating-point benchmark problems shows that heuristic space diversity has a significant impact on hyper-heuristic performance. An exponentially increasing strategy (EIHH) obtained the best results. The value of a priori information about constituent algorithm performance on the benchmark set in question was also evaluated. Finally, EIHH demonstrated good performance when compared to a popular population based algorithm portfolio algorithm and the best performing constituent algorithm. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Diversity management; Heuristic space diversity; Hyper-heuristics	Algorithms; Digital arithmetic; Heuristic algorithms; Heuristic methods; Algorithm performance; Bench-mark problems; Diversity managements; Hyper-heuristic algorithms; Hyper-heuristics; Performance benefits; Population-based algorithm; Space diversity; Benchmarking	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893333974	Quality evaluation of chocolate produced using soy-cow milk	Obatoye A.O., Ogunwolu S.O., Idowu M.A.	2014	Nutrition and Food Science	44	1	10.1108/NFS-07-2013-0078	Crop Processing and Utilization, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Food and Human Ecology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Obatoye, A.O., Crop Processing and Utilization, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunwolu, S.O., Crop Processing and Utilization, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria; Idowu, M.A., Food and Human Ecology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of substituting cow milk with soy milk in the standard milk chocolate recipe on the physical, chemical and sensory qualities of milk chocolate and obtain the best ratio of substitution. Design/methodology/approach: Milk chocolates were produced by substituting the cow milk in the standard recipe with soy milk powder at different ratios of soy milk to cow milk. Physical and chemical analyses were carried out using the standard methods to evaluate the major raw materials and chocolate samples, and the sensory evaluation of the chocolate samples was carried out using preference and difference tests. Findings: Soy milk contained the highest crude protein and crude fiber. The cut test results of the cocoa beans showed that the percentage of fully fermented cocoa beans was in agreement with the standard. Residimeter value (RV) of four chocolate samples (30:70, 20:80, 10:90, and 0:100) was the best. The nitrogen content and melting points of the chocolates samples were found to increase with increased inclusion of soy milk powder in the recipe. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in taste, sweetness, smoothness, and overall acceptability of the 0:100 and 30:70; soy milk to cow milk samples. Practical implications: Soy-chocolate will be a new chocolate product with higher melting point and lower cost than the standard milk chocolate. The selling price of chocolate will be lower and thus affordable to low-income earners. Also, there will be an increased utilization of soybean. Originality/value: Soy-chocolate recipe is a new and additional recipe for the production of milk chocolate. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Cocoa; Food products; Milk; Nutrition; Product development; Soya	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949129387	Seed performance of maize in response to phosphorus application and growth temperature is related to phytate-phosphorus occurrence	Modi A.T., Asanzi N.M.	2008	Crop Science	48	1	10.2135/cropsci2007.06.0367	Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	Modi, A.T., Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Asanzi, N.M., Crop Science Discipline, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	Phytate is associated with antinutrient character in seeds; however, it has potential to contribute significantly to seed performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of P (10, 26, and 70 mg kg-1) and growth temperature (22/16, 27/21, and 33/27°C [day/night]) on seed performance in normal and quality protein maize (Zea mays L.). Seeds of normal and quality protein maize were harvested at three stages (15, 25, and 65 days after silking) of development. At each stage, germination capacity and vigor, Phytate-P concentration, and myo-inositol were determined. Normal maize displayed a significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001) phytate-P and inorganic P concentrations compared with quality protein maize, which was associated with significantly better (P &lt; 0.01) seed performance. Myo-inositol was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in quality protein maize compared with normal maize. Phosphorus nutrition enhanced (P &lt; 0.01) seed performance of both genotypes. Increasing growth temperature caused greater accumulation of inorganic P, but it decreased myo-inositol. Seed germination and vigor increased when growth temperature was increased from 22/16 to 27/21°C, but they decreased in response to high temperatures (33/27°C). The results of this study indicate that P fertilizer enhances maize seed germination and vigor. High myo-inositol concentrations may be used to indicate poor phytate synthesis associated with poor seed performance. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857445009	Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: A review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts	Huang Y.Q., Wong C.K.C., Zheng J.S., Bouwman H., Barra R., Wahlström B., Neretin L., Wong M.H.	2012	Environment International	42	1	10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.010	Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; EULA - Chile Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) Member, United Nations Environment Programme, Uppsala, Sweden; United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, DC, United States	Huang, Y.Q., Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Wong, C.K.C., Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Zheng, J.S., Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Bouwman, H., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Barra, R., EULA - Chile Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Wahlström, B., Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) Member, United Nations Environment Programme, Uppsala, Sweden; Neretin, L., United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, DC, United States; Wong, M.H., Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China	Bisphenol A (BPA), identified as an endocrine disruptor, is an industrially important chemical that is used as a raw material in the manufacture of many products such as engineering plastics (e.g., epoxy resins/polycarbonate plastics), food cans (i.e., lacquer coatings), and dental composites/sealants. The demand and production capacity of BPA in China have grown rapidly. This trend will lead to much more BPA contamination in the environmental media and in the general population in China. This paper reviews the current literature concerning the pollution status of BPA in China (the mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan) and its potential impact on human health. Due to potential human health risks from long-term exposure to BPA, body burden of the contaminant should be monitored. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Bisphenol A; China; Endocrine-disruptor; Environmental exposure; Potential impact	Bisphenol A; China; Endocrine-disruptor; Environmental exposure; Potential impacts; Elastomers; Epoxy resins; 4,4' isopropylidenediphenol; endocrine disruptor; environmental fate; health impact; health risk; organic pollutant; pollutant source; pollution exposure; pollution monitoring; public health; air pollution; analytic method; article; chemical analysis; China; ecotoxicity; environmental exposure; environmental impact; environmental management; food contamination; health hazard; human; industry; nonhuman; occupational exposure; occupational hazard; pollution monitoring; priority journal; risk management; sediment; soil pollution; water pollution; Animals; China; Diet; Endocrine Disruptors; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Policy; Environmental Pollutants; Environmental Pollution; Food Analysis; Health Status; Humans; Phenols; Plastics; Polycarboxylate Cement; China	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69749116335	The performance profile of Dioscorea rotundata cultivar Dorban genotypes in Ghana using GGE biplot analysis	Otoo E., Asiedu R.	2009	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	7	1	None	Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; IITA, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Otoo, E., Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Asiedu, R., IITA, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria	Twenty-two genotypes of D. rotundata cultivar Dorban consisting of 19 botanically developed seeds and 3 vegetative checks were evaluated in 15 environments from 2000 to 2004 using CRD to assess the effect of genotype and genotype x environment interaction on the tuber yield of 22 white yam (D. rotundata L. cv. Dorban) genotypes via GGE (genotype plus genotype x environment) biplot methodology. The GGE biplot procedure was used to determine the yield potential and stability of the genotypes. Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed in all cultivars with respect to genotype, environment and genotype by environment interactions. Biplot analysis identified three mega-environments corresponding to the three agroecologies - Fumesua (Forest) was the most representative and discriminating environment followed by Bodwease (Coastal Savannah) and Wenchi (Forest-Savannah Transition). Genotypes Gdo02, Gdo03, Gdo20 and Gdo01 including the three checks were identified as superior. Genotype Gdo016 was the worst genotype.	D. Rotundata; Genotype x environment interaction; Genotypes	agroecosystem; article; cultivar; genotype; Ghana; yam; Dioscorea alata; Dioscorea rotundata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549099309	Nitrogen dynamics in land cleared of alien vegetation (Acacia Saligna) and impacts on groundwater at Riverlands nature reserve (Western Cape, South Africa)	Jovanovic N.Z., Israel S., Tredoux G., Soltau L., Le Maitre D., Rusinga F., Rozanov A., van der Merwe N.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	Jovanovic, N.Z., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Israel, S., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Tredoux, G., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Soltau, L., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Le Maitre, D., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Rusinga, F., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 32, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa, Ninham Shand Consulting Service, PO Box 1347, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Rozanov, A., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; van der Merwe, N., Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Woody invading alien plants, many of which are nitrogen-fixing legumes (Fabaceae family), are currently cleared in South African catchments to reduce water loss and preserve streamflow, and for the restoration of the ecosystem. This study tested the hypothesis that clearing invasive alien vegetation may disturb the vegetation-micro-organism-soil N cycling system by producing a large once-off input of fresh tree litterfall rich in N and by eliminating a large N sink. Three experimental plots were established at the Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa): a site invaded by Acacia saligna to be used as control; a site cleared of Acacia saligna; and a site with natural vegetation to be used as background. Nitrogen concentrations in soil and groundwater, volumetric soil water contents, root density and weather conditions were measured during 2007. Oxidised forms of nitrogen, in particular NO3-, were dominant in the system. Recharge and leachate were simulated with the HYDRUS-2D model and used as inputs into Visual MODFLOW to predict the spatial distribution of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) in groundwater. NOx levels in soil and groundwater were higher in alien-invaded areas compared to fynbos-covered land. A quick release of NOx into groundwater was observed due to high residual N reserves in the rooting zone, decreased evapotranspiration and increased recharge in the treatment cleared of alien vegetation. In the long run, high NOx concentrations in groundwater underlying cleared land will last only until all the excess nitrogen has been leached from the soil. A decrease in NOx concentration in groundwater can be expected thereafter. Clearing land of alien invasive legumes may therefore have a beneficial effect by reducing groundwater contamination from NOx and reducing water losses in catchments.	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve	Acacia saligna; Forest clearing; Groundwater contamination; Nitrate leaching; Riverlands nature reserve; Catchments; Contamination; Evapotranspiration; Forestry; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Hydrogeology; Leaching; Nitrogen; Nitrogen fixation; Runoff; Size distribution; Soil moisture; Underground reservoirs; Underwater soils; Vegetation; Water supply; Water treatment; catchment; concentration (composition); evapotranspiration; forest clearance; groundwater flow; groundwater pollution; hydrogeochemistry; hydrological modeling; hypothesis testing; introduced species; leachate; leaching; legume; nitrogen cycle; nitrogen fixation; nitrogen oxides; pollution control; recharge; restoration ecology; soil nitrogen; soil water; streamflow; Forestry; Geology; Ground Water; Land; Leaching; Natural Resources; Nitrate Groups; Nitrogen; Pollution; Reserves; Rivers; Soil Analysis; Transpiration; Water Quality; Water Treatment; Africa; Riverlands Provincial Nature Reserve; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape; Acacia; Acacia saligna; Fabaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958129745	Bubbles in South African house prices and their impact on consumption	Das S., Gupta R., Kanda P.T.	2011	Journal of Real Estate Literature	19	1	None	CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Das, S., CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Gupta, R., University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kanda, P.T., CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	This study tests for house price bubbles in the South African housing market using quarterly data from 1969:Q2 to 2009:Q3, based on the unit root test developed by Phillips, Wu, and Yu (2010). The findings indicate house price bubbles in the aggregate, large, medium, and small-middle segments, but not in the luxury and affordable segments. Next, symmetric and asymmetric versions of an Error Correction Model (ECM) are used to investigate the spillover effects from the housing sector onto consumption. Results indicate significant and asymmetric spillovers, with consumption responding significantly to house price deceleration, although there is no evidence of the effect being higher during the bubble period.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50849125397	Biological and chemical evaluation of sewage water pollution in the Rietvlei nature reserve wetland area, South Africa	Oberholster P.J., Botha A.-M., Cloete T.E.	2008	Environmental Pollution	156	1	10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.028	CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa	Oberholster, P.J., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Botha, A.-M., Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa; Cloete, T.E., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria ZA002, South Africa	Macroinvertebrate communities in Rietvlei nature reserve wetland area and their relationship with water quality were studied with the aim to evaluate their use as potential indicators of pollution. Sampling locations were selected to include outlets from swage effluent, agricultural and informal residential runoff. A large increase in nutrient concentrations was observed downstream from discharged treated sewage with an associated decrease in species richness. Bioassays performed included: Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuate, Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa and Pyxicephalus adspersus. The highest percentage of lethality response to a screen (100% concentration) of sampled wetland water by test specimens were observed at the point source input of the Hartbeespoort treated sewage plant. Data generated from the AUSRIVAS method and multitrophic level bioassays revealed the deterioration of the wetland possibly due to factors such as increasing urbanization, industrialization, agriculture runoff and rapid human settlement in the Hennops River catchment area and its principal tributaries. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	AUSRIVAS; Multitrophic level bioassay; Peat bog; Treated sewage discharge	Agricultural runoff; Automation; Catchments; Concentration (process); Effluents; Oil spills; Pollution; Reusability; River pollution; Rivers; Sewage; Water quality; Wetlands; Allium cepa; AUSRIVAS; Chemical evaluation; Daphnia magna; Lactuca sativa; Macroinvertebrate communities; Multitrophic level; Multitrophic level bioassay; Nutrient concentrations; Peat bog; Point sources; Potential indicators; River catchments; Sampling locations; Sewage waters; South Africa; Species richness; Test specimens; Treated sewage discharge; Wetland area; Water pollution; runoff; agricultural runoff; bioassay; biological analysis; catchment; chemical analysis; community response; industrialization; macroinvertebrate; nutrient; peatland; sewage; sewage treatment; species richness; tributary; urbanization; water pollution; water quality; wetland; agriculture; analytic method; article; AUSRIVAS method; Australia; bioassay; catchment; chemical analysis; coelenterate; concentration response; Daphnia; deterioration; Hydra attenuate; industrialization; lettuce; macroinvertebrate; nonhuman; nutrient concentration; onion; Pyxicephalus adspersus; river ecosystem; sewage effluent; source point; South Africa; species richness; urbanization; water pollution; water quality; wetland; Biological Assay; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Eutrophication; Fresh Water; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sewage; South Africa; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution; Wetlands; Africa; Gauteng; Rietvlei Nature Reserve; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Allium cepa; Daphnia magna; Hydra; Lactuca sativa; Pyxicephalus adspersus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878460498	Performance of 13 Bambara groundnut (vigna subterranea (L.) verde.) landraces under 12 H and 14 H photoperiod	Berchie J.N., Amelie G., McClymont S., Raizada M., Adu-Dapaah H., Sarkodie-Addo J.	2013	Journal of Agronomy	12	1	10.3923/ja.2013.20.28	CSIR-Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana	Berchie, J.N., CSIR-Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Amelie, G., Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; McClymont, S., Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Raizada, M., Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Adu-Dapaah, H., CSIR-Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Sarkodie-Addo, J., Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana	The aim of this study was to identify bambara groundnut landraces which are less sensitive to photoperiod response. Variation in yields of bambara groundnut have been attributed among others to variation in photoperiod at different sowing dates. Thirteen bambara groundnut landraces were evaluated at 12 h: 12 h and 14 h: 10 h, light: darkness at the Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Sunshine mix LA4 was put in 78-4 litre pots per growth chamber. Four gram of 20:20:20, N:P:K was added to each pot and thoroughly mixed with the soil. Eachlandrace was replicated in six pots. Growth chamber temperatures were maintained at 30 and 25°C, day:night at relative humidity of 60%. Growth chamber Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) ranged between 250-300 (millimol) umol m2 sec-1. Days to seedling emergence were significantly lesser under 12 h than 14 h photoperiod (p = 0.02). Days to flowering were significantly higher under 14 hthan 12hphotoperiod(p&lt;0.05). Five landraces; Burkina, Mottled Cream, Zebra Coloured, Tan One and Tan Two (both from Tanzania) podded under both 12 h and 14 h photoperiod. All but two of the landraces podded under 12 h photoperiod. Leaf area, shoot dry weight and root dry weight per plant were all higher under 14 h than 12 h photoperiod. Genotypes that produced pods under 14 h photoperiod were observed to be early maturing relative to the others. Landraces were identified for cultivation in the lower and higher latitudes. Abstract of this article is presented in IHC: Lisboa2010, T09 Genetics and Breeding; T09.218. © 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Bambara groundnut; Burkina faso; Day length; Ghana; Photoperiod; Pod yield; Tanzania	Arachis hypogaea; Bambara; Equus subg. Hippotigris; Vigna; Vigna subterranea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871483137	Impact of water scarcity in Australia on global food security in an era of climate change	Ejaz Qureshi M., Hanjra M.A., Ward J.	2013	Food Policy	38	1	10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.11.003	CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Southern Africa Office, Pretoria, South Africa; Charles Sturt University, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Future Directions International, Perth, WA, Australia; CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia	Ejaz Qureshi, M., CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, ACT, Australia, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia; Hanjra, M.A., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Southern Africa Office, Pretoria, South Africa, Charles Sturt University, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia, Future Directions International, Perth, WA, Australia; Ward, J., CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia	Australia is a major food exporting country. Recent droughts reduced dryland farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated agriculture, with a resulting decline in aggregate agricultural production and exports. This paper analyses the possible impact of increased water scarcity on Australian agricultural production and the magnitude of subsequent impacts on global food security. Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on land and water use coupled with a hydro-economic stochastic modelling approach, the impacts of reduced agricultural production in the southern Murray-Darling Basin, and more generally for Australia, are analysed. Changes in agricultural activity, reduction in agricultural exports and altered composition of products exported attributed to the severe 2000-2009 drought are also analysed to highlight the implications for global food security. The impact of climate change on food production is examined. The analysis shows that climate change, when modelled as the extreme case, along with other factors such as land use, will impact Australian food exports. Despite its relatively small contribution to total global food supply, Australia's contribution to international trade in wheat, meat and dairy products is substantial and could affect global food prices. Furthermore, Australia's agricultural exports are of disproportionate importance within the South- and South-East Asian and Oceania region, both in terms of volume and for strategic reasons. Adaptation along with investment in agriculture production is needed to maintain Australian agricultural production and enhance global food security. © 2012.	Australian food exports; Drought; Economic model; Global food security; Water scarcity	agricultural production; agricultural trade; climate change; commodity price; drought; economic analysis; export; food security; international trade; resource scarcity; socioeconomic impact; water resource; Australia; Murray-Darling Basin; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924346211	Impact of NERICA adoption on incomes of rice-producing households in Northern Ghana	Wiredu A.N., Asante B.O., Martey E., Diagne A., Dogbe W.	2014	Journal of Sustainable Development	7	1	10.5539/jsd.v7n1p167	CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana; Rural Development Theory and Policy, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Ghana; UNE Business School, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Africa Rice Centre (AfricaRice), Cotonou, Benin	Wiredu, A.N., CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana, Rural Development Theory and Policy, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Asante, B.O., CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Ghana, UNE Business School, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Martey, E., CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana; Diagne, A., Africa Rice Centre (AfricaRice), Cotonou, Benin; Dogbe, W., CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana	The Multinational NERICA Rice Dissemination Project in Ghana promoted the adoption of NERICA varieties and complementary technologies. NERICA adoption was expected to increase rice production and the incomes of beneficiary households. This study assessed the impact of NERICA adoption on the incomes of rice-producing households in northern Ghana. With data from a cross-section of 150 systematically selected rice-producing households, the study revealed 36.7% adoption rate. Agriculture and rice production were the most important livelihood activities as they contributed 80% and 55.09% of total household income respectively. To control for endogeneity, the study used the local average treatment effect (LATE) estimation methodology and showed that NERICA adoption significantly increased rice income, agricultural income, per-capita income and total annual income by $196.52, $446.37, $0.44 and $498.44, respectively. The major recommendation from this study is the need to continue the promotion of the NERICA varieties by creating access to seeds of the varieties together with other productivity enhancing technologies. Efforts should be focused on the provision of marketing and roads infrastructure to induce access to input and product markets.	Adoption; Ghana; Impact; Income; Late; Nerica	None	CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875979712	The virtual memory landscape: The impact of information technology on collective memory and commemoration in Southern Africa	Marschall S.	2013	Journal of Southern African Studies	39	1	10.1080/03057070.2013.763325	Cultural and Heritage Tourism, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Marschall, S., Cultural and Heritage Tourism, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	The article considers the impact of new digital technologies and the internet on the process of commemorating the past and memorializing the dead in Southern Africa, with some comparative reference to the developed world context. The theoretical framework is inspired by Wulf Kansteiner's contention that collective memory is the result of the interaction between three overlapping elements - the media of memory, the makers and the consumers or users of memory. It is argued that internet-based commemoration represents the third successive and concurrent phase in the culture of collective remembrance in Southern Africa, following pre-colonial indigenous or vernacular memory practices and colonial forms of 'institutionalised' memory sites. Web-based commemoration is represented as a potentially new form of vernacular memory practice which collapses Kansteiner's groups of makers and users of memory. Selected case studies, mostly from South Africa, will be critically examined and their openness as a democratic space for negotiating the memory of the past assessed. The article maintains that new technologies, although currently still in their infancy, are bound to have an increasingly profound influence on commemoration and the formation and transfer of collective memory in Southern Africa. © 2013 The Editorial Board of the Journal of Southern African Studies.	None	advanced technology; culture; Internet; memory; theoretical study; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645704318	Impact of trade liberalization on the environment in developing countries: The case of Nigeria	Feridun M., Ayadi F.S., Balouga J.	2006	Journal of Developing Societies	22	1	10.1177/0169796X06062965	Cyprus International University, Cyprus; University of Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Cyprus International University, Cyprus; Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Economics Departme	Feridun, M., Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Department of Economics, Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Ayadi, F.S., University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Balouga, J., University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Economics Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	This article aims at investigating the impact of trade openness on pollution and resource depletion in Nigeria. Results indicate that pollution is positively related to trade intensity and real GDP per square kilometer, while capital to labor ratio and GNP are negatively related to pollution. In addition, strong evidence suggests that trade intensity, real GDP per square kilometer and GNP are positively related to environmental degradation indicating that the technique, scale, and total effects of liberalization are detrimental to the environment. The composition effect of trade liberalization on natural resource utilization, on the other hand, is beneficial. A number of policy implications emerge from the study for Nigeria as well as other developing economies. Copyright © 2006 SAGE Publications.	Development; Environmental degradation; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Trade liberalization	liberalization; trade policy; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000312954300012	Measuring social accountability in health professional education: Development and international pilot testing of an evaluation framework	Buso, David,Larkins, Sarah L.,Lindemann, Iris C.,Matte, Marie C.,Neusy, Andre-Jacques,Palsdottir, Bjorg,Preston, Robyn,Ross, Simone J.,Samson, Rex,Tandinco, Filedito D.,THEnet	2013	MEDICAL TEACHER	35	1	10.3109/0142159X.2012.731106	Dalhousie University, Flinders University South Australia, James Cook University, Ateneo de Zamboanga Univ, No Ontario Sch Med, Univ Philippines, Walter Sisulu University of Technology & Science	"Larkins, Sarah L.: James Cook University","Lindemann, Iris C.: Flinders University South Australia",	Background: Health professional schools are responsible for producing graduates with competencies and attitudes to address health inequities and respond to priority health needs. Health professional schools striving towards social accountability founded the Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet). Aim: This article describes the development of THEnet evaluation framework for socially accountable health professional education, presents the framework to be used as a tool by other schools and discusses the findings of pilot implementation at five schools. Methods: The framework was designed collaboratively and built on Boelen and Woollard's conceptualization, production and usability model. It includes key components, linked to aspirational statements, indicators and suggested measurement tools. Five schools completed pilot implementation, involving workshops, document/data review and focus group discussions with faculty, students and community members. Results: Three sections of the framework consider: How does our school work?; What do we do? and What difference do we make? Pilot testing proved that the evaluation framework was acceptable and feasible across contexts and produced findings useful at school level and to compare schools. The framework is designed as a formative exercise to help schools take a critical look at their performance and progress towards social accountability. Initiatives to implement the framework more widely are underway. The framework effectively aids in identifying strengths, weaknesses and gaps, with a view to schools striving for continuous self-improvement. Conclusion: THEnet evaluation framework is applicable and useful across contexts. It is possible and desirable to assess progress towards social accountability in health professional schools and this is an important step in producing health professionals with knowledge, attitudes, and skills to meet the challenges of priority health needs of underserved populations.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861831370	Evidence on the impact of minimum wage laws in an informal sector: Domestic workers in South Africa	Dinkelman T., Ranchhod V.	2012	Journal of Development Economics	99	1	10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.12.006	Dartmouth College, United States; University of Cape Town, South Africa	Dinkelman, T., Dartmouth College, United States; Ranchhod, V., University of Cape Town, South Africa	What happens when a previously uncovered labor market is regulated? We exploit the introduction of a minimum wage in South Africa and variation in the intensity of this law to identify increases in wages for domestic workers and no statistically significant effects on employment on the intensive or extensive margins. These large, partial responses to the law are somewhat surprising, given the lack of monitoring and enforcement in this informal sector. We interpret these changes as evidence that strong external sanctions are not necessary for new labor legislation to have a significant impact on informal sectors of developing countries, at least in the short-run. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Africa; Domestic workers; Informal sector; Minimum wage	developing world; domestic work; informal sector; law enforcement; legislation; minimum wage; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893974628	Evaluation of the adaptability and response of indigenous trees to assisted rehabilitation on the degraded hillsides of Kuriftu Lake Catchment (Debre Zeit, Ethiopia)	Gebretsadik W.	2014	Journal of Forestry Research	25	1	10.1007/s11676-013-0398-x	Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center (DZARC), P.O.box-32, Debre zeit, Ethiopia	Gebretsadik, W., Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center (DZARC), P.O.box-32, Debre zeit, Ethiopia	Removal of trees and shrubs from hillsides exposes a site to erosion that threatens soil aggregation and stability. The present study aimed at evaluating the performance of five indigenous tree species in rehabilitation of degraded hillsides of Kuriftu Lake Catchment and the role of water harvesting structures. Adaptability varied by tree species and water harvesting structures significantly augmented seedling establishment for some tree species. Height of Acacia abyssinica planted on steeper slopes (18%-27%) without infiltration pits was lower than for conspecifics planted with infiltration pits. Dodonaea angustifolia was proved to be best adapted to the site and showed no need for water harvesting regardless of planting position across the degraded hillside. Planting of Acacia seyal should be restricted to gentler slopes (0-17%) with infiltration pits: tree height declined significantly on steep slopes without infiltration pits. Olea africana performed better on gentle slopes with pits but also grew well on steeper slopes with pits. Euclea schimperi was proved to be least effective of the species evaluated in this study. © 2014 Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Infiltration pits; Kuriftu Lake catchment; water harvesting	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544457587	Economic performance of case study dairy farm in Southern Ethiopia	Ergano K., Nurfeta A.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	1	None	Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Resource Economics and Management, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Ergano, K., Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Resource Economics and Management, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Nurfeta, A., Debub University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O.Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Focus on agricultural development in Ethiopia has seen a shift towards the smallholder sector, which is home and employment provider to more than 85 percent of the population. However, the viability status of enterprises within this sector remain largely un-probed research area on-the-ground. This article, which is based on case study of dairy farm at Awassa College of Agriculture, presents results of an economic analysis of the real state, constraints and opportunities vis à vis the performance of the Colleges' dairy farm for the past five years. Through a Gross Margin Analysis at farm level, the study established that the dairy farm is economically quite viable. Gross margins ranging from Birr 3,589 to Birr 77,920 were obtained in the years considered. However, given the higher genetic potential of the dairy animals and unsatisfied demand for milk in the market, the performance is much less than desired. The cost of production of milk per liter ranging from Birr 1.29 to 1.98 as compared to the selling price of Birr 2 showed a very sensitive profit margin. Feed expense, which accounts for about 90 % of the total expenses, is a major expense of the dairy farm. Identified constraints to production include poor infrastructure, bad sanitary condition, lack of organized record system, bureaucratic bottlenecks, low quality feeds and inefficient purchasing system. Established opportunities for improvement include enhancing housing and sanitary conditions, timely harvesting and better storage of home-grown feeds, following a planned purchasing and selling systems, use of a well -organized record systems, as well as aiming at economic and efficient production in order to achieve sustained production and economic performance. It is recommended that the farm may be liberalized from bulky bureaucratic purchasing procedures of the University.	Awassa College of Agriculture; Dairy Farm; Economics; Ethiopia	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899149723	Prevalence, impacts and medical managements of premenstrual syndrome among female students: Cross-sectional study in college of health sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia	Tolossa F.W., Bekele M.L.	2014	BMC Women's Health	14	1	10.1186/1472-6874-14-52	Dembidolo Hospital, Wellega, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O.Box: 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia	Tolossa, F.W., Dembidolo Hospital, Wellega, Ethiopia; Bekele, M.L., College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O.Box: 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia	Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is used to describe physical, cognitive, affective, and behavioral symptoms that occur cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve quickly at or within a few days of the onset of menstruation. The primary aim of the study was to assess the prevalence, impacts and medical managements of PMS on female medical students of Mekelle University College of Health Sciences.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among systematically selected female students of Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle town, northern Ethiopia from March to April 2013. A structured and pretested self-administered questionnaire was employed for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL (SPSS version 16). The criteria proposed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV TR) were used to diagnose PMS.Result: From the total population size of 608; a sample size of 258 was drawn. Age of the study participants ranged from 18 to 25 years, with mean age of 20.86 ± 1.913 years. Among the participants, 144(83.2%) have had at least one PM symptoms with their menstrual period. The prevalence of PMS according to DSM-IV was 37.0%. About 49(28.3%) reported frequent class missing, 17(9.8%) exam missing, 14(8.1%) low grade scoring and 3(1.7%) of them reported withdrawal from their learning associated with their PMS. Only 83(48.0%) participants sought medical treatment for their PMS. The treatment modalities used were pain killers, 63(36.4%), hot drinks like coffee and tea, 13(7.5%), and massage therapy and exercise, 7(4.0%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed average length of one cycle of menstruation (COR = 0.20(0.070-0.569) and academic performance impairment (AOR = 0.345(0.183-0.653) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of PMS and use of PMS treatments respectively.Conclusions: Our study revealed a high prevalence and negative impact of PMS on students of Mekelle University. Therefore, health education, appropriate medical treatment and counseling services, as part of the overall health service, should be availed and provided to affected women. © 2014 Tolossa and Bekele licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Female students; Impacts; Medical management; PMS; Prevalence	contraceptive agent; abdominal cramp; academic achievement; adult; anger; article; backache; bloating; breast tenderness; coffee; concentration loss; cross-sectional study; depression; DSM-IV-TR; dyspnea; Ethiopia; female; headache; human; learning; major clinical study; massage; medical school; medical student; menstrual cycle; population size; premenstrual syndrome; prevalence; questionnaire; self report; sleep disorder; tea; vomiting; weakness; weight gain; weight reduction; Adult; Analgesics; Coffee; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Exercise Therapy; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Massage; Premenstrual Syndrome; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Severity of Illness Index; Students; Tea; Universities; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949167735	Performance of vernonia as an alternative industrial oil crop in Limpopo Province of South Africa	Shimelis H., Mashela P.W., Hugo A.	2008	Crop Science	48	1	10.2135/cropsci2007.06.0331	Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Dep. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Univ. of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Shimelis, H., Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Mashela, P.W., Dep. of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Hugo, A., Dep. of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Univ. of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis) is an industrial oil seed crop with potential as a source of natural epoxy fatty acids. Diverse accessions of V. galamensis var. ethiopica were studied at the Limpopo Province in South Africa to determine agronomic performance and to identify suitable germplasm with quantity and quality seed oil content. Thirty-six accessions were subjected to field evaluations using a partially balanced lattice design in 2005 and 2006. Significant differences were observed for days to flowering (88-143 d), plant height (131.6-167.85 cm), number of productive primary head (23-72 head plant-1), number of productive secondary head (12-35 head plant -1), thousand seed weight (1.68-3.63 g), and seed yield (1594.89-3126.09 kg ha-1) between different accessions. Results from oil analysis show significant differences in the contents of seed oil (20.36-35.86%), vernolic acid (70.15-77.92%), linoleic acid (12.05-14.73%), oleic acid (3.72-5.52%), palmitic acid (2.49-3.24%), and stearic acid (1.73-3.28%). Of the five accessions identified as potentially useful, three (Vge-17, Vge-18, and Vge-19) had better seed yield and agronomic performances and two (Vge-4 and Vge-31) increased contents of seed oil and vemolic acid. Accessions Vge-4 and Vge-18 also displayed relatively high oil yield, 966.58 and 801.28 kg ha-1, respectively. The accessions will be used in the strategic improvement of vernonia to maximize seed yield and oil content as an alternative crop in the province and similar environments. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Vernonia; Vernonia galamensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745466544	Evaluation of nematicidal action of some botanicals on Meloidogyne incognita in vivo and in vitro	Agbenin N.O., Emechebe A.M., Marley P.S., Akpa A.D.	2005	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	106	1	None	Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Kano Station, Nigeria	Agbenin, N.O., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Emechebe, A.M., International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Kano Station, Nigeria; Marley, P.S., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Akpa, A.D., Depart. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Eggmasses or larvae of Meloidogyne incognita were exposed to varying concentrations of neem leaf (fresh and dry), Borelia sp., groundnut leaf and garlic bulb. Neem leaf and garlic bulb extracts inhibited hatching of eggmasses and were lethal to larva. A comparative study of neem and garlic bulb extracts prepared at 20% concentration and applied weekly at 25 ml per pot were carried out in the screenhouse. Each pot filled with 2 kg of pasturised soil was inoculated with 2 000 larvae of M. incognita by introducing 500 g of infested soil from tomato culture raised in the screenhouse. These extracts significantly reduced root-knot infection indices on tomato when compared to the control. However, garlic extract demonstrated greater potential than neem leaf extract in the control of root-knot infection of tomato in vivo.	Borelia sp.; Botanicals; Extracts; Garlicbulb; Meloidogyne incognita; Neem leaf	Allium sativum; Arachis hypogaea; Azadirachta indica; Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne incognita	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886929268	Vegetation change (1988-2010) in Camdeboo National Park (South Africa), using fixed-point photo monitoring: The role of herbivory and climate	Masubelele M.L., Hoffman M.T., Bond W., Burdett P.	2013	Koedoe	55	1	10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1127	Department Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Camdeboo National Park, Graaff-Reinet, South Africa	Masubelele, M.L., Department Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Hoffman, M.T., Department Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Bond, W., Department Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Burdett, P., Camdeboo National Park, Graaff-Reinet, South Africa	Fixed-point photo monitoring supplemented by animal census data and climate monitoring potential has never been explored as a long-term monitoring tool for studying vegetation change in the arid and semi-arid national parks of South Africa. The long-term (1988-2010), fixed-point monitoring dataset developed for the Camdeboo National Park, therefore, provides an important opportunity to do this. Using a quantitative estimate of the change in vegetation and growth form cover in 1152 fixed-point photographs, as well as series of step-point vegetation surveys at each photo monitoring site, this study documented the extent of vegetation change in the park in response to key climate drivers, such as rainfall, as well as land use drivers such as herbivory by indigenous ungulates. We demonstrated the varied response of vegetation cover within three main growth forms (grasses, dwarf shrubs [< 1 m] and tall shrubs [> 1 m]) in three different vegetation units and landforms (slopes, plains, rivers) within the Camdeboo National Park since 1988. Sites within Albany Thicket and Dwarf Shrublands showed the least change in vegetation cover, whilst Azonal vegetation and Grassy Dwarf Shrublands were more dynamic. Abiotic factors such as drought and flooding, total annual rainfall and rainfall seasonality appeared to have the greatest influence on growth form cover as assessed from the fixed-point photographs. Herbivory appeared not to have had a noticeable impact on the vegetation of the Camdeboo National Park as far as could be determined from the rather coarse approach used in this analysis and herbivore densities remained relatively low over the study duration. Conservation implications: We provided an historical assessment of the pattern of vegetation and climatic trends that can help evaluate many of South African National Parks' biodiversity monitoring programmes, especially relating to habitat change. It will help arid parks in assessing the trajectories of vegetation in response to herbivory, climate and management interventions. © 2013. The Authors.	None	environmental modeling; environmental monitoring; growth response; herbivory; quantitative analysis; shrub; vegetation cover; vegetation dynamics; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902785679	Evaluation of a Standard Operating Procedure for providing Pharmacotherapy follow up to inpatients [Evaluación de un procedimiento para brindar seguimiento farmacoterapéutico a pacientes hospitalizados]	Reyes H. I., Cruzata Q. Y., Vidal B. M.F., Bermúdez C. I.B., Nambatya W., Perrand R. M.V., Dutok S. C.M.	2013	Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmaceuticas	44	1	None	Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela; Hospital General Docente 'Octavio de la Concepción y la Pedraja, Cuba; Empresa Comercializadora de Medicamentos Santiago de Cuba, Cuba; Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba; Uganda Australia Christian Outreach, Busabala road nursing home, Uganda; Hospital Oncológico de Santiago de Cuba, Conrado Benítez, Cuba; Universidad de Oriente, Departamento de Farmacia, Venezuela	Reyes H., I., Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela; Cruzata Q., Y., Hospital General Docente 'Octavio de la Concepción y la Pedraja, Cuba; Vidal B., M.F., Empresa Comercializadora de Medicamentos Santiago de Cuba, Cuba; Bermúdez C., I.B., Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba; Nambatya, W., Uganda Australia Christian Outreach, Busabala road nursing home, Uganda; Perrand R., M.V., Hospital Oncológico de Santiago de Cuba, Conrado Benítez, Cuba; Dutok S., C.M., Universidad de Oriente, Departamento de Farmacia, Venezuela	To evaluate a Standard Operating Procedure for Inpatient Pharmacotherapy follow up. We performed the procedure given criteria the Third Granada Consensus related to pharmaceutical care. The evaluation was conducted through Delphi methodology and using indicators to determinate the efficacy of the procedure in the practice. The procedure included: object, application, departments, reference documentation, definitions, process development, registers, indicators and annexes. Experts suggestions (Kendall coefficient 0,8) were considered to improve the procedure. The application in five hospitals, reached a performance index of more than80 points, in all institutions. The procedure can be used as a tool to provide in inpatients a Pharmacotherapy follow up service, due to, the acceptable Kendall index value (expert's evaluation) and efficacy in the practice.	Clinical pharmacy; Hospital pharmacy; Pharmaceutical care; Pharmacotherapy follow up; Quality indicators	article; Delphi study; drug use; follow up; hospital patient; human; medical documentation; performance; pharmaceutical care; procedures; program efficacy; standard operating procedure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884369563	Impact of retreatment with an artemisinin-based combination on malaria incidence and its potential selection of resistant strains: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial	Muhindo Mavoko H., Nabasumba C., Tinto H., D'Alessandro U., Grobusch M.P., Lutumba P., Van Geertruyden J.-P.	2013	Trials	14	1	10.1186/1745-6215-14-307	Département de Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 747 Kin XI, Democratic Republic Congo; Epicentre Mbarara Reasearch Base, P. O. Box 930, Mbarara, Uganda; Centre Muraz, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, P. O. Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, P. O. Box 273, Banjul, Gambia; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; International Health Unit, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium	Muhindo Mavoko, H., Département de Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 747 Kin XI, Democratic Republic Congo; Nabasumba, C., Epicentre Mbarara Reasearch Base, P. O. Box 930, Mbarara, Uganda; Tinto, H., Centre Muraz, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, P. O. Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; D'Alessandro, U., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium, Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, P. O. Box 273, Banjul, Gambia; Grobusch, M.P., Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Lutumba, P., Département de Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 747 Kin XI, Democratic Republic Congo; Van Geertruyden, J.-P., International Health Unit, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium	Background: Artemisinin-based combination therapy is currently recommended by the World Health Organization as first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Recommendations were adapted in 2010 regarding rescue treatment in case of treatment failure. Instead of quinine monotherapy, it should be combined with an antibiotic with antimalarial properties; alternatively, another artemisinin-based combination therapy may be used. However, for informing these policy changes, no clear evidence is yet available. The need to provide the policy makers with hard data on the appropriate rescue therapy is obvious. We hypothesize that the efficacy of the same artemisinin-based combination therapy used as rescue treatment is as efficacious as quinine + clindamycin or an alternative artemisinin-based combination therapy, without the risk of selecting drug resistant strains.Design: We embed a randomized, open label, three-arm clinical trial in a longitudinal cohort design following up children with uncomplicated malaria until they are malaria parasite free for 4 weeks. The study is conducted in both the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda and performed in three steps. In the first step, the pre-randomized controlled trial (RCT) phase, children aged 12 to 59 months with uncomplicated malaria are treated with the recommended first-line drug and constitute a cohort that is passively followed up for 42 days. If the patients experience an uncomplicated malaria episode between days 14 and 42 of follow-up, they are randomized either to quinine + clindamycin, or an alternative artemisinin-based combination therapy, or the same first-line artemisinin-based combination therapy to be followed up for 28 additional days. If between days 14 and 28 the patients experience a recurrent parasitemia, they are retreated with the recommended first-line regimen and actively followed up for another 28 additional days (step three; post-RCT phase). The same methodology is followed for each subsequent failure. In any case, all patients without an infection at day 28 are classified as treatment successes and reach a study endpoint. The RCT phase allows the comparison of the safety and efficacy of three rescue treatments. The prolonged follow-up of all children until they are 28 days parasite-free allows us to assess epidemiological-, host- and parasite-related predictors for repeated malaria infection.Trial registration: NCT01374581 and PACTR201203000351114. © 2013 Muhindo Mavoko et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Artemether-lumefantrine; Artemisinin-based combination treatment; Artesunate-amodiaquine; Clindamycin; Democratic Republic of Congo; Malaria; Quinine; Randomized trial; Uganda	amodiaquine plus artesunate; artemether plus benflumetol; clindamycin; co arsucam; doxycycline; hemoglobin; quinamax; quinine; tetracycline; unclassified drug; winthrop; adverse outcome; article; body weight; child; childhood disease; clinical protocol; cohort analysis; Congo; controlled study; drug comparison; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug treatment failure; female; fever; follow up; genotype; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; hospitalization; human; hypothesis; insurance; liver function; longitudinal study; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; male; monotherapy; multicenter study; multidrug resistance; open study; outcome assessment; parasite clearance; parasite incidence; parasitemia; pharmacoepidemiology; phase 3 clinical trial; Plasmodium; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; recurrent infection; reinfection; retreatment; treatment duration; tympanic temperature; Uganda; unspecified side effect; world health organization; Amodiaquine; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child, Preschool; Clindamycin; Clinical Protocols; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethanolamines; Female; Fluorenes; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Quinine; Recurrence; Research Design; Retreatment; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856860394	Evaluation of satellite-derived burned area products for the fynbos, a Mediterranean shrubland	De Klerk H.M., Wilson A.M., Steenkamp K.	2012	International Journal of Wildland Fire	21	1	10.1071/WF11002	Department Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Western Cape Nature Conservation Board, Scientific Services, P Bag x5014, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, United States; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Meraka Institute, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	De Klerk, H.M., Department Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa, Western Cape Nature Conservation Board, Scientific Services, P Bag x5014, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Wilson, A.M., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, United States; Steenkamp, K., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Meraka Institute, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Fire is a critical ecological process in the fynbos of the south-western area of South Africa, as it is for all dwarf Mediterranean shrublands. We evaluated the potential of current publicly available MODIS burned area products to contribute to an accurate fire history of the fynbos. To this end, we compared the Meraka Institute's MODIS burned area product, based on the Giglio algorithm (termed the 'WAMIS' product) as well as the standard MODIS MCD45A1 burned area product, based on the Roy algorithm, with comprehensive manager-mapped fire boundary data. We used standard inventory accuracy assessment (number and size of individual burn scars) and confusion matrix techniques. Results showed promise for both burned area products, depending on the intended use. The MCD45A1 had low errors of commission (8.1-19.1%) and high consumer's accuracy (80.9-91.9%), but relatively common errors of omission, making it useful for studies that need to identify burned pixels with a high degree of certainty. However, the WAMIS product generally had low errors of omission (12.2-43.8%) and greater producer's accuracy (56.2-87.6%), making it a useful tool for supplementing manager-mapped fire records, especially for fynbos remnants occurring outside protected areas. © 2012 IAWF.	MODIS; South Africa; Western Cape	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651457165	Competitive advantage: Mediator of intellectual capital and performance	Kamukama N., Ahiauzu A., Ntayi J.M.	2011	Journal of Intellectual Capital	12	1	10.1108/14691931111097953	Department of Accounting, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Faculty of Computing and Management Science, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda	Kamukama, N., Department of Accounting, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Ahiauzu, A., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ntayi, J.M., Faculty of Computing and Management Science, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating effect of competitive advantage in the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance in Uganda's microfinance institutions. The major aim is to establish the role of competitive advantage in the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance. Design/methodology/approach: The paper adopts MedGraph program (Excel version), Sobel tests and the Kenny and Boran approach to test for mediation effects. Findings: Competitive advantage is a significant mediator in the association between intellectual capital and financial performance and boosts the relationship between the two by 22.4 percent in Ugandan microfinance institutions. Further findings confirmed a partial type of mediation between the intellectual capital, competitive advantage and financial performance. Research limitations/implications: Only a single research methodological approach was employed and future research through interviews could be undertaken to triangulate. Furthermore, the findings from the present study are cross-sectional. Future research should be undertaken to examine the mediation effects studied in this paper across time. Practical implications: In order to have a meaningful interpretation of the results of the relationships between study variables, it is always vital to assess the role of the third variable (competitive advantage) in the relationship. This enables practitioners and scholars to comprehend and make legitimate decisions and conclusions that can foster business growth. Originality/value: This is the first study that focuses on testing the mediating effect of competitive advantage on the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance in Ugandan microfinance institutions. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Competitive advantage; Financial institutions; Financial performance; Intellectual capital; Uganda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82155162942	Performance measures of maintenance of public facilities in Nigeria	Iwarere H.T., Lawal K.O.	2011	Research Journal of Business Management	5	1	10.3923/rjbm.2011.16.25	Department of Accounting, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Iwarere, H.T., Department of Accounting, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Lawal, K.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Public organisations in Nigeria are organisations which are controlled by the government. These organisations generally face different kinds of problems. Some of such problems are associated with poor maintenance of public facilities. This study presents performance measures of maintenance of public facilities in Nigeria. The study identifies financial scandal, improper facilities, poor maintenance culture, poor spare parts, incompetent management, lack of or inadequate training programmes, irregularity in power supply as major problems that hinder the performance measures of maintenance of public facilities. The study concluded that government, management and employees should play their respective roles to ensure effective maintenance of public facilities. It is also concluded that public organisations should adopt four key aspects of the Balanced Scorecard that focus on four separate but related perspectives of organisational performance and management such as financial performance, internal processes, customer satisfaction or customer value and workforce support. © 2011 Academic Journals Inc.	Effective maintenance; Effective utilisation; Employee capability; Standard equipment	None	None
None	None	The impact of demand factors, quality of care and access to facilities on contraceptive use in Tanzania	Arends-Kuenning M., Kessy F.L.	2007	Journal of Biosocial Science	39	1	10.1017/S0021932005001045	Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Arends-Kuenning, M., Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Kessy, F.L., Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The low contraceptive prevalence rate and the existence of unmet demand for family planning services present a challenge for parties involved in family planning research in Tanzania. The observed situation has been explained by the demand-side variables such as socioeconomic characteristics and cultural values that maintain the demand for large families. A small, but growing body of research is examining the effect of supply-side factors such as quality of care of family planning services on the demand for contraceptives. This paper analyses the demand and supply factors determining contraceptive use in Tanzania using the Tanzania Service Availability Survey (1996) and the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (1996) data sets. The results show that access to family planning services and quality of care of services are important determinants of contraceptive use in Tanzania even after controlling for demand-side factors. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	article; contraception; cultural value; drug utilization; family; family planning; health care access; health care availability; health care facility; health care need; health care quality; health services research; health survey; human; multivariate analysis; prevalence; socioeconomics; Tanzania; adolescent; adult; family planning; female; health care delivery; male; qualitative research; statistical model; utilization review; contraceptive agent; Adolescent; Adult; Contraceptive Agents; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Models, Statistical; Qualitative Research; Quality of Health Care; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954165371	Effect of weight and draught on the performance of disc plough on sandy-loam soil	Olatunji O.M., Davies R.M.	2009	Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology	1	1	None	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce I	Olatunji, O.M., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Davies, R.M., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria	In this research, the relationship between depth of cut, increase in weight of disc plough as well as the draught has been investigated using dimensional analysis on a sandy loam soil. The experiment was conducted on a site with three different moisture contents level at five different speeds (0.83, 1.39, 1.94, 2.5 and 2.78ms-1). It was observed that the depth of penetration increase with an increase in draught and increase in soil moisture content. From the site, the depth of cut was minimum at 4.9% and maximum at 9.4% moisture content. The result obtained from the validation shows that the model can be used effectively to determine the depth of cut in sandy loam soil and also the draught-speed relationship obtained from this work can be used to predict the power requirement of the disc plough in other soil types. The draught increase linearly with the depth of cut as predicted from the model. The result of the soil properties after tillage showed increase with shear strength, bulk density and depth. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2009.	Bulk density; Depth; Disc plough; Moisture content; Sandy-loam; Shear strength	Bulk density; Depth; Disc plough; Moisture content; Sandy-loam; Agriculture; Moisture determination; Shear strength; Soil conditioners; Soil moisture; Geologic models	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896133841	Impacts of flooding on coastal fishing folks and risk adaptation behaviours in Epe, Lagos State	Samuel Oyekale A., Mukela F.	2014	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	12	1	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Samuel Oyekale, A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Mukela, F., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Climatic changes have made flooding a major environmental hazard in the coastal areas of Nigeria. This study assessed the impacts and households' adaptation mechanisms in Epe Division of Lagos State. Data obtained from some fishing folks were subjected to descriptive Probit regression and Tobit regression analytical methods. The results show that the adverse impacts of flooding reduce with ability to migrate, monthly income and possession of other secondary occupations. The females, educated and rich among the fishing folks, are willing to pay significantly higher amounts on insurance against flooding. The study recommended that efforts to address flooding should include an alternative skill development, migration, offering assistance, provision of affordable and quality health services for the treatment of malaria, cholera and dysentery and proper development of early warning signal, among other.	Climate change; Fishing folks; Flooding; Impact; Vulnerability	article; climate change; conceptual framework; environmental impact; fishing; flooding; health impact assessment; human; information processing; morbidity; Nigeria; occupational safety; regression analysis; risk assessment; seashore; socioeconomics; vulnerable population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929991535	Simulating the Impact of Exogenous Food Price Shock on Agriculture and the Poor in Nigeria: Results from a Computable General Equilibrium Model	Nkang N.M., Omonona B.T., Yusuf S.A., Oni O.A.	2013	Economic Analysis and Policy	43	1	10.1016/S0313-5926(13)50005-1	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Nkang, N.M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Omonona, B.T., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Yusuf, S.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oni, O.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Motivated by the recent global economic crisis, this paper simulated the impact of a rise in the price of imported food on agriculture and household poverty in Nigeria using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) class of decomposable poverty measures on the 2006 social accounting matrix (SAM) of Nigeria and the updated 2004 Nigeria Living Standards Survey (NLSS) data. Results show that a rise in import price of food increased domestic output of food, but reduced the domestic supply of other agricultural commodities as well as food and other agricultural composites. Furthermore, a rise in the import price of food increased poverty nationally and among all household groups, with rural-north households being the least affected by the shock, while their rural-south counterparts were the most affected. A major policy implication drawn from this paper is that high import prices in import competing sectors like agriculture tend to favour the sector but exacerbate poverty in households. Thus, efforts geared at addressing the impact of this shock should strive to balance welfare and efficiency issues. © 2013 Economic Society of Australia (Queensland) Inc.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749617437	Integrated ecological economics accounting approach to evaluation of inter-basin water transfers: An application to the Lesotho Highlands Water Project	Matete M., Hassan R.	2006	Ecological Economics	60	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.12.010	Department of Agricultural Economics, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma, 180, Lesotho; Center for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	Matete, M., Department of Agricultural Economics, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma, 180, Lesotho; Hassan, R., Center for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa	This study developed a generalised analytical framework that can be applied to integrating environmental sustainability aspects into economic development planning in the case of exploiting water resources through inter-basin water transfers (IBWT). The study developed and applied a multi-country ecological social accounting matrix (MC-ESAM) for Lesotho and SA to evaluate the ecological implications of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) and their consequent economic costs and benefits for the two countries. The study further used the developed MC-ESAM multipliers to analyse the impact of lost ecological services downstream the LHWP dams in Lesotho on the wellbeing of households directly affected by the project in Lesotho and the general economies of Lesotho and SA. The results revealed that while the LHWP has significant direct and indirect benefits in terms of social and economic development in Lesotho and SA, the project has serious unintended impacts on ecological resources and services, with deleterious wellbeing implications for populations residing within the reaches of the LHWP rivers and downstream the LHWP dams in Lesotho. The empirical analysis results showed relatively small impacts in general, but were significant for groups of people directly affected by the project in Lesotho. An important limitation of the empirical contributions of the study relates to the inability to measure and include in the analyses values of critical other ecosystem services of affected freshwater resources. Nevertheless, the study demonstrated the importance of integrated ecological economic accounting for comprehensive assessment of IBWT projects' impacts. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ecological social accounting matrix (ESAM); Human wellbeing; Inter-basin water transfers (IBWT); Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP); Riparians	ecological economics; economic development; social development; sustainability; water resource; Africa; Lesotho; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950178352	On biodiversity impact assessment: The rationale, conceptual challenges and implications for future EIA	Wale E., Yalew A.	2010	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	28	1	10.3152/146155110X492326	Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness (SASA), P Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Asterstraat 85, 6708 DK Wageningen, Netherlands	Wale, E., Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness (SASA), P Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Yalew, A., Asterstraat 85, 6708 DK Wageningen, Netherlands	This paper highlights the need for and the conceptual challenges/issues in exercising biodiversity impact assessment (BIA), a subject hardly considered in most environmental impact assessment (EIA) activities so far. The paper attempts to lay the foundation for how future assessments can address biodiversity impacts more explicitly. The paper shows how development interventions and projects meant to take care of peoples' livelihoods are impacting on biodiversity. It presents the possible directions BIA has to focus in integrating externalities to inform decision making on the feasibility of development interventions. This is in essence to prevent, reduce and offset any adverse impacts (on biodiversity) of future development interventions. Addressing biodiversity valuation issues and identifying the appropriate methods to quantify the impacts will remain imperative in future endeavours to evaluate biodiversity impacts. © IAIA 2010.	Biodiversity; Biodiversity impact assessment; EIA	biodiversity; decision making; environmental impact assessment; project assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846102133	Socio-economic analysis of the impacts of avian influenza epidemic on households poultry consumption and poultry industry in Nigeria: Empirical investigation of Kwara State	Obayelu A.E.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	1	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo state, Nigeria	Obayelu, A.E., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo state, Nigeria	The paper presents a theoretical and an empirical study of avian flu epidemic in Nigeria. A rapid assessment of the effects of avian flu outbreaks was conducted in May 2006 in kwara State. This was done by a structured interviewed schedule. Thirty Poultry farmers and 100 households were randomly selected for the interview. The results of the analysis showed that avian flu outbreaks and spread in Nigeria have caused serious threat not only to the poultry industry but also to food security and the livelihoods of both the rural and urban communities. The study revealed that there was a fall in consumers' and producers' confidence in poultry. About 75% of poultry farmers were also found to have stopped ordering for new birds to their farms preparing to leave poultry business for other jobs the moment they disposed the birds on their farms. About 80% of the sampled households were found to have stopped the purchase and consumption of poultry products in their households for the fear of being affected by the flu. In addition, prices of chicken and egg were negatively affected with supply outweighing demand. There was a shift of consumers' attentions to consumption of beef, pork, fish, and animal skin as substitute with a decrease in the Gross Domestic Product from agriculture, increase in unemployment rate, worsen health, poverty and malnutrition level. Poultry farmers should be encouraged, educated and assisted on the preventive measures. The farmers can be encouraged on the need for diversification since the outbreaks of the flu incidence mostly occur suddenly. Rearing of Grass cutters, cattle, rabbits and pigs, bee keeping, and snail farming as well as mushroom farming as means of livelihood should be encouraged. There must be extensive public enlightenments on the dangers of flu and how it can be overcome.	Avian flu; Epidemic; Poultry; Socio-economic	Animalia; Apoidea; Aves; Basidiomycota; Bos taurus; Gastropoda; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953355255	Climatic variability and its impacts on agricultural income and households' welfare in Southern and Northern Nigeria	Oyekale A.S.	2009	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	8	1	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oyekale, A.S., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study assessed variability in some weather variables and its impacts on agricultural incomes in northern and southern Nigeria. To achieve these, we combined time series weather variables obtained from some meteorological stations in Nigeria with household cross-sectional data collected by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The descriptive and regression methods were used to analyze the data. The results show high variability in some weather with rainfall exhibiting the highest variability between 1971 and 2003. Impacts of climatic changes on agricultural income and welfare were modeled with climaterelated variables like variability indices of annual for 1971-2003, actual annual rainfall data in 2003, time for gathering fuel wood, time for fetching water and season of interview. It was found that agricultural income and welfare in northern part of Nigeria will be more negatively affected by climatic changes than southern part. The study recommended development of alternative energy sources, promotion of irrigate agriculture and skill development for combating adverse climatic changes, among others.	Agricultural; Climatic variability; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858633477	Productivity impact differential of improved rice technology adoption among rice farming households in Nigeria	Dontsop Nguezet P.M., Okoruwa V.O., Adeoti A.I., Adenegan K.O.	2012	Journal of Crop Improvement	26	1	10.1080/15427528.2011.608246	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Dontsop Nguezet, P.M., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Okoruwa, V.O., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Adeoti, A.I., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Adenegan, K.O., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	The contribution of technological change to agricultural productivity in developing countries has long been documented. It is believed that the adoption of new agricultural technologies, such as high-yielding varieties, could lead to significant increases in agricultural productivity and stimulate the transition from low-productivity, subsistence agriculture to a high-productivity agro-industrial economy. The article uses the local average treatment effect (LATE) to estimate the impact of adoption of improved rice varieties on rice farmers' productivity in the three major rice ecologies of Nigeria. A stratified random sampling was adopted by the study to select a sample of 500 rice farmers across ecologies. Findings of the analysis indicated that adoption of improved varieties helped raise farmers' area harvested and yield per hectare, respectively, by 0.39 hectare and 217.9 kg/ha for NERICA and 0.51 hectare and 210.4 kg/ha for other improved varieties, thereby increasing their productivity. In addition, NERICA varieties performed better than any other upland improved variety and the impact of its adoption on both area harvested and yield was greater among female rice farmers than among their male counterparts. Intervention programs to increase the dissemination of high-yielding rice varieties to areas with low productivity are, therefore, a reasonable policy instrument. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Impact; Improved rice technologies; Local average treatment effect; Nigeria; Productivity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896978801	Impacts of the SADC free trade agreement on South African agricultural trade	Fadeyi O.A., Bahta T.Y., Ogundeji A.A., Willemse B.J.	2014	Outlook on Agriculture	43	1	10.5367/oa.2014.0154	Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Fadeyi, O.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Bahta, T.Y., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Ogundeji, A.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Willemse, B.J., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Trade is an essential component of modern society, with nations signing bilateral trade agreements to engage in various forms of economic integration. Developing countries in southern Africa are also involved in economic integration to underpin development. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) became a free trade area in 2008 for the economic integration of its members. This study evaluates the impact of the SADC Free Trade Agreement (SADC FTA) on South African agricultural trade using the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) specification of gravity model to determine the significance of variables within the model. Bilateral trade data were obtained from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics (UN Comtrade) database and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), while data on gross domestic product and population were sourced from the World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) database. The results show that there has been a net trade-creating effect and increasing intra-SADC bloc trade in beef. Intra-regional trade in maize has also been stimulated by the implementation of the agreement.	Gravity model; Regional agreements; South africa; Trade creation; Trade diversion	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873470588	Home influences on the academic performance of agricultural science students in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria	Ndirika M.C., Njoku U.J.	2012	Research in Education	88	1	10.7227/RIE.88.1.7	Department of Agricultural Education, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Ndirika, M.C., Department of Agricultural Education, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Njoku, U.J., Department of Agricultural Education, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	This study was conducted to investigate the home influences on the academic performance of agricultural science secondary school students in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State. The instrument used in data collection was a validated questionnaire structured on a two point rating scale. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 150 students from nine secondary schools. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics: frequency and mean to investigate the influence of students' participation in practical agriculture at home, students' engagement in extra lessons, parental influence and parents' motivation to their children. Results indicated that involvement in practical agriculture at home, having extra lessons at home, having a reading timetable and enough textbooks, parents checking of their children's school work, prompt payment of school fees and intact family positively affect the academic performance of agricultural science students. Recommendations were made among which is the need for students to be involved in extra lessons at home and in practical agriculture. © Manchester University Press.	Academic performance; Agriculture; Home; Influence; Science	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56849088350	Technical and institutional evaluation of geray irrigation scheme in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia	Checkol G., Alamirew T.	2008	Journal of Spatial Hydrology	8	1	None	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Checkol, G.; Alamirew, T., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	The technical and institutional performance evaluation of Geray Irrigation Scheme was made in order to identify management practices for implementation to improve the system operation and the performance of the irrigation system. The evaluation was made based on the selected performance indicators such as conveyance efficiency, application efficiency, water delivery performance, and maintenance indicators. The availability of institutional and support services were also investigated through a questionnaire administered to beneficiary farmers and other stakeholders. The results obtained showed that the main and tertiary canal conveyance efficiencies were 92 and 82 percents respectively. Many of the secondary and tertiary canals are poorly maintained and many of the structures are dysfunctional. Application efficiency monitored on three farmers' plot located at different ends of a given secondary canal ranges from 44 to 57 percent. Water delivery performance was only 71% showing a very substantial reduction from the design of the canal capacity. Maintenance indicator evaluated in terms of water level change (31.9%) and effectiveness of the infrastructures showed that the scheme management was in a very poor shape. Dependability of the scheme evaluated in terms of duration and irrigation interval showed that the scheme is performing below the intended level. The 47% of the land initially planned for development is currently under irrigation while there is no change in the water supply indicating that the sustainability of the scheme is in doubt. The cooperative support services that had been rendered to the beneficiaries in the past four years were found to be minimal. Moreover, there were few indicators that show the production was market oriented. The evaluation clearly revealed the fact that conflict resolution remains to be the duty of the local community authorities and Water User Associations (WUA) has no legal right to enforce its bylaws. In conclusion, the overall technical adequacy of the scheme is rated very poor requiring tremendous mobilization of the community to sustainably manage it. Proper institutional setup needs to be in place, and WUA needs to be more empowered in order to enforce its by-laws.	Ethiopia; Irrigation institution; Irrigation performance; Support services	irrigation system; questionnaire survey; water management; water supply; Africa; Amhara; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872770505	Performance of growing pigs fed diets based on by-products of maize and wheat processing	Mwesigwa R., Mutetikka D., Kugonza D.R.	2012	Tropical Animal Health and Production	45	1	10.1007/s11250-012-0237-7	Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mwesigwa, R., Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Mutetikka, D., Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kugonza, D.R., Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Forty-eight crossbred Landrace × Large white pigs with an average body weight of 8.5 ± 0.4 kg and aged 2 months were used to evaluate performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed two diets in which bran from maize or wheat was used as the energy source. A third diet based on whole maize grain was used as a control. Animals in groups of four, balanced for litter, sex and weight were allotted to dietary treatments in a completely randomised design with four replications. Data were collected on feed intake and weight gain for a period of 4 months. A digestibility trial was carried at the end of the feeding trial using two male pigs per treatment while six pigs per treatment were randomly selected for slaughter to determine carcass characteristics. Daily gain averaged 0. 23, 0. 31 and 0. 13 kg/day, for pigs fed maize bran, wheat bran and whole maize diets, respectively. Average feed intake and final body weight were significantly (P < 0. 05) affected by diets. Digestibility of dry matter, crude fibre and calcium were higher (P < 0. 05) for pigs fed maize bran while crude protein digestibility was highest (P < 0. 05) for the pigs fed wheat bran. There were significant differences (P < 0. 05) between the diets in carcass yield, ham, head, trotters and heart weights and also for rib weight, rib eye muscle and other tissues. This study indicates that comparable performance of growing pigs fed cereal bran and full-grain diets are real. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Carcass characteristics; Growth performance; Maize bran; Pigs; Wheat bran	Animalia; Pieris brassicae; Suidae; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays; animal; animal food; article; dietary fiber; feeding behavior; female; growth, development and aging; maize; male; metabolism; physiology; randomization; swine; Uganda; weight gain; wheat; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Dietary Fiber; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Random Allocation; Sus scrofa; Triticum; Uganda; Weight Gain; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349149123	Nitrogen rhizodeposition from soybean (Glycine max) and its impact on nutrient budgets in two contrasting environments of the Guinean savannah zone of Nigeria	Laberge G., Franke A.C., Ambus P., Høgh-Jensen H.	2009	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	84	1	10.1007/s10705-008-9225-8	Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o Lambourn Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall	Laberge, G., Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; Franke, A.C., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o Lambourn Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom, Plant Research International, Department of Agrosystems Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P. O. Box 16, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands; Ambus, P., Plant Research International, Department of Agrosystems Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P. O. Box 16, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands; Høgh-Jensen, H., Risoe National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark	Nitrogen (N) rhizodeposition by grain legumes such as soybean is potentially a large but neglected source of N in cropping systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Field studies were conducted to measure soybean N rhizodeposition in two environments of the Guinean savannah of Nigeria using 15N leaf labelling techniques. The first site was located in Ibadan in the humid derived savannah. The second site was in Zaria in the drier Northern Guinean savannah. Soybean N rhizodeposition in the top 0.30 m of soil varied from 7.5 kg ha -1 on a diseased crop in Ibadan to 33 kg ha-1 in Zaria. More than two-thirds of soybean belowground N was contained in the rhizodeposits at crop physiological maturity, while the rest was found in the recoverable roots. Belowground plant-derived N was found to constitute 16-23% of the total soybean N. Taking rhizodeposited pools into account led to N budgets close to zero when all residues were removed. If residues were left in the field or recycled as manure after being fed to steers, soybean cultivation led to positive N budgets of up to +95 kg N ha-1. The role and potential of grain legumes as N purveyors have been underestimated in the past by neglecting the N contained in their rhizodeposits. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	15N; Glycine max; Guinean savannah; Leaf labelling; Legumes; Nitrogen; Promiscuous soybean; Rhizodeposition; Roots	belowground biomass; cropping practice; nitrogen cycle; nutrient budget; root system; savanna; soybean; Africa; Ibadan; Kaduna [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Zaria; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952629430	The impact of migrant remittances on household welfare in rural Nigeria	Olowa O.W.	2009	Social Sciences	4	1	None	Department of Agriculture Education (Tech.), Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Olowa, O.W., Department of Agriculture Education (Tech.), Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Records on remittances by Central Bank of Nigeria shows an increasing trends since 2002. These huge flows of remittances are made up of millions private receiver households. The study examine the impacts of these remittances on household welfare in rural Nigeria using the Nigeria living standard statistics 2003/2004 wave by the bureau of stastistics. The result of the regression analysis revealed among other things that remittances help to reduce the effects of poverty and that remittances are counter-cyclical. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Household; Nigeria; Poverty; Remittances; Welfare	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749084577	Performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leef meal (Manihot esculenta crantz)	Iheukwumere F.C., Ndubuisi E.C., Mazi E.A., Onyekwere M.U.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	1	None	Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Ndubuisi, E.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Mazi, E.A., Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Onyekwere, M.U., Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	A 35-day feeding trial involving 120, 5-week old Anak broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leaf meal at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and organ weight of birds on the control (0%) and (5%) leaf meals were significantly superior (p<0.05) to the group on 10% and 15% leaf meal. The utilization of Dry Matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract and ash was significantly poorer at the 10 and 15% dietary levels. The organ weights (heart, liver, gizzard) were superior at 0 and 5% (p<0.05) groups to the groups on 10 and 15% inclusion levels of the leaf meal. It is suggested that 5% inclusion of cassava leaf meal could be used in broiler finisher diets without any deleterious effects. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler; Cassava leaf meal; Organs weight and nutrient utilization; Performance	animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; article; ash; avian stomach; bird; cassava; chemical composition; controlled study; food composition; food intake; heart weight; liver weight; meal; nonhuman; nutrient uptake; organ weight; plant leaf; randomization; weight gain; Aves; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859172052	Performance of broiler chickens fed on mature moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein supplement to soyabean meal	Gadzirayi C.T., Masamha B., Mupangwa J.F., Washaya S.	2012	International Journal of Poultry Science	11	1	None	Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; International Livestock Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698 Caixa, Maputo, Mozambique; Umutara Polytechnic, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Eastern Province, Rwanda	Gadzirayi, C.T., Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Masamha, B., International Livestock Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698 Caixa, Maputo, Mozambique; Mupangwa, J.F., Umutara Polytechnic, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Eastern Province, Rwanda; Washaya, S., Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe	An exploratory study investigating the effects of supplementing soyabeans with Moringa oleifera leaf meal, as a protein source in poultry production was done at Bindura University Farm. Five different graded levels of Moringa oleifera meal were used in formulating the diets. Ration formulation using soyabean, yellow maize and Moringa oleifera meal as ingredients for broiler starter (20% Crude Protein) and broiler finisher (18% Crude Protein) diets was done using the Pearson Square Method. Twenty-five day old Habbard chicks were randomly allocated to the five treatment diets T1 (0% Moringa oleifera meal), T2 (25% Moringa oleifera meal), T3 (50% Moringa oleifera meal), T4 (75% Moringa oleifera meal) and T5 (100% Moringa oleifera meal) in a completely randomized design. Birds were managed under the dip litter system with five compartments each with five birds for a period of 6 weeks. Weekly weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded throughout the period. Evisceration of carcasses was done after 6 weeks and the different body parts were weighed and recorded. Proximate analysis of Moringa oleifera meal, broiler starter and broiler finisher diets were done and the results were tabulated. Statistical analysis was done using Genstat Software Version 12. No significant differences were noted in the amount of feed taken by broiler birds under different treatments of Moringa oleifera meal, however significant differences in feed conversion ratios were noted. It was therefore concluded that inclusion of Moringa oleifera meal as protein supplement in broiler diets at 25% inclusion level produces broilers of similar weight and growth rate compared to those fed under conventional commercial feeds (p>0.05). © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Broilers; Carcass; Moringa oleifera; Protein; Weight	Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Moringa oleifera; Zea mays	None
None	None	Collective action initiatives to improve marketing performance: Lessons from farmer groups in Tanzania	Barham J., Chitemi C.	2009	Food Policy	34	1	10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.10.002	Department of Agriculture, Marketing Services Branch, Washington, DC, United States; Faida Market Link Company Limited, Arusha, Tanzania	Barham, J., Department of Agriculture, Marketing Services Branch, Washington, DC, United States; Chitemi, C., Faida Market Link Company Limited, Arusha, Tanzania	This study aims to examine the extent to which certain characteristics and asset endowments of smallholder farmer groups facilitate collective action initiatives to improve group marketing performance. This is approached through an evaluation of a government-led programme in Tanzania, which is attempting to increase smallholder farmers' incomes and food security through a market-oriented intervention. Findings suggest that more mature groups with strong internal institutions, functioning group activities, and a good asset base of natural capital are more likely to improve their market situation. Gender composition of groups also affects group marketing performance, as an enabling factor for male-dominated groups. Structural social capital in the form of membership in other groups and ties to external service providers, and cognitive social capital in the form of intra-group trust and altruistic behaviour are not significant factors in a group's ability to improve its market situation.	Agricultural marketing; Collective action; Farmer groups; Planned change initiatives; Social capital; Tanzania	collective action; farming system; food market; institutional framework; marketing; performance assessment; smallholder; social capital; state role; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856274347	Performance of sweet potato soybeans as affected by cropping sequence in the northern guinea savanna of Nigeria	Babatunde F.E., Dantata I.J., Olawuyi O.J.	2012	Journal of Agronomy	11	1	10.3923/ja.2012.22.26	Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Osun State University (Uniosun), PMB 4014, Ejigbo Campus, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, PMB 044, Azare, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Ba	Babatunde, F.E., Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Osun State University (Uniosun), PMB 4014, Ejigbo Campus, Nigeria; Dantata, I.J., Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, PMB 044, Azare, Bauchi, Nigeria; Olawuyi, O.J., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, PMB 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of sweet potato and soybeans under different cropping sequences during the raining seasons of 2007, 2008 and 2009 in Bauchi, Nigeria. The cropping sequences consisted of sweet potato transplanted 1 week after soybeans (+1), sweet potato transplanted 2 weeks after soybeans (+2), sweet potato + soybeans planted simultaneously (0), sweet potato transplanted 1 week before soybeans (-1), sweet potato transplanted 2 weeks before soybeans (-2), Sole sweet potato (Ssp) and Sole soybeans (Ssb). These were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Percent production of tubers and pods as well as tuber and grain yields of component crops were significantly increased (p = 0.05) by the cropping treatments in all the three seasons of this studyanother in each season, except in percent tuber production with sole sweet potato in both 2008 and 2009 as well as in tuber yield with sole sweet potato in 2009. Therefore, component crops can be sole-grown or adopt sweet potato transplanted a week or 2 before soybeans-sequence for better tuber and grain yields. © 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Crop sequence; Northern guinea savanna; Performance; Soybeans; Sweet potato	Glycine max; Ipomoea batatas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052067781	Evaluation of neem seed extract for the control of major field pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp) under calendar and monitored sprays	Egho E.O.	2011	Advances in Environmental Biology	5	1	None	Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria	Egho, E.O., Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria	Cowpea growers sometimes apply chemicals as many as 8-10 times to control insect pests during the growing season. Calendar sprays at 7 days' intervals (CA.S7) carried out 5 times and 10 days' intervals (CA.S10) carried out 4 times and monitored spray (MOS) carried out only when insect infestation/damage reached or exceeded the action threshold were studied to find out their effect on major insect pests and yield of cowpea - whether there were differences in the number of insect pests and grain yield. The insect pests studied were the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, legume bud thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fab. and pod sucking bugs under the application of 5% aqueous extract of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE). The trials were conducted during the early and late planting seasons in Abraka, on a piece of land half a kilometre to Campus 2, Delta State University, Nigeria. The results indicated that calendar sprays significantly controlled A. craccivora colonies compared to control in the early season. Population of other major insect pests was generally low. During the late season, the various NSKE treatments effectively controlled A. craccivora. No significant difference among the treatments in their effect on the other major insect pests. Grain yields were high in both seasons and a significant difference did not exist among the calendar and monitored spray treatments. Three main things are obvious from this study: (1) neem seed kernel extract is effective in the control of cowpea insect pests, especially A. craccivora, (2) Grain yields were similar in calendar and monitor sprays. (3) spraying every 10 days for 4 times and monitoring insect pest damage/infestation before spraying reduced the number of chemical application.	Calendar and monitored sprays; Cowpea; Insect pests; Neem extract	Aphididae; Aphis craccivora; Azadirachta indica; Hexapoda; Maruca vitrata; Megalurothrips sjostedti; Thysanoptera; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957796908	Performance of a sorghum/rice mixture at varying proportions of rice in a semi-arid environment of Nigeria	Odion E.C., Yahaya R.A., Aliyu And L., Babaji B.A.	2008	Research on Crops	9	1	None	Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Odion, E.C., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Yahaya, R.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Aliyu And, L., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Babaji, B.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	A field trial was conducted at Samaru, Nigeria in the 1997 and 1998 cropping seasons to study the effect of rice (Oryza sativum L.) proportions and thinning levels on the performance of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and rice in mixed stands. Sorghum performed better in the drier year than in the wetter one, gave LER values that were lower than expected values except at the 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 stand proportions in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The sorghum crop was most stable at the 1 : 1 stand proportion and less aggressive than the rice crop in the mixed stands. The rice crop performed better in the wetter year than the drier (i. e. 1998 compared to 1997), gave LER values that were lower than expected except at the 1 : 1 and 1 : 4 stand proportions in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The rice crop gave stability values that were lower than expected at all the stand proportions and was more aggressive than the sorghum crop at all the stand proportions. The mixtures gave LER values that were either equal to or greater than 1.00 only at the 1:1 and 1:2 stand proportions; indicating that the mixture was only more efficient than the pure stands at the 1:1 stand proportion. It was also most stable at the 1:1 stand proportion; suggesting that the planting higher proportions of rice for the cash return from rice is detrimental to the mixture and to the food security of farmers in the area.	Mixture; Rice; Semi-arid environment; Sorghum	Oryza; Sativum; Sorghum bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860466986	Yield and quality performance of sesame varieties as affected by potassium fertilizer	Olaniyi J.O.	2011	Tropical Agriculture	88	1	None	Department Of Agronomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Olaniyi, J.O., Department Of Agronomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	In view of the relative importance of Sesamum indicum, as a good source of oil and medicinal plants in Africa, the production of good quality and high yielding varieties is highly desirable. The pot experiment was conducted at Ogbomoso in the southwestern Nigeria to determine the level of K fertilizer needed for the maximum seed yield and quality of three sesame varieties. The treatments used included four levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 15, 30 and 45kg K20 ha-1) and three varieties of sesame namely; Pachequero, Panshin and C-K2. These twelve treatments were assigned into a completely randomized design fitted into a factorial experiment with three replications. The plant growth and yield attributes such as plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, and number of seeds per pod significantly (P≤0.05) improved with increased rate of potassium fertilizer with optimum value obtained at 30kg K20 ha-1. K application significantly (P≤0.05) affected the seed yield and yield components of the three sesame varieties with optimum values obtained at 30kg K20 ha-1. The quality and nutrient elements compositions significantly increased with optimum values obtained when 30 kg K2 0 ha -1 was applied. Therefore, 30kg K20 ha-1 could be applied to sesame on the less productive soils in Ogbomoso. Although all sesame varieties used recorded better performance in this agro-ecological zone, C-K2 showed an outstanding seed yield performance with or without K fertilizer applications. However, the best variety in terms of seed quality was pachequero. © 2011 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Potassium fertilizer; Seed quality; Seed yield; Sesamum indicum; Varieties	Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861632691	The differential impact of two anesthetic techniques on cortisol levels in Nigerian surgical patients	Aggo A.T., Fyneface-Ogan S., Mato C.N.	2012	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	15	1	10.4103/1119-3077.94102	Department of Anaesthesia, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Aggo, A.T., Department of Anaesthesia, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Fyneface-Ogan, S., Department of Anaesthesia, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Mato, C.N., Department of Anaesthesia, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Background: Surgical procedures are associated with a complexity of stress response characterized by neurohumoral, immulogic, and metabolic alterations. Aim: The aim was to compare the effects on the stress response by isoflurane-based intratracheal general anesthesia (ITGA) and bupivacaine-based epidural anesthesia (EA), using cortisol as a biochemical marker. Materials and Methods: Following the approval of the Hospital Ethical Board, informed written consent from patients recruited into this study was obtained. One group received general anesthesia with relaxant technique (group A) while the other group had bupicaine epidural anesthesia with catheter placement for top-ups (group B) for their surgeries. Both groups were assessed for plasma cortisol levels -baseline, 30 minutes after skin the start of surgery and at skin closure. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline mean heart rate, mean arterial pressure (mean MAP) and the mean duration of surgery between the two groups; the baseline mean plasma cortisol level was 88.70 ± 3.85 ng/ml for group A and 85.55 ± 2.29 ng/ml for group B, P=0.148. At 30 minutes after the start of surgery the plasma cortisol level in the GA group was 361.60 ± 31.27 ng/ml while it was 147.45 ± 22.36 ng/ml in the EA group, showing a significant difference, P=0.001. At skin closure the mean plasma cortisol value of 384.65 ± 48.04 ng/ml recorded in the GA group was found to be significantly higher than the value of 140.20 ± 10.74 ng/ml in the GA group, P<0.002. Conclusion: Using plasma cortisol as a measure, bupivacaine-based epidural anesthesia significantly reduces the stress response to surgical stimuli when compared with isoflurane-based tracheal general anesthesia.	Cortisol levels; Epidural anesthesia; General anesthesia; Surgery	anesthetic agent; bupivacaine; hydrocortisone; isoflurane; adult; aged; anesthesia; article; blood; epidural anesthesia; evaluation; female; general anesthesia; heart rate; human; male; methodology; middle aged; surgery; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intratracheal; Anesthetics; Bupivacaine; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Isoflurane; Male; Middle Aged; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Surgical Procedures, Operative	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649094018	Routine delirium monitoring in a UK critical care unit	Page V.J., Navarange S., Gama S., McAuley D.F.	2009	Critical Care	13	1	10.1186/cc7714	Department of Anaesthetics, Watford General Hospital, Vicarage Road, Watford WD19 4DZ, United Kingdom; Department of Anaesthetics, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Private Bag X03, Mayville 4038, South Africa; Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BN, United Kingdom	Page, V.J., Department of Anaesthetics, Watford General Hospital, Vicarage Road, Watford WD19 4DZ, United Kingdom; Navarange, S., Department of Anaesthetics, Watford General Hospital, Vicarage Road, Watford WD19 4DZ, United Kingdom; Gama, S., Department of Anaesthetics, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Private Bag X03, Mayville 4038, South Africa; McAuley, D.F., Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BN, United Kingdom	Introduction: Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Using an assessment tool has been shown to improve the ability of clinicians in the ICU to detect delirium. The confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) is a validated delirium-screening tool for critically ill intubated patients. The aim of this project was to establish the feasibility of routine delirium screening using the CAM-ICU and to identify the incidence of delirium in a UK critical care unit. Methods: Routine CAM-ICU monitoring was implemented in a mixed critical care unit in January 2007 following a two-month educational and promotional campaign. Guidelines for the management of delirium were introduced. During a two-month prospective audit in September and October 2007, the daily CAM-ICU was recorded by the bedside nurse for consecutive level 2 and level 3 patients admitted to the mixed medical/ surgical critical care ward in a district general hospital. This was repeated in January 2008. Patient outcome was recorded. The records of an additional cohort of ventilated patients were reviewed retrospectively to determine compliance with routine CAM-ICU assessments. Results: Seventy-one patients were included in the observational cohort, with 60 patients in the retrospective cohort. In the prospective group it was not possible to assess for delirium with the CAM-ICU in nine patients due to persistent coma or inability to understand simple instructions. Excluding elective post-operative patients, the incidence of delirium was 45% in patients who could be assessed; in the 27 ventilated patients who could be assessed it was 63%. From the retrospective data compliance with the CAM-ICU assessment was 92%. The incidence of delirium in this retrospective group of ventilated patients who could be assessed was 65%. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that delirium screening is feasible in a UK ICU population. The high incidence of delirium and the impact on outcomes in this UK cohort of patients is in line with previous reports. © 2009 Page et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; aged; article; artificial ventilation; clinical assessment tool; cohort analysis; confusion assessment method for the ICU; controlled study; critically ill patient; delirium; feasibility study; female; high risk patient; human; incidence; intensive care; major clinical study; male; observational study; outcome assessment; patient monitoring; priority journal; retrospective study; United Kingdom; comparative study; critical illness; delirium; intensive care unit; mass screening; methodology; middle aged; prospective study; psychological aspect; Aged; Cohort Studies; Critical Illness; Delirium; Female; Great Britain; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844456882	Determination of trace levels of dinitrophenolic compounds in environmental water samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction and high performance liquid chromatography	Berhanu T., Liu J.-F., Romero R., Megersa N., Jönsson J.Å.	2006	Journal of Chromatography A	1103	1	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.082	Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Berhanu, T., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Liu, J.-F., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Romero, R., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Megersa, N., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jönsson, J.Å., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden	A hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction method for the liquid chromatographic determination of dinitrophenolic compounds at ppt levels has been developed. Different variables affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, shaking speed, acceptor pH, acceptor buffer concentration, salt content and humic acids have been studied. Enrichment factors up to 7000 times were obtained. Validation of the method included calibration experiments and studies of the linearity of the responses in different matrices. Good linearity was obtained in the environmental matrices evaluated. Detection limits range from 6.0 to 8.0 ng/L, and the relative standard deviations do not exceed 7% in terms of repeatability. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fiber; HPLC; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membrane	Extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Liquid membranes; pH effects; Trace analysis; Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fibers; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membranes; Nitrogen compounds; 2,4 dinitrophenol; article; calibration; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; hollow fiber; liquid membrane; priority journal; validation process; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dinitrophenols; Herbicides; Humic Substances; Reproducibility of Results; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856300509	Determination of the effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance and hematological parameters of rabbits	Ezema C., Eze D.C.	2012	Comparative Clinical Pathology	21	1	10.1007/s00580-010-1066-6	Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ezema, C., Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria; Eze, D.C., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria	Insufficient supply of animal protein is a major problem in developing countries including Nigeria. Rabbits are adjudged to be a convenient source of palatable and nutritious meat, high in protein, and contain low fat and cholesterol. A doe can produce more than 15 times her own weight in offspring in a year. However, its productivity may be limited by inadequate nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on growth performance and some hematological parameters of rabbit. The appropriate level of the probiotic inclusion for excellent health status and optimum productivity was also determined. A total of 40 male rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (A-D) of ten rabbits each. Each group was subdivided into two replicates of five rabbits each. They were fed pelleted grower mash ad libitum. The feed for groups A to C were supplemented with bioactive yeast (probiotic) at inclusion levels of 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16 g yeast/kg diet, respectively. Group D had no yeast (control). Daily feed intake was determined. The rabbits were weighed weekly. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell total, and differential counts were determined at the 8th week, 16th week, and 22nd week following standard procedures. The three results which did not have any significant difference were pooled together. Group A which had 0.08 g yeast/kg of diet had a significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) PCV than groups B (which had 0.12 g yeast/kg of diet) and C (which had 0.16 g yeast/kg of diet) as well as D (the control). Total WBC count for groups B and C (14.35 ± 0.100 × 10 3/μl and 14.65 ± 0.786 × 10 3/μl, respectively) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than groups A and D (6.33 ± 0.335 × 10 3/μl and 10.40 ± 0.296 × 10 3/μl, respectively). Also the absolute neutrophils and lymphocytes counts were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in groups B and C than in groups A and D. Group B had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) weight gain (1.025 ± 0.006 kg/rabbit) followed by group A (0.950 ± 0.092 kg/rabbit). The control (group D) had the least weight gain of 0.623 ± 0.0.099 kg/rabbit. These results showed that like most probiotics, bioactive yeast at an appropriate level of inclusion had a significant beneficial effect on health status and growth rate of rabbit. Probiotic supplementation level of 0.12 g yeast/kg of diet was recommended for optimum rabbit production. © 2010 Springer-Verlag London Limited.	Feed; Growth rate; Health status; Probiotic; Rabbit	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858750618	Infecund evaluation of cycling female Sprague-Dawley rats: An aftermath treatment with Momordica charantia seed extract	Amah C.I., Yama O.E., Noronha C.C.	2012	Middle East Fertility Society Journal	17	1	10.1016/j.mefs.2011.08.003	Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Amah, C.I., Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Yama, O.E., Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Noronha, C.C., Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Introduction: Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) grows in tropical areas including parts of the Amazon, Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. It has an array of biologically active plant chemicals including triterpenes, proteins and steroids. Aim: The aim is to evaluate the effect of methanolic seed extract of M. charantia (MC) on ova count, implantation and the fetus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methodology: Thirty adult cyclic female Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats divided into three groups (A, B and C) of 10 rats/group were used for the study. The female rats in Groups B and C were made pregnant by cohabiting with male S-D rats. In all the groups, MC extract was administered in the morning (9.00 a.m.) at a dose of 25 mg/100 g b.w./oral. In Group A, rats (in proestrous phase) were treated with a single dose and sacrificed the following day (estrous phase). Rats in Group B were fed once daily from day 1 to 10 of gestation and sacrificed on the 12th day. Rats in Group C were fed once daily from day 6 to 19 of gestation and sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation. The following were assessed: ova count, anti-implantation, early abortifacient properties and possible teratogenicity. Result: The extract completely suppressed the release of ova and exhibited highly significant anti-implantation activity. Significant (p < 0.05) changes were seen in the mean body weight, mean crown rump length and mean tail length of the fetuses. Conclusion: In conclusion, MC (25 mg/100 g b.w.) exhibited anti-ovulatory and anti-implantation (early abortifacient) properties. These are certainly desirable anti-fertility actions. It also resulted in prenatal growth deficiencies. © 2011 Middle East Fertility Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Abortifacient; Momordica charantia; Ova count; Sprague-Dawley	abortive agent; Momordica charantia extract; animal cell; animal experiment; article; body height; body weight; cell count; controlled study; dose response; drug effect; estrus; female; female infertility; fetus; fetus growth; gestation period; morning dosage; multiple cycle treatment; nonhuman; oocyte; plant seed; pregnancy outcome; proestrus; rat; Sprague Dawley rat; teratogenicity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77649197354	Biological relevance of ion energy in performance of human endothelial cells on ion-implanted flexible polyurethane surfaces	Özkucur N., Richter E., Wetzel C., Funk R.H.W., Monsees T.K.	2010	Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A	93	1	10.1002/jbm.a.32541	Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Ion Beam Physics and Material Research, Dresden, Germany; Department of Ion Beam and Plasma Technique, Fraunhofer Institute, Dresden, Germany; Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Özkucur, N., Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Richter, E., Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Ion Beam Physics and Material Research, Dresden, Germany; Wetzel, C., Department of Ion Beam and Plasma Technique, Fraunhofer Institute, Dresden, Germany; Funk, R.H.W., Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Monsees, T.K., Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	To improve the biocompatibility of polyurethane (PUR), we modified the surface by irradiation with different ions (Carbon; C, Oxygen; O, Nitrogen; N, or Argon; Ar) at 0.3-50 keV energy and doses of 1,00E+13 - 1,00E+15 ions/cm 2. The effects of ion implantation using different ion energies and densities were observed on adhesion, proliferation, and viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The long-term in vitro stability of ion-implanted PUR was also investigated. Ion irradiation moderately affected the surface roughness (Ra), but strongly enhanced the work of adhesion (Wa). Cell adhesion was markedly improved on O-, N-, and Ar-, but not on C-implanted PUR surfaces. Medium ion energies and lower ion doses produced the best HUVEC attachment and proliferation, indicating the importance of choosing the proper range of energy applied during ion irradiation. In addition, apoptosis rates were significantly reduced when compared with unmodified PUR (uPUR). N implantation significantly protected the surface, although C implantation led to stronger surface erosions than on uPUR. In total, ion implantation on flexible PUR surfaces strongly improved the material surface characteristics and biocompatibility. Electron beam ion implantation within an appropriate energy window is thus a key to improving flexible PUR surfaces for clinical use to support endothelial cell performance. Thus, it can contribute to designing small-diameter grafts, which are in great demand, towards vascular tissue engineering applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Adhesion; Biocompatibility; HUVECs; Ion implantation; Polyurethane	Apoptosis rates; Clinical use; Energy windows; Flexible Polyurethanes; Human endothelial cells; Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; HUVECs; In-vitro; Ion dose; Ion energies; Ion irradiation; Material surface; N implantation; Small-diameter; Surface erosion; Vascular tissue engineering; Work of adhesion; Adhesion; Argon; Biocompatibility; Blood vessel prostheses; Cell adhesion; Cell death; Electron beams; Ion bombardment; Ion implantation; Oxygen; Self assembly; Surface properties; Surface roughness; Tissue engineering; Endothelial cells; argon; carbon; ion; nitrogen; oxygen; polyurethan; apoptosis; article; biocompatibility; cell adhesion; cell count; cell density; cell proliferation; cell structure; cell viability; concentration response; controlled study; electron beam; endothelium cell; energy; human; human cell; implantation; irradiation; surface property; umbilical vein; Apoptosis; Cell Adhesion; Cell Count; Cell Proliferation; Cell Shape; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Implants, Experimental; Ions; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pliability; Polyurethanes; Surface Properties; Thermodynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922985341	Radiologic Evaluation of the Orbital Index among the Igbo Ethnic Group of Nigeria	Ezeuko V.C., Om'Iniabohs F.A.E.	2015	European Journal of Anatomy	19	1	None	Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Ezeuko, V.C., Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Om'Iniabohs, F.A.E., Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Ugbowo, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	The two orbits in the human face serve as sockets for the eyeball and other visual apparatus. It is pyramidal in shape with the apex directed posteriorly and the base which forms the orbital margin located anteriorly. The purpose of this study was to radiologically evaluate the orbital index of the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty frontal plain radiological films of the skull were obtained from the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. The films comprised of 217 males and 133 females aged between zero and seventy nine years (0-79 years). The maximal orbital height was measured from the frontal film as the maximum vertical distance between the superior and inferior orbital rims while the maximal orbital width was determined as the maximum horizontal distance between the medial and lateral orbital rims. The orbital indices were estimated from the data gathered using the formula: Orbital index=[maximal orbital height/maximal orbital width]*100. The analyses were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. The results are reported as mean ± standard deviation. The orbital indices of both sides as well as both sexes were compared using the Student t-test. The differences were considered statistically significant when probability was less than 0.05 (P<0.05). The results showed that the mean orbital index was 73.09±13.47. This study also revealed that the orbital index was significantly higher (P<0.05) in males than in females. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between the right and left orbital indices in both sexes. It is recommended that further populationbased studies be carried out in different geographical locations.	Igbo ethnic group; Orbital height; Orbital index; Orbital width; Radiology	adolescent; adult; aged; Article; child; ethnic group; female; human; Igbo (people); infant; inferior orbital rim; major clinical study; male; maximal orbital width; maximum horizontal distance; maximum vertical distance; middle aged; musculoskeletal system parameters; newborn; Nigeria; orbit; orbital height; orbital index; preschool child; school child; sex difference; skull radiography; superior orbital rim; very elderly	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878769150	Radiologic evaluation of clavicular morphology in southern Nigerians [Evaluación radiólogica de la morfología clavicular en Nigerianos del Sur]	Udoaka A.I., Nwokediuko A.U.	2013	International Journal of Morphology	31	1	10.4067/S0717-95022013000100014	Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Udoaka, A.I., Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Nwokediuko, A.U., Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This study was carried out to derive empirical values and indices for which clavicles on a radiograph can be correctly sexed. 1000 radiographic left clavicles of adults of both sexes (500 males and 500 females) ranging from ages 25 - 60 yrs collated from the Radiology departments of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital and The General Hospital Calabar, all in Southern Nigeria, were used in this study. The values obtained in this study showed that, the males had Sternal head length of 2.52±0.33 cm, Acromial head length of 1.66±0.25 cm, a mid shaft diameter of 2.01 cm and body length of 15.28±0.66 cm. The female Sternal head length was 2.18±0.37 cm, Acromial head length was 1.65±0.22 cm, mid shaft diameter was 1.48 cm and the mean body length was 14.56±0.51 cm. The sternal head of the males was significantly longer than the females (P<0.001) but the body and acromial head lengths were not. The length / mid shaft diameter ratio and the product of the length and mid shaft diameter were also derived. The use of the demarking point analysis to identify sex showed very low percentages in all the parameters studied.	Clavicle; Demarking point; Radiographs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644587400	Evaluation of Allen's test in both arms and arteries of left and right-handed people	Oettlé A.C., van Niekerk A., Boon J.M., Meiring J.H.	2006	Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy	28	1	10.1007/s00276-005-0039-y	Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Oettlé, A.C., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Boon, J.M., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Meiring, J.H., Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	The Allen's test as described in 1929 by Edgar V. Allen has been modified, adapted and complemented by other newer modalities but remains a first line standard test to evaluate the arterial supply of the hand. In this study an attempt has been made to add more information regarding the arterial supply of the hand, in left- and right-handed individuals, left and right hands and the ulnar and radial arteries, when doing the Allen's test. A modified Allen's test using an oxygen saturation monitor was used. The sample group consisted of 80 (30 left-handed and 50 right-handed) students. No significant differences between the Allen's test of the left and right hands in the left and right-handed individuals were found. There was a marginal but not significant difference between the two arteries. The ulnar artery took slightly longer to reach baseline values as compared to the radial artery. The results suggest that a positive Allen's test can be found in both left and right-handed people, with regard to the left and right hands and both radial and ulnar arteries may be implicated. This information should be kept in mind when selecting either the radial or ulnar artery for grafting purposes (e.g. coronary angiosurgery) and forearm artery cannulation. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Collateral circulation; Oximetry; Patient selection; Radial artery; Ulnar artery	adult; arm; arterial circulation; artery catheterization; artery graft; article; controlled study; female; function test; human; human experiment; left handedness; male; monitor; normal human; oximetry; oxygen saturation; priority journal; radial artery; right handedness; ulnar artery; Adult; Arm; Arteries; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Male; Oximetry; Radial Artery; Ulnar Artery	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927549192	Robertson’s century: The reception and impact of an epoch-making grammar of the Greek New Testament	Swart G.	2014	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies	70	1	10.4102/hts.v70i1.2747	Department of Ancient Languages, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Swart, G., Department of Ancient Languages, University of Pretoria, South Africa	The author endeavours, firstly, to present a vivid account of the reception that A.T. Robertson’s A grammar of the Greek New Testament in the light of historical research found in scholarly circles when first published (in 1914) and during the ensuing years; secondly, to probe the question whether, during the course of the past century, the renown of both the man and the book has outlasted the scientific value and the actual utilisation of ‘Robertson’ in New Testament commentaries and scholarly publications; and thirdly, to address a few grammatical points stated by Robertson that seem to have gone unchallenged despite major shifts affecting the study of language generally, and New Testament Greek specifically, since the publication of his Grammar. © 2014. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846701035	Performance and harvest measures of Somali and Arsi-Bale goats managed under three feeding systems in Ethiopia	Legesse G., Abebe G., Goetsch A.L.	2006	Journal of Applied Animal Research	30	1	None	Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States	Legesse, G., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Goetsch, A.L., E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States	Forty-eight intact male goats, approximately 9 months of age, were used in an 84-day experiment to determine effects and interactions of genotype [27 Arsi-Bale and 21 Somali, with mean initial body weight (BW) of 14.1 and 15.9 kg, respectively (SE=0.39)] and feeding system (intensive, semi-intensive and extensive) on growth performance and harvest measures. Goats on the intensive (I) treatment were confined in individual pens and fed Rhodesgrass hay supplemented with 300 g/day (air-dry) of a concentrate mixture; semiintensive (S) goats grazed grass pasture for 7 h / day and were supplemented with 300 g / day of concentrate; and goats on the extensive (E) treatment grazed grass pasture for 8 h daily. There were no significant interactions between genotype and feeding system. Average daily gain (ADG) ranked (P<0.05) S > I > E (54, 32, and 5 g) and was greater (P<0.06) for Somali than for Arsi-Bale goats (34 vs 27 g). Hot carcass dressing percentage among feeding systems was lowest (P≤0.05) for E (42.6, 43.3 and 38.8% for I, S and E, respectively). Carcasses of Somali goats were lower (P<0.05) in separable lean tissue (55.3 vs 58.9%) and higher in fat (P<0.05; 14.0 vs 11.0%) compared with Arsi-Bale carcasses. Carcass separable lean concentration ranked (P<0.05) S (62.2%) > I (57.5%) > E (51.6%), fat among feeding systems was greatest (P<0.05) for I (15.3, 11.2 and 10.9% for I, S and E, respectively) and bone was greatest (P<0.05) for E (27.3, 26.6 and 37.5% for I, S and E, respectively). In conclusion, ADG of male Somali and Arsi-Bale goats was similarly affected by the different feeding systems, with Somali goats yielding greater final BW than Arsi-Bale as a function of both greater initial BW and ADG during the experiment. Feeding system can impact not only growth performance but also carcass characteristics that may influence consumer appeal. © GSP, India.	Body composition; Feeding system; Goats; Performance	Capra hircus; Chloris gayana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955030442	Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall products: The effects on gut morphology and performance of broiler chickens	Brümmer M., van Rensburg C.J., Moran C.A.	2010	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	40	1	None	Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; North American Biosciences Centre, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, United States	Brümmer, M., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; van Rensburg, C.J., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Moran, C.A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, North American Biosciences Centre, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, United States	The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Bio-Mos® (Alltech Inc.), with or without the addition of a soluble mannan (MRF) (Alltech Inc.) on gastrointestinal health and performance of broiler chickens. A trial was conducted using seven different dietary treatments. It consisted of a negative control, 2 levels of Bio-Mos® (2 g/kg and 4 g/kg), 2 levels of MRF (0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg) and 2 treatments combining the cell wall preparations (2 g/kg Bio-Mos® + 0.1 g/kg MRF and 4 g/kg Bio-Mos® + 0.2 g/kg MRF). Day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to the seven treatments and the trial extended over a 15 day period, upon which two chicks from each replicate were sacrificed and ileum samples taken. Results showed that the cell wall preparations had a numerically positive, but statistically non significant effect on feed conversion ratios. Histology results revealed significantly greater goblet cell densities and sizes for chicks receiving cell wall preparations than those of the control treatment chicks, while villi width and height measurements indicated no differences between treatments. From the results of this study it appears as if yeast cell wall preparations can contribute to the gastrointestinal health and performance of broiler chickens by affecting mucus secreting goblet cells in a favourable manner. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Goblet cells; Growth rate; Villi width and height; Yeast	Gallus gallus; Saccharomyces cerevisiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925453374	The impact of firm size and liquidity on the cost of external finance in africa	Hearn B., Piesse J.	2015	South African Journal of Economics	83	1	10.1111/saje.12062	Department of Business, Management and Economics, University of Sussex, Jubilee Building, Brighton, United Kingdom; Bournemouth University, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Hearn, B., Department of Business, Management and Economics, University of Sussex, Jubilee Building, Brighton, United Kingdom; Piesse, J., Department of Business, Management and Economics, University of Sussex, Jubilee Building, Brighton, United Kingdom, Bournemouth University, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Established illiquidity measures are constructed for emerging markets in Africa and used to determine which best explains trading costs. Costs of equity are derived from an augmented Capital Asset Pricing Model for a sample of emerging financial markets generally ignored in the literature. These include: South Africa and Namibia, three countries in North Africa and four in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), plus London and Paris as examples of integrated markets. Minimum variance portfolios are constructed and asset weights derived, with the sample divided into countries dependent on their legal regime. Portfolio weights are shown to be directly related to well-regulated markets with high standards of corporate governance and disclosure, and firms seeking cost-effective finance from SSA stock markets are at a distinct disadvantage compared with those in Northern Africa, South Africa and, in particular, London and Paris. © 2014 Economic Society of South Africa.	Africa; emerging financial markets; G11; G12; G15; Liquidity; O55; portfolio diversification	equity; financial market; financial system; firm size; governance approach; industrial investment; stock market; England; France; Ile de France; London [England]; Namibia; North Africa; Paris; South Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; United Kingdom; Ville de Paris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56049123222	Diet quality, intake and growth performance of South African Mutton Merino sheep on Triticum x Secale and Lolium multiflorum pastures at different grazing pressures	Van Niekerk W.A., Hassen A., Coertze R.J.	2008	Tropical Grasslands	42	1	None	Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Van Niekerk, W.A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Hassen, A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Coertze, R.J., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This study was undertaken to determine the influence of 3 grazing pressures [20 (HGP), 33 (MGP) and 50(LGP) g DM/kg LW/d] using South African Mutton Merino wether lambs, on qualitative and quantitative intake of Triticum x Secale cv. Pan266 (triticale) and Lolium multiflorum cv. Midmar (ryegrass) pastures as well as animal performance. Oesophageal samples at the start and end of the grazing period were analysed to determine diet quality in terms of nitrogen (N), ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM) concentrations. Intake and average daily live-weight gain were determined for each group. In both pastures, the ADF concentration was higher, while IVDOM concentration was lower at the end compared with the start of the grazing period. For triticale, HGP resulted in lower dietary N, and higher ash and NDF concentrations than MGP or LGP. The DOMI and ADG of lambs at HGP were lower than those on LGP. For ryegrass, dietary N was lower at HGP than LGP, while the NDF concentration was higher (P<0.05) at HGP or MGP than at LGP. However, ADG at HGP was lower than at LGP or MGP for each species. Intake of both pastures declined during the study. The overall diet quality on ryegrass pasture seems better than on triticale, as reflected in higher (P<0.05) N and lower NDF concentrations. Performance of lambs on ryegrass pasture was higher than on triticale pasture, through.	None	Animalia; Lolium; Lolium multiflorum; Ovis aries; Triticosecale; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897371726	Comparative evaluation of haemagglutination potential of haemolymph from two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina)	Abiona J.A., Akinduti P.A., Oyekunle M.A., Osinowo O.A., Onagbesan A.O.M.	2014	Fish and Shellfish Immunology	38	1	10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.014	Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Abiona, J.A., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinduti, P.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oyekunle, M.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Osinowo, O.A., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Onagbesan, A.O.M., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A comparative study was conducted to evaluate haemagglutination potential in the haemolymph of two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina). Three liveweight groups of snails (<100g, 101-150g and >150g) were used with 4 replicates per liveweight per species for haemagglutination assay (HA). The effect of aestivation on haemagglutination potential was also evaluated. Erythrocytes (2%) from cattle, sheep, goat and chicken were used for HA assay. Results showed that agglutinin-like substances that agglutinate erythrocytes of sheep, goat, cattle and chicken were present in the haemolymph of the two species of giant African land snails. Effect of species was found to be significant (P<0.001) on haemagglutination titre. Haemolymph of A. marginata, had higher haemagglutination titre than that of A. achatina across the three liveweight groups used in this study. Snail liveweight had no significant effect (P>0.05) on agglutinin content of the haemolymph in both species. Agglutination level depended on the source of erythrocyte used. Sheep erythrocyte recorded the highest haemagglutination titre, followed by goat, cattle, and chicken in that order. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that Giant African land snails (GALS) haemolymph contain agglutinins as previously reported for Helix species. This evidence may be the basis for its survivability in the wild and thus establish the use of GALS for African herbal medicinal applications. © 2014.	Giant African land snails; Haemagglutination; Haemagglutinin; Haemolymph; Titre	agglutinin; animal; chemistry; drug effects; erythrocyte; hemagglutination; hemolymph; physiology; snail; Agglutinins; Animals; Erythrocytes; Hemagglutination; Hemolymph; Snails	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875991092	Effect of cassayeast produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers' dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevicea) on broiler performance [Efecto del cassayeast producido a partir de varias combinaciones de yuca (Manihot esculenta)	Anlebo A.O.	2011	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	11	1	None	Department of Animal Science, Anambra State University Igbariam, PMB 6059 Awka, Nigeria	Anlebo, A.O., Department of Animal Science, Anambra State University Igbariam, PMB 6059 Awka, Nigeria	A feeding trial using 480 day-old Anak broiler chicks was conducted in which cassava meal (CM) fortified with brewers' dried yeast (BDY) completely replaced maize in four out of five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The objective was to determine the influence of cassayeast produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers's dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevicea) on broiler performance. Dried CM blended with BDY formed cassayeast in the ratios of 30/11.1; 35/12.94; 40/14.79 and 45/16.64 in dietary treatments B, C, D and E, respectively. Diet A (control) contained maize without the test ingredient. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake, body weight gain, efficiency of feed utilization (Feed: gain and gain: feed ratios) and weights of breast and liver. Gizzard weights were similar (P>0.05). The study demonstrated that the use of cassayeast could improve feed availability in the broiler industry. It also showed that with proper protein balancing, cassayeast can completely replace maize in broiler diets.	Brewers' dried yeast; Broiler performance; Cassava meal; Cassayeast	Aves; Manihot esculenta; Saccharomyces; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859481695	Effect of breed and breeding system on reproductive performance of rabbits in a humid tropical environment	Oke U.K., Iheanocho V.C.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	14	1	None	Department of Animal Breeding and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Abia State, Nigeria	Oke, U.K., Department of Animal Breeding and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Abia State, Nigeria; Iheanocho, V.C., Department of Animal Breeding and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Abia State, Nigeria	Data were collected from 36 does and 116 kits recorded in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment in CRD over a period of 12 weeks from artificial insemination and natural mating of 18 Newzealand white and 18 chinchilla does respectively to investigate the effect of breed and breeding system on the reproductive performance of rabbits. Analysis of data showed that breed had no significant effect (p>0.05) on most of reproductive traits measured. The statistical similarity (p>0.05) between both strains of rabbits may be attributed to indiscriminate breeding of rabbits and lack of pure breed. Percent conception was significantly (p<0.05) highest when natural mating was practiced, however, all other reproductive traits were non-significant (p>0.05). Breeding system had a significant effect on average kit weight when artificial insemination was practiced, while other post-partum litter traits were not significant (p>0.05). Chinchilla and Newzealand white may be selected for breeding and improvement in the humid tropical environment. However, natural mating which produced significant (p<0.05) higher percent conception rate 79.9% relative to 56.4% produced by artificial insemination should be practiced. Artificial insemination may not be encouraged on both breeds of rabbits except when interest is on average kit weight at weaning.	Breed; Breeding system; Rabbits and humid tropics; Reproductive performance	Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930482270	Growth performance and cost benefit of weaner rabbits fed diet supplemented with probiotic in the tropics	Ezema C., Eze D.C.	2015	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	14	1	10.3923/pjn.2015.47.49	Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ezema, C., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Eze, D.C., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	This study investigated the effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth rate and evaluated the economic benefit of this supplementation in growing rabbits. Twenty male crossed-bred weaner rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) of five rabbits each. Each rabbit served as a replicate. They were fed pelleted grower mash and groups A to C had probiotic supplementation at varied levels of 0.08, 0.12 and 0.16 g/kg of diet, respectively. Group D had no yeast (control). Feed and water were given ad libitum. Daily feed intake was determined and the rabbits were weighed weekly. The study lasted thirteen weeks. Results showed that all the probiotic supplemented groups had higher but not statistically significant (p>0.05) feed intake and significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain than the control. Cost of experimental diet per kilogram of live weight gain was cheapest (N69.68) in group B (0.12 g yeast/kg diet) than other groups. Group B (0.12 g probiotic/kg of diet) was thus recommended for maximum weight gain and optimum economic benefit in rabbit production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2015.	Economic benefit; Feed; Growth rate; Probiotic; Rabbit	probiotic agent; Article; body growth; body weight; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; diet supplementation; economic aspect; food intake; male; nonhuman; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; weight gain; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Saccharomyces cerevisiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930484345	Probiotic effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on hen-day egg performance, serum and egg cholesterol levels in laying chicken	Ezema C., Eze D.C.	2015	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	14	1	10.3923/pjn.2015.44.46	Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ezema, C., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Eze, D.C., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	This study evaluated the effect of varied levels of probiotc (Saccharomyces cereviae) on total serum and egg cholesterol levels in laying birds. The impact of this probiotic on hen-day egg performance was also studied. A total of 100 layers were randomly divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D) of 25 layers each. The diets for groups A, B and C were supplemented with probiotic at varied levels of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/kg of feed, respectively. Group D diet had no probiotic (Control). The layers were given 120 g of feed per bird per day in two divided doses (morning and afternoon). Eggs were collected three times daily (morning, afternoon and evening). All the eggs collected from each group were weighed and recorded daily. Five birds were randomly selected from each group and 5.0 ml of blood was collected from each bird. The blood samples were allowed to clot in a sample bottle and serum harvested was used to determine the total serum cholesterol content with the aid of a commercial kit. Five eggs were also randomly collected from each group and used to determine the total egg cholesterol content following standard procedure. The result showed that the probiotic fed groups had a significant (p<0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol levels than the control (group “D”). The least mean serum cholesterol level was group “A” (108.33±9.28 mg/dl) followed by group “C” (112.67±7.88 mg/dl) and group “B” (115.00±14.34 mg/dl). Group “D” (control) had a significantly higher mean serum cholesterol level of 166.67±8.82 mg/dl. Group “C” had a significantly higher (p<0.05) hen-day egg performance of 85.00±10.00%, followed by group “B” with 70.00±9.35% hen-day egg performance. Group “A” had a hen-day egg performance of 68.00±8.93% while group “D” (the control) had the least hen-day egg performance of 65.00±5.00%. Probiotic inclusion of 1.0 g/kg of feed was therefore recommended for effective reduction in serum and egg cholesterol levels and optimum hen-day egg performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2015.	Cholesterol; Eggs; Feed; Layers; Probiotic	cholesterol; probiotic agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein; Article; blood level; controlled study; diet supplementation; egg laying; egg production; female; hen; nonhuman; Aves; Saccharomyces; Saccharomyces cerevisiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877353707	First evaluation of unfermented and fermented rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) in preventing lipid oxidation in meat products	Cullere M., Hoffman L.C., Dalle Zotte A.	2013	Meat Science	95	1	10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.018	Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa	Cullere, M., Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Dalle Zotte, A., Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy	This study consisted of two trials aiming to evaluate, for the first time, the antioxidant potential of rooibos in meat products. With this purpose, the first trial evaluated three unfermented (green) rooibos forms (dried leaves, water extract, freeze-dried extract) added at 2% inclusion level to ostrich meat patties on an 8-day shelf-life trial. A Control group without green rooibos inclusion was also considered. The second trial evaluated the addition of different concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) of a fermented rooibos extract to nitrite-free ostrich salami. The 2% green rooibos inclusion considerably lowered the TBARS content of ostrich patties, in this way extending their shelf-life. The fermented form (0.5% and 1%) was also effective in delaying lipid oxidation in ostrich salami until 15 days of ripening. The antioxidant potential of both green and fermented forms of rooibos in meat products was confirmed, even if its effect on lipid oxidation requires further study and long-term effects are not yet fully understood. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Lipid oxidation; Ostrich meat; Rooibos; Salami; TBARS	Lipid oxidation; Ostrich meats; Rooibos; Salami; TBARS; Oxidation; Meats; antioxidant; plant extract; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; animal; article; Aspalathus; chemistry; color; drug effect; fermentation; lipid metabolism; meat; ostrich; oxidation reduction reaction; pH; plant leaf; analysis; Aspalathus; drug effects; lipid metabolism; meat; oxidation reduction reaction; Animals; Antioxidants; Aspalathus; Color; Fermentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lipid Metabolism; Meat Products; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Struthioniformes; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Animals; Antioxidants; Aspalathus; Color; Fermentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lipid Metabolism; Meat Products; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Struthioniformes; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859206874	Effects of roxazyme G® and maxigrain® on performance, egg quality, cost-benefit and haematological parameters of laying hens fed wheat offal, corn bran and brewery dry grain diets	Ademola S.G., Egbewande O.O., Lawal T.E., Isah A.T., Kuranga S.M.	2012	International Journal of Poultry Science	11	1	None	Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Mg, Bowen Univer	Ademola, S.G., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Egbewande, O.O., Department of Animal Science, Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria; Lawal, T.E., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Mg, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Isah, A.T., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Kuranga, S.M., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	The study examined effects of supplementing Roxazyme G® and Maxigrain® to wheat offal-, corn bran-and brewery dry grain-based diets on the performance, haematological parameters and economy of production in laying hens. Both enzymes were added to these 3 diets at 100 mg/kg, while control group was neither supplemented with Roxazyme G® nor Maxigrain®. The results showed that hens fed Roxazyme G® corn bran diets had the best feed conversion and maximum profit. Maxigrain® also significantly improved hen day production and egg weight of hens fed Brewery Dry Grain (BDG) than those fed Roxazyme G® BDG diet. Laying hens fed BDG diets had the lowest profits. Both enzymes failed to improve the performance and profits of hens fed Wheat Offal (WO) diet. Improvements in Red Blood Cells (RBC) for hens fed both enzyme supplemented diets were observed. Interactive effects of enzyme type and fibre source significantly (p<0.01) influence RBCs, PCV and white blood cells. The study revealed that Roxazyme G® and Maxigrain® should be added to respectively CB-and BDG-diets for improved laying performance. However, these enzymes failed to improve the laying performance of hens fed WO diet. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Brewery dry grain; Corn bran; Performance; Profit; Wheat offal	Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890856110	Effect of combination of whole millet feeding and mannan oligossaccharides supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry and relative organ weights of growing guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris)	Oso A.O., Williams G.A., Jegede A.V., Sobayo R.A., Idowu O.M.O., Fafiolu A.O., Sogunle O.M., Akinola O.S., Adeleye O.O., Olorunsola I.A.R., Ogunade I.M., Osho S.O., Obadire F.O., Bamgbose A.M.	2014	Livestock Science	159	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.020	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal	Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Williams, G.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Jegede, A.V., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sobayo, R.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Fafiolu, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sogunle, O.M., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinola, O.S., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeleye, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olorunsola, I.A.R., Faculty of Science, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Ondo, Nigeria; Ogunade, I.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Osho, S.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Obadire, F.O., Faculty of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Jigawa, Dutse, Nigeria; Bamgbose, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 84-day study was conducted to determine the effect of combination of whole millet feeding and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry and relative organ weights of growing guinea fowl. 192 One-day-old, male guinea fowls were randomly allocated to four treatment groups of 48 guinea fowl split over six replicates of eight birds. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial arrangements of two diet forms (whole millet diets (WMD) and completely ground diets (CGD)) supplemented with and without 1. g/kg MOS. WMD contained similar feed ingredients as CGD except that certain quantity of millet grains (150. g/kg for 1-29 days and 450. g/kg for 29-84 days birds) were progressively removed and fed whole for WMD-fed group. Birds fed WMD had reduced (P<0.05) feed intake and improved (P<0.05) feed to gain ratio when compared to group fed CGD. Supplementation of MOS in diets for growing guinea fowl (29-84 days) notwithstanding the feed form resulted in increased (P<0.05) total serum protein, reduced (P<0.01) serum uric acid and cholesterol concentration. Birds fed WMD had higher (P<0.05) gizzard and thymus weights while dietary supplementation of MOS showed reduced (P<0.05) liver weights and increased (P<0.05) spleen weight. It was concluded that whole millet feeding when combined with MOS supplementation in growing guinea fowls showed improved growth performance, gizzard development, serum chemistry and positive influence on organ weights. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Growth performance; Mannan oligosaccharides; Relative organ weight; Serum biochemistry; Whole millet diet	Aves; Galliformes; Numida meleagris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884418095	Growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, caecal fermentation, ileal morphology and caecal microflora of growing rabbits fed diets containing probiotics and prebiotics	Oso A.O., Idowu O.M.O., Haastrup A.S., Ajibade A.J., Olowonefa K.O., Aluko A.O., Ogunade I.M., Osho S.O., Bamgbose A.M.	2013	Livestock Science	157	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.017	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria	Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Haastrup, A.S., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ajibade, A.J., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olowonefa, K.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Aluko, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ogunade, I.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Osho, S.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bamgbose, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria	Ninety eight male, mixed breed weaner rabbits were used in a 70 day feeding trial to study the performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, caecal fermentation, ileal morphology and caecal microflora of growing rabbits fed diets containing Prediococcus acidilactis (1×1010cfu/g; 0.5g/kg), Bacillus cereus (1×109cfu/g; 0.5g/kg), mannan oligosaccharides (MOS; 1g/kg), arabinoxylans oligosaccharides (AX; 1g/kg), oxytetracycline (1g/kg), or synbiotics (TGI; 1g/kg). A basal diet containing no feed additive was formulated. There were 14 rabbits per treatment. Rabbits fed diets containing MOS had the highest (P&lt;0.05) final live weight and weight gain. Dietary inclusion of prebiotics (MOS, AX) resulted in higher (P&lt;0.05) weight gains and improved feed to gain ratios. Rabbits fed diets containing MOS showed the highest (P&lt;0.05) while those fed diets containing probiotics (Prediococcus acidilactis, Bacillus cereus) had the least (P&lt;0.05) caecal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. Rabbits fed diets containing prebiotics (MOS, AX) had longer ileal villi than groups fed with other treatments (P&lt;0.05). Inclusion of various additives showed reduced caecal coliform counts. The lowest (P&lt;0.05) lactobacillus count was obtained in the caecal content of rabbits fed diets containing MOS. Poor growth response was obtained with rabbits fed diets containing Prediococcus acidilactis or Bacillus cereus while inclusion of prebiotics in growing rabbits resulted in improved growth and gut morphology. Rabbits fed diet containing MOS showed the highest overall final live weight, weight gain, total VFA concentration and reduced caecal lactobacillus count. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides; Mannan oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Weaner rabbits	Bacillus cereus; Lactobacillus; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921938676	Effects of supplementing cassava peels with cassava leaves and cowpea haulms on the performance, intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of West African Dwarf goats	Abatan O., Oni A.O., Adebayo K., Iposu S., Sowande O.S., Onwuka C.F.I.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	1	10.1007/s11250-014-0695-1	Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health,	Abatan, O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oni, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adebayo, K., Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Iposu, S., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Sowande, O.S., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Onwuka, C.F.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 16-week experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ratios of cassava leaf meal, cassava peel and cowpea haulms by West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Thirty WAD bucks aged 8 ± 1.3 months with body weights of 6–6.5 ± 0.12 kg were divided into five groups of six animals and each group randomly assigned to one of the treatments in a completely randomized design. The five dietary treatments were formulated to contain cassava peels, leaves and cowpea haulms at different proportions of 700:100:175 (T1), 500:200:275 (T2), 300:300:375 (T3) and 100:400:475 (T4) g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. A standard diet formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of the animals with no cassava and cowpea haulms was used as the control diet (T5). DM intake ranged from 316.16 to 458.73 g/day and significantly increased (linear (L), quadratic (Q), cubic (C): P < 0.05) as the inclusion of cassava peels reduced and cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased in the diets. The crude protein (CP) intake significantly increased (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) as the inclusion of cassava peels reduced and cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased in the diets. Growth rate values significantly (L: P < 0.05; Q: P < 0.01) ranged from 21.55 g/day in T1 to 43.09 g/day in T4. The feed conversion ratio was significantly (L, Q: P <0.01) lowest in T4 (11.35) and was highest in animals in T5 (14.33). Dry matter digestibility significantly (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) ranged from 78.94 to 89.52 %. The digestibility increased as the inclusion of cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased and reduced cassava peels in the diets. The highest N intake of 14.75 g/day obtained in T4 was significantly (L: P < 0.01; Q, C: P < 0.05) different from the values of 9.26, 10.56, 11.31 and 12.02 in T1, T2, T3 and T5, respectively. Nitrogen balance values significantly (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) ranged from 2.75 g/day in T1 to 9.15 g/day in T4. It is recommended that cassava peels, leaves and cowpea haulms in the proportion of 100:400:475 g/kg DM improved the growth and digestibility of WAD goats and can therefore be used to sustain animal performance during the dry season in a total mixed ration. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Cassava leaves; Cassava peels; Cowpea haulms; Nitrogen; Performance; WAD goats	nitrogen; Africa; analysis; animal; animal food; body weight; chemistry; controlled study; diet; diet supplementation; digestion; drug effects; goat; growth, development and aging; Manihot; metabolism; plant leaf; randomized controlled trial; veterinary; Africa, Western; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Goats; Manihot; Nitrogen; Plant Leaves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349092809	Tropical vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal as alternative protein supplement in broiler starter diets: Bionutritional evaluation	Fasuyi A.O., Dairo F.A.S., Adeniji A.O.	2008	Journal of Central European Agriculture	9	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adeniji, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Amaranthus cruentus is a tropical leaf vegetable grown in most tropical regions of the world for its vegetable protein. The fresh matured leaves of the plant were harvested and sun dried until a moisture content of between 12-13% was obtained. The sun dried leaves (Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal, ACLM) were milled and analysed for their proximate composition. Crude protein was 23.0%±0.55; crude fat, 5.4%±0.01; crude fibre, 8.8%±0.02; ash, 19.3%±0.01 and gross energy, 3.3±0.01kcal/g all on dry matter basis. Methionine and to a lesser extent, lysine, arginine, leucine and aspartate were high. The ACLM was incorporated into five formulated broiler starter diets at varying inclusion levels. The control diet 1 had no ACLM inclusion. All the six diets including control diet 1 were formulated isocaloric and isonitrogenous and fed to the experimental chicks (n = 540). Birds kept on diet 2 (5% ACLM inclusion level) had the best average weight gain (WG) of 372.9±29.94g/chick. The feed efficiency (FE) value and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) for birds on diet 2 were similar (P > 0.05) to values obtained for the reference diet. The nitrogen retention (NR) and apparent nitrogen digestibility (AND) values obtained for diet 2 were highest at 1.48±0.24gN/chick/day and 63.12%±10.28, respectively. Except for dressed weight and the back of chicken all the organs weights taken were similar (P > 0.05). Haematological examinations were similar (P > 0.05). Results generally indicated that ACLM could be a useful dietary protein source for broiler starter chicks at 5% inclusion level.	Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal; Antinutrients; Broiler chicken; Nitrogen utilization	Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749122316	Evaluation of fermented palm kernel meal and fermented copra meal proteins as substitute for soybean meal protein in laying hens diets	Dairo F.A.S., Fasuyi A.O.	2008	Journal of Central European Agriculture	9	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Two hundred and ten (210) laying hens of Black Harco breed at 37 weeks in lay were fed experimental layer diets, in which fermented palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) were used independently to substitute for soybean meal (SBM) on protein content basis at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%, to give seven treatments in a completely randomized design feeding trial that lasted 12 weeks. Performance characteristics and some haematological indices were evaluated in this study. Fermentation for seven days increased the crude protein of PKM (from 20.04% to 23.42%) and that of CM (from 19.63% to 23.11%). The crude fibre of the fermented PKM and CM decreased (from 15.47% to 12.44 % and 16.00% to 11.63% respectively). The feed intake (FI) was significantly highest (P<0.05) for laying hens fed 75% PKM substitution for SBM (126.06g) but lowest for those on 25% CM (115.02g). Birds fed 75% PKM had the highest (P<0.05) body weight gain (1.73g) while those on 25% CM recorded the lowest (1.50g). Hen-day production was significantly highest (P<0.05) in the control group (72.42%) but similar with the values of 69.37%, 70.35% and 69.53% recorded by laying hens fed diets containing 50% PKM, 25% CM and 75% CM respectively. Hens fed 50% CM had the highest egg shape index (0.68) while those on 75% PKM recorded the lowest value of 0.65. The control diet had the highest feed cost per kilogramme (kg) (N57.99) while 75% CM had the lowest (N46.51). Feed cost per number of egg produced was highest (P<0.05) in the control (N1.78) and similar with the values obtained for laying hens fed CM at 25%, 50% and 75% which are N1.80, N1.79 and N1.74 respectively. The compared values of PKM and CM at corresponding levels of substitution using t-test indicated significant increase (P<0.05) in FI for PKM at all levels of substitution for SBM (121.74g at 25%, 126.56g at 50% and 126.06g at 75%) over the values of 115.02g, 121.18g and 124.96g for the respective dietary substitution levels of CM at 25%, 50% and 75%. Body weight gain was higher (P<0.05) for hens on 25% PKM (1.60g) and 75% PKM (1.73g) inclusion over those on CM (1.50g and 1.58g respectively). Hen day production was consistently higher (P<0.05) in laying hens fed CM at 25%, 50% and 75% replacement for SBM than those on PKM with corresponding values of 70.35%, 69.53% and 69.09%. The highest (P<0.05) serum total protein (6.60g/dl) and serum albumin (4.60g/dl) were obtained from hens fed 75% PKM and 50% PKM respectively while the control had the lowest (4.85g/dl and 4.60g/dl). Serum globulin of 1.65g/dl was highest (P<0.05) for birds on 50% PKM and lowest (1.05g/dl) for those on 50% CM. Urea was significantly (P<0.05) highest for laying hens fed 75% PKM (36.80 mg/dl) and lowest for those on 25% CM (21.50 mg/dl). However, egg weight, egg yolk colouration and the feed efficiency (feed/kg egg) were not affected (P>0.05) by the substitution of PKM and CM for SBM. The study showed that SBM protein could be substituted optimally at 50% by either PKM or CM protein.	Copra meal; Egg production; Layers; Palm kernel meal; Soybean meal; Substitution	Aves; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922553428	Effect of feed restriction and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth performance, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of broiler chicken	Olukomaiya O.O., Adeyemi O.A., Sogunle O.M., Abioja M.O., Ogunsola I.A.	2015	Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences	25	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abe	Olukomaiya, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeyemi, O.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sogunle, O.M., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Abioja, M.O., Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ogunsola, I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A total of 252 two-week old Marshall broiler chickens were used in a 4 x 3 factorial experiment to determine the effect of feed restriction and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth performance, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of broiler chickens. The birds were weighed and randomly allotted to 12 treatments with 3 replicates of 7 birds each, subjected to 4 feed restriction levels: full feeding (AD), skip a day feeding (SAD), skip two days feeding (S2D) and skip three days feeding every week (S3D) for 24 hours from 15th to 35th day of age and 3 levels of ascorbic acid supplementation (0, 150, 300 mg/kg feed). Feed was provided ad libitum from days 36 to 56. Ascorbic acid supplementation had no effect (p>0.05) on the performance parameters measured during feed restriction. Birds on S3D fed diets containing 300 mg/kg ascorbic acid had the highest (p<0.05) weight gain during realimentation. Ascorbic acid lowered the rectal temperature in birds on S2D and S3D at the end of feed restriction. At the end of realimentation, birds on S3D fed diets containing 150 mg/kg ascorbic acid had the lowest (p<0.05) respiratory rate. Ascorbic acid supplementation at 150 mg/kg feed enhanced weight gain, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of broiler chickens on skip three days feeding every week. © 2015, Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum. All rights reserved.	Ascorbic acid; Broiler performance; Feed restriction; Rectal temperature; Respiratory rate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924240896	Performance, haematological parameters and faecal egg count of semi-intensively managed West African dwarf sheep to varying levels of cassava leaves and peels supplementation	Fasae O.A., Amos A.O., Owodunni A., Yusuf A.O.	2015	Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science	38	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Fasae, O.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Amos, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Owodunni, A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Yusuf, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Thirty West African dwarf (WAD) sheep aged 18-24 months with average weight of 17.96±0.89kg, managed under semi-intensive system, were used in a 56-day experiment to investigate the effects of varying levels of cassava leaves (CL) and cassava peels (CPL) supplementation on the performance, haematological indices and faecal egg count of sheep. Animals were subjected to 6 dietary treatments of 100% CL, 100% CPL, 75% CL/25% CPL, 25% CL/75% CPL, 50% CL/50% CPL, and natural pasture (0% CL/0% CPL) in a complete randomized design. Results showed that weight gain (g/day) varied (P<0.05) across treatments from 26.25 to 44.64 with sheep supplemented with 75CL/25CPL having the highest (P < 0.05) growth rate and the least values observed in sheep on control treatment. The dry matter and crude protein digestibilities were least (P<0.05) in sheep supplemented with 100%CPL relative to other treatments. The white blood cells and total protein of sheep varied (P<0.05) across treatments, while supplementary diets of CL reduced faecal egg count in sheep. It was therefore concluded that the performance of sheep managed under the semi-intensive system, grazing natural pasture could further be enhanced through the supplementation of cassava leaves and peels with dietary levels of 75% CL/25% CPL recommended for sheep's optimum performance. © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.	Cassava leaves; Cassava peels; Faecal egg count; Haematology; Performance; Sheep	Animalia; Manihot esculenta; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64849087786	Effect of replacing maize with a mixture of rumen content and blood meal on the performances of growing rabbits: initial study with mash feed	Togun V.A., Farinu G.O., Ojebiyi O.O., Awotunde A.I.	2009	World Rabbit Science	17	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Togun, V.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Farinu, G.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Ojebiyi, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Awotunde, A.I., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	A total of 24 cross-bred male weaner rabbits, between 6-8 weeks of age, were fed diets which included a mixture (50:50) of rumen content (RC) and blood meal (BM), containing a crude protein content of 37.6% and crude fibre content of 9.0%, at 0 (control), 10 and 20% levels. The mixture replaced maize and maize bran in the control diet. The 3 experimental diets were restricted to 100 g daily in mash form for a period of 8 weeks to the individually housed rabbits. The inclusion of RC+BM mixture in diet 1 at 10% (RB1O) significantly (P<0.05) worsed final live weight, daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed: gain ratio, while its inclusion at 20% (RB2O) only reduced daily feed intake. Weight gain in controls, RB 10 and RB 20 was 483, 273 and 422 g, respectively. Kidney, spleen and lungs, but not the liver, were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatment. Carcass yield followed a similar response pattern as final live weight, since it was a product of the final live weight. However, left thigh muscle components were not affected by the dietary treatments. This preliminary study indicated that more research is necessary to reduce the negative effect on feed intake when RC-BM mixture (50:50 ratio) is included in growing rabbit diets, which was probably due to the presentation form applied. © WRSA, UPV, 2003.	Blood meal; Growing rabbits; Performance; rumen content	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549090575	Evaluation of growth traits and short-term laying performance of three different strains of chicken in the derived savannah zone of Nigeria	Ojedapo L.O., Akinokun O., Adedeji T.A., Olayeni T.B., Ameen S.A., Ige A.O., Amao S.R.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Ojedapo, L.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Akinokun, O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adedeji, T.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Olayeni, T.B., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ameen, S.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ige, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Amao, S.R., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Growth evaluation and short-term egg laying performance of 360 commercial layers of three different strains, Brown shaver (BRS), Nera black (NB) and Black shaver (BLS) were studied at day old, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. Parameters measured were bodyweight, body length, breast girth and keel length. Body weight and other body dimensions were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by strain of chickens. Nera black layers consistently had the highest body parameters at all ages. Generally, body parameters increased with increasing age of the birds. The correlation coefficients amongst the body parameters revealed positively high and significant (P<0.05) relationship. Traits considered for egg laying performance were egg number and egg weight. Strains significantly (P<0.05) affected mean egg number and egg weight at weeks 4, 7 and 8; and 12, 13 and 15 respectively. BRS laid more eggs per bird than other genotypes, followed by NB and BLS, the least. Egg weight was highest in BRS, NB and BLS in that order. Estimates of correlation coefficient showed that the traits being considered are mostly positive but with low correlation of egg number to egg weight for BRS and BLS. Phenotypic correlations of egg traits were found to be negative between egg number and egg weights in NB. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Derived savannah; Nera; Shaver; Short-term; Strains	Aves; Bovine respiratory syncytial virus; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877071825	Performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing cassava leaf: Blood meal mix as replacement for soybean meal [Rendimiento de pollos de engorde alimentados con dietas conteniendo una mezcla de hojas de yuca: Harina de sangre como reemplazo de harina d	Adeyemi O.A., Adekoya J.A., Sobayo R.A.	2012	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	12	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, Olabisi Onabanjo University, PMB 0012, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, Universit	Adeyemi, O.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adekoya, J.A., Department of Animal Production, Olabisi Onabanjo University, PMB 0012, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria; Sobayo, R.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	The trial reported herein investigated the performance of broiler chicken on diet containing cassava leaf meal (CLM)/blood meals (BM) mix in replacement for soybean meal (SBM). One hundred and fifty, two weeks-old broilers were randomly allotted to five experimental diets such that each dietary treatment was replicated six times with five birds per replicate. The experimental diets were formulated such that the diets contained 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% CLM/BM mix as replacement for SBM respectively. The diets were fed over a 6-week period. Birds fed 100% CLM/BM replacement for SBM had the highest (P<0.05) feed intake, lower weight gain and poorer feed conversion ratio than the control. Weight gain and FCR were significantly higher in birds fed 50% CLM/BM in replacement for SBM than the other CLM/BM based groups. The values for the dressed weight, thigh muscle and drumstick were higher (P<0.05) in birds fed 50% CLM/BM diets than in the other dietary groups. The breast weight and abdominal fat were not affected by the diets. The weights of the liver, kidney, heart and spleen were not affected by the treatments whereas those of the crop, gizzard, proventriculus and caecum increased (P<0.05) with increasing dietary inclusion of CLM/BM in the diet. In conclusion, it can be inferred based on the general observations recorded in this study that broiler diets containing cassava leaf meal: blood meal mixture in replacement for soybean meal promote comparable daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio as their soybean based control diet and had no deleterious effect on performance. The results obtained in this trial showed that birds on diet 3 (with dietary level of inclusion 50% SBM: 50%CLM: BM) elicited the best response in terms of weight gain, feed intake and feed: gain ratio. It is concluded that not more than 50% of dietary CLM/BM should be used as a replacement for soybean.	Broiler chicken; Cassava leaf: blood meal mix; Performance	Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349198763	Effects of 12 hour calf withdrawal on conception rate and calf performance of Bos indicus cattle under extensive conditions	Escrivão R.J.A., Webb E.C., Garcês A.P.J.T.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	1	10.1007/s11250-008-9168-8	Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Escrivão, R.J.A., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Webb, E.C., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Garcês, A.P.J.T., Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique	Fifty-two multiparous Brahman type cows with reproductive tract scoring (RTS) ≥4 at 45 days post-partum were randomly assigned to two groups of 26 cows each separated into an ad libitum suckling group (C) and treatment group (T). Calves in the T group were separated for 12 h during the night from 45 days post-partum to the onset of the breeding season. Body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW) were recorded 45 days post-partum, at the start of the breeding season, and at pregnancy diagnosis. Calves were weighed at calving and weaning. Weaning weights were corrected to 205 days. BW and BCS at the onset of the breeding season were similar (p>0.05) between the experimental groups. Calving to breeding intervals were 93±18 d and 99±22 d for T and C groups, respectively. Calving to conception intervals differed significantly between the groups (111±10 d for T and 133±19 d for C) and a similar result was obtained for the breeding to conception intervals (18±15 d for T and 31±19 d for C). Conception rates were 80% for the T group and 59% for the C group, which correlated better with BW than BCS at the onset of the breeding season. Weaning weights differed (p<0.05) between C and T groups. From 45 days post-partum to the onset of the breeding season, cows in the T group experienced a positive energy balance (3%) while those in the C group had a negative energy balance (-0.1%). It was concluded that 12 h calf separation at night increases the conception rates and improves the calf weaning weights of Bos indicus beef cattle under extensive production systems in sub-tropical conditions. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	BCS; Beef cows; BW; Calf removal; Reproduction; Weaning weight	animal; animal husbandry; article; body composition; breeding; cattle; energy metabolism; female; growth, development and aging; methodology; newborn; parity; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; puerperium; randomization; reproduction; season; time; weaning; weight gain; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Composition; Breeding; Cattle; Energy Metabolism; Female; Parity; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Random Allocation; Reproduction; Seasons; Time Factors; Weaning; Weight Gain; Bos; Bos indicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858609057	Effects of dried baker's yeast inclusion in rice husk-based diets on performance and egg quality parameters in laying hens	Alabi O.J., Shiwoya E.L., Ayanwale B.A., Mbajiorgu C.A., Ng'ambi J.W., Egena S.S.A.	2012	Indian Journal of Animal Research	46	1	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Agriculture, Aniaml Health and Human Ecology, University of South African, South Africa; Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Pr	Alabi, O.J., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Shiwoya, E.L., Department of Agriculture, Aniaml Health and Human Ecology, University of South African, South Africa; Ayanwale, B.A., Department of Agriculture, Aniaml Health and Human Ecology, University of South African, South Africa; Mbajiorgu, C.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Ng'ambi, J.W., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Egena, S.S.A., Department of Agriculture, Aniaml Health and Human Ecology, University of South African, South Africa	The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dried baker's yeast inclusion in rice huskbased diets on performance and egg quality parameters in laying hens. A total of 150 Isa brown laying hens aged 25 weeks were allocated to five dietary treatments (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 % yeast inclusion level) with three replicates per treatment in a complete randomized design. The experiment lasted for twelve weeks. Hens fed diets with yeast had higher (P<0.05) final body weight, egg weight, egg albumen height and egg albumen weight than the control. The final body weight, egg weight, albumen weight and albumen height were optimized at 0.70, 0.99, 0.49 and 0.78, respectively. It was concluded that dried baker's yeast inclusion in rice husk-based diets improved egg weight, egg albumen height and albumen weight in Isa brown hens.	Dried baker; Laying hens; Rice husk; Yeast	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879524493	The effect of brewers dried grains supplemented by enzyme on performance of Isa-Brown laying hens [Utjecaj sušenoga pivskoga ječma s dodatkom enzima na produktivnost Isa-Brown nesilica]	Olajide R., Akinsoyinu A.O., Iyayi E.A., Afolabi K.D.	2013	Poljoprivreda	19	1	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, P.M.B, 5006, Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olajide, R., Department of Animal Science and Production, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, P.M.B, 5006, Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria; Akinsoyinu, A.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Iyayi, E.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Afolabi, K.D., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study investigated the effect of dietary inclusion of Brewers Dried Grains (BDG) supplemented with Grandizyme® enzyme as a partial substitute for maize in layers diets. One hundred and twenty Isa-Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to three diets formulated with 0 (control), 10% and 20% BDG, and fed for 12 weeks. There were 4 replicates of 10 birds each in a dietary treatment. Feed intake, hen day production and net profit generated from the sales of eggs were significantly (p<0.05) highest for diet 3. Cost of feed /kg significantly (p<0.05) reduced from N{strok}35.50 (€0.17) for diet 1 to N{strok}33.69 (€0.16) and N{strok}31.38 (€0.15) respectively for diets 2 and 3. Substitution of maize with 20% BDG supplemented with Grandizyme® enzyme resulted in better performance and gave a higher net profit compared with other treatments; and could be adopted to alleviate the problem of high cost of maize.	Brewers dried grains; Enzyme supplementation; Laying hen; Performance; Profitability	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849119153	Effects of dietary energy level and tanniferous Acacia karroo leaf meal level of supplementation at finisher stage on performance and carcass characteristics of ross 308 broiler chickens in South Africa	Ng'ambi J.W., Nakalebe P.M., Norris D., Malatje M.S., Mbajiorgu C.A.	2009	International Journal of Poultry Science	8	1	None	Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	Ng'ambi, J.W., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Nakalebe, P.M., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Norris, D., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Malatje, M.S., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Mbajiorgu, C.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	The study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary energy level and tanniniferous Acacia karroo leaf meal level of supplementation at finisher stage on performance and carcass characteristics of male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty, 21 days old male and female broiler chickens were assigned to twelve treatments with three replications of ten birds in a 2 (sex) x 3 (dietary energy level) x 3 (tanniniferous Acacia karroo leaf meal level) factorial, complete randomized design. Supplementation with Acacia karroo leaf meal had no effect on diet intake, digestibility and live weight of broiler chickens. However, supplementation with 9 and 12 g of Acacia karroo leaf meal per kg DM feed reduced fat pad weights in male broiler chickens by 26 and 29% points, respectively. Similarly, supplementation with 9 and 12 g of Acacia karroo leaf meal per kg DM feed reduced fat pad weights in female chickens by 26% points. These reductions were achieved without any significant reduction in feed intake and digestibility. However, the physiological explanation for this effect is not clear and it, thus, merits further investigation. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Acacia karroo; Digestibility; Fat pad; Nitrogen retention; Ross 308 broiler chickens	Acacia; Acacia karroo; Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549099714	Rumen degradation characteristics of sweet potato foliage and performance by local and crossbred calves fed milk and foliage from three cultivars	Etela I., Larbi A., Bamikole M.A., Ikhatua U.J., Oji U.I.	2008	Livestock Science	115	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.004	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Animal Scien	Etela, I., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Larbi, A., International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Bamikole, M.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Ikhatua, U.J., Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Oji, U.I., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	The study investigated rumen dry matter (DM) degradability characteristics in a completely randomized design and the effects of milk, sweet potato foliage (SPF) from three cultivars (A = TIS-87/0087; B = TIS-8164; C = TIS-2532.OP.1.13), dried brewers' grains (DBG) and cottonseed meal (CSM) as supplements to Panicum maximum (Panicum) for pre-weaned calves in randomized complete block designs. Diet 1 = milk + SPF-A foliage + Panicum, Diet 2 = milk + SPF-B foliage + Panicum, Diet 3 = milk + SPF-C foliage + Panicum, and Diet 4 = milk + DBG &amp; CSM + Panicum (as control). Dry matter (130 ± 0.4 to 864 ± 3.9 g kg- 1), ash (54 ± 4.2 to 173 ± 2.8 g kg- 1 DM), OM (827 ± 4.2 to 946 ± 5.7 g kg- 1 DM), N (7.4 ± 0.6 to 38.6 ± 1.4 g kg- 1 DM), and NDF (439 ± 1.4 to 774 ± 8.5 g kg- 1 DM) contents were highly significant (P &lt; 0.01). In Trial I, 16 pre-weaned calves were used over 70 d with milk intake (34.8 ± 4.4 ml kg W- 0.75 d- 1), Panicum DMI (22.3 ± 2.77 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1), total DMI (35.7 ± 2.83 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1), and LWG (198 ± 44.6 g d- 1) not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05). Supplement DMI varied (P &lt; 0.05) from 11.6 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1 in Diet 3 to 16.6 g kg W- 0.75 d- 1 in Diet 4. In Trial II, 16 pre-weaned local and crossbred calves were involved over 77 d with initial age of calves, Panicum intake, metabolic DMI, and LWG similar (P &gt; 0.05) among crosses. Birthweight varied (P &lt; 0.05) from 17.3 kg for N'Dama × Jersey crosses to 21.2 kg for White Fulani × Brown Swiss crosses. Supplement and total DMI ranged (P &lt; 0.05) from 172 to 483 g d- 1 for N'Dama × Jersey crosses to 233 and 674 g d- 1 for non-inseminate or purebred calves, respectively. The LWG in the White Fulani × Brown Swiss and the N'Dama × Jersey calves were respectively 30% and 24% better, though not significantly, than purebred calves. In Trial III, rumen DM degradability characteristics of feeds in three N'Dama steers showed no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in slowly degradable fraction (b) and rate of degradation of b (c). Soluble fraction (a), 48-h degradation, potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) varied significantly (P &lt; 0.05) and were lowest in Panicum, but similar for foliage among the three sweet potato cultivars. Panicum fodder showed improvements in degradation characteristics with supplementation. © 2007.	Cultivars; Milk intake; Pre-weaned calves; Rumen degradation characteristics; Sweet potato foliage	Animalia; Dama; Ipomoea batatas; Micropus; Panicum; Panicum maximum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859496899	Effect of replacing maize with cassava root meal and maize/sorghum brewers' dried grains on the performance of starter broilers	Uchegbu M.C., Etuk E.B., Omede A.A., Okpala C.P., Okoli I.C., Opara M.N.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	14	1	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Uchegbu, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Etuk, E.B., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Omede, A.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Okpala, C.P., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Okoli, I.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Opara, M.N., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	A study was carried out with one hundred and twenty one-week-old Hubbard broilers to determine the effect of replacing maize with cassava root meal (CRM) and maize/sorghum brewers' dried grains (MSBDG) on performance of starter broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 15, 30 and 45% CRM and MSBDG combined in the ratio of 1:1 in the broiler starter rations. There was no difference (P>0.05) in feed intake among the birds on 0, 15 and 45% CRM/MSBDG, but these were lower (P<0.05) than the feed intake of birds on 30% CRM/MSBDG. There was no difference (P>0.05) in daily weight gain among the birds on 0, 15 and 30 CRM/MSBDG diets, and each of these was higher than that of the birds on 45% CRM/MSBDG diet. The feed convertion ratio of 0% compared favourably with that of the birds on 15% diets, and these two diets were better (P<0.05) utilized than 30% and 45% CRM/MSBDG diets. The result showed that CRM/MSBDG can be successfully incorporated in broiler starter diets up to 30% dietary level.	Broilers; Cassava root meal; Poultry performance	Aves; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875984502	Performance and egg quality characteristics of layers fed diets containing combinations of brewers dried grains, jack bean and cassava root meal [Rendimiento y características de la calidad del huevo de gallinas ponedoras alimentadas con dietas que contie	Uchegbu M.C., Herbert U., Ogbuewu I.P., Nwaodu C.H., Esonu B.O., Udedibie A.B.I.	2011	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	11	1	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Uchegbu, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Herbert, U., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ogbuewu, I.P., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Nwaodu, C.H., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Udedibie, A.B.I., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	The performance, egg quality characteristics and feed cost of layers fed combinations of maize/sorghum-based brewers dried grains (MSBDG), jack bean (JB) and cassava root meal (CRM) in replacement of maize. Four treatment diets: LD1, LD2, LD3 and LD4 were formulated such that they contained maize, MSBDG, JB and CRM in the following proportions: 50, 0, 0, 0%; 0, 10, 15, 25%; 0, 10, 20, 20% and 0, 10, 25, 15% respectively. Ninety six Shika Brown layers were divided into 4 treatment groups of 24 birds each and each group subdivided into 3 replicates of 8 birds. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a completely randomized design experiment. Nine eggs were selected from each treatment group on the last day of the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th week for egg quality analysis. The egg weight of LD2 birds was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than that of LD3 birds. The birds on LD1 had superior feed conversion ratio value which was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower than those of LD2 and LD3 birds. The Haugh unit for LD1 and LD2 birds were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than that of LD3. The shell thickness value for LD1 birds differed significantly (p&lt;0.05) with that of LD4 birds. All the other parameters measured were similar among the groups. In terms of feed cost required to produce 1kg egg, MSBDG/JB/CRM diets were cheaper, being 6.27%, 5.59% and 14.42% lower than the cost of feed required to produce 1kg egg for LD1 diet.	Egg; Feedstuffs; Laying birds; Performance	Aves; Canavalia ensiformis; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646418402	Effects of graded levels of palm-kernel cake on performance of grower rabbits	Orunmuyi M., Bawa G.S., Adeyinka F.D., Daudu O.M., Adeyinka I.A.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	1	10.3923/pjn.2006.71.74	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	Orunmuyi, M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, F.D., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Daudu, O.M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	A total of forty (40) growing rabbits with an average initial weight of 921.5g were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% palm kernel cake as replacement for soyabean cake respectively. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (20% CP). The final live weights of the rabbits were higher in the control diet compared to those on palm kernel cake diets. With the exception of the rabbits placed on 40% level of palm kernel cake daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency values compared favourably with those on control diet. Carcass weight and weight of primal cuts expressed as percentage of carcass weight did not show any significant difference between the treatment means. Animals on 40% palm kernel cake diets had the highest (P<0.05) cost per kg gain compared to those on other dietary treatments. It was concluded that palm kernel cake can be used up to 30% level in a maize - soyabean meal based diet for grower rabbits without adverse effect on the performance of the animals. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Grower rabbits; Growth and carcass characteristics; Palm kernel cake; Soyabean meal	palm oil; animal experiment; animal food; article; carcass; controlled study; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; meat industry; nonhuman; nutrient supply; nutritional health; nutritional value; rabbit; randomization; seed kernel; soybean; test meal; weight gain; Animalia; Glycine max; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951755323	Evaluation of the dietary inclusion of Aloe Vera as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler production	Mmereole F.U.C.	2011	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	10	1	10.3923/pjn.2011.1.5	Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus-Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	Mmereole, F.U.C., Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus-Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of Aloe vera as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on the performance and the haematological characteristics of the broiler chickens. The experiment involved one hundred and twenty day-old Abor-Acre broiler chicks which were distributed to three treatment groups. The treatment groups comprised the following: T1 = control (basal feed), T2 = basal feed + Aloe vera, T3 = basal feed + Teramycin soluble powder (antibiotic growth promoter). Fourty day-old chicks were assigned to each treatment group in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and each treatment was replicated four times with each replicate having ten birds. The experiment lasted 56 days (8 weeks) during which the following parameters were collected:- initial body weight at day old, weekly body weights and body weight gains. At the end of the experiment, 8 birds were randomly collected from each experimental group and bled to obtain blood samples to determine the blood characteristics of the birds. All the data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2002) package. Results obtained indicated that body weights and body weight gains were significantly (p>0.05) higher in the birds fed diets containing Aloe vera supplement (T2) than the birds fed control diet (T1) but there were no significant (p<0.05) differences T2 and T3. With respect to the results of the haematological analysis, it was observed that while the blood characteristics of the birds in T1 did not significantly (p>0.05) differ from those birds in T2, there were significant (p<0.05) differences between the birds in T2 and T3. Based on these results, it was concluded that while those birds in T2 compared very well with the birds placed on antibiotics growth promoter (T3) in respect of growth parameters, the birds on T2 (Aloe vera supplement) showed remarkable superiority in blood characteristics over the birds in T3 (antibiotics supplement). This is an indication that Aloe vera can be used to replace antibiotics growth promoters while avoiding the development of drug resistance associated with antibiotic growth promoters. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011.	Aloe vera; Dietary inclusion; Drug resistance; Growth promoters; Haematological parameters	Aloe vera leaf powder; antibiotic agent; growth promotor; herbaceous agent; teramycin; unclassified drug; analysis of variance; animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; article; bird; blood analysis; blood sampling; body weight; broiler; chick; chicken; controlled study; diet supplementation; drug resistance; hematological parameters; nonhuman; physical performance; plant leaf; randomization; weight gain; Aloe vera; Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855759224	Productive and reproductive performance of Zebu X Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows in Jimma town, Oromia, Ethiopia	Duguma B., Kechero Y., Janssens G.P.J.	2012	Global Veterinaria	8	1	None	Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium	Duguma, B., Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Kechero, Y., Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Janssens, G.P.J., Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium	The aim of the study was to assess productive and reproductive performance of crossbred (Zebu x Holstein-Friesian) dairy cows and factors affecting their performance in Jimma town, Oromia State, Ethiopia. A total of 54 small-scale dairy farm owners were randomly selected and interviewed with pre-tested structured questionnaire were conducted to obtain information on the productive and reproductive performance of cows. A follow-up studies was also conducted to obtain milk production based on lactation stages. The results of the study showed that from the follow-up study, the mean daily milk yield for the first, second and third stage of lactations was 7.01± 2.73, 5.55±2.83 and 3.50±1.64 liters per cow, respectively. The milk yield was decreased significantly in the third stage of lactation than that of first and second (P<0.01). The milk yield was observed significantly (P<0.01) higher in the morning than in the evening for the three stage of lactations. From the survey results, the mean milk production per day/cow and per lactation was 8.45±1.23 and 2314.45 litres, respectively. The overall average lactation length was 9.13±1.99 months The mean age at first service(Months), age at first calving (year), days open till conception, calving interval (Months) and number of services per conception from survey data were 24.30±8.01, 3.05±0.65, 21.36±3.84 months and 1.56±0.57, respectively. The present study showed that productive and reproductive performance of crossbred cows owned by small-scale dairy producers in Jimma town was low. Thus, there is a need to improve feed supply, health care and services, access to artificial insemination, proper breeding management and supply of improved genotypes in order to improve the performance of dairy cows in the study area,. © IDOSI Publications, 2012.	Age at first calving; Caving interval; Lactation stage; Milk production; Oromia	Bos; Bos indicus; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951744731	Effect of wet feeding on growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate	Dei H.K., Bumbie G.Z.	2011	British Poultry Science	52	1	10.1080/00071668.2010.540230	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana	Dei, H.K., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana; Bumbie, G.Z., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana	1. The Guinea Savanna in the tropics is characterised by high diurnal temperatures, often beyond the thermo-neutral zone of modern poultry, which imposes heat stress on them. 2. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of partially (12 h wet mash in the day and 12 h dry mash in the night) or wholly (24 h) feeding wet mash on the growth performance of broiler chickens. 3. Three treatments: dry mash (control), wet mash (day) + dry mash (night) and wet mash (day+night) were tested. At 28 d of age, a total of 120 broiler chickens (Hybro, Netherlands) were randomly divided, using a completely randomised design, into 12 groups of 10 birds, each with mean live weight of approximately 800 g/bird. A maize-soybean based grower mash (200 g CP/kg and 12·5 MJ/kg ME) was fed. The wet mash was prepared daily by addition of 1·3 parts of water to 1 part of dry mash and fed from 28 to 56 d of age. The birds were housed in raised-floor pens. Feed and water were given ad libitum and light provided 24 h. Mean daily room temperature was 28-29°C in the morning and 35-41°C in the afternoon. 4. Mean feed intake of birds fed the wet mash (174 g/day) or wet + dry mash (166 g/day) was higher than that of birds fed the dry mash (152 g/day). Mean live weight gain of birds fed the wet mash (64 g/day) or wet + dry mash (64 g/day) was higher than that of birds fed the dry mash (58 g/day). There were no differences in gain/feed ratios (0·38-0·39) of any of the treatments, neither were there any differences between the feeding of wet mash partly or wholly for all variables. 5. It was concluded that wet feeding, particularly during day-time, had the potential to improve growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate. © 2011 British Poultry Science Ltd.	None	water; animal; animal food; article; chicken; eating; evaluation; Ghana; growth, development and aging; maize; metabolism; physiological stress; soybean; tropic climate; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Eating; Ghana; Soybeans; Stress, Physiological; Tropical Climate; Water; Weight Gain; Zea mays; Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Zea mays; Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646406811	Performance and cost evaluation of substituting rubber seed cake for groundnut cake in diets of growing pigs	Madubuike F.N., Ekenyem B.U., Obih T.K.O.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	1	10.3923/pjn.2006.59.61	Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Madubuike, F.N., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Obih, T.K.O., Department of Animal Science, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Thirty six weeks old (Large white X Landrace) hybrid weaner pigs (fifteen females and fifteen males) were used in a 12-week experiment to determine the cost effectiveness of substituting rubber seed cake for groundnut cake on the growth rate of weaner pigs. Graded levels of rubber seed cake (0%, 25%, 50%, 70% and 100%) replaced corresponding levels of groundnut cake in five Iso-Nitrogenous and Iso-caloric treatments (A, B, C, D and E) respectively which were further replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum to the experimental pigs while medication (wormers) were administered to maintain good health. Feed intake was recorded everyday while body weight was taken every week in all the treatments. The average weight of pigs at eighteen (18) weeks were 40.30c, 41.70bc, 39.30c, 41.80b and 47.20a for treatments A, B, C, D, E respectively while the average feed cost (naira) per kilogram of pork gained were N86.95a, N77.47b, N84.04a, N68.00bc and N56.56c for treatments A, B, C, D, and E respectively. Results showed that treatment E had both significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher weight gain and lowest cost of production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Groundnut cake; Growing pigs; Rubber seed cake	animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; controlled study; cost; cost control; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; nonhuman; nutrient supply; nutritional health; nutritional value; peanut; pig farming; randomization; statistical significance; weight gain; Animalia; Arachis hypogaea; Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953326826	Evaluation of cactus pear fruit quality at Mara ADC, South Africa	Mokoboki K., Kgama T., Mmbi N.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	1	None	Department of Animal Science, North West University, Private bag x 2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa; Mara Research Station, Private bag x 2467, Makhado, 0920, South Africa	Mokoboki, K., Department of Animal Science, North West University, Private bag x 2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa; Kgama, T., Mara Research Station, Private bag x 2467, Makhado, 0920, South Africa; Mmbi, N., Mara Research Station, Private bag x 2467, Makhado, 0920, South Africa	The present study was conducted to evaluate quality of different Cultivars of cactus pear traits in Mara Research Station. Seven Cultivars (Nepgen, R1251, Sharsheret, Cross X, Berg x Mexican, Santa Rosa, Morado) of cactus pear were planted in a completely randomized design. Orchard consisted of 10 plants per Cultivar planted in a single row. No irrigation supplementation was given and pruning, pad thinning were performed. Data on fruit quality traits were collected from two different years (2005 and 2006) and subjected to analysis of variance using the general linear model procedure of statistical analyses system (SAS). All Cultivars in the first year had peel thickness of less than 6.00 mm and in the second year more than 6.00 mm. All Cultivars in the year 2005 and 2006 except Berg x Mexican and Nepgen had the fruit mass of more than 120 g, recommended for international market. The mean fruit mass decreased from 143.4 g in the first year to 127.3 g in the second year. The decrease might be due to low rainfall and temperature. Due to a decrease in fruit length in the second year, fruit shape shifted from being elliptic to ovoid shape, however the equatorial diameter remained constant. Total soluble solids (TSS) content increased from 13.17 0Brix during the first year to 13.78 0Brix in the second year. It was then concluded that in each year, the fruit quality change as a function as the type of Cultivar. © 2009Academic Journals.	Cactus pear; Cultivars; Quality; South Africa	Cactaceae; Pyrus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249907525	Family poultry, food security and the impact of HPAI	Sonaiya E.B.	2007	World's Poultry Science Journal	63	1	10.1079/WPS2006135	Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria	Sonaiya, E.B., Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria	Most rural households have poultry cared for by women, children and vulnerable people - the aged and physically challenged. Family poultry generate 19-50% of rural family income, make up about 77% of the national flock and contribute about 98% of poultry products consumed in the villages of developing countries. Households that accept innovation for semi-scavenging poultry production usually increase weekly consumption of eggs and meat. The importance of family poultry in assisting the landless poor and the destitute is reflected in many national poverty reduction strategy programmes which identify family poultry as one of the keys to accomplishing the millennium development goal of reducing the number of poor by half before 2015. There are few other alternatives in the livestock sector that can be used to reach so many poor people in rural areas. Wherever HPAI occurs in family poultry, it will wipe out the contribution of family poultry to family food security and to family income. While compensation and restocking are important, the greatest need of smallholder poultry producers faced with the challenge of HPAI is for information, knowledge and training for HPAI-safe family poultry production.	Avian influenza; Family poultry; Food security	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877077208	Evaluation of cost of medication of commercial broiler production in the tropics [Evaluación del costo de medicación en la producción comercial de pollos asaderos en los trópicos]	Wekhe S.N., Owen O.J., Amadi I.G.	2012	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	12	1	None	Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Wekhe, S.N., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Owen, O.J., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Amadi, I.G., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ninety (90), day-old Anak broiler birds were used to evaluate the cost of medication in commercial broiler production in the tropics in a study that lasted eight weeks. Three treatment groups were involved in the experiment: A control (No medication), B (routine prophylaxis) and C (routine vaccination and continuous coccidiostat). The experimental design employed was Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The birds were fed ad libitum and freely provided with drinking water. Daily feed intake and weekly body weight were recorded. Results showed that significant (P<0.05) differences existed in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency. Treatment C had better production indices than treatments A and B. With respect to economic indices evaluated vis-à-vis cost of production/bird, relative cost/bird, total sales, mortality rate and gross margin; treatment C that recorded the highest cost of production/bird and relative cost/bird gave better total sales, mortality and gross margin among other treatments. It is therefore concluded that cost of prophylaxis did not adversely affect the production cost and it is necessary so as to safeguard against any sporadic or enzootic diseases that might by chance attack the flock and cause unprecedented loss of cash and meat.	Broiler birds; Cost; Losses; Prophylaxis; Vaccination	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82855169392	Performance of growing grasscutters on different fibre sources	Wogar G.S.I.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Wogar, G.S.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Grasscutter meat constitutes an important source of much-needed animal protein. The grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) is a wild herbivorous rodent found in the grasslands of Sub-Sahara Africa. It subsists mainly on grass and can digest almost any form of edible greenstuff. Intensive grasscutter production aims at achieving higher levels of DM intake through various vegetative and concentrate supplements to basal diet. The 15 weeks experiment evaluated the performance of twenty four (24) 13 weeks old growing grasscutters, allotted to four treatment groups of six animals each, which were fed diets containing four different fibre sources namely; wheat offal, palm kernel cake, maize sievates and a combination of equal amounts of all the fibre feedstuffs. The experiment involved two replicates per treatment and three growing grasscutters per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. All the data was subjected to the analysis of variance. The performance of grasscutters, in respect of forage intake, concentrate intake, total feed intake and cost of feeding, was significantly (p<0.05) higher on the maize sievates than on other diets, while the rate of attainment of puberty was significantly (p<0.05) higher on the palm kernel cake than on other diets. These findings suggest that the performance of growing grasscutters was best on the palm kernel cake diet. Palm kernel cake can, therefore, be used as the preferred source of fibre for feeding growing grasscutters. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Different fibre sources; Fed; Growing grasscutters; Performance	Africa south of the Sahara; analysis of variance; animal experiment; animal food; article; controlled study; dietary fiber; digestion; food composition; foraging behavior; fruit; grass; grasscutter; herbivore; maize; nonhuman; palm; physical performance; puberty; rodent; weight gain; wheat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922076629	Growth and reproductive performance of two rabbit breeds reared under intensive system in Ghana	Apori S.O., Hagan J.K., Osei Y.D.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	1	10.1007/s11250-014-0714-2	Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana	Apori, S.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Hagan, J.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Osei, Y.D., Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana	A study on the growth and reproductive performance of two rabbit breeds was undertaken. Data on 588 kits and 97 does of California White and 574 kits and 90 does of New Zealand White rabbits reared under hot and humid environment in Ghana were taken. The reproductive performance of the two breeds, in terms of litter size at birth and weaning, litter weight at birth and weaning, kindling interval, age at sexual maturity, and gestation length as influenced by breed, season of kindling (rainy and dry), year of kindling (2005–2012), and parity (first to sixth and over) were determined. The performance of California White in terms of litter size at birth, at weaning, kit weight at birth, and age at first kindling was 5.9 ± 0.2, 4.6 ± 0.1, 54.7 ± 0.4 g, and 159.8 ± 0.2 days, respectively. That of New Zealand White was 5.9 ± 0.1, 5.1 ± 0.1, 55.2 ± 1.0 g, and 159.9 ± 0.2 days, respectively. The results obtained also showed a significant breed effects on kit weight at birth, litter weight at weaning, and mortality; whereas no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the two breeds regarding the other traits measured. Parity had significant effects (p < 0.05) on all the growth and reproductive parameters measured with the exception of age at first kindling. Year of kindling also had significant effect on litter weight at birth, kit weight at birth, and at weaning (p < 0.05) but did not have any significant effect on the age at sexual maturity and mortality. Season also had significant (p < 0.05) effects on kit weight at birth, gestation length, kindling interval, and mortality with better performance experienced during the rainy season. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	California White; Kits; Litter size; New Zealand White; Parity; Season	animal; animal husbandry; body weight; breeding; female; Ghana; litter size; parity; physiology; pregnancy; procedures; rabbit; reproduction; season; species difference; statistical model; weaning; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Breeding; Female; Ghana; Linear Models; Litter Size; Parity; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Reproduction; Seasons; Species Specificity; Weaning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879259946	Performance and digestibility of corncob and cowpea husk diets by West African Dwarf sheep	Ososanya T.O., Alabi B.O., Sorunke A.O.	2013	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	12	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, College of Agriculture, Osun State University, Osun State, Nigeria	Ososanya, T.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Alabi, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, College of Agriculture, Osun State University, Osun State, Nigeria; Sorunke, A.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	In the tropics, dry season is characterized by shortage of feeds and staggered growth pattern of ruminants. Corncob (CC) and Cowpea Husk (CH), the by-products of maize and cowpea production respectively may be used as alternative feed resources for ruminants especially during dry season. Therefore, a ten week study was conducted to determine the effects of CC and CH based diets on performance of WAD sheep. In a randomized complete block design, sixteen WAD sheep were allotted to four dietary treatments: A (100% CC), B (66.7% CC + 33.3% CH), C (33.3% CC + 66.7% CH) and D (100% CH). The sheep were allotted to any of the four diets with four animals per treatment. Parameters measured include: dry matter intake, live weight changes, feed conversion ratio and nutrient digestibility. Results showed significant (p<0.05) differences in dry matter intake (22.04 kg in diet A to 41.07 kg in diet C) and LWG (4.14 g/day in diet A to 41.71 g/day in diet C) of sheep across the diets. Also, there were significant (p<0.05) differences in FCR across the diets. The FCR ranged from 14.06 in diet C to 45.68 in diet A. Nutrients digestibility increased with increasing level of cowpea husk in the diets. The DM digestibility value ranged from 65.24% in diet B to 85.04% in diet D. The CP digestibility was also highest in diet D (88.01%) and lowest in diet A (72.06%) while ADF, NDF and ADL were highest in diet C and lowest in diet B. Optimum weight gain and efficient utilization was achieved at 66.7% CH and 33.3% CC inclusion levels. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.	Corncob; Cowpea husk; Digestibility; Growth; WAD sheep	animal experiment; animal food; article; controlled study; corncob; cowpea; cowpea husk; dry matter intake; feed conversion ratio; female; food composition; maize; nonhuman; nutrient digestibility; nutritional parameters; plant residue; sheep; weight change; weight gain; Animalia; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858598522	Physiological effects of body condition of gilts at first mating on pre-weaning performance and survivability of piglets in the humid tropics	Machebe N.S., Ezekwe A.G., Okeke G.C.	2012	Indian Journal of Animal Research	46	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Machebe, N.S., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ezekwe, A.G., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okeke, G.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to determine the impact of pre-mating body condition score of gilts on performance of their litters. Eighteen (18), seven-month old Large White x Landrace crossbred gilts were selected and randomly assigned to three body condition scores; 1 (thin; <15mm backfat), 3 (normal; 15 to 18mm backfat) and 5 (fat; >18mm backfat) respectively. The gilts were mated and their pre-weaning litter performances observed and recorded after farrowing. Results showed that body condition of the gilts at mating affected litter sizes at birth and at weaning, piglet birth and weaning weights, growth rate, survival-to-weaning and piglet mortality in favour of Gilts with normal and fat body conditions at breeding. It was concluded that the body condition of gilts at first mating have significant impact on the performance of their litters after farrowing.	Body condition score; Gestation; Lactation; Mating	Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77149167570	Performance and linear measurements of growing pigs fed on basis of their body weight	Onyimonyi A.E., Ugwu S.O.C., Machebe N.S.	2010	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	9	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Onyimonyi, A.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ugwu, S.O.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Machebe, N.S., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The performance of growing pigs fed on basis of percentage of their body weight was evaluated using twenty four growing pigs of Landrace x Large White crosses weighing averagely 35±0.5 kg at the start of the study. The pigs were assigned to four treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice with two pigs per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. An 18% CP and 11.82 MJME/kg diet was formulated and fed at levels of 10, 8, 6 and 4% of body weights in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 56 days. Results showed that treatment effect on the response parameters were significant (P&lt;0.05). As percentage of body weight feeding reduced, final body weight of the pigs increased significantly (P&lt;0.05). Pigs on treatments 2, 3 and 4 had a final body weight of 68.64, 67.62, 67.68 kg respectively which differed from the 60.03 kg observed for pigs on treatment 1. Pigs fed 4% of their body weight (Treatment 4) showed superiority in the response parameters. Pigs on Treatment 4 had a feed cost/kg gain value of 79.56 naira which differed significantly from 263.21 naira, 161.78 naira and 120.67 naira recorded for pigs on T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Linear body measurement of the pigs followed the same trend as observed in the other response parameters. Pigs on T4 recorded the highest significant (P&lt;0.05) changes in chest girth, height at withers and body length. It is concluded that feeding growing pigs at level of 4% of their body weight leads to optimum performance and better economic returns. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Linear measurements; Performance; Pigs	animal experiment; anthropometry; article; body height; body weight; feeding; nonhuman; swine; Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547178879	Effect of the replacement of maize with wheat offal in broiler finisher diets on growth performance and feed cost	Christopher G.I., Offfiong S., Idiong I.C.	2007	Journal of Central European Agriculture	8	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Christopher, G.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Offfiong, S., Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Idiong, I.C., Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, University of Calabar, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of replacing maize with wheat offal in broiler finisher diets on bird performance and feed cost. Six rations were formulated using 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 percent wheat offal to replace maize in the rations. The formulated rations were fed to one hundred and fifty six commercial broiler finisher birds in a completely randomized experimental design. All the rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the inclusion of varying levels of palm oil. The results indicated that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization and carcass characteristics amongst the treatment means. However, wheat offal replaced maize for up to 25 percent without any adverse effect on performance. More so, at 25 percent inclusion to replace maize, cost of feed per kilogram was reduced by about 15.91 percent. Such feed cost reduction could engender overall production cost reduction in broiler production especially at the finisher stage.	Broiler; Cost; Diet; Finisher; Performance; Wheat offal	Aves; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21744451534	Evaluation of subjectively assessed nodule traits of ostrich skins as influenced by slaughter age	Van Schalkwyk S.J., Cloete S.W.P., Hoffman L.C., Meyer A.	2005	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	35	1	None	Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa	Van Schalkwyk, S.J., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa; Cloete, S.W.P., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Meyer, A., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Institute of Animal Production, Oudtshoorn, P.O. Box 351, Oudtshoorn 6620, South Africa	Ostrich skins (n = 214) were assessed by 28 participants involved in the ostrich leather production and marketing chain. The participants were from various sectors in the ostrich industry, including producers, skin graders, leather marketers, agents and process managers. Skins were evaluated during two occasions, firstly without any knowledge of slaughter age and thereafter with prior knowledge of slaughter age. Nodule acceptability and distribution for each skin were scored on a linear scale of 1 to 10. Slaughter age, as estimated by the participants during the first evaluation, was regressed on the actual age of the birds at slaughter. The derived regression indicated that actual slaughter age accounted for approximately 46% of the variation found in estimated slaughter age. Nodule acceptability scores generally increased with slaughter age. Average scores of at least moderately acceptability were found only in skins from birds slaughtered at 11 months of age and older. A corresponding trend with increase in slaughter age was found for nodule distribution scores. Between skin variance ratios were comparatively low for nodule acceptability (0.09-0.10, depending on prior knowledge of slaughter age or not) and nodule distribution (0.05-0.06). The between scorer variance ratio was generally higher, exceeding 0.35. Scores for nodule acceptability with or without prior knowledge of the age of individual skins at slaughter were essentially the same, as judged from a near unity covariance ratio between individual skins. A similar trend was observed for nodule distribution score. The need for practical methods for the objective assessment of the acceptability of nodules and ostrich leather quality was expressed. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Linear scale; Nodule acceptability; Nodule distribution; Repeatability	Aves; Struthio camelus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049100760	The use of a cluster analysis in across herd genetic evaluation for beef cattle	Neser F.W.C., Erasmus G.J., Scholtz M.M.	2008	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	38	1	None	Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Neser, F.W.C., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Erasmus, G.J., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Scholtz, M.M., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, UFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	To investigate the possibility of a genotype x environment interaction in Bonsmara cattle, a cluster analysis was performed on weaning weight records of 72 811 Bonsmara calves, the progeny of 1 434 sires and 24 186 dams in 35 herds. The following environmental factors were used to classify herds into clusters: solution for herd effects corrected for year-season, sex, age of dam and age at weaning (indicative of the management level in a herd), herd size and average temperature and rainfall. Two different genetic analyses were performed. Breeding values obtained in a univariate analysis were used as basis for comparison to breeding values obtained from a multivariate analysis where weaning weight in each cluster was considered as a separate trait. Direct additive, maternal additive, permanent maternal environment and Herd-Year-Season x Sire (HYSxS) interaction were included as random effects in both analyses. The direct genetic correlations between the clusters varied between 0.51 and 1.00. The low correlation estimates between some of the clusters indicate a possible genotype x environment interaction. Substantial reranking of sires between clusters did occur. However, further research is needed to identify and prioritize variables that can describe the genetics, management and climate of each herd more accurately. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Bonsmara cattle; Genotype by environment interaction; Weaning weight	Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925497945	Human harvesting impacts on managed areas: ecological effects of socially-compatible shellfish reserves	Aswani S., Flores C.F., Broitman B.R.	2014	Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries	25	1	10.1007/s11160-014-9376-4	Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science (DIFS), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; IGP Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile	Aswani, S., Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science (DIFS), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Flores, C.F., Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, IGP Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Broitman, B.R., Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile	We examined how human harvesting impacts on managed areas affect the abundance and size distribution of the edible mangrove shellfish Anadara granosa and Polymesoda spp. in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands. We tested two hypotheses: (1) in areas permanently and temporally closed to human exploitation, abundance and size distribution of these shellfish species is significantly greater than in sites open to exploitation and (2) moderate human disturbance of shell beds, particularly of Polymesoda spp., increases their abundance. Firstly, we studied perceptions of environmental states and processes coupled to foraging and management interventions to assess sociocultural influences on harvesting practices and ascertain the types of management regime that people would consider in a context where poaching and interloping are common practices. Secondly, we compared shellfish abundance and shell size from areas that were permanently protected, temporally reserved for communal harvest, and permanently open for exploitation. Thirdly, drawing from women’s local knowledge, we measured the abundance of Polymesoda spp. in relation to mud compactness in quadrats across the three management regimes. Results showed that both species were significantly more abundant in permanent and temporally closed sites than in open sites. In the mud compactness study, however, while shell abundance was greater in moderately compacted quadrats, there was no statistical relationship between mud compactness and shell abundance within or across the three management regimes. Results suggest that even under the strong impacts of poaching, temporally closed areas have more clams than open areas and are as effective as areas that are permanently closed nominally. The results also suggest that human harvesting regimes can influence the effectiveness of local management decisions and thus are important when designing community-based conservation programs in the Solomon Islands and other Pacific Islands. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Ecological disturbance; Ecological impacts; Foraging; MPAs; Shellfish; Social acceptability; Solomon Islands	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872141382	Identification and evaluation of propagation techniques of a native bee forage, 'tebeb' (becium grandflorum)	Gebremedhn H., Wakijira K.	2013	Livestock Research for Rural Development	25	1	None	Department of Apiculture and sericulture, Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Holeta Bee Research Centre, P.O. Box 22, Holeta, Oromia, Ethiopia	Gebremedhn, H., Department of Apiculture and sericulture, Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Wakijira, K., Holeta Bee Research Centre, P.O. Box 22, Holeta, Oromia, Ethiopia	The study was conducted in Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, Mekelle. It was designed to identify and evaluate different propagation techniques of Becium grandiflorum, one of the best honey source plants of Ethiopia. Six propagation techniques were considered, namely plant cutting, seed sowing, seedling transplanting, splitting/dividing main branch of the mother the plant, air layering and ground layering. Each propagation technique was considered as a treatment. s The study found that there were difference among the treatments in canopy cover, height, number of flowers, branches and seeds per plant. From these investigations, it is concluded that propagation of B. grandiflorum by cuttings is the best for attaining maximum flower numbers with a mean of 12910, while sowing is the least with a mean flower numbers of 5637. The study also found that the species is easy to propagate by cuttings and transplanted seedlings.	Flower number; Honeybee; Treatments	Apis mellifera; Apoidea; Becium; Becium grandiflorum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849087310	Impact of fertilizer plant effluent on water quality	Obire O., Ogan A., Okigbo R.N.	2008	International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology	5	1	None	Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Applied and Environmental Biol	Obire, O., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ogan, A., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Okigbo, R.N., Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria, Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	The impact of National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria outfall effluent on the physicochemistry and bacteriology of Okrika creek was investigated during the sampling period from May to December, 1998. The National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria outfall effluent, the Okrika creek water and the Ikpukulubie creek (control) water samples were collected. The physico-chemical parameters analyzed for all the samples included temperature, pH, total chloride, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, free ammonia, total phosphate, urea, zinc and iron, while the bacteriological determinations were total culturable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria count and identification of representative isolates. The Okrika creek recorded higher concentrations for all the physico-chemical parameters and bacteria load than the control creek. The higher values of pH, Free NH3, urea, TDS and the conductivity of the National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria outfall effluent above the FEPA standards reflect the poor effluent quality generated by National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria. The bacteria species isolated from the samples include Aerococcus viridans, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. In general, the investigation revealed that there was an extremely adverse impact on the physico-chemical and bacteriological water quality characteristics of the Okrika creek as a result of the discharge of poor quality effluent from National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria operations. © IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.	Bacteriological parameters; Fertilizer; Outfall effluent; Physiochemical	Bacteria; Concentration (process); Effluents; pH effects; Water quality; bacterium; effluent; fertilizer; physicochemical property; water pollution; water quality; Africa; Ikpukulubie Creek; Nigeria; Okrika Creek; Rivers; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Aerococcus viridans; Alcaligenes faecalis; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Citrobacter freundii; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937544957	Bioassay-guided evaluation of the antidiabetic activity of Cleome rutidosperma DC	Okoro I.O., Umar I.A., Atawodi S.E., Anigo K.M.	2015	International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria	Okoro, I.O., Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria, Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Umar, I.A., Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria; Atawodi, S.E., Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria; Anigo, K.M., Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Nigeria	Objective: An earlier anti-hyperglycemic study with crude extracts of Cleome rutidosperma indicated aqueous extract as the most effective. The present study was undertaken to in part identify the potent antihyperglycemic fraction from the aqueous extract of the plant, using bioassay guided fractionation. Methods: Aqueous extract of C. rutidosperma were fractionated to obtain chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol and aqueous fractions, which were tested for antidiabetic activity using acute Streptozotocin-Induced diabetic mice model. Further fractionation of the more active methanol fraction yielded 1st sub-fractions I- IX. The more active of these 1stsub-fractions were further re-fractionated to give 2ndsub-fractions (2SFC1 and 2SFC2). The more active of the 2ndsub-fractions (2SFC1) was purified further using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the resultant fractions (TLCFIC and TLCFIIC) were tested in vivo. Results: The methanol fraction of C. rutidosperma significantly (p < 0.05) reduced blood glucose more than the other fractions, while the most active 1st sub-fraction from in vivo studies in mice was, chloroform: methanol (5: 5). Also, the more active of the 2ndsub-fractions was: 2SFC1. The preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) results from in vivo studies indicated TLCFIC to be the most active. Conclusion: The observed antidiabetic activity of the plant may be as a result the phytoconstituent of the plant. Therefore the fractionated component could be a new source of development of new plant based therapy for management of diabetes. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.	Bioassay guided-fractionation; Cleome rutidosperma; Preparativee thin layer chromatography (TLC) and streptozotocin-induced diabetes	alkaloid; carbohydrate; cardiac glycoside; Cleome rutidosperma extract; flavonoid; glibenclamide; plant extract; saponin; steroid; tannin; triterpene; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; antidiabetic activity; Article; bioassay; controlled study; fractionation; glucose blood level; LD50; male; nonhuman; phytochemistry; rat; streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus; thin layer chromatography; toxicity testing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247376503	Using blended learning to boost motivation and performance in introductory economics modules	van Der Merwe A.	2007	South African Journal of Economics	75	1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00109.x	Department of Applied Management, Durban University of Technology, Scottsville, South Africa	van Der Merwe, A., Department of Applied Management, Durban University of Technology, Scottsville, South Africa	This paper explores the potential of online learning, in a local context, to provide academic economics with much of the context it currently lacks and which may be implicated in students' lack of motivation to engage with the discipline. Since weak motivation can be expected to play out in poor performance, the study set out to establish, firstly, whether the online intervention was a motivational experience for students. Secondly, various tests were performed to determine whether - and how strongly - motivation and performance are related. The study concludes that even the weak statistical promise of online learning, as in this particular case, should be embraced given the interest displayed by students in online economics teaching and learning. © 2007 The Author. Journal compilation © 2007 Economic Society of South Africa 2007.	None	academic performance; economics; learning; student; teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951515024	Mathematical Analysis of an HIV/AIDS Model: Impact of Educational Programs and Abstinence in Sub-Saharan Africa	Bhunu C.P., Mushayabasa S., Kojouharov H., Tchuenche J.M.	2011	Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms	10	1	10.1007/s10852-010-9134-0	Department of Applied Mathematics, Modelling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0408, United States; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada	Bhunu, C.P., Department of Applied Mathematics, Modelling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OES, United Kingdom; Mushayabasa, S., Department of Applied Mathematics, Modelling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Kojouharov, H., Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0408, United States; Tchuenche, J.M., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada	We formulate a deterministic HIV/AIDS model to theoretically investigate how counselling and testing coupled with the resulting decrease in sexual activity could affect the HIV epidemic in resource-limited communities. The threshold quantities are determined and stabilities analyzed. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations support the idea that increase in the number of sexually inactive HIV positive individuals who voluntarily abstain from sex has a positive impact on HIV/AIDS control. Results from this theoretical study suggest that effective counselling and testing have a great potential to partially control the epidemic (especially when HIV positive individuals either willingly withdraw from risky sexual activities or disclose their status beforehand) even in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Therefore, more needs to be done in resource-limited settings, such as sub-Saharan Africa, as far as the HIV/AIDS epidemic is concerned and a formalized information, education, and communication strategy should be given prominence in educational campaigns. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Abstinence; HIV/AIDS; Reproduction number; Resource-limited; Testing and counselling	None	None
None	None	Participatory monitoring of changes in coastal and marine biodiversity	Wagner G.M.	2005	Indian Journal of Marine Sciences	34	1	None	Department of Aquatic Environment and Conservation, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Wagner, G.M., Department of Aquatic Environment and Conservation, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This study reports results obtained from participatory monitoring conducted in Tanzania in two types of keystone ecosystems, mangrove forests and coral reefs. The report also analyses participatory monitoring as an effective tool in environmental conservation and management. Participatory monitoring data collected from three mangrove areas subjected to different levels of human impacts, low, moderate and high, clearly indicated the effects on mangrove basal area and species diversity. Participatory coral reef monitoring clearly showed degradation due to human impacts in one are and definite positive trends over time due to management interventions in another area. Participatory monitoring produces large amounts of informative data in a short time at low cost. Moreover, it has profound positive impact on the participants in terms of enhancing their environmental awareness, creating a feeling of "ownership" of the environment and motivating them to protect and restore the ecosystems they monitor. However, in order for participatory monitoring to be successful, there should be proper selection of participants, adequate training and on-going supervision by experts.	Biodiversity; Coastal/marine; Keystone ecosystems; Participatory monitoring	Anthozoa	None
None	None	Effect of initial stocking size of the predatory African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on recruits, growth performance, survival and yield of mixed-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in concrete tank culture system	Limbu S.M., Shoko A.P., Lamtane H.A., Shirima E.D., Kishe-Machumu M.A., Mgana H.F., Mgaya Y.D.	2015	International Aquatic Research	7	1	10.1007/s40071-014-0093-3	Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Headquarters, P. O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Kigoma Centre, P. O. Box 90, Kigoma, Tanzania	Limbu, S.M., Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Shoko, A.P., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Headquarters, P. O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lamtane, H.A., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Shirima, E.D., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kishe-Machumu, M.A., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Headquarters, P. O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mgana, H.F., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Kigoma Centre, P. O. Box 90, Kigoma, Tanzania; Mgaya, Y.D., Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Prolific breeding and production of high percentage of recruits are main problems in mixed-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in earthen ponds. The current study assessed the efficiency of different sizes of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in controlling recruitment in mixed-sex Nile tilapia cultured in tanks and its effect on growth performance, percentage survival and yield. Three treatments consisting of triplicate ponds stocked with mixed-sex Nile tilapia in monoculture and in polyculture with large (62.50 ± 3.26 g) and small (40.00 ± 2.68 g) African sharptooth catfish were fed on a 297.50 g kg−1 crude protein diet for 126 days. Results showed that, the number of recruits was significantly lower in larger African sharptooth catfish predator than smaller ones and monoculture of Nile tilapia. Polyculture with larger African sharptooth catfish resulted in significantly higher growth performance of Nile tilapia. Large African sharptooth catfish in polyculture reduced the amount of small, low-value recruits, while the yield of large and high value Nile tilapia was increased. This study revealed that fish farmers can reduce prolific breeding, obtain higher growth performance and produce larger size of marketable Nile tilapia by predominantly stocking ponds with large African sharptooth catfish predator of at least 60 g. © 2015, The Author(s).	Monoculture; Polyculture; Predator; Production; Prolific breeding; Recruitment	Clarias gariepinus; Oreochromis niloticus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943011778	Entry qualifications and academic performance of architecture students in Nigerian Polytechnics: Are the admission requirements still relevant?	Adewale P.O., Adhuze O.B.	2014	Frontiers of Architectural Research	3	1	10.1016/j.foar.2013.11.002	Department of Architectural Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria	Adewale, P.O., Department of Architectural Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria; Adhuze, O.B., Department of Architectural Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria	The competence of fresh graduates of architecture has been continuously criticized by the industry for inadequate knowledge. This is often blamed on the poor standard of education evidenced by poor performances in professional and degree/diploma examinations conducted by various schools of architecture in the country. Although, factors responsible for the scenario are well documented in the literature, most of these works are based on testimonial and circumstantial evidences relating to management of architectural education only. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between entry qualifications and the performance of architecture students in Nigerian Polytechnics with a view to determining the relevance of current admission policy to architectural education in Nigeria. Data were obtained from official records in the Department of Architecture in four randomly selected polytechnics in the southwestern part of Nigeria. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (. r) was used to test the hypotheses. Findings reveal weak relationship between the two variables (physics and mathematics). This is contrary to the expectations of most scholars and policy makers who opine that students' proficiency in these subjects would enhance their performance at higher levels. The paper traces the contradiction to the poor handling of public examinations and misconception of architecture as being pure science. It holds that if these requirements are still relied upon for the admission of students into schools of architecture, wrong candidates would continue to gain entry into the profession. The paper concludes by recommending certain measures that are capable of reversing the trend. © 2014 Higher Education Press Limited Company.	Academic performance; Admission criteria; Architecture; Arts; Education; Science	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943010703	Ownership, structure, and performance of architectural firms	Oluwatayo A.A., Amole D.	2013	Frontiers of Architectural Research	2	1	10.1016/j.foar.2012.12.001	Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Oluwatayo, A.A., Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Amole, D., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	With architectural firms, owners are often managers whose characteristics may influence the firm structure. This study investigated the relationships between ownership characteristics, organizational structure, and performance of architectural firms. Utilizing a sample of architectural firms from Nigeria, a questionnaire survey of 92 architectural firms was carried out. Data were analyzed using multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) and regression analyses. A generally low level of specialization of duties was observed even though professional service firms were defined as highly specialized firms. For most of the firms, level of formalization was moderate or high, while level of centralization was mostly low. Results revealed a direct significant relationship between legal ownership form and formalization dimension of structure. In addition, the centralization dimension of structure influenced firm performance. However, no direct relationship between ownership characteristics and performance was noted, although different fits of ownership characteristics and structural variables were observed. The results suggest that principals of architectural firms should match their characteristics with the firm structure to enhance performance in relation to profit. © 2013 Higher Education Press Limited Company.	Architectural firm; Organizational structure; Ownership; Performance; Professional service firm	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955781918	Evaluation of transaminase activity of ethanolic extract of fresh Ocimum basilicum in rats	Aja P.M., Onu P.N.	2011	Indian Journal of Animal Research	45	1	None	Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University, P M. B. 05 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Aja, P.M., Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University, P M. B. 05 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Onu, P.N., Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University, P M. B. 05 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extracts of fresh leaves of Ocimum basilicum on transaminase activities in albino rats. Thirty two male albino rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of 12 marked as groups A, B, and C respectively. Groups A and B were treated with oral administration of organic extract of Ocimum basilicum at 400mg and 200mg /kg body weight daily respectively. Group C received no treatment. The body weight of rats of group A and B were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced up to 31.85% and 23.46% respectively compared to the control. The activities of AST were significantly elevated in groups A and B rats (400mg and 200mg/kg body weight) to the extent of 68.22% and 63.54% respectively compared to the control. Results also exhibited that the specific activities of transamminase (AST/ALT) in the serum was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the treated rats than the control. The result of the this study suggests that ingestion of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum could upset the body metabolic system and may also elicit a toxic effect especially when taken at high concentration.	Albino rats; Ethanolic extracts; Ocimum basilicum; Transaminase activity	Ocimum; Ocimum basilicum; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859450319	Impact of land use on the distribution and diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes in Embu and Taita Districts, Kenya	Kawaka J.F., Kimenju J.W., Ayodo G., Mwaniki S.W., Muoma J.O., Okoth S.A., Orinda G.O.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	13	1	None	Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University Of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Kawaka, J.F., Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Kimenju, J.W., Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University Of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Ayodo, G., Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwaniki, S.W., National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Muoma, J.O., Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Okoth, S.A., Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University Of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Orinda, G.O., Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Natural entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are considered as potential biological control agents against soil-borne insect pests. This study was conducted to determine the impact of land use on the distribution, occurrence and diversity of entomopathogenic nematode community. Isolation of EPNs was done using the baiting technique and application of morphological identification methods revealed presence of the genus Steinernema. Land use intensification negatively affected the occurrence and recovery frequency in soils of Embu and Taita districts. The occurrence of EPNs was high in soils from coffee than maize and beans which had more nematodes than planted forest and napier grass followed by natural forest and tea respectively. PCR-RFLP of the internal transcribed spacer region on the ribosomal(r) DNA of the EPN isolates and digestion of the products by Alu I enzyme showed molecular variations among the isolates. The study has demonstrated that the frequency of occurrence and species variation of EPNs is different in various land uses.	Diversity; Entomopathogenic nematodes; Land use intensification; Occurrence; PCR RFLP technique	Hexapoda; Nematoda; Pennisetum purpureum; Steinernema; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650697081	Evaluation of the effects of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in rats	Omonkhua A.A., Adesunloro C.A., Osaloni O.O., Olubodun S.O.	2009	Journal of Biological Sciences	9	1	10.3923/jbs.2009.68.72	Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, Edo State Institute of Technology and Management, Usen, Edo State, Nigeria	Omonkhua, A.A., Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adesunloro, C.A., Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Osaloni, O.O., Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Olubodun, S.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, Edo State Institute of Technology and Management, Usen, Edo State, Nigeria	The effects of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces in cadmium-induced oxidative damage in serum and tissues of rats were evaluated in this study. Twenty eight male Wister rats (170-200 g) in four groups, {control (I), Hibiscus sabdariffa (II), Cadmium (III) and H. sabdariffa+Cd (IV)}, were used. Groups II and IV were given a daily dose of 0.2 g kg-1 body weight of H. sabdariffa extracts for four weeks, while groups III and IV (the Cd groups) were injected sub-cutaneously with 0.002 g Cd (as CdSO4 8H2O) kg-1 body weight once a week for four weeks. Liver protein levels significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased for all test groups relative to control, while the kidney and testis protein levels significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased. There was a general increase in serum and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of tests groups relative to control while a general decrease was observed in serum and tissue catalase activities. Serum SOD of tests groups significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased while tissue SOD significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased compared to control. The results showed, for some parameters evaluated, that H. sabdariffa appeared to play a protective role against Cd-induced oxidative damage. Paradoxically, however, H. sabdariffa alone also appeared to exert some measure of oxidative damage. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cadmium; Catalase; Hibiscus sabdariffa L; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative damage; Superoxide dismutase	cadmium; catalase; Hibiscus sabdariffa extract; malonaldehyde; superoxide dismutase; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; article; cadmium poisoning; controlled study; enzyme activity; enzyme blood level; kidney; lipid peroxidation; liver; male; nonhuman; oxidative stress; protection; rat; testis; Hibiscus sabdariffa; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849086515	Chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis	Abara A.E., Obochi G.O., Malu S.P., Obi-Abang M.	2009	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	91	1	10.1080/02772240802015523	Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	Abara, A.E., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obochi, G.O., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Malu, S.P., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obi-Abang, M., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	A chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis was carried out in five randomly selected restaurants in Calabar. The results showed that both Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis soups have high caloric values and contain adequate levels of essential minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, and fat, which are needed for a variety of cellular functions in humans, and which would reduce the problem of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Caloric value; Gnetum africana; Minerals; Telferia occidentalis; Vitamins	Amines; Amino acids; Electric insulators; Minerals; Organic acids; Silica; Vitamins; Calabar; Caloric value; Cellular functions; Chemical evaluations; Gnetum africana; Telferia occidentalis; Nutrition; amino acid; gymnosperm; mineral; protein; vitamin; Gnetum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955274098	Evaluation of flavonoids from Dorstenia barteri for their antimycobacterial, antigonorrheal and anti-reverse transcriptase activities	Kuete V., Ngameni B., Mbaveng A.T., Ngadjui B., Meyer J.J.M., Lall N.	2010	Acta Tropica	116	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.06.005	Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon; Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Pharmacopoeia, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 8664, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Kuete, V., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon, Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Ngameni, B., Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Pharmacopoeia, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 8664, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Mbaveng, A.T., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Ngadjui, B., Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Pharmacopoeia, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 8664, Yaoundé, Cameroon, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Meyer, J.J.M., Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Lall, N., Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Science, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimycobacterial, antigonorrheal and reverse transcriptase activities of five flavonoids: isobachalcone (IBC); kanzanol C (KAN); 4-hydroxylonchocarpin (4-LCP); stipulin (SPL) and amentoflavone (AMF) from Dortenia barteri, together with the crude extract from this plant. The Agar disc diffusion, broth microdilution, microplate alamar blue assay (MABA), radiometric respiratory technique using BACTEC 460 system and the reverse transcriptase (RT) assay were used for the investigations. The results of the antimycobacterial assay showed that the crude extract and compounds were able to prevent the growth of Mycobacteria with MIC<10μg/ml being recorded with IBC on M. tuberculosis. Results of the killing rate experiment revealed that total inhibition effect on M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain was noted with IBC and SPL at day 9 when tested at 4× MIC. The results of the antigonorrheal assay indicated that MIC values below 10μg/ml were also recorded with IBC on all the tested N. gonorrhoeae strains, meanwhile good activities (MIC<10μg/ml) were also noted with the extract, KAN, 4-LCP and SPL on some of these strains. The anti-reverse transcriptase activities of extract and compounds also demonstrated that all samples were able to inhibit at various extents the reverse transcriptase activity, with IBC and 4-LCP showing the best effects. The overall results of this work provided evidence that the crude extract as well as some flavonoids from D. barteri could be potential sources of new antimicrobial drug against tuberculosis (TB), gonorrhea and probably the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Anti-reverse transcriptase; Antigonorrheal; Antimycobacterial; Dortenia barteri; Flavonoids	4 hydroxylonchocarpin; amentoflavone; Dorstenia barteri extract; flavonoid; isobachalcone; kanzanol C; plant extract; RNA directed DNA polymerase; stipulin; unclassified drug; bacterium; metabolite; pathogen; plant; tuberculosis; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; antibacterial activity; article; bacterial growth; bactericidal activity; broth dilution; controlled study; disk diffusion; Dorstenia barteri; drug structure; enzyme activity; enzyme assay; enzyme inhibition; gonorrhea; growth inhibition; Human immunodeficiency virus; minimum inhibitory concentration; Moraceae; Mycobacterium; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; nonhuman; radiometry; tuberculosis; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Flavonoids; Gonorrhea; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moraceae; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Oxazines; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Tuberculosis; Xanthenes; Corynebacterineae; Dorstenia barteri; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949133494	Heavy metals in mosquito larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya, and their impact	Mireji P.O., Keating J., Hassanali A., Mbogo C.M., Nyambaka H., Kahindi S., Beier J.C.	2008	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	70	1	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.03.012	Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of International Health and Development, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33177, United States	Mireji, P.O., Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Keating, J., Department of International Health and Development, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Hassanali, A., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbogo, C.M., Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Nyambaka, H., Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Kahindi, S., Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Beier, J.C., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33177, United States	Concentrations and distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in mosquito larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya and their effect on the presence of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles funestus larvae were investigated. Manganese and iron were the most prevalent heavy metals in water of larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, respectively. Iron was the most prevalent heavy metal in bottom sediments in larval habitats in both cities. The highest concentrations of all heavy metals, except cadmium and iron, were recorded in the poorly planned-well drained stratum in the two cities. All heavy metals were more concentrated in human-made than in natural larval habitats. Copper was positively associated with the presence of Ae. aegypti, and lead was associated with the presence of An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti in urban Kisumu. Absence of significant correlation between the other metals and mosquito species in both cities, despite relatively high concentrations, suggest that the local larval populations, including key malaria vectors have adapted to the detected levels of these metals. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Heavy metals; Human-made habitats; Larval habitats; Mosquitoes; Natural habitats; Strata; Tolerance	cadmium; chromium; copper; heavy metal; iron; lead; manganese; zinc; adaptation; concentration (composition); habitat quality; heavy metal; larva; mosquito; pollution effect; pollution tolerance; spatial distribution; urban area; adaptation; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; concentration (parameters); Culex quinquefasciatus; disease carrier; habitat; Kenya; larva; malaria; mosquito; nonhuman; sediment; species composition; urban area; water pollution; Animals; Cities; Culicidae; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Kenya; Larva; Metals, Heavy; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Africa; Coast Province; East Africa; Kenya; Kilifi; Kisumu; Malindi; Nyanza; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846467223	Comparison of the direct enzyme assay method with the membrane filtration technique in the quantification and monitoring of microbial indicator organisms - Seasonal variations in the activities of coliforms and E. coli, temperature and pH	Wutor V.C., Togo C.A., Pletschke B.I.	2007	Water SA	33	1	None	Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Wutor, V.C., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Togo, C.A., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Pletschke, B.I., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	The aim of this project was to monitor variations and relationships between coliform and E. coli counts, the activities of their marker enzymes GAL and GUD, and temperature and pH over a period of 12 months in river samples obtained from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Several polluted water samples were collected for direct coliform β-D-galactosidase (B-GAL) and Escherichia coli β-D-glucuronidase (B-GUD) assays and the membrane filtration technique. While all the samples showed enzyme activities, not all exhibited growth on CM1046 media. Variation in B-GAL activity (40%) was observed between November (highest activity month) and May (lowest activity month). The highest and lowest B-GUD activities were observed in the months of September and May/June, respectively. The sensitivity of the spectrophotometric assay method was indicated by a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 coliform forming unit (CFU)/100 mℓ and 2 CFU/100 mℓ for coliforms and E. coli, respectively. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) positive correlation between E. coli counts and GUD activity (R2 = 0.8909). A correlation of R2 = 0.9151 was also observed between total coliforms and B-GAL activity, even though the CFUs were not evenly distributed. Direct enzyme assays were also shown to be more sensitive than the membrane filtration (MF) technique.	Chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG); Chlorophenol red (CPR); Coliforms; E. coli; p-nitrophenyl (PNP); p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG)	Correlation methods; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; Filtration; pH effects; Chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG); Chlorophenol red (CPR); P-nitrophenyl (PNP); p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG); Biomarkers; Biomarkers; Correlation methods; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; Filtration; pH effects; bacterium; bioassay; bioindicator; comparative study; enzyme activity; monitoring; river pollution; seasonal variation; Africa; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Escherichia coli	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544462587	Assessment of heavy-metal profile of the New Calabar River and its impact on juvenile Clarias gariepinus	Wegwu M.O., Akaninwor J.O.	2006	Chemistry and Biodiversity	3	1	10.1002/cbdv.200690010	Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Wegwu, M.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Akaninwor, J.O., Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	We have determined the heavy-metal status of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River in the Niger Delta region over a 40-km-long distance, and its impact on the development of catfish (juvenile Clarias gariepinus). The total mean concentrations of dissolved trace metals in the river were 0.01, 0.85, 0.56, 2.08, 0.05, 12.0, and 6.59 mg/l for Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, and Zn, respectively. The accumulated concentration of trace metals in the muscles of different mature fish caught from the river were examined, and the results fell within the action levels adopted in most countries. To evaluate the contributions of trace metals to fisheries depletion, eggs of C. gariepinus were hatched in dilution water spiked with the total mean metal levels determined in the river water. Our results indicate substantive inhibition of egg hatch even at very low concentrations of the majority of the trace metals studied, with mortality rates well above 50% after 216 h of exposure (Table 5). These findings suggest that trace metals (except for Zn), even at very low concentrations, negatively affect fish hatch and fry rearing, implying that aquatic milieus contaminated by trace metals are not suitable as nursery grounds for fish cultures. © 2006 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta.	None	cadmium; chromium; copper; heavy metal; iron; lead; mercury; river water; trace metal; zinc; animal tissue; aquatic environment; article; breeding; catfish; concentration (parameters); controlled study; death; environmental exposure; environmental impact assessment; fishery; geography; hatching; Nigeria; nonhuman; pisciculture; river; tissue distribution; water pollution; Age Factors; Animals; Catfishes; Metals, Heavy; Nigeria; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35548954633	Performance of in situ rainwater conservation tillage techniques on dry spell mitigation and erosion control in the drought-prone North Wello zone of the Ethiopian highlands	McHugh O.V., Steenhuis T.S., Berihun Abebe, Fernandes E.C.M.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	97	1	10.1016/j.still.2007.08.002	Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 206 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-5701, United States; Dryland Agriculture and Community Participation Consultant, TESFA, Meket, Amhara State, Ethiopia; Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, The World Bank, ESSD-ARD, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC 20433, United States	McHugh, O.V., Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 206 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-5701, United States; Steenhuis, T.S., Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 206 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-5701, United States; Berihun Abebe, Dryland Agriculture and Community Participation Consultant, TESFA, Meket, Amhara State, Ethiopia; Fernandes, E.C.M., Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, The World Bank, ESSD-ARD, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC 20433, United States	Grain production shortfalls in northern Ethiopia are commonly associated with occurrence of intra-seasonal dry spells or droughts and rapid land degradation which adversely impact crop yields. Suitable practices that use available rainwater more efficiently to mitigate impact of dry spells on crops and that protect soil are needed to stabilize and improve grain yields in the predominately rainfed agriculture. During three cropping seasons on-farm experiments tested conservation tillage techniques implemented with oxen-drawn plows on clay loam soil. Tested tillage techniques are subsoiling, open and tied ridges, no till, and conventional tillage with the local maresha plow (the control). Effectiveness in improving root zone soil moisture, limiting soil erosion, and improving sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grain yield were determined. Results demonstrate that performance of the tillage techniques varied with seasonal rainfall distribution and intensity and land slope gradient. Tied and open ridge increased seasonal root zone soil moisture 15-24%. Subsoiling slightly (3%) increased and no till slightly decreased soil moisture but were not statistically different from conventional tillage. Tied ridge and no till significantly reduced seasonal soil loss by up to 11 Mg ha-1 during seasons with moderate intensity storms, but during a season with high intensity storms tied ridge on over 9% slope gradient increased soil loss (up to 35 Mg ha-1). The increased soil disturbance of subsoiling led to higher soil loss rates (up to 32 Mg ha-1) than conventional tillage during all seasons. Grain yield decreased and runoff and erosion rates increased rapidly with increasing land slope gradient. During a season with moderate intensity rainfall open and tied ridge increased sorghum yield by 67-73% over the control (730 kg ha-1) while no till decreased yield by 25%. During a season when high intensity rainfall events damaged the ridges, subsoiling had the best sorghum yield with 42% increase over the control (1430 kg ha-1). Poor early season rainfall and fungus attacks resulted in low chickpea yields (200-320 kg ha-1) and statistically insignificant differences between tillage methods. Overall results of the study suggest that on slopes below 8% gradient oxen-drawn ridge tillage and subsoiling, to a lesser degree, can effectively improve conditions that mitigate impact of short dry spells especially during seasons with less intense rainfall events. © 2007.	Drought mitigation; On-farm trial; Ridge tillage; Soil erosion; Soil moisture; Subsoiling	Crops; Drought; Erosion; Rain; Soil moisture; Storms; Drought mitigation; On-farm trial; Ridge tillage; Soil erosion; Subsoiling; Water conservation; clay loam; conservation tillage; crop yield; drought; erosion control; land degradation; rainwater; soil erosion; soil moisture; sorghum; subsoil; upland region; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; Cicer arietinum; Fungi; Sorghum bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922798088	Risk evaluation of main pests and integrated management in Chinese wolfberry, Lycium barbarum L.	Liu J., Ali A., Yu M., Zhu F., Kidane D.	2015	Pakistan Journal of Zoology	47	1	None	Department of Biological Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia	Liu, J., Department of Biological Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan, China; Ali, A., State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Yu, M., Department of Biological Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan, China; Zhu, F., Department of Biological Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan, China; Kidane, D., State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia	Chinese wolfberry Lycium barbarum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), is an ancient herbal medicine and has been used for years in China. However, insect pests associated with this plant had not yet been well studied. The present study characterized the main pests associated with this plant. The method of risk assessment indices and the method of experience formulae were used to analyze the risk of pests under different management systems. The result demonstrates most frequent, incidental, and general insect pest in abandoned, organic and conventional fields. Analyses using CANCORR showed that the dynamics of pest populations were similar in all fields under different management system. Moreover, the matrices of correlation coefficients showed that dynamics of pests were significantly correlated. The correlation coefficients in dichotomous pattern viz. the abandoned field and the conventional field, the abandoned field and the organic field, the conventional field and the organic field were 0.8504, 0.8447, and 0.8564, respectively. Dynamics of the populations showed that the frequent disaster pests had two population establishment stages and one exponential growth stage in a year. The optimal controlling stages were from late part of the infancy period to early part of outbreak I period, middle of outbreak I period and from late part of dormancy period to early of outbreak II period. These were the key periods to control pest outbreak. The implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2015 Zoological Society of Pakistan.	Chinese wolfberry field; Control strategies; Disaster pests; Optimal separations; Risk assessment	correlation; dicotyledon; dormancy; field survey; fruit; integrated pest management; population dynamics; population outbreak; risk assessment; traditional medicine; Hexapoda; Lycium barbarum; Solanaceae; Solanales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877306116	Evaluation of plant growth promoting potential of four rhizobacterial species for indigenous system	Hou M.P., Oluranti B.O.	2013	Journal of Central South University	20	1	10.1007/s11771-013-1472-4	Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	Hou, M.P., Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Oluranti, B.O., Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	The aim of this work was to see whether Pseudomonas putida NWU12, Pseudomonas fluorescence NWU65, Vibrio fluvialis NWU37 and Ewingella americana NWU59 are beneficial to plants and are able to promote plant growth and development when inoculated as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The four rhizobacteria were tested in vitro for PGPR activities and on spinach and pepper in pot experiments. The inoculants are all positive for ammonia (NH 3), catalase, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), phosphate solubilization and siderophore production. Among the inoculants, E. americana NWU59 is oxidase negative. P. putida NWU12 and P. fluorescence NWU65 are producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The inoculants exhibit some PGPR activities and thus tested in the screen-house. Treatments are control (water) and the four inoculants. Rhizobacterial inoculants increase spinach (17.14%-21.43%) and pepper (15.0%-37.5%) plant heights over the control. Such inoculants have the potential of improving plant yield components and may be used as biofertilizer. © 2013 Central South University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Ewingella americana; microbial inoculants; PGPR; Pseudomonas spp; screening; Vibrio fluvialis	Ewingella americana; Microbial inoculants; PGPR; Pseudomonas spp; Vibrio fluvialis; Fluorescence; Screening; Bacteria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859629777	Malarial infection among patients attending a Nigerian semi-urban based hospital and performance of HRP-2 pf Rapid diagnostic Test (RDT) in screening clinical cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria	Houmsou R.S., Amuta E.U., Sar T.T., Adagba A.H.	2011	Translational Biomedicine	2	1	10:3823/422	Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, P.M.B 1167, Jalingo, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences	Houmsou, R.S., Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, P.M.B 1167, Jalingo, Nigeria; Amuta, E.U., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Sar, T.T., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State, Nigeria; Adagba, A.H., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State, Nigeria	Background: Malaria is a life threatening disease caused by Plasmodium spp that are transmitted to people through the bite of infected mosquitoes. This study was undertaken to determine malarial infection among patients attending General Hospital Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria and evaluate the performance of the Histidine Rich Protein (HRP-2) pf Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) in screening clinical cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a field setting. Methods and Findings: The study was conducted between June and October 2010. Thick blood smears were prepared using standard parasitological procedures, other information concerning the patients were obtained using a well structured questionnaire. Prevalence rate of malaria irrespective of Plasmodium species among the patients examined was 39.5% (102/258). Prevalence rate of malarial infection was not significantly different between sexes (χ 2 = 0.01, p&gt;0.05), age groups (χ 2 = 6.44, p&gt;0.05), educational status (χ 2= 6.1, p&gt;0.05) and occupation of the patients examined (χ 2= 8.4, P&gt;0.05). The study also revealed predominance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria (59.1%) among all the positive cases of malaria. Performance of the HRP-2 pf RDTs showed a sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 100% in the area. Conclusion: The results obtained suggested that microscopy remains the gold standard method for diagnosis of malarial infection, although the HRP-2 pf RDTs can be used where microscopy is not available and in cases where urgent malaria diagnosis is needed. © iMedPub.	HRP-2; Malaria; Prevalence; Sensitivity; Specificity	histidine rich protein 2; protein; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; blood smear; child; diagnostic test; educational status; female; gold standard; groups by age; human; infection rate; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; Nigeria; occupation; prevalence; Rapid Diagnosis Test; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; structured questionnaire	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873608466	Seasonal fluctuations of Simulium damnosum complex and Onchocerca microfilarial evaluation in river systems, South-west Nigeria	Sam-Wobo S.O., Adeleke M.A., Jayeola O.A., Adeyi A.O., Oluwole A.S., Adewale B., Mafiana C.F., Bissan Y., Toé L., Yameogo L., Mutabaruka E., Amazigo U.V.	2013	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	33	1	10.1017/S1742758412000434	Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture,	Sam-Wobo, S.O., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeleke, M.A., Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Jayeola, O.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeyi, A.O., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oluwole, A.S., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adewale, B., Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Yaba-Lagos, Nigeria; Mafiana, C.F., National Universities Commission, Abuja, Nigeria; Bissan, Y., WHO Multi-Disease Surveillance Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Toé, L., WHO Multi-Disease Surveillance Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Yameogo, L., African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Mutabaruka, E., WHO Multi-Disease Surveillance Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Amazigo, U.V., African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso	Seasonal fluctuations of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex and the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus Bickel in blackflies caught in river systems bordering the Nigeria-Benin border were assessed for their direct impact on the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in South-western Nigeria. Entomological evaluation and heteroduplex assay (HDA) techniques were performed on flies caught in the eight capture points in the Ogun and Yewa river systems between October and December 2007, July and December 2008 and May and December 2009. A total of 5789 blackflies were caught on human bait, of which 727 (12.6%) flies were captured in 2007, 1723 (29.8%) in 2008 and 3339 (57.6%) in 2009. The majority of flies caught during the study were forest flies representing 90.3% of the total catch while savanna flies constituted 9.7%. Proportions of parous to iparous flies were low in all the catching points (31.1 and 68.9%, respectively). Of the 5789 flies dissected, 11 (0.2%) flies were infected with Onchocerca parasites with nine of the infected flies having L3 head parasites. The HDA results revealed that the Beffa form of S. soubrense was the dominant cytospecies present (87.1%) in all the capture sites when compared with 12.9% of S. damnosum s.s. The low level of infectivity of flies may therefore indicate a low transmission level of onchocerciasis in the communities along the Ogun and Yewa river systems. However, there is a need for constant surveillance on species composition and fly infectivity in the river systems along the borders of Nigeria-Benin Republic. © 2013 icipe.	S. soubrense Beffa; seasonal fluctuation; Simulium damnosum complex; South-western Nigeria	damnosum complex; Onchocerca; Onchocerca volvulus; Simuliidae; Simulium damnosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349333672	The impact of nile crocodiles on rural livelihoods in northeastern Namibia	Aust P., Boyle B., Fergusson R., Coulson T.	2009	South African Journal of Wildlife Research	39	1	10.3957/056.039.0107	Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Crocodile Conservation and Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X0001, Ballito, 4420, South Africa	Aust, P., Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Boyle, B., Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Fergusson, R., Crocodile Conservation and Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X0001, Ballito, 4420, South Africa; Coulson, T., Crocodile Conservation and Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X0001, Ballito, 4420, South Africa	Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) are one of the few dangerous predators regularly found outside protected wildlife areas. This is particularly so In northeastern Namibia where an extensive network of rivers and wetlands coupled with successful conservation measures has allowed crocodile populations to flourish since uncontrolled exploitation ended over three decades ago. This area is predominantly communal land characterized by numerous subsistence communities dependent on river and wetland resources. In recent years, the combination of a growing human population and resurgent crocodile populations has resulted in considerable conflict between humans and crocodiles. The principle objective of this study was to quantify the impact of crocodiles on rural livelihoods. Data were obtained from existing records and through community surveys on the lower Kavango, Chobe and Kwando rivers and upper Zambezi River. Existing estimates suggest an annual loss of ∼255 domestic cattle per year for northeastern Namibia whilst community survey estimates suggest a substantially greater annual loss of ∼6864 cattle per year. Community surveys also revealed conflict between crocodiles and artisinal fishermen, with an estimated 71 500 fishing nets damaged by crocodiles per year. Human-crocodile conflict in Namibia may have greater impacts than previously assumed, and may undermine conservation and development objectives.	Cattle; Conflict; Net damage; Nile crocodile; Northeastern Namibia; Rural livelihoods	conservation; crocodilian; human settlement; nature-society relations; predator; rural population; survey; wetland; Africa; Namibia; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Alligator; Bos; Bos taurus; Crocodylidae (all crocodiles); Crocodylus niloticus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856038178	Vegetation inventory of the Redemption camp, Ogun State, Nigeria; Evaluation of medicinal plant resources and strategies for conservation	Durugbo E.U., Oyetoran B.O., Oyejide N.E.	2012	Journal of Biological Sciences	12	1	10.3923/jbs.2012.34.42	Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria	Durugbo, E.U., Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oyetoran, B.O., Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oyejide, N.E., Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria	Plants are of great importance in the environment. They help in conserving soil fertility, prevention of erosion, recycling of oxygen and water. They also provide shade, seeds, fruits, timber, vegetables and medicines for man and his livestock. The Redemption Camp falls within the moist equatorial/tropical rainforest belt of Nigeria known for its rich reserve of economic and medicinal plants. This forest has been over exploited and the rate at which the vegetation around the Camp is being destroyed is alarming. Going by the UN declaration of 2010 as the year of biodiversity, there arose an urgent need to document the available plant species in the Redemption City, noting their different uses and promoting ample action towards their conservation through awareness programmes, housing in herbarium and cultivation of a medicinal plant farm. An inventory of the vegetation around the Camp was undertaken between March and November 2010. A total of 472 plants species belonging to one hundred and thirteen (113) families majority of which have previously been documented as medicinal plants were recorded. Herbs, trees and shrubs dominated the flora. The records of herbs and grasses could have possibly arisen as pioneer species of formerly forested areas cleared for housing and other development projects. The most diverse families were Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae and Cyperaceae, while the commonest trees were Ficus capensis, F. polita, F. exasperata, Elaeis guineensis, Morinda lucida, Albizia lebbeck, Anthocleista vogelii, Maragaritaria discoides, Bridelia micrantha, Carica papaya, Spondias mombin, Blighia sapida, Antiaris africana, Alstonia boonei, Sterculia trigacantha, Rauvolfia vomitora, Ceiba pentandra, Albizia zygia, Newbouldia laevis, Anthocleista djalonensis and Bombax bounopozense. The numerous climbers characteristic of the tropical rainforest indicated the presence of forests in the recent past. This listing of the medicinal plants will pave way for other researchers as th search for new drugs continues. © 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Biodiversity; Herbarium; Medicinal plants; Redemption city; Southwestern Nigeria	Albizia; Albizia lebbeck; article; Asteraceae; Cyperaceae; Elaeis guineensis; environmental protection; Euphorbiaceae; Fabaceae; Ficus; Ficus capensis; Ficus exasperata; Ficus polita; forest; grass; herb; legume; medicinal plant; Moraceae; Morinda lucida; Nigeria; nonhuman; Poaceae; shrub; tree; vegetation; Albizia lebbeck; Albizia zygia; Alstonia boonei; Anthocleista djalonensis; Anthocleista vogelii; Antiaris; Asteraceae; Blighia sapida; Bombax; Bridelia micrantha; Carica papaya; Ceiba pentandra; Cyperaceae; Elaeis guineensis; Euphorbiaceae; Fabaceae; Ficus (angiosperm); Ficus exasperata; Moraceae; Morinda lucida; Newbouldia laevis; Poaceae; Rauvolfia; Spondias mombin; Sterculia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897850290	Evaluation of tribromoethanol, tribromoethanol-buprenorphine and ketamine-xylazine combinations for anaesthesia in sprague-dawley rats undergoing ovariectomy	Ajadi R.A., Gazal N.A., Teketay D.H., Gazal S.O.	2012	Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences	28	1	None	Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Ajadi, R.A., Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Gazal, N.A., Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States; Teketay, D.H., Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States; Gazal, S.O., Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States	Effect of premedication with buprenorphine (BP) on efficacy and safety of tribromoethanol (TBE) - induced anaesthesia was evaluated and compared with anaesthesia induced by ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) combination in rats undergoing ovariectomy. Fifteen Sprague -Dawley rats (mean weight 246.5 ± 13.1g) were randomly divided into three groups. Group (TBE) received tribromoethanol solution (250mg/kg). Group (TBE+BP) was premedicated with BP (0.02mg/kg) and 30 minutes later with TBE (250mg/kg). Group KX was anaesthetized with mixture of K (43.5mg/kg) and X (6.5mg/kg). All injections were administered intraperitoneally. Anaesthetic parameters determined were onset of anaesthesia (OAN), duration of antinociception (DAN), duration of sleep (DSP) and recovery time (RCT). Rectal temperatures (RT) and respiratory rates (RR) were recorded immediately after loss of righting reflex and at ten minute interval up to 90 minute. In addition, rats were monitored for adverse signs up to one week after ovariectomy. Anaesthetic indices were compared using Student's t-test, while RR and RT were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two rats in TBE group and one rat in TBE+BP group died three days after ovariectomy. Duration of antinociception (DAN) was significantly (P= 0.0015) longer in TBE than in KX anaesthetized rats but not significantly (P= 0.054) different between TBE and TBE-BP anaesthetized rats. Also, DSP was significantly (P=0.001) longer in KX anaesthetized rats than TBE- anaesthetized rats. Similarly, the DSP was significantly (P= 0.013) shorter in TBE group than TBE+ BP anaesthetized rats. Both RR and RT decreased significantly (P<0.0001) with time following anaesthesia in all groups. It was concluded that KX mixture provided better anaesthesia than TBE and TBE+BP, and addition of BP to TBE did not have any beneficial effect. © Physiological Society of Nigeria.	Anaesthesia; Buprenorphine; Ketamine; Ovariectomy; Rats; Tribromoethanol; Xylazine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874747525	Evaluation of nutrient and anti-nutrient contents of selected Nigerian cucurbits seeds	Karaye I.U., Aliero A.A., Muhammad S., Bilbis L.S.	2013	Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences	4	1	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Karaye, I.U., Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Aliero, A.A., Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Muhammad, S., Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Bilbis, L.S., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Seeds of Luffa aegyptiaca (Mill.), Citrullus lanatus (Thunb. Matsum), Cucurbita maxima (Duchesne, ex-Lam.), Cucumis metuliferus (E. Mey. ex Naudin) and Momordica balsamina (L.) were evaluated for their nutritional and antinutritional compositions using standard analytical procedures. Results of proximate analysis revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) in contents of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates amongst the studied species. Crude protein content ranged from 29.49-33.50% with the highest value in C. lanatus while C. maxima had the least. Crude lipid composition ranged from 28.24 33.60% with the highest in C. lanatus and M. balsamina had the least. Crude carbohydrate content ranged from 27.88-34.46% with the highest value obtained in C. metuliferus while the least was found in M. balsamina. Crude fibre analysis revealed the highest content of 3.86% in C. maxima while the least value of 3.16% was found in C. metuliferus. Ash content was highest (4.64%) in M. balsamina while the least (3.89%) was obtained in the seeds of L. aegyptiaca. Antinutritional analysis showed a significant difference (P>0.05) in the contents of oxalate, nitrate and tannins amongst the evaluated species. High nitrate and tannin contents of 8.10 and 3.7 mg/100 g dry weights were obtained in L. aegyptiaca and C. maxima respectively. Highest cyanide compositions of 0.51 and 0.50 mg/100 g were identified in C. metuliferus and C. maxima respectively. The seed extracts showed inhibition against trypsin with the highest (46.05 and 41.57%) shown by C. maxima and C. lanatus respectively. Results in this study suggest the potent of the seeds as formidable sources of nutrients that could be exploited for wider application in food and animal feed fortification schemes after further validation.	Cucurbits; Food fortification; Nutritional; Protease inhibition; Trypsin; Validation	carbohydrate; cyanide; fat; lipid; nitrate; tannin derivative; article; ash; carbohydrate analysis; controlled study; Cucumis; Cucumis metuliferus; Cucurbita maxima; food analysis; food composition; lipid composition; Luffa aegyptiaca; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional value; phytochemistry; plant fiber; plant leaf; plant seed; protein content; watermelon	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924705895	Behaviour and ecological impacts of termites: Fecundity investigations in mounds	Wako S.E.	2015	Ekologia Bratislava	34	1	10.1515/eko-2015-0008	Department of Biology Education, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 6767, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Wako, S.E., Department of Biology Education, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 6767, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A radical study was conducted on the behaviour and ecological impacts of termites in Haru District of Western Oromia, Ethiopia. It was aimed at investigating the natural behaviour, fecundity in mounds, ecological impacts and recommending possible solutions to termite problems. Four mounds in different sites were vertically dug down to display the profile of the queen, soldiers, workers, number of laid eggs, nymphs and colonies of termites. On an average, termite queens of the study site may lay about 25 eggs per minute, 36,000 eggs per day and 13,140,000 eggs annually. The fourth queen was unearthed to study the structure, size, number of ovaries and fecundity. It was examined that the death of a queen does not affect the colony, because four small queens are formed and one of them becomes the queen of queens and replaced the dead queen promptly. Accordingly, termites are found to be one of the most destructive agents of our ecosystems and their management requests careful and biological control methods. As a result, the negative effect of termites outweighs the positive effect of termites so that minimising the population size is important for human beings.	Alates; Cast; Colony; Queen; Red ants and royal cell	behavioral ecology; biological control; ecological impact; ecosystem management; fecundity; population size; termite; Ethiopia; Oromia; Formicidae; Isoptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-72349088098	The impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme on malaria transmission in Ziway area, Central Ethiopia	Kibret S., Alemu Y., Boelee E., Tekie H., Alemu D., Petros B.	2010	Tropical Medicine and International Health	15	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02423.x	Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 14001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Water Management Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kibret, S., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 14001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Alemu, Y., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 14001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Boelee, E., International Water Management Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tekie, H., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 14001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Alemu, D., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Petros, B., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 14001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Objective To assess the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme in Ziway area, a semi-arid area in the Central Ethiopian Rift Valley, on malaria transmission. Method Parasitological, entomological and socio-economic studies were conducted in a village with and a village without irrigation. Blood smear samples were taken from individuals during the dry and wet seasons of 2005/2006. Socio-economic data were collected from household heads and key agricultural and health informants through interviews and questionnaires. Larval and adult mosquitoes were sampled during the dry and short wet seasons of 2006. Female anopheline mosquitoes were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for blood meal sources and sporozoite infections. Results Malaria prevalence was higher in the irrigated village (19%, P < 0.05) than the non-irrigated village (16%). In the irrigated village, malaria prevalence was higher in the dry season than in the wet season while the reverse occurred in the non-irrigated village. Households with access to irrigation had larger farm land sizes and higher incomes, but also higher prevalence of malaria. Larval and adult abundance of the malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles pharoensis, was higher in the irrigated than in the non-irrigated village throughout the study period. Furthermore, the abundance of An. pharoensis was significantly higher than that of An. arabiensis during the dry irrigated period of the year. Canal leakage pools, irrigated fields and irrigation canals were the major breeding habitats of the two vector mosquitoes. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection rates of 1.18% and 0.66% were determined for An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis in the irrigated village. Peak biting activities of the vectors occurred before 22:00 h, which is a source of concern that the effectiveness of ITNs may be compromised as the mosquitoes feed on blood before people go to bed. Conclusion Irrigation schemes along the Ethiopian Rift Valley may intensify malaria by increasing the level of prevalence during the dry season. To reduce the intensity of malaria transmission in the small-scale irrigation schemes currently in operation in Ethiopia, year-round source reduction by using proper irrigation water management, coupled with health education, needs to be incorporated into the existing malaria control strategies. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	An. arabiensis; An. pharoensis; Ethiopia; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; Small-scale irrigation	blood; disease prevalence; disease transmission; disease vector; dry season; entomology; immunoassay; infectious disease; irrigation; malaria; mosquito; parasitology; sampling; socioeconomic survey; wet season; Anopheles; Anopheles arabiensis; anopheles pharoensis; article; blood smear; breeding; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Ethiopia; female; health education; interview; irrigation (agriculture); larva; malaria; malaria control; mosquito; nonhuman; parasite transmission; parasite vector; Plasmodium falciparum; prevalence; questionnaire; season; socioeconomics; sporozoite; water management; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Agriculture; Animals; Anopheles; Child; Child, Preschool; Ecosystem; Ethiopia; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Infant; Insect Vectors; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Rural Health; Seasons; Socioeconomic Factors; Water Supply; Young Adult; Ethiopia; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles pharoensis; Plasmodium falciparum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898719323	Evaluation of the efficacy of DDT indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets against insecticide resistant populations of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia using experimental huts	Asale A., Getachew Y., Hailesilassie W., Speybroeck N., Duchateau L., Yewhalaw D.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-131	Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Horticulture and Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Asale, A., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia, Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Getachew, Y., Department of Horticulture and Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Hailesilassie, W., Department of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Speybroeck, N., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Duchateau, L., Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Yewhalaw, D., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Background: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Long-Lasting Insecticidal nets (LLINs) are major malaria vector control tools in Ethiopia. However, recent reports from different parts of the country showed that populations of Anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector, have developed resistance to most families of insecticides recommended for public health use which may compromise the efficacy of both of these key vector control interventions. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of DDT IRS and LLINs against resistant populations of An. arabiensis using experimental huts in Asendabo area, southwestern Ethiopia. Methods. The susceptibility status of populations of An. arabiensis was assessed using WHO test kits to DDT, deltamethrin, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin, fenitrothion and bendiocarb. The efficacy of LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0), was evaluated using the WHO cone bioassay. Moreover, the effect of the observed resistance against malaria vector control interventions (DDT IRS and LLINs) were assessed using experimental huts. Results: The findings of this study revealed that populations of An. arabiensis were resistant to DDT, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and malathion with mortality rates of 1.3%, 18.8%, 36.3% and 72.5%, respectively but susceptible to fenitrothion and bendiocarb with mortality rates of 98.81% and 97.5%, respectively. The bio-efficacy test of LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0) against An. arabiensis revealed that the mosquito population showed moderate knockdown (64%) and mortality (78%). Moreover, mosquito mortalities in DDT sprayed huts and in huts with LLINs were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from their respective controls. Conclusion: The evaluation of the efficacy of DDT IRS and LLINs using experimental huts showed that both vector control tools had only low to moderate efficacy against An. arabiensis populations from Ethiopia. Despite DDT being replaced by carbamates for IRS, the low efficacy of LLINs against the resistant population of An. arabiensis is still a problem. Thus, there is a need for alternative vector control tools and implementation of appropriate insecticide resistance management strategies as part of integrated vector management by the national malaria control program. © 2014 Asale et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	An. arabiensis; Ethiopia; Experimental huts; Insecticide resistance; Long-lasting insecticide treated nets	bendiocarb; carbamic acid derivative; chlorphenotane; cyhalothrin; deltamethrin; fenitrothion; insecticide; malathion; chlorphenotane; animal experiment; Anopheles arabiensis; article; bed net; bioassay; controlled study; Diptera; Ethiopia; female; health program; indoor residual spraying; insecticide resistance; malaria; malaria control; mortality; mosquito; nonhuman; population; vector control; animal; Anopheles; drug effects; housing; human; insecticide resistance; procedures; Animals; Anopheles; Biological Assay; DDT; Ethiopia; Housing; Humans; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Mosquito Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745484939	The environmental and social impact of petroleum and natural gas exploitation in Nigeria	Okeagu J.E., Okeagu J.C., Adegoke A.O., Onuoha C.N.	2006	Journal of Third World Studies	23	1	None	Department of Biology, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; Owerri General Hospital, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Geography, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; University of Port Harcourt, River	Okeagu, J.E., Department of Biology, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; Okeagu, J.C., Owerri General Hospital, Imo State, Nigeria; Adegoke, A.O., Department of Geography, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States; Onuoha, C.N., University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	The petroleum industry is the most environmentally deleterious enterprise in Nigeria, because of oil spillages, as well as ineffective or careless waste management and gas disposal. Severe environmental degradation has affected the quality of life for most Nigerians, especially those who are located in the Niger Delta. The injustices facing the peoples of the Niger Delta are in many ways the same as those facing all Nigerians after decades of rule by successive military regimes. However in the oil producing regions, the suppression of political activity, the lack of legal redress for damage to the environment, and the resulting loss of livelihood, and the sheer ubiquity of human rights abuses by the region's security forces, have generated greater protest, in turn resulting in greater repression. The first responsibility for resolving the injustices lies with the Nigerian government, whose priority should be to alleviate the social devastation facing all the people of the Niger Delta region. Multinational oil companies operating in Nigeria should also share the responsibility.	None	environmental degradation; environmental impact; human rights; oil industry; social impact; Africa; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897598447	Evaluation of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from some cream field bakery products in Jimma Town	Mola Y., Dabassa A., Demissie S.	2014	Research Journal of Microbiology	9	1	10.3923/jm.2014.16.24	Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia	Mola, Y., Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Dabassa, A., Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Demissie, S., Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia	Bakery products are moracious and staple foods consumed among most of the world's population. These products are prepared from cream, nut, nougat. These delicious foods can cause food borne diseases particularly halophile pathogenic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus in case of poor hygienity. This study was aimed to evaluate the extent of cream filled bakery products contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 30 samples were purchased from randomly selected cafeterias in Jimma town and transported to research and postgraduate laboratory of Biology department. A serial dilution was made accordingly and 0.1 mL aliquot sample was plated on pre-solidified Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Samples were collected from three sites (Merkato, Agip and Kochi). The result of the study showed that the mean count (CFU g-1) of S. aureus was dominant (6.3±0.1) in cream cake followed by donut (4.5±0.2) while the lowest mean count was recorded in zebib (4.3±0.2). Most (73.3%) of the food samples were positive for S. aureus. The isolates of S. aureus were resistant to penicillin G, methicillin and oxacillin, however; 75% of isolates were sensitive to erythromycin. Generally, the microbial safety of cream filled bakery products was poor and needs special attention. © Academic Journals Inc.	Bakery products; Cream filled; Food poisoning; Microbial load; S. aureus	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749093887	Evaluation on potential of wild hosts as trap plants for managing gramineous stemborers in maize based-agroecosystem	Yewhalaw D., Getu E., Seyoum E.	2008	Journal of Economic Entomology	101	1	10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[50:EOPOWH]2.0.CO;2	Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Yewhalaw, D., Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Getu, E., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Seyoum, E., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	As part of habitat management system to control cereal stemborers, various wild hosts used as trap plants were studied during the dry season from November 2003 to March 2004 at Melkassa, central Ethiopia. Five wild hosts of the family Poaceae [Pennisetum purpurum (Schumach), Sorghum vulgare variety sudanense (Pers.), Panicum coloratura L., Sorghum arundi-naceum Stapf, and Hyperrhania rufa (Nees)] were evaluated as trap plants in maize, Zea mays L.,-based agroecosystem. The results of the study showed that maize plots surrounded by all tested wild hosts had significantly lower mean percentage of foliage damage and stemborer density than maize monocrop plots 15 m away from the treatment blocks. Interestingly, mean foliar damage and stemborer density between maize plots surrounded by wild hosts and maize monocrop plots within the treatment blocks was not significant. Percentage of tunneled stalks was significantly greater in maize monocrop plots 15 m away from the treatment blocks than in maize plots surrounded by all tested wild host plant species. Moreover, the highest mean percentage of parasitism (62%) of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) was recorded in maize plots surrounded by P. purpureum. Therefore, the findings revealed that these wild hosts have considerable merit to be used as trap plants in the development of strategies for managing cereal stemborers in maize crops. © 2008 Entomological Society of America.	Cotesia flavipes; Maize; Stemborer; Trap plants; Wild hosts	animal; article; biological pest control; crop; ecosystem; Ethiopia; evaluation; growth, development and aging; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; maize; parasitology; physiology; Poaceae; population density; population dynamics; randomization; season; Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Ethiopia; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; Pest Control, Biological; Poaceae; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Random Allocation; Seasons; Zea mays; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Panicum; Pennisetum; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Poaceae; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays	None
None	None	Understanding watershed dynamics and impacts of climate change and variability in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania	Lalika M.C.S., Meire P., Ngaga Y.M., Chang'a L.	2015	Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology	15	1	10.1016/j.ecohyd.2014.11.002	Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Forest Economics, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Meteorological Agency, P.O. Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Lalika, M.C.S., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Meire, P., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium; Ngaga, Y.M., Department of Forest Economics, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chang'a, L., Tanzania Meteorological Agency, P.O. Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Watersheds and rivers are vital ecological features for the provision of hydrological services for the health, welfare and prosperity of human communities. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities coupled with climate change and climate variability are blamed for degrading watersheds and rivers and decreasing their capacity to irrigate. To address the situation, it is important to understand why and how water shortages are occurring. This paper reports findings of a study carried out to identify and assess drivers of water shortages and adaptation strategies to climate change and variability in Pangani River Basin of Tanzania. To assess the influence of climate change and variability on hydrological flow and water shortages, time series data on rainfall and temperature were compiled from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency. We also used structured questionnaires to collect data on villagers' perceptions about the drivers of water shortages and adaptation strategies. Results indicated a decreasing trend of water flow (p < 0.05) at Kikuletwa-Karangai gauging station along Pangani River Basin. Trend analysis indicated a slight decrease of rainfall and increase of temperature. Although there is no empirical evidence to associate climate change with the decline of rainfall and water flow, adaptation measures need to be put in place in order to mitigate against increasing climate variability, reduced water flow, and projected climate change. Therefore, watershed conservation strategies should also focus on improving the welfare of local communities. Additionally, involvement of stakeholders in the entire PRB is crucial toward watersheds conservation for steady flow of hydrological services. © 2014 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of Polish Academy of Sciences.	Basin; Climate change; Ecosystem services; Pangani; River; Water; Watershed degradation	climate change; climate effect; climate variation; ecosystem service; environmental degradation; river basin; water flow; watershed; Pangani Basin; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942605038	Evaluation of rational use of veterinary drugs especially antimicrobials and anthelmintics in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia Veterinary Research	Beyene T., Endalamaw D., Tolossa Y., Feyisa A.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1466-4	Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia	Beyene, T., Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Endalamaw, D., Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Tolossa, Y., Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Feyisa, A., Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia	Background: Rational use of drugs in veterinary medicine has numerous benefits, such as increasing efficacy, decreasing the potential adverse effects, reducing risk of drug residue and combating development of microorganism's drug resistance. Methods: A retrospective study with the aim of evaluating the current rational use of veterinary drugs was conducted at college of veterinary medicine and agriculture veterinary teaching hospital and Ada district veterinary clinic, central Ethiopia. One thousand eight hundred and nineteen animal patients' encounters were randomly selected for the study from prescription papers and prescription registration books retrospectively. Results: The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 1.23 with maximum of five. The percentage of encounters in which antimicrobials and anthelmintics was prescribed were 54.4 % (1216/2235) and 38.9 % (869/2235), respectively. The percentages of drugs prescribed by generic name and from essential veterinary drug list were 90.1 % (2014/2235) and 99.7 % (2229/2235), respectively. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobials and anthelmintics were oxytetracycline 1016 (45.5 %), penicillin and streptomycin combination 168 (7.5 %), sulfa drugs 23 (1.0 %), and albendazole 732 (32.8 %) and ivermectin 137 (6.1 %). Among the 1819 animal-patient encounters, only 57 % (n = 1037) of the prescriptions were written adequately, 43 % (n = 782) incorrectly prescribed and 1179 cases of the adequately specified prescription were tentatively diagnosed. For 656 (53.9 %) and 233 (26.8 %) inadequately specified cases antimicrobials and anthelmintics were prescribed, respectively. Antibiotics were prescribed irrationally for cases which were tentatively diagnosed as parasitic 21.6 % (n = 262) and viral to prevent secondary bacterial complications 6.0 % (n = 73). Among all patients that were admitted to veterinary clinics, 96.6 % (1757) were treated empirically without getting correct laboratory-supported diagnosis. Chi Square test for trend analysis showed a statistically significant association between irrational drug usage and year (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The findings had shown problems in generic prescribing, incorrect diagnosis, and non-availability of standard veterinary treatment guideline and drug formulary in the study area. Therefore, veterinary drugs, specially, antimicrobial agents should be judiciously used; and a wide scale study to safeguard the public from drug residual effects and antimicrobial resistance development is recommended. © 2015 Beyene et al.	Ethiopia; Evaluation; Prescribing practices; Rational use; Veterinary drugs	None	None
None	None	Impact of praziquantel mass drug administration campaign on prevalence and intensity of schistosoma haemamtobium among schoolchildren in Bahi district, Tanzania	Chaula S.A., Tarimo D.S.	2014	Tanzania Journal of Health Research	16	1	10.4314/thrb.v16i1.1	Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dodoma, Tanzania; School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Chaula, S.A., Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dodoma, Tanzania; Tarimo, D.S., School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	As part of the Tanzania National Schistosomiasis Control Programme, Bahi district in central Tanzania, received two annual rounds of praziquantel mass drug administration (MDA) to control urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of the two rounds of MDA on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haemamtobium and the impact of MDA campaigns on knowledge of urinary schistosomiasis, safe water use and contact with potentially unsafe water bodies. A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out among schoolchildren in March and April, 2013. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on MDA uptake, knowledge of schistosomiasis, sources of water for domestic and other uses. Urine samples were collected from each pupil to examine prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium. Transmission of schistosomiasis was assessed by sampling Bulinus spp snails for cercarial shedding. Uptake of MDA was 39.5% in 2011 and 43.6% in 2012. Prevalence of S. haematobium significantly dropped by 50.0% from 26% in 2011 to 15% in 2012 (p = 0.000). Prevalence of S. haematobium was significantly low in MDA participating (3.1%) than non-participating (28.5%) schoolchildren (p = 0.000). MDA campaigns had significant impact on knowledge of the disease (p = 0.02) and borderline impact on safe water use (p = 0.04) but had no impact on avoidance of contact with unsafe water bodies (p = 0.06). Bulinus spp. snails were found shedding schistosome cercariae indicating environmental contamination with viable S. haematobium eggs. In conclusion, though MDA significantly reduced prevalence of S. haematobium, uptake was below 50.0% and below the World Health Assembly resolution 54.19 target of 75.0% for 2010. Non-participation in MDA was the likely source of S. haematobium eggs in the environment hence the observed 15.0% prevalence of S. haematobium infection; and cercarial shedding Bulinus spp. snails indicating continuity of transmission hence the need for further health promotion campaigns.	Mass drug administration; Praziquantel; Schoolchildren; Tanzania; Urinary schistosomiasis	lake water; praziquantel; river water; tap water; well water; anthelmintic agent; praziquantel; adolescent; adult; article; Bulinus; cercaria; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; health education; health promotion; human; major clinical study; male; microbial contamination; nonhuman; parasite prevalence; parasite transmission; schistosomiasis haematobia; structured questionnaire; Tanzania; urinalysis; water supply; animal; attitude to health; drug administration; parasitology; prevalence; questionnaire; Schistosoma haematobium; schistosomiasis haematobia; young adult; Adolescent; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Praziquantel; Prevalence; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tanzania; Water Supply; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887168239	Evaluation of bacterial and parasitic load of clarias species from river Niger and an artificial habitat in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria	Mgbemena I.C., Obiajuru C., Onyedineke N., Ebe T., Okeke U.E., Udensi U.J.	2011	Nigerian Journal of Parasitology	32	1	None	Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Technology, Federal University o	Mgbemena, I.C., Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Obiajuru, C., Department of Medical Microbiology, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Onyedineke, N., Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ebe, T., Department of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Okeke, U.E., Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Udensi, U.J., Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	The bacterial and parasitic load of Clarias gariepinus fishes collected from a fish pond and River Niger in Onitsha, Anambra State were studied. A total of 25 apparently healthy and diseased fishes comprising of 13 (2 diseased and 11 healthy pond fishes) and 12 apparently healthy fishes from River Niger were examined. The skin, gills and intestine of the fishes were examined. The findings of bacteriological examinations revealed that Staphylococcus Species (sp), Enterobacter sp, Pseudomonas sp, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus feacalis, Proteus sp, Aeromonas sp, Vibrio sp and Salmonella sp were present in the skin, gills and intestine of the fishes examined. Prevalence of bacteria in the different parts of the fishes were: Intestine > gills and skins and also gills > skin in two habitats. Parasitic examination of the fishes revealed the presence of: Entamoeba sp, Trichodina sp, Ichthiopthrius sp, Gyrodactylus sp, and Neobenedenia melleni. Entamoeba sp (84.0%) was the most prevalent parasite encountered while the least was Gyrodactylus species and Neobenedenia species (4.0%) respectively. Comparative analysis of the samples from pond and river showed that Pond fishes haboured more bacteria and parasites than River Niger fishes. This study has shown that apparently healthy and diseased fishes from artificial culture systems and natural water habitat habour bacterial and parasitic organisms capable of infecting humans. © Nigerian Journal of Parasitology.	Clarias gariepinus; Entamoeba sp; Gills and trichodina sp; Proteus sp	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929659246	Distributon and impact of the alien anemone Sagarta ornata in the West Coast Natonal Park	Robinson T.B., Swart C.	2015	Koedoe	57	1	10.4102/koedoe.v57i1.1246	Department of Botany and Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Robinson, T.B., Department of Botany and Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Swart, C., Department of Botany and Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Sagartia ornata is an alien anemone that occurs intertidally within the West Coast National Park (WCNP). Whilst baseline distributional data was gathered in 2001, the range and abundance of this alien has not been reassessed. The present study aimed to determine the current status and distribution of this anemone, to assess its diet so as to establish the role it may play as predator and to investigate its impact on sandy-shore communities. Sagartia ornata was found to be restricted to the WCNP, where it occurred in densities of up to 508 ± 218 individuals per m2. Within the park the distribution of this anemone had changed. Populations were recorded in Nanozostera capensis seagrass beds for the frst time and this alien was absent from two areas in which it had previously occurred. Diet analysis revealed indigenous polychaetes and amphipods as the dominant prey items consumed by S. ornata. This alien was found to signifcantly alter sandy-shore community structure, with differences caused primarily by increases in the abundance and biomass of the tanaid Anatanais gracilis and the polychaete Orbinia angrapequensis. Additionally, invaded areas supported signifcantly greater invertebrate diversity, density and biomass. It is concluded that whilst this anemone negatively affects native biota, its current dependence on restricted habitats precludes widespread impacts with the park. Conservation implications: With regard to conservation implications, this invasion should be routinely monitored outside the WCNP as in its native range S. ornata occurs on rocky shores and kelp holdfasts, suggesting a potential for spread along the west coast of South Africa. © 2015. The Authors.	None	abundance; biological invasion; introduced species; polyp; rocky shore; seagrass; sessile species; spatial distribution; South Africa; West Coast National Park; Western Cape; Amphipoda; Anemone; Invertebrata; Orbinia; Polychaeta; Sagartia ornata; Tanaidae; Zeuxo phytalensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892590427	The impacts of neutralized acid mine drainage contaminated water on the expression of selected endocrine-linked genes in juvenile Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed in vivo	Truter J.C., Wyk J.H.V., Oberholster P.J., Botha A.-M.	2014	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	100	1	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.005	Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Truter, J.C., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Wyk, J.H.V., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Oberholster, P.J., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Botha, A.-M., Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental concern due to detrimental impacts on river ecosystems. Little is however known regarding the biological impacts of neutralized AMD on aquatic vertebrates despite excessive discharge into watercourses. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the endocrine modulatory potential of neutralized AMD, using molecular biomarkers in the teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus in exposure studies. Surface water was collected from six locations downstream of a high density sludge (HDS) AMD treatment plant and a reference site unimpacted by AMD. The concentrations of 28 elements, including 22 metals, were quantified in the exposure water in order to identify potential links to altered gene expression. Relatively high concentrations of manganese (~ 10. mg/l), nickel (~ 0.1. mg/l) and cobalt (~ 0.03. mg/l) were detected downstream of the HDS plant. The expression of thyroid receptor-α (trα), trβ, androgen receptor-1 (ar1), ar2, glucocorticoid receptor-1 (gr1), gr2, mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) and aromatase (cyp19a1b) was quantified in juvenile fish after 48. h exposure. Slight but significant changes were observed in the expression of gr1 and mr in fish exposed to water collected directly downstream of the HDS plant, consisting of approximately 95 percent neutralized AMD. The most pronounced alterations in gene expression (i.e. trα, trβ, gr1, gr2, ar1 and mr) was associated with water collected further downstream at a location with no other apparent contamination vectors apart from the neutralized AMD. The altered gene expression associated with the "downstream" locality coincided with higher concentrations of certain metals relative to the locality adjacent to the HDS plant which may indicate a causative link. The current study provides evidence of endocrine disruptive activity associated with neutralized AMD contamination in regard to alterations in the expression of key genes linked to the thyroid, interrenal and gonadal endocrine axes of a teleost fish species. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage	aromatase; biological marker; cobalt; endocrine disruptor; manganese; mineralocorticoid receptor; nickel; surface water; thyroid hormone receptor alpha; acid mine drainage; biomarker; cobalt; concentration (composition); endocrine disruptor; gene expression; juvenile; molecular analysis; perciform; river pollution; sludge; acid mine drainage; androgen receptor 1 gene; androgen receptor 2 gene; aromatase gene; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; endocrine disease; environmental exposure; environmental impact; gene; gene expression; genetic association; glucocorticoid receptor 1 gene; glucocorticoid receptor 2 gene; in vivo study; juvenile animal; mineralocorticoid receptor gene; molecular biology; Mozambique; nonhuman; Oreochromis mossambicus; sludge; thyroid receptor alpha gene; waste water treatment plant; water contamination; Oreochromis mossambicus; Teleostei; Vertebrata; Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage; Acids; Animals; Endocrine System; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Mining; Rivers; Tilapia; Water Pollutants, Chemical	CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-53649086180	Nutritional evaluation of Sterculia setigera seeds and pod	Idu M., Uzoekwe S., Onyibe H.I.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	11	1	10.3923/pjbs.2008.139.141	Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Ambose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Idu, M., Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Uzoekwe, S., Department of Basic Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Onyibe, H.I., Department of Botany, Ambose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria	The results obtained on analysis of the seeds and pods of Sterculia setigera for their nutritional composition revealed that while the seed sample has high crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate and fat contents, their contents in the pod sample was very low. The analysis of the mineral profile reveals that the seed of Sterculia setigera is rich in sodium, iron, zinc and manganese. Conversely, the mineral composition of the pod is low. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Evaluation; Nutritional; Pod; Seeds; Sterculia setigera	article; atomic absorption spectrometry; chemistry; nutritional value; plant seed; prenatal development; Sterculia; Nutritive Value; Seeds; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Sterculia; Sterculia; Sterculia setigera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950259515	Influence of quality performance on clients' patronage of indigenous and expatriate construction contractors in Nigeria	Idoro G.I.	2010	Journal of Civil Engineering and Management	16	1	10.3846/jcem.2010.06	Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Idoro, G.I., Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Contractors operating in Nigeria are classified as either indigenous or expatriates. The latter is often giving preference over the former in the award of contracts and stakeholders consider this practice unhealthy for growth and development. This study evaluates the influence of the quality performance of the two categories of contractors on their patronage. The objectives are to determine the level and difference in the patronage and quality performance of indigenous and expatriate contractors and the correlation between clients' assessment of the quality performance and patronage of indigenous and expatriate contractors in the Nigerian construction industry. To achieve these objectives, a field survey involving a sample of 43 clients selected from the population of organised clients in Nigeria was conducted. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The data collected were analysed to determine the ranking and test of difference in clients' patronage and clients' assessment of quality performance between the two categories of contractors using mean and t-test respectively. The correlation between patronage and quality performance was analysed using Spearman correlation test. The study established that expatriate contractors are being giving preference in the award of contracts. It also established that clients perceive the quality performance of expatriate contractors to be better than that of indigenous contractors and attributed the preference in patronage to this difference. It suggested that indigenous contractors should embark on measures that will improve their quality performance in order to stop the preference for expatriate contractors.	Clients' patronage; Expatriate contractors; Indigenous contractors and quality performance	Clients' patronage; Construction contractors; Expatriate contractors; Field surveys; Growth and development; Nigeria; Nigerians; Quality performance; Spearman correlation; Construction industry; Statistical tests; Surveys; Contractors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858827980	Comparing levels of use of project plans and performance of traditional contract and design-build construction projects in Nigeria	Idoro G.	2012	Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology	10	1	10.1108/17260531211211863	Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria	Idoro, G., Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria	Purpose: The prominent role of traditional contract and design-build methods in the procurement of projects and the importance of planning in the success of the projects prompt this study. The study evaluates the levels of use of project documents and their influence on the outcome of projects procured by the two methods. The purpose of this paper is to assist stakeholders in comparing the documents prepared and the performance of projects procured by traditional contract and design-build methods. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopted a questionnaire survey approach to achieve its purpose. A field survey of 84 projects made up of 42 traditional contract projects and 42 design-build projects selected by purposive sampling was conducted. Three categories of variables namely: procurement method, project planning and project outcome were used. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaires and analysed to derive and compare the levels of use of selected project plans, levels of project inception, design, tendering, construction and overall planning in projects procured by traditional contract and design-build methods using percentage, mean and t-test. Findings: The results reveal that the levels of project stage and overall planning in projects procured by the two methods investigated are the same. However, the levels of use of specific plans and project outcome in the two categories of projects are significantly different. The study considers the difference in the levels of use of project plans to be responsible for the lower delivery time and cost of projects procured by traditional contract method and higher quality standards in projects procured by design-build method. Originality/value: The paper has revealed the level of efforts put into the planning of projects procured by traditional contract and design-build methods and their influence on the performance of the projects. The results will make project stakeholders aware of how to improve their efforts, thereby improving the outcome of the projects. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Construction industry; Contracts; Document management; Nigeria; Procurement management; Project management; Project performance; Project planning	Document management; Nigeria; Procurement management; Project performance; Project planning; Construction industry; Contracts; Information services; Project management; Surveys; Model buildings	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84961327393	Relationships among internal stakeholders in construction projects: A cognitive evaluation for sustainable team integration in Nigeria	Ujene A.O., Edike U.E.	2015	International Journal of Construction Management	15	1	10.1080/15623599.2015.1012142	Department of Building, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Building Technology, Bells University of Technology, Otta, Nigeria	Ujene, A.O., Department of Building, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Edike, U.E., Department of Building, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria, Department of Building Technology, Bells University of Technology, Otta, Nigeria	This study evaluates the relationships among internal stakeholders in the Nigerian construction industry. The objectives are to evaluate the factors influencing good working relationships, with priority placed on relationship indicators and variation in effect/priority among groups of relationships. A survey of 95 purposively sampled stakeholders resulted in 72 valid structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using mean score and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The study concludes that unitary relationships are more associated with professionals; coercive relationships more associated with contractors; while mutuality relationships are least prevalent. The influence of factors promoting/hindering good relationships do not significantly vary among the internal stakeholders (p-values = 0.665 and 0.468), while significant variation exists in the priority placed on relationship-oriented indicators (p-value = 0.015). The study recommends encouragement of mutual relationships, clear/regular communication, trust/respect for contractual conditions, cooperation/collaboration, adequate job descriptions and good job attitudes. Priority should be placed on seamless/collaborative operation, collective understanding and gain/pain-sharing, which encourage team integration. ©2015 Taylor & Francis.	construction; internal stakeholders; projects; relationship; team integration	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876270245	Modelling critical success factors of business process reengineering and business performance of Nigerian oil and gas companies	Asika N., Awolusi O.D.	2013	International Journal of Services and Operations Management	15	1	10.1504/IJSOM.2013.053253	Department of Business Administration and Marketing, School of Postgraduate Studies, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	Asika, N., Department of Business Administration and Marketing, School of Postgraduate Studies, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; Awolusi, O.D., Department of Business Administration and Marketing, School of Postgraduate Studies, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	Business process reengineering (BPR) is a fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, speed and services (Al-Mashari and Zairi, 1999). This paper provides a holistic view of the BPR implementation process, by reviewing the hard and soft factors that cause success and failure for BPR implementation, as well as, examine the effectiveness of the critical success factors (CSFs) of BPR on both primary (operational) and secondary (organisational) measures of business performance in Nigerian oil and gas industry. The aim was achieved through an empirical study involving the administration of 650 self-administered questionnaires to a randomly selected senior and management staff of eight (8) re-engineered oil and gas companies in Nigeria. Using the framework from Khong and Richardson (2003), several hypotheses were tested, via structural equation modelling (SEM). Using SEM, multivariate analyses were mathematically represented in a single equation, and findings from this study confirmed that BPR had significant association on business performance of Nigerian oil and gas companies. Copyright © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	BPR; Business process reengineering; Factor analysis; Multivariate analysis; Nigeria; Oil and gas industry; Operating performance; Organisational performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953688982	Firm-specific Managerial Experience and the social capital-performance Relationship in a sub-Saharan African Transition Economy	Acquaah M., Appiah-Nkrumah J.	2011	Journal of African Business	12	1	10.1080/1536710X.2011.555251	Department of Business Administration, Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26165, Greensboro, NC 27402-6165, United States; Department of Economics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Acquaah, M., Department of Business Administration, Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26165, Greensboro, NC 27402-6165, United States; Appiah-Nkrumah, J., Department of Economics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	The authors examine the direct and moderating effects of firm-specific managerial experience on the relationship between social capital and performance. Using data from Ghana, the findings show that social capital from bureaucratic officials and community leaders, as well as firm-specific managerial experience, have a positive influence on performance, while social capital from politicians has a negative influence on firm performance. Furthermore, firm-specific managerial experience positively moderates the relationship between (a) social capital from politicians and performance, and (b) social capital from community leaders and performance. Therefore, firm-specific managerial experience attenuates the detrimental effects of social capital from politicians on performance. The findings contribute to knowledge in the social capital and resource-based view literature. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Firm performance; Firm-specific managerial experience; Ghana; Social capital; Sub-Saharan Africa; Transition economies	industrial enterprise; management; social capital; transitional economy; Ghana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249148413	Impact assessment of business process reengineering on organisational performance	Adeyemi S., Aremu M.A.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Adeyemi, S., Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Aremu, M.A., Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	In Nigeria, the changing dynamics of banking and other financial institutions market forced players at all levels to re-engineer their business organisations. The banking operations and functions which is intend to meet emerging challenges of bank consolidation, slashing operating cost, outsourcing, portfolio investment, payments and settlement system call for innovative banking practices through Business Process Re-engineering. This is to enable Nigerian banks to incorporate strategic innovative customer schemes in order to bridge the service gap inherent in Nigerian banking sector. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of reengineering on organizational performance and to uncover how business process reengineering can help organizations to effect innovative and strategic changes in the organisation. The data for this current investigation were obtained from primary source that was analysed through simple percentage analysis and regression analysis. The paper concludes that business process reengineering has become useful weapon for any corporate organisations that is seeking for improvement in their current organizational performance and intends achieve cost leadership strategy in its operating industry and environment. It recommended that reengineering process remains effective tools for organizations striving to operate as effectively and efficiently as possible and organizations are required to reengineer their business processes in order to achieve breakthrough performance and long term strategy for organizational growth and performance.	Business process; Business process reengineering; Information technology; Organisational performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876355263	Predicting the performance of bowlers in IPL: An application of artificial neural network	Saikia H., Bhattacharjee D., Lemmer H.H.	2012	International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport	12	1	None	Department of Business Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru School of Management, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India; Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa	Saikia, H., Department of Business Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru School of Management, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India; Bhattacharjee, D., Department of Business Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru School of Management, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India; Lemmer, H.H., Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa	Application of data mining tools is often used in professional sports for evaluating players'/ teams' performance. Cricket is one of those sports where a large amount of numerical information is generated in every game. The game of cricket got a new dimension in April 2008, when Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) initiated the Indian Premier League(IPL). It is a franchise based Twenty20 cricket tournament where teams are formed by competitive bidding from a collection of Indian and International players. Since, valuations of the players are determined through auction, so performance of individual player is always under scanner. The objective of this study is to analyze and predict the performance of bowlers in IPL, using artificial neural network. Based on the performance of bowlers in the first three seasons of IPL, the paper tries to predict the performances of those bowlers who entered in the league in its fourth season as their maiden IPL venture. The performances of these bowlers in IPL-IV are predicted, and the external validity of the model is tested using their actual performance in IPL-IV. This prediction can help the franchises to decide which bowler they should target for their team.	Data mining; Performance measurement in sports; Twenty20 cricket	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81855206505	The impact of strategic planning on the performance of nigerian banks	Ilesanmi O.A.	2011	European Journal of Scientific Research	65	1	None	Department of Business Administration, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Ilesanmi, O.A., Department of Business Administration, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	In today's competitive environment, every company has an action plan. Yet, for most managers, the processes used to create those plans don't usually work. Many have been refining their planning processes for ten to twenty years, frequently benchmarking with corporations known to be outstanding planners. Certainly, something must be wrong with the way managers think about planning as many corporate planning processes still generate such discontent. Taking ideas from other companies can be valuable, but it can also mislead and distract. It can prevent managers from focusing on what is unique to their situation. Although planning is not an end to success, but a means to an end, therefore individuals including corporate bodies that fail to plan, have planned to fail. Therefore, an organization is forced to look ahead, setting targets, anticipating problems and focusing on set goals and direction. Organizations, through their management set long-term strategies which are converted into short-term action plans to help achieve its long-term objectives. To this end, the importance of strategic planning and its impact on the overall performance/profitability cannot be over emphasized. © 2011 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952619739	Impact of entrepreneurship education as a tool for self sustainance at Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, in Ogun State of Nigeria	Odunaike K.O., Amoda M.B.	2009	Social Sciences	4	1	None	Department of Business Education, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun state, Nigeria	Odunaike, K.O., Department of Business Education, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun state, Nigeria; Amoda, M.B., Department of Business Education, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun state, Nigeria	Entrepreneurship training is necessary in order to develop expertise as an entrepreneur, identify business opportunities and exploit them. The study therefore, examined the implication of entrepreneurship education in a named university in Ogun State as a tool for self sustenance and poverty alleviation. Questionnaire was used to collect data, while the data collected was analyzed using simple percentage. It was however, observed that entrepreneurship education offers a solution by preparing candidates particularly youths offered admission into university to be responsible, enterprising individuals, who can become entrepreneurs and ready to take risks and learn from the outcome. The researchers recommended that entrepreneurship education is expected to start from any form of post secondary institution, to enable the young ones understand the economics of life, survival, contribution to socio-economic development of their immediate environment and beyond. It also recommended that government should create a friendly or an enabling environment for entrepreneurship and consumer goods to boost the economy. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Entrepreneurship education; Poverty alleviation; Self sustenance; Tai Solarin University; Training	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-72649089149	Post-issue operating performance of firms listing on the JSE	Auret C.J., Britten J.H.C.	2008	Investment Analysts Journal	68	1	None	Department of Business Finance, School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa	Auret, C.J., Department of Business Finance, School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa; Britten, J.H.C., Department of Business Finance, School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899501565	Does information and communication technologies contribute to organization performance? Evidence from Nigerian universities	Binuyo A.O., Brevis-Landsberg T.	2014	Problems and Perspectives in Management	12	1	None	Department of Business Management, College of Economics and Management Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa	Binuyo, A.O., Department of Business Management, College of Economics and Management Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; Brevis-Landsberg, T., Department of Business Management, College of Economics and Management Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa	This study assessed the relationship between ICT investments in relation to organizational performance with specific focus on knowledge-imbibed organizations - universities. The study focusses on drawing possible relationships between ICT investment and ICT cost efficiency and, various indicators of organization performance such as return on capital employed, net profit margin and return on assets. The study uses data generated from the annual report of 37 universities in South West Nigeria over the period between 2001 and 2010 in dynamic panel environment. Controlling for structural differences and time-varying dynamics among these universities, the analyses show varying effects of ICT investment on performance. The findings indicate that ICT investment and ICT cost efficiency have positive and significant relationship with performance indicators. The study recommends that ICT investment should be guided in order to stimulate organizational performance. © Adekunle Oluwole Binuyo, Tersia Brevis-Landsberg, 2014.	Firm performance; ICT cost efficiency; ICT investment; Resource-based theory; South West Nigeria; University business unit	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40649106302	Evaluation competencies of professional and non-professional teachers in Nigeria	Ololube N.P.	2008	Studies in Educational Evaluation	34	1	10.1016/j.stueduc.2008.01.004	Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, NOVENA University, Nigeria	Ololube, N.P., Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, NOVENA University, Nigeria	Teachers' job responsibility has changed significantly in recent years, and now, more than ever, there are pressing needs for high quality teachers to meet the goals of education for sustainable development, especially in developing countries. This timely study examined the relationship between professional and non-professional teachers' evaluation competencies and its impact on testing complexities and student academic achievement in Nigeria. A simple questionnaire incorporating multiple statistical procedures was fashioned containing a range of questions that elicited information from 300 respondents on their perception of teachers' evaluation competencies. From the findings, it was revealed that professional teachers apply various evaluation techniques more effectively than non-professional teachers. Further, suggestions regarding measures that could help improve the employability of teachers were succinctly discussed. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955042921	The impact of intra-group processes on family business success	Farrington S., Venter E., Boshoff C.	2011	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	14	1	None	Department of Business Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa; Department of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Farrington, S., Department of Business Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa; Venter, E., Department of Business Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa; Boshoff, C., Department of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Interpersonal ties and intra-group processes influence the ability of people to work together effectively as teams. In the context of the family business team, intra-group processes describe the interaction that takes place between the family members and the resultant psychological climate that exists in the family business. Given the increasing number of sibling teams among family businesses, as well as the challenges they face as team members, this study focuses on sibling teams in family businesses and the intra-group processes that influence their success. The primary objective of this study is to identify and empirically test the intragroup processes influencing the effectiveness of sibling partnerships. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 1323 sibling partner respondents. The respondents were identified by means of a convenience snowball sampling technique, and the data were collected from 371 usable questionnaires. The empirical findings of this study show that the sibling relationship and fairness are important determinants of sibling team effectiveness.	Family business; Family team; Intra-group processes; Sibling partnership; Team	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861313410	Team performance and sport attendance of South African super rugby and Currie cup rugby fans	Gerber C., Terblanche N.S.	2012	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	34	1	None	Department of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Gerber, C., Department of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Terblanche, N.S., Department of Business Management, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	To compete successfully in the expanding sport market, sport marketers need a thorough understanding of sport consumers, who include sport participants and sport spectators. Sport spectators are, in many instances, fanatical about the performance and success of their teams. It is thus obvious that ultimately their satisfaction with the experience of attending sporting events will be an important predictor of whether they will attend future events. Understanding the factors that influence spectator attendance is fundamental to understanding decisions about sport consumption. In professional rugby, competitions such as the Super Rugby and Currie Cup benefit from the lucrative money-generating opportunities offered. This study focuses on team performance and spectator attendance of the Super Rugby and Currie Cup competitions. Results indicated some interesting relationships between team performance and spectator attendance, and that a team's final log position could predict future spectator attendance.	Fans; Marketing; Rugby; Spectators; Sport attendance; Team performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891619479	Key indicators for optimising supply chain performance: The case of light vehicle manufacturers In South Africa	Ambe I.M.	2014	Journal of Applied Business Research	30	1	None	Department of Business Management, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa	Ambe, I.M., Department of Business Management, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa	This article investigates key indicators for optimising supply chain performance of light vehicle manufacturers in South Africa. The article is based on a survey conducted among light vehicle manufacturers in South Africa with origins in Asia and Europe. Semi-structured interview questionnaire was used based on purposive sampling technique and the data was analysed using SPSS. The findings revealed that quality, final product delivery reliability and cost were highly rated and the most important indicators for the South African automotive market. Innovation (radical and incremental changes) was the least important among the indicators sampled. The article further revealed that there is a perceived difference on the importance of supply chain indicators between manufacturers of Asian and European origins. Final product delivery reliability and order delivery lead time tended to be more important to European manufacturers compared to Asian manufacturers. The article attests to the fact that competitiveness in cost, quality and product offerings are paramount to automotive manufacturers in today's turbulent environment. It also reveals key competitive criteria used by European and Asian manufacturers based in South Africa. The article contributes to literature on SCM and reveals the way in which vehicle manufacturers in South Africa do business. © by author(s); CC-BY.	Performance Indicators; South Africa; Supply Chain Management; Vehicle Manufacturers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939506652	The effects of motivation as a start-up factor on business performance	Radipere S.	2015	Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions	5	1	None	Department of Business Management, University of South Africa, Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa	Radipere, S., Department of Business Management, University of South Africa, Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa	The study examined the relationship between entrepreneurial motivation and business performance using 500 SMEs in Gauteng province, South Africa. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 500 SME owners. The findings from the survey were modelled through a categorical regression model with business performance as the dependent variable. The level of significance of eight variables out of the twelve variables suggests that motivation be classified as the strongest predictor of business performance. These findings, depicting the magnitude of the business environment in the study area, clearly confirm the positive impact of motivation on business performance. © 2015, Virtus Interpress. All rights reserved.	Business performance; Entrepreneurship; Motivation; SME	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955837057	The performance of South African shared services	Ramphal R.R.	2011	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	22	1	None	Department of Business Management, University of South Africa, South Africa	Ramphal, R.R., Department of Business Management, University of South Africa, South Africa	Many South African companies are adopting the shared services methodology because this structure has led to lower operating costs, greater business efficiency, and improved internal service quality in international companies. Part of a doctoral study on shared services in South African companies shows that their business unit managers have not yet experienced positive rewards from their shared services. This article reports on this study, and suggests a larger-scale research project to validate these findings and to investigate the reasons for the poor performance.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149387883	The performance of value stocks and growth stocks: The Hong Kong stock market 1981-2005	Bo L., Krige J.D.	2008	Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics	32	1	None	Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Bo, L., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Krige, J.D., Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	This study finds that value stocks outperformed growth stocks in the case of the Hong Kong market over the period 1981 to 2005. It also finds that this is the case for the two sub-periods before and after the Asian financial crisis in 1997. Value stocks continued to outperform growth stocks after allowing for the firm size effect. The difference in return between value stocks and growth stocks increased when equally weighted portfolio returns were compared with value-weighted returns. The results were mixed when comparing risk adjusted returns using standard deviation as risk measure. The results of this study are in line with a number of international as well as South African studies.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79954480944	Strategic flexibility and market performance of SMEs in Nigeria	Asikhia O.	2011	International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development	10	1	10.1504/IJMED.2011.039659	Department of Business Studies, College of Business and Social Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Asikhia, O., Department of Business Studies, College of Business and Social Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	The study determines the relationship between strategic flexibility and market performance of small-and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. This paper presents primary data collected by self-administered questionnaires involving a sample of 476 respondents from different regions of Nigeria. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical and correlation analysis as well as structural equation modelling. This study reveals that strategic flexibility relates positively and significantly with market performance variables and that marketing competence and competitive intensity moderate the strategic flexibility - performance relationship of the SMEs. The empirical evidence of this paper affects major aspects of SMEs' management and relevant recommendations are made. Copyright © 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Competitive intensity; Enterprise development; Market performance; Marketing competence; Nigeria; Small-and medium-scale enterprises; SMEs; Strategic flexibility	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29644442273	Heterozygous disruption of SERCA2a is not associated with impairment of cardiac performance in humans: Implications for SERCA2a as a therapeutic target in heart failure	Mayosi B.M., Kardos A., Davies C.H., Gumedze F., Hovnanian A., Burge S., Watkins H.	2006	Heart	92	1	10.1136/hrt.2004.051037	Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; INSERM U563, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Cardiology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States	Mayosi, B.M., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, Cardiac Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kardos, A., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Davies, C.H., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Gumedze, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hovnanian, A., INSERM U563, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France; Burge, S., Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Watkins, H., Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom	Objective: To verify whether a deficiency in the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum pump SERCA2a causes cardiac dysfunction in humans. Design: Cardiac performance was measured in a serendipitous human model of primary SERCA2a deficiency, Darier's disease, an autosomal dominant skin disorder caused by mutations inactivating one copy of the ATP2A2 gene, which encodes SERCA2a. Methods: Systolic and diastolic function and contractility were assessed by echocardiography at rest and during exercise in patients with Darier's disease with known mutations. Fourteen patients with Darier's disease were compared with 14 normal controls and six patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with stable heart failure. Results: Resting systolic and diastolic function was normal in patients with Darier's disease and in controls. The increase in systolic function during exercise was not different between patients with Darier's disease and normal controls; neither was there a difference in contractility. As expected, patients with dilated cardiomyopathy had impaired diastolic and systolic function with depressed contractility at rest and during exercise. Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, heterozygous disruption of SERCA2a is not associated with the impairment of cardiac performance in humans. Attempts to increase SERCA2a levels in heart failure, although showing promise in rodent studies, may not be addressing a critical causal pathway in humans.	None	adenosine triphosphatase (calcium); calcium adenosine triphosphatase 2a; unclassified drug; adult; article; autosomal dominant disorder; congestive cardiomyopathy; controlled study; Darier disease; diastolic blood pressure; disease association; drug targeting; echocardiography; enzyme deficiency; exercise; expectation; female; functional assessment; gene disruption; gene mutation; genetic code; heart failure; heart muscle contractility; heart performance; heterozygote; human; male; priority journal; rest; rodent; sarcoplasmic reticulum; systolic blood pressure; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Case-Control Studies; Exercise Tolerance; Female; Gene Therapy; Heart Failure, Congestive; Heterozygote; Humans; Keratosis Follicularis; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874950999	Electrode potential evaluation of effect of inhibitors on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of mild steel reinforcement in concrete in H2SO4	Loto C.A.	2012	Journal of Materials and Environmental Science	3	1	None	Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Nigeria	Loto, C.A., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Nigeria	The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of mild steel embedded in concrete, and partially immersed in 0.2M H2SO4, was studied in this investigation at ambient temperature by potential monitoring technique. The experimental work was performed with a digital multimeter and a Cu/CuSO4 electrode (CSE) as the reference electrode. Extracts of carica papaya leaves and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in different concentrations were separately and in combination, used as inhibitors. This paper reports the observed electrochemical response from the electrode potential monitoring of the embedded steel rebar during the experiments. The results obtained, showed a reduction in the active corrosion reactions behaviour of the embedded mild steel in concrete with added different concentrations of sodium nitrite and the pawpaw leaves extracts in the acidic test environment. This reduced active corrosion reaction was an indication of corrosion inhibition / protection characteristic. The observed inhibition was associated with the protective film provided on the embedded steel's surface in the concrete by the complex chemical compounds of the plant leaves' extracts and of the sodium nitrite with the alkaline composition/environment of the concrete constituents. The protective film prevented and/or reduced the chloride ions penetration to the steel surface. The combination of c. papaya extracts and the NaNO2 solution also provided effective corrosion inhibition of the embedded steel by synergism. The 100% concentration of each of the inhibitors and when in combinations, exhibited the most effective corrosion inhibition performance in the sulphuric acid test environment.	Carica papaya; Concrete; Corrosion; Inhibitors; Mild steel; Sodium nitrite; Sulphuric acid	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892664600	Impact of process parameters on removal of Congo red by graphene oxide from aqueous solution	Debnath S., Maity A., Pillay K.	2014	Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering	2	1	10.1016/j.jece.2013.12.018	Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesberg, Johannesberg, South Africa; Smart Polymers Group, Materials Science and Manufacturing (MSM), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa	Debnath, S., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesberg, Johannesberg, South Africa; Maity, A., Smart Polymers Group, Materials Science and Manufacturing (MSM), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; Pillay, K., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesberg, Johannesberg, South Africa	This study evaluated the performance of graphene oxide in the removal of Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. The adsorbent, graphene oxide (GO), was prepared from graphite and was characterized using FTIR, SEM and XRD. Batch sorption studies were carried out to determine the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration of CR and temperature on the adsorption of CR onto GO. Circumneutral pH was found to be favorable for the adsorption of CR onto GO. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Redlich-Peterson model and characterized by a Langmuir type isotherm. The kinetics of the adsorption data was analyzed using four kinetic models viz. pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich model and intra-particle diffusion models. The results from the kinetic studies indicated that the rate of adsorption follows a pseudo-first-order with respect to the CR solution concentration and that in general the order of data fit is pseudo-first-order &gt; pseudo-second-order &gt; Elovich equation. The kinetic parameters obtained from the kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption process is film-diffusion-controlled. The results obtained from thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic in nature as well as the feasibility and spontaneity of CR adsorption onto GO. The values of ΔH and ΔS of the adsorption process were 8.19 kJ mol-1 and 0.10 kJ mol-1, respectively. The low value of ΔH (&lt;40 kJ mol-1) indicated that adsorption process occurs mainly through a physical means. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Batch adsorber; Congo red; Graphene oxide; Isotherm; Kinetics; Thermodynamics	Adsorbers; Congo red; Graphene oxides; Initial concentration; Intra-particle diffusion; Redlich-Peterson models; Solution concentration; Thermodynamic studies; Azo dyes; Dyes; Enzyme kinetics; Graphene; Isotherms; Kinetic parameters; Kinetic theory; Thermodynamics; Adsorption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860722665	Evaluation of the hydraulic conductivity of cover systems for mineral waste capping projects	Udoh F.D.	2012	Journal of Industrial Pollution Control	28	1	None	Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo - Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Udoh, F.D., Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo - Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria	Laboratory tests and simulations were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of various capping systems in reducing drainage from mineral stockpiles. ASTM soil testing standards were used to evaluate the physical properties of the materials in order to establish a cover system that produced the highest soil density and lowest soil permeability when compacted at optimum moisture content. After laboratory tests were completed, four barrier materials were selected for further evaluation. The laboratory hydraulic conductivity of the selected materials were all less than or equal to 2 × 10-6 cm/sec., the maximum value allowed by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). The effective hydraulic conductivities of the barriers were estimated using the EPA HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance) model. Model results indicated that the major water loss occurred through evapotranspiration and the single most important design parameter affecting infiltration was, not surprisingly, the hydraulic conductivity of the barrier. An analysis of key input parameters in the HELP model showed that design parameters such as soil type, hydraulic conductivity, cover thickness and slope of the drainage layer affected infiltration rate to a certain extent. However, for a given barrier, the hydraulic conductivity of the cover system was the most critical design parameter affecting water infiltration. Based on the results obtained, a cap design consisting of a three-layer soil barrier was recommended for final capping of any mineral stockpile capping project. © EM International.	Cover systems; Evaluation; Hydraulic conductivity; Infiltration; Mineral waste	AS-soils; Barrier material; Capping systems; Cover system; Cover thickness; Critical design parameters; Design parameters; Drainage layer; Effective hydraulic conductivities; Evaluation; Final capping; HELP model; Hydrologic evaluations; Infiltration rate; Key input; Laboratory test; Landfill performance; Maximum values; Minnesota; Model results; Optimum moisture content; Pollution control agencies; Soil density; Soil permeability; Testing standards; Three-layer; Water infiltration; Water loss; Commerce; Evapotranspiration; Hydraulic conductivity; Land fill; Large scale systems; Minerals; Soil testing; Soils; Water supply; Infiltration; evapotranspiration; hydraulic conductivity; infiltration; laboratory method; landfill capping; moisture content; permeability; pollution control; soil test; standard (regulation)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908094529	Impact of second-line antiretroviral regimens on lipid profiles in an African setting: The DART trial sub-study	Gomo Z.A.R., Hakim J.G., Walker S.A., Tinago W., Mandozana G., Kityo C., Munderi P., Katabira E., Reid A., Gibb D.M., Gilks C.F., Grosskurth H., Kabuye G., Nsibambi D., Kasirye R., Zalwango E., Nakazibwe M., Kikaire B., Nassuna G., Massa R., Fadhiru K., N	2014	AIDS Research and Therapy	11	1	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; MRC Programme on AIDS/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Infectious Disease Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Independent DART Trial Monitors; DART Virology Group; Trial Steering Committee; Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Endpoint Review Committee	Gomo, Z.A.R., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hakim, J.G., Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, Trial Steering Committee; Walker, S.A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Tinago, W., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mandozana, G., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Kityo, C., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Munderi, P., MRC Programme on AIDS/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Katabira, E., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Disease Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda, Endpoint Review Committee; Reid, A., Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gibb, D.M., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom, DART Virology Group; Gilks, C.F., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, DART Virology Group, Trial Steering Committee; Grosskurth, H., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabuye, G., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nsibambi, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kasirye, R., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Zalwango, E., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakazibwe, M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kikaire, B., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nassuna, G., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Massa, R., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Fadhiru, K., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Namyalo, M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Zalwango, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Generous, L., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Khauka, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Rutikarayo, N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakahima, W., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Mugisha, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Todd, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Levin, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Muyingo, S., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Ruberantwari, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kaleebu, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Yirrell, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Ndembi, N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Lyagoba, F., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Hughes, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Aber, M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Lara, A.M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Medina, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Foster, S., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Amurwon, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Wakholi, B.N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nyanzi, B., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Wangati, K., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Amuron, B., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kajungu, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakiyingi, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Omony, W., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Fadhiru, K., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nsibambi, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Khauka, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Mugyenyi, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Ssali, F., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tumukunde, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Otim, T., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kabanda, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Musana, H., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Akao, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kyomugisha, H., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Byamukama, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Sabiiti, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Komugyena, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Wavamunno, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mukiibi, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Drasiku, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Byaruhanga, R., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Labeja, O., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Katundu, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tugume, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Awio, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Namazzi, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Bakeinyaga, G.T., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Abaine, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tukamushaba, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Anywar, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Ojiambo, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Angweng, E., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Murungi, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Haguma, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Atwiine, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kigozi, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Namale, L., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mukose, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mulindwa, G., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Atwiine, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Muhwezi, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Nimwesiga, E., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Barungi, G., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Takubwa, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Murungi, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mwebesa, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kagina, G., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mulindwa, M., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Ahimbisibwe, F., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mwesigwa, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Akuma, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Zawedde, C., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Nyiraguhirwa, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tumusiime, C., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Bagaya, L., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Namara, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kigozi, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Karungi, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kankunda, R., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Enzama, R., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Latif, A., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, V., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chidziva, E., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bulaya-Tembo, R., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Musoro, G., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Taziwa, F., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chimbetete, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chakonza, L., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mawora, A., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muvirimi, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Svovanapasis, P., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Simango, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chirema, O., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Machingura, J., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutsai, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Phiri, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bafana, T., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chirara, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muchabaiwa, L., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muzambi, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chigwedere, E., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Pascoe, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Warambwa, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zengeza, E., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mapinge, F., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Makota, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Jamu, A., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ngorima, N., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chirairo, H., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chitsungo, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chimanzi, J., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Maweni, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Warara, R., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Matongo, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudzingwa, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Jangano, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Moyo, K., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Vere, L., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Machingura, I., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ronald, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Kambungu, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Lutwama, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Mambule, I., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nanfuka, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Walusimbi, J., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nabankema, E., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nalumenya, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Namuli, T., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Kulume, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Namata, I., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nyachwo, L., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Florence, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Kusiima, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Lubwama, E., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nairuba, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Oketta, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Buluma, E., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Waita, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Ojiambo, H., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Sadik, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Wanyama, J., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nabongo, P., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Oyugi, J., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Sematala, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Muganzi, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Twijukye, C., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Byakwaga, H., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Ochai, R., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Muhweezi, D., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Coutinho, A., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Etukoit, B., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Boocock, K., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Puddephatt, C., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Grundy, C., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Bohannon, J., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Winogron, D., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Darbyshire, J., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Burke, A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Bray, D., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Babiker, A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Wilkes, H., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Rauchenberger, M., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Sheehan, S., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Spencer-Drake, C., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Taylor, K., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Spyer, M., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Ferrier, A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Naidoo, B., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Dunn, D., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Goodall, R., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Nanfuka, R., Independent DART Trial Monitors; Mufuka-Kapuya, C., Independent DART Trial Monitors; Kaleebu, P., DART Virology Group; Pillay, D., DART Virology Group; Awio, P., DART Virology Group; Chirara, M., DART Virology Group; Dunn, D., DART Virology Group; Goodall, R., DART Virology Group; Kapaata, A., DART Virology Group; Katuramur, M., DART Virology Group; Lyagoba, F., DART Virology Group; Magala, R., DART Virology Group; Magambo, B., DART Virology Group; Mataruka, K., DART Virology Group; McCormick, A., DART Virology Group; Mugarura, L., DART Virology Group; Musunga, T., DART Virology Group; Nabankkema, M., DART Virology Group; Nkalubo, J., DART Virology Group; Nkurunziza, P., DART Virology Group; Parry, C., DART Virology Group; Robertson, V., DART Virology Group; Spyer, M., DART Virology Group; Yirrell, D., DART Virology Group; Weller, I., Trial Steering Committee; Babiker, A., Trial Steering Committee; Bahendeka, S., Trial Steering Committee; Bassett, M., Trial Steering Committee; Chogo Wapakhabulo, A., Trial Steering Committee; Darbyshire, J., Trial Steering Committee; Gazzard, B., Trial Steering Committee; Grosskurth, H., Trial Steering Committee; Latif, A., Trial Steering Committee; Mapuchere, C., Trial Steering Committee; Mugurungi, O., Trial Steering Committee; Mugyenyi, P., Trial Steering Committee; Burke, C., Trial Steering Committee; Distel, M., Trial Steering Committee; Jones, S., Trial Steering Committee; Loeliger, E., Trial Steering Committee; Naidoo, P., Trial Steering Committee; Newland, C., Trial Steering Committee; Pearce, G., Trial Steering Committee; Rahim, S., Trial Steering Committee; Rooney, J., Trial Steering Committee; Smith, M., Trial Steering Committee; Snowden, W., Trial Steering Committee; Steens, J.-M., Trial Steering Committee; Breckenridge, A., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; McLaren, A., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Hill, C., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Matenga, J., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Pozniak, A., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Serwadda, D., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Peto, T., Endpoint Review Committee; Palfreeman, A., Endpoint Review Committee; Borok, M., Endpoint Review Committee	Background: Increasing numbers of HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa are exposed to antiretroviral therapy (ART), but there are few data on lipid changes on first-line ART, and even fewer on second-line.Methods: DART was a randomized trial comparing monitoring strategies in Ugandan/Zimbabwean adults initiating first-line ART and switching to second-line at clinical/immunological failure. We evaluated fasting lipid profiles at second-line initiation and ≥48 weeks subsequently in stored samples from Zimbabwean patients switching before 18 September 2006.Results: Of 91 patients switched to second-line ART, 65(73%) had fasting samples at switch and ≥48 weeks, 14(15%) died or were lost <48 weeks, 10(11%) interrupted ART for >14 days and 2(2%) had no samples available. 56/65(86%) received ZDV/d4T + 3TC + TDF first-line, 6(9%) ZDV/d4T + 3TC + NVP and 3(5%) ZDV + 3TC with TDF and NVP. Initial second-line regimens were LPV/r + NNRTI in 27(41%), LPV/r + NNRTI + ddI in 33(50%) and LPV/r + TDF + ddI/3TC/ZDV in 6(9%). At second-line initiation median (IQR) TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG (mmol/L) were 3.3(2.8-4.0), 1.7(1.3-2.2), 0.7(0.6-0.9) and 1.1(0.8-1.9) respectively. Levels were significantly increased 48 weeks later, by mean (SE) +2.0(0.1), +1.1(0.1), +0.5(0.05) and +0.4(0.2) respectively (p < 0.001; TG p = 0.01). 3% at switch vs 25% 48 weeks later had TC >5.2 mmol/L; 3% vs 25% LDL-C >3.4 mmol/L and 91% vs 41% HDL-C <1.1 mmol/L (p < 0.001). Similar proportions had TG >1.8 mmol/L (0 vs 3%) and TC/HDL-C ≥5 (40% vs 33%) (p > 0.15).Conclusion: Modest lipid elevations were observed in African patients on predominantly LPV/r + NNRTI-based second-line regimens. Routine lipid monitoring during second-line ART regimens may not be warranted in this setting but individual cardiovascular risk assessment should guide practice. © 2014 Gomo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	African setting; Antiretroviral therapy; Lipid profile changes; Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; Protease inhibitors	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; didanosine; efavirenz; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; nevirapine; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; stavudine; tenofovir; triacylglycerol; zidovudine; adult; antiviral therapy; Article; blood sampling; cholesterol blood level; combination chemotherapy; diet restriction; drug eruption; drug substitution; drug withdrawal; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; middle aged; triacylglycerol blood level; Ugandan; Zimbabwean	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645229620	Reproductive performance of Wistar rats fed Acacia colei seed-based diets	Adewusi S.R.A., Falade O.S., Nwoha P.U., Caxton-Martins A.E., Harwood C.	2006	Journal of Arid Environments	66	1	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.10.014	Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Adewusi, S.R.A., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Falade, O.S., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Nwoha, P.U., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Caxton-Martins, A.E., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Harwood, C., CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 4008, Australia	Weanling male and female Wistar rats were fed diets incorporating 0%, 20% and 40% Acacia colei seed flour (Leguminosae), to raise three generations of animals. Weight gain decreased with increasing levels of acacia incorporation (crude protein content 12.6%) in first generation animals. Mating, 13 weeks after weaning, resulted in 80%, 60% and 0% pregnancy in female rats, average litter size of 5 and 5.5; and survival rate of 83% and 94% by rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Increasing the protein content to 18% reversed the reproductive failure in the 40% acacia group: pregnancy rate was 80%, 40% and 71%; mean litter size was 8.5, 12 and 3.8 in rats fed 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Growth rate was fastest in the 0% acacia group second-generation rats after the first 64 days. Mating this second generation resulted in 82%, 70% and 83% pregnancy over two matings for animals on 0%, 20% and 40% acacia diets, respectively. Weights of reproductive and other internal organs were little affected by diet-type indicating that incorporation of acacia into rat diet would not affect reproduction except for the low quality of its protein. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Dietary protein; Famine food; Growth; Reproduction	diet; food quality; litter size; reproductive success; rodent; Acacia; Acacia colei; Animalia; Fabaceae; Rattus norvegicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861381674	Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in sediment of Kolo Creek in the Niger Delta	Inengite A.K., Oforka N.C., Osuji L.C.	2010	International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences	5	1	None	Department of Chemical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria	Inengite, A.K., Department of Chemical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Oforka, N.C., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Osuji, L.C., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria	Sediment and water quality of Kolo Creek, a typical Creek in Bayelsa State in Niger Delta (Nigeria), was studied by determining the levels of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and in situ physico-chemical parameters of the water body (Dissolved Oxygen, DO; pH; Conductivities; Turbidity; Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The study was conducted in two periods of the year, Late Dry (March) and Rainy (June) Seasons. Total PAHs for Late Dry Season and Rainy seasons ranged from 0-0.35mg/Kg and 0.022-0.47mg/Kg with an average of 0.21 and 0.18 mg/Kg dry weight in sediment samples respectively. Student t-test does not show any significant difference in the total PAHs for the two seasons. TOC for Late Dry Season and Rainy Season ranged from 0.82-3.78% and 0.60-2.1% with an average of 2.20 and 1.35% respectively. TOC was poorly correlated with Total PAHs. The results show that 4 and 5-rings PAHs predominated in the sediment samples. © Research India Publications.	Kolo Creek; PAHs; Sediment; TOC; Water	Dry seasons; Dry weight; In-situ; Kolo Creek; Niger Delta; Nigeria; PAHs; Physicochemical parameters; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs); Rainy seasons; Sediment samples; TOC; Total dissolved solids; Total Organic Carbon; Waterbodies; Drought; Sedimentology; Sediments; Turbidity; Water; Water quality; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAH; physicochemical property; sediment chemistry; total organic carbon; turbidity; water quality; Bayelsa; Kolo Creek; Niger Delta; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549104542	Monitoring natural organic matter and disinfection by-products at different stages in two South African water treatment plants	Mamba B.B., Krause R.W., Matsebula B., Haarhoff J.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 542, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Mamba, B.B., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Krause, R.W., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Matsebula, B., Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Haarhoff, J., Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 542, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex organic material present in natural surface water. NOM can cause problems during water treatment - most notably the formation of toxic disinfection by-products. This study was undertaken in order to assess the effectiveness of some of the water treatment techniques employed by selected water supply companies in South Africa in dealing with NOM. Total organic carbon (TOC) and ultra violet (UV) absorbance at wavelength of 254 nm were measured and used to calculate specific ultra violet absorbance (SUVA), which was used to determine the changes in NOM concentration throughout the water treatment train. Other parameters measured include pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and conductivity. Water samples were collected from two water treatment plants in South Africa, namely Sedibeng (Balkfontein) and Midvaal. The overall TOC reduction after the water treatment processes was 33% and 30% at Midvaal and Sedibeng, respectively. SUVA values were generally low (&lt;2 ℓ{bullet operator}mg-1{bullet operator}m-1) indicating the presence of aliphatic compounds and less 'aromaticity' in NOM of the water samples. Water insoluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polyurethanes were then applied to the water to compare TOC reduction in addition to 'normal' water treatment processes, and were found to provide up to 19% additional TOC decrease, and UV absorbance reduction was up to 78%. Results obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis after chlorination, revealed that the water had the potential to form halomethane compounds with chloroform being the most dominant. Again, water-insoluble β-CD polyurethanes were applied to the water as a treatment to remove trihalomethanes (THMs) and were found to efficiently remove up to 95% of THMs formed during the disinfection step. The treatment processes studied have limited ability in dealing with NOM and are not individually effective in NOM removal. Results obtained indicate that the application of β-CD polyurethanes in addition to the water treatment processes may enhance NOM removal in water and significantly reduce the THMs formed.	β-cyclodextrin polyurethanes; Natural organic matter; Total organic carbon	Absorbance; Aliphatic compounds; Aromaticity; At wavelengths; Chemical-oxygen demands; Disinfection by-products; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries; Halomethane compounds; Natural organic matter; Natural surfaces; Organic materials; South Africa; Total organic carbon; Treatment process; Treatment techniques; Trihalomethanes; Ultra violets; Uv-absorbance; Water samples; Water treatment process; Biogeochemistry; Biological materials; Chemical oxygen demand; Chlorine; Chromatographic analysis; Data storage equipment; Disinfection; Fire hazards; Gas chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Organic carbon; Oxygen; Polymers; Polyurethanes; Projectiles; Turbidity; Water recycling; Water supply; Water treatment plants; Chemicals removal (water treatment); chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); disinfection; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; organic acid; organic carbon; pollutant removal; surface water; ultraviolet radiation; water supply; water treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899519898	Performance evaluation of refrigeration units in natural gas liquid extraction plant	Ujile A.A., Amesi D.	2014	Journal of Thermodynamics	1	1	10.1155/2014/863408	Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt 50000, Nigeria	Ujile, A.A., Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt 50000, Nigeria; Amesi, D., Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt 50000, Nigeria	This paper has applied thermodynamics principles to evaluate the reliability of 390 m3/hr natural gas processing plant. The thermodynamics equations were utilized in the evaluation, characterization, and numerical simulation of key process parameters in natural gas liquid extraction plant. The results obtained show the comparison of the coefficient of performance, compression ratio, isentropic work, actual work, electrical power requirements, cooling water consumption in intercoolers, compressor power output, compressor capacity, and isentropic, volumetric, and mechanical efficiency of the two-stage refrigeration unit with a flash gas economizer and these were compared with the designed specifications. The second law of thermodynamics was applied in analyzing the refrigeration unit and the result shows that exergetic losses or lost work due to irreversibility falls within operating limit that is less than 1.0%. Similarly, the performance of expansion turbine (expander) parameters was monitored and the results indicate a considerable decrease in turbine efficiencies as the inlet gas pressure increases resulting in an increased power output of the turbine leading to a higher liquefaction rate. © 2014 Awajiogak Anthony Ujile and Dirina Amesi.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952209176	Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: Implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests	Baker J., Ho M.-F., Pelecanos A., Gatton M., Chen N., Abdullah S., Albertini A., Ariey F., Barnwell J., Bell D., Cunningham J., Djalle D., Echeverry D.F., Gamboa D., Hii J., Kyaw M.P., Luchavez J., Membi C., Menard D., Murillo C., Nhem S., Ogutu B., Onyor	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-129	Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Malaria Drug Resistance a	Baker, J., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Ho, M.-F., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia, Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Pelecanos, A., Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia, Malaria Drug Resistance and Chemotherapy Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia; Gatton, M., Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia, Malaria Drug Resistance and Chemotherapy Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia; Chen, N., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Abdullah, S., Bagamoyo/Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Albertini, A., Foundation for Innovative and New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland; Ariey, F., Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Barnwell, J., Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Bell, D., Foundation for Innovative and New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Cunningham, J., UNICEF, UNDP, Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland; Djalle, D., Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic; Echeverry, D.F., Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia; Gamboa, D., Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru, Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Moleculary Farmacologia, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru; Hii, J., Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Solomon Islands; Kyaw, M.P., Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar; Luchavez, J., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Philippines; Membi, C., Bagamoyo/Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Menard, D., Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Madagascar; Murillo, C., Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia; Nhem, S., Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Ogutu, B., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Onyor, P., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Oyibo, W., College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Odoaraba, Lagos, Nigeria; Wang, S.Q., Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, Hainan, China; McCarthy, J., Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Cheng, Q., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia, Malaria Drug Resistance and Chemotherapy Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia	Background. Accurate diagnosis is essential for prompt and appropriate treatment of malaria. While rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) offer great potential to improve malaria diagnosis, the sensitivity of RDTs has been reported to be highly variable. One possible factor contributing to variable test performance is the diversity of parasite antigens. This is of particular concern for Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-detecting RDTs since PfHRP2 has been reported to be highly variable in isolates of the Asia-Pacific region. Methods. The pfhrp2 exon 2 fragment from 458 isolates of P. falciparum collected from 38 countries was amplified and sequenced. For a subset of 80 isolates, the exon 2 fragment of histidine-rich protein 3 (pfhrp3) was also amplified and sequenced. DNA sequence and statistical analysis of the variation observed in these genes was conducted. The potential impact of the pfhrp2 variation on RDT detection rates was examined by analysing the relationship between sequence characteristics of this gene and the results of the WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 1 (2008), for 34 PfHRP2-detecting RDTs. Results. Sequence analysis revealed extensive variations in the number and arrangement of various repeats encoded by the genes in parasite populations world-wide. However, no statistically robust correlation between gene structure and RDT detection rate for P. falciparum parasites at 200 parasites per microlitre was identified. Conclusions. The results suggest that despite extreme sequence variation, diversity of PfHRP2 does not appear to be a major cause of RDT sensitivity variation. © 2010 Baker et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	histidine; histidine rich protein 2; histidine rich protein 3; unclassified drug; HRP 2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; HRP-2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; parasite antigen; protozoal DNA; protozoal protein; article; diagnostic test; DNA isolation; DNA sequence; exon; gene structure; genetic variability; human; malaria falciparum; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity analysis; sequence analysis; analytical equipment; animal; genetic variability; genetics; immunoassay; immunology; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; methodology; parasitology; sensitivity and specificity; standard; Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; DNA, Protozoan; Genetic Variation; Humans; Immunoassay; Malaria, Falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Proteins; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053150203	Geological and geophysical evaluation of the Ajana area's groundwater potential, Southwestern Nigeria [Evaluación geológica y geofísica del potencial de aguas subterráneas de la zona Ajana, el sudoeste de Nigeria]	Ariyo S.O., Folorunso A.F., Ajibade O.M.	2011	Earth Sciences Research Journal	15	1	None	Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Geosciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Ariyo, S.O., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Folorunso, A.F., Department of Geosciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ajibade, O.M., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	A combined geological and geophysical evaluation was made of the groundwater potential of the Ajana, Remo North area in south-western Nigeria; the geology and other structural features of the rocks there strongly influenced and correlated the aquifers' storability and transmissivity. Geological mapping revealed that the area was made up of granite, quartzite and varieties of gneiss, some of which have good secondary porosity and permeability. Ten vertical electric soundings (VES) stations were established using a Schlumberger electrode array. Five geoelectric layers consisting of topsoil, sand, clayey-sandy, fractured/weathered basement and fresh bedrock were delineated. The aquifer layers were the 38.3m thick 283?m resistivity sand/sandy clay and 55 - 518?m resistivity fractured/weathered basement. Other geoelectric parameters used in evaluating the area's hydrogeological potential included curve type, anisotropy coefficient and reflection coefficient-The QH curve type was predominant in the area. The anisotropy Coefficients suggested VES stations having high groundwater potential ranging from 1.4-1.56; while the reflection coefficients for the area ranged from 0.21-0.99. The overall results showed that VES stations 8, 9 and 10 could be possible groundwater sources having high expected yield.	Ajana; Anisotropy coefficient; Geoelectric layers; Groundwater potential; Mapping; Reflection coefficient	anisotropy; electrical resistivity; electrode; geological structure; geophysical method; groundwater abstraction; porosity; transmissivity; Nigeria	None
None	None	Impact of foreign direct investment & domestic investment on economic growth of Malaysia	Mohamed M.R., Singh K.S.J., Liew C.-Y.	2013	Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies	50	1	None	Department of Economics, Zanzibar University, P.O. Box 2440, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi, MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia	Mohamed, M.R., Department of Economics, Zanzibar University, P.O. Box 2440, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Singh, K.S.J., Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi, MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Liew, C.-Y., Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia	In this paper, we apply vector error correction modeling (VECM) to 1970-2008 data. The objective is to analyse the long-run causal relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment (DI) and economic growth in Malaysia. The presence of complementary/substitution effect between FDI and DI is also investigated using impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis. The results suggest a long-run bilateral causality between economic growth and DI. There is no evidence of causality between FDI and economic growth. On the other hand, the results suggest a short-run crowding-in effect between FDI and DI.	Causality; Domestic investment; Economic growth; Foreign direct investment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549118888	The impact of maternal HIV status on infant feeding patterns in Nakuru, Kenya	Kamau-Mbuthia E., Elmadfa I., Mwonya R.	2008	Journal of Human Lactation	24	1	10.1177/0890334407310585	Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya; PO Box 15442, Nakura, Kenya	Kamau-Mbuthia, E., Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya, PO Box 15442, Nakura, Kenya; Elmadfa, I., Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Mwonya, R., Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya	The aim of the study was to assess the impact of maternal HIV status on infant feeding patterns. Two hundred eighty mothers (205 HIV uninfected, 75 infected) and their infants were recruited from the Provincial General Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya, from delivery and were followed for 14 weeks. From the feeding patterns, HIV-infected mothers were more likely to exclusively breastfeed in week 1 than HIV-uninfected mothers (71.7% vs 56.3%, P = .001), but there were no differences by week 14 (9.8% vs 4.8% P = .212). Mixed feeding increased for both groups from weeks 1 to 14. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, maternal age (younger mothers, P < .05) was associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the 6th week and infant birth weight (< mean birth weight, P > .05) in the 10th week. The results indicate a need to reassess adherence to infant feeding recommendations irrespective of maternal HIV status and also the infant feeding counseling process in the hospital. © 2008 International Lactation Consultant Association.	Exclusive breastfeeding; HIV status; Mixed feeding; Sociodemographic characteristics	adult; article; birth weight; breast feeding; controlled study; delivery; feeding behavior; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infant feeding; Kenya; major clinical study; maternal age; maternal disease; mother child relation; multivariate logistic regression analysis; patient attitude; patient counseling; risk benefit analysis; virus transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Logistic Models; Male; Maternal Age; Multivariate Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344395331	The impact of acid rain deposition resulting from natural gas flaring on the socio-economic life of the people of Afiesere community, in Nigeria's Niger delta	Oghenejoboh K.M.	2005	Journal of Industrial Pollution Control	21	1	None	Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Oghenejoboh, K.M., Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Air and rainwater analyses were carried out within Afiesere, an oil producing community in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria to acertain the deposition of acid rain resulting from gas flaring in the area. The analysis showed that the pH of rainwater some distance away from the flare was 6.13, which is less than the pH of normal rainwater, while that within the oil facilities was 6.58. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr etc) and anions (SOx, NOx, Co etc) in the air were considerably low. However, the presence of extra H+ in the rainwater through diffusional effect of trans-atmospheric aerosol and other gaseous pollutants from the gas flare results in acid rain. The physical effects of acid rain are evident in the deteriorating health conditions and general economic life of the inhabitants of the community. © Enviromedia Printed in India. All rights reserved.	Acid rain; Anions; Atmosphere; Cations; Emission; Gas flaring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896351211	Fractionation and characterization of impact poly(propylene) copolymers by high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography	Cheruthazhekatt S., Pasch H.	2014	Macromolecular Symposia	337	1	10.1002/masy.201450306	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	Cheruthazhekatt, S., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Pasch, H., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	Information regarding molar mass distribution (MMD) and chemical composition distribution (CCD) of complex polyolefins such as impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC) is important in order to fully understand their properties during processing and application. Precise analysis of such polymeric materials having multiple distributions in various molecular characteristics is a difficult task and single separation methods fail to provide enough information about their microstructure. Preparative fractionation and subsequent analysis of the separated fractions was found to be an effective method for their complete characterisation. In this work, a combination of preparative TREF with high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography was used for the separation and analysis of the complex components in a commercial IPC sample. In addition to the ethylene-propylene (block or segmented) copolymers and low molar mass isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homopolymer (as expected in the semicrystalline TREF fraction of an IPC), significant amounts of high molar mass iPP and polyethylene (PE) homopolymer were observed. The results showed that the TREF-HT-2D-LC combination can be used as a powerful analytical tool for the complete microstructural analysis of such complex EP copolymers. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.	chemical composition separation; crystallization analysis fractionation; ethylene-propylene copolymers; high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography; impact polypropylene copolymer; TREF	Copolymers; Ethylene; Fractionation; Liquid chromatography; Polymers; Propylene; Two dimensional; Chemical compositions; Crystallization analysis fractionation; Ethylene propylene copolymers; Impact polypropylene copolymer; TREF; Two-dimensional liquid chromatography; Polypropylenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883164012	Preparative TREF - HT-HPLC - HPer DSC: Linking molecular characteristics and thermal properties of an impact poly(propylene) copolymer	Cheruthazhekatt S., Pijpers T.F.J., Mathot V.B.F., Pasch H.	2013	Macromolecular Symposia	330	1	10.1002/masy.201300005	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	Cheruthazhekatt, S., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Pijpers, T.F.J., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Mathot, V.B.F., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Pasch, H., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	Summary The microstructure and thermal behaviour of complex polyolefins affect the product properties significantly. Therefore a thorough characterization of such semi-crystalline materials is necessary to understand the relationship between molecular structure and melting and crystallization behaviour. In the present work, the correlation between the chain structure and thermal behaviour of various components in a complex midelution temperature TREF fraction (80 °C) of a commercial impact poly(propylene) copolymer were studied by using a combination of prep TREF and a highly selective separation method, HT HPLC, followed by thermal analysis of resulting dual fractions via a fast scanning DSC technique (HPer DSC). HT-HPLC can separate polymer chains according to their microstructure (chemical composition, tacticity and chain branching) within in short analysis time. The ability to measure the thermal properties of minute amounts of materials by HPer DSC helps to correlate their chemical structure with the melting and crystallization behaviour. In this way, the present hyphenated technique (prep-TREF-HT-HPLC-HPer DSC) provides a powerful tool to separate and analyse complex mixtures of polymer components having different chemical structures and thermal properties. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.	HPer DSC; HT HPLC; impact poly(propylene) copolymer; TREF	HPer DSC; HT HPLC; Hyphenated techniques; Melting and crystallization; Molecular characteristics; Polypropylene copolymers; Semicrystalline materials; TREF; Chains; Crystalline materials; Melting; Microstructure; Structure (composition); Thermoanalysis; Thermodynamic properties; Copolymers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855537022	Using crystallisation fractionation to monitor thermo-oxidative degradation of impact poly(propylene) copolymers	De Goede E., Mallon P.E., Pasch H.	2012	Macromolecular Materials and Engineering	297	1	10.1002/mame.201100058	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	De Goede, E., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Mallon, P.E., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Pasch, H., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	ICPPs are complex materials that contain various ethylene/propylene copolymers in addition to the majority poly(propylene) phase. To understand their molecular structure, multiple fractionation and analysis techniques are used. In this study, TREF and CRYSTAF are used to study the difference in the thermo-oxidative degradation of two grades of ICPPs with different ethylene contents. Direct correlations are drawn between the carbonyl index, molecular weight and crystallisability at various stages of degradation. The higher ethylene content sample shows increased thermal stability. This is due to the fact that the ethylene/propylene fraction is more stable due to the higher comonomer content and lower isotacticity as well as due to the higher amount of this fraction in the material. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.	differential scanning calorimetry; impact PP copolymers; SEC/FTIR; temperature rising elution fractionation; thermo-oxidative degradation	Analysis techniques; Carbonyl index; Comonomer content; Complex materials; Ethylene/propylene copolymers; Isotacticities; Poly(propylene) copolymers; SEC/FTIR; Thermo-oxidative degradation; Copolymers; Degradation; Differential scanning calorimetry; Ethylene; Propylene; Polypropylenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940845174	Notes on Russellian cosmogony. II. A procedure for theoretical evaluation of relative atomic mass and internal energy	Obande O.P.	2015	Physics Essays	28	1	10.4006/0836-1398-28.1.78	Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Obande, O.P., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	We present results of an investigation of factors that set values of relative atomic mass mr and the atom's internal energy E<inf>int</inf>. The results do suggest the possibility for a consistent formalism for accurate evaluation of m<inf>r.</inf> It is shown that: (i) Avogradro constant (Loschmidt number) can be evaluated from fundamental principles to yield N<inf>A</inf>=6.623×1043 u/mol; (ii) A clear distinction exists between the transverse e-m radiation, c=2.99792458×108 m/s, normally associated with speed of light in "vacuum" and the same radiation of tangible matter described here as "molar" radiation c∗=co=c′=3.715352291×10-14 m/s; for a given v, c determines values of absolute atomic mass, i.e., m=hv/c2 and co sets values of relative atomic mass, e.g., mo<inf>r</inf> = hvo<inf>r</inf>=co2; (iii) co is identifiable with the cosmic microwave background revealing that the latter is actually intrinsic e-m radiation of tangible matter; (iv) complete description of the atom's internal energy requires not one but combinations of the parameters v, m, and c as each relates to the atom's wave or particulate form and its domain; (v) with v<inf>e</inf>=1.0 Hz Planck constant turns out to be a measure of the electron's internal energy and indeed nature's fundamental energy unit; (vi) macrocosmic matter and energy constitute only 0.02% and 0.01% of total cosmic values, respectively, the bulk of 99.98% and 99.99% belongs, respectively, to invisible microcosmic (dark) matter and energy; and (vii) conversion of the particle (mass) to the wave (energy) does not destroy the atom's absolute mass. Copyright © 2015 Physics Essays Publication.	Atomic; Cosmogony; Evaluation; Mass; Relative; Russell	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74349116766	Seasonal variation assessment of impact of industrial effluents on physicochemical parameters of surface water of River Challawa, Kano, Nigeria	Wakawa R.J., Uzairu A., Kagbu J.A., Balarabe M.L.	2010	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	92	1	10.1080/02772240902927528	Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Wakawa, R.J., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Uzairu, A., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Kagbu, J.A., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Balarabe, M.L., Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	The physicochemical characteristics of the River Challawa in the Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano State were studied across four seasons (warm and dry, cold and dry, hot and dry, and warm and wet seasons) between October 2006 and August 2008. Physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDSs), total suspended solids (TSS), alkalinity, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate were analyzed and compared with standard permissible limits. The mean range of parameters determined across the seasons revealed: 8.36-8.59 for pH; 209.57-335.27 μS cm-1 for EC; 134.05-208.5 mg L-1 for TDS; 182.4-273.45 mg L-1 for TSS; 125.3-276.07 mg L-1 for hardness; 16.11-40 mg L-1 of CaCO3 for alkalinity; 2.76-3.78 mg L-1 for DO; 1.9-43.33 mg L-1 for BOD; 231.67-310.06 mg L-1 for COD; 221.67-441.67 mg L-1 for turbidity; 17.98-35.89 mg L-1 for chloride; 5.12-8.89 mg L-1 for nitrate; 37-558.83 mg L-1 for sulfate; and 0.47-0.81 mg L-1 for phosphate. Data showed that all parameters determined were significantly different among the various sampled sites across seasons. With the exception of COD, EC, and phosphate, all other parameters determined were within the WHO and USPH standard limits. © 2010 Taylor &amp; Francis.	Assessment; Challawa; Seasonal; Sediment quality	Biological oxygen demand; Electrical conductivity; Industrial effluent; Local government areas; Nigeria; Physicochemical characteristics; Physicochemical parameters; Sampled sites; Seasonal variation; Sediment quality; Total dissolved solids; Total suspended solids; Wet season; Alkalinity; Biochemical oxygen demand; Chlorine compounds; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen sensors; Effluents; Electric conductivity measurement; Electric conductivity of solids; Hardness; pH effects; Sedimentology; Sewage; Turbidity; Dissolved oxygen; electrical conductivity; hydrochemistry; industrial waste; pH; physicochemical property; sampling; seasonal variation; sediment analysis; surface water; turbidity; Challawa River; Kano [Nigeria]; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904755241	Evaluation of environmental impact and gaseous emissions of biodiesel fuels and blends of selected feed-stocks	Igbum O.G., Eloka-Eboka A.C., Ubwa S.T., Inambao F.L.	2014	International Journal of Global Warming	6	1	10.1504/IJGW.2014.058757	Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria; Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa	Igbum, O.G., Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria; Eloka-Eboka, A.C., Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa; Ubwa, S.T., Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria; Inambao, F.L., Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa	Thermal and gaseous emissions of biodiesel feed-stocks: sandbox tree, fluted pumpkin, black date and wild melon whose potentials as biodiesel fuels have been established in the earlier works of Igbum et al. (2012) were evaluated in order to ascertain and establish their environmental and emission impacts on the local and global environment. Effects of blending ratios on the thermal/gaseous emissions of the biodiesel fuels from the seed oils were also investigated. The study involved the extraction of oils from the seeds using petroleum ether in a soxhlet apparatus, transesterification of the oils with methanol at the ratio of 6:1 and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, reaction temperatures of 30°C and 55°C and at a reaction time of five minutes. Thereafter, the methyl esters were blended with automotive gas oil (AGO) at different proportions and ratios to produce B5, B10, B15, B20 and B100 of each seed oil and AGO. Blends were subjected to chemo-physical and gaseous emission analysis using different ASTM methods and GC mass spectrophotometer for the trapping and subsequent analysis of the effluents. Results showed that all the blends samples of the biodiesel possess lower gaseous emissions than AGO and are also within the ASTM standards. They are therefore more environmentally friendly than their fossil fuel counterpart. Their impact on the global and immediate environment are however friendly. © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Biodiesel fuels; Black-date; Blends; Environmental impact; Evaluation; Feedstock; Fluted pumpkin; Gaseous emissions; Sandbox tree; Wild melon	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908375856	Evaluation of fuel properties from free fatty acid compositions of methyl esters obtained from four tropical virgin oils	Igbum O.G., Leke L., Okoronkwo M.U., Eboka A., Nwadinigwe C.A.	2013	International Journal of Applied Chemistry	9	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, P M B 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, P M B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, P.M.B 2000, Uturu, Nigeria; Pure and	Igbum, O.G., Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, P M B 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria; Leke, L., Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, P M B 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Okoronkwo, M.U., Department of Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, P.M.B 2000, Uturu, Nigeria, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Eboka, A., Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, P M B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Nwadinigwe, C.A., Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeri, Nsukka, Nigeria	Four feedstocks comprising two non-edible oils (Telfairia occidentals Hook F, (TVO) and Hura crepitians L (HVO)) and two edible oils (Cucumeropsis manii Naud(CSVO) and Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.(CVO) were studied for production of methyl esters (biodiesel) because they are abundant in large quantities in the locality. Base catalysis was used for the transesterification reaction with methanol at different oil/alcohol molar ratios (4:1, 6:1 and 9:1). Two catalyst types; KOH and NaOH were used. Reaction times of 5 and 30 min; temperatures of 38 and 55°C and a constant catalyst concentration of 1%wt/wt were employed. The free fatty acid composition of these oils and their methyl esters were obtained using a GCMS. The results indicate that these oils/methyl esters contain mostly polyunsaturated free fatty acid. The properties of biodiesel that were determined by the structure of component fatty esters include ignition quality (cetane number CN), heat of combustion (gross calorific value H), oxidation stability, viscosity, cold flow which indicates that these oils can be used for biodiesel production. © Research India Publications.	Biodiesel; Catalyst; Feedstock; Free fatty acid; Seed oil; Transesterification	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960438184	Assessment of heavy metal speciation in soils impacted with crude oil in the Niger Delta, Nigeria	Iwegbue C.M.A.	2011	Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability	23	1	10.3184/095422911X12964002282100	Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria	Iwegbue, C.M.A., Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria	Chemical fractionation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn and Mn in soils that had received a significant impact of crude oil spillage in the Niger Delta, Nigeria was studied using a sequential chemical extraction method. The results revealed that significant amounts of the metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn and Mn) were found in the most labile fractions as compared to the control site. On average, Ni, Cr and Zn were mostly associated with the residual fraction; Pb and Mn with the Fe-Mn oxides; Cu with the organic fraction and Cd with the exchangeable fraction. Among the non-residual fractions, metals were mostly associated with the Fe-Mn oxides fraction. The mobility factors of these metals were higher at the impacted sites as compared with the control site. High mobility of the metals in the impacted soils was associated with the oil spillage, since exogenous metals are usually weakly bound to soil particles. The mobility factors for the metals follow the order: Cd > Zn > Pb > Ni > Mn > Cu > Cr.	Bioavailability; Heavy metals; Niger Delta; Oil spill; Sequential chemical extraction; Soils; Speciation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857499451	Impact of land-use patterns on chemical properties of trace elements in soils of rural, semi-urban, and urban zones of the Niger Delta, Nigeria	Iwegbue C.M.A., Nwajei G.E., Eguavoen O.I.	2012	Soil and Sediment Contamination	21	1	10.1080/15320383.2012.636772	Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Iwegbue, C.M.A., Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Nwajei, G.E., Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Eguavoen, O.I., Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	The study of the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in soils under different land uses in rural, semi-urban, and urban zones in the Niger Delta was carried out with a view to providing information on the effects of the different land uses on the concentrations of trace elements in soils. Our results indicate significant variability in concentrations of these metals in soils under different land uses in rural, semi-urban, and urban zones. The maximum concentrations of metals in the examined soil samples were 707.5 mg.kg -1, 161.0 mg.kg -1, 2.6 mg.kg -1, 59.6 mg.kg -1, 1061.3 mg.kg -1, and 189.2 mg.kg -1 for Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu, respectively. In the rural zone, the cassava processing mill is a potent source of Ni, Cr, Cu, and Zn while agricultural activities are a source of Cd, and automobile emissions and the use of lead oxide batteries constitute the major sources of Pb. In the urban zone, soils around the wood processing mill showed elevated concentrations of Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni, while soils around automobile mechanic works and motor parks showed elevated levels of Pb. Elevated Cd concentrations were observed in soils under the following land uses: urban motor park, playground, welding and fabrication sheds, and metallic scrap dump. The contamination/pollution index of metals in the soil follows the order: Ni &gt; Cd &gt; Cr &gt; Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Pb. The multiple pollution index of metals at different sites were greater than 1, indicating that these soils fit into "slight pollution" to "excessive pollution" ranges with significant contributions from Cr, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cu. © Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.	Anthropogenic activities; Contamination/pollution index; Heavy metals; Land uses; Surface soil	Agricultural activities; Anthropogenic activity; Automobile emission; Cd concentrations; Elements in soil; Elevated concentrations; Elevated level; Land-use patterns; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Pollution index; Soil sample; Surface soil; Urban zones; Wood processing; Cadmium; Chemical properties; Copper; Heavy metals; Land use; Lead; Metals; Soils; Zinc; Soil pollution; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892364760	Safety evaluation of heavy metals exposure from consumer products	Odukudu F.B., Ayenimo J.G., Adekunle A.S., Yusuff A.M., Mamba B.B.	2014	International Journal of Consumer Studies	38	1	10.1111/ijcs.12061	Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa	Odukudu, F.B., Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Ayenimo, J.G., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adekunle, A.S., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Yusuff, A.M., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Mamba, B.B., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa	The determination of heavy metals in consumer products is crucial for the safety appraisal and sources classification of human and environmental exposures. These products contain various undisclosed chemical constituents with no or little known health safety information. The public is generally unaware of these types of everyday exposure from chemical constituents of consumer products and their health consequences. In this study, we recorded a body of proof demonstrating potential harm of consumer goods, by determining concentrations of total cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and nikel (Ni contents in a variety of personal care products (n=82) commonly used in Nigeria, using flame atomic absorption spectrometer after dry and wet digestion methods. The results of the analysis indicated that the range of Cd was 0.035±0.023-0.467±0.167ppm, Cr 0.015±0.009-0.435±0.232ppm, Cu 0.230±0.08-0.603±0.025ppm, Zn 0.003±0.005-0.743±0.066ppm, Fe 0.233±0.219-1.401±1.878ppm, Pb 0.02±0.007-0.2050.129ppm and Ni 0.035±0.015-0.093±0.06ppm. The values of Cd and Cr are a cause for alarm because the elements are not allowed in any amount in cosmetics. Despite the fact that zinc is essential in the body, the values obtained in this study deserves safety concerns due to cumulative effect, arising from incessant exposure. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Consumer products; Cosmetics; Environment; Exposure; Heavy metals; Safety assessment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897092748	Determination of performance characteristics of petrol/bio-ethanol blends for spark ignition (Si) engines	Ubwa S.T., Oshido B.A., Malu S.P.	2014	International Journal of Renewable Energy Research	4	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria	Ubwa, S.T., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria; Oshido, B.A., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria; Malu, S.P., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria	Performance characteristics; fuel power (FP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake power (BP) and Specific fuel consumption (SFC) of blended (petrol/bio-ethanol) fuels were studied and compared with neat petrol. The blends were; E05, E10, E15 and E20 for 5%,10%, 15% and 20% bio-ethanol respectively. The performance parameters were measured based on short standard engine tests performed on a Cortina petrol engine test bed, a four stroke engine, and variable speed SI engine with an eddy current dynamometer and Tachometer. The result showed that E05 and E10 were the optimum blending ratios for bioethanol and petrol. It can be concluded from these results that E05 and E10 are the most suitable blends for use in four stroke SI engines.	Bio-ethanol; Blended fuel; Performance parameters and SI engines; Petrol (gasoline)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920710058	Assessment of the activity of radionuclides and radiological impacts of consuming underground water in Kumasi, Ghana	Darko G., Faanu A., Akoto O., Atta-Agyeman F., Aikins M.A., Agyemang B., Ibrahim A.	2014	Environmental Earth Sciences	73	1	10.1007/s12665-014-3433-0	Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana	Darko, G., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Faanu, A., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana; Akoto, O., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Atta-Agyeman, F., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Aikins, M.A., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Agyemang, B., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana; Ibrahim, A., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana	The gross α–β activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in underground water samples were determined and γ spectroscopy measurements made as well. The gross α–β concentrations were measured using a low background gasless automatic α–β counting system calibrated with 241Am and 90Sr standards for α and β, respectively, while γ analyses were carried out using γ spectrometry system coupled to a NaI (TI) detector and measuring assembly. Gross α activities in the water samples varied from 15.7 to 142.7 mBq/L, registering an average value of 40.7 ± 12 mBq/L, whereas gross β activities ranged from 89.3 to 400 mBq/L. The activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were 22.41 ± 6.07, 114.62 ± 13.01 and 227.38 ± 12.16 mBq/L, respectively. The mean annual effective dose due to water consumption was determined to be 7.00 ± 0.86 µSv/year per inhabitant. The gross α–β levels, the activities obtained for the three radionuclides and the annual effective dose were all within the WHO safe limits. This study indicates that underground water in the areas sampled is radiologically safe for consumption. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Gross alpha; Gross β; Radioactivity; Radionuclides; Water	Groundwater; Radioactivity; Ultraviolet spectroscopy; Water; Annual effective dose; Gamma spectrometry; Gamma spectroscopy; Gross alpha; Gross alpha activities; Mean annual effective dose; Radiological impacts; Water consumption; Radioisotopes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876453832	Isolation of compounds from acetone extract of root wood of moringa stenopetala and evaluation of their antibacterial activities	Tesemma M., Adane L., Tariku Y., Muleta D., Demise S.	2013	Research Journal of Medicinal Plant	7	1	10.3923/rjmp.2013.32.47	Department of Chemistry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Tesemma, M., Department of Chemistry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Adane, L., Department of Chemistry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Tariku, Y., Department of Chemistry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Muleta, D., Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Demise, S., Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	The main objective of this study was to isolate compounds from root wood of Moringa stenopetala and evaluate antibacterial activities of the isolated compounds. Crude gradient extracts were obtained from five solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and water) with increasing solvent polarity using cold maceration technique. The in vitro antibacterial activity evaluation of gradient extracts and isolated compounds was done on four different pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella Typhimurium) using agar disc diffusion technique. Among the five crude extracts evaluated, the acetone extract was found to be the most active against the tested strains. Thus, this extract was subsequently subjected to column chromatographic separation which led to isolation of four compounds (MS-1, MS-2, MS-3 and MS-4). The chemical structures of the compounds were found to be cholest-5-en-3-ol, palmitic acid, n-octacosane and oleic acid, respectively, based on physical properties and spectroscopic (IR and NMR) data as well as literature reports. Three of the compounds namely cholest-5-en-3-ol, palmitic acid and oleic acid showed highest activity against E. coli. The observed antibacterial activities of the crude extract and the isolated compounds could justify the traditional use of the plant for the treatment of different bacterial infections. Thus, further test is recommended on large number of bacterial strains to decide their potential as candidates in development of antibacterial drugs. © 2013 Academic Journals Inc.	Antibacterial activity; Crude extraction; Escherichia coli; IR-NMR; Isolation; Moringa stenopetala; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella Typhimurium; Staphylococcus aureus	acetone; antiinfective agent; chloroform; cholesterol; ciprofloxacin; methanol; Moringa stenopetala extract; octacosane; oleic acid; palmitic acid; petroleum ether; plant extract; unclassified drug; water; antibacterial activity; article; bacterial strain; column chromatography; controlled study; disk diffusion; drug determination; drug effect; drug isolation; drug response; drug screening; drug structure; Escherichia coli; growth inhibition; in vitro study; infrared spectroscopy; Moringa; moringa stenopetala; nonhuman; nuclear magnetic resonance; plant root; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhimurium; separation technique; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Escherichia coli; Moringa stenopetala; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhimurium; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649999272	Impact of cyanide utilization in mining on the environment	Boadi N.O., Twumasi S.K., Ephraim J.H.	2009	International Journal of Environmental Research	3	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Catholic University College, Sunyani, Ghana	Boadi, N.O., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Twumasi, S.K., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Ephraim, J.H., Catholic University College, Sunyani, Ghana	Cyanide (CN) is a toxic species that is found predominantly in industrial effluents generated by metallurgical operations. Cyanide's strong affinity for metals makes it favorable as an agent for metal finishing and treatment and also as a lixiviate for metal leaching, particularly gold. These technologies are environmentally sound but require safeguards to prevent accidental spills from contaminating soils as well as surface and ground waters. In this work, total cyanide, sodium, cadmium, iron, zinc and copper concentrations were determined in soil, cassava, hand dug wells and pipe-borne water from Bibiani, a gold mining town in the Western Region of Ghana. Total cyanide levels in soil ranged from 6.04 to 26.17 mg/kg and in water, from 2.17 to 7.83 mg/L. Total cyanide concentrations in raw cassava ranged from 82.45 to 142.91 mg/kg fresh weight. The cooked cassava had cyanide concentrations ranging from 6.79 to 24.91 mg/kg and the cassava peels, 360.05 to 509.51 mg/kg. Sodium concentrations ranged from 998.1 to 1794.7 mg/kg in the soil, 25.94 to 29.92 mg/L in the water and 114.7 to 159.6 mg/kg in cassava. The concentration of iron in the soil ranged from 77.88 to 302.08 mg/kg whilst in water and cassava, iron was below detection limit. Copper concentrations ranged from 12.4 mg/kg to 115.4 mg/kg in soil, 4.6 to 6.0 mg/kg in cassava and below detection in water. The zinc concentrations ranged from 24.1 to 170.3 and 7.6 to 11.6 mg/kg, in soil and cassava respectively. Zinc was below detection in most of the water samples and cadmium was generally low in all the samples. The pH of the soil, water and cassava ranged from 3.88 to 6.95, 3.14 to 7.44 and 5.42 to 5.60 respectively. The moisture content of the soil ranged between 2.47 and 35.40% and that of cassava, 56.08 to 56.87 %. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids of water ranged from 34 to 155.5μS/cm and 31 to 89 mg/L respectively. The results showed a correlation between the metal and cyanide concentrations in all the samples.	Cassava; Cyanide; Metals; Soil; Water	cassava; concentration (composition); contaminated land; cyanide; effluent; heavy metal; mining; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876740004	GC-MS evaluation of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of the oil fraction from the stem bark of Brachystegia eurycoma harms	Igwe O.U., Okwu D.E.	2013	International Journal of Chemical Sciences	11	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 7267, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Igwe, O.U., Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 7267, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Okwu, D.E., Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 7267, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	The ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Brachystegia eurycoma yielded reddish coloured substance (5.68 g). The extract was subjected to GC-MS studies. Nineteen phyto-constituents were identified with 41, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy flavones (21.97%) constituting the bulk of the oil, followed by 9-octadecenoic acid (12.4%). Other compounds indentified include 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (10.16%), hexadecanoic acid (9.50%), 9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (9.50%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (4.59%), (4-(2-methyl-piperidine-1-sulfonyl)-phenyl)-(2-methyl-piperidin-1-yl)-methanone (3.93%), 2-Omethl-D-Mannopyranosa (3.61%), 2-hydroxy-5-methylisophthaladehyde (3.28%), 1,2,3-trihydroxyphenol (2.30%), ethyl 2-hydroxybenzyl sulfone (2.30%), 1,2,4-trimethyl-3-nitrobicyclo (3.3.1) nonan-9-one (2.30%), butanal, 4-hydroxy-3-methyl (1.97%), 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucopyranose (1.97%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl ester (1.64%), N,N-diethyl-4-(morpholine-4-sulfonyl)-benzenesulfanamide (1.64%) and 9-octadecenamide (1.31%). The extract showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggest the use of the extract from the stem bark of Brachystegia eurycoma in the treatment of typhoid fever, wounds and infections in herbal medicine in Nigeria.	Antibacterial activity; Bioactive compounds; Brachystegia eurycoma; GC-MS analysis; Phyto-chemicals	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944448595	In vivo antimalarial evaluation of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives	Birhan Y.S., Bekhit A.A., Hymete A.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1578-x	Department of Chemistry, Natural and Computational Sciences College, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Birhan, Y.S., Department of Chemistry, Natural and Computational Sciences College, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Bekhit, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Hymete, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Malaria is a neglected tropical parasitic disease affecting billons of people around the globe. Though the number of cases and deaths associated with malaria are decreasing in recent years, it is the most deadly disease in the world. This study aimed at investigating the in vivo antimalarial activities of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives. Results: The in vivo antimalarial activities of the test compounds (6-9 and 11-13) were investigated using the 4-day suppressive standard test in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. The tested compounds showed significant antimalarial activities with mean percentage suppression of 43.71-72.86 % which is significantly higher than the negative control group (p < 0.05). Compounds 12 and 13 displayed better antimalarial activities from the group with mean percentage suppression of 67.60 and 72.86 % respectively. Conclusion: The tested compounds showed significant in vivo antimalarial activities in mice infected with P. berghi ANKA strain. Thus, 3-aryl-2-(substitutedstyryl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones represent a possible scaffold for the development of antimalarial agents. © 2015 Birhan et al.	Malaria; Quinazolinones	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887852698	Dyeing performance of aqueous extract and flavanone glycosides from the flowers of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze	Semwal R.B., Semwal D.K., Badoni P.P., Kapoor P.	2014	Records of Natural Products	8	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Pauri Campus 646001, Uttarakhand, India	Semwal, R.B., Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-0001, South Africa; Semwal, D.K., Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-0001, South Africa; Badoni, P.P., Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Pauri Campus 646001, Uttarakhand, India; Kapoor, P., Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India	Aqueous extract and two flavanone glycosides named 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavanone-5-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 5,5'-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavanone-5,5'-di-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) obtained from the flowers of Butea monosperma were studied for evaluate their dyeing properties on cotton fibers. The stem bark of Myrica esculenta was used as natural mordant whereas SnCl2 and FeCl3 as synthetic mordants. The combination of dye with mordants showed interesting shades with excellent washing and light fastness properties. © 2014 ACG Publications. All rights reserved.	Butea monosperma; Flavanone glycosides; Light fastness; Myrica esculenta; Natural dyes	5,5' dihydroxy 4',7 dimethoxyflavanone 5,5' di o beta dextro glucopyranoside; 5,7 dihydroxy 4' methoxyflavanone 5 beta dextro glucopyranosy (1-2) beta dextro glucopyranoside; dye; flavanone; natural product; unclassified drug; absorption; article; bark; Butea monosperma; chemical analysis; chemical structure; cotton; flower; hydrolysis; methanolysis; plant stem; temperature	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875540845	Synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel α-aminophosphonates	Chinnam S., Potturi C., Maddila S., Muttana V.B.R., Ediga A., Chinnam V.	2013	Der Pharma Chemica	5	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, West Ville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban -4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India; Department of Chemistry, KVR College, Nandigama, India	Chinnam, S., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Potturi, C., Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India; Maddila, S., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, West Ville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban -4000, South Africa; Muttana, V.B.R., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Ediga, A., Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India; Chinnam, V., Department of Chemistry, KVR College, Nandigama, India	A facile method has been developed for the synthesis of novel α-aminophosphonates 5a-j by the one-pot three component reaction of equimolar quantities of 4-amino-N-2-thiazolyl-benzenesulfonamide (Sulfathiazole) (1), dimethyl phosphite (2) and various aldehydes (4a-j) in dry toluene at reflux conditions via Kabachinik-Fields reaction in high yields (70-80%) without use of any catalyst. Their chemical structures were established by IR, 1H, 13C, 31P-NMR, mass spectral studies and elemental analyses. All the title compounds exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal activities.	Antibacterial activity; Antifungal activity; Dimethyl/diethyl phosphites; Kabachinik-fields reaction; Sulfathiazole	aldehyde; antifungal agent; bovastin; dimethyl (2 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (2 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 cyanophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 methoxyphenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 trifluoromethylphenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 fluorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl [(3 trifluoromethyl)phenyl] [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; phosphoramidic acid derivative; streptomycin; sulfathiazole; toluene; unclassified drug; antifungal activity; article; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus niger; Bacillus subtilis; bacterial strain; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; catalyst; chemical reaction; controlled study; drug structure; drug synthesis; Escherichia coli; Fusarium oxysporum; infrared spectroscopy; Kabachinik Fields reaction; nonhuman; phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Streptococcus bovis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857601717	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel isopropyl 2- thiazolopyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives	Kotaiah Y., Hari Krishna N., Naga Raju K., Rao C.V., Jonnalagadda S.B., Maddila S.	2012	Journal of the Korean Chemical Society	56	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa	Kotaiah, Y., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India; Hari Krishna, N., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India; Naga Raju, K., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India; Rao, C.V., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India; Jonnalagadda, S.B., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India; Maddila, S., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa	In the present study, we have synthesized novel Isopropyl 2-(4-substitutedbenzylidene)-5-methyl-3-oxo-7-phenyl-3,7-dihydro-2H-thiazolo[3, 2-a]-pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives (6a-j). Elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral data elucidated structure of newly synthesized compounds. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for antiinflammatory and anti microbial studies. Their biological activity data of the 10 compounds indicates that two compounds posses potent anti-inflammatory and five have antimicrobial activities.	Anti-inflammatory; Antibacterial; Antifungal activities; Isopropyl 2-thiazolopyrimidine-6-carboxylate	Anti-fungal activity; Anti-inflammatories; Anti-microbial; Anti-microbial activity; Antibacterial; Biological evaluation; Isopropyl 2-thiazolopyrimidine-6-carboxylate; Mass spectral data; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Carboxylation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846357832	Comparative evaluation of the nutritive and functional attributes of some traditional Nigerian snacks and oil seed cakes	Aletor O., Ojelabi A.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	1	None	Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Aletor, O., Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ojelabi, A., Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	The proximate composition, the content of nutritionally valuable minerals and functional properties of some traditional Nigerian snacks: peanut ball (Kulikuli), maize-groundnut ball (Donkwa) and melon ball (Robo) were analyzed along with some oilseed cakes: groundnut cake (GNC), palm kernel cake (PKC) and soya bean cake (SBC). On the average the samples contained 31.7 g/100 g DM crude protein (range, 25.2-34.3 g/ 100 g DM); 20.6 g/100g DM crude fat (range, 9.2-29.6 g/100g DM); 8.0 g/ 100g DM crude fibre(range, 2.5-22.4g/100g DM) and ash 10.5 g/100g (range, 2.0-20 g/100g DM) The protein content of the snacks were generally similar to those of the oilseed cakes, while the fat content of the snacks were much higher. The crude fibre content was least in kulikuli while PKC had the highest value. The ash content of the snacks were generally much higher than those of the oilseed cakes. The gross energy ranged between 310.8 kcal/100 g in PKC to 559.2 kcal/100 g in kulikuli. Ca, Mg, P, K and Na were the most abundant minerals in both the snacks and oilseed cakes, while the Zn, Cu and Mn were the least abundant. The snacks were particularly much higher in their Na content. Among the functional attributes, the water absorption capacity (WAC) ranged from 70 to 220% in the traditional snacks, and from 200 to 260 % in the oilseed cakes. Foaming absorption capacity (FAC), varied from 128 to 147% in the snacks while it varied from 184 to 221% in the oilseed cakes. The least gelation concentration of Kulikuli, Robo and palm kernel cake were identical. Fat emulsion capacity and emulsion stability were also similar in all the products. All the samples had varying solubilities with change in pH. The proteins generally had multiple maxima and minima in their solubilities. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Nigerian snacks; Oilseed cakes; Palm kernel cake	calcium; copper; fat; magnesium; manganese; phosphorus; potassium; protein; sodium; zinc; article; ash; calorie; concentration (parameters); controlled study; dietary fiber; emulsion; fat content; food composition; gelation; lipid metabolism; maize; melon; Nigeria; nutritional value; peanut; pH measurement; protein content; solubility; soybean; water absorption; Arachis hypogaea; Cucumis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868249509	Synthesis, characterisation and in vitro evaluation of platinum(II) and gold(I) iminophosphine complexes for anticancer activity	Chiririwa H., Moss J.R., Hendricks D., Smith G.S., Meijboom R.	2013	Polyhedron	49	1	10.1016/j.poly.2012.09.053	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Observatory 7935, South Africa; Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Chiririwa, H., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Observatory 7935, South Africa, Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa; Moss, J.R., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Hendricks, D., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Observatory 7935, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Meijboom, R., Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	The reactions of iminophosphine ligands with [PtCl2(COD)], [PtCl2(DMSO)2], and [Au(tht)Cl] has been investigated. The new platinum(II) and gold(I) complexes were characterised using elemental analysis, electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), NMR (1H and 31P) and IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. In vitro cytotoxic study results show that platinum and gold complexes block the proliferation of WHCO1 and KYSE450 cell lines with an IC50 range of 2.16-9.47 μM. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anticancer; Gold(I) complexes; Iminophosphines; Platinum(II) complexes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872721184	Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of silicon-containing aminoquinoline organometallic complexes as antiplasmodial, antitumor, and antimycobacterial agents	Li Y., De Kock C., Smith P.J., Guzgay H., Hendricks D.T., Naran K., Mizrahi V., Warner D.F., Chibale K., Smith G.S.	2013	Organometallics	32	1	10.1021/om300945c	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Li, Y., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; De Kock, C., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Guzgay, H., Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Hendricks, D.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Naran, K., MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Mizrahi, V., MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Warner, D.F., MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Two silicon-containing analogues (1, 2) of chloroquine, modified in the lateral side chain with organosilicon moieties, were synthesized. Compounds 1 and 2 were further reacted with dinuclear half-sandwich transition metal precursors [Ru(Ar)(μ-Cl)Cl]2 (Ar = η6-p- iPrC6H4Me; η6-C 6H6; η6-C6H5OCH 2CH2OH), [Rh(COD)(μ-Cl)]2, and [RhCp*(μ-Cl)Cl]2, to yield a series of neutral mononuclear Ru(II), Rh(I), and Rh(III) silicon-aminoquinoline complexes (3-12). Compounds 1 and 2 act as monodentate donors that coordinate to the transition metals via the quinoline nitrogen of the aminoquinoline scaffold. All the compounds were characterized using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, and the molecular structures of compounds 2 and 11 were elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the in vitro pharmacological activities of compounds 1-12 were established against chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and against the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, as well as an esophageal (WHCO1) cancer cell line. © 2012 American Chemical Society.	None	Aminoquinoline; Anti-mycobacterial; Anti-tumors; Cancer cell lines; Dinuclear; Half-sandwich; In-vitro; Malarial parasites; Monodentates; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Neutral mononuclear; Organometallic complex; Organosilicones; Pathogenic bacterium; Pharmacological activity; Plasmodium falciparum; Side-chains; Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis; Spectroscopic technique; Cell culture; Organometallics; Rhodium; Rhodium compounds; Scaffolds; Silicon; Synthesis (chemical); Transition metals; X ray diffraction analysis; Chlorine compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858282568	Palladium(II), platinum(II) and gold(I) complexes containing chiral diphosphines of the Josiphos and Walphos families - Synthesis and evaluation as anticancer agents	Segapelo T.V., Lillywhite S., Nordlander E., Haukka M., Darkwa J.	2012	Polyhedron	36	1	10.1016/j.poly.2012.01.027	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland	Segapelo, T.V., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Lillywhite, S., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Nordlander, E., Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Haukka, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa	A series of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes ([PdCl 2(J003)] (1), [PdCl 2(W001)] (2), [PtCl 2(J003)] (3) and [PtCl 2(W001)] (4), where J003 = the Josiphos ligand (R)-1-[(S)-2-diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphine and W001 = the Walphos ligand (R)-1[(R)-2-(2′-diphenylphosphinyl)ferrocenyl] ethyldo(bis-3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)phosphine), were prepared from the reaction of the diphosphine ligands with [PdCl 2(NCMe) 2] or [PtCl 2(cod)] and characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analyses. Single crystal X-ray structures were used to confirm the proposed structures. Attempts to use the same ligands to prepare isoelectronic d 8 Au(III) analogues of the palladium and platinum complexes resulted in the reduction of Au(III) to Au(I) and isolation of the Au(I) complexes [AuCl(J003)] (5), [Au 2Cl 2(J003)] (6) and [Au 2Cl 2(W001)] (7). The cytotoxicity of the four chiral, bidentate ferrocenylphosphine palladium and platinum complexes was investigated against HeLa cells and were found to have low to moderate cytotoxicity. In general, the two Josiphos complexes showed better cytotoxicity compared to the Walphos complexes, irrespective of the metal used. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anticancer agents; Chiral ligands; Diphosphine ligands; Palladium complexes; Platinum complexes	None	None
None	None	In vitro evaluation of dichloro-bis(pyrazole)palladium(II) and dichloro-bis(pyrazole)platinum(II) complexes as anticancer agents	Keter F.K., Kanyanda S., Lyantagaye S.S.L., Darkwa J., Rees D.J.G., Meyer M.	2008	Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology	63	1	10.1007/s00280-008-0721-y	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Keter, F.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Kanyanda, S., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Lyantagaye, S.S.L., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Rees, D.J.G., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Meyer, M., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa	Introduction: Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) was first identified for its anti-bacterial activity, and was later also shown to be an efficient anticancer agent. However, the therapeutic use of this anticancer drug is somewhat limited by its toxic side effects, which include nephrotoxicity, nausea, and vomiting. Furthermore the development of drug-resistant tumours is commonly observed following therapy with cisplatin. Hence there is a need for improved platinum derived drugs to overcome these limitations. Aims: Apoptosis contributes significantly to the cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents such as cisplatin; therefore in this study the potential anticancer properties of a series of pyrazole palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes, [(3,5-R 2pz) 2PdCl 2] {R = H (1), R = Me (2)} and [(3,5-R 2pz) 2PtCl 2] {R = H (3), R = Me (4)}, were evaluated by assessment of their pro-apoptotic activity. Methods: The induction of apoptosis was measured in CHO cells by the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure using the annexin V and APOPercentage™ assays; DNA fragmentation using the Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling (TUNEL) assay; and the detection of activated caspase-3. Results: The platinum complexes were shown to be considerably more active than the palladium complexes, with complex 3 demonstrating the highest level of cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity. The LD 50 values for complex 3 and cisplatin were 20 and 70 μM, respectively, demonstrating that the cytotoxic activity for complex 3 was three times higher than for cisplatin. Various human cancer cell lines, including CaSki, HeLa, as well as the p53 mutant Jurkat T cell line were also shown to be susceptible to complex 3. Conclusions: Collectively, this in vitro study provides insights into action of palladium and platinum complexes and demonstrates the potential use of these compounds, and in particular complex 3, in the development of new anticancer agents. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.	Anticancer; Apoptosis; Bis(pyrazole)palladium(II); Bis(pyrazole)platinum(II); Cisplatin; Cytotoxicity	antineoplastic agent; caspase 3; cisplatin; dichlorobis(3,5 dimethylpyrazole)palladium; dichlorobis(3,5 dimethylpyrazole)platinum; dichlorobis(pyrazole)palladium; dichlorobis(pyrazole)platinum; lipocortin 5; palladium complex; phosphatidylserine; platinum complex; unclassified drug; animal cell; apoptosis; article; cancer cell culture; controlled study; cytotoxicity; DNA fragmentation; drug screening; enzyme activation; human; human cell; in vitro study; LD 50; nick end labeling; nonhuman; priority journal; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Hela Cells; Humans; Jurkat Cells; Molecular Structure; Organometallic Compounds; Organoplatinum Compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955796764	Inaccuracy of self-evaluation as additional variable for prediction of students at risk of failing first-year chemistry	Potgieter M., Ackermann M., Fletcher L.	2010	Chemistry Education Research and Practice	11	1	10.1039/c001042c	Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Potgieter, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Ackermann, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Fletcher, L., Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Early identification of students at risk of failing first-year chemistry allows timely intervention. Cognitive factors alone are insufficient predictors for success; however, non-cognitive factors are usually difficult to measure. We have explored the use of demographic and performance variables, as well as the accuracy of self-evaluation as an indicator of metacognitive ability, as possible indicators for students at risk of failing the first semester course in General Chemistry (CMY 117) at the University of Pretoria. Variables with a strong correlation with performance in CMY 117 were used to develop a prediction model based on logistic regression. Three variables, i.e. prior performance in mathematics and in physical science, and the extent of overconfidence expressed as the ratio between expected and actual performance in a chemistry pre-test written at the start of the semester, were shown to be significant predictors for risk of failing. The highest overall accuracy of prediction (76%) was obtained for a subset of students with a C or D grade for their high school leaving examination in mathematics when high risk students were defined as those with a final mark for CMY 117 as 51% or lower. The prediction model, based on the model building data set, had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 46%; whilst the sensitivity and specificity using the validation data set were 88% and 38% respectively. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010.	Chemistry; Logistic regression; Overconfidence; Prediction; Prediction model; Predictor variables; Self-evaluation; Students at risk of failing	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859912382	Psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics among university undergraduates [Impact psychosocial de l'esthétique dentaire sur les étudiants en premiére année d'université]	Kolawole K.A., Ayeni O.O., Osiatuma V.I.	2012	International Orthodontics	10	1	10.1016/j.ortho.2011.12.003	Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, 220005 Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health,	Kolawole, K.A., Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, 220005 Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ayeni, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Osiatuma, V.I., Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of dental appearance on the psychosocial well-being of young adults in a university community. Methods: The participants were a sample (165) of first year University undergraduates who completed the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), a condition- specific Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) measure and another self-rating instrument, the Perception of Occlusion Scale (POS). Self- and examiner-perceived dental aesthetics were determined using the Aesthetic Component (AC) scale of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and a modification of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Results were analysed using non-parametric tests (Kruskall Wallis). Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. Results: Participants with varying degrees of self- and examiner- perceived dental aesthetics according to the AC of IOTN and the POS demonstrated statistically significant differences in well-being based on the PIDAQ subscale scores (p < 0.05), with the dental self-confidence subscale demonstrating the strongest difference. No significant differences were observed between the modified DAI groups. Conclusion: Differences in the quality of life of individuals with varying degrees of dental aesthetics and different levels of treatment need were identified by the PIDAQ. The most significant impact of impaired aesthetics being on dental self-confidence. © 2011 CEO.	Dental aesthetics; Quality of life	adolescent; adult; article; dental procedure; female; human; male; malocclusion; Nigeria; nonparametric test; orthodontics; psychological aspect; quality of life; questionnaire; self concept; student; university; Adolescent; Adult; Esthetics, Dental; Female; Humans; Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need; Male; Malocclusion; Nigeria; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Self Concept; Statistics, Nonparametric; Students; Universities; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897631156	Impact of three years training on operations capacities of research ethics committees in Nigeria	Folayan M.O., Adaranijo A., Durueke F., Ajuwon A., Adejumo A., Ezechi O., Oyedeji K., Akanni O.	2014	Developing World Bioethics	14	1	10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00340.x	Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Osun State, Nigeria; New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Health Promotion, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychology,	Folayan, M.O., Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Osun State, Nigeria; Adaranijo, A., New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society, Lagos, Nigeria; Durueke, F., New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society, Lagos, Nigeria; Ajuwon, A., Department of Health Promotion, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adejumo, A., Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ezechi, O., Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Oyedeji, K., University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Akanni, O., New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper describes a three-year project designed to build the capacity of members of research ethics committes to perform their roles and responsibilities efficiently and effectively. The project participants were made up of a cross-section of the membership of 13 Research Ethics Committees (RECs) functioning in Nigeria. They received training to develop their capacity to evaluate research protocols, monitor trial implementation, provide constructive input to trial staff, and assess the trial's success in promoting community engagement in the research. Following the training, technical assistance was provided to participants on an ongoing basis and the project's impacts were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results indicate that sustained investment in capacity building efforts (including training, ongoing technical assistance, and the provision of multiple tools) improved the participants' knowledge of both the ethical principles relevant to biomedical research and how effective REC should function. Such investment was also shown to have a positive impact on the knowledge levels of other RECs members (those who did not receive training) and the overall operations of the RECs to which the participants belonged. Building the capacity of REC members to fulfill their roles effectively requires sustained effort and investment and pays off by enabling RECs to fulfill their essential mission of ensuring that trials are conducted safely and ethically. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Bioethics; Committees; Developing world; Research ethics; Sub-Saharan Africa	clinical trial (topic); consumer; education; ethics; human; human experiment; methodology; needs assessment; Nigeria; professional standard; program evaluation; qualitative research; questionnaire; research ethics; Clinical Trials as Topic; Consumer Participation; Ethics Committees, Research; Ethics, Research; Human Experimentation; Humans; Needs Assessment; Nigeria; Program Evaluation; Qualitative Research; Questionnaires; Research Design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952008280	Evaluation of toughness of textile concrete	Mumenya S.W., Tait R.B., Alexander M.G.	2011	Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions	44	1	10.1617/s11527-010-9626-4	Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Mumenya, S.W., Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Tait, R.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Alexander, M.G., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites (HPFRCC) are characterized by a stress-strain response in tension that exhibits strain-hardening behaviour accompanied by propagation of multiple cracks. This process is often referred to as pseudo-ductility due to multiple cracking with relatively large energy absorption capacity. The cracking characteristics are dependent on matrix strength, fibre/matrix bond, fibre volume fraction and the aspect ratio of the fibre used in the composite. The matrix cracking strength and interfacial bond vary with the degree of hydration of cement in the matrix, which is time and environment dependent. This study analyses the multiple cracking patterns formed in weathered Textile Concrete (TC) samples due to direct tensile testing, and links the cracking patterns to the tensile behaviour. The specimens used for the study were thin laminates which were produced by casting six layers of specially made polypropylene (PP) textile in fine-grained mortar. The samples were cured under controlled laboratory conditions for 28 days, and thereafter exposed to different weathering regimes for different periods. The weathered samples were tested in direct tension in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) over a range of stresses. For all the samples tested, it was observed that the tensile behaviour was characterised by strain hardening and multiple cracking, which gave high tensile strains in excess of 20% at final failure. It was further found that the cracking patterns varied mainly with age, weathering history and stress levels. Other factors that contributed to the cracking characteristics were moisture state of the specimen and the fibre/matrix bonding strength. A strong bond and dense matrix resulted in wide crack spacings compared with samples with a weaker bond which developed closely spaced cracks. A general trend of increasing crack widths and crack spacings with ageing was observed which was accredited to increased hydration accompanied by an increase in fibre/matrix bond strength. © 2010 RILEM.	Cracking patterns; Microcracking; Multiple cracking; Pseudo-ductility; Tensile behaviour	Bonding strength; Controlled laboratories; Crack spacing; Crack width; Cracking patterns; Degree of hydration; Dense matrices; Fibre volume fraction; Fibre/matrix bond; Final failures; General trends; High-performance fibres; Interfacial bonds; Large energy absorption; matrix; Matrix strength; Matrix-cracking strength; Moisture state; Multiple crack; Multiple cracking; Pseudo-ductility; Stress levels; Stress-strain response; Tensile behaviour; Universal testing machines; Aspect ratio; Concrete testing; Ductility; Hydration; Materials testing apparatus; Microcracking; Soil mechanics; Strain; Strain hardening; Tensile strength; Tensile testing; Textile processing; Textiles; Weathering; Cracks	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858316120	Evaluation of high-resolution satellite rainfall products through streamflow simulation in a hydrological modeling of a small mountainous watershed in Ethiopia	Bitew M.M., Gebremichael M., Ghebremichael L.T., Bayissa Y.A.	2012	Journal of Hydrometeorology	13	1	10.1175/2011JHM1292.1	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Rubenstein School of Environmental Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Civil Engineering, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Bitew, M.M., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Gebremichael, M., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Ghebremichael, L.T., Rubenstein School of Environmental Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States; Bayissa, Y.A., Department of Civil Engineering, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	This study focuses on evaluating four widely used global high-resolution satellite rainfall products [the Climate Prediction Center's morphing technique (CMORPH) product, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) near-real-time product (3B42RT), the TMPA method post-real-time research version product (3B42), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) product] with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and temporal resolution of 3 h through their streamflow simulations in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model of a 299-km 2 mountainous watershed in Ethiopia. Results show significant biases in the satellite rainfall estimates. The 3B42RT and CMORPH products perform better than the 3B42 and PERSIANN. The predictive ability of each of the satellite rainfall was examined using a SWAT model calibrated in two different approaches: with rain gauge rainfall as input, and with each of the satellite rainfall products as input. Significant improvements in model streamflow simulations are obtained when the model is calibrated with input-specific rainfall data than with rain gauge data. Calibrating SWAT with satellite rainfall estimates results in curve number values that are by far higher than the standard tabulated values, and therefore caution must be exercised when using standard tabulated parameter values with satellite rainfall inputs. The study also reveals that bias correction of satellite rainfall estimates significantly improves the model simulations. The best-performing model simulations based on satellite rainfall inputs are obtained after bias correction and model recalibration. © 2012 American Meteorological Society.	Africa; Hydrologic models; Rainfall; Satellite observations; Streamflow	calibration; hydrological modeling; numerical model; parameterization; precipitation intensity; raingauge; satellite imagery; spatial resolution; streamflow; temporal variation; TRMM; watershed; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649099287	Investigation on potential groundwater impacts and influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of leachate at a municipal landfill	Longe E.O., Enekwechi L.O.	2007	International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology	4	1	None	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Longe, E.O., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Enekwechi, L.O., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	The influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of contaminants from landfill leachates in shallow aquifer underlying the active Olusosun landfill base in Lagos was investigated. In addition, the level of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the landfill and of leachate migration pattern in groundwater down gradient of the landfill base was equally assessed. Landfill leachate and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed and characterized. Physico-chemical analyses of sampled water followed standard analytical methods. Analytical results showed a measurable impact of leachate outflows on groundwater quality. Elevated levels of anions: nitrate, chloride and sulphate in the groundwater body and heavy metals: Cr3, Cd and Cu, were detected at measurable levels in groundwater down gradient of the landfill location without any particular attenuation pattern. The migration pattern and dispersion of leachates down gradient, 750 m away from the landfill location are irregular and difficult to predict as depicted by levels of contaminants present in groundwater. The study highlighted the importance of soil stratigraphy beneath the landfill base as an important factor in the natural attenuation of leachate constituents in the groundwater body. © Winter 2007, IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.	Hydrogeology; Landfill; Leachate; Migration; Natural attenuation	Aquifers; Contamination; Dispersions; Hydrogeology; Leachate treatment; Water quality; analytical method; aquifer; groundwater pollution; hydrogeology; landfill; leachate; shallow water; stratigraphy; Africa; Lagos [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349392594	Markovian probabilistic pavement performance prediction models for a developing country	Adedimila A.S., Olutaiwo A.O., Kehinde O.	2009	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	4	1	None	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Adedimila, A.S., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Olutaiwo, A.O., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Kehinde, O., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The research presented here is a part of a simplified Pavement Information and Management System (PIMS) constructed for a typical developing country. Pavement deterioration modeling based on historical record of the objective function (performance) variation with age (time) requires regular measurement of the condition rating of pavement sections over a period of some years. Based on the generated model curves using historical data, future condition rating could then be predicted. In the absence of such information and record in the country (Nigeria), such method cannot be used and the alternative is to use probabilistic modeling. With the aid of Matlab and Visual Basic application software, three models were developed to generate pavement deterioration profiles, accruable user costs and intervention maintenance costs. The developed models were applied to a case study road. The results proved that timely intervention to maintain pavements at appropriate times will significantly reduce the overall expenditure for both the road users and the government. This was also attested to by the results of the benefit-cost analysis carried out. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Benefit-cost; Pavement deterioration; Probabilistic modeling; User costs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893853810	Flexural performance of foam concrete containing pulverized bone as partial replacement of cement	Falade F., Ikponmwosa E., Fapohunda C.	2014	Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology	8	1	None	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Building, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos, Nigeria	Falade, F., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ikponmwosa, E., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Fapohunda, C., Department of Building, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper presents the results of a study conducted to investigate the flexural behaviour of foam concrete containing pulverised bone as partial replacement of cement.A total of sixty reinforced beams (150×150×750 mm) were used to investigate the flexural behaviour of the specimens. For reinforcement of the beams, hot-rolled, deformed 10-mm-diameter bars with yield and ultimate stresses of 478.10 N/mm2 and 710.81 N/mm2 respectively were used. The cement constituent of the mix was partly replaced with up to 20% of pulverised bone. The flexural parameters investigated are crack formation and its pattern, failure mode, ultimate load, theoretical and experimental ultimate moments, deflection and stiffness. From the results of this investigation, it is concluded that the provision of the design standard in relation to shear and flexural design of beams can be considered as adequate for the design of reinforced foam concrete. It is further concluded that the stiffness is not affected by the inclusion of pulverised bone in the mix at up to 15% cement replacement level, and neither is the deflection pattern of the uncracked sections of the specimens affected by the inclusion of pulverised bone. The bending moments of the specimens, however, decreased with increase in pulverised bone. © 2014 by Maejo University, San Sai, Chiang Mai, 50290 Thailand.	Cement; Flexural strength; Foam concrete; Pulverised bone	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644799663	Evaluation and prediction of the swelling characteristics of Nigerian black clays	Nwaiwu C.M.O., Nuhu I.	2006	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering	24	1	10.1007/s10706-004-1928-2	Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Al-Kay Limited (Building and Civil Engineering), Lozumba Shopping Complex, UTC Area, Garki, FCT Abuja, Nigeria	Nwaiwu, C.M.O., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Nuhu, I., Al-Kay Limited (Building and Civil Engineering), Lozumba Shopping Complex, UTC Area, Garki, FCT Abuja, Nigeria	The swelling characteristics of black clays from two major areas of occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria, were investigated in the laboratory. Clay samples derived from lagoonal clay deposits showed high swelling tendencies while those samples derived from Olivine basalts showed medium to high swelling tendencies. Although interparticle swelling was the dominant swelling mechanism, soil samples with higher clay contents exhibited higher swelling tendencies. The developed predictive models show that the free swell percentage as well as the swelling pressure can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity, specific gravity, clay content and plasticity index. On the other hand, swell percent can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity and specific gravity only. © Springer 2006.	Free swell; Regression analysis; Swell percent; Swelling pressure; Tropical black clays	Clay deposits; Composition; Density measurement (specific gravity); Electric conductivity measurement; Plasticity; Pressure measurement; Regression analysis; Sampling; Swelling; Clay content; Plasticity index; Swell percent; Swelling pressure; Tropical black clays; Clay; clay; swelling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901197113	THe review of sub-sahara africa gravel roads maintenance management system's monitoring and need assessment: Tanzania experience	Mwaipungu R.R., Allopi D.	2014	International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning	9	1	10.2495/SDP-V9-N1-74-89	Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, South Africa	Mwaipungu, R.R., Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, South Africa; Allopi, D., Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, South Africa	Although the urge to construct new gravel roads to reach areas, which are potential economically is still there, it is now becoming clear to the road agencies in sub-Saharan Africa that a large proportion of the gravel roads constructed or rehabilitated between 2005 and 2008 years are no longer economical. These roads have reached their terminal stage due to various reasons, ranging from improper monitoring and maintenance needs assessment to challenges of getting the required funds for gravel roads conservation. Based on the above challenges, the sub-Sahara African countries, including Tanzania, are unceasingly searching for ways to strengthen the management of existing gravel roads network as part of roads transport infrastructure. To accomplish the above demand, Tanzania has two organisations concerned with managing its gravel road networks, namely Tanzania Road Agency (TANROADS) and Local Government Authority (LGA)'s District Engineer's offi ce. Each one of these two organisations uses its own road management system. TANROADS uses Road Maintenance Management Systems, and LGA uses District Roads Management Systems. These two systems have been developed through foreign aid in terms of experts and fi nancial assistance with minimal participation of local experts. This paper focuses on factors affecting the effi ciency and effectiveness of these management systems in gravel roads monitoring and maintenance needs assessment in comparison with those in developed countries. The authors expect that by highlighting those elements affecting the provision of accurate gravel roads inventory and road condition data will improve further the diagnosis of distresses infl uencing the performance of gravel roads, and come up with proper remedy to suit the local condition.©2014 WIT Press.	Conservation; Effective; Gravel roads; Infrastructure; Inventory; Monitoring; Needs assessment; Performance; Road condition survey; Road mentor	Conservation; Gravel roads; Highway bridges; Maintenance; Monitoring; Planning; Surveys; Transportation; Conservation; Gravel; Gravel roads; Highway bridges; Highway engineering; Highway planning; Maintenance; Monitoring; Planning; Roads and streets; Surveys; Transportation; Effective; Infrastructure; Inventory; Needs Assessment; Performance; Road condition surveys; Road mentors; effective; infrastructure; inventory; performance; Highway planning; Highway administration; financial provision; gravel; inventory; maintenance; monitoring system; performance assessment; road construction; road transport; transportation infrastructure; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922831782	Measuring spatial variability of land use associated with hydrological impact in urbanised quaternary catchments using entropy	Ilunga M., Singh V.P.	2015	Water SA	41	1	10.4314/wsa.v41i1.7	Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Campus, South Africa; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU College StationTX, United States	Ilunga, M., Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Campus, South Africa; Singh, V.P., Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU College StationTX, United States	Decision making for water resources is needed for land-use change due to urbanisation, which impacts hydrological variables such as mean annual runof (MAR) of catchments. Urbanisation introduces some degree of uncertainty (expressed as entropy) to this specific variable. This study uses Shannon or theoretic entropy as a tool for measuring land use variability/diversity of urbanised areas in South Africa. Positive correlations between entropy and increase in mean annual runoff (MAR) due to urbanisation are derived. Also, relationships between return period/risk of failure (flooding or water supply) and entropy are established. A case of Pieter Wright Dam of the Vaal drainage region is used to demonstrate these relationships. Consequently, the reliability of this dam is shown to be positively correlated with entropy. Data on surface water resources of South Africa 1990 (WR90) compiled by the Water Resource Commission (WRC) were used in this study. © 2015,South African Water Research Commission. All rights reserved.	Decision-making; Entropy; Hydrological impact; Quaternary catchments; Risk; Urbanisation	Catchments; Decision making; Entropy; Land use; Risks; Runoff; Surface water resources; Surface waters; Water supply; Degree of uncertainty; Hydrological impacts; Hydrological variables; Mean annual runoffs; Positive correlations; Spatial variability; Urbanisation; Urbanised areas; Water resources; decision making; entropy; hydrological change; land use change; runoff; spatial variation; surface water; urbanization; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940876199	Evaluation of landfill cover design options for waste disposal sites in the coastal regions of Ghana	Keelson K.B.	2015	International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation	5	1	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Kaaf University College, Accra, Ghana	Keelson, K.B., Department of Civil Engineering, Kaaf University College, Accra, Ghana	Uncontrolled leachate generation from operational and closed waste disposal sites is a major environmental concern in the coastal regions of Ghana which have abundant surface water and groundwater resources. The Ghana Landfill Guidelines requires the provision of a final cover or capping system as part of a final closure plan for waste disposal sites in the country as a means of minimizing the harmful environmental effects of these emissions. However, this technical manual does not provide explicit guidance on the material types or configuration for landfill covers that would be suitable for the different climatic conditions in the country. Four landfill cover options which are based on the USEPA RCRA-type and evapotranspirative landfill cover design specifications were evaluated with the aid of the HELP computer program to determine their suitability for waste disposal sites located in the Western, Central and Greater Accra regions. The RCRA Subtitle C cover which yielded flux rates of less than 0.001 mm/yr was found to be suitable for the specific climatic conditions. The RCRA Subtitle D cover was determined to be unsuitable due to the production of very large flux rates in excess of 200 mm/yr. The results for the anisotropic barrier and capillary barrier covers were inconclusive. Recommendations for further study include a longer simulation period as well the study of the combined effects of different topsoil vegetative conditions and evaporative zone depths on the landfill water balance. The use of other water balance models such as EPIC, HYDRUS-2D and UNSAT-H for the evaluation of the evapotranspirative landfill cover design options should also be considered. © TAETI.	Ghana; Groundwater; HELP model; Landfill cover; Leachate; Waste disposal	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904609209	Evaluation of the strength behaviour of unpaved road material treated with electrochemical-based non-traditional soil stabilisation additives	Moloisane R.J., Visser A.T.	2014	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	56	1	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Moloisane, R.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Visser, A.T., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Travel along unpaved roads is not always assured, because of their low standards, poor riding quality, impassability in wet weather, and the danger in the quantity of dust that is generated by moving vehicles and wind. Stabilisation with electrochemical-based non-traditional soil stabilisation additives (chemical additives) may offer a solution to this continual problem. The objective of this paper is to report on the strength behaviour of a typical marginal quality weathered quartz gravel material treated with two electrochemical-based non-traditional soil stabilisation additives, enzyme and sulphonated oil to assess their potential value for unpaved road construction under wet and dry conditions. These treated panels were trafficked under 100 vehicles per day. The evaluation was done by means of laboratory tests and field investigations for three years. The characteristics of the natural material and the binding ability of the non-traditional soil stabilisation additives were established from the laboratory testing. Density and moisture, and the strength development of the treated material were determined from field investigations. These two non-traditional soil stabilisation additives appear to have affected the particles and their water component, hence an increase in densities was achieved. The degree of formation and paste surrounding the particles appeared to have varied with time and differed between the additives. An increase in density in the sulphonated oil additive treated panel occurred three months after construction, and a further increase was again noticed eight months after construction (five months thereafter). Up to eight months after construction, the enzyme additive treated panel showed a significant decrease in density, but showed a slight increase thirty-one months after construction. This increase in densities might probably be because of further densification by traffic. The variations in density were attributed to testing variability. In the in situ and soaked DCP-CBR strength measurements, the sulphonated oil additive treated panel reached its maximum in situ strength at two months after construction, while the enzyme additive treated panel reached its maximum in situ strength at five months after construction. Up to eight months after construction, both treated panels indicated a significant decrease in both the in situ and soaked DCP-CBR strength conditions. The decrease was attributed to rain. There was, however, little evidence to show that the additives had improved the material, with the control panel being consistently stronger in both the in situ and soaked DCP-CBR conditions. The importance of considering the time factor in the strength development of non-traditional stabilisation test techniques, as well as the number of tests, was highlighted in the results of this study. The natural variability of the materials used in this type of study is generally high, and the precision of the test method is typically quite low. On this basis, it is usually difficult to draw definite conclusions.	Bonding; Dry density and moisture content; Electrochemical stabilisation; Strength development; Unpaved road material	Ability testing; Additives; Bituminous materials; Bonding; Chemical bonds; Enzymes; Quartz; Riding qualities; Soil mechanics; Stabilization; Dry density; Field investigation; Laboratory testing; Natural variability; Soil stabilisation; Strength condition; Strength development; Unpaved roads; Strength of materials	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952004024	Performance of sewer pipe concrete mixtures with portland and calcium aluminate cements subject to mineral and biogenic acid attack	Alexander M.G., Fourie C.	2011	Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions	44	1	10.1617/s11527-010-9629-1	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Alexander, M.G., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Fourie, C., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	The paper reports on the performance of a series of sewer pipe concrete mixtures and cementitious lining mixtures in acid environments. Binder types based on ordinary portland cement (OPC) and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) were used, with both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble aggregates and various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). One series of tests subjected the mixtures to pure mineral acid (hydrochloric acid, pH = 1), using a specially designed dynamic test rig. The other series of tests involved monitoring specimens placed in a live sewer under very aggressive conditions induced by acid-generating bacteria. Under mineral acid attack on concretes with conventional dolomite aggregates, OPC/silica fume concretes displayed best performance, attributed to their densified microstructure coupled with substantially improved ITZ. CAC concretes with dolomite aggregate did not perform any better than similar OPC specimens under these conditions, primarily because of their higher porosity. However, with concretes using synthetic alagTM aggregates in mineral acid testing, CAC/alagTM mixtures performed exceptionally well due to their homogeneous microstructure, inferred absence of an ITZ, and slower dissolution and finer size of alag TM aggregate particles. The dynamic acid test was able to reveal differences in physical and chemical interactions between constituents in concrete mixes. Under biogenic acid conditions in the sewer, CAC concretes clearly outperformed OPC concretes. This is ascribed to the ability of CAC to stifle the metabolism of the acid-generating bacteria, thereby reducing acid generation. Thus the effects of neutralisation capacity and stifling of bacterial activity need to be distinguished in designing concrete mixtures to provide good acid resistance. Relative rates of dissolution of binder and aggregates are also important in overall performance, with uniform rates preferable in order to avoid aggregate fallout. © 2010 RILEM Résumé: Cet article présente des séries d'essais visant à évaluer la résistance à la corrosion acide de différents bétons et mortiers de protection utilisés pour les tuyaux d'assainissement. Les types de liant sont du Ciment Portland (OPC) et du ciment d'aluminate de calcium (CAC), combinés à des granulats soit solubles dans l'acide soit insolubles, avec ou sans ajouts minéraux (SCM). Dans une première série de tests, les bétons sont soumis à un acide minéral pur (acide chlorydrique, pH = 1) à l'aide d'un montage dynamique spécialement conçu pour ce programme. Une deuxième série d'essais consiste à suivre des éprouvettes exposées dans un réseau d'égout en service, dans des conditions très sévères de corrosion biogénique induites par les bactéries produisant de l'acide. Soumises à la corrosion par l'acide minéral, les éprouvettes de béton OPC/fumée de silice avec des granulats dolomitiques ont montré la meilleure performance, probablement en raison d'une microstructure plus dense et d'une auréole de transition (ITZ) nettement améliorée. Les bétons de CAC avec granulats dolomitiques n'ont pas pré senté une meilleure performance par rapport aux bétons de Portland dans cet essai, probablement en raison d'une plus grande porosité. A l'inverse, les bétons de CAC/granulats ALAGTM ont exceptionnellement bien résisté au test à l'acide minéral, en raison à l'homogénéité de la microstructure, de l'absence d'auréole de transition, d'une dissolution plus lente et de la taille réduite des particules de granulats ALAG TM. Le test dynamique de résistance à la corrosion acide a permis de mettre en évidence les différences dans les interactions physiques et chimiques entre les constituants des bétons. Dans les conditions de corrosion acide d'origine biogénique en réseau d'assainissement, les bétons de CAC ont clairement mieux tenu que les bétons d'OPC. Cela est attribué à la capacité des CAC de freiner le métabolisme des bactéries produisant de l'acide, réduisant ainsi la production d'acide. En conséquence, les paramètres de capacité de neutralisation et de réduction de l'activité biologique doivent être distingués dans la conception d'une formule de bétons pour obtenir une bonne résistance à la corrosion acide. Les taux relatifs de dissolution du liant et des granulats sont aussi importants dans la performance globale, des taux similaires étant préférable pour éviter le déchaussement des granulats. © 2010 RILEM.	Acid attack; Acid resistance; AlagTM aggregates; Biogenic; Calcium aluminate cement; Concrete sewer pipes; Performance	Acid attack; Alag aggregates; Biogenic; Calcium aluminate cement; Concrete sewer pipes; Performance; Agglomeration; Bacteriology; Binders; Calcium; Concrete aggregates; Concrete construction; Concrete mixers; Concrete pipe; Concretes; Corrosion; Dissolution; Hydrochloric acid; Microstructure; Minerals; Mixtures; Portland cement; Sewers; Silicate minerals; Testing; Acid resistance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80155182064	Comparison of permeable friction course mixtures fabricated using asphalt rubber and performance-grade asphalt binders	Alvarez A.E., Fernandez E.M., Epps Martin A., Reyes O.J., Simate G.S., Walubita L.F.	2012	Construction and Building Materials	28	1	10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.085	Department of Civil Engineering, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Civil Engineering, Nueva Granada Military University, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; TTI, Texas A and M University System, College Station, TX 77843, United States	Alvarez, A.E., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; Fernandez, E.M., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; Epps Martin, A., Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Reyes, O.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Nueva Granada Military University, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Simate, G.S., Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Walubita, L.F., TTI, Texas A and M University System, College Station, TX 77843, United States	Permeable friction course mixtures (PFC) are special hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures that are designed to improve motorist safety and reduce traffic noise (i.e., tire-pavement noise). In terms of pavement structural design and construction, PFC mixtures are typically used as the surfacing course layer where in addition to improving the skid resistance, also serve as the surface drainage layer. This paper compares PFC mixtures designed and fabricated using performance grade (PG) and asphalt rubber (AR) asphalt-binders (or asphalts). The experimental design included assessment of total air voids (AV) content, durability, drainability, stone-on-stone contact, and internal structure of the PFC mixtures fabricated using both AR and PG asphalts; denoted herein as AR-PFC and PG-PFC mixtures, respectively. The analysis conducted provided evidence of differences between AR-PFC and PG-PFC mixtures that suggest the need for differentiation and refinement of the existing specifications to consider these mixtures as independent materials. Future research should, therefore, focus on defining particular specifications for mix design and control for AR-PFC and PG-PFC mixtures. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Asphalt rubber (AR); Hot mix asphalt (HMA); Mix design; Performance grade (PG); Permeable friction course mixture (PFC)	Asphalt rubber (AR); Hot mix asphalt (HMA); Mix designs; Performance grade; Permeable friction course; Asphalt; Binders; Curricula; Fabrication; Friction; Noise pollution; Pavements; Rubber; Skid resistance; Specifications; Structural design; Tribology; Mixtures	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880124415	Impact of tuberculosis on mortality among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: A prospective cohort analysis	Chu R., Mills E.J., Beyene J., Pullenayegum E., Bakanda C., Nachega J.B., Devereaux P.J., Thabane L.	2013	AIDS Research and Therapy	10	1	10.1186/1742-6405-10-19	Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 3rd Floor Martha, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada	Chu, R., Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 3rd Floor Martha, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; Mills, E.J., Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Beyene, J., Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Pullenayegum, E., Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 3rd Floor Martha, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; Bakanda, C., AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Kampala, Uganda; Nachega, J.B., Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Devereaux, P.J., Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Thabane, L., Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 3rd Floor Martha, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) disease affects survival among HIV co-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Yet, the magnitude of TB disease on mortality is poorly understood.Methods: Using a prospective cohort of 22,477 adult patients who initiated ART between August 2000 and June 2009 in Uganda, we assessed the effect of active pulmonary TB disease at the initiation of ART on all-cause mortality using a Cox proportional hazards model. Propensity score (PS) matching was used to control for potential confounding. Stratification and covariate adjustment for PS and not PS-based multivariable Cox models were also performed.Results: A total of 1,609 (7.52%) patients had active pulmonary TB at the start of ART. TB patients had higher proportions of being male, suffering from AIDS-defining illnesses, having World Health Organization (WHO) disease stage III or IV, and having lower CD4 cell counts at baseline (p < 0.001). The percentages of death during follow-up were 10.47% and 6.38% for patients with and without TB, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) for mortality comparing TB to non-TB patients using 1,686 PS-matched pairs was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08 - 1.75), less marked than the crude estimate (HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.49 - 2.04). The other PS-based methods and not PS-based multivariable Cox model produced similar results.Conclusions: After controlling for important confounding variables, HIV patients who had TB at the initiation of ART in Uganda had an approximate 37% increased hazard of overall mortality relative to non-TB patients. © 2013 Chu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Propensity score methods; Prospective cohort study; Tuberculosis; Uganda	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adolescent; adult; antiviral therapy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical trial; cohort analysis; female; hazard ratio; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; mortality; priority journal; propensity score; proportional hazards model; prospective study; tuberculosis; Uganda; world health organization	None
None	None	Impact of an electronic clinical decision support system on workflow in antenatal care: The QUALMAT eCDSS in rural health care facilities in Ghana and Tanzania	Mensah N., Sukums F., Awine T., Meid A., Williams J., Akweongo P., Kaltschmidt J., Haefeli W.E., Blank A.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.25756	Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Directorate of Information and Communication Technology, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana	Mensah, N., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Sukums, F., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Directorate of Information and Communication Technology, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Awine, T., Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Meid, A., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Williams, J., Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Akweongo, P., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana; Kaltschmidt, J., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Haefeli, W.E., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Blank, A., Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany	Background: The implementation of new technology can interrupt establishedworkflows in health care settings. The Quality of Maternal Care (QUALMAT) project has introduced an electronic clinical decision support system (eCDSS) for antenatal care (ANC) and delivery in rural primary health care facilities in Africa. Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the influence of the QUALMAT eCDSS on the workflow of health care workers in rural primary health care facilities in Ghana and Tanzania. Design: A direct observation, time-and-motion study on ANC processes was conducted using a structured data sheet with predefined major task categories. The duration and sequence of tasks performed during ANC visits were observed, and changes after the implementation of the eCDSS were analyzed. Results: In 24 QUALMAT study sites, 214 observations of ANC visits (144 in Ghana, 70 in Tanzania) were carried out at baseline and 148 observations (104 in Ghana, 44 in Tanzania) after the software was implemented in 12 of those sites. The median time spent combined for all centers in both countries to provide ANC at baseline was 6.5 min [interquartile range (IQR) = 4.0-10.6]. Although the time spent on ANC increased in Tanzania and Ghana after the eCDSS implementation as compared to baseline, overall there was no significant increase in time used for ANC activities (0.51 min, p = 0.06 in Ghana; and 0.54 min, p = 0.26 in Tanzania) as compared to the control sites without the eCDSS. The percentage of medical history taking in women who had subsequent examinations increased after eCDSS implementation from 58.2% (39/67) to 95.3% (61/64) p < 0.001 in Ghana but not in Tanzania [from 65.4% (17/26) to 71.4% (15/21) p = 0.70]. Conclusions: The QUALMAT eCDSS does not increase the time needed for ANC but partly streamlined workflow at sites in Ghana, showing the potential of such a system to influence quality of care positively. © 2015 Nathan Mensah et al.	Antenatal care; Developing countries; Electronic clinical decision support system; Health care providers; Rural setting; Sequence of events; Sub-Saharan Africa; Workflow	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054735115	Economic evaluation of antibacterial usage in ear, nose and throat infections in a Nigerian teaching hospital	Suleiman I.A., Tayo F.	2011	International Journal of Health Research	4	1	None	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine Campus, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria	Suleiman, I.A., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine Campus, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria; Tayo, F., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine Campus, Idi-Araba, PMB 12003 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria	Purpose: To carry out economic evaluation of antibacterial usage for Ear, Nose and Throat infections in a tertiary health care facility in Nigeria. Methods: Antibacterial utilisation evaluation was carried out retrospectively over one year period by reviewing 122 case notes containing 182 prescriptions of patient with Ear Nose and Throat infections. Relevant data including demographics, diagnosis, prescribed drugs, dosages, were extracted and the associated costs analysed. Results: Highest prevalent rate of Ear, Nose and Throat infections occurred in children under 10 years of age (59.3%) with otitis media predominating (45.0%). Average antibacterial cost per case was N1971.37 (US$15.16). Penicillins were the most frequently prescribed (35.5%) at a cost of N89,468.00 (US$688.22) representing 24.9% of the total antibacterial cost. Cephalosporins were used at a rate of 12.1% with a percentage total antibacterial cost of 48.4% (N173,554.00, US$1335.03). Conclusion: The average cost of antibacterial agents to patients studied is high. This call for prudent use of these agents which should be evidence based and closely monitored. © Poracom Academic Publishers. All rights reserved.	Antibacterial Therapy; Antibacterial Utilization Studies; Infectious diseases; Pharmacoeconomics	amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic agent; amoxicillin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin plus cloxacillin; antiinfective agent; ceftazidime; ceftriaxone; cefuroxime; cephalosporin derivative; ciprofloxacin; cloxacillin; cotrimoxazole; erythromycin; gentamicin; imidazole derivative; macrolide; metronidazole; penicillin derivative; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; roxithromycin; sulfonamide; acute otitis media; adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; bronchopneumonia; child; chronic suppurative otitis media; controlled study; demography; drug choice; drug cost; drug monitoring; drug use; ear infection; economic evaluation; evidence based medicine; female; health care cost; high risk population; human; infant; infection rate; major clinical study; male; newborn; Nigeria; nose infection; otitis media; pharyngitis; preschool child; prescription; prevalence; retrospective study; school child; teaching hospital; tertiary health care; tonsillitis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84055217113	Monitoring directors' remuneration, fat cat packages and perks of office	Abugu J.E.O.	2011	Journal of Financial Crime	19	1	10.1108/13590791211190696	Department of Commercial and Industrial Law, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Abugu, J.E.O., Department of Commercial and Industrial Law, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Purpose - This paper revisits existing regulatory approaches in tackling the practices of bogus and extravagant company directors' remuneration packages, often called "fat cat packages" which erode company capital and dividend return to shareholders. It explores the efficacy of existing rules, pointing out their inadequacy and ineffectiveness. It emphasizes the need to hold directors accountable to shareholders for remuneration received. The object is to proffer a more comprehensive and effective regulatory regime for directors' remuneration packages. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is analytical, reviewing several literature and case law on the subject. It adopts a comparative approach drawly primarily from the Nigerian Companies and Allied Matters Act 2004 which is compared in critical areas with the provisions of the English Companies Act 1985 and 2006. Findings - The analysis concludes that existing rules monitoring directors' remunerations packages are ineffective. The rules do not address directors' pecks, expenses and other perquisites of office. Often these pecks are more valuable to the director than the actual remuneration package and they constitute a veritable avenue for dissipating company capital. The articles also finds that audit committees and their members are presently not subjected to any liability rules for their role as financial gate keepers verifying the performance of the accounting and audit functions. Practical implications - The article points out that until regulations are formulated to regulate or cap directors' pecks and expenses, there exists ample room for fraudulent dissipation of company resources resulting in blotted costs of administration and reduced rewards for shareholders. It also advocates the need to subject audit committees to a higher regime of liability in public companies. Originality/value - The paper draws the attention of scholars, law reformers and law enforcement agencies to the inadequacies of the rules regulating directors' remuneration packages and suggests additional rules. It will certainly incite further scholarly discussion and challenge law reformers to address the issues raised in several jurisdictions.	Companies Act (UK); Directors; Directors' perks and expenses; Fat cat packages; Legislation,Regulation,Directors' remuneration packages; Nigeria; Nigerian Companies and Allied Matters Act; Remuneration	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883727445	Impacts of community pharmacists on self-medication management among rural dwellers, Kwara State Central, Nigeria	Bello S.I., Bello I.K.	2013	Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	12	1	10.3329/dujps.v12i1.16294	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria	Bello, S.I., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Bello, I.K., Department of Pharmacy, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria	The role of pharmacist has not only advanced from medication dispensing but also to direct patient care and pharmaceutical interventions aiming at enhancing the populace wellbeing. The objective of this research was to assess the impact of rural community pharmacist interventions on self-medications and disease prevalence among rural settings in the Kwara State Central, Nigeria. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in eight rural communities with a pre-piloted questionnaire. Data obtained from respondents were computed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16 using descriptive analysis procedures, and relationships between variables were tested using the chi square. Respondents between the age of 40 and 50 years dominated with 42.3% and majority (88.1%) of the rural residents were illiterates. Farming was the major occupation of the respondents and survived on less than ten thousand naira Nigeria money ($63) per month. Among the combinations of drugs abused by the respondents, the regimen containing combination of prednisolone, diclofenac and paracetamol had the highest users. The least used combination was ibuprofen, diclofenac plus prednisolone. These combinations were taken twice daily by the majority participants. The most common reasons given for self-medications were osteoarthritis (31.1%), poverty (17.4%), general body pain (14.3%), inadequate of health facilities (4.6%), ignorance (4.3%) among others. The intervention offered by the pharmacists had reduced the mean systolic blood pressure significantly (P < 0.05) from 161 mmHg to 129 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure from 104 mmHg at baseline to 86 mmHg. Postintervention evaluation revealed the impact of the pharmacists, as the respondents with dyspepsia at baseline significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 220 to 53 participants.	Drug combinations; Oke-Oyi metropolis; Pharmacist interventions; Prevalent diseases	analgesic agent; aniline; diclofenac; ibuprofen; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; opiate; paracetamol; piroxicam; prednisolone; tramadol; adult; agricultural worker; anemia; article; blood pressure regulation; cattle farming; community care; congestive heart failure; cross-sectional study; depression; diastolic blood pressure; drug abuse; drug induced headache; drug overdose; dyspepsia; educational status; female; fever; fluid retention; gastrointestinal disease; government regulation; headache; health care facility; health status; human; hypertension; insomnia; kidney dysfunction; lifestyle modification; liver failure; low back pain; major clinical study; malaria; male; mental disease; morning dosage; Nigeria; osteoarthritis; pain threshold; paresthesia; patient counseling; patient satisfaction; peptic ulcer; pharmacist; poverty; prevalence; quality of life; questionnaire; respiration depression; rural population; self medication; side effect; socioeconomics; systolic blood pressure; upper gastrointestinal bleeding	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878708464	Impact of a novel molecular TB diagnostic system in patients at high risk of TB mortality in rural South Africa (Uchwepheshe): Study protocol for a cluster randomised trial	Lessells R.J., Cooke G.S., McGrath N., Nicol M.P., Newell M.-L., Godfrey-Faussett P.	2013	Trials	14	1	10.1186/1745-6215-14-170	Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences and Academic Unit of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	Lessells, R.J., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Cooke, G.S., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; McGrath, N., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences and Academic Unit of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Nicol, M.P., Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Godfrey-Faussett, P., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background: Tuberculosis control in sub-Saharan Africa has long been hampered by poor diagnostics and weak health systems. New molecular diagnostics, such as the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay, have the potential to improve patient outcomes. We present a cluster randomised trial designed to evaluate whether the positioning of this diagnostic system within the health system has an impact on important patient-level outcomes.Methods/Design: This pragmatic cluster randomised clinical trial compared two positioning strategies for the Xpert MTB/RIF system: centralised laboratory versus primary health care clinic. The cluster (unit of randomisation) is a 2-week time block at the trial clinic. Adult pulmonary tuberculosis suspects with confirmed human immunodeficiency virus infection and/or at high risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are enrolled from the primary health care clinic. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis cases initiated on appropriate treatment within 30 days of initial clinic visit. Univariate logistic regression will be performed as the primary analysis using generalised estimating equations with a binomial distribution function and a logit link.Conclusion: Diagnostic research tends to focus only on performance of diagnostic tests rather than on patient-important outcomes. This trial has been designed to improve the quality of evidence around diagnostic strategies and to inform the scale-up of new tuberculosis diagnostics within public health systems in high-burden settings.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN18642314; South African National Clinical Trials Registry DOH-27-0711-3568. © 2013 Lessells et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Clinical trial; HIV; Molecular diagnostics; Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; Point-of-care systems; Tuberculosis	adult; article; binomial distribution; cluster analysis; comparative study; controlled study; health center; high risk patient; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lung tuberculosis; molecular diagnostics; mortality; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; outcome assessment; randomized controlled trial; rural area; South Africa; sputum culture; treatment duration; univariate analysis; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Antitubercular Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Clinical Protocols; Coinfection; HIV Infections; Humans; Laboratories; Logistic Models; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Point-of-Care Systems; Predictive Value of Tests; Primary Health Care; Research Design; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Rural Health Services; South Africa; Sputum; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	090999/Z/09/Z, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884677486	The PRIME trial protocol: Evaluating the impact of an intervention implemented in public health centres on management of malaria and health outcomes of children using a cluster-randomised design in Tororo, Uganda	Staedke S.G., Chandler C.I.R., DiLiberto D., Maiteki-Sebuguzi C., Nankya F., Webb E., Dorsey G., Kamya M.R.	2013	Implementation Science	8	1	10.1186/1748-5908-8-114	Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 95H, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Staedke, S.G., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Chandler, C.I.R., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 95H, United Kingdom; DiLiberto, D., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Nankya, F., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Webb, E., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Dorsey, G., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States; Kamya, M.R., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Background: In Africa, inadequate health services contribute to the lack of progress on malaria control. Evidence of the impact of interventions to improve health services on population-level malaria indicators is needed. We are conducting a cluster-randomised trial to assess whether a complex intervention delivered at public health centres in Uganda improves health outcomes of children and treatment of malaria, as compared to the current standard of care.Methods/Design: Twenty public health centres (level II and III) in Tororo district will be included; 10 will be randomly assigned to the intervention and 10 to control. Clusters will include households located within 2 km of health centres. The trial statistician will generate the random allocation sequence and assign clusters. Health centres will be stratified by level, and restricted randomisation will be employed to ensure balance on cluster location and size. Allocation will not be blinded. The intervention includes training in health centre management, fever case management with use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria, and patient-centered services, and provision of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and RDTs when stocks run low. The impact of the intervention on population-level health indicators will be assessed through community surveys conducted at baseline in randomly selected children from each cluster, and repeated annually for two years. The impact on individuals over time will be assessed in a cohort study of children recruited from households randomly selected per cluster. The impact on health centres will be assessed using patient exit interviews, monthly surveillance, and assessment of health worker knowledge and skills. The primary outcome is the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin <11.0 g/dL) in individual children under five measured in the annual community surveys. The primary analysis will be based on the cluster-level results.Discussion: The PRIME trial findings will be supplemented by the PROCESS study, an evaluation of the process, context, and wider impact of the PRIME intervention which will be conducted alongside the main trial, together providing evidence of the health impact of a public sector intervention in Uganda. Trial registration and funding: This trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01024426) and is supported by the ACT Consortium. © 2013 Staedke et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cluster-randomised trial; Complex intervention; Malaria; Public sector; Uganda	article; child; cluster analysis; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; human; information processing; malaria; methodology; outcome assessment; program evaluation; public health; qualitative research; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; rural health care; total quality management; Uganda; Child; Cluster Analysis; Focus Groups; Humans; Malaria; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Program Evaluation; Public Health; Qualitative Research; Quality Improvement; Questionnaires; Rural Health Services; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886526533	The impact of rapid malaria diagnostic tests upon anti-malarial sales in community pharmacies in Gwagwalada, Nigeria	Ikwuobe J.O., Faragher B.E., Alawode G., Lalloo D.G.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-380	Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Partnership for Transforming Health Systems (PATH), Abuja, Nigeria	Ikwuobe, J.O., Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Faragher, B.E., Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Alawode, G., Partnership for Transforming Health Systems (PATH), Abuja, Nigeria; Lalloo, D.G., Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: Rapid diagnostics tests for malaria (RDT) have become established as a practical solution to the challenges of parasitological confirmation of malaria before treatment in the public sector. However, little is known of their impact in private health sector facilities, such as pharmacies and drug shops. This study aimed to assess the incidence of malaria among unwell patients seeking anti-malarial treatment in two community pharmacies in Nigeria and measure the impact RDTs have on anti-malarial sales. Methods. This was a comparison study of two pharmacies located in the suburbs of Gwagwalada, in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria, between May and July 2012. In the intervention arm, patients seeking to purchase anti-malarials had an RDT performed before treatment while the control pharmacy continued normal routine practice. Results: A total of 1,226 participants were enrolled into the study. The incidence of malaria in the intervention arm (n = 619) was 13.6% and adolescent participants had a statistically significant higher incidence (26.0%) compared to adults (11.9%) (P = 0.001). A history of fever in the last 48 hours was associated with a statistically significant higher incidence of malaria (28.3%) (P < 0.001). Having a RDT test reduced the chance of purchasing an anti-malarial by 42% (95% CI: 38%-46%) compared to not having a test. 51.6% (276) of the study participants with a RDT negative result still purchased anti-malarials, especially if anti-malarials had been recommended by a health professional (58.9%) compared to self-referral (44.2%) (P = 0.001). Patients with RDT negative results were also more likely to purchase an anti-malarial if there was a reported malaria positive laboratory test prior to presentation (66.2%; P = 0.007), a history of fever in the last 48 hours (60.5%; P = 0.027), and primary school education or less (69.4%; P = 0.009). After adjusting for age group and gender differences, having at least a secondary school education reduced the chance of buying an anti-malarial (OR 0.504 (95% CI: 0.256-0.993)) compared to having primary education or lower. Conclusion: The study highlights the enormous potential for improving appropriate prescription of anti-malarials in pharmacies and preventing unnecessary use of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). © 2013 Ikwuobe et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anti-malarial; Malaria; Pharmacy; Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)	amodiaquine plus artesunate; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin; artesunate; artesunate plus sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine; chloroquine; dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; clinical practice; comparative study; disease duration; drug marketing; educational status; female; fever; health practitioner; high school; human; laboratory test; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; malaria rapid test; male; Nigeria; pharmacy; physician self-referral; Plasmodium falciparum; prescription; primary school; purchasing; school child; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antimalarials; Child; Commerce; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Drug Utilization; Female; Humans; Incidence; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Pharmacies; Suburban Population; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885014137	Evaluation of caregivers' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding oral lesions in HIV-patients: A pilot study	Kolisa Y., Ayo-Yusuf O.	2013	Health SA Gesondheid	18	1	10.4102/hsag.v18i1.704	Department of Community Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Community Dentistry, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Kolisa, Y., Department of Community Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Community Dentistry, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; Ayo-Yusuf, O., Department of Community Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Seventy to ninety percent of HIV-infected individuals have oral lesions that affect their quality-of-life. Caregivers play an important role in complementing the healthcare team. It is essential that the caregivers have optimal knowledge, beliefs and practices toward the management of care regarding oral-lesions in HIV-infected patients in caregiving institutions in Johannesburg, South Africa. To measure the knowledge, beliefs and practices relating to oral lesions in HIV infection amongst caregivers in caregiving institutions in Johannesburg. This cross-sectional pilot study conducted during 2005 and 2006 involved caregivers in palliative care institutions in Region 8, Johannesburg Metropolitan area (n = 52). Using a questionnaire, information obtained included demographics, knowledge, beliefs and practices with regard to oral care for HIV-positive patients. Principal component analysis was used to extract questionnaire items of the knowledge domain. The knowledge domain displayed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α-score of > 0.91). Of the caregivers, 65.4% had received training in oral care. Compared to caregivers not trained in oral care (NTOC), those caregivers trained in oral care (TOC) were more likely to be older (31 yrs vs. 44 yrs; p= 0.001), female (72% vs. 94%; p = 0.03) and were less likely to be employed on a full-time basis (94% vs. 68%; p = 0.03). Compared with NTOCs, TOCs had more knowledge regarding HIV-specific lesions and 'routine' oral-care for the patients (p < 0.005). Similarly, TOC caregivers had more positive beliefs about oral care for those living with HIV (p < 0.05). Offering training in oral healthcare to caregivers improves their knowledge of oral lesions and their beliefs about oral care. © 2013. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928615589	Understanding sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents: Evidence from a formative evaluation in Wakiso district, Uganda Adolescent Health	Atuyambe L.M., Kibira S.P.S., Bukenya J., Muhumuza C., Apolot R.R., Mulogo E.	2015	Reproductive Health	12	1	10.1186/s12978-015-0026-7	Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kampala, Uganda	Atuyambe, L.M., Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kibira, S.P.S., Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Bukenya, J., Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Muhumuza, C., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Apolot, R.R., Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Mulogo, E., Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kampala, Uganda	Introduction: Adolescents are frequently reluctant to seek sexual and reproductive health services (SRH). In Uganda, adolescent health and development is constrained by translation of the relevant policies to practice. Recent studies done in central Uganda have shown that there is need for a critical assessment of adolescent friendly services (AFS) to gain insights on current practice and inform future interventions. This study aimed to assess the sexual reproductive health needs of the adolescents and explored their attitudes towards current services available. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Wakiso district, central Uganda in September 2013.Twenty focus group discussions (FGDs) stratified by gender (10 out-of-school, and 10 in-school), were purposefully sampled. We used trained research assistants (moderator and note taker) who used a pretested FGD guide translated into the local language to collect data. All discussions were audio taped, and were transcribed verbatim before analysis. Thematic areas on; adolescent health problems, adolescent SRH needs, health seeking behaviour and attitudes towards services, and preferred services were explored. Data was analysed using atlas ti version 7 software. Results: Our results clearly show that adolescents have real SRH issues that need to be addressed. In and out-of-school adolescents had sexuality problems such as unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), defilement, rape, substance abuse. Unique to the females was the issue of sexual advances by older men and adolescents. We further highlight RH needs which would be solved by establishing adolescent friendly clinics with standard recommended characteristics (sexuality information, friendly health providers, a range of good clinical services such as post abortion care etc.). With regard to health seeking behaviour, most adolescents do not take any action at first until disease severity increase. Conclusions: Adolescents in Uganda have multiple sexual and reproductive health needs that require special focus through adolescent friendly services. This calls for resource support in terms of health provider training, information education and communication materials as well as involvement of key stakeholders that include parents, teachers and legislators. © 2015 Atuyambe et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Adolescent; Needs; Reproductive health; Sexual; Uganda	abortion; adolescent; adolescent behavior; adolescent health; adolescent sexual behavior; adult; Article; child; circumcision; condom use; disease severity; female; health care need; health education; help seeking behavior; human; major clinical study; male; qualitative research; rape; reproductive health; sexual education; sexual health; sexuality; sexually transmitted disease; substance abuse; Uganda; unwanted pregnancy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890819358	Evaluation of food safety and sanitary practices among food vendors at car parks in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria	Aluko O.O., Ojeremi T.T., Olaleke D.A., Ajidagba E.B.	2014	Food Control	40	1	10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.049	Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria	Aluko, O.O., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Ojeremi, T.T., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Olaleke, D.A., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Ajidagba, E.B., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria	Globally, the street food business has expanded rapidly and provides access to a diversity of inexpensive, ready-to-eat variety of food for customers. Street Food vendors (SFVs) operate where numerous customers exist and their operations are poorly regulated in Nigeria. Globally, SFVs were implicated in several outbreaks of foodborne diseases. This study therefore evaluates the behavioural characteristics and hygiene practices of SFVs in car parks in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria.The study was cross sectional in design and utilized interviewer-administered questionnaire on 160 randomly selected SFVs, targeting demography, food and personal hygiene practices and knowledge of foodborne diseases.Most respondents were <40 years (134, 83.7%); females (147, 91.9%); married (125, 78.1%); had at least secondary education (144, 90%); and vend whole meals (151, 94.3%), respectively. In addition, only 27 (16.9%) '. always' wash hands after using the toilet; 100 (62.5%) '. rarely' keep finger nails short while only 6 (3.8%) SFVs '. always' refrigerate leftover cooked food, though experiences power outages that compromise refrigeration temperatures. About 2/3 (61.9%) of the SFVs had no formal training and their medical status is unknown. Hence, inception and refreshers trainings should be mandatory and enforced by appropriate authorities. In addition, supportive monitoring, supervision, among others are necessary to promote compliance. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Car parks; Food safety and hygiene; Personal hygiene and environmental hygiene; Street food vendors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894040025	Clinical utility and impact of autopsies on clinical practice among doctors in a large teaching hospital in Ghana	Tette E., Yawson A.E., Tettey Y.	2014	Global Health Action	7	1	10.3402/gha.v7.23132	Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Office of the Provost, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana	Tette, E., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Yawson, A.E., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Tettey, Y., Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana, Office of the Provost, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana	Background: Autopsies can provide a good indication of the quality of patient care, in terms of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and the quality of treatment given. Designs: This was a cross-sectional study among clinicians at theKorle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in 2012. Data were collected with a 69-item, self-administered, structured questionnaire. A total of 215 questionnaires were sent out and 119 clinicians responded. Data were collected on the benefits and utility of autopsies for medical practice, care of patients, and management of clinical wards. Survey data were analyzed by simple descriptive statistics (i.e. proportions, ratios, and percentages). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Objective: This study examined the views of clinicians regarding the utility of autopsies and their influence on clinical practice in a large teaching hospital in Ghana. Results: Overall, clinicians in KBTH agreed that autopsy reports are useful in answering clinical questions (55/119; 46.2%), confirming or verifying clinical diagnoses (54/119; 45.4%), providing information on unsuspected diagnoses (40/119; 33.6%), and for medical education (90/119; 75.6%). Overall, 70/119 (58.8%) of clinicians agreed that autopsy findings improve completeness and reliability of death certification and provide information on clinical effectiveness of treatment and patient management. However, only 23/119 (19.3%) of sampled clinicians had personal interactions with a pathologist during autopsy processes and 93/ 119 (78.2%) had not attended any autopsy demonstrations in the past 6 months. Attendance of pathologists at clinicopathological meetings of clinical departments of KBTH was minimal. Unfortunately, the use of autopsy reports for auditing clinical diagnostic performance was not seen as essential. Conclusion: Strengthening the interaction between doctors and pathologists is essential in improving the autopsy process and utilization in the hospital. KBTH should create opportunities for doctors to attend autopsy demonstrations and for pathologists to attend clinicopathological meetings in the hospital. © 2014 Edem Tette et al.	Autopsy; Clinical utility; Clinicians; Ghana; Teaching hospital	article; autopsy; clinical practice; clinical utility; clinicians; cross-sectional study; female; Ghana; health personnel attitude; human; male; medical education; medical staff; physician; psychological aspect; questionnaire; statistics; teaching hospital; autopsy; clinical utility; clinicians; Ghana; teaching hospital; Attitude of Health Personnel; Autopsy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Ghana; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Internship and Residency; Male; Medical Staff, Hospital; Physician's Practice Patterns; Physicians; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891888557	Evaluation of effluents from bench-scale treatment combinations for landfill leachate in Ibadan, Nigeria	Aluko O.O., Sridhar M.	2014	Waste Management and Research	32	1	10.1177/0734242X13514624	Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 234036, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aluko, O.O., Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 234036, Nigeria; Sridhar, M., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The removal of pollutants in landfill leachate was investigated using constructed wetlands, a trickling filter, alum flocculation and coagulation, and a sequencing batch reactor in various combinations. Thirteen combined operations were investigated involving three out of the four unit treatment methods in series. The study was conducted because unit operations, though achieved reductions in pollutants concentrations had effluent values above the national regulatory guideline values. The suspended solids of effluents were permissible in most treatment processes, while reductions in 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH3) of leachates ranged from 80% to 97%; 86% to 97% and 92% to 98% respectively. However, there were significant increases in nitrate (85%) and dissolved oxygen of treatment (218%). In addition, the characteristics of the recommended treatment sequence, involving constructed wetlands, alum and trickling filter produced effluents with reductions in colour (97%), alkalinity (97%), BOD (97%), COD (97%) and NH3 (98%), and in metals, except nickel (29% reduction from the influent values). The recommended treatment combination is suitable for effective leachate management at the landfill. The cost of constructing and operating the recommended treatment combination at the facility, for 5 years, would be NGN6,009,750.00 ($38,036.39). The performance should be monitored on site prior to full adoption if effluent characteristics remain consistently low over dry and wet seasons. © The Author(s) 2013.	combined treatment methods; discharge regulatory standards; effluent quality; Landfill leachate; Nigeria	Combined treatment; Effluent quality; Landfill leachates; Nigeria; Regulatory standards; Biochemical oxygen demand; Filters (for fluids); Pollution; Water quality; Wetlands; Leachate treatment; ammonia; dissolved oxygen; ground water; nickel; nitrate; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; coagulation; constructed wetland; cost-benefit analysis; dissolved oxygen; effluent; flocculation; landfill; leachate; monitoring; nitrogen compound; pollutant removal; waste treatment; alkalinity; article; bioaccumulation; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; constructed wetland; effluent; Ipomoea aquatica; landfill leachate; Nigeria; nonhuman; priority journal; sequencing batch reactor; suspended particulate matter; trickling filter; waste component removal; water contamination; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo; combined treatment methods; discharge regulatory standards; effluent quality; Landfill leachate; Nigeria; Ammonia; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Bioreactors; Nigeria; Nitrates; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution; Water Purification; Wetlands	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879807578	Health insurance in Ghana: Evaluation of policy holders' perceptions and factors influencing policy renewal in the Volta region	Boateng D., Awunyor-Vitor D.	2013	International Journal for Equity in Health	12	1	10.1186/1475-9276-12-50	Department of Community Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Boateng, D., Department of Community Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Awunyor-Vitor, D., Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Background: Health insurance is an important mechanism that succors individuals, states and the nation at large. The purpose of this study was to assess individual's attitude towards health insurance policy and the factors that influence respondents' decision to renew their health insurance policy when it expires. Methods. This cross sectional study was conducted in the Volta region of Ghana. A total of 300 respondents were randomly sampled and interviewed for the study. Data was collected at the household level and analyzed with STATA software. Descriptive statistics was used to assess the demographic characteristics of the respondents while Logistic regression model was used to assess factors that influence respondents' decision to take up health insurance policy and renew it. Results: The study results indicate that 61.1% of respondents are currently being enrolled in the NHIS, 23.9% had not renewed their insurance after enrollment and 15% had never enrolled. Reasons cited for non-renewal of insurance included poor service quality (58%), lack of money (49%) and taste of other sources of care (23%). The gender, marital status, religion and perception of health status of respondents significantly influenced their decision to enroll and remain in NHIS. Conclusion: NHIS has come to stay with clients testifying to its benefits in keeping them strong and healthy. Efforts therefore must be put in by all stakeholders including the community to educate the individuals on the benefits of health insurance to ensure all have optimal access. © 2013 Boateng and Awunyor-vitor; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Ghana; Health insurance; Policy renewal; Volta region	assessment method; decision making; demography; health insurance; numerical model; policy making; software; adult; agricultural worker; article; attitude to health; christian; cross-sectional study; education; female; gender; Ghana; health insurance; health status; household; human; income; male; marriage; married person; money; moslem; perception; priority journal; quantitative study; religion; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Decision Making; Female; Ghana; Health Policy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; National Health Programs; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult; Ghana; Volta	None
None	None	The impact of scaling-up prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV infection on the human resource requirement: The need to go beyond numbers	Simba D., Kamwela J., Mpembeni R., Msamanga G.	2010	International Journal of Health Planning and Management	25	1	10.1002/hpm.950	Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alliance of Mayors and Municipal Leaders in Africa for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania Program (AMICAALL Tanzania), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Simba, D., Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kamwela, J., Alliance of Mayors and Municipal Leaders in Africa for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania Program (AMICAALL Tanzania), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mpembeni, R., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Msamanga, G., Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Although the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) contributes only 5% of transmission of HIV infection, its impact has reversed the decline in infant and child mortality rates. With antenatal service coverage of over 90%, the integration of prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) of HIV infection into the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) services in Tanzania, this is likely to overstretch the staff capacity and undermine the already compromised quality of health care services. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the impact of integrating and scaling-up PMTCTof HIV infection into routine RCH services, on the magnitude of staff workload in RCH clinics. The study was conducted in 60 health facilities identified from five regions that had participated in the pilot phase of PMTCT implementation in the Mainland Tanzania. The average staff workload was calculated from staff-load obtained from attendance records and activity-time obtained by direct observation; and staff-time from records that were kept at the clinic. The average staff workload was found to be 50.5% (8-147%) for facilities providing PMTCT of HIV infection and 37.8% (11-82%) for facilities without PMTCT services. The average staff workload was computed on the assumption that all clients attending various antenatal clinics received PMTCT services from trained staff only and the result revealed staff workload of 87.2%. This study concludes that services for PMTCT of HIV infection can easily be scaled-up and integrated into RCH services using the already existing staff. In the wake of the human resource crisis in the health sector in developing countries, strategies to address the problem will need to go beyond numbers to address issues of staff productivity and their distribution.	Human resource; PMTCT; Tanzania; Workload	child health; developing world; disease transmission; human immunodeficiency virus; human resource; infant mortality; infectivity; mothers education; reproductive health; article; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; female; health care manpower; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; organization and management; pregnancy; retrospective study; Tanzania; vertical transmission; workload; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Manpower; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Tanzania; Workload; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910049227	Energy consumption and QoS performances to compare combined routing protocol and mobility model for cbr traffic in manet	El-Kafhali S., Hanini M., Haqiq A.	2014	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology	69	1	None	Department of Computer Engineering and Telecommunications, National School of Applied Sciences, Khouribga, Taiwan; Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan; Department of Mathematics and Computer, Settat, Taiwan; Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa	El-Kafhali, S., Department of Computer Engineering and Telecommunications, National School of Applied Sciences, Khouribga, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa; Hanini, M., Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan, Department of Mathematics and Computer, Settat, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa; Haqiq, A., Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan, Department of Mathematics and Computer, Settat, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa	A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has the property to be formed dynamically by a system of mobile nodes which are connected via wireless links with no centralized administration. All nodes can be mobile resulting in a possibly dynamic network topology. Two of the major problems in this network are energy consumption and Quality of Service (QoS) related to traffic requirements. This paper aims to explore the performances of the combination of routing protocol and mobility model in terms of QoS relating to CBR traffic and to network lifetime. Hence, simulations have been performed to evaluate the performance of AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols under various mobility models. The mobility models used in this work are Random Waypoint, Reference Point Group and Manhattan Grid. Obtained results show that the best combination protocol/mobility depends on the average speed of nodes. © 2005-2014 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.	CBR Traffic; Energy Consumption; MANET; Mobility Models; NS-2; QoS Parameters; Routing Protocols	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948823505	Uterine prolapse and its impact on quality of life in the jhaukhel-duwakot health demographic surveillance site, Bhaktapur, Nepal	Shrestha B., Onta S., Choulagai B., Paudel R., Petzold M., Krettek A.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.28771	Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Health Metrics, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Biomedicine and Public Health, School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skö vde, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway	Shrestha, B., Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Onta, S., Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal; Choulagai, B., Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Paudel, R., Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal; Petzold, M., Health Metrics, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Krettek, A., Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Department of Biomedicine and Public Health, School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skö vde, Sweden, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway	Background: Uterine prolapse (UP) is a reproductive health problem and public health issue in low-income countries including Nepal. Objective: We aimed to identify the contributing factors and stages of UP and its impact on quality of life in the Jhaukhel-Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site of Bhaktapur, Nepal. Design: Our three-phase study used descriptive cross-sectional analysis to assess quality of life and stages of UPand case-control analysis to identify contributing factors. First, a household survey explored the prevalence of self-reported UP (Phase 1). Second, we used a standardized tool in a 5-day screening camp to determine quality of life among UP-affected women (Phase 2). Finally, a 1-month community survey traced self-reported cases from Phase 1 (Phase 3). To validate UP diagnoses, we reviewed participants' clinical records, and we used screening camp records to trace women without UP. Results: Among 48 affected women in Phase 1, 32 had Stage II UP and 16 had either Stage I or Stage III UP. Compared with Stage I women (4.62%), almost all women with Stage III UP reported reduced quality of life. Decreased quality of life correlated significantly with Stages I-III. Self-reported UP prevalence (8.7%) included all treated and non-treated cases. In Phase 3, 277 of 402 respondents reported being affected by UP and 125 were unaffected. The odds of having UP were threefold higher among illiterate women compared with literate women (OR-3.02, 95% CI 1.76-5.17), 50% lower among women from nuclear families compared with extended families (OR-0.56, 95% CI 0.35-0.90) and lower among women with 1-2 parity compared to -5 parity (OR-0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.75). Conclusions: The stages of UP correlated with quality of life resulting from varied perceptions regarding physical health, emotional stress, and social limitation. Parity, education, age, and family type associated with UP. Our results suggest the importance of developing policies and programs that are focused on early health care for UP. Through family planning and health education programs targeting women, as well as women empowerment programs for prevention of UP, it will be possible to restore quality of life related to UP. © 2015 Binjwala Shrestha et al.	Health Demographic Surveillance Site; Nepal; Quality of life; Uterine prolapse	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953372732	Evaluation of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy implementation in Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe, 2006	Gombe N.T., Mabaera B., Tshimanga M., Shambira G., Chadambuka A., Nkomo B.M.M.	2010	SAJCH South African Journal of Child Health	4	1	None	Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gombe, N.T., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mabaera, B., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tshimanga, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Shambira, G., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chadambuka, A., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nkomo, B.M.M.	Introduction. Bulawayo City reported an age-specific death rate for under-5s of 5.9/1 000 in 2004, and this figure rose to 6.8/ 1 000 in 2005. Nurses were trained in implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy in 2005. We evaluated the programme in order to establish the level of implementation and the quality of care given to children aged under 5 years. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study on a population of sick children aged between 2 months and 5 years, health care workers and caregivers. Data were collected using a structured observation checklist of the case management of sick children, exit interviews with caregivers, and a structured inventory checklist for equipment, drugs and supplies at each health facility. Results. Nine facilities, 17 nurses and 72 children were observed during the study. Seventeen children (24%) were assessed for the three general danger signs (failure to drink or breastfeed, vomiting everything ingested, and convulsions), 31 (43%) were correctly prescribed an oral antibiotic, and 11% received the first dose of treatment at the health facility. Thirty-two per cent of caregivers who received a prescription for an oral medication were able to report correctly how to give the treatment. Drugs were below minimum stock levels in all 9 facilities. Only 19 (20%) of the 94 nurses were trained in IMCI. Conclusion. IMCI implementation in Bulawayo failed to meet the accepted standard protocol requirements. The main deficiencies noted were the low number of IMCI-trained health workers and the lack of availability of essential drugs at health facilities. However, it was noteworthy that only two case assessment parameters differed statistically between IMCI-trained and non-trained nurses. Larger studies are needed to confirm or refute these findings.	None	antibiotic agent; article; caregiver; child; child care; childhood disease; clinical evaluation; controlled study; convulsion; counseling; cross-sectional study; feeding disorder; female; health care facility; health care personnel; health care planning; health care quality; health hazard; health program; human; infant; Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy; interpersonal communication; interview; major clinical study; male; nurse; preschool child; strategic planning; training; vomiting; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942134666	Evaluation of the isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) program in Shurugwi District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe, January 2013 to August 2014	Makoni A., Chemhuru M., Tshimanga M., Gombe N.T., Mungati M., Bangure D.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1451-y	Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe	Makoni, A., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chemhuru, M., Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tshimanga, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gombe, N.T., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mungati, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bangure, D., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: Midlands Province started implementing the Isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy (IPT) program in January 2013. Shurugwi and Gokwe North were the piloting district hospitals. In May 2014, four more districts hospitals (Gokwe South, Gweru, Kwekwe and Zvishavane) started implementing IPT. Shurugwi District decentralized the program to its rural health facilities in January 2014. A review of the Shurugwi IPT program, 2013 data, indicated that the majority of eligible clients were not started on IPT. None out of the 400 eligible clients were started on IPT in November against the 100 % target according to the World Health Organization and the National Tuberculosis (TB) Program. We conducted a study to evaluate the IPT program in Shurugwi District from January 2013 to August 2014. Methods: The logical framework approach was used to evaluate inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes of the IPT program. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data from key informants. Checklists were used to collect data from IPT program records. Results: Sixteen health facilities were implementing IPT in Shurugwi District. All the facilities had TB screening tools and three did not have TB screening algorithms. The district experienced medicine stock outs in 2013. One formal training at district level and on job trainings in implementing health facilities were done. From January 2013 to August 2014, Shurugwi District screened 6794 antiretroviral (ART) clients for TB. Out of those screened, 5255 were eligible for IPT and 2831 (54 %) were started on IPT. A total of 700 clients had completed the IPT 6 month's course by August 2014. The dropout rate due to INH toxicity and TB was 0.6 % (n = 18) and 0.3 % (n = 8) respectively. Fifty-three advocacy and community sensitization meetings were done. The program had no Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials. Conclusion: The IPT program in Shurugwi District achieved half its target. This could be due to inadequate formally trained staff, lack of IEC materials, inadequate advocacy and community sensitization, non-availability of the INH 300 mg single dose and inadequate INH 100 mg dose tablets in 2013. To improve the IPT program, there is need for routine advocacy, communication and social mobilization. © 2015 Makoni et al.	IPT program evaluation; Midlands Province; Shurugwi District	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900513802	Evaluation of the acute flacid paralysis (AFP) surveillance System in Bikita district Masvingo Province 2010	Pomerai K.W., Mudyiradima R.F., Tshimanga M., Muchekeza M.	2014	BMC Research Notes	7	1	10.1186/1756-0500-7-252	Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Provincial Medical Directorate, Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe	Pomerai, K.W., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudyiradima, R.F., Provincial Medical Directorate, Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe; Tshimanga, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muchekeza, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: AFP is a rare syndrome and serves as a proxy for poliomyelitis. The main objective of AFP surveillance is to detect circulating wild polio virus and provide data for developing effective prevention and control strategies as well planning and decision making. Bikita district failed to detect a case for the past two years. Findings. A total of 31 health workers from 14 health centres were interviewed. Health worker knowledge on AFP was low in Bikita. The system was acceptable, flexible, and representative but not stable and not sensitive since it missed1 AFP case. The system was not useful to the district since data collected was not locally used in anyway. The cost of running the system was high. The district had no adequate resources to run the system. Reasons for not reporting cases was that the mothers were not bringing children with AFP and ignorance of health workers on syndromes captured under AFP. Conclusion: Health worker's knowledge on AFP was low and all interviewed workers needed training surveillance. The system was found to be flexible but unacceptable. Reasons for failure to detect AFP cases could be, no cases reporting to the centres, lack of knowledge on health workers hence failure to recognise symptoms, high staff turnover. © 2014 Pomerai et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Acute flacid paralysis; Bikita; Surveillance	acute disease; adult; attitude to health; complication; demography; economics; epidemiology; female; health care cost; health care personnel; health survey; human; male; muscle hypotonia; paralysis; Zimbabwe; Acute Disease; Adult; Demography; Female; Health Care Costs; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Muscle Hypotonia; Paralysis; Population Surveillance; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-16344366747	Assessing the suitability of the epic crop model for use in the study of impacts of climate variability and climate change in West Africa	Adejuwon J.	2005	Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography	26	1	10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00203.x	Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adejuwon, J., Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model, developed by scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been successfully applied to the study of erosion, water pollution, crop growth and production in the US but is yet to be introduced for serious research purposes in other countries or regions. This paper reports on the applicability of the EPIC 8120 crop model for the assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop productivity in sub-Saharan West Africa, using Nigeria as the case study. Among the crops whose productivity has been successfully simulated with this model are five of West Africa's staple food crops: maize, millet, sorghum (guinea corn), rice and cassava. Thus, using the model, the sensitivities of maize, sorghum and millet to seasonal rainfall were demonstrated with coefficients of correlation significant at over 98 per cent confidence limits. The validation tests were based on a comparison of the observed and the model-generated yields of rice and maize. The main problems of validation relate to the multiplicity of crop varieties with contrasting performances under similar field conditions. There are also the difficulties in representing micro-environments; in the model. Thus, some gaps appear between the observed and the simulated yields, arising from data or model deficiencies, or both. Based on the results of the sensitivity and validation tests, the EPIC crop model could be satisfactorily employed in assessing the impacts of and adaptations to climate variability and climate change. Its use for the estimation of production and the assessment of vulnerabilities need to be pursued with further field surveys and field experimentation. © Copyright 2005 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore and Blackwell Publishers. Ltd.	Adaptations; Climate change; Climate variability; Crop model; Impacts; West Africa	climate change; climate variation; crop production; crop yield; rainfall; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892483268	Evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities in canine spirocercosis and its association with systemic inflammation	Pazzi P., Goddard A., Kristensen A.T., Dvir E.	2014	Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine	28	1	10.1111/jvim.12220	Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark	Pazzi, P., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa; Goddard, A., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa; Kristensen, A.T., Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dvir, E., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa	Background: Canine spirocercosis is caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi and is characterized by esophageal fibro-inflammatory nodules that may undergo neoplastic transformation. No sensitive and specific laboratory assays other than histopathology have been reported to differentiate non-neoplastic from neoplastic disease. Hypothesis/Objectives: Dogs with spirocercosis will have evidence of hypercoagulability based on thromboelastography (TEG)-derived maximal amplitude (MA); increased MA will be correlated with increased acute phase protein (APP) concentrations (C-reactive protein [CRP] and fibrinogen); increased MA and APPs will be exacerbated with neoplastic spirocercosis. Animals: Thirty-nine client-owned dogs with naturally occurring spirocercosis and 15 sex-matched healthy controls. Methods: A prospective comparative study evaluating TEG, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, antithrombin (AT) activity, platelet count and D-dimer concentration, and APPs of dogs with non-neoplastic (n = 24) and neoplastic (n = 15) spirocercosis compared to control dogs. Results: Median MA was significantly increased in the non-neoplastic group (P < .01) and neoplastic group (P < .01) compared to the controls. Both APPs were significantly increased in the neoplastic group compared to the non-neoplastic and control groups. MA was strongly correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.85, P < .001) and CRP (r = 0.73, P < .001). An MA >76 mm provided 96% specificity and 73% sensitivity for differentiation of disease state. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Canine spirocercosis is associated with increased TEG variables, MA and α, and decreased AT activity, which may indicate a hypercoagulable state seemingly more severe with neoplastic transformation. MA was correlated with APP in dogs with spirocercosis and can be used as an adjunctive test to support the suspicion of neoplastic transformation. © 2013 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.	Hemostasis; Hypercoagulable; Inflammation; Spirocerca	Animalia; Canis familiaris; Spirocerca; Spirocerca lupi; C reactive protein; fibrin degradation product; fibrin fragment d; fibrinogen; animal; animal disease; article; dog; dog disease; esophagus tumor; female; hemostasis; Hypercoagulable; immunology; inflammation; male; nonparametric test; parasitology; partial thromboplastin time; prospective study; prothrombin time; sensitivity and specificity; Spirocerca; spirurid infection; Thelazioidea; thrombocyte count; thromboelastography; Hemostasis; Hypercoagulable; Inflammation; Spirocerca; Animals; C-Reactive Protein; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Fibrinogen; Male; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Platelet Count; Prospective Studies; Prothrombin Time; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spirurida Infections; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thelazioidea; Thrombelastography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862668619	Performance evaluation of hydropower generation system using transfer function modelling	Nwobi-Okoye C.C., Igboanugo A.C.	2012	International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems	43	1	10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.04.059	Department of Computer Science, Anambra State University, Pmb 02, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Production Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Nwobi-Okoye, C.C., Department of Computer Science, Anambra State University, Pmb 02, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria, Department of Production Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Igboanugo, A.C., Department of Production Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Poor electricity generation in Nigeria is a very serious problem. The low power generation is caused in part by the ineffective maintenance and inefficient performance of Nigeria's power generation facilities. The aim of this study is to develop a new and better way of evaluating the performance of hydropower generation facilities in order to improve their performance using transfer function modelling. It involves taking input-output data from a hydropower generation process over a 10-year period and developing transfer function models of the process for the 10 years, which are used as performance indicators. Based on the performance indicators obtained from the models, the results show that the efficiency of the power generation facility was worst in the year 2006 and best in 2003. Generally the indicators (coefficient of performance) were undulating over the 10-year period. Finally based on the fact the power plant has under performed over the years, a value of coefficient of performance which must be above the highest coefficient of performance of 7.523 obtained was suggested as a benchmark below which a hydropower plant is assumed to have under performed. The result of this study is expected to open new ways to improving maintenance effectiveness and operations efficiency of power generation facilities. The study would be of immense help in improving power generation in Nigeria and elsewhere. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Electricity generation; Hydropower; Modelling; Performance indicators; Transfer function	Coefficient of Performance; Electricity generation; Function modelling; Hydro-power generation; Hydropower; Hydropower plants; Input-output data; Nigeria; Performance evaluation; Performance indicators; Transfer function model; Benchmarking; Electric generators; Maintenance; Models; Transfer functions; Hydroelectric power	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919832722	Performance evaluation of TCP congestion control algorithms throughput for CVE based on cloud computing model	Gital A.Y., Ismail A.S., Chiroma H.	2014	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology	70	1	None	Department of Computer Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia; Department of Computer Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia; Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Departme	Gital, A.Y., Department of Computer Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ismail, A.S., Department of Computer Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia; Chiroma, H., Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Computer Science, Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe, Nigeria	Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) is becoming popular in the last few years; this is because CVE is designed to allow geographically distributed users to work together over the network. Currently, in the development of CVE Systems, Client server architectures with multiple servers are used with TCP as update transmitting transport protocol because of its reliability. With the increasing number of collaborators, the transport protocol is inadequate to meet the system requirements in terms of timely data transmission. The transport protocol (TCP) throughput deteriorates in the network with large delay which leads to unsatisfactory consistency requirement of the CVE systems.We proposed a cloud based architectural model for improving scalability and consistency in CVE in an earlier study. The current paper aims at evaluating and comparing the performance of different TCP variants (Tahoe, Reno, New Reno, Vegas, SACK, Fack and Linux) with the cloud based CVE architecture to determine the suitability of each TCP variant for CVE. A comparative analysis between the different TCP variants is presented in terms of throughput verses elapse time, with increasing number of users in the system. TCP Vegas with the cloud based model was found to be effective for CVE systems based on Cloud Computing . © 2005 - 2014 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.	Cloud computing; CVE architecture; TCP variants (congestion control algorithm)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83955164254	Using Competitive Population Evaluation in a differential evolution algorithm for dynamic environments	Du Plessis M.C., Engelbrecht A.P.	2012	European Journal of Operational Research	218	1	10.1016/j.ejor.2011.08.031	Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Du Plessis, M.C., Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Engelbrecht, A.P., Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This paper proposes two adaptations to DynDE, a differential evolution-based algorithm for solving dynamic optimization problems. The first adapted algorithm, Competitive Population Evaluation (CPE), is a multi-population DE algorithm aimed at locating optima faster in the dynamic environment. This adaptation is based on allowing populations to compete for function evaluations based on their performance. The second adapted algorithm, Reinitialization Midpoint Check (RMC), is aimed at improving the technique used by DynDE to maintain populations on different peaks in the search space. A combination of the CPE and RMC adaptations is investigated. The new adaptations are empirically compared to DynDE using various problem sets. The empirical results show that the adaptations constitute an improvement over DynDE and compares favorably to other approaches in the literature. The general applicability of the adaptations is illustrated by incorporating the combination of CPE and RMC into another Differential Evolution-based algorithm, jDE, which is shown to yield improved results. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Differential evolution; Dynamic environments; Evolutionary computation; Optimization	Competitive population; Differential Evolution; Differential evolution algorithms; Dynamic environments; Dynamic optimization problems; Empirical results; Evolutionary computations; Multi-population DE algorithms; Reinitialization; Search spaces; Optimization; Evolutionary algorithms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79954506535	Impact of the South African Construction Regulations on construction health and safety: Architects' perceptions	Smallwood J.J., Haupt T.C.	2007	Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology	5	1	10.1108/17260530710746588	Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Faculty of Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Belville, South Africa	Smallwood, J.J., Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Haupt, T.C., Faculty of Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Belville, South Africa	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact on architects of recently introduced Construction Regulations in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach: Given the passing of the first anniversary of the promulgation of the Construction Regulations, a survey was conducted to determine the perceptions of member practices of the South African Institute of Architects. Findings: Findings include: the traditional project parameters in the form of cost, quality, and time are still perceived to be substantially more important than health and safety (H&S); the manifestations of the impact of the Construction Regulations are wide spread - increased H&S awareness predominates among the manifestations, followed by increased consideration for H&S by most stakeholders, and H&S predominates in terms of the extent to which the Construction Regulations will impact on various project parameters. Originality/value: The paper offers a valid argument for the inclusion of construction H&S to feature more prominently in architectural education and training programmes. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Architecture; Construction industry; Health and safety; South Africa	Architectural education; Construction regulation; Design/methodology/approach; Health and safety; Project parameters; South Africa; Wide spreads; Accident prevention; Construction industry; Health; Architecture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904686677	Impact of the Gautrain on property development around station precincts	Mushongahande R., Cloete C.E., Venter C.J.	2014	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	56	1	None	Department of Construction Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Box 579, Musina, 0900, South Africa; Building 5, South Campus, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Centre of Transport Development, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Mushongahande, R., Department of Construction Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa, Box 579, Musina, 0900, South Africa; Cloete, C.E., Building 5, South Campus, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Venter, C.J., Centre of Transport Development, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The paper assesses the impact of the recently completed Gautrain Rapid Rail link in Gauteng on property development in the vicinity of stations along the route. Our particular interest is in examining the extent to which the Gautrain, as a major public transport investment, has managed to stimulate and support the creation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) by leveraging private sector action, with the ultimate aim of moving towards more sustainable land use / transport environments. Data sources include property development records, aerial photographs and municipal zoning applications for the areas surrounding the Pretoria, Midrand, and Rosebank stations for the period 2000 to 2011, and interviews with officials and private property developers. The research found evidence of accelerated property development and increasing mixed use in all three station precincts, but significant variation in the extent to which TOD principles have been applied. Property developers considered the Gautrain to be a major factor attracting them to develop in station precincts, suggesting that the locational benefits offered by a high-quality public transport system are also present locally. However, when comparing the vibrant Rosebank with the slower-growing Pretoria and Midrand precincts, it is clear that real estate fundamentals drive property development and will ultimately determine the success of a TOD undertaking.	Land use planning; Property development; Transit-oriented development; Transportation planning	Civil engineering; Aerial Photographs; Land Use Planning; Property development; Public transport systems; Sustainable land use; Transit oriented development; Transport environment; Transportation planning; Land use	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43949115556	Female consumers' evaluation of apparel quality: Exploring the importance of aesthetics	De Klerk H.M., Lubbe S.	2008	Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management	12	1	10.1108/13612020810857934	Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	De Klerk, H.M., Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Lubbe, S., Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of aesthetics in female consumers' evaluation of apparel quality during the decision-making process. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative research style was followed and unstructured interviews and focus group interviews were chosen as data-collection methods. A total of 45 unstructured interviews were held with 15 adult career women. The researchers used certain stimuli during the interviews, the aim of which was to give the participants something concrete to react to, and to put them in a specific decision-making situation. Findings - It was found that the sensory, emotional and cognitive dimensions of the aesthetic experience play a major role when female consumers evaluate the quality of apparel products during the decision-making stage. The product's design and materials bring about these aesthetic dimensions. Especially colour and texture play major roles in bringing about the necessary aesthetic experiences. Originality/value - Retailers and e-tailers should purposively draw their customers' attentions to the linkage between physical properties that influence important functional properties that may play a role in the satisfaction that consumers will experience when wearing the item. Findings have further implications for retailers' and e-tailers' fashion merchandising strategies related to buyers and visual merchandisers.	Clothing; Consumers; Decision making; Quality assessment; Women	apparel fabric; consumer research; decision making; esthetic property; quality; retailing; womenswear	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894103859	Evaluation of organic mulch on the growth and yield of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in a Southern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria	Ahmed M., Baiyeri K.P., Echezona B.C.	2014	Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences	24	1	None	Department of Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Niger state, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ahmed, M., Department of Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Niger state, Nigeria; Baiyeri, K.P., Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Echezona, B.C., Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Sustainability in crop production could be achieved using agricultural wastes which litter the environment to ameliorate crop soils. The effect of organic mulches on the growth and yield of two sugar cane varieties (NCS 008 and Bida local) was therefore evaluated during 2010 (plant crop) and 2011 (ratoon crop) at Badeggi (9° 03′N, 06° 09′E; altitude 89 m a.s.l.) Nigeria. Mulch materials (rice husk and groundnut shell) were each applied at the rates of 0, 20 and 40 tonnes ha-1 in a factorial experiment laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with three replications. The variety NCS 008 produced significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher number of tillers, stalk length, yield and chewable stalks in both the regular and ratoon crops relative to the local. The establishment count of NCS 008 was higher compared to Bida local (73% vs. 38%) in the ratoon and vice versa in the plant crop. Mulching with groundnut shell produced significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher establishment count and stalk lengths compared to rice husk mulch for the ratoon crops, but did not differ appreciably in the main (plant) crop. Irrespective of the cropping system, stalk girth, tiller count, chewable stalks and yield were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher with groundnut shell compared with rice husk mulch. Aside from establishment count, which had an inverse relationship with mulching rate in the plant crop, all the other traits assessed had a direct relationship with mulching rate in the two systems. The interaction effect of variety x organic mulch x organic mulch rate were also significant (p&lt;0.05) for both the plant and ratoon crops on most of the parameter considered.	Agricultural waste; Chewing and industrial cane; Cropping system; Regular and ratoon crops	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349115603	Evaluation of the yield components and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.)-pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) intercrop in the Sudan Savanna	Kabura B.H., Musa B., Odo P.E.	2008	Journal of Agronomy	7	1	10.3923/ja.2008.88.92	Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	Kabura, B.H., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Musa, B., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Odo, P.E., Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	Field studies were conducted during the 2002/2003 and 2004/2005 cool dry seasons to assess the effect of different onion/pepper intercrop spacings (additive effect) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Sudan Savanna, Nigeria. Eight different onion/pepper intercrop spacings and a sole each for the two crops were assigned to plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results obtained for the two years were similar. The sole for both crops produced significantly (p≤0.05) higher marketable bulbs and bulb yield ha-1 for onion and greater number of fruits plant-1 and fresh fruit yield ha-1 for pepper than the intercrops. For the onion based intercrops (onion/pepper), the spacings at 15x20/60x45 cm and 15x20/60x75 cm produced significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher bulb yield ha-1 for both years. Whereas, for the pepper based intercrops (pepper/onion) the yield at 60x30/15x40 cm superceded the yield ha-1 of the other intercrops. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values greater than one were obtained from the onion/pepper intercrops of 15x20/60x45 cm and 15x20/60x75 cm as well as from the pepper/onion combinations of 60x30/15x30 cm and 60x30/15x40 cm. The pepper/onion intercrop of 60x30/15x40 cm appeared as the best with an average LER value of 1.19 for the two years; and therefore a practice to be considered most suitable when adding onion to pepper field. But when adding pepper to onion field, the onion/pepper intercrop of 15x20/60x45 cm which had a mean LER of 1.17 should be considered. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Crop yield; Intercrop; LER; Onion; Pepper; Sudan savanna	Allium cepa; Capsicum annuum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68749112615	Performance of some tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties under heat period in Northern Nigeria	Kabura B.H., Odo P.E., Abubakar A.	2009	Journal of Agronomy	8	1	10.3923/ja.2009.45.48	Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	Kabura, B.H., Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Odo, P.E., Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abubakar, A., Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	An experiment to evaluate the performance of five different varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under heat period was carried out at Maiduguri, Nigeria. The 5 varieties used were, Dan-Syria, Roma VFN, UTC, Dan-Baga and Tandino which were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications. The varieties varied in their yield characteristics. The varieties Roma VFN and Tandino started flowering 40 Days After Transplanting (DAT) earlier than the other varieties used. The Roma VFN, generally, produced significantly (p≤0.05) greater number of fruits/plant and fresh weight of fruits/plant than the other varieties used. Consequently, the Roma VFN, produced the highest fresh fruit yield of 6.1 mt ha-1. The variety Dan-Baga produced the lowest fruit yield ha-1, which was 2.6 mt ha-1. The results of the study suggest that among the varieties used in the experiment, Roma VFN was more tolerant to heat followed by Tandino which surpassed the rest. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Dry season tomato; Heat tolerance; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; Tomato varieties; Tomato yield	Lycopersicon esculentum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745477598	Evaluation of botanical mixtures for insect pests management on cowpea plants	Oparaeke A.M., Dike M.C., Amatobi C.I.	2005	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	106	1	None	Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Oparaeke, A.M., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Dike, M.C., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Amatobi, C.I., Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P. M. B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Studies were conducted at the Research Farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Zaria in 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons to evaluate the efficacy and synergistic activity of extracts mixtures from herbal landraces in reducing pests numbers on cowpea plants and ensuring high yield of grains. The extracts mixed in a ratio 10:10% w/w included: cashew nutshell + garlic bulb; cashew nutshell + African pepper and garlic bulb + chilli pepper. The results indicated that all the herbal extract mixtures reduced the numbers of the tested insect pests (legume flower bud thrips, legume pod borer larvae and pod sucking bugs) and pod damage as well as increased grain yields by 4 - 5 times compared to the untreated control in the two years of investigation. The synergistic advantage of mixing two different plant species in botanical formulations could play a key role in the renewed effort to control pests of agricultural crops using biopesticides.	Biopesticides; Cowpea; Extracts; Insect pests; Management; Mixtures; Synergism	Allium sativum; Anacardium occidentale; Capsicum annuum var. annuum; Insecta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856928867	Okra performance and soil and water conservation as influenced by poultry manure and organic mulch amendments	Uwah D.F., Ukoha G.O., Iyango J.	2012	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	10	1	None	Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	Uwah, D.F., Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria; Ukoha, G.O., Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria; Iyango, J., Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	There is growing interest in intensive dry season vegetable crop cultivation by peasant farmers in south eastern Nigeria, but little research information to guide them on appropriate soil and water management for restoring, replenishing, conserving and maintaining soil fertility for optimum profit on their fragile soils. A two-year field experiment was conducted during the dry seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 on the acidic coastal plain soils at Calabar, to evaluate various rates of poultry manure (PM) (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) and organic mulch (0, 2, 4 and 6 t/ha) for optimum yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and their combined effect on weed growth and soil chemical and physical properties. The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation. They also raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil. The growth and fresh pod yield of okra peaked at 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulch rates. These rates increased fresh pod weight by 94 and 57% and mean fresh pod yield by 160 and 115%, respectively, compared with the unamended control plots. Poultry manure at 10 t/ha plus 4 t/ha organic mulch had the best effects on soil bulk density reduction and fresh pod yield of okra.	Okra; Organic mulch; Poultry manure; Soil properties; Weed density; Yield	calcium; magnesium; nitrogen; organic matter; phosphorous acid; potassium; article; bulk density; coastal plain; environmental protection; manure; mulch; nonhuman; okra; pH; plant growth; plant yield; pod; soil fertility; soil management; soil moisture; soil property; temperature; water management; weed; Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049072176	Irrigation suitability evaluation of Asu River Basin soils, south eastern Nigeria	Fasina A.S.	2008	International Journal of Soil Science	3	1	None	Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Fasina, A.S., Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	A detailed soil survey of about 120.89 ha of land in Asu River Basin was carried out to evaluate the suitability of the soils for irrigation agriculture. The study revealed four (4) major soil types (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2, Ameta 1 and Ameta 2). The soils are deep (&gt;100 cm) and contain low tolerable levels of calcium carbonate (EC-0.01 mmho cm-1 -0.22 mmho cm-1). Soil textures consist of loam (Ihuibe 1), sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 2), clay loam (Ametal 1) and loamy Sand (Ameta 2) on the surface to sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 1), clay loam (Ihuibe 2), sandy clay loam (Ameta 1) and clay (Ametal 2) subsoil. Three of the soils are imperfectly drained (Ihuibe 1, Ihuibe 2 and Ameta 2) while Ameta 1 is moderately well drained. The soils were classified into irrigation suitability classes for surface/gravity irrigation (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ameta 1 was classified as highly suitable (S1) and Ameta 2 as currently not suitable. For drip/localized irrigation, Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 1 were classified as highly suitable (S1). The study is recommending that for sustainable use of the area for irrigation agriculture, drip/localized type of irrigation should be used to irrigate the soils of the area. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Asu River Basin; Irrigation; Nigeria; Suitability evaluation	calcium carbonate; irrigation; soil survey; soil water; Africa; Asu Basin; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249932972	Influence of sawdust ash on soil chemical properties and cowpea performance in Southwest Nigeria	Awodun M.A.	2007	International Journal of Soil Science	2	1	None	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Awodun, M.A., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria	Field trials were carried out at two locations in fairly acidic soils in Southwest Nigeria to test effect of sawdust ash on soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient content and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walps). Sawdust ash applied at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 t ha-1 significantly increased soil organic matter, pH, N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents relative to 0 t ha-1 sawdust ash. The 4, 6, 8 and 10 t ha-1 sawdust ash increased pod weight and grain yield. The mean increases in grain yield across locations were 17, 63 and 68%, respectively. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Cowpea; Grain yield; Nutrients pod weight; Sawdust ash; Soil	crop yield; fieldwork; legume; soil chemistry; soil organic matter; soil property; wood ash; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27644597711	Effects of watering regimes on aphid infestation and performance of selected varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in a humid rainforest zone of Nigeria	Agele S.O., Ofuya T.I., James P.O.	2006	Crop Protection	25	1	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.03.005	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Agele, S.O., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Ofuya, T.I., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; James, P.O., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Host plant drought stress affects plant productivity (growth and reproduction) and insect performance. This study was conducted to determine whether resistance to one major cowpea insect pest (Aphis craccivora, Koch) in identified cowpea varieties holds under different soil moisture regimes in the dry season period in a humid tropical rainforest zone. This information is basic to the use of insect resistant varieties for agricultural development under marginal conditions. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three water application regimes by four cowpea varieties grown in drainage lysimeters installed on the field in the dry season period in Akure, rainforest zone of Nigeria. Two aphid susceptible (Ife brown and Vita 7) and two aphid resistant (IT845-2246 and IT835-728-5) varieties were compared under soil moisture regimes. Reduction in the amount of water available to the cowpea plant (soil moisture deficit stress) in the host plant affected population trends of aphids in the different growth stages of cowpea. There were significant variations among tested aphid susceptible and aphid resistant cowpea varieties on aphid survival, population density (colony size), damage levels and seed yield reductions in relation to soil moisture regimes. A significantly lower number of aphids was observed in the resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties. Significant interactions between watering regimes and varieties were found for aphid survival rates, biomass and fruit yields in this study. The resistant varieties supported significantly lower aphid survival rates compared with susceptible varieties. Significant negative linear correlations were found for watering intervals (regimes) and aphid population, shoot biomass and seed (grain) yield. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Aphid; Cowpea; Infestation; Tropics; Watering regimes; Yield	aphid; drought stress; host plant; pest resistance; trend analysis; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Aphididae; Aphis craccivora; Insecta; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82555193627	The effect of different cereal aphid species on the performance of two coccinellid predators	Nyaanga J.G., Kamau A.W., Pathak R.S., Tuey R.K.	2012	Journal of Entomology	9	1	10.3923fle.2012.41.49	Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Plant Breeding Centre, Private Bag, Njoro, Kenya	Nyaanga, J.G., Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; Kamau, A.W., Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; Pathak, R.S., Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; Tuey, R.K., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Plant Breeding Centre, Private Bag, Njoro, Kenya	Coccinellid beetles have been studied worldwide for integration with biological aphid control systems but their performance on different cereal aphid prey has not been investigated. A study was conducted to evaluate the relative suitability of five cereal aphid prey species; Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum and Diurap his noxia on two coccinellid predators; Adonia variegata and Cheilomenes lunata. The five aphid species were separately fed to first instar larvae and newly emerged adult coccinellids in the laboratory. Development and reproduction parameters were quantified. The duration of the immature stages of C. lunata was significantly shorter (F = 1408.34; df = 5, 25; MSE = 0.3; p<0.0001) on R. padi (11.7±0.14) and longest on D. noxia (16.2±0.07). The duration for A. variegata larvae was similarly shorter (F = 8718.94; df = 5, 25; MSE = 0.1; pO.0001) on R. Padi (10.2±0.08) and longest on D. noxia (12.1±0.08). The total eggs produced were higher (F = 25648.0; df = 4, 24; MSE= 3.6; p<0.0001) when C. lunata was fed with R. padi (740.1±3.00) and lowest on D. noxia (203.0±3.23). A. variegata exhibited nearly a similar trend whereby the total eggs produced were highest (F = 4987.08; df = 4, 24; MSE = 5.5; pO.0001) on R. padi (1655.4±4.83) and lowest on D. noxia (244.2±4.69). The two predators coccinellid species C. lunata and A. variegata are deemed to be efficient predators of R. padi, M. dirhodum and S. avenae and poor on D. noxia and S. graminum. © 2012 Academic Journals Inc.	Adonia variegata; Biocontrol; Biology; Chelomenes lunata; Prey suitability	None	None
WoS	WOS:000285389600009	A quasi-experimental evaluation of a community-based art therapy intervention exploring the psychosocial health of children affected by HIV in South Africa	Alie, Collin,Brown, Elizabeth,Jonas, Beatrice,Mueller, Joanne,Sherr, Lorraine	2011	TROPICAL MEDICINE &amp; INTERNATIONAL HEALTH	16	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02682.x	University College London, University of London, Mad Art	"Sherr, Lorraine: University College London","Sherr, Lorraine: University of London",	Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of the Make A Difference about Art programme, a community art programme in South Africa for children affected by HIV and AIDS, which aims to reduce psychosocial problems by increasing self-esteem, self-efficacy and HIV insight. Methods A quasi-experimental cross-sectional post-intervention survey of 297 children aged 8-18 years (177 programme attendees and a control group of 120). Participants completed an inventory comprising standardized, validated psychosocial measures of depression, emotional and behavioural problems, self-esteem and self-efficacy and key sociodemographic variables potentially relevant as risk and protective factors. Results Attending the intervention was predictive of significantly higher self-efficacy, but was not associated with differences in self-esteem, depression, or emotional/behavioural problems. This association remained in the multivariate analysis, controlling for potential confounders. Double parental death exerted a powerful effect on child psychosocial health, eliminating the association between intervention attendance and higher self-efficacy. However, an interaction was found between bereavement status and intervention attendance on child self-efficacy, indicating that the intervention programme may ameliorate some of the psychosocial vulnerabilities associated with becoming an orphan. Other key risk factors for poor psychosocial health in this sample were AIDS-related stigma and community and household violence. Social connection emerged as a key protective factor. Conclusions Our findings suggest that such interventions may offer opportunities to increase the self-efficacy of vulnerable children to protect their psychological health.	"Afrique du Sud",CHILDREN,enfants,Evaluacion,evaluation,HIV,intervencion,INTERVENTION,ninos,"SOUTH AFRICA",Sudafrica,terapia,THERAPIE,THERAPY,VIH,"AIDS-ORPHANED CHILDREN",CAPE-TOWN,"DIFFICULTIES QUESTIONNAIRE",MENTAL-HEALTH,"PROTECTIVE FACTORS",PSYCHIATRI	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350513609	Evaluation of Hanifin and Rajka atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines for reduced minor Criteria	Hiletework M.	2009	Ethiopian Medical Journal	47	1	None	Department of Dermatology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Hiletework, M., Department of Dermatology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Different atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines have been proposed for the diagnosis of atopic eczema. But the Hanifin and Rajka major and minor criteria seem to have got a better acceptance internationally. The aim of this study is to select those minor criteria which are most relevant to the Ethiopian situation, and eventually propose them to be used as a standard in Ethiopia. Methods: Using the Hanifin and Rajka (HR) atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines as a gold standard, a total of 119 atopic eczema patients were selected from the diagnostic clinic of ALERT hospital. Sensitivities to diagnose atopic eczema were calculated for six subgroups, formed by serially reducing increasing number of minor criteria from the gold standard. Results: When seven and twelve minor criteria are reduced from the Hanifin and Rajka atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines the sensitivities to detect an atopic eczema case were 96.64% and 86.55% respectively. When further criteria were reduced the sensitivities dropped down significantly. Conclusions: Only nine minor criteria (itching while sweating, course influenced by environmental factors/emotional stress, Dennie-Morgan infraorbital folds, recurrent conjunctivitis, hand dermatitis, foot dermatitis, white demographismus, facial erythema and pityriasis alba) are the most relevant minor criteria for the diagnosis of atopic eczema in Ethiopia. Xerosis can be taken as one major criterion.	None	adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; atopic dermatitis; child; differential diagnosis; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; human; infant; male; middle aged; newborn; practice guideline; preschool child; sensitivity and specificity; sex ratio; standard; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Atopic; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethiopia; Female; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Standards; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Distribution; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845749576	Evaluation of the diethylcarbamazine patch to evaluate onchocerciasis endemicity in Central Africa	Ozoh G., Boussinesq M., Bissek A.-C.Z.-K., Kobangue L., Kombila M., Mbina J.-R.M., Enyong P., Noma M., Sékétéli A., Fobi G.	2007	Tropical Medicine and International Health	12	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01750.x	Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Département Sociétés et Santé, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UR24, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Bi	Ozoh, G., Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Boussinesq, M., Département Sociétés et Santé, Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement, UR24, Paris, France; Bissek, A.-C.Z.-K., Département de Médecine Interne, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Kobangue, L., Service de Dermatologie, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui, Central African Republic; Kombila, M., Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon; Mbina, J.-R.M., Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon; Enyong, P., Tropical Medicine Research Station, Kumba, Cameroon; Noma, M., World Health Organization/African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Sékétéli, A., World Health Organization/African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, 01 BP 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Fobi, G., World Health Organization/Special Intervention Zones, Kara, Togo	Objective: As part of a baseline data collection for assessing the impact of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, to evaluate the diethylcarbamazine (DEC) patch test in determining the endemicity of onchocerciasis. Method: A total of 226 untreated children aged 3-5, living in four selected endemic foci, in Cameroon, Gabon and Central African Republic, were tested. Observed graded skin reactions to the patch were analysed and compared with the prevalence of onchocercal nodules and reactive skin disease in the corresponding community. Results: The proportion of children who tested positive ranged from 25.0% to 77.1%. The values were closely correlated with the prevalence of nodules, i.e. the level of endemicity for onchocerciasis. Conclusion: The DEC patch test, which has been so far used only in West African foci of onchocerciasis, can also constitute a valuable tool to evaluate the levels of endemicity of onchocerciasis in Central Africa, and to follow-up the intensity of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control; Central Africa; Diagnosis; Diethylcarbamazine patch test; Epidemiology; Onchocerciasis	diethylcarbamazine; baseline survey; disease control; drug; endemism; epidemiology; nematode; parasite transmission; skin disorder; Africa; article; diethylcarbamazine patch test; endemic disease; evaluation; human; major clinical study; onchocerciasis; patch test; preschool child; prevalence; skin manifestation; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Child, Preschool; Diethylcarbamazine; Drug Evaluation; Endemic Diseases; Filaricides; Gabon; Humans; Onchocerciasis; Patch Tests; Prevalence; Rural Health; Africa; Cameroon; Central Africa; Central African Republic; Gabon; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Onchocerca volvulus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13244273800	Evaluation of syphilis in patients with HIV infection in Nigeria	Nnoruka E.N., Ezeoke A.C.J.	2005	Tropical Medicine and International Health	10	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01344.x	Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01	Nnoruka, E.N., Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria; Ezeoke, A.C.J., Department of Chemical Pathology, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01129, Enugu, Nigeria	OBJECTIVE: To document the manifestations of syphilis among patients with concurrent HIV infection over a 12-month period. METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study of all adult patients with syphilis and HIV infection who attended the skin clinic of the University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Enugu, between July 2000 and June 2001. A standardized questionnaire was used to record age, sex, marital status, occupation and risk factor for HIV infection; initial site of onset of rash/ulcers, duration of the illness, any concomitant affection of mucosa, hair and nails as well as treatments received by each patient prior to presentation. Morphological distribution of lesions, mucosal surface (conjuctival, vulval and rectal) examinations and documentation of concomitant disorders with HIV were noted by the examining dermatologist. Lesional biopsy and dark-field microscopy were undertaken to confirm diagnosis where serologic (non-treponemal and treponemal specific) tests for syphilis were inconsistent with clinical suspicion. Each patient had a routine chest x-ray, mantoux and purified protein derivative (PPD) status taken. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (21 males) with concurrent syphilis and HIV were seen during the study period. Primary syphilis was diagnosed in nine (29%), secondary syphilis in 20 (64.5%) and latent syphilis in two (6.5%). Neurosyphilis was not observed. Prevalence of syphilis for these patients with concurrent HIV was 2.1%. Mean duration of syphilis was 3.9 months ± 1.4 and lesions of greatest concern occurred mainly on the genitalia. The glans penis was affected in 10 (32.3%) cases, the penile shaft in seven (22.6%), the oral cavity in five (16.1%), the rectum in six (19.4%) and the vulva in three (0.9%) cases. Nine (29.1%) patients had a history of primary syphilitic chancre, 19 (61.3%) had a past history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) - particularly genital ulcers - while three (9.7%) could not recall any past history of STD. Eighteen (59.3%) had a history of unprotected sex, 16 (51.7%) had multiple sexual partners, four (13.3%) had had oral sex, and one anal sex (3.3%); none admitted to being bisexual. Other relevant risk factors for HIV transmission were blood transfusion within 5 years for three (9.7%) and intravenous drug use in two (6.5%). Some patients had more than one condition as a potential source of exposure. Serological tests were weakly reactive in 17 (48.4%), strongly reactive in nine (29%) and non-reactive in five (16.1%) patients. Three patients exhibited prozone phenomenon. Treatment comprised the syndromic approach, which currently is advocated for use in primary healthcare centres without facilities for aetiological diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: Our cases with concurrent syphilis and HIV/AIDS had unusual manifestations, responded to treatment more slowly and died sooner than cases described in Western literature due to generally lower levels of health.	HIV/AIDS; Serology; Syndromic management; Syphilis associations; West Africa	benzathine penicillin; tuberculin; disease prevalence; disease transmission; human immunodeficiency virus; syphilis; adolescent; adult; article; biopsy; bisexuality; blood transfusion; clinical article; clinical feature; comorbidity; controlled study; disease association; disease duration; disease severity; female; fluorescent treponema antibody test; genital system disease; genital ulcer; hair disease; health care facility; health center; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intravenous drug abuse; male; medical documentation; microscopy; mortality; mouth cavity; mouth inflammation; mucosa inflammation; nail disease; neurosyphilis; Nigeria; penis glans; physical examination; prevalence; primary health care; questionnaire; rash; recall; rectum disease; risk factor; safe sex; serodiagnosis; serology; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; skin ulcer; syphilis; teaching hospital; thorax radiography; Treponema pallidum; tuberculin test; unprotected sex; venereal disease reaction test; vulva disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chancre; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Penicillin G, Benzathine; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Syphilis; Treatment Outcome; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Glans; Human immunodeficiency virus; RNA viruses; Treponema; Treponema pallidum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951615444	Umgidi at the Mabambas': Gender, practice and performance among farm workers in the Sundays River Valley	Connor T.	2010	Journal of Southern African Studies	36	1	10.1080/03057071003607345	Department of Development Studies, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Campus, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	Connor, T., Department of Development Studies, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Campus, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	This article describes and analyses an umgidi, a celebratory feast that usually accompanies the final 'coming out' phase of circumcision, among farm workers in the Sundays River Valley, Eastern Cape. Anthropological monographs describing circumcision rituals among Xhosa-speakers appear not to discuss such a feast at all, despite this event being familiar to most rural and urban Xhosa-speakers, particularly in the western half of the Eastern Cape. In the absence of comparative information, this article introduces an umgidi feast as a multivocal event that comments on the spatial, performative and practice-oriented elements of life among workers in the Sundays River Valley. I show that farm workers have a definite sense of identity and place connected to the occupation of land as labour tenants and later as labourers. Their conservative rural values are closely associated with the memories of previous land occupation, but are also combined with experiences of displacement, so that memories of lost land directly inform the creation of current identities. An umgidi feast allows the unification of fragmented groups of kin and clan, and provides an opportunity for workers to articulate the pressures of modern farm employment. The prominence of female workers at umgidi feasts also heightens the use of domestic space as an idiom for commentary on experiences of disruption and labour domination. Broadly, the article contributes to an understanding of ritual among displaced communities in southern Africa, particularly labour tenants and farm workers on white farms. © 2010 The Editorial Board of the Journal of Southern African Studies.	None	agricultural worker; cultural identity; cultural tradition; gender; kinship; memory; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Sundays Valley	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893671228	The impact of legislative framework governing waste management and collection in South Africa	Sentime K.	2014	African Geographical Review	33	1	10.1080/19376812.2013.847253	Department of Development Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Sentime, K., Department of Development Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	The legislative framework governing waste management defines the state as the key player and does not recognize informal waste collection in South Africa. There is inconsistency between this framework and the practice on the ground regarding waste collection. While the framework puts the state at the centre, the reality on the ground is that of the lack of specific policy directed at waste recycling. Thus, this gap which was supposed to be overcome by the state has been filled by an informal waste collection enterprise. This paper carries out a critical review of the legislative framework and reveals how it fails to take into account the reality of informal waste collectors who need to be empowered and formalized as they cover for the limits and failures of the state in Greater Johannesburg. The data for this research were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussion as well as interview in order to understand informal waste collectors social profile, types of waste collected, recycling approaches, challenges facing them as well as their spending patterns. The results show informal waste collectors in Braamfontein, Killarney and Newtown suburb of Johannesburg, who originated locally from South Africa and from other neighbouring countries such as Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The types of waste collected include: metal, plastic and glass as well as paper, but this varied from one area to another. The findings here are consitent with research elsewhere which shows that if well organized and supported by government and other stakeholders, waste collection and management can contribute positively in many aspects including jobs creation, poverty reduction, conserve natural resources and protect the environment as well as in empowering grassroots investment. © 2013 The African Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers.	Informal waste collection; Legislative framework; Urban poverty; Waste management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895928752	Evaluation of a universal long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution campaign in Ghana: Cost effectiveness of distribution and hang-up activities	Smith Paintain L., Awini E., Addei S., Kukula V., Nikoi C., Sarpong D., Kwesi Manyei A., Yayemain D., Rusamira E., Agborson J., Baffoe-Wilmot A., Bart-Plange C., Chatterjee A., Gyapong M., Mangham-Jefferies L.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-71	Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, PO Box KB493, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana; Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom	Smith Paintain, L., Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Awini, E., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Addei, S., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Kukula, V., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Nikoi, C., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Sarpong, D., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Kwesi Manyei, A., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Yayemain, D., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Rusamira, E., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Agborson, J., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Baffoe-Wilmot, A., National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, PO Box KB493, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana; Bart-Plange, C., National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, PO Box KB493, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana; Chatterjee, A., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Gyapong, M., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Mangham-Jefferies, L., Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom	Background: Between May 2010 and October 2012, approximately 12.5 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed through a national universal mass distribution campaign in Ghana. The campaign included pre-registration of persons and sleeping places, door-to-door distribution of LLINs with 'hang-up' activities by volunteers and post-distribution 'keep-up' behaviour change communication activities. Hang-up activities were included to encourage high and sustained use. Methods. The cost and cost-effectiveness of the LLIN Campaign were evaluated using a before-after design in three regions: Brong Ahafo, Central and Western. The incremental cost effectiveness of the 'hang-up' component was estimated using reported variation in the implementation of hang-up activities and LLIN use. Economic costs were estimated from a societal perspective assuming LLINs would be replaced after three years, and included the time of unpaid volunteers and household contributions given to volunteers. Results: Across the three regions, 3.6 million campaign LLINs were distributed, and 45.5% of households reported the LLINs received were hung-up by a volunteer. The financial cost of the campaign was USD 6.51 per LLIN delivered. The average annual economic cost was USD 2.90 per LLIN delivered and USD 6,619 per additional child death averted by the campaign. The cost-effectiveness of the campaign was sensitive to the price, lifespan and protective efficacy of LLINs.Hang-up activities constituted 7% of the annual economic cost, though the additional financial cost was modest given the use of volunteers. LLIN use was greater in households in which one or more campaign LLINs were hung by a volunteer (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.09, 2.27; p = 0.02). The additional economic cost of the hang-up activities was USD 0.23 per LLIN delivered, and achieved a net saving per LLIN used and per death averted. Conclusion: In this campaign, hang-up activities were estimated to be net saving if hang-up increased LLIN use by 10% or more. This suggests hang-up activities can make a LLIN campaign more cost-effective. © 2014 Smith Paintain et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; bed net; child death; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; female; Ghana; household; human; lifespan; motivation; privacy; recipient; sleep; training; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Ghana; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Mosquito Control; Pregnancy; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856431067	The Difference of Performance as Research	Fleishman M.	2012	Theatre Research International	37	1	10.1017/S0307883311000745	Department of Drama, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Fleishman, M., Department of Drama, University of Cape Town, South Africa	This article considers the proposition that performance as research is a series of embodied repetitions in time, on both micro (bodies, movements, sounds, improvisations, moments) and macro (events, productions, projects, installations) levels, in search of a series of differences. It investigates the proposition in terms of Bergson's notion of b creative evolutionb and Deleuze's engagement with it, and is concerned with questions such as: what nature of differences does performance as research give rise to? Where do the differences lie, in the repetitions or in the spaces in between? And is there a point at which the unleashing of differences is exhausted, a point at which, perhaps, the evolution becomes an involution, either a shrinkage of difference, an inverted return to the same, or, in the Deleuzian sense, a new production no longer dependent on differentiation but on transversal modes of becoming? © International Federation for Theatre Research 2012.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865738671	Environmental impact and vulnerability of the surface and ground water system from municipal solid waste disposal site: Koshe, Addis Ababa	Haile T., Abiye T.A.	2012	Environmental Earth Sciences	67	1	10.1007/s12665-011-1480-3	Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, P.O. Box Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Haile, T., Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abiye, T.A., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, P.O. Box Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Geo-environmental assessment and geophysical investigations were carried out over the only functional municipal solid waste disposal site of the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, known locally as Koshe. The accumulated wastes from Koshe have impact on the surrounding human and physical environment since the disposal site was not designed. The study deserves emphasis because the city of Addis Ababa currently obtains a considerable portion of its domestic water supply from a well field developed not much farther from and along a groundwater flow direction in relation to the waste disposal site. It was found out that the leachates from the site contain high concentration of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, chloride and sulphate besides high concentration of cobalt, nickel and zinc in the surrounding soils. The geophysical results have mapped weak zones and near-vertical discontinuities that could potentially be conduits for the leachate from the wastes into the deep groundwater system. Further, a zone of potential leachate migration from the landfill was identified from the electrical models; the location of this zone is consistent with the predicted direction of groundwater flow across the site. The results further suggested that the open dump site tends to cause increasing amount of pollution on the surrounding soil, surface and ground waters. Furthermore, it was observed that the Koshe waste disposal site has grown beyond its capacity and the poor management of the open dump landfill has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding environments. The need to change/relocate the existing waste disposal site to a more suitable and technologically appropriate site is emphasized. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.	Environmental pollution; Koshe-Addis Ababa; Leachate; Open dump	Aesthetic value; Biological oxygen demand; Deep groundwaters; Disposal sites; Domestic water supply; Electrical models; Environmental pollutions; Ethiopia; Ground water systems; Groundwater flow directions; High concentration; Koshe-Addis Ababa; Leachate migration; Leachates; Open dump; Physical environments; Sulphates; Surrounding environment; Surrounding soils; Waste disposal sites; Biochemical oxygen demand; Chlorine compounds; Cobalt; Environmental impact; Geophysics; Groundwater; Groundwater flow; Leachate treatment; Municipal solid waste; Soil pollution; Waste disposal; bioaccumulation; concentration (composition); environmental assessment; environmental impact; groundwater flow; heavy metal; landfill; leachate; municipal solid waste; numerical model; soil pollution; sulfate; surface water; vulnerability; waste disposal; water pollution; water supply; Addis Ababa; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73849141686	Geoelectric evidence for centripetal resurge of impact melt and breccias over central uplift of Araguainha impact structure	Tong C.H., Lana C., Marangoni Y.R., Elis V.R.	2010	Geology	38	1	10.1130/G30459.1	Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Instituto de Astronomia Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil	Tong, C.H., Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Lana, C., Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7620, South Africa; Marangoni, Y.R., Instituto de Astronomia Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Elis, V.R., Instituto de Astronomia Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, USP, Rua do Matao 1226, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil	We present five profiles from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), with surface constraints and gravity data, in the central uplift of the Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil. The central uplift, the overlying polymict breccias, and decameter-scale impact melt rocks are characterized by contrasting ranges of electrical resistivity. Our resistivity model provides empirical evidence that supports the existing model in which impact melt and breccias resurged toward the crater center in the final stages of the cratering process. On the basis of our results from the first use of ERT in impact cratering studies, we conclude that the deposition and flow of impact melt and breccias over the central uplift were influenced by the geometry of the lithologic boundaries in the central uplift. © 2010 Geological Society of America.	None	Electrical resistivity; Electrical resistivity tomography; Empirical evidence; Geoelectric; Gravity data; Impact cratering; Impact melt; Impact structures; Surface constraints; Electric conductivity; Geomorphology; Radiative transfer; Tomography; Rocks; breccia; crater; deposition; electrical resistivity; geoelectric field; impact structure; lithology; melt; tomography; uplift; Araguainha Dome; Brazil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847337381	Impact of water overexploitation on highland lakes of eastern Ethiopia	Alemayehu T., Furi W., Legesse D.	2007	Environmental Geology	52	1	10.1007/s00254-006-0468-x	Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Oromiya Water Well Drilling Enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Alemayehu, T., Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Furi, W., Oromiya Water Well Drilling Enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, D., Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The eastern Ethiopian highland is endowed with large potential of water resources in terms of rainfall, groundwater and surface water. Yet, due to overpumping of lake water and groundwater and environmental degradation, Lakes Haromaya and Adele have completely dried up. The environmental degradation, due to deforestation and clearing of land for farming, has increased the rate of siltation in the lakes that dramatically decreases the lakes' volume and surface albedo, which increased the rate of evaporation. The impact of these factors is aggravated due to decreasing net recharge to the lake and the alluvial aquifer. Over the last 35 years, pumping of lake water for irrigation, mainly for subsistence farming, domestic and industrial use shows an increasing trend. Hence, the available water for drinking and industrial purposes decreased drastically. In this research, classical Penman aerodynamic combined energy budget, Penman nomogram methods, conventional soil moisture water balance method and Penman-Monteith model were adopted to estimate free evaporation, actual and potential evapotranspirations. The results indicate that evaporation is the dominant factor for the loss of water and water abstraction is 316% higher than the effective precipitation, which is 110 mm/year. Therefore, overexploitation of the available resources has played an aggravating role for the loss of the lakes in the area. The main cause for such resource depletion is the lack of integrated water resources management strategies. The current water shortage in the area has mainly affected urban residents of Harar, Awoday and Alemaya towns and the surrounding villages, which depend heavily on the two lakes. To alleviate the current crises interbasin water transfer and rainwater harvesting would be possible alternatives besides ameliorating environmental situation of the basin. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Evaporation; Groundwater; Surface water; Water resources	Deforestation; Evapotranspiration; Irrigation; Lakes; Surface waters; Weathering; Lake water; Water resources management; Groundwater; deforestation; environmental degradation; environmental impact; evaporation; evapotranspiration; exploitation; groundwater abstraction; numerical model; Penman-Monteith equation; resource depletion; soil moisture; water budget; water resource; Deforestation; Ground Water; Irrigation; Lakes; Surface Water; Weathering; Africa; Alemaya; Awoday; East Africa; Ethiopia; Harar; Lake Adele; Lake Haromaya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746513104	Geophysical and geotechnical evaluation of foundation conditions of a site in Ago-Iwoye area, southwestern Nigeria	Adebisi N.O., Oloruntola M.O.	2006	Journal of Mining and Geology	42	1	None	Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria	Adebisi, N.O., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oloruntola, M.O., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria	Geophysical and geotechnical studies were carried out to investigate the foundation conditions of a proposed structure in Ago-Iwoye area, southwestern Nigeria. Ago-Iwoye area is underlain mainly by porphyroblastic granite gneiss, biotite granite gneiss, biotite hornblende gneiss, porphygilitic granite pegmatite and aplite. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) revealed three different lithological layers, with apparent resistivities of 261?m, 85.?m and 170.2m respectively. These represent the lateritic horizon, underlain by a layer of wet plastic clay and the third layer is a gravelly sandy horizon, occurring at a depth of about 3.7m. The horizontal profiling on the other hand revealed a subsurface that is laterally inhomogeneous, with the variation in resistivities being very slight along 2nd profile to very high along 3rd and 4th profiles. The cone penetration tests (CPT) also revealed that the lithology of the soil vary from point to point across the study area, with cone resistance of 5-28 Kg/cm2 obtained for a depth of 0.00- 0.20m, 10-250 Kg/cm2 for a depth of 0.20m-2.00m and 40-250Kg/cm2 for a depth of 2.00m to 4.00m. The results obtained from this study have emphasized the usefulness of geophysical methods in complimenting geotechnical studies in establishing variation in lithology accompanied by variation in the allowable bearing pressure of foundation soils. © Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS).	None	electrical resistivity; foundation; geotechnical engineering; lithology; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856611254	Lightning remagnetization of the Vredefort impact crater: No evidence for impact-generated magnetic fields	Carporzen L., Weiss B.P., Gilder S.A., Pommier A., Hart R.J.	2012	Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets	117	1	10.1029/2011JE003919	Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Équipe de Paléomagnétisme, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, University of Paris VII-Denis Diderot, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80333 Munich, Germany; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; IThemba Labs, Private Bag 11 WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Carporzen, L., Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States, Équipe de Paléomagnétisme, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, University of Paris VII-Denis Diderot, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France; Weiss, B.P., Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Gilder, S.A., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80333 Munich, Germany; Pommier, A., Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Hart, R.J., IThemba Labs, Private Bag 11 WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	The Vredefort impact crater in South Africa is one of the oldest and largest craters on Earth, making it a unique analog for planetary basins. Intense and randomly oriented remanent magnetization observed in surface samples at Vredefort has been attributed to impact-generated magnetic fields. This possibility has major implications for extraterrestrial paleomagnetism since impact-generated fields have been proposed as a key alternative to the dynamo hypothesis for magnetization on the Moon and asteroids. Furthermore, the presence of single-domain magnetite found along shock-generated planar deformation features in Vredefort granites has been widely attributed to the 2.02 Ga impact event. An alternative hypothesis is that the unusual magnetization and/or rock magnetic properties of Vredefort rocks are the products of recent lightning strikes. Lightning and impact-generated fields can be distinguished by measuring samples collected from below the present surface. Here we present a paleomagnetic and rock magnetic study of samples from two 10 m deep vertical boreholes. We show that the magnetization at depth is consistent with a thermoremanent magnetization acquired in the local geomagnetic field following the impact, while random, intense magnetization and some of the unusual rock magnetic properties observed in surface rocks are superficial phenomena produced by lightning. Because Vredefort is the only terrestrial crater that has been proposed to contain records of impact-generated fields, this removes a key piece of evidence in support of the hypothesis that paleomagnetism of the Moon and other extraterrestrial bodies is the product of impacts rather than past core dynamos. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.	None	asteroid; extraterrestrial matter; hypothesis testing; impact structure; lightning; magnetic field; magnetite; Moon; paleomagnetism; remagnetization; remanent magnetization; Free State; South Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68149125259	Factors affecting malaria epidemics and its economic impacts on households in ajegunle, lagos state, Nigeria	Tewari D.D., Braimoh L.A., Bokana K.G.	2009	Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics	21	1	None	Department of Econimics, Faculty of Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa; University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; School of Economics and Finance, UKZN, South Africa	Tewari, D.D., Department of Econimics, Faculty of Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa; Braimoh, L.A., University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; Bokana, K.G., School of Economics and Finance, UKZN, South Africa	Malaria is one of the most common and deadly diseases, especially in sub-Saharan and tropical African countries, including Nigeria. Over the years, malaria epidemic affected about 3 million people in Nigeria. The disease does not only affect income or spending of individuals and households but also economic growth of the country. The major objectives of this study are (1) to estimate the costs of malaria to a household living in Ajegunle city, and (2) to build a logistic model which predicts the probability of occurrence of malaria based on a set of variables. One apparent pattern of the cost model was that a few spent more on direct costs of malaria while in terms of indirect costs slightly over 50 percent of respondents forwent income in case of illness or death due to malaria. The logistic model indicated that the use of any form of anti-malarial drugs did not reduce the malarial infection, only quinine among them found some empirical support in this study. Insecticide-treated bednets was the only mechanism which showed a promise to reduce the spread of malarial infection. Households that increased malaria treatment expenditures experienced lower level of probability of malaria occurrence under ceteris paribus conditions. © 2009 A B Academic Publishers.	Economic costs model; Economic growth; Logistic model; Malaria epidemic; Nigeria	disease prevalence; disease spread; economic impact; epidemic; health expenditure; household survey; income distribution; logistics; malaria; mortality; prediction; probability; Africa; Ajegunle; Lagos [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924785383	Effects of dietary supplementation of fumaric acid on growth performance of african catfish clarias gariepinus and aeromonas sobria challenge	Omosowone O., Dada A., Adeparusi E.	2015	Ribarstvo, Croatian Journal of Fisheries	73	1	10.14798/73.1.782	Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Omosowone, O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Dada, A., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adeparusi, E., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Five iso-nitrogenous (39.0% crude protein) and iso-caloric diets (510 kJ gross energy) were prepared, with fumaric acid added at varying inclusion levels; 0 (D1), 0.5 (D2), 1.0 (D3), 1.5 (D4) or 2.0 (D5) g kg-1 of diet. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of Clarias gariepinus (mean initial weight 68.14±1.5 g) for 84 days in 50 liters glass tanks. At the end of the experiment, fish fed with diet D3 gave significantly higher growth indices closely followed by the control diet (D1). There were significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio and percentage survival in fish fed diet D3 when compared with those fed diet D5. The haematological parameters of experimental fish revealed significant variations among treatments. The highest haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) values were recorded in fish fed diet D2 while the lowest were recorded in those fed diets D3. Challenge test showed that mortality was 100% in the control while it was between 0 and 86.67% in other treatments. Inclusion of 1.0 g kg-1 of fumaric acid in C. gariepinus diets boosted growth. Inclusion of 0.5 g kg-1 of fumaric acid improved fish haematological parameters. In overall, incorporation of fumaric acid in C. gariepinus diets improved fish survival after Aeromonas sobria challenge. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture. All rights reserved.	Catfish; Haematological parameters; Organic acid; Pathogenic bacteria; Survival	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860719505	Impact of social crises on economic development: Theoretical evidence from Nigeria	Saheed Zakaree S., Egwaikhide C.I.	2012	Social Sciences	7	1	10.3923/sscience.2012.36.43	Department of Economics and Management Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria	Saheed Zakaree, S., Department of Economics and Management Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria; Egwaikhide, C.I., Department of Economics and Management Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria	Social crisis could be corruption, ethno-religious, war, genocide or political which effects are destruction of properties, waste of resources and hence, inefficient utilization of resources. Though, Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural and human resources, however the country has always been in one crisis or the other ranging from corruption, ethnic and religious to political crises. This study therefore, examines the impact of these social crises on effective and efficient utilization of both its natural and human resources towards the development of its economy using a descriptive analysis approach. Findings indicate that social crises in Nigeria, especially corruption and ethno-religious conflicts have been a clog on the wheels of economic growth and development in Nigeria. Based on these findings, some policy recommendations were offered which include the promotion of religion tolerance and peaceful coexistence of the citizens and monitoring of the activities of its people through the establishment of committee of elders to quickly intervene and nip in the bud any crisis before it degenerate to a major conflict. The government should employ the rule of engagement in deciding what the citizens want and take steps in meeting their needs rather than deciding on its own what to provide for the people. © Medwell Journals, 2012.	Corruption and efficient; Crisis; Economy; Growth; Resources; Social; Tolerance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939477953	Impact of investment in information technology on financial performance of Nigerian banks: Is there a productivity paradox?	Farouk B.K.U., Dandago K.I.	2015	Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce	20	1	None	Department of Economics and Management Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA)Kaduna, Nigeria; School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM SintokKedah Darrul Aman, Malaysia	Farouk, B.K.U., Department of Economics and Management Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA)Kaduna, Nigeria; Dandago, K.I., School of Accountancy, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM SintokKedah Darrul Aman, Malaysia	This research investigates the impact of investment in Information Technology (IT) on the financial performance of banks in Nigeria. The study covers post-Banking (2006-2010) consolidation period of 5 years. The population of the study comprises of all the 24 banks, and a random sampling of 10 banks was made. The study employs secondary data generated from annual reports and accounts of the banks, records maintained by the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) reports. The data obtained were analyzed using the panel data regression model where investment in IT (hardware, software and Automated Teller Machine [ATM]), total earnings (TR) and total cost (TC) of the 10 sampled banks were used as the independent variables while financial performance is the dependent variable, proxied by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM) and earnings per share (EPS). Four hypotheses were developed and tested in line with the proxies to the dependent variables. The result from the panel regression revealed that there is a significant relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables, but the ttest revealed that the impact of IT investment on the financial performance of Nigeria banks is significant for ROA, ROE and EPS at 5% significance level but not significant for NPM at 5% and 10% significance level. The effect of TR is positive and that of TC is negative on all the four financial performance measures, but the effect of IT investment on all the four financial performance variables is negative, which is not an expected sign. This means that an increase on IT spending leads to a decrease in the financial performance of Nigerian banks, that is to say heavy IT investment does not increase anks profitability, hence there is existence of IT productivity paradox in the Nig ria banking industry. © Bilkisu Kabiru Usman Farouk and Kabiru Isa Dandago, 2015.	Financial performance; Information technology; Investment; Nigerian banks; Productivity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952298490	Forecasting performance of an estimated DSGE model for the South African economy	Alpanda S., Kotzé K., Woglom G.	2011	South African Journal of Economics	79	1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2011.01260.x	Department of Economics, Amherst College, United States; School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Alpanda, S., Department of Economics, Amherst College, United States; Kotzé, K., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Woglom, G., Department of Economics, Amherst College, United States	We construct a small open-economy New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for South Africa with nominal rigidities, incomplete international risk sharing and partial exchange rate pass-through. The parameters of the model are estimated using Bayesian methods, and its out-of-sample forecasting performance is compared with Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR), classical VAR and random-walk models. Our results indicate that the DSGE model generates forecasts that are competitive with those from other models, and it contributes statistically significant information to combined forecast measures. © 2011 Economic Society of South Africa.	Bayesian estimation; Forecasting; open-economy DSGE model	Bayesian analysis; computer simulation; economic analysis; estimation method; exchange rate; forecasting method; general equilibrium analysis; inflation; interest rate; Keynesian theory; macroeconomics; numerical model; parameterization; performance assessment; stochasticity; vector autoregression; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-72149134888	The vanishing farms? The impact of international migration on Albanian Family Farming	Miluka J., Carletto G., Davis B., Zezza A.	2010	Journal of Development Studies	46	1	10.1080/00220380903197978	Department of Economics, Business, and Administrative Sciences, University of New York Tirana, Rr: Komuna e Parisit, Tirana, Albania; The World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; UNICEF, Nairobi, Kenya; FAO, Rome, Italy	Miluka, J., Department of Economics, Business, and Administrative Sciences, University of New York Tirana, Rr: Komuna e Parisit, Tirana, Albania; Carletto, G., The World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Davis, B., UNICEF, Nairobi, Kenya; Zezza, A., FAO, Rome, Italy	This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with both labour and non-labour input allocation in agriculture, while no significant differences can be detected in terms of farm technical efficiency or agricultural income. Whether the rapid demographic changes in rural areas triggered by massive migration, possibly combined with propitious land and rural development policies, will ultimately produce the conditions for a more viable, high-return agriculture attracting larger investments remains to be seen. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	None	agricultural production; international migration; policy development; resource allocation; rural area; rural development; technical efficiency; Albania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55249105452	Science and technology policy in South Africa: Past performance and proposals for the future	Kaplan D.	2008	Science, Technology and Society	13	1	10.1177/097172180701300104	Department of Economics, Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	Kaplan, D., Department of Economics, Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa	This article provides a high-level review of the performance of the S&T system in South Africa. All the indicators suggest that, at a high level, performance has not been strong. This is despite the fact that more resources have been devoted to S&T and that there has been extensive policy experimentation. The argument advanced is that the key factor explaining this weak performance is poor provision of skilled labour. The article critically examines the recent OECD review of S&T in South Africa in this light. Finally, the article examines the proposed future direction of S&T policy in South Africa as reflected in the twenty-year plan of the Department of Science and Technology. The plan is highly ambitious, considerably expanding the scope of S&T policy and projects. While it recognises the critical importance of increasing high-level skills for innovation, it fails to give adequate recognition to the fact that this will take time. Accordingly, new projects will need to be undertaken after, and not contemporaneously with, the expansion in the supply of skills.	None	Performance; Science and Technology; South Africa; Technology Policy; future prospect; innovation; OECD; science and technology; skilled labor; technological development; technology policy; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249084958	Sensitivity of performance to capital structure	Akintoye I.R.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akintoye, I.R., Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study is borne out of the need to establish the presence or otherwise of the responsiveness of EBIT, EPS and DPS as performance indicators to turnover, which is a measure of leverage, with respect to selected Food and Beverages companies in Nigeria. We computed the degree(s) of Leverage(s) ratios - i.e the DOL, DFL, DCL, as well as the percentage change in DPS relative to percentage change in EBIT inorder to achieve our study's objective. Our results reveal that performance indicators used in our study are significantly sensitive to the capital structure, for most of the companies considered in our study. Our findings reveal the followings: • Most of the companies used have their EBIT, EPS and DPS sensitive to turnover, which is in support of the apriori expectation. • Results from Nigerian Bottling Company Plc, negate the apriori expectation, as an increase in its turnover in year 2004, does not result in a corresponding increase in its EBIT, let alone EPS and DPS, rather a loss of 44.9% was recorded. • Results from Nestle Nig. Plc, Cadbury Nig. Plc and 7-Up Bottling Co Plc, also support the apriori expectation of a positive relationship between performance indicators and turnover. We also discovered that shareholders in most of the companies considered enjoy double benefits of dividend declaration and wealth creation; hence, the study disputes the present dividend theory which believes that organizations shareholders either support dividend declaration or wealth creation and not the two. Our study shows that both dividend declaration and wealth creation could be relevant to shareholders. We therefore conclude based on our findings, that irrespective of the dividend policy adopted by an organization, the rate of change in capital structure is a major influence on what organisations behaviour is likely to be. In addition this study lend credence to developing a third school of thought in dividend theory, to provide a place for the relevance of both dividend declaration and wealth creation to shareholders as against the present dividend theory which provides for either, of these two schools.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646796767	Impact of government-based strategy on employment generation and poverty alleviation in Nigeria	Folorunso B.A., Olusi J.O.	2006	European Journal of Social Sciences	2	1	None	Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Folorunso, B.A., Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Olusi, J.O., Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	The paper analyzed the effects of poverty alleviation and employment programme of NEEDS on the key targeted groups in Osun State of Nigeria. The study employed structured questionnaire in eliciting information from members of the target groups through interview method. Adopting qualitative techniques of analysis, factors that constituted obstacles to the advancement of Osun state in the areas of employment generation and poverty reduction were identified. The study found that obstacle to poverty reduction and employment generation was the lack of adequate empowerment on the part of the members of target groups; members had little education and lack financial opportunities. Programmes' effects had been minimal since the level of poverty is still very high despite the acclaimed efforts of NEEDS to encourage entrepreneurship in the state. This was, however, due to poor policy implementation; empowerment materials are distributed using political factors rather than economic factors. Youths, rural women and the disabled are mostly affected because their empowerment levels were lower relative to men's. The paper therefore suggests proper implementation of NEEDS policy by empowering every members of the target groups irrespective of their political affiliation.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64149113743	Tutorial classes - Why bother? An investigation into the impact of tutorials on the performance of economics students	Horn P.M., Jansen A.I.	2009	South African Journal of Economics	77	1	10.1111/j.1813-6982.2009.01194.x	Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa	Horn, P.M., Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa; Jansen, A.I., Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University (SU), Stellenbosch, South Africa	The deteriorating performance of first-year economics students has become a concern at many South African universities. Addressing the issue requires an understanding of the factors influencing students' success. Studies analysing academic performance use the education production function approach. This approach identifies inputs that are crucial to learning and to achieving certain outputs. Factors that have been investigated in other studies include the impact of lecture attendance on performance, school-leaving exam (matriculation) results, particularly performance in mathematics, and the gender and age of students. This study adds to existing local empirical research by analysing the impact of the tutorial programme as an input. The case study investigates the tutorial programme for first-year economics students at Stellenbosch University using quantitative analysis. Results confirm what previous studies have found, namely that lecture attendance, gender, and matriculation results contribute positively to the performance of first-year economics students. The main finding of the paper is that tutorial attendance also contributes positively to academic performance. © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 The Economic Society of South Africa.	Academic performance; Economics; First-year students; Tutorial programme	economics; education; learning; performance assessment; student; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957794151	South African mega-sport events and their impact on tourism	Fourie J., Spronk K.	2011	Journal of Sport and Tourism	16	1	10.1080/14775085.2011.576119	Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Fourie, J., Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Spronk, K., Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	The 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)World Cup, one of the largest mega-sport events in the world, has stirred renewed interest in the benefits that a host country can derive from such events. While most predict a large increase in the number of tourist arrivals in South Africa during the event, recent international literature suggests that ex ante studies are often too optimistic. South Africa has played host to numerous mega-events since 1994. Using a time-series lagged regression model, we identify the increases in tourism numbers experienced for most such events, controlling for a number of variables, which are standard to the prediction of tourism flows. Smaller events, especially those held during the summer months, show little increase in tourist arrivals. We disaggregate tourism arrivals to show that, as expected, the number of tourists from participating countries tends to increase the most. Contrary to the findings revealed in the international literature, we find little evidence of between-country displacement. This lack of evidence may be as a result of off-season scheduling or because the relative size of such events reflects neither that of the FIFA World Cup nor that of the Olympic Games. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.	Developing Countries; F19; L83; Mega-event JEL Code; Sport; Tourist Arrivals; World Cup	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957777259	Impacts of the Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia on livestock and tree holdings of rural households	Andersson C., Mekonnen A., Stage J.	2011	Journal of Development Economics	94	1	10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.12.002	Department of Economics, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 640, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden	Andersson, C., Department of Economics, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Mekonnen, A., Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Stage, J., Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 640, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden	We evaluated the impacts of the Ethiopian Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on rural households' holdings of livestock and forest assets/trees. We found no indication that participation in PSNP induces households to disinvest in livestock or trees. In fact, households that participated in the program increased the number of trees planted, but there was no increase in their livestock holdings. We found no strong evidence that the PSNP protects livestock in times of shock. Shocks appear to lead households to disinvest in livestock, but not in trees. Our results suggest that there is increased forestry activity as a result of PSNP, and that improved credit access encourages households to increase their livestock holdings. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.	Ethiopia; Livestock; Safety nets; Trees	forestry production; household expenditure; livestock; participatory approach; rural economy; rural finance; rural society; social security; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859094247	Exchange rate deregulation and industrial performance in Nigeria: 1975 - 2006	Ogunleye E.O.	2012	European Journal of Social Sciences	29	1	None	Department of Economics, University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria	Ogunleye, E.O., Department of Economics, University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria	This paper investigates the impact of exchange rate deregulation on industrial performance in Nigeria between 1975 and 2006. The co-integration technique and chow breakpoint test were the analytical tools. Two measures of industrial performance -; industrial productivity growth rate and, ratio of industrial production to gross domestic product - were used. It was found that a long-run relationship exists between each of these measures on one hand and exchange rate, interest rate and terms of trade on the other. In particular exchange rate deregulation was found to have significant positive impact on industrial performance. In order to determine the short term dynamics around the equilibrium relationship, the study estimates an error correction model (ECM) and industrial productivity growth rate and contribution of industrial production to GDP lagged by one and two periods, exchange and interest rates emerged as significant determinant of industrial productivity growth rate in Nigeria. The result however suggests the importance, as well as the imperative for Nigeria to embark on comprehensive exchange rate policy in order to accelerate and sustain industrial growth performance. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012.	Co-integration; Deregulation; Error Correction Mechanism; Exchange Rate; Industrial Performance	None	None
None	None	Performance and revenue potential of excise taxation in Tanzania	Osoro N.E., Mwinyimvua H.H., Mpango P.I.N.	2006	Journal of African Economies	15	1	10.1093/jae/eji031	Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; World Bank, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Osoro, N.E., Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwinyimvua, H.H., Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mpango, P.I.N., World Bank, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	This paper analyses the performance of excise taxation in Tanzania in terms of revenue generation objective with a view to identifying its revenue potential. In pursuit of this objective, the paper measures the buoyancy and elasticity of excise taxes, estimates demand functions for excisable goods and computes revenue-maximising tax rates. Consequently, the paper identifies goods that should bear excise tax. Both short- and long-run estimation results for buoyancy and elasticity show that excise tax revenue is inelastic with respect to the quarterly change in GDP. In addition, the buoyancy of excise tax has been higher than elasticity, implying that discretionary changes undertaken over the period of the study enhanced revenue collection. The estimation results of the demand functions for cigarettes, motor fuel, beer, 'Chibuku' and 'Konyagi' gin, show inelastic own-price elasticity of demand implying that the government can collect more revenue by levying higher rates of excise tax on these products. The revenue-maximising tax rates for cigarettes, motor fuel and beer are high both in the short and long run. © 2006 Oxford University Press.	None	tax system; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442793	The impact of macroeconomic risk on asset prices in Ghana, 1997-2002	Twerefou D.K., Nimo M.K.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00111.x	Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Twerefou, D.K., Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Nimo, M.K., Institute of Statistics Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	The dwindling nature of overseas development assistance in the early part of the 1990s called for the establishment of capital markets in some African countries, including Ghana, with the view to increasing foreign direct investments and achieving sustainable inflows, growth and development. One important factor which affects the determination of prices and the growth of capital markets is macroeconomic risk which is quite high in developing countries. Following works done on advanced stock markets, this study seeks to investigate the impact of six macroeconomic risk factors on asset pricing in the various industrial classification - financial, manufacturing, food and beverages, distribution and mining under the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) for the period January 1997 to December 2002. Using the arbitrage pricing methodology developed by Ross (1976) and Chen et al. (1986), the study revealed that investors in Ghana considered three main macroeconomic risk factors - short-term interest rate risk, inflation risk and the term structure of the country's interest rate in the determination of the various industrial asset prices during the period under consideration. Analysis of the risks and returns profile of the industries also shows that financial assets made the best gains on the market. Both general and specific policy recommendations aimed at improving the performance of the GSE are explored. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	capital market; foreign direct investment; interest rate; macroeconomics; price determination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942104082	The Impact of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on Exports in South Africa	Aye G.C., Gupta R., Moyo P.S., Pillay N.	2015	Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy	6	1	10.1142/S1793993315500040	Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Aye, G.C., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Gupta, R., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Moyo, P.S., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Pillay, N., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of real effective exchange rate uncertainty (REER) on aggregate exports of South Africa for the period 1986Q4-2013Q2. Using a bivariate framework where the structural vector autoregression (VAR) is modified to accommodate bivariate GARCH-in-Mean (GARCH-M) errors, we find that exchange rate uncertainty has a significant and negative effect on exports. Comparing the response of exports to a shock in exchange rate from a model that includes the REER uncertainty with results from a model that restricts the coefficient of the exchange rate uncertainty to zero, we find that the response is more pronounced in the former model. Furthermore, real exports respond asymmetrically to negative and positive shocks of REER of the same size. © 2015 World Scientific Publishing Company.	bivariate GARCH-in-Mean VAR; Exchange rate uncertainty; exports; real effective exchange rate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149116601	Integrated water and economic modelling of the impacts of water market instruments on the South African economy	van Heerden J.H., Blignaut J., Horridge M.	2008	Ecological Economics	66	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.011	Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	van Heerden, J.H., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Blignaut, J., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Horridge, M., Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	A static computable general equilibrium model of South Africa is adapted to compare new taxes on water demand by two industries, namely forestry, and irrigated field crops. Comparisons are made with respect to both the short and the long run, in terms of three target variables, namely (i) the environment; (ii) the economy; and (iii) equity. Since the taxes on the two industries do not raise the same amount of revenue, the target variables are calculated per unit of real government revenue raised by the new taxes (also referred to as the marginal excess burdens of the taxes). The model results are robust for moderate values of the water elasticity of demand in the two industries, in both the long and the short run. The tax on irrigated field crops performs better in terms of all three the target variables in the short run. In the long run the tax on irrigated filed crops is better in terms of water saving, but reduces real GDP and the consumption by poor households. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	C68; Computable general equilibrium modelling; Market-based instruments; Q25; Q43; Social Accounting Matrix; Water markets; Water tax	comparative study; crop production; forestry; Gross Domestic Product; irrigation system; numerical model; tax system; water demand; water economics; water management; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884548028	Gender, geographic locations, achievement goals and academic performance of secondary school students from Borno State, Nigeria	Musa A.	2013	Research in Education	90	1	10.7227/RIE.90.1.2	Department of Education, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	Musa, A., Department of Education, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	The paper examined gender, geography location, achievement goals and academic performance of senior secondary school students in Borno State, Nigeria. The sample consists of 827 students from 18 public boarding secondary schools across South and North of Borno State: 414 (50.1 per cent) males and 413 (49.9 per cent) are females; 414 (50.1 per cent) are from South of Borno State, 413 (49.9 per cent) from North of Borno State, respectively. An Achievement Goals Scale with a Cronbach alpha of 0.64 was used to measure achievement goals. Tests in English and Mathematics were used to measure academic performance in English and Mathematics and overall academic performance. The data was analysed using MANAVA statistics. The results reveal that male students are more learning goal oriented and also performed significantly better than females in English and overall academic performance but not in Mathematics. Students from Southern Borno State are more learning goal oriented and performed significantly better than those from Northern Borno State in English, Mathematics and overall academic performance. Geographic locations moderate the effects of gender on students' learning goal, Mathematics and overall academic performance. © Manchester University Press.	Academic performance; Achievement goals; Gender; Geographical location	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953799754	Empirical analysis of school plant planning as a determinant of secondary school students' academic performance	Ijaduola K.O., Oni J., Muraina K.O.	2011	Academic Leadership	9	1	None	Department of Educational Management, College of Applied Education and Vocational Technology, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Nigeria	Ijaduola, K.O., Department of Educational Management, College of Applied Education and Vocational Technology, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Nigeria; Oni, J.; Muraina, K.O.	This study analysed the relationship between school plant planning and students' academic performance in secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. 800 classroom teachers, purposively selected from schools in the four geo-political zones of the state, participated in the study. A questionnaire called: School Plant Planning and academic Performance Questionnaire (SPPAPQ) was used for data collection. Three hypotheses were generated and tested at 0.05 level of significance while the research instrument has a clrombach alpha of 0.84. The reason product moment correlation coefficient was employed for data analysis. It was established that significant relationship exists between school plant planning and students' academic performance. As a result, it was suggested among others that there is need for more provision of school plants and maintenance culture should be improved so as to enhance the educational performance of secondary school students.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649084455	The impact of constitutional principles on the administration of justice in United Kingdom	Fabunmi M., Araromi M.	2009	European Journal of Scientific Research	33	1	None	Department of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Law, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Fabunmi, M., Department of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Araromi, M., Faculty of Law, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study entails an analysis of the impact of the constitutional principles of parliamentary sovereignty, rule of law and separation of powers on administration of justice in the United Kingdom, a country which is noted for judicial impartiality in the administration of justice. The Dicey's rules of parliamentary sovereignty, rule of law and the separation of powers served as the basis for analysis. He was a professor of law at Oxford University. References were made to other relevant theories, statutes and cases. Parliamentary sovereignty deals with the relationship between the Parliament and the law. The rule of law is concerned with the relationship between the government and the law. It was argued that there should be separation of the legislative and executive (which then included the judiciary) functions of government. Later theorists argued for an independent judiciary. The application of the doctrines often creates tension, which is often resolved. It was concluded that the operation of the constitutional principles of the sovereignty of Parliament, the rule of law and separation of powers has positive impact on the administration of justice in United Kingdom. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009.	Administration of justice; Constitutional principles; Parliamentary sovereignty; Rule of law; Separation of powers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863887903	Care, performance and performativity: Portraits of teachers' lived experiences	Perold M., Oswald M., Swart E.	2012	Education as Change	16	1	10.1080/16823206.2012.692208	Department of Educational Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Perold, M., Department of Educational Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; Oswald, M., Department of Educational Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; Swart, E., Department of Educational Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Data from an investigation into the care practices of teachers in a primary school in a vulnerable community fore-grounded, firstly, the influence of a performance culture on the lived experiences of teachers; and secondly, the role of language in the meaning-making of teachers regarding care. The data was generated by means of group discussions, individual and focus group interviews and open-ended questions as part of a more comprehensive research project that explored teachers' care practices in two primary schools. The research project employed an ethnographic methodology and more specifically, an ethnographic casebook design. We purposefully selected three teachers from the one school to construct portraits of their care practices. In an effort to make sense of the data we consulted the writings of Judith Butler on the constitutive nature of language. We viewed the teachers' accounts of their lived experiences through the lenses of care theory, performance and performativity. The portraits of the three teachers demonstrated how different interpretations of circumstances, culture and language can lead to different courses of action, albeit in one environment, and clearly indicate how the pressure of performing might obscure other important aspects of teachers' work such as caring for their learners. © 2012 Copyright Centre for Education Practice Research (CEPR).	care; performance; performativity; teachers' lived experiences	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892549948	Effects of animated agricultural science instructional package on attitude and performance of junior secondary school students in south west area, Nigeria	Tayo Abass B., Bimbo A., Ojo O.A.	2012	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	3	1	10.5901/mjss.2012.03.01.425	Department of Educational Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, le-Ife, Nigeria	Tayo Abass, B., Department of Educational Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, le-Ife, Nigeria; Bimbo, A., Department of Educational Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, le-Ife, Nigeria; Ojo, O.A., Department of Educational Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, le-Ife, Nigeria	The study developed a locally-produced Animated Agricultural Science Instructional Package (AASIP). It also examined the effectiveness of the package on students' attitude and performance in Agricultural Science. This was with a view to improving the performance of students in Agricultural Science.The pre-test post-test control group design was employed. The study population consisted of Junior Secondary School (JSS) III students in Ilesa West Local Government Area of Osun State. Two schools were purposively selected based on availability of Agricultural Science teachers. The sample for the study consisted of 160 students selected through simple random sampling technique into experimental and control groups. Students in the experimental group were taught using AASIP while those in the control group were taught using the conventional classroom teaching. The AASIP was developed locally based on animated topics on crop rotation and designed in modules using Macromedia Flash 8.0 and Microsoft PowerPoint 2007. Two research instruments titled Agricultural Science Achievement Test (ASAT) and Students' Attitude Towards Agricultural Science Questionnaire (SATASQ) were used for data collection. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.The results showed that students' attitude towards Agricultural Science was enhanced with the use of the animated instructional package (F = 4.398, p < 0.05). The results further showed that students exposed to the locally-produced AASIP performed significantly better than those exposed to the conventional method (F = 6.082, p < 0.05). The study concluded that the locally produced AASIP was an effective tool for teaching Agricultural Science in secondary schools.	Animated instructional package; Attitude; Instructional package	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953655248	CAT-7 cable evaluation for Square Kilometre Array analogue signal transport	Langat P.K., Van Der Merwe P., Ikin T., Reader H.C.	2011	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	102	1	None	Department of Electrical anil Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom	Langat, P.K., Department of Electrical anil Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Van Der Merwe, P., Department of Electrical anil Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Ikin, T., Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; Reader, H.C., Department of Electrical anil Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa	Data-cable systems are essential for an evolving Square Kilometre Array (SKA) phased array demonstrator project. Loss, dispersion and channel coupling are the characteristics of interest. We evaluate a Category 7 (CAT-7) cable system, which incorporates a 20 m CAT-7 cable, balun transformers, and ARJ45 connectors. Measurements from 30 MHz - 1.5 GHz are made using a calibrated Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Through, Reflect, Line (TRL) as well as Short, Open, matched Load, Through (SOLT) calibration techniques were performed, which separately test the cables and the entire system performance respectively. A further measurement isolates the baluns. The connectors and baluns are mounted on customised printed circuit boards. We investigated phase dispersion, return loss, attenuation, near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and far-end crosstalk (FEXT). The best system was found to have a linear phase response in the 30 MHz to 1.4 GHz band, with NEXT and FEXT levels below -50 dB and -63 dB respectively. Such performance makes this cable class a candidale lor high-volume dala streams anlicipaled lor Ihe SKA.	Baluns; Calibration; CAT-7 cables; Connectors; EMC; Far-end crosstalk; Near-end crosstalk; Square Kilometre Array	Baluns; CAT-7 cables; Connectors; EMC; Far end crosstalk; Near end cross talks; Square Kilometre Array; Calibration; Crosstalk; Dispersions; Electric network analysis; Electric network analyzers; Electronic equipment manufacture; Microstrip devices; Printed circuit boards; Cables	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896299991	Empirical investigation of wireless sensor network performance in noisy environments	Kiyang S.T., van Zyl R.	2014	Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology	12	1	10.1108/JEDT-02-2012-0006	Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa	Kiyang, S.T., Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa; van Zyl, R., Department of Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa	Purpose: The purpose of this work is to assess the influence of ambient noise on the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) empirically and, based on these findings, develop a mathematical tool to assist technicians to determine the maximum inter-node separation before deploying a new WSN. Design/methodology/approach: A WSN test platform is set up in an electromagnetically shielded environment (RF chamber) to accurately control and quantify the ambient noise level. The test platform is subsequently placed in an operational laboratory to record network performance in typical unshielded spaces. Results from the RF chamber and the real-life environments are analysed. Findings: A minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at which the network still functions was found to be of the order 30 dB. In the real-life scenarios (machines, telecommunications and computer laboratories), the measured SNR exceeded this minimum value by more than 20 dB. This is due to the low ambient industrial noise levels observed in the 2.4 GHz ISM band for typical environments found at academic institutions. It, therefore, suggests that WSNs are less prone to industrial interferences than anticipated. Originality/value: A predictive mathematical tool is developed that can be used by technicians to determine the maximum inter-node separation before the WSN is deployed. The tool yields reliable results and promises to save installation time. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Electrical engineering; Interference; Signal-to-noise ratio; White noise; Wireless communications; Wireless sensor networks	Acoustic noise; Electrical engineering; Network performance; Signal to noise ratio; Tools; Wave interference; White noise; Wireless sensor networks; Wireless telecommunication systems; Academic institutions; Computer laboratory; Design/methodology/approach; Empirical investigation; Mathematical tools; Signaltonoise ratio (SNR); Wireless communications; Wireless sensor network (WSNs); Sensor nodes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897061974	Experimental evaluation of matrix converter for wind energy conversion system under various abnormal conditions	Kumar V., Joshi R.R., Bansal R.C.	2014	International Journal of Renewable Energy Research	4	1	None	Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, 313001, India; Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa	Kumar, V., Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, 313001, India; Joshi, R.R., Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, 313001, India; Bansal, R.C., Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa	This paper presents the experimental evaluation of reversed indirect matrix converter (MC) interfaced wind energy conversion system (WECS), where space vector pulse width modulation together with adaptive fuzzy logic control is effectively used to enhance the performance of system under various abnormal conditions like abrupt change in wind speed, disconnection from grid, misfire in the converter, sudden out of one phase, change in load etc. The proposed adaptive control system is realized using dSPACE DS1104 board. Selective experimental results are presented using a laboratory 1.2 kW prototype of WECS to demonstrate the resulting improvements of the developed system under abnormal conditions.	Matrix converter; Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM); Wind emulator; Wind energy conversion system (WECS)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891555313	Impact of reward and penalty scheme on the incentives for distribution system reliability	Alvehag K., Awodele K.	2014	IEEE Transactions on Power Systems	29	1	10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2279859	Department of Electrical Engineering, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Alvehag, K., Department of Electrical Engineering, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Awodele, K., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Performance-based regulations accompanied by quality regulations are gaining ground in the electricity distribution business. Several European countries apply quality regulations with reward and penalty schemes (RPSs), where the distribution system operator (DSO) is rewarded (or penalized) when fulfilling (or not fulfilling) an adequate level of reliability to its customers. This paper develops a method that the regulator can use before enforcing a regulation to get an understanding of the impact different RPS design solutions have on the DSO's financial risk and incentives to invest in reliability. The proposed method also includes a sensitivity analysis to identify which are the most important parameters in an RPS. The new method is applied to three regulatory challenges to evaluate their RPS design solutions. Results show that the choice of scheme design and cost model used to decide the incentive rate have a large impact on the DSO's financial risk and incentive to invest. © 1969-2012 IEEE.	Electric power distribution reliability; quality regulation; reward and penalty schemes	Distribution system reliability; Distribution systems; Electric power; Electricity distribution; European Countries; Performance-based regulation; Quality regulation; Reward and penalty; Electric power distribution; Electric utilities; Reliability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84952049445	Vibration control and preliminary evaluation of a piezoelectric actuator for use as a force-feedback device	M'Boungui G., Lemaire-Semail B., Giraud F.	2014	European Journal of Electrical Engineering	17	1	10.3166/EJEE.17.9-26	Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag 7680, Pretoria, South Africa; Laboratoire D'Électrotechnique et D'Électronique de Puissance de Lille, IRCICA, Université Lille 1, 50 Av. Halley, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France	M'Boungui, G., Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag 7680, Pretoria, South Africa; Lemaire-Semail, B., Laboratoire D'Électrotechnique et D'Électronique de Puissance de Lille, IRCICA, Université Lille 1, 50 Av. Halley, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Giraud, F., Laboratoire D'Électrotechnique et D'Électronique de Puissance de Lille, IRCICA, Université Lille 1, 50 Av. Halley, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France	As a solution to cope with the lack of compactness and simplicity often encountered in haptic interfaces, we propose a device based on friction coefficient control principle. This device includes polarised piezoceramics well adjusted and glued to a 64x38x3 mm copperberyllium plate supported by four legs. Then, properly energised around a resonant frequency, with legs at antinodes, a stationary wave is created in the plate. Variable friction forces between the legs and the plane substrate are created by the control of the wave amplitude, according to electro-active lubrication. So the user obtains force feedback by holding the plate, and moving it on a plane substrate, as he could do with a mouse interface. Preliminary psychophysical evaluation trends to assess the validity of the device as a force feedback interface. © 2014 Lavoisier.	Electro-active lubrication; Haptic; Piezoelectric actuator	Actuators; Friction; Haptic interfaces; Interfaces (materials); Lubrication; Natural frequencies; Piezoelectric ceramics; Piezoelectricity; Control principle; Electro actives; Force feedback devices; Friction coefficients; Haptic; Lack of compactness; Psychophysical evaluation; Variable frictions; Piezoelectric actuators	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884540221	Impacts of tie-lines and wind generator location on small signal stability of a power system	Ayodele T.R., Jimoh A.A., Munda J.L., Agee J.T.	2013	International Journal of Renewable Energy Research	3	1	None	Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa	Ayodele, T.R., Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Jimoh, A.A., Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Munda, J.L., Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Agee, J.T., Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa	This paper analyses the impact of tie-lines connecting different areas of power system and the location of wind farms on the small signal stability of a power system. The analysis is conducted using Monte Carlo simulation via modal analysis. The random samples are generated from two-parameter Weibull distribution to obtain possible representation of wind speed needed for the generation of wind power using Latin hypercube sampling techniques. The sampling technique allows the usage of a small sample size, which helps in reducing the simulation cost without jeopardising the accuracy ofthe result. Different scenarios are created and the oscillatory modes are calculated for different operating condition. The changes in modal characteristic of the system due to different operating conditions are evaluated by observing the movement on the complex plane. The results of the modal analysis for each scenario are validated using time domain simulation. Some of the key results show that wind power can have either positive or negative impact on the oscillation of a power system depending on the location in which it is integrated into the power system. It is also found out that strengthening the weak tie-lines can greatly improve the inter-area mode. This paper is useful in the planning stage of wind power projects.	Monte Carlo simulation.; Power systems; Small signal stability; Tie-lines; Wind power; Wind power location	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952771499	Performance evaluation of TCP-Friendly rate control enhanced with adaptive filters	Lusilao Zodi G.-A., Nakato Kakande J., Dlodlo M.E., de Jager G., Ferguson K.L.	2011	International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology	3	1	10.4156/ijact.vol3. issue1.2	Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa	Lusilao Zodi, G.-A., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Nakato Kakande, J., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Dlodlo, M.E., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; de Jager, G., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Ferguson, K.L., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa	The emergence of multimedia applications has spurred interest in transport protocols with flexible transmission control. In TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC), the multimedia transmission rate is adapted using the TCP throughput equation. This model, defined in terms of the relationship between throughput, round-trip time and loss rate, ensures that the resulting protocol is TCP compatible. However, standard TFRC wastes bandwidth because it is slow to detect changes in the available capacity. In this paper we take a new direction in tackling this problem. The classical TCP filter used in the estimation of the round-trip time is replaced by two filters namely the adaptive TCP filter and adaptive Kalman filter. Based on jitter, delay and throughput results, it is illustrated that the adaptive filters respond better to drastic changes in network round trip time, providing better aggressiveness and responsiveness in rate adaptation at the multimedia server. The Kalman filter provides the best performance, with the adaptive TCP filter also showing significant improvements over the classical TCP filter.	Adaptive Filters; Internet; QoS Control; Streaming Video	Adaptive kalman filter; Available capacity; Loss rates; Multimedia applications; Multimedia servers; Multimedia transmissions; New directions; Performance evaluation; QoS control; Rate adaptation; Round-trip time; Streaming Video; TCP friendly rate control; TCP throughput; Transmission control; Transport protocols; Adaptive filtering; Adaptive filters; Electric filters; Flow control; Internet; Internet protocols; Jitter; Kalman filters; Packet switching; Throughput; Transmission control protocol	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349457519	The potential impact of small-scale flywheel energy storage technology on Uganda's energy sector	Okou R., Sebitosi A.B., Khan A., Pillay P.	2009	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	20	1	None	Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Canada	Okou, R., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sebitosi, A.B., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Khan, A., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Pillay, P., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Canada	The energy crisis in Uganda has caused a sharp decline in the growth of the industry sector from 10.8% to 4.5% between 2004/5 and 2005/6. This crisis has escalated the power disruptions, which have had adverse effects on various sectors. While business owners have resorted to importation of fossil fuel generators that have increased the cost of production, others have resorted to battery energy storage systems to cater for short outages, which are limited in life span, depth of discharge, among others. These interventions have, thus, further increased the cost of goods and services. In addition, the rural populations using solar home systems incur high battery maintenance and replacement costs. In this paper an electromechanical flywheel battery is proposed as a better alternative in mitigating energy storage problems. It is found that by replacing the battery storage systems with the electromechanical flywheel battery, a saving of up to 35% on cost of energy can be made in the solar home systems and for the industry sector, the power disruptions could be reduced.	Cost of energy; Energy storage; Flywheel; Life cost analysis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872296918	Sensitivity of narrow- and wideband LNA performance to individual transistor model parameters	Weststrate M., Mukherjee A., Sinha S., Schroter M.	2013	International Journal of Electronics	100	1	10.1080/00207217.2012.680789	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Electron Devices and Integrated Circuits, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany	Weststrate, M., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mukherjee, A., Electron Devices and Integrated Circuits, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Sinha, S., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Schroter, M., Electron Devices and Integrated Circuits, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany	Although it is desirable for a transistor model to be as accurate as possible, the extraction of model parameters from fabricated transistors is a time-consuming and often costly process. An investigation of the sensitivity of low-noise amplifier (LNA) performance characteristics to individual parameters of the physics-based standard HBT model HICUM/L2 was, therefore, done to gain a preliminary insight into the most important parameters for transistors used in actual circuits. This can potentially allow less strenuous accuracy requirements on some parameters which would ease the extraction process. Both a narrow- and wideband LNA configuration were investigated. It was found that the series resistance parameters have a large impact on LNA gain, S11 and noise figure performance in both cases. Since the narrow-band LNA relied heavily on the transistor characteristics to provide a proper matching, it was also very sensitive to changes in the parameters used in modelling the high-frequency current gain and depletion capacitances of the transistor. © 2013 Taylor and Francis.	HICUM; Inductive emitter degeneration; LC-ladder and capacitive feedback; Low-noise amplifier; Parameter variations; Sensitivity; Solid-state electronics devices	Capacitive feedback; Emitter degeneration; HICUM; Parameter variations; Sensitivity; Solid state electronics; Electric resistance; Sensitivity analysis; Transistors; Low noise amplifiers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897048371	Carbon footprint evaluation and reduction as a climate change mitigation tool - case study of federal university of agriculture abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Ologun O.O., Wara S.T.	2014	International Journal of Renewable Energy Research	4	1	None	Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria	Ologun, O.O., Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria; Wara, S.T., Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria	In this paper efforts were made to create awareness and evaluate carbon footprint for the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB) for the period August 2011 to July 2012. The aim of this analysis was to determine the carbon footprint of FUNAAB, not only to give a tangible number with which the University's carbon sustainability level can be compared with other academic Institutions, but also to provide the much-needed baseline against which future mitigation efforts on the university campus can be measured. FUNAAB's carbon footprint for the 2011/2012 session was found to be about 5,935 tons CO2, with transportation, campus energy consumption and farm machineries contributing about 63%, 35% and 2% respectively. Staff and student commuting alone contributed about 55% of all emissions associated with University activities. FUNAAB's per-capita emissions with a total of about 10,256 students for the 2011/2012 session amount to about 0.6 tons CO2 emissions per student.	Carbon footprint; FUNAAB; Per-capita emissions	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906534427	Performance analysis of digital communication over fading channels	Adeleke O.A.	2012	International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation	2	1	None	Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia	Adeleke, O.A., Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia	There are several propagation paths between the transmitter and the receiver. The signal components arriving at the receiver from different paths add destructively or constructively any phase shift introduced by the medium. Thus, the signal strengths depend on the relative phases of the components of the received signal giving rise to a condition known as FADING. This paper dwells basically on the characterization, modeling and mitigation of outage probability of a generalized selection combining technique in a Rayleigh fading channel. It involves deriving the probability density function of the combiner output of a generalized selection system by integration, from which the outage probability would then be evaluated in closed form expression. MATLAB tool was used to simulate the behaviour of the received signal with varying number of selected paths: plots of the outage probability against normalized average signal-to noise ratio per symbol per path were obtained which showed an exponentially decaying power delay profile that is an increment in the available diversity paths L with the highest number of strongest paths Lc causing the performance of outage probability of a generalized combiner in Rayleigh fading channel to increase. Thus, it was observed that as the signal propagates through multiple paths, the average signal-to-noise ratio can be improved with the aid of a generalized selection combiner with the highest number of strongest paths. © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.-All rights reserved.	Channel; Communication; Fading; Generalized selection combiner; Maximal ratio combiner; Outage probability; Performance; Rayleigh; Selection combiner	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902170332	The role of supervisor support in predicting employee job satisfaction from their perception of the performance management system: A test of competing models in engineering environments	Baloyi S., van Waveren C.C., Chan K.-Y.	2014	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	25	1	None	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Baloyi, S., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; van Waveren, C.C., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Chan, K.-Y., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Past studies of performance management systems (PMS) have focused more on designing the framework and less on the effect it has on employees. Moreover, employees in developing countries may not be knowledgeable or familiar with PMS. This paper proposes two competing statistical models to examine the roles that supervisor support (SS) has in engineering organisations. It was found that SS is a mediator, but not a moderator, in the relationship between PMS and employee job satisfaction. In other words, SS partially explains why employees have positive perceptions of their jobs based on their evaluation of the current PMS; SS thus enhances the PMS in engineering organisations.	None	Developing countries; Human resource management; Job satisfaction; Management; Supervisory personnel; Competing models; Engineering environment; Performance management systems; Supervisor supports; Models	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952616146	Computerised information systems: Comparison of relative impacts on planned project duration within a multi-project environment	Govender S., Steyn H.	2008	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	19	1	None	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Govender, S., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, H., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	As more organisations acquire project management computerised information systems (CIS) to ensure the efficient scheduling of projects, there is increasing interest in the extent to which various CIS contribute to a reduction in planned project duration. However, there seems to be no empirical research that suggests that CIS have a positive impact on planned duration or how relative impacts could vary when different CIS are implemented. This paper reports on experimental research that evaluates and draws comparisons between the relative impacts of three CIS on planned project delivery within a specific, real, multi-project environment, and investigates the reasons for such variations.	None	Efficient scheduling; Empirical research; Experimental research; Multi-project environment; Project delivery; Project duration; Relative impact; Information systems; Project management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935429480	Evaluation of the importance of the 39 subjects defined by the global forum for maintenance and asset management	Visser J.K., Botha T.A.	2015	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	26	1	None	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Visser, J.K., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Botha, T.A., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	The Global Forum on Maintenance and Asset Management (GFMAM) was formed in 2011 to bring together various experts, practitioners, academics, and other professionals who are active in the field of asset and maintenance management. The primary mission of GFMAM is to develop and promote knowledge, standards, and education for the maintenance and asset management professions. To fulfil this mission, GFMAM developed an ‘Asset Management Landscape’ document, which defines 39 subjects on asset management, grouped into six main subject areas. This paper reports on two surveys that were conducted to determine the importance of the 39 asset management subjects. Respondents were requested to rate the importance of each of the 39 subjects on a five-point scale. Results from the survey indicated that the five most important subjects are ‘asset management strategy and objectives’, ‘asset management policy’, ‘strategic planning’, ‘asset management planning’, and ‘asset management leadership’. © 2015, South African Institute of Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved.	None	Maintenance; Surveys; Asset Management strategy; Global forum; Maintenance management; Management planning; Management policy; Asset management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75649107822	Good optical limiting performance of indium and gallium phthalocyanines in a solution and co-polymer host	Yüksek M., Elmali A., Durmu M., Gul Yaglioglu H., Nver H., Nyokong T.	2010	Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics	12	1	10.1088/2040-8978/12/1/015208	Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beevler, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Beevler, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Yüksek, M., Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beevler, Ankara, Turkey; Elmali, A., Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beevler, Ankara, Turkey; Durmu, M., Department of Chemistry, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey; Gul Yaglioglu, H., Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beevler, Ankara, Turkey; Nver, H., Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Beevler, Ankara, Turkey; Nyokong, T., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	The optical limiting characteristics of tetra-and octasubstituted gallium and indium phthalocyanine complexes have been studied by means of the open-aperture Z-scan technique with nanosecond pulses at 532nm. The nonlinear response demonstrated that all investigated compounds exhibited strong reverse saturable absorption for both solution and solid-state-based experiments. The results showed that the ratio of the excited to ground state absorption cross section κ and effective nonlinear absorption coefficient βeff are largely dependent on the linear absorption coefficient. All compounds in chloroform exhibited almost the same optical limiting performance at the same linear absorption coefficient. Pc/PMMA composite films display a much larger effective nonlinear absorption coefficient, lower ratio of the excited to ground state absorption cross section and lower saturation fluence for optical limiting when compared to the same Pc molecules in solution. All gallium and indium complexes of phthalocyanines are good candidates for optical limiting applications. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.	Nonlinear absorption; Optical limiting; Phthalocyanine; Polymer film; Z-scan	Ground state absorption; Indium complexes; Linear absorption coefficient; Nanosecond pulse; Non-linear response; Nonlinear absorption coefficient; Nonlinear absorptions; Octasubstituted; Optical limiting; Optical limiting applications; Phthalocyanine complexes; Reverse saturable absorption; Saturation fluence; State-based; Z-scan technique; Composite films; Gallium; Ground state; Indium; Nitrogen compounds; Plastic films; Polymer films; Polymers; Absorption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901476200	Liminality space in-between: A feminist evaluation of primordial and modern polarities of the woman's journey in the Nigerian novel	Alkali M., Talif R., Yahya W.R.W., Jan J.M.	2014	3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature	20	1	None	Department of English, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Nigeria; Department of English, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Department of English, University of Malaya, Malaysia	Alkali, M., Department of English, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Nigeria; Talif, R., Department of English, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Yahya, W.R.W., Department of English, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Jan, J.M., Department of English, University of Malaya, Malaysia	The option offered by the modern polarity feminist is not with the intent of sounding like magic, but it largely guarantees the disheartened opposite sex to get pretty impressive results with minimal intervention, resulting in relationship satisfaction, intimacy, love, passion, commitment, and trust. In fact, it can boast of decline in marital dissatisfaction as entirely eliminated, although there could be exceptions. This nego-feminist framework is heard throughout the paper interrogating primordialism on womanhood in Nigerian novels into those with opposition motifs to modern streaks which guarantee lively-partnership. The evaluation shows that women generally can reap maximally from the nego-feminist frame.	Feminism; Nego-feminism; Negotiation; Nigerian novel; Nigerian woman	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77649134931	Zimbabwean urban grooves and their subversive performance practices	Manase I.	2009	Social Dynamics	35	1	10.1080/02533950802666923	Department of English, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Manase, I., Department of English, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa	This paper examines the role played by popular culture in response to the effects of the unfolding social and political repression on the ordinary Zimbabwean after 2000. The arts is one sector where the Zimbabwean government fostered its repressive hegemony. An urban youth music genre called 'urban grooves' rose to prominence during the period under focus here and some of the artists colluded with the government in propagating an anti-Western imperialism campaign. This paper evaluates the nature of the genre's performance practices and its role in the government's anti-Western imperialism campaign. It also discusses the complexities associated with notions of complicity and resistance as urban grooves artists resisted both Western hegemony, as per the government's campaign, and subverted the same government's censorship of the urban youth's and the general society's imaginary and other freedoms.	Anti-western cultural imperialism; Complicity; Popular culture; Subversion; Zimbabwean urban grooves	None	None
None	None	Laboratory and experimental hut evaluation of a long-lasting insecticide treated blanket for protection against mosquitoes	Kitau J., Oxborough R., Kaye A., Chen-Hussey V., Isaacs E., Matowo J., Kaur H., Magesa S.M., Mosha F., Rowland M., Logan J.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-129	Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Africa University Development Office, Nashville, TN 37203-0007, United States; RTI International, Global Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya	Kitau, J., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Oxborough, R., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Kaye, A., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Chen-Hussey, V., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Isaacs, E., Africa University Development Office, Nashville, TN 37203-0007, United States; Matowo, J., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Kaur, H., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Magesa, S.M., RTI International, Global Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya; Mosha, F., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Logan, J., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticide treated blankets (LLIBs) may provide additional protection against malaria where use of long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) is low or impractical such as in disaster or emergency situations. Methods. Initial efficacy testing of a new candidate LLIB was carried out at LSHTM and KCMUCo, before and after washing, in cone and ball bioassays and arm-in-cage tests against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae. A small scale field trial was conducted using veranda-trap experimental huts in northern Tanzania against wild An. arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Treatments included unwashed and 5 times washed permethrin treated LLIB and blankets hand-treated with permethrin (ITB), untreated blankets, and a holed unwashed Olyset net. Results: Cone test mortality was 75% for LLIB when unwashed, but decreased to 32% after 5 washes and <10% after 10 washes. In arm-in-cage tests protection against biting was 100% for LLIBs regardless of the number of washes while reduction in landings was 79% when unwashed, 75% after 5 washes, but declined to 41% after 10 and 33% after 20 washes. In ball bioassays using pyrethroid resistant An. arabiensis, mortality was low in all treatments (<35%) and there was no significant difference in mortality between Olyset net, LLIB or ITB (p > 0.05). Percentage mortality of An. arabiensis in huts with LLIB unwashed (26%) was not statistically different to Olyset net (31%, p = 0.5). The 5 times washed LLIB reduced blood-feeding by 49% which was equivalent to Olyset net (p > 0.086). There was no significant difference in percentage blood-feeding between LLIB and ITB unwashed or 5 times washed (p = 0.147 and p = 0.346 respectively). The 5 times washed LLIB reduced blood-feeding of Culex quinquefasciatus by 40%, although the Olyset provided the greatest protection with 85% inhibition. ELISA analysis of a sub-sample of blood fed mosquitoes showed that not all had fed on humans in the huts, therefore blood-feeding inhibition may have been underestimated. Conclusions: This trial demonstrated the potential of LLIBs to provide substantial personal protection even against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes. LLIBs may prove particularly useful where LLINs are unsuitable or net usage is low. © 2014 Kitau et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Experimental hut; Insecticide treated blankets; Pyrethroids; Tanzania; Vector control	permethrin; pyrethroid; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bed net; bioassay; blood; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; human experiment; insect control; insecticide resistance; laboratory test; long lasting insecticide treated blanket; mortality; mosquito; mosquito bite; nonhuman; normal human; protective equipment; Tanzania; textile washing; tropical medicine; wild species; animal; Anopheles; bed; Culex; drug effects; mosquito; procedures; time; Animals; Anopheles; Bedding and Linens; Culex; Humans; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Mosquito Control; Pyrethrins; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878076609	Field evaluation of predacious mites (acari: Phytoseiidae) for biological control of citrus red mite, panonychus citri (trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)	Fadamiro H.Y., Akotsen-Mensah C., Xiao Y., Anikwe J.	2013	Florida Entomologist	96	1	10.1653/024.096.0111	Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States; Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Mid-Florida REC, Apopka, FL, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Fadamiro, H.Y., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States; Akotsen-Mensah, C., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States; Xiao, Y., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Mid-Florida REC, Apopka, FL, United States; Anikwe, J., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, United States, Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	We evaluated 3 species of predacious mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus californiens (McGregor), as biological control agents for citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), on citrus in southern Alabama. Three separate experiments were carried out during 2008 and 2011 to evaluate various factors (i.e. release rate, release frequency and initial prey density) that may impact the performance of the predacious mites. In the first experiment conducted in 2008 on trees with moderate initial prey densities (i.e. < 4 P. citri motiles per leaf), one single release of P. persimilis or G. occidentalis at a rate of 100 or 200 per tree effectively prevented the prey from exceeding the economic threshold (5 motiles/leaf) for the entire duration (35 d) of the experiment. The result of the second experiment in 2008 on trees with high initial prey densities (i.e. ≥ 5 motiles per leaf) showed that 2 releases of P. persimilis or G. occidentalis at a rate of 100 or 200 per tree per release could not provide adequate suppression of P. citri below the economic threshold. In both experiments, P. citri densities were significantly lower in most predacious mite treatments compared to the control (no release). Also, lower P. citri densities were recorded at the higher release rate (200 per tree) compared to the lower rate, but this was only significant in a few cases. The third experiment conducted in 2011 in large plots on trees with low initial P. citri densities (i.e. < 1 motile per leaf) showed that 2 releases of N. californiens or P. persimilis at a rate of 200 per tree per release effectively maintained P. citri at low densities (< 1.5 motiles per leaf) throughout the duration (56 d) of the experiment. Limited observations in spring 2012 confirmed the establishment of the predacious mites released in the 2011 study. These results showed that all 3 phytoseiid species were effective in reducing P. citri densities on citrus. However, initial prey density may be an important factor influencing their performance.	biological control; Galendromus occidentalis; Neoseiulus californicus; Panonychus citri; Phytoseiulus persimilis; satsuma citrus	biocontrol agent; biological control; field survey; fruit; mite; Alabama; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892547658	Assessing the impact of support structures and initiatives to youth entrepreneurship development in a selected township in the Western Cape province of South Africa	Gwija S.A., Eresia-Eke C., Iwu C.G.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	1	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p61	Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Management, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa; Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Gwija, S.A., Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Management, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa; Eresia-Eke, C., Department of Business Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Iwu, C.G., Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Management, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	This study sought to determine the role of government support structures and initiatives in the development of youth entrepreneurship in Khayelitsha, in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The data was collected by way of questionnaires, whereby 132 participants were randomly drawn from the population of 200 youth entrepreneurs who were registered on the database of a local organisation for youth entrepreneurs in Khayelitsha. According the findings, there was no evidence to show that government support structures/initiatives were contributing in the development of youth entrepreneurship in this township. Recommendations to improve the current standard of youth entrepreneurship in the research setting were made. This paper provides an insight into the role of youth entrepreneurship support structures and initiatives in Khayelitsha, particularly to stakeholders such as government structures, which seek to advance youth entrepreneurship in Khayelitsha and others townships, in Western Cape.	Khayelitsha; South Africa; Support structures and initiatives; Western Cape; Youth development; Youth entrepreneurship	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748775800	Land use changes and hydrological impacts related to up-scaling of rainwater harvesting and management in upper Ewaso Ng'iro river basin, Kenya	Ngigi S.N., Savenije H.H.G., Gichuki F.N.	2007	Land Use Policy	24	1	10.1016/j.landusepol.2005.10.002	Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, Netherlands; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Ngigi, S.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands; Savenije, H.H.G., Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE), P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, Netherlands; Gichuki, F.N., Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka	Some land use changes are driven by the need to improve agricultural production and livelihoods. Rainwater harvesting and management is one such change. It aims to retain additional runoff on agricultural lands for productive uses. This may reduce river flows for downstream users and lead to negative hydrological, socio-economic and environmental impacts in a river basin. On the other hand, rainwater storage systems may lead to positive impacts by reducing water abstractions for irrigation during dry periods. This paper presents a conceptual framework for assessing the impacts of land use changes in the upper Ewaso Ng'iro river basin in Kenya. It is based on a people-water-ecosystem nexus and presents the key issues, their interactions and how they can be addressed. The paper presents hydrological assessment of up-scaling rainwater harvesting (HASR) conceptual framework, which assesses the impacts of land use changes on hydrological regime in a river basin. The results will enhance formulation of sustainable land and water resources management policies and strategies for water-scarce river basins. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Conceptual framework; Hydrological impacts; Integrated water resources management; Land use policy; Rainwater management; Water abstraction	agricultural land; agricultural production; environmental impact; hydrological change; land use change; land use planning; water management; water resource; Africa; East Africa; Ewaso Ngiro Basin; Kenya; Rift Valley; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928012852	Students want HIV testing in schools a formative evaluation of the acceptability of HIV testing and counselling at schools in Gauteng and North West provinces in South Africa	Madiba S., Mokgatle M.	2015	BMC Public Health	15	1	10.1186/s12889-015-1746-x	Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, School of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa	Madiba, S., Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, School of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa; Mokgatle, M., Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: The proposal by the South African Health Ministry to implement HIV testing and counselling (HTC) at schools in 2011 generated debates about the appropriateness of such testing. However, the debate has been between the Ministries of Education and Health, with little considerations of the students. The main aim of the study was to assess the students' opinions and uptake of HIV testing and counselling in general, and the acceptability of the provision of HIV testing and counselling in schools. The study also determined the association between socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour, and HIV testing behaviour of the students. Methods: A survey was conducted among grade 10-12 high school students in North West and Gauteng provinces, South Africa. Seventeen high schools (nine rural and eight urban) were randomly selected for the administration of a researcher-assisted, self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 2970 students aged 14-27 years participated in the study; 1632 (55%) were girls, 1810 (61%) ever had sex, and 1271 (49.8%) had more than one sex partner. The mean age of first sexual activity was 15.6. Half (n∈=∈1494, 50.1%) had been tested for HIV. Having multiple sexual partners, age, and gender were significantly associated with increased odds of having had a HIV test. Fear, being un-informed about HTC, and low HIV risk perceptions were the reasons for not getting tested. The acceptability of HTC at school was high (n∈=∈2282, 76.9%) and 2129 (71.8%) were willing to be tested at school. Appropriateness, privacy, and secrecy were the main arguments for and against HTC at school. One-third (n∈=∈860, 29%) had intentions to disclose their HIV status to students versus 1258 (42.5%) for teachers. Stigma, discrimination and secrecy were the primary reasons students did not intend to disclose. Conclusions: A high acceptability of HTC and willingness to be tested at school suggest that HIV prevention programs tailored to youth have a high potential of success given the readiness of students to uptake HTC. Bringing HIV testing to the school setting will increase the uptake of HTC among youth and contribute towards efforts to scale up HTC in South Africa. © 2015 Madiba and Mokgatle; licensee BioMed Central.	Acceptability of HTC at school; Disclosure; HIV status; Sexual behaviour; South Africa; Stigma and discrimination; Students; Uptake of HTC	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930023183	Evaluation of toxicity potential of process water using fish acute toxicity and micronucleus tests	Olorunfemi D.I., Olomukoro J.O., Anani O.A.	2015	Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldis Arad, Seria Stiintele Vietii	25	1	None	Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Life Sciences University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Life Sciences University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Olorunfemi, D.I., Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Life Sciences University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Olomukoro, J.O., Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Life Sciences University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Anani, O.A., Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Life Sciences University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	In this study, the potential toxicity of process wastewater from oil and gas exploration in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was investigated on Clarias gariepinus juveniles using a renewable static bioassay with continuous aeration to determine its acute toxicity. Physicochemical analysis of the wastewater showed that it characterised by a foul odour, was slightly alkaline (pH 7.72) and had high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and conductivity (100.20 mg/L and 2793.33 μS/cm) respectively. Lead, chromium and nickel were present at amounts above national (FEPA, NESREA) and international (USEPA) set limits for effluent discharge. The LC<inf>50</inf> value obtained for the fish juveniles exposed to various concentrations of the wastewater for 96 hrs under laboratory conditions was 4.45 ml/L with lower and upper limits being 4.11 ml/L and 7.847 ml/L respectively. Toxicosis symptoms observed includes loss of balance, respiratory distress, vertical and erratic movement and death. The fishes were exposed to 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10 ml/L (v/v; wastewater/tap water) for 28 days to evaluate the genotoxic effect of the wastewater using the micronucleus test on peripheral blood erythrocytes. The process wastewater induced significant (p<0.05) concentration-dependent increase in micronuclei, binucleated, notched nuclei and immature erythrocytes in C. gariepinus which were considered as cytogenetic damage indicators. Results of this study showed that the tested wastewater was a potential cyto-genotoxic agent and could induce adverse health effects in exposed individuals. © 2015 Vasile Goldis University Press.	Acute toxicity; Clarias gariepinus; Micronucleus; Niger delta; Process water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921000981	Environmental impact assessment of coal mining at Enugu, Nigeria	Ogbonna P.C., Nzegbule E.C., Okorie P.E.	2015	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	33	1	10.1080/14615517.2014.941711	Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.	Ogbonna, P.C., Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Nzegbule, E.C., Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Okorie, P.E., Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	This study determined the views of respondents in Akwuke and Iva mine communities concerning the impact of coal mining activities on animal and plant species, pattern of settlement, pollution effect and health of people living in these two mined areas in Enugu, Nigeria. Data were generated through sample survey using a well-structured questionnaire and personal observation in the field. Khaya ivorensis (mahogany) was the major tree species that had gone extinct (72% of respondents), and Geochelone sulcata (tortoise) was the major animal species that has gone extinct (80% of respondents) in the two mined areas. Sixty-five percent of the respondents said that water pollution was most severe environmental impact of mining in Akwuke. The major health hazard caused by mining in Akwuke (55% of respondents) and Iva (65% of respondents) was blindness. Indeed, 82.5% of respondents indicated that mining affected the pattern of settlement in the two mined areas. Emphatically, coal mining affected negatively some of the socio-economic activities of the inhabitants of the mined area through removal of vegetation to access coal deposit vis-à-vis blasting, quarrying and crushing of coal. © 2015, © 2014 IAIA.	animal species; coal mining; health effect; pattern of settlement; pollution impact; tree species	animal; coal mining; environmental impact assessment; health impact; human activity; tree; water pollution; Enugu [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Animalia; Geochelone sulcata; Iva; Khaya ivorensis; Swietenia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76549128107	Oil spill incidents and pipeline vandalization in Nigeria: Impact on public health and negation to attainment of Millennium development goal: The Ishiagu example	Aroh K.N., Ubong I.U., Eze C.L., Harry I.M., Umo-Otong J.C., Gobo A.E.	2010	Disaster Prevention and Management	19	1	10.1108/09653561011022153	Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Por	Aroh, K.N., Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ubong, I.U., Institute of Pollution Studies, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Eze, C.L., Rivers State Environmental Sanitation Authority (Port Harcourt), Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Harry, I.M., Rivers State Environmental Sanitation Authority (Port Harcourt), Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Umo-Otong, J.C., Environmental and Human Health Research Association, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Gobo, A.E., Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to review oil spill incidents and pipeline vandalism in Nigeria between 1970 and 2006 and to examine the potential danger posed by such activities to public health. Design/methodology/approach - The approach adopted to achieve this objective is questionnaire administration on health impacts. Also secondary sources of information come from textbooks and journals. However, data from natural resources exploitation and hazards are collated and analyzed. Findings - It is evident that, out of the 1,000 reported oil spill incidents analyzed, some hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil are lost to the environment. Graphic pictures of typical oil spill through acts of vandalism in Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria are analyzed and reviewed. The run-off and sedimentation of this pollutant in fresh water systems severely degrade water quality, affect fish spawning and aquatic invertebrates' habitats, thus lowering food web productivity. Incidentally the spill-over effect on humans who directly depend on fish and other aquatic food as an alternative protein supplement is quite inundating. The effects on humans include irritation, dermatitis, cancer, occurrence of abortion, organ failure and genetic disorder. Research limitations/implications - The limitations encountered in this research work include logistics problems, poor response and uncooperative attitude from respondents, transportation difficulties and restricted access to impacted sites by law enforcement agents and funding. Therefore subsequent researchers in this area should be equipped adequately with both the necessary protective gadgets and increased funding to meet challenges of this nature. Practical implications - The practical implication of the study is that oil spill incidents should be documented and reported early enough for prompt attention by the regulatory agencies in order to protect and enhance the quality of the environment. Originality/value - The value of the paper is that oil spill and pipeline vandalization devastate the environment, pollute dependable potable water sources such as streams and rivers and should be seen as a serious threat and negation to the attainment of the United Nations Millennium development goals. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Personal health; Pipelines; Vandalism	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861839504	Impact of adverse events of antiretroviral treatment on regimen change and mortality in ugandan children	Malangu N., Karamagi Y.	2010	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	2	1	10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.109	Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Malangu, N., Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa; Karamagi, Y., Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Background: Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment have been documented in both developed and developing countries. It has been reported consistently that the treatment is associated with many adverse events. However, little is known about their impact on the quality of life, clinical management, and survival in children aged less than 6 years in Uganda. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the adverse events of antiretroviral treatment, their impact on mortality and the change in regimens prescribed to children treated at Mildway Centre in Uganda. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed for children younger than 6 years, treated since the Mildway Centre was opened in 1999. In order to achieve a larger sample, the records of children treated from January 2000 to July 2005 were included in the study. A pre-tested data collection form was used to collate socio-demographic and clinical data of the patients. These included the documented adverse events, causes of death, stage of infection, duration of treatment, regimen prescribed, year of enrolment into the treatment program, as well as whether or not they were still alive. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of data. Results: Of the 179 children, the majority were males and had a median age of 4 years. The majority (58.8%) of children had suffered from severe immune depression since they met the WHO clinical stage III and IV, 73.8% had a baseline CD4T of less than 15%. Four regimens were prescribed to the children. The most common was a regimen containing zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine (34.6%), followed by a regimen containing stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine (27.9%). Eleven children (6.1%) had their regimen changed, of which six (54.5%) were due to adverse events. The prevalence of adverse events was 8%; of the 14 documented adverse events, the most common were severe anaemia (3), vomiting (3), and skin rashes (3). After 12 months on treatment, 8% of the patients had died. The most common causes of death were infectious diseases (28.6%), severe anaemia (21.4%), and severe dehydration (21.4%). Conclusion: The prevalence of adverse events was 8%; they were responsible for 54.5% of regimen changes and 21.4% of deaths in children treated at the study site. These findings suggest the need for incorporating pharmacovigilance practices into the provision of antiretroviral treatment. © 2010. The Authors.	Adverse; Antiretroviral; Children; Events; Treatment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881534643	The impact of climatic change on nigerian landcover during the el-nino southern oscillations (ENSO), event of 1997 to 1998	Yelwa S.A., Dangulla M.	2013	Research Journal of Applied Sciences	8	1	10.3923/rjasci.2013.33.41	Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University, P.M.B. 7156, Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria; Department of Geography, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria	Yelwa, S.A., Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University, P.M.B. 7156, Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria; Dangulla, M., Department of Geography, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria	Seventytwo dekadal NDVI dataset derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (AVHRR-NDVI) on board the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration-National Aeronautics Space Administration (NOAA-NASA) meteorological satellites were recomposed into a 24 time-series monthly Maximum Value Composite (MVC) images covering the El-Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) event of 1997 to 1998 and analysed within a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the standardised principal components and supplemented with coefficient of variation derived images. The purpose is to assess the impact of such event on landcover across Nigeria and in particular, vegetation patterns across the country. Results from this analysis produced 24 standardised principal component imageries with another corresponding 24 individual loading scores presented in graphs. Others include inter-seasonal coefficient of variation change images for 1997 and 1998 as well as an annual mean NDVI image of the total 24 time-series dataset; temporal profiles of sites observed with distinct changes and a coefficient of variation graph through the monthly time-series were presented. The resultant component one image shows an overall 96.5% of the variation in the total time-series dataset while the succeeding imageries illustrated change elements in the order of the component loadings (which are weighted). In comparison with the mean imagery of the total 24 time-series dataset, the first component image showed a considerable similarity indicating a typical characteristic of landcover (particularly vegetation NDVI) pattern over the whole country during the 1997 to 1998 ENSO event with positive and negative anomalies in certain locations across some states but more distinct in locations around the Kainji and Lake Chad basins, Niger delta area, Bayelsa, Lagos, Taraba, Plateau, Jigawa, Katsina, Sokoto, Zamfara Adamawa, Yobe and Bomo states. Thus, results from this study highlighted specific locations across the country with anomalies of climatic impact as a result of the 1997 to 1998 ENSO event. © Medwell Journals, 2013.	AVHRR-NDVI; Climatic impact; ENSO; Environment; NOAA; PCA; Sea surface temperature	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922418256	Comparative study on the impact of copper sulphate and copper nitrate on the detoxification mechanisms in typha latifolia	Lyubenova L., Bipuah H., Belford E., Michalke B., Winkler B., Schröder P.	2015	Environmental Science and Pollution Research	22	1	10.1007/s11356-014-3402-x	Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Mierobe-Plant Interaetions, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Theoretieal and Applied Biology, College of Seienee, Kwame Nkrumah University of Seienee and Teehnology, Kumasi, Ghana; German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Eeologieal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Environmental Simulation, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health,Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany	Lyubenova, L., Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Mierobe-Plant Interaetions, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Bipuah, H., Department of Theoretieal and Applied Biology, College of Seienee, Kwame Nkrumah University of Seienee and Teehnology, Kumasi, Ghana; Belford, E., Department of Theoretieal and Applied Biology, College of Seienee, Kwame Nkrumah University of Seienee and Teehnology, Kumasi, Ghana; Michalke, B., German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Eeologieal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Winkler, B., Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Environmental Simulation, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health,Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany; Schröder, P., Department of Environmental Seienees, Researeh Unit Mierobe-Plant Interaetions, German Researeh Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Münehen, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany	The present study focused on cupric sulphate and cupric nitrate uptake in Typha latifolia and the impact of these copper species on the plant's detoxification capacity. When the plants were exposed to 10, 50 and 100 (oMcupric sulphate or cupric nitrate, copper accumulation in T. latifolia roots and shoots increased with rising concentration of the salts. Shoot to root ratios differed significantly depending on the form of copper supplementation, e.g. if it was added as cupric (II) sulphate or cupric (II) nitrate. After incubation with 100 \iM of cupric sulphate, up to 450 mg Cu/kg fresh weight (FW) was accumulated, whereas the same concentration of cupric nitrate resulted in accumulation of 580 mg/kg FW. Furthermore, significant differences in the activity of some antioxidative enzymes in Typha roots compared to the shoots, which are essential in the plant's reaction to cope with metal stress, were observed. The activity of peroxidase (POX) in roots was increased at intermediate concentrations (10 and 50 |oM) of CuSO<inf>4</inf>, whereas it was inhibited at the same Cu(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf> concentrations. Ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) increased their enzyme activity intensely, which may be an indication for copper toxicity in T latifolia plants. Besides, fluorodifen conjugation by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) was increased up to. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014.	Antioxidative enzymes; Cupric nitrate; Cupric sulphate; Typha latifolia	concentration (composition); copper compound; detoxification; enzyme activity; monocotyledon; nitrate; reaction kinetics; sulfate; toxicity; Typha; Typha latifolia	FA0995, DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884515371	Modelling the potential impact and cost of scaling-up male circumcision in resource poor settings: A case of Uganda	Tumwesigyea N.M., Wabwire-Mangena F., Bagendaa D., Ssengoobab F., Opioc A., Nalwaddab C.K., Bollinger L., Stoverd J.	2013	African Journal of AIDS Research	12	1	10.2989/16085906.2013.815416	Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Plot 6 Lourdel Road, Nakasero Kampala, Uganda; Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States	Tumwesigyea, N.M., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangena, F., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Bagendaa, D., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Ssengoobab, F., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Opioc, A., Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Plot 6 Lourdel Road, Nakasero Kampala, Uganda; Nalwaddab, C.K., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7071, Kampala, Uganda; Bollinger, L., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Stoverd, J., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States	This study modelled estimates of the cost and impact of male circumcision (MC) under different scenarios using the Decision Maker's Program Planning Tool on data from Uganda. Results showed that the number of new adult HIV infections could be reduced by 23 000 if MC could be increased from the current 25% to 80% by 2015. The incidence of HIV could be reduced by 0.2 percentage points over the same period. If a scale up programme is to meet a target of 80% by 2015 then the annual number of MCs performed should be over twice as many as those performed in 2011. The discounted net cost per infection averted would be US$559 for the period 2011-2015 and the country would save US$6 841 per infection. A scale up of MC will reduce HIV prevalence and incidence substantially and it would be highly cost effective. The government should mobilise funding to meet high MC targets that would deliver the desired reduction in prevalence and incidence in a short period of time. Copyright © NISC (Pty) Ltd.	Adult hiv infection; Decision maker's program planning tool; Health economics; Male circumcision	adolescent; adult; article; circumcision; cost benefit analysis; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; female; health care cost; health care planning; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection prevention; male; medical personnel; prevalence; scale up; surgeon; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930194290	Impact of tea drinking upon tuberculosis: A neglected issue	Chen M., Deng J., Li W., Lin D., Su C., Wang M., Li X., Abuaku B.K., Tan H., Wen S.W.	2015	BMC Public Health	15	1	10.1186/s12889-015-1855-6	Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Children's Hospital, Ziyuan RD 86, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Nursing, Shaoyang Medical College, Shaoyang, Hunan, China; Yueyanglou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yueyang, Hunan, China; Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O, Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada	Chen, M., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, Hunan Children's Hospital, Ziyuan RD 86, Changsha, Hunan, China; Deng, J., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Li, W., Department of Nursing, Shaoyang Medical College, Shaoyang, Hunan, China; Lin, D., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Su, C., Yueyanglou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yueyang, Hunan, China; Wang, M., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Li, X., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Abuaku, B.K., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P O, Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Tan, H., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Wen, S.W., Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health issue posing serious harm to the human health. Many studies have suggested that smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are risk factors for TB. Laboratory evidence suggests that EGCG in tea leaves can arrest the growth of tubercle bacillus. Can drinking tea lead to decreased susceptibility of TB in humans? Methods: A total of 574 TB patients and 582 healthy controls were recruited to participate in this case-control study. Self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data. Unconditioned logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the associations between tea drinking and TB. Results: Tea drinking has a negative association with TB, with OR∈=∈0.583(0.423, 0.804) and P∈<∈0.05. Drinking black tea, oolong and green tea are all negative association with TB, with OR being 0.683(0.517, 0.902), 0.674(0.508, 0.894) and 0.534(0.349, 0.817) respectively and P∈<∈0.05. Trend χ 2 test indicated a decreasing risk for TB with increased tea consumption, with P∈<∈0.05. Conclusion: There is a significance negative association between tea drinking and TB. Promoting the consumption of tea as the daily drink among populations, particularly those with high TB risk, may reduce the incidence of TB in the populations. © 2015 Chen et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	tea; Tuberculosis	tea; adult; aged; case control study; female; human; incidence; male; middle aged; risk factor; tea; tuberculosis; young adult; Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Tea; Tuberculosis; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848910202	Predicting the impact of a partially effective HIV vaccine and subsequent risk behavior change on the heterosexual HIV epidemic in low- and middle-income countries: A South African example	Andersson K.M., Owens D.K., Vardas E., Gray G.E., McIntyre J.A., Paltiel A.D.	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	46	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31812506fd	Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States	Andersson, K.M., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Owens, D.K., Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Vardas, E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gray, G.E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States	We developed a mathematical model to simulate the impact of various partially effective preventive HIV vaccination scenarios in a population at high risk for heterosexually transmitted HIV. We considered an adult population defined by gender (male/female), disease stage (HIV-negative, HIV-positive, AIDS, and death), and vaccination status (unvaccinated/vaccinated) in Soweto, South Africa. Input data included initial HIV prevalence of 20% (women) and 12% (men), vaccination coverage of 75%, and exclusive male negotiation of condom use. We explored how changes in vaccine efficacy and postvaccination condom use would affect HIV prevalence and total HIV infections prevented over a 10-year period. In the base-case scenario, a 40% effective HIV vaccine would avert 61,000 infections and reduce future HIV prevalence from 20% to 13%. A 25% increase (or decrease) in condom use among vaccinated individuals would instead avert 75,000 (or only 46,000) infections and reduce the HIV prevalence to 12% (or only 15%). Furthermore, certain combinations of increased risk behavior and vaccines with <43% efficacy could worsen the epidemic. Even modestly effective HIV vaccines can confer enormous benefits in terms of HIV infections averted and decreased HIV prevalence. However, programs to reduce risk behavior may be important components of successful vaccination campaigns. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Africa; AIDS vaccines; Condoms; Heterosexual transmission; Mathematical models; Models/projections; Sexual behavior	Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; behavior change; condom; death; drug efficacy; female; gender; heterosexuality; high risk population; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; major clinical study; male; mathematical model; prevalence; priority journal; risk; South Africa; vaccination; AIDS Vaccines; Computer Simulation; Condoms; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Unsafe Sex	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847074562	Potentially modifiable classic risk factors and their impact on incident myocardial infarction: Results from the EPIC-Potsdam study	Heidemann C., Hoffmann K., Klipstein-Grobusch K., Weikert C., Pischon T., Hense H.-W., Boeing H.	2007	European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation	14	1	10.1097/01.hjr.0000238392.19847.4c	Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur Scheunert Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany	Heidemann, C., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur Scheunert Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Hoffmann, K., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Weikert, C., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Pischon, T., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany, Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany; Hense, H.-W., Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Boeing, H., Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany	BACKGROUND: Prospective data on the importance of established risk factors for myocardial infarction in Germany are sparse. DESIGN: The population-based cohort study European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam with 159 incident cases of myocardial infarction (120 men, 39 women) occurring among 26 954 participants (10 463 men, 16 491 women) during an average follow-up time of 4.6 years. METHODS: We examined the classic, potentially modifiable risk factors smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity, and sporting inactivity, both individually and in combination, by estimating their prevalence and their relative and population-attributable risks of incident myocardial infarction. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment, alcohol intake, and the respective other classic risk factors the relative risks of myocardial infarction were 3.18 for smoking [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.31, 4.38], 1.84 for hypertension (95% CI 1.27, 2.65), 1.81 for sporting inactivity (95% CI 1.04, 3.15), 1.64 for diabetes (95% CI 1.05, 2.56), 1.62 for abdominal obesity (95% CI 1.03, 2.56), and 1.15 for hyperlipidemia (95% CI 0.84, 1.59). Participants with four or all five significant risk factors had an approximately 11.5-fold higher risk of the coronary event than participants with none or one risk factor. Altogether, 84.3% of myocardial infarctions in the study population were attributable to the presence of the five risk factors smoking, hypertension, diabetes, sporting inactivity, and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: The majority of myocardial infarctions in the EPIC-Potsdam cohort were explainable by potentially modifiable classic risk factors. Therefore, besides efforts to investigate novel coronary risk factors, the prevention of coronary disease should focus on strategies to reduce the prevalence of established risk factors. © 2007 European Society of Cardiology.	Cohort study; EPIC; Myocardial infarction; Population attributable risk; Risk factors	abdominal obesity; adult; aged; alcohol consumption; article; cigarette smoking; cohort analysis; confidence interval; diabetes mellitus; education; european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition; female; follow up; heart infarction; human; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; major clinical study; male; medical research; priority journal; risk factor; sport; statistical significance; Abdominal Fat; Aged; Cohort Studies; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Exercise; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Germany; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Smoking	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893704374	Training and Farmers' Organizations' Performance	Miiro R.F., Matsiko F.B., Mazur R.E.	2014	Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension	20	1	10.1080/1389224X.2013.803987	Department of Extension and Innovations Studies, College of Agricultural and Environmental, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Sociology Department, Iowa State University, Iowa, United States	Miiro, R.F., Department of Extension and Innovations Studies, College of Agricultural and Environmental, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Matsiko, F.B., Department of Extension and Innovations Studies, College of Agricultural and Environmental, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mazur, R.E., Sociology Department, Iowa State University, Iowa, United States	Purpose: This study sought to determine the influence of training transfer factors and actual application of training on organization level outcomes among farmer owned produce marketing organizations in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach: Interviews based on the Learning Transfer Systems Inventory (LTSI) were conducted with 120 PMO leaders trained in partnership management skills by a four year extension project. Data were collected on training transfer factors, transferred training, and training related organization level outcomes. Data were analyzed by OLS hierarchical regression analysis. Findings: The performance of the producer marketing organizations in terms of 'improved inter-organization relations' and 'improved services' was found to be significantly predicted by 'personal capacity to transfer,' 'receiving feedback,' and 'resource availability.' Practical implications: Rural service providers who build capacity of local organizations can use this knowledge to pursue certain strategic human level organizational outcomes by manipulating transfer system factors such as providing feedback and supportive resources to help trainees.Originality/value: The LTSI model has been tested for its role in explaining human level organizational outcomes in a developing country setting. We have also seen that specific training transfer system factors will be responsible for certain elements of the multidimensional outcomes of training. © 2013 Wageningen University.	Farmers' marketing organizations; Non-financial organizational outcomes; Transfer of training; Uganda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861890264	Evaluation of directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in the Bojanala health district, North West Province of South Africa	Tumbo J.M., Ogunbanjo G.A.	2011	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	3	1	10.4102/phcfm.v3i1.191	Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo, Medunsa campus, South Africa	Tumbo, J.M., Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo, Medunsa campus, South Africa; Ogunbanjo, G.A., Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo, Medunsa campus, South Africa	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top public health problems in South Africa. Approximately 150 000 new cases and 10 000 TB-related deaths are reported in South Africa annually. In declaring TB a global emergency in 1993, the World Health Organization developed control strategies that include active case finding, laboratory support, directly observed treatment (DOT), contact tracing, and prevention of multidrug- and extreme drugresistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB and XDR-TB). High DOT rates reported in some countries have been discordant with 'low cure' and 'high MDR' rates. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of DOT for TB in the Bojanala health district, North West Province, South Africa, by estimating the proportion of DOT use (1) amongst all TB patients and (2) in the initial TB treatment regimen compared to retreatment regimens. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in 2008. Data regarding implementation of DOT were collected from eight purposefully selected primary health care clinics and one prison clinic in the health district. Upon receiving their informed consent, a questionnaire was administered to patients receiving TB treatment at the selected facilities. Results: A total of 88 (of 90 selected) patients participated in the study, of whom 50 (56.8%) were on DOT and had DOT supporters. However, 35 (40%) had never heard of DOT. DOT was used mainly for patients on the retreatment regimen (87.5%), rather than for those on first-line treatment (48.6%). Conclusion: In this South African rural health district, the DOT utilisation rate for TB was 56.8%, mainly for patients on the TB retreatment regimen. Strict implementation of DOT in all patients undergoing TB treatment is a known strategy for improving TB cure rate and preventing recurrence and drug resistance. © 2011. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926347432	Evaluation of clinical medicine in the final postgraduate examinations in family medicine	Dippenaar H., Steinberg W.J.	2008	South African Family Practice	50	1	None	Department of Family Medicine, University of the Free State, South Africa	Dippenaar, H., Department of Family Medicine, University of the Free State, South Africa; Steinberg, W.J., Department of Family Medicine, University of the Free State, South Africa	Background: The Family Medicine Department, University of the Free State (UFS) recently supervised the MFGP assessments of the College of Medicine in South Africa (first sitting), as well as the final assessment of the M Med Fam programme of the UFS (second sitting). The examinations, which took place in October and November 2006, were subjected to an internal quality assu- rance evaluation with the view to improve the standard and reliability of the examinations. Methods: All the candidates, as well as the examiners who participated in the MFGP and M Fam Med examinations, were included in the evaluation. Opinions were obtained from the students and examiners for each assessment on a structured data form directly after the examinations. A Smits blueprint was established for the written paper. Results: The majority of the students assessed the OSCE as being fair, understood the questions and agreed with the time allo- cated per question. A broad variety of competencies were assessed in a structured manner, which enhances the reliability of the examinations. The examiners evaluated the OSCE as being well structured and fair, as well as testing for the competencies of a family physician. Good agreement was achieved between the two different sets of candidates and examiners, and similar marks were achieved despite the separate settings, thus enhancing the validity of the examinations. The structured oral was evaluated as being fair regarding the variety and relevance of the questions by all the candidates and examiners. The written paper was on a relatively high cognitive level and tested a broad spectrum of knowledge. Although it did not cover the entire module, skills and approaches necessary for problem solving were tested. If a student could master these problems, he/she should be able to manage other areas not covered in the paper. Conclusion: The authors are of the opinion that the quality evaluation of clinical medicine in the final postgraduate examinations in Family Medicine held at UFS in 2006 showed it to be authentic, fair, reliable and objective, and that it assessed competencies for real-life situations, as well as the theoretical knowledge, attitudes and values required for a family practitioner. © 2015, Medpharm Publications. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959940416	Ownership structure, corporate governance and dividend performance on the Ghana Stock Exchange	Bokpin G.A.	2011	Journal of Applied Accounting Research	12	1	10.1108/09675421111130612	Department of Finance, University of Ghana Business School, Legon, Ghana	Bokpin, G.A., Department of Finance, University of Ghana Business School, Legon, Ghana	Purpose - This paper aims to document the interaction between ownership structure, corporate governance and dividend performance on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). Design/methodology/approach - Panel data covering a period from 2002 to 2007 for 23 firms were analyzed within the framework of fixed effects techniques. Findings - The paper reports that foreign share ownership significantly, positively, influences dividend payment among firms on the GSE. It found board size to have a statistically positive effect on dividend payment among the corporate governance variables. It did not, however, find a significant relationship between inside ownership, board independence, board intensity, CEO duality and dividend performance. The results also indicate that highly leveraged firms will significantly reduce dividend payments. Finally, age and income volatility were found to be significant determinants of dividend performance on the GSE. Originality/value - The paper considers a much broader approach to investigating the impact of ownership structure and corporate governance on dividend performance on the GSE, a marked departure from other studies conducted on the GSE. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Corporate governance; Corporate ownership; Dividends; Ghana; Stock exchanges	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649094676	The link between small business governance and performance: The case of the Ghanaian SME Sector	Kyereboah-Coleman A., Amidu M.	2008	Journal of African Business	9	1	10.1080/15228910802052880	Department of Finance, University of Ghana Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Kyereboah-Coleman, A., Department of Finance, University of Ghana Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Amidu, M., Department of Finance, University of Ghana Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Accra, Ghana	The present study set out to examine corporate governance practices of SMEs in Ghana and whether there is any linkage between these governance practices and financial performance. We employed two levels of interaction to achieve our objectives: The first is an interview for a general understanding of governance issues in the SME sector and the subsequent design of a questionnaire for an exploration of the linkages between governance issues and firm financial performance by employing a linear model. The study reveals that governance structures in SMEs are jointly influenced by credit providers and business ethical considerations. The regression results show that board size, size of audit committees, corporate ethics and the proportion of outsiders on the audit committees have negative impact on financial performance while independence of the board and the presence of audit committees enhance firms' financial performance. The findings have some policy implications in that it shows that exporting SMEs are relatively profitable. It is recommended that in an attempt to promote exports, the legal and regulatory environment should be conducive for these firms. © 2008 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.	Export sector; Financial performance	export; financial system; governance approach; industrial linkage; industrial performance; questionnaire survey; regression analysis; small and medium-sized enterprise; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880833150	Impact of cooperative finance on household income generation	Oluyombo O.O.	2013	DLSU Business and Economics Review	23	1	None	Department of Financial Studies, Redeemer's University, Ogun State, Nigeria	Oluyombo, O.O., Department of Financial Studies, Redeemer's University, Ogun State, Nigeria	The study assesses the role played by cooperative societies' loans services on members' economic condition through household income generation in rural areas where there is no bank or other formal financial providers. Using a questionnaire technique, the study covers the activities of cooperative societies located in rural communities and villages outside the state capital and local government headquarters where there is no electricity, water, and tarred road in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data are analysed using chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and effect size. The study found that participation in a cooperative is associated with increase in household income, while membership duration, house ownership, and marital status are the three variables that contributed significantly to the increase in household income reported by members in addition to the program loan. The result indicates specifically that being a cooperative member for a longer period of time and living in rented houses were significant contributory factors towards increase in household income. However, there was no difference in the number of increase in household income reported based on marital status of the members. The use of cooperative loan increases household income level of the borrowers because the loan serves as additional investment and therefore helps to improve economic position for better living standard of the members. The increase in household income through cooperative loan is a financial capital which supports the social capital theory to explain the role of cooperatives in rural finance at the household level. © 2013 De La Salle University, Philippines.	Cooperative; Economic condition; Household income; Rural finance; Social capital	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644854458	Evaluation of nutritional composition, sensory and physical property of home processed weaning food based on low cost locally available food materials	Ijarotimi O.S., Ashipa F.	2006	Nutrition and Food Science	36	1	10.1108/00346650610642142	Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ijarotimi, O.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ashipa, F., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Purpose - The objectives of this study are to develop low cost weaning food for the economically disadvantaged nursing mothers and also to prevent protein energy malnutrition among the infants in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - The blends (sweet potato and soybean flour) were prepared (homogenously) in the ratio of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 of sweet potato and soybean respectively. Triplicate samples of each blend were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein (N × 6.25), crude fiber and ash. Total lipid was estimated by petroleum ether extraction. Carbohydrate content was estimated by difference. Gross energy was determined. Water absorption capacity and bulk density were determined using standard procedures. The pasting characteristics of the flours were evaluated using a standard procedure. The sensory evaluation was carried out on the following parameters: taste, appearance, aroma, mouth (texture), colour and overall acceptability by a panel of ten members using a nine-point hedonic scale. Findings - The results of nutritional composition of the supplements showed protein 11.2-33.72 per cent, carbohydrates 42.91-76.51 per cent, fat 3.10-12.78 per cent, energy values 329.5-366.74 kcal/100 g and appreciable quantities of P, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K and Na. The soysweet potato flours had peak viscosity values between 180-365 BU. These values increased when cooled to 50°C, (420-760 BU). Results of this study showed that at 30 per cent soy flour supplementation, the meal could meet satisfactorily the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for children of 1-3 years old, and that the developed soy-sweet potato diets were nutritious, inexpensive and can easily be prepared from locally available raw food materials by using simple domestic processing techniques. Originality/value - Evidence has shown that the cost of commercial weaning formula is very high and most of the low-income family cannot afford to purchase this commercial weaning food and for such people an alternative low cost weaning formula is helpful. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Disadvantaged groups; Food products; Infants; Nigeria; Nutrition	Glycine max; Ipomoea batatas; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860467020	Nutritional evaluation of marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed cake as a protein supplement for goats fed grass hay	Mlambo V., Dlamini B.J., Nkambule M.T., Mhazo N., Sikosana J.L.N.	2011	Tropical Agriculture	88	1	None	Department of Food Production, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, P. O. Luyengo, M205, Swaziland; Matopos Research Station, Department of Agricultural Research and Extension, P. Bag K5139, Matopos, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Mlambo, V., Department of Food Production, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Dlamini, B.J., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, P. O. Luyengo, M205, Swaziland; Nkambule, M.T., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, P. O. Luyengo, M205, Swaziland; Mhazo, N., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland, P. O. Luyengo, M205, Swaziland; Sikosana, J.L.N., Matopos Research Station, Department of Agricultural Research and Extension, P. Bag K5139, Matopos, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	This study presents a comparative in vivo nutritional evaluation of oil-extracted marula (Sclerocarya birrea subspecies caffra) seed cake (MSC) as a protein supplement for goats fed a basal diet of mixed grass hay. MSC and commercial protein supplements (soya bean meal (SBM) and sunflower cake (SC)), were analysed for fibre (aNDFom and ADFom) and nitrogen (N) contents. SC had the highest (P < 0.05) aNDFom (289.0 g/kg DM) and ADFom (216.8 g/kg DM) contents. N content was highest (P < 0.05) in MSC (68.9 g/kg DM) and lowest in SC (56.6 g/kg DM). Grass hay intake, nutrient digestibility and N retention were measured in a nutrient balance trial in which goats were supplemented with MSC, SBM and SC. Goats on SBM had the highest (P < 0.05) grass hay intake (232.2 g/d) and OM digestibility (650.3 g/kg DM). SC and MSC supplemented goats did not differ (P > 0.05) in terms of grass hay intake and its digestibility. Digestibility of OM was low in MSC supplemented goats but did not differ (P > 0.05) from SC supplemented goats. The same trend was observed with ADF digestibility which was lowest in the MSC supplemented group but did not differ (P > 0.05) from the SC supplemented group. NDF digestibility was lowest in the MSC supplemented group and differed (P < 0.05) from all other diets. Urinary N output did not differ (P > 0.05) between SBM and SC supplemented goats but was lower (P < 0.05) in the MSC supplemented group. However, the negative control group had the least urinary N output (2.1 g/day). MSC supplemented goats retained the most N (2.75 g/d) (P > 0.05) compared to all other protein supplements. Unsupplemented and SC supplemented goats were in negative N balance of -0.64 and -0.81 g/day, respectively. It was concluded that MSC is as good as SBM, but better than SC as a protein supplement for goats fed grass hay as the basal diet. © 2011 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Apparent digestibility; Chemical composition; Mixed grass hay; N retention; Protein supplements	Capra hircus; Glycine max; Helianthus; Sclerocarya birrea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921067934	Production and microbial evaluation of table wine from tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and soursop (Annona muricata)	Mbaeyi-Nwaoha I.E., Ajumobi C.N.	2015	Journal of Food Science and Technology	52	1	10.1007/s13197-013-0972-4	Department of Food Science &Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Mbaeyi-Nwaoha, I.E., Department of Food Science &Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ajumobi, C.N., Department of Food Science &Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Table wine was formulated using Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Soursop (Annona muricata). Their “must” were extracted and fermented with sugar and wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The tamarind and soursop juice were prepared at the concentration level (0 % and 100 %). Tamarind and soursop wine were blended in the ratios of (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50,) and were subjected to fermentation. The most preferred juice and wine were obtained from sensory evaluation procedures which considered the attributes of flavour, taste, consistency, aftertaste and overall acceptability. The most preferred sample was then subjected to proximate, micro-nutrient, physico-chemical and microbial analysis. The results obtained showed that tamarind, soursop juice and wine respectively were rich in carbohydrate (56.60–63.04 % and 64.74–71.19 %), vitamin C (34.97–29.90 mg/ml and 22.22–21.24 mg/ml) and the products were influenced by reducing sugar (12.55–10.78 mg/100 ml and 8.33–7.42 mg/100 ml) as well as other acids. The alcoholic content of tamarind wine was 8.14 % V while that of soursop wine was 6.29 % V. There was decrease in pH due to fermentation process. No coliform grew which implied that there was no faecal contamination and samples were safe for consumption. There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in the overall acceptability in the entire product treated differently. © 2013, Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).	Soursop; Table wine; Tamarind	Chemical analysis; Fermentation; Yeast; Concentration levels; Faecal contamination; Fermentation process; Microbial analysis; Overall acceptability; Sensory evaluation; Soursop; Tamarind; Wine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925456280	Comparative evaluation of the mineral profile and other selected components of onion and garlic	Akinwande B.A., Olatunde S.J.	2015	International Food Research Journal	22	1	None	Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Akinwande, B.A., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Olatunde, S.J., Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Mineral profile and some selected components of three cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.) (Dan Zaria, red creole and white creole) bulb were compared with garlic (Allium sativum L.) clove. This was pertinent to establish their potentials in ensuring adequate nutrition and food security. Simultaneous multi-element analysis was done by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Selected components determined were pyruvic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), ash content, moisture content, vitamin C and pH. The most abundant quantity minerals in the Allium species are potassium (14291.17-17297.88 mg/Kg), phosphorus (2491.04-4777.88 mg/Kg) and calcium (694.41-1824.29 mg/Kg). Garlic had highest amount of phosphorus and zinc (4777.88 and 66.08 mg/Kg, respectively) with least contents of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminium. Garlic had significantly (p<0.05) higher contents of pyruvic acid, ash and TSS contents than onion cultivars, with increase of 88%, 130% and 104% more than the highest obtained in onion cultivars. Except for moisture and vitamin C contents, highest value (with significant difference) of all the selected components was obtained in garlic. Onion cultivar (red creole) with least content of pyruvic acid and highest content of TSS would be preferred for culinary purpose. The comprehensive mineral profile of garlic and onion samples obtained in this work is an information that could sensitize people on their need for more consumption. This can be a good opportunity to enhance micronutrient supply of the diet of low income earners which form majority of the society.	Garlic; Mineral contents; Onion cultivars; Pyruvic acid; Total soluble solids	Allium; Allium cepa; Allium sativum; Syzygium aromaticum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920087803	Production and Quality Evaluation of Noodles From Sweet Potato Starch	Adedotun H., Adebowale A.-R.A., Olayiwola I.O., Shittu T.A., Sanni L.O.	2015	Journal of Culinary Science and Technology	13	1	10.1080/15428052.2014.952479	Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Adedotun, H., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adebowale, A.-R.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olayiwola, I.O., Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Shittu, T.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sanni, L.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	The effect of extrusion parameters (feed moisture content, barrel temperature, and screw speed) on the quality of noodles produced from sweet potato starch was investigated. Starch was extracted from the tuber of sweet potato and processed into noodles using single screw cooking extruder. The moisture, protein, and ash contents of the noodles decreased linearly with the feed moisture content and barrel temperature but decreased with increasing screw speed. Increased feed moisture content also led to decrease in water absorption capacity, cooking time, and water solubility index. Lateral expansion increased with increasing barrel temperature. Barrel temperature had significant effect (p < 0.05) on lateral expansion while screw speed and feed moisture content had significant effect (p < 0.05) on cooking time. Significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation was obtained between the overall sensory acceptability, appearance, firmness, and chewiness. The study showed that noodles of desirable functional qualities and sensory acceptability can be obtained from sweet potato starch using barrel temperature of 110°C, screw speed of 100 rpm, and feed moisture content of 47.5%. © , Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	noodles; quality; response surface; starch; Sweet potato	Image quality; Moisture; Moisture determination; Screws; Water absorption; Extrusion parameter; In-water absorption; noodles; Positive correlations; Response surface; Sensory acceptabilities; Sweet potato; Water solubility index; Starch	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650679199	Evaluation of Flour and Extruded Noodles from Eight Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD)-Resistant Varieties	Nwabueze T.U., Anoruoh G.A.	2011	Food and Bioprocess Technology	4	1	10.1007/s11947-009-0200-4	Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Nwabueze, T.U., Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Anoruoh, G.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Flours processed from eight cassava roots were selected from recently developed Cassava Mosaic Disease resistant varieties (92b/00061, 95/0289, 92/0057, 96/1632, 98/0505, 97/2205, TME419 and 92/0326). They were evaluated for proximate composition, hydrogen cyanide, vitamin A and functional properties. They were also processed into noodles adapting a locally fabricated cold extruder as a single-screw extruder. The extruded cassava noodles were cooked and subjected to sensory analysis. Principal component and cluster analyses of the parameters were adopted using the correlation matrix with the objective of grouping the varieties into functional groups. The proximate composition showed that mean protein value ranged from 1.93% (98/0505) to 2.60% (96/1632) and fat ranged from 0.46% (92/0326 and 95/0289) to 0.95% (96/1632). The principal component analysis showed that PC 1, PC 2 and PC 3 were key components contributing 90.90% of the variables. Vitamin A determined as carotenoid ranged from 1.94 (92/0057) to 2.40 μg/g (TME419) while hydrogen cyanide concentration ranged from 8.20 (92/0057) to 11.14 mg/kg (96/1632). Noodles made from 95/0289 CMD variety had the least acceptable sensory properties while those made from 98/0505 were most generally acceptable. No significant (P ≥ 0.05) differences were noticed in taste, colour and general acceptability of all the samples. The sensory evaluation of noodles made from the eight cassava varieties (colour, taste, flavour, texture and general acceptability) produced two principal components which accounted for 85.80% while the functional properties explained 81.30% of the variations. The key sensory properties with significant eigenvalues based on their loadings (≥0.5) were colour, taste, texture and general acceptability. Compared to raw samples, dried noodles were about 1. 98 times, while cooked noodles were up to three times greater in diameter, respectively. The result showed that cassava flour could serve as a good substitute to wheat flour in noodle production and utilisation. © 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.	Cassava flour; Cassava Mosaic Disease; Cluster analysis; CMD; Correlation matrix; Dendrogramme; Eigenanalysis; Expansion ratio; Extrusion; Functional properties; Hydrogen cyanide; Noodles; Principal components; Scree plots; Sensory evaluation; Single-scre	Cassava flour; Cassava mosaic disease; CMD; Correlation matrix; Dendrogramme; Eigenanalysis; Expansion ratio; Functional properties; Hydrogen cyanide; Noodles; Principal Components; Scree plots; Sensory evaluation; Single screw extruder; Cluster analysis; Color; Cyanides; Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions; Extruders; Extrusion; Functional groups; Hydrogen; Screws; Textures; Principal component analysis; Manihot esculenta; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891703427	Current food safety management systems in fresh produce exporting industry are associated with lower performance due to context riskiness: Case study	Sawe C.T., Onyango C.M., Njage P.M.K.	2014	Food Control	40	1	10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.019	Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya	Sawe, C.T., Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Onyango, C.M., Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Njage, P.M.K., Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya	Food processors implement differing food safety and quality assurance standards and guidelines. This may result in variable performance of the food safety management systems (FSMS) due to differences in technological development, resource access and food safety legal frameworks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of FSMS in the fresh produce export processing sector in Kenya as a case. The risk posed by the context in which they operate was assessed. An FSMS diagnostic instrument was used to evaluate thirteen fresh produce exporting processors based on indicators and descriptive grids for context factors, control and assurance activities and food safety output. Riskiness in context was diagnosed either as low risk, moderate risk or high risk. Performance of control and assurance activities was categorized as not conducted, basic, average or advanced. Food safety output was scored as either not done, poor, moderate or good.Majority of the processors (≥7) operate at moderate level in most (74%) of the context riskiness indicators. Seven out of the 13 processors indicated that susceptibility of initial material to microbial contamination posed the highest risk with respect to product characteristics. Even though majority of the companies had advanced level core control activities performance for 6 out of 29 of the activities, there was a moderate performance in 48% of the activities and 24% control activities were not applied. Core assurance activities for majority of the companies also performed moderately in 89% of the indicators. FSMS performance was poor for 53% and good for 37% of the processors. All the processors had advanced scores for monitoring of pesticide residues but five lacked sampling and subsequent criteria for microbial analysis. The FSMS implementation for 77% of the companies was poor to moderate and, given the moderate context riskiness, this therefore resulted in moderate FSMS-output.The mostly moderate FSMS activity levels when assessed in the context riskiness lower the food safety performance of the fresh produce sector. Several recommended control and assurance activities in fresh produce sector should be improved to advanced levels in order to realize a stable and predictable safety output subject to the riskiness of context situation. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Assurance activities; Context characteristics; Control activities; Diagnostic tool; Food safety management system; Fresh produce industry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13944250383	Evaluation of different preservation techniques on the storage potential of Kefir grains	Witthuhn R.C., Cilliers A., Britz T.J.	2005	Journal of Dairy Research	72	1	10.1017/S0022029904000652	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Cilliers, A., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	[No abstract available]	Air-dried; Freezing; Kefir grains; Lyophilisation; Microbial activity; Refrigeration	alcoholic beverage; animal; article; cattle; cereal; dairying; fermentation; food preservation; methodology; milk; South Africa; Alcoholic Beverages; Animals; Cattle; Cereals; Dairying; Fermentation; Food Preservation; Milk; South Africa; Kefir	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849100248	Impact of ultrasound on dairy spoilage microbes and milk components	Cameron M., McMaster L.D., Britz T.J.	2009	Dairy Science and Technology	89	1	10.1051/dst/2008037	Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Cameron, M., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; McMaster, L.D., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Britz, T.J., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Numerous reports in the literature suggest pasteurisation failures in the dairy industry as a possible cause for an end product with a poor quality. Ultrasonication offers the dairy industry a non-thermal alternative to pasteurisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ultrasonication as an alternative to heat pasteurisation. Ultrasound was found to eliminate spoilage and potential pathogens to zero or to levels acceptable by South African and British milk legislation, even when initial inoculum loads of 5× higher than permitted were present before treatment. Viable cell counts of E. coli were reduced by 100% after 10.0 min of ultrasonication. The data obtained also showed that viable counts of Pseudomonas fluorescens were reduced by 100% after 6.0 min and Listeria monocytogenes was reduced by 99% after 10.0 min. An infra-red based apparatus was used to analyse raw and pasteurised milk after an ultrasonic treatment. Ultrasonication did not lead to decreases in the protein or lactose content of both raw and pasteurised milk. Kjeldahl nitrogen determinations confirmed that ultrasonication had no detrimental effect on the total protein or casein content of pasteurised milk. This study indicated that ultrasonication lead to an increase in the fat concentration. This was explained by the larger surface area of the fat globules after ultrasonication, which led to an increase in light scattering as observed by the MilkoScan. Alkaline phosphatase and lactoperoxidase activities were also investigated as potential indicators of an effective ultrasonic treatment. Ultrasonication was, however, found to be ineffective in deactivating both enzymes used regularly by the dairy industry as indicators of effective thermal processes. © 2009 INRA EDP Sciences.	D-value; Microorganism; Milk; Protein; Ultrasound	Escherichia coli; Listeria monocytogenes; Pseudomonas fluorescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80055097988	Evaluation of the 16S and 12S rRNA genes as universal markers for the identification of commercial fish species in South Africa	Cawthorn D.-M., Steinman H.A., Witthuhn R.C.	2012	Gene	491	1	10.1016/j.gene.2011.09.009	Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Food and Allergy Consulting and Testing Services (F.A.C.T.S), P.O. Box 565, Milnerton, 7435, South Africa	Cawthorn, D.-M., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Steinman, H.A., Food and Allergy Consulting and Testing Services (F.A.C.T.S), P.O. Box 565, Milnerton, 7435, South Africa; Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	The development of DNA-based methods for the identification of fish species is important for fisheries research and control, as well as for the detection of unintentional or fraudulent species substitutions in the marketplace. The aim of this study was to generate a comprehensive reference database of DNA sequences from the mitochondrial 16S and 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes for 53 commercial fish species in South Africa and to evaluate the applicability of these genetic markers for the identification of fish at the species level. The DNA extracted from all target species was readily amplified using universal primers targeting both rRNA gene regions. Sequences from the 16S and 12S rRNA genes were submitted to GenBank for the first time for 34% and 53% of the fish species, respectively. Cumulative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed mean conspecific, congeneric and confamilial Kimura two parameter (K2P) distances of 0.03%, 0.70% and 5.10% and the corresponding values at the 12S level were 0.03%, 1.00% and 5.57%. K2P neighbour-joining trees based on both sequence datasets generally clustered species in accordance with their taxonomic classifications. The nucleotide variation in both the 16S and 12S sequences was suitable for identifying the large majority of the examined fish specimens to at least the level of genus, but was found to be less useful for the explicit differentiation of certain congeneric fish species. It is recommended that one or more faster-evolving DNA regions be analysed to confirm the identities of closely-related fish species in South Africa. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Marine fishes; Mitochondrial DNA; Ribosomal genes; Sequence analysis; Species authentication; Species identification	ribosome RNA; RNA 12S; RNA 16S; animal tissue; article; DNA sequence; fish; gene sequence; genetic marker; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; South Africa; Animals; Biological Markers; Databases, Nucleic Acid; Fishes; Genes, rRNA; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; South Africa; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894051670	Production and evaluation of flours and crunchy snacks from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) and maize flours	Olapade A.A., Ogunade O.A.	2014	International Food Research Journal	21	1	None	Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Olapade, A.A., Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunade, O.A., Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of blends of two sweet potato (cream-and yellow-flesh) varieties and maize flours in the preparation of crunchy snacks. Each of the sweet potato varieties was prepared into flour and separately blended with 0, 30 and 50% of maize flour. The blends were evaluated for proximate composition, mineral content, vitamin content, anti-nutrient factors and functional properties. Baked crunchy snacks were prepared from each of the blends and evaluated for physical and organoleptic properties. The results of proximate analysis showed that crude protein (3.40-6.57%) was significantly different between the two varieties of sweet potato used and it increased with addition of maize flour to the two varieties. The β-carotene value (345-370 μg/100 g) was highest in 100 yellow-flesh sweet potato which slightly decreased with addition of maize flour. The vitamin c content (13.4-17.3 mg/100 g) was also highest for 100% yellow-flesh sweet potato. The cream-flesh sweet potato contained higher amount of phytates (16.0 mg/100 g) but lower amounts of tannins (8.66 mg/100 g) and oxalates 7.0 mg/100 g) compared with the yellow-flesh varieties. The tannins, phytates and oxalates values decreased with addition of maize flour to both varieties of the sweet potato used. The bulk density values (0.523-0.683 g/cm3), water absorption capacity (123-143%) and oil absorption capacity (13.3-15.3%) were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) different among the samples. The specific height was highest for 100% yellow flesh sweet potato and it decreased with addition of maize flour. The sensory evaluation revealed that all the samples were scored within the acceptable attribute limits except the sample from 100 cream-flesh sweet potato which was scored lowest in all attributes. © All Rights Reserved.	Chemical composition; Crunchy snack; Maize flour; Organoleptic properties; Sweet potato flour	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896710001	The socioeconomic impact of the phasing out of plantations in the Western and Southern Cape regions of South Africa	de Beer M.C., Ham C., Längin D.W., Theron F.	2014	Southern Forests	76	1	10.2989/20702620.2013.870386	Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Mondi, Forestry Operations, PO Box 39, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa; School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	de Beer, M.C., Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Ham, C., Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Längin, D.W., Mondi, Forestry Operations, PO Box 39, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa; Theron, F., School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	This study investigates the possible socioeconomic impact of the phasing out of nearly 22 500 ha of plantations within the Southern and Western Cape regions of South Africa as a result of a decision made by government in 2000. Data was collected in 2007 from three plantations (one near Grabouw in the Western Cape, and two near George in the Southern Cape) managed by Mountain to Ocean Forestry (Pty) Ltd (currently Cape Pine Investment Holdings Ltd), among three different plantation stakeholder groups. These groups are (1) forest-dependent communities, (2) stakeholders among the forestry value chain and (3) indirect stakeholders. This study indicates that there are significant differences between the potential impacts of the phasing-out process within the Southern and Western Cape regions. Communities and secondary processing companies in the Southern Cape are much more dependent on forestry than those in the Western Cape region. The study highlights three aspects related to the phasing-out process that need urgent attention. These are (1) to increase public awareness and community participation among local beneficiaries and companies to be impacted on by the phasing-out process, (2) provide appropriate training and capacity-building and thus increased skills level of workers who face unemployment and (3) the identification of alternative employment opportunities for the unemployed affected by the phasing-out process. © 2014 Copyright © NISC (Pty) Ltd.	communities; phasing out; plantations; socioeconomic impact	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875972998	The effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth performance and some quality parameters of carcass and eggs of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) [Efecto de diferentes niveles de proteína dietética sobre el comportamiento del crecimiento y alguno	Sotolu A.O.	2011	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	11	1	None	Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Keffi, Nigeria	Sotolu, A.O., Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Keffi, Nigeria	Growth performance and some quality parameters of broodstocks and eggs of female Clarias gariepinus were investigated in this study for 70 days. Fish were fed diets with varying crude protein levels (CP); 30, 35 and 40% in triplicates with imported feed as control. Proximate analysis of feeds, fish and eggs alone were done and data were collected on fish growth and nutrient utilization efficiency fortnightly. Results showed that fish fed diets with 35% CP exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher growth rate, feed conversion ratio and apparent net protein utilization than fish fed diet with 40% CP. Fish fed diets with 35 and 40% CP had higher CP values of carcass and for eggs while both were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the CP values of other treatments. Egg development was however higher in fish fed 40% CP diet but with marginal differences as compared to the values obtained in fish fed 35% CP diet. The result showed that diet with 35% crude protein produced good growth rate in catfish broodstock and better nutrient utilization as well as improved egg development and maturity than fish feed diet with 30% crude protein.	Carcass quality; Clarias gariepinus; Egg quality; Female broodstock; Growth performance	Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929333726	School variables on junior secondary school students' mathematics performance in Cross River State, Nigeria	Opie O.N., Ovat S.V., Meremikwu A.N.	2014	International Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Learning	22	1	None	Department of General Studies Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria; Department of Education Foundations, Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Department of Curriculum and Teaching, Faculty of Education, Univer	Opie, O.N., Department of General Studies Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria; Ovat, S.V., Department of Education Foundations, Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Meremikwu, A.N., Department of Curriculum and Teaching, Faculty of Education, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria	The study was designed to assess the influence of some selected school variables on students' mathematics performance among Junior Secondary School three (JSS3) students in Cross River State, Nigeria. The school variables considered were school proprietorship, school model (boarding/day), and school sex-type. Students' performance in mathematics was measured using the outcomes of a state-wide final examination in mathematics for junior secondary schools conducted by the State Ministry of Education in 2009/10 session. A total of 1600 students from 81 public, private and mission schools were used for the study. Data collected were subjected to t-test and ANOVA at .05 level. The results showed that school proprietorship (F=26.13, p <.05), school model (t=4.15, p<.05) and school sex-type (F=3.822, p<.05) significantly influenced Junior Secondary School students' performance in mathematics in Cross River State, Nigeria. © Common Ground, Oko Ngaji Opie, Sylvia Victor Ovat, Anne Ndidi Meremikwu.	Mathematics; Model; Performance; Proprietorship; Sex; Students	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898982768	Managing environmental impact of bouldering as a niche outdoor-climbing activity	Van der Merwe J.H., Joubert U.	2014	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	36	1	None	Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Van der Merwe, J.H., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Joubert, U., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The paper proposes a normative management instrument to help environmental managers in the field of outdoor recreation and conservation limit the impact of sport climbing, bouldering in particular, as an action-sport activity. Evidence of the rising popularity of the bouldering sport and its associated impacts on natural-resource areas is presented. The model is applied to and tested in the Rocklands bouldering area of South Africa to demonstrate its efficacy. The instrument uses 58 test criteria to account for the maintenance of a resource's market appeal and resource sensitivity by capturing these aspects at three spatial scales: the bouldering area as a whole, its sub-fields and the individual boulders. The model should aid conservation authorities, owners of private climbing areas and the organised climbing fraternity to ensure long-term sustainability of the use of climbing resources. The research concludes that the instrument provides the means to manage a natural resource sustainably within local and even international contexts.	Activity impacts; Bouldering; Management-model design and application; Nature-based tourism; Rocklands bouldering area	None	None
None	None	Transition of Shifting Cultivation and its Impact on People's Livelihoods in the Miombo Woodlands of Northern Zambia and South-Western Tanzania	Grogan K., Birch-Thomsen T., Lyimo J.	2013	Human Ecology	41	1	10.1007/s10745-012-9537-9	Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Resources Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Grogan, K., Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Birch-Thomsen, T., Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lyimo, J., Institute of Resources Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Shifting cultivation has long been a major livelihood for people in the miombo woodlands of southern, central and eastern Africa. However, increasing deforestation and forest degradation throughout the region are resulting in growing pressure on traditional shifting agricultural systems. Indeed, agricultural intensification and expansion itself is considered the primary cause of miombo deterioration, which is driven by both endogenous and exogenous variables operating at various scales. On the basis of data collected in the 1990s and 2010 from two villages in Northern Province, Zambia and two in the Rukwa Region, Tanzania, the paper will document the transition of shifting cultivation towards more intensive land use practices. It is argued that the main drivers influencing miombo degradation, and thereby the transition process of traditional shifting cultivation practices, have been a growing population, government policies, and an increasing commercialization/market integration. Questionnaires, focus group meetings, and in-depth interviews reveal that despite the breakdown of the traditional shifting cultivation practices, a general improvement of livelihoods has taken place. This has happened through adaptation and diversification in both agricultural practices and livelihood activities. However, it is also seen that because of the often rapidly changing external factors (market conditions and policies), life in the shifting cultivation communities involves a continual shift of emphasis among a variety of livelihood strategies. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Diversification; Livelihoods; Miombo woodland; Shifting cultivation; Tanzania; Transition; Zambia	agricultural intensification; agricultural practice; deforestation; land use; shifting cultivation; traditional agriculture; woodland; Northern Province [Zambia]; Rukwa; Tanzania; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947933263	The impact of flood disasters on child education in Muzarabani District, Zimbabwe	Mudavanhu C.	2015	Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies	6	1	10.4102/jamba.v6i1.138	Department of Geography, Bindura University of Science Education, Private Bag 1020, Zimbabwe	Mudavanhu, C., Department of Geography, Bindura University of Science Education, Private Bag 1020, Zimbabwe	The increase in flood intensity and frequency poses a threat to community infrastructure and affects the total well-being of children in regard to: access to food, health, school attendance, access to clean water and sanitation, physical and social security. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, this article provided an overview of flood disasters and their potential effects on children's access to quality education in Zimbabwe. The purpose of the study was to analyse school children's specific vulnerabilities to flood disasters that need to be taken into account in policy development. Research indicated that floods cause loss of learning hours, loss of qualified personnel, outbreak of waterborne diseases, high absenteeism and low syllabus coverage leading to children's poor academic performance. Children noted a range of experiences, from food insecurity to being withdrawn from school and sometimes forced into early marriages. These challenges compromise children's rights and access to quality education. This article therefore recommended that a culture of safety be promoted through disaster education, development of good road networks and enforcement of building codes during construction of school infrastructure. Findings also supported the need for adaptation strategies to ensure that the risks specific to school children are addressed. © 2014. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868694089	Assessment of noise emitted by vibrator-block factories and the impact on human health and urban environment in Nigeria	Oguntoke O., Odeshi T.A., Annegarn H.J.	2012	International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Oguntoke, O., Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa; Odeshi, T.A., Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Annegarn, H.J., Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Noise emission from small-scale factories which are currently exempted from environmental impact assessment is quite worrisome. As a research response, this study assessed noise levels emitted by vibrator concrete-block (VCB) factories using sound level metre while impact on exposed subjects was elicited through questionnaire survey and field observations. 10 VCB factories were sampled randomly while a planned residential area served as control site. Questionnaire was administered to sampled workers and residents living in proximity to VCB factories. At VCB factory sites and nearest building, mean noise level ranged from 98.47-114.57 and 74.7-100.1dBA compared to control site with 55dBA. There was a significant variation (P<0.05) in noise levels generated at the selected sites. At 40 metres, about 20% of the VCB factories emitted noise levels higher than 80 dBA. Distance from VCB factories showed a significant negative correlation with monitored noise level (r=-0.82); hence explained 77.8percentof noise level pattern. A minimum buffer of 80 metres was projected between the factory and residential building using regression model.VCB factories workers and nearby residents were exposed to daily noise dose higher than permissible limit for work and residential environments. Unfortunately, none of the workers wore hearing protection during operation. Both sampled groups frequently experienced ringing ear (73.1%), speech interference (69.2%), headache (61.5%), annoyance (65.4%) and sleep distortion (61.5%) among other ailments. A huge number of urban residents are negatively impacted by noise emitted by VCB factories considering several scores of these factories located in cities/town and the number of cities/town currently present in the country. The study recommends urgent intervention for noise control in VCB factory premises. Environmental education and awareness programme is recommended for VCB workers besides mandatory wearing of hearing protection. Aminimum buffer of 80m between VCB factories and the nearest residential house should be enforced by appropriate agencies while on the long-run, VCB factories should be zone out of residential area. © Research India Publications.	Buffer; Environmental pollution; Exposure; Occupational risk; Planning; Public health	Buffer; Control sites; Environmental education; Environmental pollutions; Exposure; Field observations; Hearing protection; Human health; Negative correlation; Nigeria; Noise emissions; Noise levels; Questionnaire surveys; Residential areas; Residential building; Residential environment; Residential house; Sound level; Speech interference; Urban environments; Ear protectors; Environmental impact assessments; Houses; Occupational risks; Planning; Public health; Surveys; Vibrators; anthropogenic effect; assessment method; environmental education; health risk; noise pollution; occupational exposure; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82055184896	Spatial distribution and performance of water pumps in the rural areas of kaduna state, Nigeria; before the second republic	Ifabiyi I.P.	2011	European Journal of Social Sciences	26	1	None	Department of Geography, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, P.M.B.1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Ifabiyi, I.P., Department of Geography, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, P.M.B.1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Health status and personal hygiene within the rural area has been a major source of concern particularly in the developing countries. This paper revealed the extent of spatial inequalities in the level of efficiency of water supply in the rural area of Kaduna state, Nigeria. Statistical graphs, location quotient, Z-Score and the t-test for small sample statistic were employed in the analyses. Results show high level of inequalities in the distribution pattern of boreholes; as some local government areas have more than their fair share. Furthermore, 67.7% of the total boreholes are not functioning. Indeed only 19.8% of the motorize pumps were functioning, while 36.3% of the hand pumps were functioning. The ratio of people to government boreholes is ridiculous ranging from 2,211 to 30,907 people. The study further identified that the problems facing the water points include the mechanical problems, well collapse and blockage, leakages of tanks and rising pipes to problem of vandalization. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011.	Efficiency; Hand pump; Location quotient; Motorized pump	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921023807	Seasonal Surface Drainage of Sloping Farmland: A Review of Its Hydrogeomorphic Impacts	Monsieurs E., Dessie M., Adgo E., Poesen J., Deckers J., Verhoest N., Nyssen J.	2015	Land Degradation and Development	26	1	10.1002/ldr.2286	Department of Geography, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; School of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Natural Resources, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Monsieurs, E., Department of Geography, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Dessie, M., School of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Adgo, E., Department of Natural Resources, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Poesen, J., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Deckers, J., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Verhoest, N., Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Nyssen, J., Department of Geography, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium	The combination of runoff-generating areas (saturated soils) and overland flow concentration in features such as drainage ditches makes sloping farmland vulnerable to soil erosion. The establishment of drainage ditches aims at draining the excess of water from the farmland, particularly in areas where soils are saturated in the rainy season. The hydrogeomorphic impacts on the farmland itself and on downstream areas need however also to be studied. Off site, downstream problems comprise higher peak discharges, leading to gully initiation, an increase in sediment load, and flooding problems. On-site problems such as the development of the drainage ditches into (ephemeral) gullies are less documented, although they may be important, as illustrated in the Lake Tana Basin (Ethiopia). The similarities and interactions between ephemeral gully channels and drainage ditches have to be considered to better understand all effects of drainage. Drainage ditches are a potential source of conflict between farmers with different interests and power, as well as between upstream and downstream users. A case study on drainage ditches on sloping farmlands in the Lake Tana Basin showed that nine out of ten catchments had drainage densities by ditches ranging from 53 to 510mha-1. Drainage ditches were constructed with an average top width of 27 (±9) cm. A significant correlation was found between stone bund density (physical conservation structures) and ditch drainage density (R=-0·72), in line with the Ethiopian government's ban on drainage ditches in farmlands where stone bunds have been constructed. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Cut-off drain; Drainage ditch; Ephemeral gully; Rill; Runoff; Soil saturation; Stone bund	Farms; Lakes; Landforms; Rivers; Runoff; Soils; Cut-off drain; Drainage ditches; Ephemeral gullies; Rill; Soil saturation; Stone bund; Catchments	None
None	None	Impact of non-livelihood-based land management on land resources: The case of upland watersheds in Uporoto Mountains, South West Tanzania	Mwanukuzi P.K.	2011	Geographical Journal	177	1	10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00362.x	Department of Geography, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Mwanukuzi, P.K., Department of Geography, University of Dar Es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Various land management strategies are used to prevent land degradation and keep land productive. Often land management strategies applied in certain areas focus on the context of the physical environment but are incompatible with the social environment where they are applied. As a result, such strategies are ignored by land users and land degradation becomes difficult to control. This study observes the impacts of land management in the upland watersheds of the Uporoto Mountains in South West Tanzania. In spite of various land management practices used in the area, 38% of the studied area experienced soil fertility loss, 30% gully erosion, 23% soil loss, 6% biodiversity loss and drying up of river sources. Land management methods that were accepted and adopted were those contributing to immediate livelihood needs. These methods did not control land resource degradation, but increased crop output per unit of land and required little labour. Effective methods of controlling land degradation were abandoned or ignored because they did not satisfy immediate livelihood needs. This paper concludes that Integrating poor people's needs would transform non-livelihood-based land management methods to livelihood-based ones. Different ways of transforming these land management methods are presented and discussed. © 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2010 The Royal Geographical Society.	Land degradation; Land management; Land use; Livelihood; Mountain watersheds	environmental impact; gully erosion; land degradation; land management; land use; mountain region; soil fertility; watershed; agriculture; article; catering service; economics; education; environmental protection; ethnology; food handling; geography; history; irrigation (agriculture); legal aspect; organization and management; Tanzania; water supply; Agricultural Irrigation; Agriculture; Conservation of Natural Resources; Food Supply; Food Technology; Geography; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Ownership; Tanzania; Water Supply; Mbeya [Tanzania]; Tanzania; Uporoto Mountains	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051564160	Land, landlords and sustainable livelihoods: The impact of agrarian reform on a coconut hacienda in the Philippines	Vista B.M., Nel E., Binns T.	2012	Land Use Policy	29	1	10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.06.002	Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand; Research Fellow, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Vista, B.M., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand; Nel, E., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand, Research Fellow, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Binns, T., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand	Agrarian reform has been a key theme on the development agenda of many countries in the Global South for decades. Whilst such interventions are often pursued for political goals and in the interests of empowerment, there is often a mismatch between these goals and the actual outcomes achieved. Within this context, this study investigates the impacts of agrarian reform in Del Rosario, a former coconut hacienda in the Philippines. This is done in an attempt to explore whether agrarian reform has facilitated the creation of sustainable livelihoods among its beneficiaries, in particular, and in their agrarian reform community, in general. The impacts of reform are examined in relation to four themes - economic, social, demographic and environmental. Overall, the study concludes that agrarian reform has not brought about sustainable livelihoods in the former coconut hacienda. People's livelihoods, especially those derived from copra farming, remain at a subsistence level. At most, at an economic level agrarian reform has brought about improved access to land among its beneficiaries. Nevertheless, it has empowered the farmers by giving them greater freedom and has increased their sense of well-being, as well as enabling them to improve their families' life prospects and strengthen social capital. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Agrarian reform; Hacienda; Impacts; Land reform; Livelihoods; Philippines	accessibility; agrarian reform; empowerment; land reform; land tenure; landownership; social capital; sustainable development; Philippines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29744434008	Quality aspects of environmental impact assessment reports in the Free State Province, South Africa	Kruger E., Chapman O.A.	2005	South African Geographical Journal	87	1	None	Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	Kruger, E., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; Chapman, O.A., Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa	There has been little empirical investigation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure und practice in South Africa to assess compliance to EIA regulations, or performance towards achieving the objectives of legislation. This paper examines the quality aspects of EIA in the Free State Province, South Africa, by utilizing the disaggregate approach and applying it to a systematic sample of EIAs conducted in the Free State Province from 1997 to 2002. It was observed that socio-economic impacts are neglected: assessment methodology is highly subjective; there is a lack of specialist input and consideration of alternatives and public involvement is inadequate. The degree of compliance with regulations is however good, although there is a lack of integration of EIA findings into authorization decisions (as summarised in the Record of Decisions). It is therefore concluded that EIA reports in the Free State province conforms to South African regulations. In order to improve the quality of EIA reports, and thus its ability to act as a tool for sustainable development, it is suggested that more detailed guidelines or regulations are provided, or that the EIA process in South Africa reverts back to the 'traditional' scoping report, where scoping solely involves a thorough identification of issues. This will eliminate the inconsistencies found between normal scooping reports and "beefcd-up" scoping reports.	None	assessment method; environmental impact assessment; socioeconomic impact; Africa; Free State; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920710089	Evaluation of the physico-chemical properties of groundwater from shallow wells in Enugu town, Nigeria	Okeke H.C., Okoyeh E.I., Utom A.U., Anike O.L., Enekwechi E.K.	2014	Environmental Earth Sciences	73	1	10.1007/s12665-014-3427-y	Department of Geological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Works Department Federal Polytechnic Oko, Oko, Nigeria	Okeke, H.C., Department of Geological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Okoyeh, E.I., Department of Geological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Utom, A.U., Department of Geological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Anike, O.L., Department of Geological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Enekwechi, E.K., Works Department Federal Polytechnic Oko, Oko, Nigeria	Nineteen shallow groundwater samples from Enugu town Southeastern, Nigeria were assessed for groundwater quality. The analytical result showed that Cl− correlated positively with EC and TDS, while NO<inf>3</inf>− also displayed strong correlation with Ca2+ and Mg2+. The trend of the cation and anion abundance from the analysis was K+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ and SO<inf>4</inf>2− > Cl− > NO<inf>3</inf>− > HCO<inf>3</inf>−, respectively. The dominant hydrochemical facies consisting 68 % of the water samples fall under the Na+–K+–Cl−–SO<inf>4</inf>2− type based on the Piper diagram. Few samples fall under Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl−–SO<inf>4</inf>2− water type. The Wilcox diagram indicates that the water of the area under study can be classified as excellent to good, with one under doubtful to unsuitable category. Based on the US salinity plot, the shallow groundwater samples can be classified as good with all the samples falling in the C1S1 field. The analytical plot on the US salinity diagram and the Wilcox diagram reveals that the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation except for sample SWG-2. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Enugu; Groundwater; Irrigation; Nigeria; Sustainable development; Water quality	Calcium; Chlorine; Groundwater; Irrigation; Sustainable development; Water quality; Analytical results; Enugu; Hydrochemical facies; Nigeria; Physicochemical property; Shallow groundwater; Strong correlation; Water samples; Hydrochemistry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36448937088	Stable isotope study of the Archaean rocks of the Vredefort impact structure, central Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa	Fagereng Å., Harris C., La Grange M., Stevens G.	2008	Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology	155	1	10.1007/s00410-007-0224-6	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand	Fagereng, Å., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa, Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand; Harris, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; La Grange, M., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Stevens, G., Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	The Vredefort dome in the Kaapvaal Craton was formed as a result of the impact of a large meteorite at 2.02 Ga. The central core of Archaean granitic basement rocks is surrounded by a collar of uplifted and overturned strata of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, exposing a substantial depth section of the Archaean crust. Orthogneisses of the core show little variation in whole-rock δ18O value, with the majority being between 8 and 10‰, with a mean of 9.2% (n = 35). Quartz and feldspar have per mil differences that are consistent with O-isotope equilibrium at high temperatures, suggesting minimal interaction with fluids during subsequent cooling. These data refute previous suggestions that the Outer Granite Gneiss (OGG) and Inlandsee Leucogranofels (ILG) of the core represent middle and lower crust, respectively. Granulite-facies greenstone remnants from the ILG have δ18O values that are on average 1.5% higher than the ILG host rocks and are unlikely, therefore, to represent the residuum from the partial melting event that formed the host rock. Witwatersrand Supergroup sedimentary rocks of the collar, which were metamorphosed at greenschist-to amphibolite-facies conditions, generally have lower δ18O values than the core rocks with a mean value for metapelites of 7.7% (n = 45). Overall, through an 20 km thick section of crust, there is a general increase in whole-rock δ18O value with increasing depth. This is the reverse of what is normal in the crust, largely because the collar rocks have δ18O values that are unusually low in comparison with metamorphosed sedimentary rocks worldwide. The collar rocks have δD values ranging from -35 to -115‰ (average -62‰, n = 29), which are consistent with interaction with water of meteoric origin, having a δD of about -25 to -45‰. We suggest that fluid movement through the collar rocks was enhanced by impact-induced secondary permeability in the dome structure. © Springer-Verlag 2007.	Archaean basement; Fluid-rock interaction; Stable isotopes; Vredefort impact structure; Witwatersrand Supergroup	Archean; basement rock; granite; granulite facies; greenstone; host rock; impact structure; lower crust; meteorite; orthogneiss; partial melting; stable isotope; Africa; Free State; Kaapvaal Craton; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Vredefort Dome; Witwatersrand	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890353141	Stable isotope evidence for impact-related pseudotachylite formation at vredefort by local melting of dry rocks	Harris C., Fourie D.S., Fagereng A.	2013	South African Journal of Geology	116	1	10.2113/gssajg.116.1.101	Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Harris, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Fourie, D.S., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Fagereng, A., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	We have determined the major element composition, δ18O and δD values, and water content of impact-related granophyre, and pseudotachylite, from various Vredefort Dome localities, aiming to constrain the mechanism of melt formation and the relationship between pseudotachylite and granophyre. The granitoid gneisses and the pseudotachylites they host have almost identical average δD and δ180 values (-67 and 8.6%o, and -67 and 8.4%o, respectively). The water contents of the pseudotachylites are extremely low, consistent with the isolation of the pseudotachylites from free water during and since their formation. There is a bimodal distribution of water content in pseudotachylites, with one group averaging 0.28 ± 0.03 weight % (n = 9) and the other 0.59 ± 0.06 weight % (n = 9). The Vredefort granophyre, which has been interpreted as the pooled product of impact melting, has average δD and δ180 values of -69%o and 7.6%o, respectively (n = 2) and also has a very low water content (0.23 weight %). Differences in major element and O-isotope composition between the granophyre and the pseudotachylites are not consistent with a simple relationship, but can be explained by a higher component of greenstone in the granophyre. A strong correlation between host and pseudotachylite δ18O values is consistent with a system where the melt composition is controlled by the immediate surroundings. The pseudotachylites with higher water content have slightly higher δ18O values (9.1 compared to 8.1‰). This is opposite to the relationship predicted if water content is related to the proportion of biotite entering the melt. It is possible, instead, that this relates to the incorporation of higher proportions of material altered at low temperature in the high-water group. © 2013 June Geological Society of South Africa.	None	formation mechanism; granophyre; greenstone; impact structure; melt; metamorphism; pseudotachylite; stable isotope; water content; Free State; South Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899121651	Crystallization conditions and petrogenesis of the paleoproterozoic basement rocks in Bangladesh: An evaluation of biotite and coexisting amphibole mineral chemistry	Hossain I., Tsunogae T.	2014	Journal of Earth Science	25	1	10.1007/s12583-014-0402-1	Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh; University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan; Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa	Hossain, I., Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh; Tsunogae, T., University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan, Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa	The Paleoproterozoic (∼1.73 Ga) basement rocks from Maddhapara, Bangladesh show a large range of chemical variations including diorite, quartz diorite, monzodiorite, quartz monzonite and granite. These are composed of varying proportions of quartz+plagioclase+K-feldspar+biotite+ hornblende±epidote+titanite+magnetite+apatite and zircon. Amphibole and biotite, dominant ferromagnesian minerals, have been analyzed with an electron microprobe. The biotite, Mg-dominant trioctahedral micas, is classified as phlogopitic nature. Relatively high Mg (1.33-1.53 pfu), Mg# (0.52-0.59) and low AlVI (0.13-0.25 pfu) contents in the biotite reflect slightly fractionated magma, which might be a relative indicator for the origin of the parental magma. Biotite is also a very good sensor of oxidation state of the parental magma. Oxygen fugacity of the studied biotites estimate within the QFM and HM buffers and equilibrate at about -12.35 and -12.46, which exhibit the source materials were relatively higher oxidation state during crystallization and related to arc magmatism. Whereas, calcic amphiboles, a parental member of arc-related igneous suite, display consistent oxygen fugacity values (-11.7 to -12.3), low Al# (0.16-0.21) with H2Omelt (5.6 wt.%-9.5 wt.%) suggest their reliability with the typical values of calc-alkaline magma crystallization. The oxygen fugacity of magma is related to its source material, which in turn depends on tectonic setting. Discrimination diagrams and chemical indices of both biotite and amphibole of dioritic rocks reveal calc-alkaline orogenic complexes; mostly I-type suite formed within subduction-related environments. Moreover, igneous micas are used as metallogenic indicator. The biotites with coexisting amphibole compositions show an apparent calc-alkaline trend of differentiation. The study suggests that the trend of oxidized magmas is commonly associated with compressive tectonic and convergent plate boundaries. © 2014 China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Bangladesh; basement rock; biotite; Columbia supercontinent; oxygen fugacity; Paleoproterozoic	amphibole; basement rock; biotite; crystallization; fugacity; magma chemistry; magmatism; mineralogy; petrogenesis; phase equilibrium; plate boundary; supercontinent; tectonic setting; Bangladesh; Micas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748688828	Preliminary evaluation of hydrochemistry of the Kalambaina Formation, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria	Alagbe S.A.	2006	Environmental Geology	51	1	10.1007/s00254-006-0302-5	Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Alagbe, S.A., Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Hydrochemical investigations in the Kalambaina Formation have been initiated to determine potability and suitability of the shallow groundwater for domestic and agricultural uses. This limestone formation is an extensive aquifer supplying water to livestock and domestic wells in its outcrop areas. The aquifer is recharged by rainfall and discharges mainly into the Sokoto-Rima River system and lakes at Kware, Gwadabawa and Kalmalo in Nigeria. Because recharge to the aquifer is mainly from rainfall, the quality of the groundwater is controlled essentially by chemical processes in the vadose zone and locally by human activities. Water samples were taken at 11 sites comprising boreholes, dug wells and a spring and were chemically analysed for their major ion components. Hydrochemical results show water of fairly good quality. It is, however, hard and generally of moderate dissolved solids content. Concentration of the total dissolved solids is between 130 and 2,340 mg/l. Concentrations of ions vary widely but a high concentration of K+ is found in places. NO 3- is on the higher side of the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating pollution in such areas. Groundwater chemistry is predominantly of two facies, namely the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate and calcium-magnesium-sulphate-chloride facies. These facies probably evolved primarily as a result of dissolution of calcium and magnesium carbonates as well as some human/land-use activities. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Hydrochemistry; Kalambaina Formation; Limestone aquifer; Nigeria; Sokoto Basin	Aquifers; Groundwater; Land use; Rain; Water quality; Water supply; Groundwater chemistry; Hydrochemistry; Kalambaina Formation; Sokoto Basin, Nigeria; Limestone; groundwater; hydrochemistry; limestone; recharge; shallow water; vadose zone; World Health Organization; Africa; Nigeria; Sokoto Basin; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
None	None	Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic change in Lake Tanganyika: VIII. Hydrological evaluation of two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment	Nkotagu H.H.	2005	Journal of Paleolimnology	34	1	10.1007/s10933-005-2421-5	Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35052, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Nkotagu, H.H., Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35052, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	This study was conducted to delineate the impact of human activities on stream flow and water chemistry as well as other factors that influence the chemical character of both surface and groundwater in two contrasting watersheds of the Lake Tanganyika catchment. The study sites the Mwamgongo and Mitumba streams along the northern Tanzanian coastline of the lake are representative of disturbed and undisturbed watersheds, respectively, but are quite similar in other characteristics of slope, bedrock geology and size. Separation of stream flow components was undertaken using classical hydrograph analysis along with chemical methods using both Cl and 18O data. All the data show that groundwater accounts for the predominant source of total stream flow in both the Mwamgongo and Mitumba watersheds (65 and 70% respectively). The streams have an average δ18O of about -3.0% and less than 10 mg/l for Cl. The basin recession constants of 9.4×10-3-d-1 and 9.6×10-3-d-1 for Mwamgongo and Mitumba, respectively, indicate existence of both fissured and fractured aquifer systems. The chemical data exhibit low values of all determined ions. This supported the hypothesis that natural processes influence the water chemical character of the study area. An Mg-HCO3 type of water dominates in the two watersheds. Despite their similar size and bedrock character the Mwamgongo watershed has an order of magnitude in sediment transport than the Mitumba one. The data show that the disturbed watershed discharges less groundwater and more sediments, and has a poorer water quality than the forested Mitumba watershed, which lies within the Gombe National Park. The data show that soil erosion processes are more active at Mwamgongo, and that both the surface runoff component of the total stream flow and increased dissolved salt load is greater in the deforested Mwamgongo watershed than in the Mitumba watershed. The chloride and δ18O data complemented each other in delineating the amounts of groundwater in the total stream flow as the results using both data differed insignificantly. It may be concluded that the undisturbed watershed has a higher retention of good quality water and traps more sediments than the disturbed one. In addition, the groundwater component plays a dominant role in the total annual stream flow at each watershed. © Springer 2005.	Baseflow; Hydrograph; Stable isotopes; Surface runoff; Types of water; Watersheds	anthropogenic effect; deforestation; paleolimnology; soil erosion; watershed; Africa; East African Lakes; Eastern Hemisphere; Lake Tanganyika; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61449209745	The combined impact of mine drainage in the Ankobra River Basin, SW Ghana	Akabzaa T.M., Jamieson H.E., Jorgenson N., Nyame K.	2009	Mine Water and the Environment	28	1	10.1007/s10230-008-0057-1	Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark	Akabzaa, T.M., Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Jamieson, H.E., Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Jorgenson, N., Department of Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nyame, K., Department of Geology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	This study assessed the combined effects of seven large-scale gold mines, one manganese mine, and scattered artisanal gold mining sites on the quality of water in the Ankobra Basin in a geologically complex terrain. Water samples from streams, boreholes, hand dug wells, and mine spoil were analysed. Scatter plots of trends among measured parameters were used to assess drainage quality and differential impacts. Drainage quality exhibits wide seasonal and spatial variations; the geology strongly influences the water chemistry. Areas with low pH (&lt;5.5), and high sulphate ions and trace ions are suggestive of acid mine drainage while sites with high pH (&gt;7.5), HCO3 -, subdued SO4 2-, and high trace ions are suggestive of sites where acid neutralization is effective. High metal sources are largely confined to mining operations in the Birimian formation with ores containing more than 2% sulphides. However, restricted high metal regimes are observed in drainage in the Tarkwaian formation associated with scatted sulphide-bearing dolerite dykes in the operational areas of the Tarkwa and Damang mines. Earlier studies disputed sulphides in the Tarkwaian formation until recently, when acid-generating dykes were discovered in operating pits. The most degraded waters emanate from the Prestea and Iduapriem mines, and to a lesser extent, the Nsuta mine sites, all mining Birimian rocks. The Tarkwa mine showed minimal metal loading. Zn, Cu, Ni, As, SO4, pH, and specific conductance are essential and adequate parameters in determining if acid drainage is taking place at these sites, and are recommended for routine mine environmental monitoring.	Ankobra River; Drainage; Ghana; Mine; Water	None	None
None	None	Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in Lake Tanganyika: IX. Summary of paleorecords of environmental change and catchment deforestation at Lake Tanganyika and impacts on the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem	Cohen A.S., Palacios-Fest M.R., Msaky E.S., Alin S.R., McKee B., O'Reilly C.M., Dettman D.L., Nkotagu H., Lezzar K.E.	2005	Journal of Paleolimnology	34	1	10.1007/s10933-005-2422-4	Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Terra Nostra, Tucson, AZ 85741, United States; Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States; Environmental Science Program, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States; Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Cohen, A.S., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Palacios-Fest, M.R., Terra Nostra, Tucson, AZ 85741, United States; Msaky, E.S., Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alin, S.R., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; McKee, B., Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States; O'Reilly, C.M., Environmental Science Program, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States; Dettman, D.L., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Nkotagu, H., Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lezzar, K.E., Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States	Paleorecords from multiple indicators of environmental change provide evidence for the interactions between climate, human alteration of watersheds and lake ecosystem processes at Lake Tanganyika, Africa, a lake renowned for its extraordinary biodiversity, endemism and fisheries. This paper synthesizes geochronology, sedimentology, paleoecology, geochemistry and hydrology studies comparing the history of deltaic deposits from watersheds of various sizes and deforestation disturbance levels along the eastern coast of the lake in Tanzania and Burundi. Intersite differences are related to climate change, differences in the histories of forested vs. deforested watersheds, differences related to regional patterns of deforestation, and differences related to interactions of deforestation and climate effects. Climate change is linked to variations in sediment accumulation rates, charcoal accumulation, lake level and water chemistry, especially during the arid-humid fluctuations of the latter part of the Little Ice Age. Differences between forested and deforested watersheds are manifested by major increases in sediment accumulation rates in the latter (outside the range of climatically driven variability and for the last ∼40 years unprecedented in comparison with other records from the lake in the late Holocene), differences in eroded sediment and watershed stream composition, and compositional or diversity trends in lake faunal communities related to sediment inundation. Variability in regional patterns of deforestation is illustrated by the timing of transitions from numerous sedimentologic, paleoecologic and geochemical indicators. These data suggest that extensive watershed deforestation occurred as early as the late-18th to the early-19th centuries in the northern part of the Lake Tanganyika catchment, in the late-19th to early-20th centuries in the northern parts of modern-day Tanzania, and in the mid-20th century in central Tanzania. Rapid increases in sediment and charcoal accumulation rates, palynological and lake faunal changes occurred in the early-1960s. We interpret this to be the result of greatly enhanced flushing of sediments in previously deforested watersheds triggered by extraordinary rainfall in 1961/62. Regional differences in deforestation histories can be understood in light of the very different cultural and demographic histories of the northern and central parts of the lake shoreline. Incursion of slaving and ivory caravans from the Indian Ocean to the central coast of Lake Tanganyika by the early-19th century, with their attendant diseases, reduced human and elephant populations and therefore maintained forest cover in this region through the late-19th to early-20th centuries. In contrast, the northeastern portion of the lakeshore did not experience the effects of the caravan trades and consequently experienced high human population densities and widespread deforestation much earlier. These studies demonstrate the importance of paleolimnological data for making informed risk assessments of the potential effects of watershed deforestation on long-term lake ecosystem response in the Lake Tanganyika catchment. Differences in sediment yield and lake floor distribution of that yield, linked to factors such as watershed size, slope, and sediment retention, must be accounted for in management plans for both human occupation of currently forested watersheds and the development of future underwater reserves. © Springer 2005.	Deforestation; East Africa; Lake level; Lake Tanganyika; Late Holocene; Soil erosion	anthropogenic effect; deforestation; paleolimnology; soil erosion; Africa; East African Lakes; Eastern Hemisphere; Lake Tanganyika; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Arida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891758858	School violence, mental health, and educational performance in Uganda	Devries K.M., Child J.C., Allen E., Walakira E., Parkes J., Naker D.	2014	Pediatrics	133	1	10.1542/peds.2013-2007	Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London, United Kingdom; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom; Raising Voices, Kampala, Uganda	Devries, K.M., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom; Child, J.C., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom; Allen, E., Department of Medical Statistics, London, United Kingdom; Walakira, E., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Parkes, J., Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom; Naker, D., Raising Voices, Kampala, Uganda	BACKGROUND: Violence against children from school staff is anecdotally common in low- and middle-income countries, but data on prevalence and associations with mental health and educational outcomes are lacking. METHODS: We report data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in June and July 2012 in Luwero District, Uganda. Forty-two primary schools representing 80% of students in the district were randomly selected; 100% agreed to participate. The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool - Child Institutional; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; and reading, spelling, and math tests were administered. We present descriptive statistics and logistic regression models, accounting for the complex sampling scheme used in the survey. RESULTS: We surveyed 3706 students and 577 school staff members; 93.3% (SE 1.0%) of boys and 94.2% (SE 1.6%) of girls attending primary school reported lifetime experience of physical violence from a school staff member, and >50% reported experience in the past week. Pastweek physical violence was associated with increased odds of poor mental health and, for girls, double the odds of poor educational performance (adjusted odds ratio = 1.78, 95% confidence interval = 1.19-2.66). For boys, significant interactions were present. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a ban on corporal punishment in Ugandan schools since 1997, the use of violence against students is widespread and associated with poor mental health and educational performance. School violence may be an important but overlooked contributor to disease burden and poor educational performance in low- and middle-income settings. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.	Child maltreatment; Corporal punishment; Education; Mental health; Primary school; Uganda; Violence against children	academic achievement; adolescent; article; child; child neglect; controlled study; cross-sectional study; disability; emotional abuse; female; human; injury; International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool Child Institutional; male; mental health; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; partner violence; personal experience; physical violence; prevalence; primary school; priority journal; school child; Self Report Questionnaire; sexual violence; staff; strengths and difficulties questionnaire; student; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84555189394	The Central Governor Model in 2012: Eight new papers deepen our understanding of the regulation of human exercise performance	Noakes T.D.	2012	British Journal of Sports Medicine	46	1	10.1136/bjsports-2011-090811	Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Newlands 7725, South Africa	Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Newlands 7725, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of a community health worker intervention and the World Health Organization's Option B versus Option A to improve antenatal care and PMTCT outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled health systems im	Sando D., Geldsetzer P., Magesa L., Lema I.A., Machumi L., Mwanyika-Sando M., Li N., Spiegelman D., Mungure E., Siril H., Mujinja P., Naburi H., Chalamilla G., Kilewo C., Ekström A.M., Fawzi W.W., Bärnighausen T.W.	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-359	Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, A2074 Road, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Sando, D., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geldsetzer, P., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Magesa, L., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lema, I.A., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Machumi, L., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwanyika-Sando, M., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Li, N., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Spiegelman, D., Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Mungure, E., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Siril, H., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mujinja, P., School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Naburi, H., School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Chalamilla, G., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kilewo, C., School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ekström, A.M., Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Fawzi, W.W., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Bärnighausen, T.W., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, A2074 Road, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV remains an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. As HIV testing and linkage to PMTCT occurs in antenatal care (ANC), major challenges for any PMTCT option in developing countries, including Tanzania, are delays in the first ANC visit and a low overall number of visits. Community health workers (CHWs) have been effective in various settings in increasing the uptake of clinical services and improving treatment retention and adherence. At the beginning of this trial in January 2013, the World Health Organization recommended either of two medication regimens, Option A or B, for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). It is still largely unclear which option is more effective when implemented in a public healthcare system. This study aims to determine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of: (1) a community health worker (CWH) intervention and (2) PMTCT Option B in improving ANC and PMTCT outcomes.Methods/Design: This study is a cluster-randomized controlled health systems implementation trial with a two-by-two factorial design. All 60 administrative wards in the Kinondoni and Ilala districts in Dar es Salaam were first randomly allocated to either receiving the CHW intervention or not, and then to receiving either Option B or A. Under the standard of care, facility-based health workers follow up on patients who have missed scheduled appointments for PMTCT, first through a telephone call and then with a home visit. In the wards receiving the CHW intervention, the CHWs: (1) identify pregnant women through home visits and refer them to antenatal care; (2) provide education to pregnant women on antenatal care, PMTCT, birth, and postnatal care; (3) routinely follow up on all pregnant women to ascertain whether they have attended ANC; and (4) follow up on women who have missed ANC or PMTCT appointments. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: EJF22802. Registration date: 14 May 2013. © 2014 Sando et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antenatal care; Community health workers; HIV; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Retention; Study protocol; Uptake	Article; birth; clinical protocol; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; feasibility study; female; follow up; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health care system; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; major clinical study; postnatal care; pregnant woman; prenatal care; professional practice; randomized controlled trial; telephone; treatment outcome; vertical transmission; ward; world health organization; attitude to health; clinical trial; community care; comparative study; health auxiliary; health care planning; health care quality; health services research; HIV Infections; hospital management; methodology; multicenter study; newborn; patient attitude; patient education; perinatal care; pregnancy; prevention and control; standards; Tanzania; time; total quality management; transmission; vertical transmission; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Anti-HIV Agents; Appointments and Schedules; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Research; Health Systems Plans; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Education as Topic; Perinatal Care; Pregnancy; Quality Improvement; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Research Design; Tanzania; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880491139	Supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in South Africa: Comprehensive economic evaluation of an integrated child health delivery platform	Verguet S., Jassat W., Bertram M.Y., Tollman S.M., Murray C.J.L., Jamison D.T., Hofman K.J.	2013	Global Health Action	6	1	10.3402/gha.v6i0.20056	Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, United States; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Health Systems Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Verguet, S., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, United States; Jassat, W., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Health Systems Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa; Bertram, M.Y., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tollman, S.M., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Murray, C.J.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Jamison, D.T., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, United States; Hofman, K.J., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Supplementary immunization activity (SIA) campaigns provide children with an additional dose of measles vaccine and deliver other interventions, including vitamin A supplements, deworming medications, and oral polio vaccines. Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of the full SIA delivery platform in South Africa (SA). Design: We used an epidemiologic cost model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the 2010 SIA campaign. We used province-level campaign data sourced from the District Health Information System, SA, and from planning records of provincial coordinators of the Expanded Programme on Immunization. The data included the number of children immunized with measles and polio vaccines, the number of children given vitamin A supplements and Albendazole tablets, and costs. Results: The campaign cost $37 million and averted a total of 1,150 deaths (95% uncertainty range: 990-1,360). This ranged from 380 deaths averted in KwaZulu-Natal to 20 deaths averted in the Northern Cape. Vitamin A supplementation alone averted 820 deaths (95% UR: 670-1,040); measles vaccination alone averted 330 deaths (95% UR: 280-370). Incremental cost-effectiveness was $27,100 (95% UR: $18, 500-34,400) per death averted nationally, ranging from $11,300 per death averted in the Free State to $91,300 per death averted in the Eastern Cape. Conclusions: Cost-effectiveness of the SIA child health delivery platform varies substantially across SA provinces, and it is substantially more cost-effective when vitamin A supplementation is included in the interventions administered. Cost-effectiveness assessments should consider health system delivery platforms that integrate multiple interventions, and they should be conducted at the sub-national level. © 2013 Sté phane Verguet et al.	Child health; Cost-effectiveness; Integrated delivery platform; Measles; Sub-Saharan Africa; Supplementary immunization activity	anthelmintic agent; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; retinol; vitamin; article; child; child health; child health care; cost benefit analysis; cost of illness; cost-effectiveness; economics; health promotion; helminthiasis; human; integrated delivery platform; integrated health care system; measles; preventive health service; South Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; supplementary immunization activity; child health; cost-effectiveness; integrated delivery platform; measles; sub-Saharan Africa; supplementary immunization activity; Anthelmintics; Child; Child Health Services; Cost of Illness; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Health Promotion; Helminthiasis; Humans; Immunization Programs; Measles Vaccine; Poliovirus Vaccines; South Africa; Vitamin A; Vitamins	None
None	None	The impact of reduced dust exposure on respiratory health among cement workers: An ecological study	Tungu A.M., Bråtveit M., Mamuya S.H., Moen B.E.	2014	Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine	56	1	10.1097/JOM.0000000000000057	Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of OccupationalMedicine, Haukel and University Hospital, Bergen, Norway	Tungu, A.M., Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway; Bråtveit, M., Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway; Mamuya, S.H., Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Moen, B.E., Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway, Department of OccupationalMedicine, Haukel and University Hospital, Bergen, Norway	OBJECTIVES:: To compare total dust exposure, prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Tanzanian cement workers before (2002) and after (2010-2011) establishment of dust-control measures. METHODS:: Personal total dust-exposure measurements, questionnaire assessment for chronic respiratory symptoms, and spirometry were conducted in both examination periods. RESULTS:: Total dust exposure was lower in 2010-2011 than in 2002. The prevalence of most chronic respiratory symptoms and COPD was lower in 2010 than in 2002. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), percentage predicted FEV1, and percentage predicted forced vital capacity were higher among cement workers in 2010 than in 2002. CONCLUSIONS:: There was reduced total dust exposure level, lower prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and COPD, and higher lung function among cement workers in 2010 than in 2002. © 2013 by American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.	None	Adult; Bronchitis, Chronic; Chronic Disease; Construction Materials; Cough; Dust; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Prevalence; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Questionnaires; Spirometry; Sputum; Tanzania; Vital Capacity; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892595113	Classroom activities as measure of academic performance of senior secondary school students in core science subjects	Omodara M.F., Kolawole E.B., Oluwatayo J.A.	2013	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	4	1	10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n1p209	Department of Guidance and Counseling, University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Institute of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Omodara, M.F., Department of Guidance and Counseling, University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Kolawole, E.B., Institute of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Oluwatayo, J.A., Institute of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	The study investigated classroom activities as measure of academic performance of senior secondary school students in core science subjects. Participants were 54 science teachers and 1,620 SS2 students selected from the Schools across the 16 local Government Areas of Ekiti State using purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a 28- item interaction schedule and achievement tests in biology, chemistry and physics constructed and administered by the Ekiti State Ministry of Education. The data collected were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses. The findings revealed that there existed significant relationship between students' participation in class lessons and their academic performance, the relationship between the teachers activities in science lessons and the students' Academic performance was significant, positive and very high. The classroom activities in science lessons accounted for 94.5% of the variability in students' academic performance.	Observation; Participation and academic performance; Science activities	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350475582	Unwanted pregnancy and it's impact on maternal health and utilization of health services in Tigray region (Adigrat hospital)	Gessessew A.	2009	Ethiopian Medical Journal	47	1	None	Department of Gynecology, Mekele Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia	Gessessew, A., Department of Gynecology, Mekele Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia	Background: Unwanted pregnancy is associated with increased risk of maternal mortality and morbidity. Knowledge of the causes and its impact on maternal health and utilization of health services is crucial to develop preventive strategies. Objective: To assess possible factors of unwanted pregnancy and its impact on maternal health and utilization of health services. Methods: This is a prospective study (February 1, 2002-January 31,2004) conducted on patients with diagnosis of abortion and admitted to gynecological ward of a zonal hospital. Results: Totally 907 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of abortion which accounted for 12.6% of all hospital and 60.6% of gynecological admissions. Majority (69.8%) had unwanted pregnancy. Interference was reported in 81.4% of unwanted pregnancy. More than 95% of patients with wanted and 74.9% of unwanted pregnancies reported to the hospital within 3days of vaginal bleeding (P<0.0001). High incidence of complication was reported on patients with unwanted pregnancy. There were three maternal deaths and all were related to unwanted pregnancy. The mean hospital stay was 1.42 days in wanted and 2.06 days in unwanted pregnancies. Forced sex and failure of contraception were among the reasons for unwanted pregnancy. Conclusion: Unwanted pregnancy is associated with increased risk of maternal morbidity and mortality. Besides, it poses a burden to the utilization of health services. The development and prompt implementation of a strategy, that enables to safely manage unwanted pregnancy in recommended.	None	article; Ethiopia; female; health service; hospital; human; incidence; induced abortion; marriage; maternal mortality; maternal welfare; mortality; parity; pregnancy; prospective study; psychological aspect; questionnaire; risk; socioeconomics; statistics; unwanted pregnancy; utilization review; Abortion, Induced; Ethiopia; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Incidence; Marital Status; Maternal Health Services; Maternal Mortality; Maternal Welfare; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unwanted; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Risk; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79451473123	Impact of using the ICF framework as an assessment tool for students in paediatric physiotherapy: A preliminary study	Jelsma J., Scott D.	2011	Physiotherapy	97	1	10.1016/j.physio.2010.09.004	Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Jelsma, J., Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Scott, D., Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Objective: To determine if clinical assessment of children with neurological conditions by physiotherapy students was improved through the overt use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Design and participants: A retrospective, pragmatic audit of practice using written patient assessments completed by third-year physiotherapy students. Assessments completed by third-year students in 2008 were compared with assessments completed by third-year students in 2009. The assessment format used in 2008 was very loosely based on the ICF model, while the 2009 assessments made rigorous use of the ICF approach. Setting: Two schools for children with special needs to which physiotherapy students from the Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town are sent for clinical exposure. Method: A score sheet was drawn up to evaluate specific criteria in each assessment, using a five-point marking scheme. The mark sheet was tested for reliability. All assessments were evaluated independently using the score sheet by two external physiotherapists who were blind to the purpose of the exercise. Results: There was a significant difference between the scores obtained on the score sheet for the 2008 group and the 2009 group. The 2009 group obtained a median score of 60, compared with a median score of 50 for the 2008 group (median difference between groups 9.2, 95% confidence interval 4.2 to 14.1). The overall impression mark given to the 2009 group was also higher than that given to the 2008 group, with a median difference between the groups of 5.9 (95% confidence interval 3.2 to 12.7). It would appear that the 2009 students, using the ICF framework for assessing patients, were able to include more function-related information in their assessments, resulting in a more holistic assessment. Conclusion: Teaching students to use the ICF framework when assessing paediatric patients encourages clinical reasoning and an improved holistic approach to identifying the patient's problems in context. This, in turn, enables the student to plan a more appropriate intervention treatment, to the patient's benefit. © 2010 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.	Clinical assessment; Education; ICF; Physiotherapy	article; cerebral palsy; clinical assessment tool; clinical practice; controlled study; human; International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; medical student; paraplegia; patient assessment; pediatrics; physiotherapy; priority journal; reliability; retrospective study; scoring system; Child; Disability Evaluation; Disabled Children; Humans; Pediatrics; Physical Therapy Specialty; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935875127	A program evaluation report of a rapid scale-up of a high-volume medical male circumcision site, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2010-2013 Health systems and services in low and middle income settings	Wynn A., Bristow C.C., Ross D., Schenker I., Klausner J.D.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-0904-2	Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; St Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill KZN, Johannesburg, South Africa; Operation Abraham Collaborative, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Epidemiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 9911 W Pico Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States	Wynn, A., Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Bristow, C.C., Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Ross, D., St Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill KZN, Johannesburg, South Africa; Schenker, I., Operation Abraham Collaborative, Jerusalem, Israel; Klausner, J.D., Department of Epidemiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 9911 W Pico Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States	Background: Male circumcision can provide life-long reduction in the risk of acquiring HIV infection. In South Africa, the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Department of Health committed to rolling out circumcision programs to address the HIV epidemic. The Department of Health enlisted the help of St. Mary's Hospital in Mariannhill and the Operation Abraham Collaborative. Methods: St. Mary's Hospital and the Operation Abraham Collaborative partnered to establish a voluntary medical male circumcision facility, called Asiphile, and to train surgeons, nurses and health clinic staff to serve KwaZulu-Natal. Results: Over the course of the implementation period, 9,980 circumcisions were conducted at the Asiphile facility. The uptake numbers increased throughout 2010 and 2011 and began to level off as the demand of early adopters may have been met. Uptake spiked during school vacations and staff training sessions. Additionally, 92 % of clients returned for post-operation follow-up and only 2 % of clients experienced any adverse event. Conclusion: St. Mary's Hospital and the Operation Abraham Collaborative were able to cooperate and successfully implement a voluntary medical male circumcision facility in KwaZulu-Natal. Although uptake was lower than projected, lessons learned from efforts to overcome challenges in recruitment, transportation, and coordination can help inform and improve new and existing population-based male circumcision programs. © 2015 Wynn et al.	AIDS; HIV; Male circumcision; South Africa; Uptake	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897376940	Evaluation of a tailored intervention to improve management of overweight and obesity in primary care: Study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial	Krause J., Agarwal S., Bodicoat D.H., Ring A., Shepherd D., Rogers S., Wensing M., Baker R.	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-82	Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom; Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom; Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Saffron Group Practice, 509 Saffron Lane, Leicester LE2 6UL, United Kingdom; Public Health Department, Guildhall Road, Northampton NN1 5DN, United Kingdom; Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands	Krause, J., Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom; Agarwal, S., Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom; Bodicoat, D.H., Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom, Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom; Ring, A., Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom, Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Shepherd, D., Saffron Group Practice, 509 Saffron Lane, Leicester LE2 6UL, United Kingdom; Rogers, S., Public Health Department, Guildhall Road, Northampton NN1 5DN, United Kingdom; Wensing, M., Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands; Baker, R., Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom	Background: In the UK around 22% of men and 24% of women are obese, and there are varying but worrying levels in other European countries. Obesity is a chronic condition that carries an important health risk. National guidelines, for use in England, on the management of people who are overweight or obese have been published by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2006). NICE recommendations for primary care teams are: determine the degree of overweight and obesity; assess lifestyle, comorbidities and willingness to change; offer multicomponent management of overweight and obesity; referral to external services when appropriate. This study investigates a tailored intervention to improve the implementation of these recommendations by primary care teams.Methods/Design: The study is a cluster randomised controlled trial. Primary care teams will be recruited from the East Midlands of England, and randomised into two study arms: 1) the study group, in which primary care teams are offered a set of tailored interventions to help implement the NICE guidelines for overweight and obesity; or 2) the control group in which primary care teams continue to practice usual care. The primary outcome is the proportion of overweight or obese patients for whom the primary care team adheres to the NICE guidelines. Secondary outcomes include the proportion of patients with a record of lifestyle assessment, referral to external weight loss services, the proportion of obese patients who lose weight during the intervention period, and the mean weight change over the same period.Discussion: Although often recommended, the methods of tailoring implementation interventions to account for the determinants of practice are not well developed. This study is part of a programme of studies seeking to develop the methods of tailored implementation.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN07457585. Registered 09/08/2013. Randomisation commenced 30/08/2013. © 2014 Krause et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Obesity; Overweight; Primary care teams; Tailored implementation of chronic diseases; TICD	adolescent; article; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; controlled study; health care personnel; health care planning; human; intervention study; lifestyle modification; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; national Institute for health and clinical excellence; obesity; outcome assessment; practice guideline; primary medical care; randomized controlled trial; tailored intervention; waist circumference; weight change; weight reduction; Clinical Protocols; Combined Modality Therapy; England; Guideline Adherence; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Obesity; Patient Care Team; Patient Education as Topic; Physician's Practice Patterns; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Primary Health Care; Program Evaluation; Referral and Consultation; Research Design; Risk Reduction Behavior; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908205440	Performance of community health workers managing malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea under the community case management programme in central Uganda: A cross sectional study	Bagonza J., Kibira S.P.S., Rutebemberwa E.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-367	Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Bagonza, J., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kibira, S.P.S., Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Rutebemberwa, E., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Lay community health workers (CHWs) have been widely used to provide curative interventions in communities that have traditionally lacked access to health care. Optimal performance of CHWs managing children with malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea in communities is desired if a reduction in childhood morbidity and mortality is to be achieved. This study assessed factors influencing performance of CHWs managing malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea under the Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) programme in Wakiso district, central Uganda. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 336 CHWs. Data was collected using interviews and record reviews. Performance was measured using composite scores based on the core activities of CHWs under the iCCM programme. These core activities included: treating children under five years, referring severely sick children including newborns, home visits, counseling caregivers on home care, record keeping and community sensitization. Descriptive and inferential statistics using odds ratios were done to determine factors influencing performance of CHWs. Results: Of the 336 respondents, 242 (72%) were females and the overall level of good performance was 21.7% (95% CI, 17.3-26.1%). Factors significantly associated with performance were: sex (females) (AOR 2.65; 95% CI, 1.29-5.43), community support (AOR 2.29; 95% CI, 1.27-4.14), receiving feedback from health facilities (AOR 4.90; 95% CI, 2.52-9.51) and having drugs in the previous three months (AOR 2.99; 95% CI, 1.64-5.42). Conclusion: Only one in every five CHWs performed optimally under the iCCM programme. Strategies to improve drug supply, community support and feedback provision from the formal health system are necessary to improve the performance of CHWs. © 2014 Bagonza et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	CHWs; Evaluation; iCCM programme; Performance; Uganda	adult; Article; caregiver; child; community care; counseling; cross-sectional study; diarrhea; female; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health care system; health program; home care; human; interview; major clinical study; malaria; male; medical record review; performance measurement system; pneumonia; scoring system; Uganda; case management; community care; diarrhea; health auxiliary; malaria; organization and management; pneumonia; procedures; program evaluation; Adult; Case Management; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Malaria; Male; Pneumonia; Program Evaluation; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876108477	Social acceptability and perceived impact of a community-led cash transfer programme in Zimbabwe	Skovdal M., Mushati P., Robertson L., Munyati S., Sherr L., Nyamukapa C., Gregson S.	2013	BMC Public Health	13	1	10.1186/1471-2458-13-342	Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom	Skovdal, M., Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Mushati, P., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, L., School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Munyati, S., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Sherr, L., Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Nyamukapa, C., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Gregson, S., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: Cash transfer programmes are increasingly recognised as promising and scalable interventions that can promote the health and development of children. However, concerns have been raised about the potential for cash transfers to contribute to social division, jealousy and conflict at a community level. Against this background, and in our interest to promote community participation in cash transfer programmes, we examine local perceptions of a community-led cash transfer programme in Eastern Zimbabwe. Methods. We collected and analysed data from 35 individual interviews and three focus group discussions, involving 24 key informants (community committee members and programme implementers), 24 cash transfer beneficiaries, of which four were youth, and 14 non-beneficiaries. Transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis and coding to generate concepts. Results: Study participants described the programme as participatory, fair and transparent - reducing the likelihood of jealousy. The programme was perceived to have had a substantial impact on children's health and education, primarily through aiding parents and guardians to better cater for their children's needs. Moreover, participants alluded to the potential of the programme to facilitate more transformational change, for example by enabling families to invest money in assets and income generating activities and by promoting a community-wide sense of responsibility for the support of orphaned and vulnerable children. Conclusion: Community participation, combined with the perceived impact of the cash transfer programme, led community members to speak enthusiastically about the programme. We conclude that community-led cash transfer programmes have the potential to open up for possibilities of participation and community agency that enable social acceptability and limit social divisiveness. © 2013 Skovdal et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cash transfers; Child health; Community participation HIV/AIDS; Incentives; Social protection; Zimbabwe	adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; automutilation; child; female; human; intoxication; male; sex ratio; Sri Lanka; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Poisoning; Self-Injurious Behavior; Sex Distribution; Sri Lanka	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883851015	Assessing the implementation of performance management of health care workers in Uganda	Lutwama G.W., Roos J.H., Dolamo B.L.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-355	Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Lutwama, G.W., Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa; Roos, J.H., Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa; Dolamo, B.L., Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Unisa 0003, South Africa	Background: The performance management concept is relatively new to the Ugandan health sector. Uganda has been implementing health sector reforms for nearly two decades. The reforms included the introduction of the results-oriented management in the public sector and the decentralisation of the management of health care workers from central to local governments. This study examined the implementation of performance management of health care workers in order to propose strategies for improvement. Methods. The study was a descriptive survey carried out in the Kumi, Mbale, Sironko and Tororo districts and utilising mixed research methodology. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from the health care workers. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect qualitative data from the health service managers. The sample for the quantitative method was selected using stratified random sampling. Purposive sampling was used to select health service managers. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 18.0). Qualitative data were categorised according to the themes and analysed manually. Results: The findings show that to some extent performance management is implemented in the health sector; however, there were loopholes in its implementation. There were inadequacies in setting performance targets and performance management planning was hardly done. Although many health care workers had job descriptions, the performance indicators and standards were not clearly defined and known to all workers and managers. Additionally the schedules for performance assessments were not always adhered to. There were limited prospects for career progression, inadequate performance feedback and poor rewarding mechanisms. Conclusions: Performance management of health care workers is inadequately done in the districts. Performance management is a key component of attempts to improve health sector outcomes. As a result of this study, suggestions to enhance health sector performance management in the districts have been put forward. The authors are optimistic that if these suggestions are implemented, the performance of health care workers is likely to improve. © 2013 Lutwama et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Health care workers; Performance improvement; Performance management; Performance measurement; Performance review	adult; article; female; health care personnel; health care quality; human; interview; male; methodology; middle aged; organization and management; personnel management; program evaluation; questionnaire; total quality management; Uganda; Adult; Employee Performance Appraisal; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Personnel Management; Program Evaluation; Quality Improvement; Quality of Health Care; Questionnaires; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893708936	Evaluation of a peer-based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae G., Mokomane Z.	2014	Japan Journal of Nursing Science	11	1	10.1111/j.1742-7924.2012.00231.x	Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Population Health, Health Systems, and Innovation, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Mokomane, Z., Population Health, Health Systems, and Innovation, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim: This article provides the findings of a qualitative study done to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa known as BAR, an acronym for "Better Accept Reality". Methods: Data was collected from 15 adolescents orphaned by AIDS using focus group discussions, reflective diaries, and recordings of the adolescents' school grades. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's steps of data analysis. Results: The results showed a notable positive change in the participants' attitude to caregivers, responsibility to self and to others, and school grades. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the peer-based mental health support program is effective in meeting the mental health needs of adolescents orphaned by AIDS. The participants were able to express their needs and improve relationships with caregivers, a clear sign of adapting to their loss. © 2012 Japan Academy of Nursing Science.	Adolescents; AIDS; BAR program; Orphans South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adolescents; article; BAR program; human; mental health service; organization and management; orphaned child; orphans South Africa; peer group; psychological aspect; South Africa; adolescents; AIDS; BAR program; orphans South Africa; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Child, Orphaned; Humans; Mental Health Services; Peer Group; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878956174	Pre-eclampsia: Evaluation of patient's care in a in South African hospital	Modiba L.M.	2013	Life Science Journal	10	1	None	Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, 0003, South Africa	Modiba, L.M., Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, 0003, South Africa	The purpose of the study was to evaluate the care and outcomes given to pre-eclamptic patients treated in a public hospital in South Africa. Findings: The age distribution of patients in this study is similar to other reports and suggests that pre-eclampsia is probably a disease of young women. Most of pre-eclamptic is probably a disease of young women. Most of the women in the study were less than 21 years old (51.4%). Also, the primigravida were more likely to develop eclampsia compared to the multigravida (p value 0.05; RR = 1.45). Discussions: Although pre-eclampsia is not preventable, deaths and morbidity from this disease can be prevented thorough early detection, careful monitoring and treatment of the disorder. Therefore, in order to decrease pre-eclampsia related mortality and morbidity appropriate prenatal care must be available to all women irrespective of their social and financial background. Pre-eclampsia is also a unique syndrome of pregnancy that is potentially dangerous for both mother and fetus; close supervision and timely delivery should be provided to all pre-eclamptic women. Conclusion: Preeclampsia remains a continuing problem in developing countries. The incidence of pre-eclampsia at this institution is one of the highest in the world. The major avoidable contributing is lack of or absence of antenatal care. In South Africa like other countries there is shortage of staff due to brain drain, leading to long waiting of patients before being seen by doctors or midwives.	Caesarean section; Morbidity; Mortality; Pre-eclampsia; Pregnancy; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877643218	China's foreign aid to africa: Socio-economic impact of the tazara aid project on tanzania	Enuka C., Ifeoma O.C.	2013	Social Sciences (Pakistan)	8	1	10.3923/sscience.2013.34.41	Department of History and International Studies, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State University, Uli, Nigeria	Enuka, C., Department of History and International Studies, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Ifeoma, O.C., Department of Economics, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State University, Uli, Nigeria	The study researches Chinese aid relationship with Africa mirrored in the Tanzania-Zambia Railway (Tazara) aid project with a view to analyzing its socio-economic impact on the lives of the people of Tanzania. The idea of a rail link between Tanzania and Zambia dates back to the colonial era. But, the impetus for the actual construction developed in 1965. Appeals for assistance were made to the West but were rejected. China came in when the hope on the West was disappointed. Following President Nyerere's visits and appeals to China in 1967 China agreed to finance the project. The Tazara linked Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia with Dares-Salaam in Tanzania. It was the biggest aid commitment at the time costing about 400 million dollars. The study adopts the inter-dependence theory as its theoretical and analytical framework for the discussion of aid in Chinese relationship with Africa. The findings are that the railway aid project was significant in a number of positive ways and therefore developing to the economy and the state of Tanzania. Among other things, the Chinese involvement in the project demonstrated that despite the ravages of the cultural revolution and the effect that this had on Chinese foreign policy, China remained committed to Africa. By signing the deal on the project at the height of the revolution, China signaled to the continent of Africa of its commitment to her development and liberation from the shackles of imperialism and colonial hang-over. On its completion, the project by its process had transferred technology to Tanzania and left rural lives significantly transformed. © Medwell Journals, 2013.	Foreign policy; Project; Socio-economic	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879093166	Impact of technology and culture on home economics and nutrition science education in developing countries	Aburime M.O., Uhomoibhi J.O.	2010	Multicultural Education and Technology Journal	4	1	10.1108/17504971011034692	Department of Home Economics, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom	Aburime, M.O., Department of Home Economics, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Uhomoibhi, J.O., University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine and report on the impact of technology and culture on home economics and nutrition science education in developing countries with a focus on Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - Globally and most especially in developing countries, the advent of information and communication technologies has meant great changes in the manner of thinking and doing things both at home and in business, in education establishments and in society. For higher education institutions especially in developing countries, there has been the introduction of various types of information systems and the implementation of policies to facilitate the integration of new technologies in teaching and administration of new curricula. This paper examines some of these systems and the process of knowledge engineering management of nutrition science and home economics studies at the Delta State University in Nigeria. A study is undertaken of students’ level of technological attainments and study approaches. Findings - The present study reveals that special requirements for applications are important for successful establishment and use of information systems in higher education. Students need to have adequate expertise in technology to become active learners are reported. This will enhance their ability to solve problems and address system requirements. This must be identified at the knowledge engineering stages during curriculum development and be effectively managed. Research limitations/implications - The current investigation focuses on the impact of technology and culture on two subject areas and in one country. Future work intends to extend this to other disciplines and investigate ways of enhancing education provision to meet the diverse needs of learners of mixed technological abilities and from diverse cultures as applied to other comparative countries. Practical implications - The paper draws on results obtained from students studying approaches to propose that it is important to design and implement a curriculum that actively promotes the use of systems and technologies that develops such skills as teamwork, communications, project management and lifelong learning. Originality/value - This work investigates students present technology attainment levels and considers the different learning and studying approaches adopted by students involved in the study of home economic and nutrition science. The learners’ attitudes towards engagement with their programmes are examined as well as the impact of technology on learning. Some of the major challenges arising from institutional and individual experiences of the digital divide that permeates all people in developing countries are highlighted. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Communication technologies; Culture; Developing countries; Education; Nigeria; Nutrition	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894104527	Dietary supplementation with coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed: Effect on growth performance, circulating metabolic substrates, and lipid profile of the liver and visceral adipose tissue in healthy female rats	Nyakudya T., Makaula S., Mkumla N., Erlwanger K.	2014	International Journal of Agriculture and Biology	16	1	None	Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, UNITRA 5117, South Africa	Nyakudya, T., Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa; Makaula, S., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, UNITRA 5117, South Africa; Mkumla, N., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Erlwanger, K., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	The rising incidence of metabolic syndrome globally has been attributed to sedentary lifestyles and the consumption of high energy diets with a low omega-3: omega-6 fatty acid ratio. Coriander seeds, commonly used for culinary purposes, have beneficial health effects. We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with coriander seeds on growth performance, hepatic and visceral adipose tissue lipid storage and circulating metabolic substrates in healthy, growing rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats (150-200 g) were fed either standard rat chow (n = 8) or standard rat chow supplemented with crushed coriander seeds (n = 8; 500 mg kg-1 body mass). After five weeks, there were no significant differences in body mass gain, plasma free fatty acids and triglyceride concentrations of the rats (p &gt; 0.05; t-test). Whilst dietary supplementation with coriander did not affect the lipid content of the liver, it significantly increased the amount of monounsaturated (22.62 ± 6.48% vs 0.65 ± 0.32%) and polyunsaturated (54.89 ± 5.10% vs 22.16 ± 7.79%) fatty acids in the visceral adipose tissue where it also decreased the saturated fatty acid content (p &lt; 0.05; t-test). Coriander increased the omega 3: omega 6 ratio in the visceral adipose tissue which may explain its health benefits. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers.	Coriander; Liver lipids; Visceral fat	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-76449120950	Measuring submaximal performance parameters to monitor fatigue and predict cycling performance: A case study of a world-class cyclo-cross cyclist	Lamberts R.P., Rietjens G.J., Tijdink H.H., Noakes T.D., Lambert M.I.	2010	European Journal of Applied Physiology	108	1	10.1007/s00421-009-1291-3	Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Netherlands Olympic Committee, Netherlands Sports Confederation (NOC NSF), Arnhem, Netherlands; Department of Training Medicine and Training Physiology, Royal Dutch Army, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Physical Therapy de Boombosch, Twello, Netherlands	Lamberts, R.P., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Rietjens, G.J., Netherlands Olympic Committee, Netherlands Sports Confederation (NOC NSF), Arnhem, Netherlands, Department of Training Medicine and Training Physiology, Royal Dutch Army, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands; Tijdink, H.H., Institute for Physical Therapy de Boombosch, Twello, Netherlands; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	Recently a novel submaximal test, known as the Lamberts and Lambert submaximal cycle test (LSCT), has been developed with the purpose of monitoring and predicting changes in cycling performance. Although this test has been shown to be reliable and able to predict cycling performance, it is not known whether it can measure changes in training status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the LSCT is able to track changes in performance parameters, and objective and subjective markers of well-being. A world class cyclo-cross athlete (31 years) volunteered to participate in a 10-week observational study. Before and after the study, a peak power output (PPO) test with respiratory gas analysis (VO2max) and a 40-km time trial (40-km TT) test were performed. Training data were recorded in a training logbook with a daily assessment of well-being, while a weekly LSCT was performed. After the training period all performance parameters had improved by a meaningful amount (PPO +5.2%; 40-km TT time -2.5%; VO2max +1.4%). Increased training loads during weeks 2 and 6 and the subsequent training-induced fatigue was reflected in the increased well-being scores. Changes during the LSCT were most clearly notable in (1) increased power during the first minute of third stage, (2) increased rating of perceived exertion during second and third stages, and (3) a faster heart rate recovery after the third stage. In conclusion, these data suggest that the LSCT is able to track changes in training status and detect the consequences of sharp increases in training loads which seem to be associated with accumulating fatigue. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.	Cycling; Fatigue; Heart rate recovery; LSCT; Monitoring; Performance	adaptation; adult; article; athlete; athletic performance; bicycle; case report; endurance; exercise; exercise test; exercise tolerance; fatigue; fitness; human; leg; male; methodology; muscle fatigue; muscle strength; oxygen consumption; pathophysiology; physiology; psychological aspect; task performance; Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Athletes; Athletic Performance; Bicycling; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Fatigue; Humans; Leg; Male; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle Strength; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Physical Exertion; Physical Fitness; Task Performance and Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84655167109	Perceptual cues in the regulation of exercise performance-physical sensations of exercise and awareness of effort interact as separate cues	Swart J., Robert Lindsay T., Ian Lambert M., Craig Brown J., David Noakes T.	2012	British Journal of Sports Medicine	46	1	10.1136/bjsports-2011-090337	Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	Swart, J., Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Robert Lindsay, T., Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Ian Lambert, M., Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Craig Brown, J., Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; David Noakes, T., Department of Human Biology, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	It has been argued that the physical sensations induced by exercise, measured as the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), are distinct from the sense of effort. This study aimed to determine whether a new measure of task effort - The Task Effort and Awareness (TEA) score-is able to measure sensations distinct from those included in the conventional RPE scale. Seven well-trained cyclists completed a maximal effort 100 km time trial (TT) and a submaximal trial at 70% of the power sustained during the TT (70% TT). Five maximal 1 km sprints were included in both trials. Both the RPE related solely to physical sensation (P-RPE) and the TEA score increased during the TT and were linearly related. During the 70% TT, both P-RPE and TEA scores increased, but TEA increased significantly less than P-RPE (p<0.001). TEA scores reached maximal values in all 1 km sprints in both the maximal TT and 70% TT, whereas the RPE increased progressively, reaching a maximal value only in the final 1 km sprints in both the TT and the 70% TT. These results indicate that the physical sensations of effort measured as the P-RPE act as the template regulating performance during exercise and that deviation from that template produces an increase in the sense of effort measured by the TEA score. Together, these controls ensure that the chosen exercise intensity does not threaten bodily homeostasis. Our findings also explain why submaximal exercise conducted within the constraints of the template P-RPE does not produce any conscious awareness of effort.	None	adult; article; association; awareness; bicycle; exercise; exercise test; heart rate; human; male; oxygen consumption; physiology; psychological aspect; sensation; Adult; Awareness; Bicycling; Cues; Exercise; Exercise Test; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Exertion; Sensation; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62549095843	Perceived impact of journalism on awareness and spectatorship as indices for sports development in Lagos State, Nigeria	Morakinyo E.O., Agu E.C.	2009	Anthropologist	11	1	None	Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Galaxy Television, Lagos, Nigeria	Morakinyo, E.O., Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Agu, E.C., Galaxy Television, Lagos, Nigeria	This study was designed to determine the perceived impact of journalism on awareness and spectatorship as indices of sports development in Lagos State of Nigeria. The purposive and random sampling techniques were adopted in selecting four hundred and eighty (480) respondents made up of sports journalists and stakeholders in the sports industry, descriptive research design with a self-structured questionnaire (r = b8) was used for data collection. The chi-square (χ2) was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05alpha level. The analysis revealed that the two variables were indices of sports development (Awareness -37.59, p&lt;0.05, 2df; Spectatorship - 12.47, p&lt;0.05, 2df). © Kamla-Raj 2009.	Awareness; Journalism; Perceived impact; Spectatorship; Sports development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859862361	Psychological capital, a requisite for organisational performance in South Africa	du Plessis Y., Barkhuizen N.	2012	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	15	1	None	Department of Human Resource Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	du Plessis, Y., Department of Human Resource Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Barkhuizen, N., Department of Human Resource Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Scholars argue that to address the social, economic and political challenges facing South Africa since 1994, organisational managers/leaders should adopt a positive approach, based on sound organisational behaviour. This study administered the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) to determine whether human resources practitioners (N=131) as custodians of change and positive behaviour in organisations in South Africa embrace core elements of Posit stically significant differences exist in the POB of demographic groups, relating to age, marital status, home language, seniority and qualifications. This research reveals that South African HR practitioners and managers should fully embrace psychological capital to effectively create caring workplaces taking cognizance of the broader economic and social issues affecting employees and their performance.	Employee performance; Human resource practitioner; Positive psychology; Psychological capital	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889867606	Development of the learning programme management and evaluation scale for the South African skills development context	Tshilongamulenzhe M.C., Coetzee M., Masenge A.	2013	SA Journal of Industrial Psychology	39	1	10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1080	Department of Human Resource Management, University of South Africa, South Africa; Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa, South Africa; Office of Graduate Studies and Research, University of South Africa, South Africa	Tshilongamulenzhe, M.C., Department of Human Resource Management, University of South Africa, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa, South Africa; Masenge, A., Office of Graduate Studies and Research, University of South Africa, South Africa	Research purpose: The present study developed and tested the construct validity and reliability of the learning programme management and evaluation (LPME) scale. Motivation for the study: The LPME scale was developed to measure and enhance the effectiveness of the management and evaluation of occupational learning programmes in the South African skills development context. Currently no such instrument exists in the South African skills development context; hence there is a need for it. Research design, approach and method: This study followed a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design using primary data. The LPME scale was administered to a sample of 652 skills development practitioners and learners or apprentices drawn from six organisations representing at least five economic sectors in South Africa. Data were analysed using SPSS and Rasch modelling to test the validity and reliability of the new scale. Main findings: The findings show that the LPME scale is a valid and reliable 11-dimensional measure comprising 81 items. Practical/managerial implications: In view of the seriousness of the skills shortage challenge facing South Africa, this study provides a solid base upon which skills development practitioners can effectively manage and evaluate occupational learning programmes. Furthermore, the newly developed LPME scale provides a basis for further human resource development research in the quest for a solution to the skills shortage challenge. Contribution/value-add: This study contributes by developing a new scale and testing its validity and reliability. As a valid and reliable measure, the LPME scale can be applied with confidence in various South African workplaces. © 2013. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886729692	The impact of non-native rainbow trout within Afro-montane streams in eastern Zimbabwe	Kadye W.T., Chakona A., Marufu L.T., Samukange T.	2013	Hydrobiologia	720	1	10.1007/s10750-013-1624-4	Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Kadye, W.T., Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Chakona, A., South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Marufu, L.T., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Samukange, T., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Non-native trout species have been associated with many negative effects in receiving ecosystems. The first aim of this study was to determine the impact of non-native rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss on distribution and abundance of native mountain catfish Amphilius uranoscopus within Afro-montane streams in Nyanga Mountains, eastern Zimbabwe. The second aim was to compare macro-invertebrate community responses to the presence of the trout and the catfish. We examined trout impact on catfish's habitat associations, whereas macro-invertebrate composition was compared using open fish and fish exclosure experiments in habitats with and without trout. Trout influenced both the distribution and abundance of the catfish that occupied shallow reaches possibly to avoid predation from trout that occurred in the deeper habitats. Within trout invaded reaches, most macro-invertebrate taxa were more abundant in exclosure than open treatments. By contrast, within trout-free reaches, most macro-invertebrates either did not differ between treatments or were generally more abundant in open than exclosure treatments. This suggests that the macro-invertebrate communities responded differently within invaded and non-invaded reaches. By influencing distribution and abundance of native biota, non-native rainbow trout may have wider ecological effects, such as influencing trophic interrelationships within invaded habitats. © 2013 The Author(s).	Amphilius uranoscopus; Invasions; Macro-invertebrates; Physical habitat; Rainbow trout	abundance; biota; fish; habitat; macroinvertebrate; mountain; predation; stream; Zimbabwe; Amphilius uranoscopus; Invertebrata; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Salmonidae	BES, British Ecological Society
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855234140	Bacterial expression of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleoprotein and its evaluation as a diagnostic reagent in an indirect ELISA	Samudzi R.R., Leman P.A., Paweska J.T., Swanepoel R., Burt F.J.	2012	Journal of Virological Methods	179	1	10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.023	Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Services Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, PBag X4, Sandringham 2133, South Africa	Samudzi, R.R., Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Services Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Leman, P.A., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, PBag X4, Sandringham 2133, South Africa; Paweska, J.T., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, PBag X4, Sandringham 2133, South Africa; Swanepoel, R., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, PBag X4, Sandringham 2133, South Africa; Burt, F.J., Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Services Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis distributed widely in Africa, Asia, Russia and the Balkans. The emergence and re-emergence of CCHFV emphasize the importance of increasing both human and veterinary surveillance and developing diagnostic capacity. Recombinant CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (NP) has been expressed using insect cells and mammalian cells and used as a diagnostic tool but bacterial expression has not been described previously. The S gene of CCHFV was codon optimized and the NP expressed in Escherichia coli from the synthetic gene. The protein was reacted against serum samples collected from confirmed CCHFV patients at varying intervals after the onset of illness from acute to convalescent stages using both an ELISA and a Western blot. To confirm that the protein was able to induce a humoral antibody response that could be detected using CCHFV antigen derived from live virus, mice were immunized and serum samples were tested using IF slides prepared from CCHFV infected Vero cells. The recombinant antigen was able to detect IgG antibody in acute and convalescent sera. In addition, a detectable IgG antibody response was induced in mice immunized using NP. The results suggest that proteins expressed in a bacterial system lacking post-translational modifications can be used in ELISA to detect IgG antibody against CCHFV in human sera which may be used for routine diagnosis and seroepidemiology. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	CCHFV; Diagnostic ELISA; Recombinant NP	immunoglobulin G antibody; virus nucleoprotein; virus RNA; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; antibody response; article; blood sampling; clinical article; codon; controlled study; Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Escherichia coli; female; gene sequence; human; mouse; Nairo virus; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; protein expression; protein function; protein modification; serodiagnosis; Vero cell; virus gene; Western blotting; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Blotting, Western; Cercopithecus aethiops; Child; Child, Preschool; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mice; Nucleoproteins; Recombinant Proteins; Vero Cells; Bacteria (microorganisms); Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; Escherichia coli; Hexapoda; Ixodida; Mammalia; Mus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28644432743	Semi-commercial evaluation of Bacillus licheniformis to control mango postharvest diseases in South Africa	Govender V., Korsten L., Sivakumar D.	2005	Postharvest Biology and Technology	38	1	10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.04.005	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Govender, V., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Korsten, L., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Sivakumar, D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Postharvest Technology Group, Agro and Food Technology Division, Industrial Technology Institute, 363 Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka	Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated under semi-commercial conditions on a mango packing line to control anthracnose and stem-end rot on the mango cultivar 'Keitt'. Mango fruit were treated with either the biocontrol agent applied in hot water (45°C) followed by a quarter strength prochloraz dip or with the biocontrol agent applied on its own in hot water. These treatments were compared to the untreated control and commercially used prochloraz hot water dip. Treated fruit were dried and waxed on the commercial packing line. Fruit subjected to the prochloraz-biocontrol hot water combination showed reduced anthracnose and stem-end rot incidence after market simulated conditions of low temperature storage at 10°C with 90% RH and at room tempeature (20°C at 75% RH for 7 days). This integrated treatment retained the fruit colour and firmness with high marketability most effectively, compared to the other treatments. The biocontrol agent was effectively recovered from treated fruit after 21 days storage at 10°C, 90% RH (6 log units) and declined to 3 log units after an additional 7 days storage at 20°C, 75% RH. Total recovered bacterial and yeast populations on the fruit surface were higher in fruit subjected to the integrated treatment and held under both storage conditions. In contrast, the total recovered fungal population was higher on untreated control fruit. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Anthracnose; Biocontrol agent; Hot water treatment; Prochloraz; Stem-end rot	Bacillus licheniformis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905456762	Paediatric index of mortality scores: An evaluation of function in the paediatric intensive care unit of the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital	Solomon L.J., Morrow B.M., Argent A.C.	2014	Southern African Journal of Critical Care	30	1	10.7196/SAJCC.166	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Division of Paediatric Critical Care and Children's Heart Disease, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Solomon, L.J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Morrow, B.M., Division of Paediatric Critical Care and Children's Heart Disease, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Argent, A.C., Division of Paediatric Critical Care and Children's Heart Disease, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) and PIM 2 scores have been shown to be valid predictors of outcome among paediatric intensive care unit populations in the UK, New Zealand, Australia and Europe, but have never been evaluated in the South African context. Objective. To evaluate the PIM and PIM 2 as mortality risk assessment models. Method. A retrospective audit of case records and prospectively collected patient data from all admissions to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, during the years 2000 (PIM) and 2006 (PIM 2), excluding premature infants, children who died within 2 hours of admission, or children transferred to other PICUs. Results. For PIM and PIM 2 there were 128/962 (13.3%) and 123/1113 (11.05%) PICU deaths with expected mean mortality rates of 12.14% and 12.39%, yielding standardised mortality risk ratios (SMRs) of 1.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 - 1.34) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.74 - 1.06), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed area under the curve of 0.849 (PIM) and 0.841 (PIM 2). Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit revealed poor calibration for PIM (χ2=19.74; p =0.02) and acceptable calibration for PIM 2 (χ2= 10.06; p=0.35). SMR for age and diagnostic subgroups for both scores fell within wide confidence intervals. Conclusion. Both scores showed good overall discrimination. PIM showed poor calibration. For PIM 2 both discrimination and calibration were comparable to the score derivation units, at the time of data collection for each. Calibration in terms of age and diagnostic categories was not validated by this study.	None	area under the curve; article; calibration; child; clinical article; confidence interval; female; human; intensive care unit; male; medical audit; medical record; mortality; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; patient coding; pediatric index of mortality; receiver operating characteristic; red cross; retrospective study; risk assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892550387	The impact of age and gender diversity on oganisational commitment	Toga R., Qwabe N.P., Mjoli T.Q.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	1	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p657	Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Toga, R., Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Qwabe, N.P., Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Mjoli, T.Q., Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Establishing the relationship between managers and employees' age and gender differences and the level of commitment could be of benefit to the organisations in the sense that these demographic differences can be used as predictors of employees' organisational commitment. The main purpose of the study was specifically to examine the two relational demographic differences (age and gender differences) between manager and employee and the role they play on employees' organisational commitment. A raosoft sample size calculator was used to calculate the recommended sample size; therefore an interval or systematic random sample of 100 lower level employees. A self designed biographical and occupational data questionnaire, and to measure Organisational Commitment, Meyer and Allen (1997) which consists of 18 - item Likert-type rating scale was used. Data analysis was done by means of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and the t-test. The results indicated a significant differences in the unexpected directions in affective commitment and continuance commitment between male employees supervised by male managers and male employees supervised by female managers; male employees were found to have higher levels of affective and continuance commitment when supervised by female managers. Female employees were found to have a higher level of normative commitment when supervised by male managers than when supervised by female managers which was also in the unexpected direction. Managers should be encouraged to apply the principles of workforce diversity in personnel selection and continue to provide diversity training in the workplace so as to dispel any vestiges of resistance to diversity which may have accounted for the partial support for the similarity/attraction paradigm that was demonstrated by the results. This study provides insights and information on age and gender differences as components of diversity which play an important role in the quality of manager-employee relationship in an organisation.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892489874	The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention	Terera S.R., Ngirande H.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	1	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p481	Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Department of Business Management, University of Limpopo, Turfloop campus, Private Bag 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa	Terera, S.R., Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Ngirande, H., Department of Business Management, University of Limpopo, Turfloop campus, Private Bag 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa	This study explored the impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention among nurses. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of rewards on employee retention, to establish whether there is a relationship between rewards and job satisfaction, to establish the relationship between job satisfaction and employee retention and to make recommendations to the policy makers in the organization on possible ways/strategies to improve employee retention based on the research findings. The study utilized a quantitative research design and 180 nurses were randomly selected as research participants. Self-administered questionnaires were administered to participants/respondents. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. Hypotheses were formulated to test the relationships between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The study revealed that employee rewards lead to employee retention but however, they do not result in job satisfaction.	Employee retention; Human resource management; Impact; Job satisfaction; Rewards	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81255204005	Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling	McCreesh N., Frost S.D.W., Seeley J., Katongole J., Tarsh M.N., Ndunguse R., Jichi F., Lunel N.L., Maher D., Johnston L.G., Sonnenberg P., Copas A.J., Hayes R.J., White R.G.	2012	Epidemiology	23	1	10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823ac17c	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biostatistics, United Kingdom; Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of International Health and Development, Center for Global Health Equity, New Orleans, LA, United States; Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, United Kingdom	McCreesh, N., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Frost, S.D.W., Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Seeley, J., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Katongole, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Tarsh, M.N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Ndunguse, R., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Jichi, F., Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom, Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biostatistics, United Kingdom; Lunel, N.L., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Maher, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Johnston, L.G., Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of International Health and Development, Center for Global Health Equity, New Orleans, LA, United States; Sonnenberg, P., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Copas, A.J., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Hayes, R.J., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; White, R.G., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Respondent-driven sampling is a novel variant of link-tracing sampling for estimating the characteristics of hard-to-reach groups, such as HIV prevalence in sex workers. Despite its use by leading health organizations, the performance of this method in realistic situations is still largely unknown. We evaluated respondent-driven sampling by comparing estimates from a respondent-driven sampling survey with total population data. Methods: Total population data on age, tribe, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual activity, and HIV status were available on a population of 2402 male household heads from an open cohort in rural Uganda. A respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey was carried out in this population, using current methods of sampling (RDS sample) and statistical inference (RDS estimates). Analyses were carried out for the full RDS sample and then repeated for the first 250 recruits (small sample). Results: We recruited 927 household heads. Full and small RDS samples were largely representative of the total population, but both samples underrepresented men who were younger, of higher socioeconomic status, and with unknown sexual activity and HIV status. Respondent-driven sampling statistical inference methods failed to reduce these biases. Only 31%-37% (depending on method and sample size) of RDS estimates were closer to the true population proportions than the RDS sample proportions. Only 50%-74% of respondent-driven sampling bootstrap 95% confidence intervals included the population proportion. Conclusions: Respondent-driven sampling produced a generally representative sample of this well-connected nonhidden population. However, current respondent-driven sampling inference methods failed to reduce bias when it occurred. Whether the data required to remove bias and measure precision can be collected in a respondent-driven sampling survey is unresolved. Respondent-driven sampling should be regarded as a (potentially superior) form of convenience sampling method, and caution is required when interpreting findings based on the sampling method. © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	accuracy; adolescent; adult; age; article; child; cohort analysis; evaluation; health care organization; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; male; priority journal; prostitution; religion; rural area; sampling; sexual behavior; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Bias (Epidemiology); Child; Child, Preschool; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Selection; Sampling Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42649122991	Estimating vertically acquired HIV infections and the impact of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission program in Zimbabwe: Insights from decision analysis models	Dube S., Boily M.-C., Mugurungi O., Mahomva A., Chikhata F., Gregson S.	2008	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	48	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31816bcdbb	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom	Dube, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Boily, M.-C., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Mugurungi, O., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mahomva, A., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chikhata, F., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gregson, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe	BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends a single-dose nevirapine (NVP) regimen for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in settings without the capacity to deliver more complex regimens, but the population-level impact of this intervention has rarely been assessed. METHODS: A decision analysis model was developed, parameterized, and applied using local epidemiologic and demographic data to estimate vertical transmission of HIV and the impact of the PMTCT program in Zimbabwe up to 2005. RESULTS: Between 1980 and 2005, of approximately 10 million children born in Zimbabwe, a cumulative 504,000 (range: 362,000 to 665,000) were vertically infected with HIV; 59% of these infections occurred in nonurban areas. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV decreased from 8.2% (range: 6.0% to 10.7%) in 2000 to 6.2% (range: 4.9% to 8.9%) in 2005, predominantly attributable to declining maternal HIV prevalence rather than to the PMTCT program. Between 2002 and 2005, the single-dose NVP PMTCT program may have averted 4600 (range: 3900 to 7800) infections. In 2005, 32% (range: 26% to 44%) and 4.0% (range: 2.7% to 6.2%) of infections were attributable to breast-feeding and maternal seroconversion, respectively, and the PMTCT program reduced infant infections by 8.8% (range: 5.5% to 12.1%). Twice as many infections could have been averted had a more efficacious but logistically more complex NVP + zidovudine regimen been implemented with similar coverage (50%) and acceptance (42%). DISCUSSION: The decline in MTCT from 2000 to 2005 is attributable more to the concurrent decrease in HIV prevalence in pregnant women than to PMTCT at the current level of rollout. To improve the impact of PMTCT, program coverage and acceptance must be increased, especially in rural areas, and local infrastructure must then be strengthened so that single-dose NVP can be replaced with a more efficacious regimen. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Decision analysis models; HIV; Mother-to-child transmission; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Vertical transmission	lamivudine plus nevirapine plus zidovudine; lamivudine plus zidovudine; nevirapine; zidovudine; adult; article; controlled study; decision making; disease transmission; drug effect; female; health program; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; major clinical study; maternal care; monotherapy; preschool child; prevalence; priority journal; single drug dose; world health organization; Zimbabwe; Decision Support Techniques; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nevirapine; Pregnancy; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Zimbabwe	None
None	None	The impact of HIV infection and CD4 cell count on the performance of an interferon gamma release assay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis	Aabye M.G., Ravn P., PrayGod G., Jeremiah K., Mugomela A., Jepsen M., Faurholt D., Range N., Friis H., Changalucha J., Andersen A.B.	2009	PLoS ONE	4	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0004220	Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Unit for Infectious Diseases Q, Universityof Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zonal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Center, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Aabye, M.G., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Ravn, P., Unit for Infectious Diseases Q, Universityof Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; PrayGod, G., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Jeremiah, K., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mugomela, A., Zonal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Jepsen, M., Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Faurholt, D., Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Range, N., National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Center, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Friis, H., Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Andersen, A.B., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark	Background: The performance of the tuberculosis specific Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) has not been sufficiently documented in tuberculosis- and HIV-endemic settings. This study evaluated the sensitivity of the QuantiFERON TB-Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) in patients with culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a TB- and HIV-endemic population and the effect of HIV-infection and CD4 cell count on test performance. Methodology/Principal Findings: 161 patients with sputum culture confirmed PTB were subjected to HIV- and QFT-IT testing and measurement of CD4 cell count. The QFT-IT was positive in 74% (119/161; 95% CI: 67-81%). Sensitivity was higher in HIV-negative (75/93) than in HIV-positive (44/68) patients (81% vs. 65%, p = 0.02) and increased with CD4 cell count in HIV-positive patients (test for trend p = 0.03). 23 patients (14%) had an indeterminate result and this proportion decreased with increasing CD4 cell count in HIV-positive patients (test for trend p = 0.03). Low CD4 cell count (<300 cells/μl) did not account for all QFT-IT indeterminate nor all negative results. Sensitivity when excluding indeterminate results was 86% (95% CI: 81-92%) and did not differ between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients (88 vs. 83%, p = 0.39). Conclusions/Significance: Sensitivity of the QFT-IT for diagnosing active PTB infection was reasonable when excluding indeterminate results and in HIV-negative patients. However, since the test missed more than 10% of patients, its potential as a rule-out test for active TB disease is limited. Furthermore, test performance is impaired by low CD4 cell count in HIV-positive patients and possibly by other factors as well in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. This might limit the potential of the test in populations where HIV-infection is prevalent. © 2009 Aabye et al.	None	gamma interferon; gamma interferon; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cell culture; controlled study; cytokine release; disease association; endemic disease; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; performance measurement system; sensitivity analysis; analytical equipment; biochemistry; blood; CD4+ T lymphocyte; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lung tuberculosis; metabolism; methodology; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; sputum; Tanzania; Adult; Biochemistry; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Male; Prevalence; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894076039	HPTN 071 (PopART): Rationale and design of a cluster-randomised trial of the population impact of an HIV combination prevention intervention including universal testing and treatment - a study protocol for a cluster randomised trial	Hayes R., Ayles H., Beyers N., Sabapathy K., Floyd S., Shanaube K., Bock P., Griffith S., Moore A., Watson-Jones D., Fraser C., Vermund S.H., Fidler S., Agyei Y., Baldwin M., Barnes M., Bond V., Burns D., Chishinga N., Cummings V., Donnell D., Emel L., Es	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-57	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; ZMB AIDS Related TB Project, University of ZMB, Rideway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Ave., Clinical Buldg., Tygerberg Campus, Western Cape 7505, South Africa; FHI360, Science Facilitation Department, 2224 E NC Hwy 54, Durham, NC 27713, United States; St Mary's Campus, HIV Clinical Trials Unit, Winston Churchill Wing, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN 32703, United States; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Ropes and oGray LLP, Boston, MA, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Hayes, R., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Ayles, H., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, ZMB AIDS Related TB Project, University of ZMB, Rideway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Beyers, N., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Ave., Clinical Buldg., Tygerberg Campus, Western Cape 7505, South Africa; Sabapathy, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Floyd, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Shanaube, K., ZMB AIDS Related TB Project, University of ZMB, Rideway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Bock, P., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Ave., Clinical Buldg., Tygerberg Campus, Western Cape 7505, South Africa; Griffith, S., FHI360, Science Facilitation Department, 2224 E NC Hwy 54, Durham, NC 27713, United States; Moore, A., FHI360, Science Facilitation Department, 2224 E NC Hwy 54, Durham, NC 27713, United States; Watson-Jones, D., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Fraser, C., St Mary's Campus, HIV Clinical Trials Unit, Winston Churchill Wing, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Vermund, S.H., Institute for Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN 32703, United States; Fidler, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Agyei, Y., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Baldwin, M., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Barnes, M., Ropes and oGray LLP, Boston, MA, United States; Bond, V., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Burns, D., Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Chishinga, N., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Cummings, V., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Donnell, D., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Emel, L., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Eshleman, S., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Godfrey-Faussett, P., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Greene, E., FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Hargreaves, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hauck, K., Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Headen, T., FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Horn, L., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Kim, P., Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Piwowar-Manning, E., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; McCarthy, K., Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Musheke, M., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Mwango, A., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Mwinga, A., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Muyoyeta, M., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Simwinga, M., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Schaap, A., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Smith, P.C., Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Wolf, S., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; White, R., FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States	Background: Effective interventions to reduce HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa are urgently needed. Mathematical modelling and the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial results suggest that universal HIV testing combined with immediate antiretroviral treatment (ART) should substantially reduce incidence and may eliminate HIV as a public health problem. We describe the rationale and design of a trial to evaluate this hypothesis.Methods/Design: A rigorously-designed trial of universal testing and treatment (UTT) interventions is needed because: i) it is unknown whether these interventions can be delivered to scale with adequate uptake; ii) there are many uncertainties in the models such that the population-level impact of these interventions is unknown; and ii) there are potential adverse effects including sexual risk disinhibition, HIV-related stigma, over-burdening of health systems, poor adherence, toxicity, and drug resistance.In the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial, 21 communities in ZMB and South Africa (total population 1.2 m) will be randomly allocated to three arms. Arm A will receive the full PopART combination HIV prevention package including annual home-based HIV testing, promotion of medical male circumcision for HIV-negative men, and offer of immediate ART for those testing HIV-positive; Arm B will receive the full package except that ART initiation will follow current national guidelines; Arm C will receive standard of care. A Population Cohort of 2,500 adults will be randomly selected in each community and followed for 3 years to measure the primary outcome of HIV incidence. Based on model projections, the trial will be well-powered to detect predicted effects on HIV incidence and secondary outcomes.Discussion: Trial results, combined with modelling and cost data, will provide short-term and long-term estimates of cost-effectiveness of UTT interventions. Importantly, the three-arm design will enable assessment of how much could be achieved by optimal delivery of current policies and the costs and benefits of extending this to UTT.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01900977. © 2014 Hayes et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Circumcision, Male; Clinical Protocols; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mass Screening; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Research Design; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926681814	The potential impact of moxidectin on onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: An economic evaluation based on the Phase II clinical trial data	Turner H.C., Walker M., Attah S.K., Opoku N.O., Awadzi K., Kuesel A.C., Basáñez M.-G.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-0779-4	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Turner, H.C., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Walker, M., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Attah, S.K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Opoku, N.O., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Awadzi, K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Kuesel, A.C., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Basáñez, M.-G., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom	Background: Spurred by success in several foci, onchocerciasis control policy in Africa has shifted from morbidity control to elimination of infection. Clinical trials have demonstrated that moxidectin is substantially more efficacious than ivermectin in effecting sustained reductions in skin microfilarial load and, therefore, may accelerate progress towards elimination. We compare the potential cost-effectiveness of annual moxidectin with annual and biannual ivermectin treatment. Methods: Data from the first clinical study of moxidectin were used to parameterise the onchocerciasis transmission model EPIONCHO to investigate, for different epidemiological and programmatic scenarios in African savannah settings, the number of years and in-country costs necessary to reach the operational thresholds for cessation of treatment, comparing annual and biannual ivermectin with annual moxidectin treatment. Results: Annual moxidectin and biannual ivermectin treatment would achieve similar reductions in programme duration relative to annual ivermectin treatment. Unlike biannual ivermectin treatment, annual moxidectin treatment would not incur a considerable increase in programmatic costs and, therefore, would generate sizeable in-country cost savings (assuming the drug is donated). Furthermore, the impact of moxidectin, unlike ivermectin, was not substantively influenced by the timing of treatment relative to seasonal patterns of transmission. Conclusions: Moxidectin is a promising new drug for the control and elimination of onchocerciasis. It has high programmatic value particularly when resource limitation prevents a biannual treatment strategy, or optimal timing of treatment relative to peak transmission season is not feasible. © 2015 Turner et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Economic evaluation; Ivermectin; Moxidectin; Onchocerciasis; Seasonality	ivermectin; moxidectin; Africa; Article; cost control; drug cost; drug effect; economic evaluation; health care personnel; human; onchocerciasis; parasite clearance; prevalence; time to treatment	085133/Z/08/Z, Wellcome Trust; 092677/Z/10/Z, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884127422	Evaluation of molecular assays for identification Campylobacter fetus species and subspecies and development of a C. fetus specific real-time PCR assay	van der Graaf-van Bloois L., van Bergen M.A.P., van der Wal F.J., de Boer A.G., Duim B., Schmidt T., Wagenaar J.A.	2013	Journal of Microbiological Methods	95	1	10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.005	Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80165, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands; WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter, OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Netherlands; Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag X2, Cascades, 3202, South Africa	van der Graaf-van Bloois, L., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80165, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands, WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter, OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Netherlands; van Bergen, M.A.P., Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands, WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter, OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Netherlands; van der Wal, F.J., Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands, WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter, OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Netherlands; de Boer, A.G., Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands, WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter, OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Netherlands; Duim, B., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80165, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands, WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter, OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Netherlands; Schmidt, T., Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag X2, Cascades, 3202, South Africa; Wagenaar, J.A., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80165, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands, WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter, OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Netherlands	Phenotypic differentiation between Campylobacter fetus (C. fetus) subspecies fetus and C. fetus subspecies venerealis is hampered by poor reliability and reproducibility of biochemical assays. AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and MLST (multilocus sequence typing) are the molecular standards for C. fetus subspecies identification, but these methods are laborious and expensive. Several PCR assays for C. fetus subspecies identification have been described, but a reliable comparison of these assays is lacking.The aim of this study was to evaluate the most practical and routinely implementable published PCR assays designed for C. fetus species and subspecies identification. The sensitivity and specificity of the assays were calculated by using an extensively characterized and diverse collection of C. fetus strains. AFLP and MLST identification were used as reference. Two PCR assays were able to identify C. fetus strains correctly at species level. The C. fetus species identification target, gene nahE, of one PCR assay was used to develop a real-time PCR assay with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, but the development of a subspecies venerealis specific real-time PCR (ISC. fe1) failed due to sequence variation of the target insertion sequence and prevalence in other Campylobacter species. None of the published PCR assays was able to identify C. fetus strains correctly at subspecies level. Molecular analysis by AFLP or MLST is still recommended to identify C. fetus isolates at subspecies level. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	AFLP; Bovine genital campylobacteriosis; Campylobacter fetus; MLST; Real-time PCR; Subspecies identification	amplified fragment length polymorphism; article; bacterium identification; Campylobacter fetus; controlled study; gene insertion sequence; multilocus sequence typing; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; species identification; strain identification; subspecies; Bovinae; Campylobacter; Campylobacter fetus; AFLP; Bovine genital campylobacteriosis; Campylobacter fetus; MLST; Real-time PCR; Subspecies identification; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Campylobacter fetus; Campylobacter Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
None	None	Field evaluation of the photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primers (PET) real-time PCR for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania	Talundzic E., Maganga M., Masanja I.M., Peterson D.S., Udhayakumar V., Lucchi N.W.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-31	Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States	Talundzic, E., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Maganga, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Masanja, I.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Peterson, D.S., Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Udhayakumar, V., Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States, Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Lucchi, N.W., Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Accurate diagnosis of malaria infections remains challenging, especially in the identification of submicroscopic infections. New molecular diagnostic tools that are inexpensive, sensitive enough to detect low-level infections and suitable in laboratory settings of resource-limited countries are required for malaria control and elimination programmes. Here the diagnostic potential of a recently developed photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primer (PET) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) called PET-PCR was investigated. This study aimed to (i) evaluate the use of this assay as a method for the detection of both Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium species infections in a developing country's diagnostic laboratory; and, (ii) determine the assay's sensitivity and specificity compared to a nested 18S rRNA PCR. Methods. Samples used in this study were obtained from a previous study conducted in the region of Iringa, Tanzania. A total of 303 samples from eight health facilities in Tanzania were utilized for this evaluation. All samples were screened using the multiplex PET-PCR assay designed to detect Plasmodium genus and P. falciparum initially in laboratory in Tanzania and then repeated at a reference laboratory at the CDC in the USA. Microscopy data was available for all the 303 samples. A subset of the samples were tested in a blinded fashion to find the sensitivity and specificity of the PET-PCR compared to the nested 18S rRNA PCR. Results: Compared to microscopy, the PET-PCR assay was 59% more sensitive in detecting P. falciparum infections. The observed sensitivity and specificity were 100% (95% confidence interval (CI0.95) = 94-100%) and (CI0.95 = 96-100%), respectively, for the PET-PCR assay when compared to nested 18S rRNA PCR. When compared to 18S rRNA PCR, microscopy had a low sensitivity of 40% (CI0.95 = 23-61%) and specificity of 100% (CI0.95 = 96-100%). The PET-PCR results performed in the field laboratory in Tanzania were in 100% concordance with the results obtained at the reference laboratory in the USA. Conclusion: The PET-PCR is a new molecular diagnostic tool with similar performance characteristics as commonly used PCR methods that is less expensive, easy to use, and amiable to large scale-surveillance studies in developing country settings. © 2014 Talundzic et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Asymptomatic malaria; Malaria; Molecular test; PET-PCR; Tanzania	DNA Primers; DNA, Protozoan; Fluorescent Dyes; Malaria, Falciparum; Microscopy; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Plasmodium falciparum; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856119401	Towards an Understanding, Through Action Research, of the Socio-Organizational Issues Impacting on Mobile Technology Adoption and Diffusion Within a Small-to-Medium South African Construction Company	Abrahamse J., Lotriet H.	2012	Systemic Practice and Action Research	25	1	10.1007/s11213-011-9202-z	Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Computing, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Abrahamse, J., Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Lotriet, H., School of Computing, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	We investigated, through an action research approach, social issues that impact on mobile technology adoption and diffusion in a professional construction management team of a small-to-medium sized South African construction company. The outcome of the study resulted in a framework of thinking that integrates social factors at individual and organisational levels that impacted on the adoption of mobile technologies in the organisation. At the methodological level the study is part of a limited collection of papers that used AR in the study of technology adoption and diffusion and it presents an example of the capability of AR as a method to allow for the integration of the social contexts of users into adoption frameworks. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Action research; Adoption; Construction; Mobile technology; Socio-organisational issues; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449113167	Growth, productivity, and scientific impact of sources of HIV/AIDS research information, with a focus on eastern and southern Africa	Onyancha O.B.	2008	African Journal of AIDS Research	7	1	10.2989/AJAR.2008.7.1.7.435	Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	Onyancha, O.B., Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	As channels of communicating HIV/AIDS research information, serial publications and particularly journals are increasingly used in response to the pandemic. The last few decades have witnessed a proliferation of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information, bringing many challenges to collection-development librarians as well as to researchers. This study uses an informetric approach to examine the growth, productivity and scientific impact of these sources, during the period 1980 to 2005, and especially to measure performance in the publication and dissemination of HIV/AIDS research about or from eastern or southern Africa. Data were collected from MEDLINE, Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Ulrich's Periodical Directory. The analysis used Sitkis version 1.5, Microsoft Office Access, Microsoft Office Excel, Bibexcel, and Citespace version 2.0.1. The specific objectives were to identify the number of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information that have been published in the region, the coverage of these in key bibliographic databases, the most commonly used publication type for HIV/AIDS research, the countries in which the sources are published, the sources' productivity in terms of numbers of papers and citations, the most influential sources, the subject coverage of the sources, and the core sources of HIV/AIDS-information. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.	Content analysis; Data mining; Databases; Infometrics; Information science; Informetrics; Library science; Scholarly publishing	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; growth; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; medical information; medical literature; medical research; MEDLINE; productivity; science; sociology; South Africa; time series analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860726745	The Spatial-temporal characteristic of video content and its impact on the quality of wireless conduits	Sheluhin O.I., Atayero A.A., Ivanov Y.A.	2012	IAENG International Journal of Computer Science	39	1	None	Department of Information Security, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Pmb1023 Ota, Nigeria	Sheluhin, O.I., Department of Information Security, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Atayero, A.A., Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Pmb1023 Ota, Nigeria; Ivanov, Y.A., Department of Information Security, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation	Applications are constantly being developed with a view to maximizing bandwidth usage. This is necessitated by the overwhelming popularity of an ever-increasing wave of bandwidth intensive multimedia services that are constantly deployed to meet end user demands. All contemporary information communication systems and networks are expected to maintain the quality of these applications with different Quality of Service (QoS) levels. QoS requirements are generally dependent on the parameters of network and application layers of the OSI model. At the application layer QoS depends on factors such as resolution, bit rate, frame rate, video type, audio codecs, etc. At the network layer, distortions such as delay, jitter, packet loss, etc. are introduced. This paper presents simulation results of modeling video streaming over wireless communications networks. Simulation showed that different video subject groups affect the perceived quality differently when transmitted over networks. We show conclusively that in a transmission network with a small error probabilities (BER = 10 -6, BER = 10 -5 ), the minimum bit rate (128 kbps) guarantees an acceptable video quality, corresponding to MOS &gt; 3 for all types of frames. It is also shown through analysis that the efficiency of error correction methods is I strongly correlation with the spatial-temporal properties of the analyzed video sequences.	BER; Codec; MPEG; PSNR; Trace file; Video streaming	BER; Codec; MPEG; PSNR; Trace file; Bandwidth; Communication systems; Computer simulation; Error correction; Motion Picture Experts Group standards; Multimedia services; Quality of service; Video recording; Video streaming; Wireless telecommunication systems; Network layers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860842865	The rural ICT comprehensive evaluation framework: Implementing the first domain, the baseline study process	Pade-Khene C., Sewry D.	2012	Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries	51	1	None	Department of Information Systems, Rhodes University, South Africa	Pade-Khene, C., Department of Information Systems, Rhodes University, South Africa; Sewry, D., Department of Information Systems, Rhodes University, South Africa	ICTs are continuously emerging as key tools to support development activities. However, with the growing implementation of such technology requires the need to account for such implementations and assess the need, process, outcome and impact of ICT projects in developing countries. Most evaluations in ICT4D tend to focus on impact assessment, yet assessing the impact of a project relies on interdependent assessments that should be conducted throughout the life of a project; especially to gauge the actual contribution of an ICT project to specified impact in a rural community. This paper presents a Rural ICT Comprehensive Evaluation Framework (RICT-CEF), which encompasses the key domains of evaluation that should be applied throughout the progression of an ICT for development project. The scope of this paper, specifically elaborates on the first two stages of the framework: 1) The Overall Evaluation Plan, and 2) The Baseline Study. These stages are explored in the Siyakhula Living Lab, an ICT4D project in South Africa, to reveal the shortcomings and suitability of the framework through lessons learned, and contribute to the continuous revision of the RICT-CEF.	Baseline study; Evaluation; Impact assessment; Project management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049110257	Properties and performance of the c-chart for attributes data	Chakraborti S., Human S.W.	2008	Journal of Applied Statistics	35	1	10.1080/02664760701683643	Department of Information Systems, Statistics and Management Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Chakraborti, S., Department of Information Systems, Statistics and Management Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States; Human, S.W., Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The effects of parameter estimation are examined for the well-known c-chart for attributes data. The exact run length distribution is obtained for Phase II applications, when the true average number of non-conformities, c, is unknown, by conditioning on the observed number of non-conformities in a set of reference data (from Phase I). Expressions for various chart performance characteristics, such as the average run length (ARL), the standard deviation of the run length (SDRL) and the median run length (MDRL) are also obtained. Examples show that the actual performance of the chart, both in terms of the false alarm rate (FAR) and the in-control ARL, can be substantially different from what might be expected when c is known, in that an exceedingly large number of false alarms are observed, unless the number of inspection units (the size of the reference dataset) used to estimate c is very large, much larger than is commonly used or recommended in practice. In addition, the actual FAR and the in-control ARL values can be very different from the nominally expected values such as 0.0027 (or ARL0=370), particularly when c is small, even with large amounts of reference data. A summary and conclusions are offered.	Average run length; Defects; In-control; Non-conformities; Out-of-control; Parameter estimation; Percentiles; Phase I; Phase II; Poisson distribution; Run length; Shewhart; Statistical process control	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930348632	The impact of social media usage on the cognitive social capital of university students	Petersen C., Johnston K.A.	2015	Informing Science	18	1	None	Department of Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Effcomm, Cape Town, South Africa	Petersen, C., Department of Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Effcomm, Cape Town, South Africa; Johnston, K.A., Department of Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	The impact of Social Media such as Facebook and Twitter usage has on the creation and maintenance of university students' cognitive social capital was investigated on students in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Facebook and Twitter were selected as part of the research context because both are popular online social network systems (SNSs), and few studies were found that investigated the impact that social media has on the cognitive social capital of South African university students. Data was collected from a survey questionnaire, which was successfully completed by over 100 students from all five universities within the Western Cape. The questionnaire was obtained from a previous study, allowing comparisons to be made. The research involves disciplines such as Information Systems, Psychology and Sociology, and the information gathered is meant to inform inquiry in various disciplines. Analysis of the results, however, did not show a strong relationship between the intensity of Facebook and Twitter usage and the various forms of social capital. Facebook usage was found to correlate with student satisfaction with university life, which suggests that increasing the intensity of Facebook usage for students experiencing low satisfaction with university life might be beneficial.	Bonding social capital; Bridging social capital; Cognitive social capital; Facebook; Maintained social capital; Social network systems (SNS); Twitter; University students; Usage	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548755466	Evaluation of information indices as indicators of environmental stress in terrestrial soils	Tobor-Kapłon M.A., Holtkamp R., Scharler U.M., Doroszuk A., Kuenen F.J.A., Bloem J., de Ruiter P.C.	2007	Ecological Modelling	208	1	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.022	Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Department of Soil Sciences, Alterra Wageningen University, Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Bldg., 4041 Durban, South Africa; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management (AEW), Wageningen University, Research Centre, Ritzema Bosweg 32 -A, 6703 AZ Wageningen, Netherlands; Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Institute of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands	Tobor-Kapłon, M.A., Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands, Department of Soil Sciences, Alterra Wageningen University, Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Holtkamp, R., Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Scharler, U.M., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Bldg., 4041 Durban, South Africa, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management (AEW), Wageningen University, Research Centre, Ritzema Bosweg 32 -A, 6703 AZ Wageningen, Netherlands; Doroszuk, A., Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Kuenen, F.J.A., Institute of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands; Bloem, J., Department of Soil Sciences, Alterra Wageningen University, Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; de Ruiter, P.C., Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Netherlands	Information indices from Ecosystem Network Analysis (ENA) can be used to quantify the development of an ecosystem in terms of its size and organization. There are two types of indices, i.e. absolute indices that describe both the size and organization of ecosystem (Total System Throughput (TST)-system size, Ascendancy (A)-size of organized flows and Development Capacity (C)-upper limit for A, Overhead (L)-size of unorganized flows) and relative indices that describe only the organization (Average Mutual Information (AMI = A:TST), Flow Diversity (H = C:TST), Relative Overhead (RL = L:TST)). It is theorized that environmental stress impair the ecosystem development and that the effect of stress can be quantified with the ENA information indices. Here we applied ENA on a case of environmental stress in a terrestrial ecosystem, i.e. soils that have endured long-term exposure to elevated copper concentration and altered pH. The absolute indices showed an unexpected pattern of response to pollution, suggesting that ecosystems in polluted soils are more active and better organized than these in unpolluted soils. The relative indices, alternatively, responded to pollution as predicted by theory, i.e. with decrease of stress (pollution level) the level of specialization increased (increase of AMI) and losses of energy, e.g. due to respiration, decreased (decrease of Overhead). The diversity and evenness of flows showed hump-backed relationship with stress. Less polluted soils appeared to be less vulnerable to external disturbances and more efficient in processing energy (higher Relative Ascendancy (RA = A:C)) than polluted soils. The relative information indices were rigid to changes in values of assumed parameters. The relative indices, opposite to absolute indices, appeared to be useful as indicators of environmental stress on the ecosystem level. © 2007.	Ascendancy; Average Mutual Information; Development Capacity; Ecosystem Network Analysis; Flow Diversity; Information indices; Soil; Stress	Ecosystems; Environmental engineering; pH effects; Soil pollution; Stress analysis; Systems analysis; Ascendancy; Average Mutual Information; Development Capacity; Ecosystem Network Analysis; Flow Diversity; Information indices; Soil mechanics; concentration (composition); copper; environmental stress; pH; soil pollution; terrestrial environment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920517765	Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosing brucellosis in African buffalo (syncerus caffer)	Gorsich E.E., Bengis R.G., Ezenwa V.O., Jolles A.E.	2015	Journal of Wildlife Diseases	51	1	10.7589/2013-12-334	Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, United States; Directorate of Animal Health, PO Box 12, Skukuza, South Africa; Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, United States	Gorsich, E.E., Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, United States; Bengis, R.G., Directorate of Animal Health, PO Box 12, Skukuza, South Africa; Ezenwa, V.O., Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, United States; Jolles, A.E., Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, United States	Brucellosis is a disease of veterinary and public health importance worldwide. In sub- Saharan Africa, where the bacterium Brucella abortus has been identified in several free-ranging wildlife species, successful disease control may be dependent on accurate detection in wildlife reservoirs, including African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (IDEXX Brucellosis Serum Ab test, IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA) for B. abortus based on a data set of 571 serum samples from 258 buffalo in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We defined a pseudogold standard test result as those buffalo that were consistently positive or negative on two additional serologic tests, namely, the rose bengal test (RBT) and the complement fixation test (CFT). The ELISA’s cutoff value was selected using receiver operating characteristics analysis, the pseudogold standard, and a threshold criterion that maximizes the total sensitivity and specificity. Then, we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of all three tests using Bayesian inference and latent class analysis. The ELISA had an estimated sensitivity of 0.928 (95% Bayesian posterior credibility interval [95% BCI]50.869–0.974) and specificity of 0.870 (95% BCI50.836–0.900). Compared with the ELISA, the RBT had a higher estimated sensitivity of 0.986 (95%BCI50.928– 0.999), and both the RBT and CFT had higher specificities, estimated to be 0.992 (95% BCI50.971–0.996) and 0.998 (95% BCI50.992–0.999), respectively. Therefore, no single serologic test perfectly detected the antibody. However, after adjustment of cutoff values for South African conditions, the IDEXX Brucellosis Serum Ab Test may be a valuable additional screening test for brucellosis in Kruger National Park’s African buffalo. © Wildlife Disease Association 2015.	African buffalo; Bayesian; Brucellosis; Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Latent data; Sensitivity; Specificity	Bacteria (microorganisms); Brucella melitensis biovar Abortus; Syncerus caffer; animal; brucellosis; buffalo; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; procedures; sensitivity and specificity; veterinary; Animals; Brucellosis; Buffaloes; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920847022	Evaluation of a cervicography-based program to ensure quality of visual inspection of the cervix in HIV-infected women in Johannesburg, South Africa	Firnhaber C., Mao L., Levin S., Faesen M., Lewis D.A., Goeieman B.J., Swarts A.J., Rakhombe N., Michelow P.M., Williams S., Smith J.S.	2015	Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease	19	1	10.1097/LGT.0000000000000040	Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, United States; University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa	Firnhaber, C., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mao, L., Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Levin, S., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faesen, M., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lewis, D.A., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, United States; Goeieman, B.J., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Swarts, A.J., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rakhombe, N., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Michelow, P.M., University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Williams, S., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Smith, J.S., Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a quality assurance (QA) program using digital cervicography improved the performance of a visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN 2+) in HIV-infected women in Johannesburg, South Africa.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Visual inspection with acetic acid was performed among HIV-infected women, aged 18 to 65 years, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nurses received 2 weeks of training on the VIA procedure. The VIA interpretation was performed in real time. The VIA results were then photographed using a retail available digital camera. A gynecologist and medical officer reviewed the VIA digital images within 2 weeks of the procedure. Colposcopic biopsy was performed on all women with positive VIA and 25% negative VIA results. Sensitivity and specificity of VIA for the detection of CIN 2+ were compared between the nurses and physicians at the beginning and at the end of the study.RESULTS: Positive VIA results were found in 541 (45%) of the 1,202 participating women. The sensitivity of VIA to predict CIN 2+ was improved from 65% to 75% (p = .001) with the addition of digital cervicography and specialist review. There was no statistical difference in the sensitivity of the VIA readings when comparing the first 600 participants to the final 593 participants between the nurses (p = .613) and physicians (p = .624).CONCLUSIONS: Quality assurance performed by specialists using digital cervicography improved the sensitivity of VIA. There was no difference in sensitivity in interpreting VIA between the beginning and the end of the study. Quality assurance should form a cornerstone of any VIA program to improve sensitivity in detecting CIN 2+ lesions. © 2014, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.	digital cervicography; quality assurance; visual inspection of the cervix	acetic acid; acetic acid; adult; aged; Article; camera; cancer grading; cervicography; clinical evaluation; colposcopy; female; gynecological examination; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; image quality; major clinical study; nonhuman; Papanicolaou test; paramedical education; photography; predictive value; quality control; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; uterine cervix biopsy; uterine cervix carcinoma; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ; uterine cervix cytology; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; complication; evaluation study; fluorescence imaging; health care quality; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; procedures; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Acetic Acid; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Colposcopy; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Optical Imaging; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892382973	Doctoral training in Uganda: Evaluation of mentoring best practices at Makerere university college of health sciences	Nakanjako D., Katamba A., Kaye D.K., Okello E., Kamya M.R., Sewankambo N., Mayanja-Kizza H.	2014	BMC Medical Education	14	1	10.1186/1472-6920-14-9	Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Nakanjako, D., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kaye, D.K., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Okello, E., Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Sewankambo, N., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Good mentoring is a key variable for determining success in completing a doctoral program. We identified prevailing mentoring practices among doctoral students and their mentors, identified common challenges facing doctoral training, and proposed some solutions to enhance the quality of the doctoral training experience for both candidates and mentors at Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS). Methods. This cross-sectional qualitative evaluation was part of the monitoring and evaluation program for doctoral training. All doctoral students and their mentors were invited for a half-day workshop through the MakCHS mailing list. Prevailing doctoral supervision and mentoring guidelines were summarised in a one-hour presentation. Participants were split into two homogenous students' (mentees') and mentors' groups to discuss specific issues using a focus group discussion (FGD) guide, that highlighted four main themes in regard to the doctoral training experience; what was going well, what was not going well, proposed solutions to current challenges and perceived high priority areas for improvement. The two groups came together again and the note-takers from each group presented their data and discussions were recorded by a note-taker. Results: Twelve out of 36 invited mentors (33%) and 22 out of 40 invited mentees (55%) attended the workshop. Mentors and mentees noted increasing numbers of doctoral students and mentors, which provided opportunities for peer mentorship. Delays in procurement and research regulatory processes subsequently delayed students' projects. Similarly, mentees mentioned challenges of limited; 1) infrastructure and mentors to support basic science research projects, 2) physical office space for doctoral students and their mentors, 3) skills in budgeting and finance management and 4) communication skills including conflict resolution. As solutions, the team proposed skills' training, induction courses for doctoral students-mentor teams, and a Frequently Asked Questions' document, to better inform mentors', mentees' expectations and experiences. Conclusion: Systemic and infrastructural limitations affect the quality of the doctoral training experience at MaKCHS. Clinical and biomedical research infrastructure, in addition to training in research regulatory processes, procurement and finance management, communication skills and information technology, were highlighted as high priority areas for strategic interventions to improve mentoring within doctoral training of clinician scientists. © 2014 Nakanjako et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Capacity building; Doctoral training; Health care; Low and middle income countries; Mentorship; Supervision; Uganda	academic achievement; article; evaluation study; methodology; organization and management; program evaluation; qualitative research; school; standard; teacher; Uganda; Education, Graduate; Mentors; Program Evaluation; Qualitative Research; Schools, Health Occupations; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881122818	Impact of nutritional supplementation on immune response, body mass index and bioelectrical impedance in HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy	Evans D., McNamara L., Maskew M., Selibas K., Van Amsterdam D., Baines N., Webster T., Sanne I.	2013	Nutrition Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2891-12-111	Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Evans, D., Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McNamara, L., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maskew, M., Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Selibas, K., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Amsterdam, D., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Baines, N., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Webster, T., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sanne, I., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Challenges to HIV care in resource limited settings (RLS) include malnutrition. Limited evidence supports the benefit of nutritional supplementation when starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in RLS. Methods. Randomized controlled pilot study. HIV-positive ART-naive adults with self-reported weight loss were randomized to receive ART plus FutureLife porridge® nutritional supplement (NS) (388 kcal/day) or ART alone (Controls) for 6 months. Patients returned for monthly assessments and blood was drawn at enrolment and 6 months on ART. Differences in body composition, biochemical and laboratory parameters were estimated at 6 months on treatment. Results: Of the 36 randomized patients, 26 completed the 6 month follow-up (11 NS vs 15 Controls). At enrolment, groups were similar in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance. NS patients had a lower median CD4 count (60 cells/mm3 [IQR 12-105 vs 107 cells/mm3 [IQR 63-165]; p = 0.149) and hemoglobin (10.3 g/dL [IQR 9.0-11.3] vs 13.1 g/dL [IQR 11.1-14.7]; p = 0.001).At 6 months, NS patients increased their median CD4 count by 151 cells/mm3 [IQR 120-174) vs 77 cells/mm3 [IQR 33-145] in the Controls. NS patients had higher mean percentage change in body weight (12.7% vs 4.9%; p = 0.047), BMI (7.8% vs 5.5%; p = 0.007), absolute CD4 count (83.0% vs 46.4%, p = 0.002) and hemoglobin (9.5% vs 1.0%; p = 0.026). Patients in the NS arm had a higher mean percentage fat-free mass (16.7% vs -3.5%, p = 0.036), total body water (13.0% vs -1.9%, p = 0.026), intracellular water (16.1% vs -4.1%, p = 0.010) and basal metabolic rate (5.3% vs -0.2%, p = 0.014) compared to Controls. Patients in the NS arm also showed an improvement in physical activity at 6 months post-ART initiation compared to Controls (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that NS taken concurrently with ART can promote weight gain, improve immune response and improve physical activity in HIV-positive patients that present at ART initiation with weight loss. © 2013 Evans et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Nutritional supplement; Treatment outcomes	antiretrovirus agent; hemoglobin; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; biological marker; adult; article; basal metabolic rate; bioenergy; bloating; body fat; body mass; body weight; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical article; controlled study; depression; diarrhea; diet supplementation; drug induced disease; drug induced headache; fat free mass; female; fever; flatulence; follow up; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; impedance; insomnia; male; nausea; outcome assessment; pain; physical activity; pilot study; randomized controlled trial; rash; total body water; vomiting; blood; body composition; caloric intake; demography; diet therapy; HIV Infections; impedance; motor activity; patient compliance; weight gain; Human immunodeficiency virus; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Biological Markers; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Demography; Dietary Supplements; Electric Impedance; Energy Intake; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Motor Activity; Patient Compliance; Pilot Projects; Weight Gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149174847	Impact of orphanhood on underweight prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa	Rivers J., Mason J., Silvestre E., Gillespie S., Mahy M., Monasch R.	2008	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	29	1	None	Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; UNICEF, Zimbabwe; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; Division of Policy and Planning, UNICEF, New York, NY, United States; 17B Sur 3517, Colonia Reforma Agua Azul, Puebla 72430, Mexico	Rivers, J., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States, 17B Sur 3517, Colonia Reforma Agua Azul, Puebla 72430, Mexico; Mason, J., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Silvestre, E., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Gillespie, S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; Mahy, M., Division of Policy and Planning, UNICEF, New York, NY, United States; Monasch, R., UNICEF, Zimbabwe	Background. In Africa, approximately 25 million people live with HIV/ AIDS and 12 million children are orphaned. Although evidence indicates that orphans risk losing opportunities for adequate education, health care, and future employment, the immediate effects of orphanhood on child nutritional status remain poorly understood. Objective. This paper assesses the nutritional impact of orphanhood, with particular emphasis on taking account of various factors potentially confounding or masking these impacts. Methods. Child anthropometry and orphan status were examined in 23 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys throughout sub-Saharan Africa, which were subsequently merged into larger, region-specific datasets (East, West, and Southern Africa). To compare orphans and nonorphans, linear regression and probit models were developed, taking account of orphan status and type, presence of a surviving parent in the household, household structure, child age and sex, urban versus rural residence, and current wealth status. Results. Few differences emerged between orphans and nonorphans in controlled and uncontrolled comparisons, regardless of orphan type, presence of surviving parent, or household structure. Age differentials did confound nutritional comparisons, although in the counterintuitive direction, with orphans (who were 8 months older on average) becoming less malnourished when age differences were taken into account. Wealth did appear to be associated with orphanhood status, although it did not significantly confound nutritional comparisons. Conclusions. Orphans were not consistently more malnourished than nonorphans, even when potential confounding variables were examined. Since household wealth status is likely to change after becoming affected by HIV, ruling out wealth as a potential confounder would require more detailed, prospective studies. © 2008, The United Nations University.	Child anthropometry; Fostering; HIV/AIDS; Orphanhood; Sub-Saharan Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; disease prevalence; health care; health status; human immunodeficiency virus; malnutrition; nutritional status; orphan; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa south of the Sahara; age; anthropometry; article; body weight; cluster analysis; cross-sectional study; family size; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; male; mortality; multivariate analysis; newborn; nutritional status; orphan; physiology; poverty; preschool child; prevalence; socioeconomics; statistical model; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Africa South of the Sahara; Age Factors; Anthropometry; Body Weight; Child, Orphaned; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Poverty; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors; Thinness; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875240382	The impact of ICT in learning through distance education programmes at Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU): Roles of ict in learning through distance education programmes	Mpofu J., Chimhenga S., Mafa O.	2013	Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education	14	1	None	Department of Languages and Media Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Centre for Student Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe	Mpofu, J., Department of Languages and Media Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Chimhenga, S., Centre for Student Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe; Mafa, O., Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe Distance Open University is enrols students from both urban and rural settings. The majority of students living and working in rural areas have limited or no access to computers and electricity as a result the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the learning process is very limited. Though government has realized the importance of developing ICT for learning purposes, in practice very little has materialized in the provision of the ICT technology especially in rural areas. The majority of Zimbabwe Open University students have expressed difficulties in coping with their studies partly due to lack of supplementary reading materials from internet.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83555163782	Ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia, and in vivo evaluation of selected ones against Plasmodium berghei	Mesfin A., Giday M., Animut A., Teklehaymanot T.	2012	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	139	1	10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.006	Department of Life Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mesfin, A., Department of Life Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Giday, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Animut, A., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teklehaymanot, T., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ethnopharmacological relevance: The study documented medicinal plants that are traditionally used for treatment of malaria in Shinile District, eastern Ethiopia, and evaluated selected medicinal plants for their antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium berghei. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in four kebeles of Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia. A total of 15 traditional healers were sampled based on recommendations of local elders and administrators. Specimens of the reported antimalarial plants were collected and stored at the Mini Herbarium of the Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, following identification. Crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of Aloe sp.; Azadirachta indica and Tamarindus indica were tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei. The three plants were selected based on the frequency antimalarial use report by healers. Results: The study revealed 27 antimalarial plants, the majority of which were harvested from the wild. Root was the most frequently sought plant part. Most of the remedies were used in decoction form. Aloe sp.; Azadirachta indica and Tamarindus indica were the most commonly reported plants for their antimalarial use. For the in vivo test, all the plant extracts were given to mice orally. Ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Aloe sp. caused 73.94% and 58.10% parasitaemia suppression, respectively at dose of 650 mg/kg. Ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaves induced 54.79% parasitaemia suppression at the dose of 650 mg/kg and its water extract induced 21.47% parasite suppression at a similar dose. Water extract of the fruits of Tamarindus indica showed the highest parasitaemia suppression (81.09%) at the dose of 650 mg/kg. Most Plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with high dose of plant extracts survived relatively longer compared to their respective controls although the difference was not significant. Conclusions: The result of this study may support the traditional use of Aloe sp.; Azadirachta indica and Tamarindus indica in the study area against malaria. Results of this study can be used as a basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations in the effort for search of new and locally affordable antimalarial agents. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antimalarial plants; Ethiopia; Ethnobotanical study; Plasmodium berghei; Shinile	alcohol; Aloe vera extract; antimalarial agent; Azadirachta indica extract; plant extract; Tamarindus indica extract; unclassified drug; water; adult; aged; Aloe; animal experiment; animal model; antimalarial activity; article; Azadirachta indica; controlled study; drug screening; Ethiopia; ethnobotany; female; fruit; harvest; human; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; normal human; parasitemia; plant leaf; plant root; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium berghei infection; survival; tamarind; traditional medicine; Aloe; Animals; Antimalarials; Azadirachta; Ethnobotany; Fruit; Malaria; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Plasmodium berghei; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Tamarindus; Aloe; Azadirachta indica; Mus; Plasmodium berghei; Tamarindus indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846595689	Playing football without a ball: Language, reading and academic performance in a high-poverty school	Pretorius E.J., Mampuru D.M.	2007	Journal of Research in Reading	30	1	10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00333.x	Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Pretorius, E.J., Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa; Mampuru, D.M., Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Second language (L2) reading research suggests that there is a complex interplay between L2 proficiency, first language (L1) reading and L2 reading. However, not much is known about the effect of L1 proficiency on L1 reading, and of L1 reading on L2 reading, or vice versa, in bilingual settings when readers have few opportunities for extensive reading in their L1. The relationships between L1 (Northern Sotho) and L2 (English) proficiency and L1 and L2 reading were examined in Grade 7 learners attending a high-poverty primary school in South Africa, during the course of a year when a reading intervention programme was implemented. The effect that attention to reading and accessibility of books had on the learners' reading proficiency in both languages was examined, and the factors that predicted academic performance were analysed. When the learners were engaged in more reading, L2 reading contributed more variance to L1 reading than L1 proficiency. Reading in both languages also contributed significantly to academic performance. The study highlights the need for more cross-linguistic reading research in different educational settings. © United Kingdom Literacy Association 2007.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893735555	Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, apparent digestibility, digestive organ size and carcass yield in broiler chickens	Nkukwana T.T., Muchenje V., Pieterse E., Masika P.J., Mabusela T.P., Hoffman L.C., Dzama K.	2014	Livestock Science	161	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.001	Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Agricultural Development and Research Institute, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Nkukwana, T.T., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Muchenje, V., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Pieterse, E., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Masika, P.J., Agricultural Development and Research Institute, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Mabusela, T.P., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Dzama, K., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa	The effects of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as a growth promoter on the growth performance, apparent digestibility, digestive organ size, and carcass yield of broiler chickens were investigated. A total of 2400 one-day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks of mixed sex were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in six replications of 80 birds per pen. Fresh, green and undamaged mature M. oleifera leaves were collected from a number of trees from the same village to avoid variations in soil micronutrient content; and were grinded to produce MOLM. Dietary treatments were as follows: positive control (+C) with 668g salinomycin and 500g zinc bacitracin per kg of feed; MOLMlow (ML; 1, 3 and 5); MOLMmedium (MM; 3, 9 and 15g); MOLMhigh (MH; 5, 15 and 25g)] per kg of feed; and a negative control (-C; without supplementation). Diets were fed for 35d in starter, grower and finisher phases; and birds were provided feed and water ad libitum. At 35d of age, 12 birds per treatment, two from each replicate pen, were randomly selected, electrically stunned at 70V and killed by cervical dislocation for determination of carcass and organ weights. Bird weight at 7 and 21d of age, birds fed MH had the highest BW, while +C had the lowest (P&lt;0.05). No significant differences were observed in FI between treatments during periods from 0 to 21d and 0 to 35d; FCR was the highest (P&lt;0.05) in birds supplemented with MOLM, except for MM; and was the lowest in those on the +C. Birds in ML had the highest thigh weights, and MH had the lowest (P&lt;0.05). Gizzard erosion score was the lowest in MH and the highest in MM (P&lt;0.001). Mortality rate was the highest (P&lt;0.05) in MH from day 22 to 28 and was the lowest in ML and MM (1.3% vs. 0.21%); and was mainly due to sudden death. There were no significant differences in apparent digestibility for ash, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) among treatments. It was concluded that supplementation of M. oleifera leaf meal up to 25g per kg of feed did not impair nutrient utilization efficiency, but enhanced the bird's genetic potential for growth performance. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Broiler chickens; Carcass yield; Digestive organ size; Growth performance; Moringa oleifera leaf meal	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-72149109283	Toxicity evaluation of the aqueous extract of the rhizome of Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels. (Fabaceae), in rats	Maphosa V., Masika P.J., Moyo B.	2010	Food and Chemical Toxicology	48	1	10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.040	Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Agricultural and Rural Development Research Institute (ARDRI), University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Maphosa, V., Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Masika, P.J., Agricultural and Rural Development Research Institute (ARDRI), University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Moyo, B., Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Elephantorrhiza elephantina root extract has been used as a traditional remedy for a wide range of ailments both in humans and livestock. As part of the safety assessment of the extract, acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted by the oral route in rats. Male and female rats were divided into four groups consisting of five rats each and given doses of 200-1600 mg/kg bwt, 200-800 mg/kg bwt and 50-400 mg/kg bwt in acute (1 day), sub-acute (14 days) and chronic toxicity (35 days), respectively. During the experiment, no deaths were observed in any groups and there were no remarkable changes in general appearance, as well as in food and water consumption. Significant (P < 0.05) changes were however noted in body weights, haematological and serum biochemical parameters between the control and treated groups. Histopathological changes were also noted in kidneys, lungs, liver and spleen of rats receiving high doses. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that the plant has some potential toxicity at certain dose levels; therefore caution has to be taken when using E. elephantina for medicinal purposes. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Elephantorrhiza elephantina toxicity; Haematology; Histopathology; Serum biochemistry	Elephantorrhiza elephantina extract; herbaceous agent; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; death; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug megadose; drug safety; Elephantorrhiza elephantina; female; fluid intake; food intake; histopathology; legume; liver toxicity; lung toxicity; male; nephrotoxicity; nonhuman; rat; rhizome; spleen; toxicity testing; weight change; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fabaceae; Female; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Elephantorrhiza elephantina; Fabaceae; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860822519	Impact of information and communication technology investment on the on productivity of selected sachet water companies in Oyo state	Akanbi T.A., Adewoye J.O.	2012	International Business Management	6	1	10.3923/ibm.2012.1.7	Department of Management and Accounting, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Akanbi, T.A., Department of Management and Accounting, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Adewoye, J.O., Department of Management and Accounting, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	The high level of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) investment in business enterprise makes it imperative to investigate the effects of management practice on ICT usage and effect of ICT investment on companies productivity. This study therefore examines the impact of ICT investment on the performance of sachet water companies a sub sector of Small Medium Enterprise (SME) in Oyo state, Nigeria. The study was carried out on 60 randomly selected sachet water companies that registered with National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and Association of Table Water Association Producers (ATWAP). Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. While the later was obtained from the book of accounts of the selected sachet water companies the primary data was collected with the aid of questionnaires and scheduled interviews conducted to the staffers of all categories in these companies. The data were subsequently analyzed using both descriptive (percentages and tables) and inferential statistic that includes Cobb-Douglas production function which was used to measured productivity. The study revealed that substantial proportion of respondents strongly agreed that the firm used mobile phone to communicate with customers. A striking result was that all the respondents unanimously responded in affirmative to breakdown and malfunctioning of ICT devices. However, 96.7% of the respondents confirmed the problem of irregular electric power supply as constraints militating against ICT usage. Years of existence of the companies, capital base and educational level of the manager have significant effects on the extent of ICT usage. Also to evaluate the effects of ICT investment on companies productivity, the three variables that were found to have significant effect on companies performance were ICT capital, non-ICT capital and ICT labour while non-ICT labour does not have any significant effect on companies performance. The study concluded that ICT investment had positive effects on the performance of selected sachet water companies in Nigeria. Based on these findings, it was recommended that sachet water companies should be ICT compliance. © Medwell Journals, 2012.	ICT; Investment; Manager; Nigeria; Productivity; Smes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650198222	Impact of microfinance bank on standard of living of hairdresser in ogbomoso north local government of Oyo State, Nigeria	Abiola I., Salami A.O.	2011	International Business Management	5	1	10.3923/ibm.2011.27.32	Department of Management and Accounting, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Abiola, I., Department of Management and Accounting, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Salami, A.O., Department of Management and Accounting, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	The thrusts of this study are to determine the impact of Microfinance bank on standard of living of hairdressers in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State and to examine the impact of Microfinance on asset acquisition and savings of hairdressers in that LGA. A total of 49 hairdressers who registered with Ogbomoso North LGA were used as study sample. Data were collected using questionnaire and hypothesis was used using Chi-square technique. The hypothesis was rejected at 5% significant level. It was then concluded that there is a significant relationship between Microfinance bank efforts and standard of living of hairdressers in Ogbomoso North LGA. Recommendations was thus made that government through the Apex bank (CBN) should ensure that Microfinance bank loans are easily obtainable and repayment should include a grace period with reasonable schedule instead of weekly payment period that is commonly found among the microfinance banks in Nigeria. © Medwell Journals, 2011.	Hairdressing; Liquidity; Micro enterprises; Micro-credit; Microfinance bank; Poverty; Standard of living	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952868713	Impact of inventory and warehousing costs in total logistics cost of manufacturing companies in Southwestern, Nigeria	Olayinka S.A.	2010	International Business Management	4	1	10.3923/ibm.2010.14.19	Department of Management Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	Olayinka, S.A., Department of Management Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria	The research aims to analyse the impact of cost parameters of total logistics cost with emphasis on Inventory and warehousing costs, with a view to minimizing cost and enhance effective warehousing services in manufacturing companies. The inventory is basically the carrying cost, while the warehousing costs include Picking/Retrieval costs, packing costs and loading costs. The research adopted case study approach. Twenty manufacturing companies formed the sample of the study, based on multi stage sampling techniques that incorporated cluster, stratified and purposive sampling methods. Apart from parametric test statistical techniques adopted, data analyses were done using a software application that incorporated Cobb-Douglas production function, which was packaged and tailor-made for the study. It was revealed that there were relationships between components of warehousing and inventory, however, most of the inventory carrying cost components (capital, storage and space, inventory risk costs) was significant. In other words, Inventory risk cost has a significant relationship with most of all variables (dependent and independents). The research recommends that companies should adopt scientific warehousing management system that is information technology in orientation, as well as lay emphasis on inventory in attempt to cut cost, simultaneously maintaining customers service. © Medwell Journals, 2010.	Costs; Impact; Inventory; Iogistics; Parameters; Warehousing	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952600239	Scale economies and performance evaluation of insurance market in Nigeria	Usman O.A.	2009	Social Sciences	4	1	None	Department of Management Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Usman, O.A., Department of Management Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	This study probed into optimal production scale and specifically assesses the significance of entrepreneurial price on the business performance in the Nigerian insurance industry. The study makes use of Cobb-Douglas cost and profit functional models to investigate performance of randomly selected insurance firms. The outcome of this study suggests that a few insurance firms in Nigeria mostly do not pay claims, therefore, establishing possible reasons why there is apathy for insurance services among insuring public. Labour price is significant in this study,but shows an inverse relationship with business performance. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Claims payment; Insurence business performance; Scale economics	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62249133727	The relationships among gender, strategic capabilities, and performance of small retail firms in Ghana	Boohene R.	2009	Journal of African Business	10	1	10.1080/15228910802701601	Department of Management, School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Boohene, R., Department of Management, School of Business, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	The study examines the direct and indirect effects of gender on business strategies, firm resources, business owners' skills, and performance of small firms in Ghana. Small businesses comprise about 90% of all enterprises and are recognized as a crucial and integral component of economic development aimed at sustained poverty reduction in Ghana. The ability of these firms to contribute to economic development is influenced by their business strategies, determined by the firm's resources and owner-manager's business skills. Structured questionnaires from 600 owner-managers of small retail shops in the Accra Metropolitan area were analyzed. Structural equation modeling using partial least-squares was used to examine the relationships between gender, business strategies, firm resources, business owners' skills, and performance. Results show that the gender of the owner-managers has a direct influence on business performance, resources, and skills; a partial influence on business strategies; and an indirect influence on performance through business strategies. The findings suggest that assistance programs aimed at addressing business performance should target gender differences to enhance women business owners' strategies, resources, and skills.	Gender; Ghana; Resources; Skills; Strategy	corporate strategy; economic development; firm ownership; gender issue; least squares method; metropolitan area; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44049096188	Physician perceptions of managed care strategies, and impact of these on their clinical performance, in the South African private health sector	Pillay R.	2008	Health Services Management Research	21	1	10.1258/hsmr.2006.006036	Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Pillay, R., Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Managed care strategies have been introduced into the South African private health sector a decade ago to help reduce medical costs in this sector. A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among primary care physicians in this sector to access their perceptions of these strategies and to analyse impact of these on their clinical behaviour. The results indicate that although insurers were not using these strategies extensively, doctors generally perceived them negatively. It was, however, pleasing to note that the newer generation of doctors, appear to be more accepting of this new philosophy of health-care delivery. © 2008 Royal Society of Medicine Press.	None	article; health care cost; health care delivery; health insurance; human; managed care; perception; philosophy; physician; primary medical care; priority journal; questionnaire; self concept; South Africa; clinical practice; cross-sectional study; female; male; organization and management; psychological aspect; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Managed Care Programs; Physician's Practice Patterns; Physicians; Private Sector; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849102133	South African exporter performance: New research into firm-specific and market characteristics	May C., O'Neill C.	2008	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	11	1	None	Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; School of Management, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	May, C., Department of Management, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; O'Neill, C., School of Management, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	The export marketing performance of any firm is influenced by a multitude of different factors. Given the multi-faceted nature of the export market, this research study investigated specific factors such as how firm-specific characteristics, product characteristics, market characteristics and export marketing strategies impact on the export marketing performance of South African manufacturing firms. Some of the findings of this research study indicated that firm size, investment commitment and careful planning, as firm-specific characteristics, had a significant influence on export marketing performance. The relationship between export experience and export marketing performance was insignificant. The degree of pricing adaptation and product adaptation had a significant effect on export marketing performance, while this was not the case with respect to the degree of promotion adaptation and distributor support.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864137297	Derivation of the limits for control chart using the median absolute deviation for monitoring non-normal process	Adekeye K.S., Azubuike P.I.	2011	Journal of Mathematics and Statistics	8	1	10.3844/jmssp.2012.37.41	Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University (RUN), Nigeria	Adekeye, K.S., Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University (RUN), Nigeria; Azubuike, P.I., Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University (RUN), Nigeria	Problem statement: The Shewhart and S control charts, in the literature, were combined to evaluate the stability of a process. These charts were based on the fundamental assumption of normality of the quality characteristics under investigation. Approach: In practice, the normality assumption was often violated by real life data, therefore, use of the Shewhart and S control charts on real life data might leads to misplacement of control limits. There were many alternatives in the literature to handle non-normality of quality characteristics. The Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) claimed in the literature to be the best estimate when the data under consideration is non-normal. Thus in this study, we derived the control limits for the-control chart using the median absolute deviation for monitoring process stability when the quality characteristic under investigation was non-normal. Results: The derived control limits were compared with the control limits when the sample standard deviation was used as a measure of controlling the process variability using manufacturing process (real life) data. Furthermore, a simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed MAD based control charts on both normal and non-normal process. Conclusion: The obtained results show that the derived control limit is an improvement on the control limit of the Shewhart and that the MAD control charts performed better for non-normal process than for normal process. © 2012 Science Publications.	Cofta tablet; Control charts; Control limits interval; Manufacturing process; Median absolute deviation; Non-normal; Process variability; Sigma approach; Soft drink; Standard deviation; Statistical process	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84915749577	Availability modelling and evaluation of a repairable system subject to minor deterioration under imperfect repairs	Yusuf I.	2015	International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research	7	1	10.1504/IJMOR.2015.065955	Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria	Yusuf, I., Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria	Many engineering systems are subjected to deterioration, meaning that during the course of time their conditions fall to failure levels. Such systems and their components are either repaired at failure or replaced before or after failure. However not every deterioration can bring about sudden failure of the system. Some deterioration can slightly reduce the strength of the system until at some point failure occurs. Such deterioration is said to be minor deterioration. This paper deals with the modelling and evaluation of availability of a system subjected to minor deterioration under imperfect repair. In this paper, we developed the explicit expression of system availability using probabilistic approach and determine the effect of failure, repair rate and number of states on system availability. The optimal availability level the system can attain is also determined. The results of this paper will enhance the system performance and useful for timely execution of proper maintenance improvement, decision, planning and optimisation. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Availability; Deterioration; Imperfect repair; Number of states	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873345244	Modeling the impact of rehabilitation, amelioration and relapse on the prevalence of drug epidemics	Njagarah H.J.B., Nyabadza F.	2013	Journal of Biological Systems	21	1	10.1142/S0218339013500010	Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Njagarah, H.J.B., Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Nyabadza, F., Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Substance abuse remains a global menace in spite of recurrent warnings, seizures, social and pharmacological effects associated with addiction to drugs. In this paper, we use a mathematical model which is a combination of the classical SIS and SIR models to investigate the dynamics of substance abuse. Initiation into drug use is based on contact of those at risk (the susceptible population) with drug users at different levels of drug use. We evaluate the threshold number and use it to analyze the model. We show that when this threshold number is less than unity, the drug-free steady state is globally asymptotically stable and when this threshold number is greater than unity the drug-persistent steady state is also globally stable. The impact of amelioration, rehabilitation and re-initiation on drug epidemics is investigated. Amelioration in presence of quitting for light users is observed to reduce the prevalence of substance abuse and this is supported by numerical simulations. The results show that both prevention and treatment/rehabilitation are necessary strategies for reduction of drug epidemics. Our recommendation is that preventive strategies should be directed toward reducing the contact rate and treatment should be combined with psychotherapy to accelerate quitting and reduce re-initiation. © 2013 World Scientific Publishing Company.	Amelioration; Global Stability; Persistence; Reproduction Number; Sensitivity Analysis; Simulations; Substance Abuse	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84951291038	Performance rating of the transmuted exponential distribution: an analytical approach	Owoloko E.A., Oguntunde P.E., Adejumo A.O.	2015	SpringerPlus	4	1	10.1186/s40064-015-1590-6	Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Statistics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Owoloko, E.A., Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oguntunde, P.E., Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adejumo, A.O., Department of Statistics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	In this article, the so called Transmuted Exponential (TE) distribution was applied to two real life datasets to assess its potential flexibility over some other generalized models. Various statistical properties of the TE distribution were also identified while the method of maximum likelihood estimation was used to estimate the model parameters. © 2015, Owoloko et al.	Estimation; Flexibility; Maximum likelihood estimation; Properties; Transmuted Exponential	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960833699	'Situated' in a separated campus - students' sense of belonging and academic performance: A case study of the experiences of students during a higher education merger	de Beer J., Smith U., Jansen C.	2009	Education as Change	13	1	10.1080/16823200902944922	Department of Mathematics, Science, Technology and Computer Education, Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; University of Pretoria, South Africa	de Beer, J., Department of Mathematics, Science, Technology and Computer Education, Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Smith, U., University of Pretoria, South Africa; Jansen, C., University of Pretoria, South Africa	Fourteen years into post-apartheid South Africa, learning institutions are still facing the challenge of ensuring access to and success in education for all. Institutions for higher learning have experienced a number of mergers, and this article reflects on the surprising patterns of student performance in a case where one of the campuses of a historically black university (HBU) was incorporated into a historically white university (HWU). This mixed method research was done on two groups of foundation year students; one group placed at a suburban campus (the HWU), and the other group within a township (the HBU). Despite the fact that the academic programmes and support structures of the two campuses were comparable, and the student profiles regarding M- scores, socio-economic and cultural background, language proficiency, etc were similar, the academic performance of the students at the HBU campus was poor in comparison with that of the students at the HWU. From a Cartesian perspective the researchers were tempted to look at student performance on these two campuses through a cognitive science lens, locating cognitive functioning within the rational individual. However, we soon realised that students' academic progress can be better explained by viewing it through the lens of relational ontology, which acknowledges that learning occurs in the realm between individuals and their world, and also activity theory. This article focuses on the interesting group dynamics on the two campuses, and the theory of "goodness of fit", as well as students' sense of belonging, in an attempt to shed light on the differences in their academic performance on the two campuses. © Unisa Press.	Campus locality; Situated cognition; Situated learning; Students' sense of belonging; Tertiary academic performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-63349100246	Equivalence of robust stabilization and robust performance via feedback	Ball J.A., Fang Q., Groenewald G.J., ter Horst S.	2009	Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems	21	1	10.1007/s00498-009-0037-4	Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123, United States; Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, United States; Department of Mathematics, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Ball, J.A., Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123, United States; Fang, Q., Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, United States; Groenewald, G.J., Department of Mathematics, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; ter Horst, S., Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123, United States	One approach to robust control for linear plants with structured uncertainty as well as for linear parameter-varying plants (where the controller has on-line access to the varying plant parameters) is through linear-fractional-transformation models. Control issues to be addressed by controller design in this formalism include robust stability and robust performance. Here robust performance is defined as the achievement of a uniform specified L 2-gain tolerance for a disturbance-to-error map combined with robust stability. By setting the disturbance and error channels equal to zero, it is clear that any criterion for robust performance also produces a criterion for robust stability. Counter-intuitively, as a consequence of the so-called Main Loop Theorem, application of a result on robust stability to a feedback configuration with an artificial full-block uncertainty operator added in feedback connection between the error and disturbance signals produces a result on robust performance. The main result here is that this performance-to-stabilization reduction principle must be handled with care for the case of dynamic feedback compensation: casual application of this principle leads to the solution of a physically uninteresting problem, where the controller is assumed to have access to the states in the artificially-added feedback loop. Application of the principle using a known more refined dynamic-control robust stability criterion, where the user is allowed to specify controller partial-state dimensions, leads to correct robust-performance results. These latter results involve rank conditions in addition to linear matrix inequality conditions. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2009.	Linear fractional transformations; Linear matrix inequalities; Multidimensional linear systems; Output feedback; Robust performance; Robust stabilization	Linear fractional transformations; Multidimensional linear systems; Output feedback; Robust performance; Robust stabilization; Access control; Applications; Block codes; Controllers; Delay control systems; Feedback; Fuzzy control; Linear control systems; Mathematical operators; Mathematical transformations; Robust control; Robustness (control systems); Speed control; Stability criteria; Stabilization; Switching systems; System stability; Uncertain systems; Linear matrix inequalities	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879115517	The potential impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the treatment and epidemiology of ranula in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients	Syebele K., Munzhelele T.I.	2013	Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology	116	1	10.1016/j.oooo.2013.02.016	Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 1266, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgery, University of Pretoria (1 Military Hospital Division), South Africa	Syebele, K., Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 1266, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Munzhelele, T.I., Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgery, University of Pretoria (1 Military Hospital Division), South Africa	Objectives: The study's aim was to assess the potential therapeutic effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on ranulas in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Study Design: The study includes a retrospective observation of 3 patients who were initially part of a prospective study on the comparative effect of HAART on ranulas in 14 HIV-positive patients. These patients were clinically monitored while pursuing the medical treatment with HAART. Neither a fine needle aspiration nor a surgical procedure was performed. Clinical photographs were used for monitoring of any reduction in the ranula size. The effect of HAART on ranula was assessed at 3, 6 and 12 month. Results: A complete resolution of the ranula lesion was noticed in the 3 HIV-positive selected patients. These results were observed between 6 and 12 months period. Conclusion: This study suggests that HAART might present a potential therapeutic effect on ranula in HIV-positive patients. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	None	adult; article; case report; child; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mucocele; preschool child; retrospective study; salivary gland disease; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Ranula; Retrospective Studies; Salivary Gland Diseases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926178570	Herbal and alternative medicine: The impact on anesthesia	Dippenaar J.M.	2015	Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia	21	1	10.1080/22201181.2015.1013321	Department of Maxillo-Facial-Oral Surgery, Oral and Dental Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Dippenaar, J.M., Department of Maxillo-Facial-Oral Surgery, Oral and Dental Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The use of herbal and alternative therapies is increasing all over the developed as well as the developing world. As pharmacological data on drug interactions involving herbal therapies becomes available, it is important to be familiar with the challenges that concomitant use of these medications may present within the peri-operative period. This review aims to shed light on the more commonly used herbal drugs, and to discuss drug interactions and complications that may be expected in their use. © 2015 The Author(s).	Anaesthesia; Drug interactions; Herbal medicine	acetylsalicylic acid; antacid agent; anticoagulant agent; anticonvulsive agent; antihistaminic agent; benzodiazepine; buspirone; chamomile; corticosteroid; cyclosporin; cytochrome P450; fluoxetine; furosemide; garlic extract; histamine H2 receptor antagonist; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; kava extract; levodopa; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; oral contraceptive agent; primrose oil; proton pump inhibitor; theophylline; thromboxane A2; trazodone; unindexed drug; valerian; von Willebrand factor; warfarin; Aloe vera; alternative medicine; anesthesia; Article; bleeding; central nervous system; clinical trial (topic); drug bioavailability; Echinacea angustifolia; electrolyte transport; Ginkgo biloba; Glycyrrhiza glabra; heart arrhythmia; herb drug interaction; herbal medicine; human; Hypericum perforatum; hypertension; immune response; immunomodulation; kidney dysfunction; liver toxicity; Matricaria recutita; Panax quinquefolius; pharmacodynamics; physician; Piper methysticum; sedation; serotonin syndrome; Tanacetum parthenium; vasoconstriction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867234287	Optimum performance of the small-scale open and direct solar thermal Brayton cycle at various environmental conditions and constraints	Le Roux W.G., Bello-Ochende T., Meyer J.P.	2012	Energy	46	1	10.1016/j.energy.2012.03.034	Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa	Le Roux, W.G., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Bello-Ochende, T., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Meyer, J.P., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa	The Brayton cycle's heat source can be obtained from solar energy instead of the combustion of fuel. The irreversibilities of the open and direct solar thermal Brayton cycle with recuperator are mainly due to heat transfer across a finite temperature difference and fluid friction, which limit the net power output of such a system. In this work, the method of total entropy generation minimisation is applied to optimise the geometries of the receiver and recuperator at various steady-state weather conditions. For each steady-state weather condition, the optimum turbine operating point is also found. The authors specifically investigate the effect of wind and solar irradiance on the maximum net power output of the system. The effects of other conditions and constraints, on the maximum net power output, are also investigated. These include concentrator error, concentrator reflectivity and maximum allowable surface temperature of the receiver. Results show how changed solar beam irradiance and wind speed affect the system net power output and optimum operating point of the micro-turbine. A dish concentrator with fixed focal length, an off-the-shelf micro-turbine and a modified cavity receiver is considered. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Brayton; Geometry; Optimum; Receiver; Recuperator; Solar	Brayton; Direct solar; Dish concentrator; Environmental conditions; Finite temperature differences; Fluid friction; Focal lengths; Heat sources; Micro turbine; Modified cavity receiver; Operating points; Optimum; Optimum performance; Power out put; Solar; Solar beam; Solar irradiances; Surface temperatures; System net; Total entropy; Weather conditions; Wind speed; Brayton cycle; Concentration (process); Entropy; Fuels; Geometry; Meteorology; Receivers (containers); Recuperators; Solar heating; Thermoelectric power; combustion; environmental conditions; error analysis; geometry; irradiance; optimization; performance assessment; power generation; renewable resource; solar cycle; steady-state equilibrium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349406495	Performance characterization of packed bed storage system	Adeyanju A.A.	2009	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	4	1	None	Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria	Adeyanju, A.A., Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria	Modeling of packed-bed heat transfer can be a problem of immense complexity in some cases requiring the use of 3-D finite-element techniques to understand the dynamics of stratification and fluid-solid interaction during different modes of operation. The analytical solution to the packed bed heat transfer was identified in this study and a set of governing equations that economically and accurately characterize the dominant energy transfer mechanisms in a charging or discharging packed bed storage tank over long time periods that include multiple cycles were analyzed. © Medwell Journal, 2009.	Analytical; Characterization; Heat transfer; Packed-bed; Stratification	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61749090431	The performance analysis of a solid adsorption solar refrigerator during collector cool-down and refrigerant evaporation/re-adsorption phases	Ogueke N.V., Anyanwu E.E.	2009	Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering	223	1	10.1243/09544089JPME217	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Ogueke, N.V., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Anyanwu, E.E., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Performance analysis of a solid adsorption solar refrigerator during the collector cool-down and refrigerant evaporation/re-adsorption phases is presented. The effects of the condenser pressure, evaporator pressure, and initial adsorbate concentration on the collector cool-down and refrigerant evaporation/re-adsorption were tested. The adsorbate concentration re-adsorbed increased from 55 to 98 per cent when the initial adsorbate concentration was dropped from 0.29 to 0.21 kg/kg, while the mass of ice produced increased from 0 kg of ice/kg of adsorbent to 0.4 kg of ice/kg of adsorbent for the same range of variation of initial adsorbate concentration. © IMechE 2009.	Adsorbate; Adsorption; Cool-down; Refrigeration; Solar	Adsorbates; Capillary tubes; Concentration (process); Refrigerants; Refrigerators; Solar refrigeration; Surface structure; Adsorbate concentrations; Adsorption phasis; Condenser pressures; Cool-down; Evaporator pressures; Performance analysis; Solar; Solid adsorptions; Adsorption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899443331	Theoretical analysis of the energy performance of three low global warming potential hydro-fluorocarbon refrigerants as R134a alternatives in refrigeration systems	Bolaji B.O.	2014	Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy	228	1	10.1177/0957650913507252	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nigeria College OfEngineering, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria	Bolaji, B.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nigeria College OfEngineering, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria	In this study, the energy performances of low global warming potential R152a, R161 and R1234yf refrigerants were investigated theoretically as alternatives to R134a in vapour compression refrigeration system. The results obtained showed that the saturation vapour pressures for R152a and R1234yf are very close to the pressure of R134a, which indicates similar properties, while that of R161, between the temperatures range of ?30? and 40?, deviated significantly by being 49.2% higher than that of R134a. R152a emerged as the most energy efficient of the investigated refrigerants with average power per ton of refrigeration being 30.5% less than that of R134a. R152a and R161 exhibited higher volumetric refrigerating capacity and coefficient of performance than did R134a. The highest coefficient of performance was obtained using R152a in the system, with average value being 43.5% higher than that of R134a, while the average coefficient of performances for R161 and R1234yf are 4.8% higher and 7.1% lower, respectively. Generally, R152a performed better than other two alternatives, except that it is mildly flammable refrigerant. Major system redesign will be required before R161 can be employed as substitute for R134a. Also, R1234yf showed slightly low energy performance in terms of power per ton of refrigeration, volumetric refrigerating capacity and coefficient of performance. © IMechE 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/ journalsPermissions.nav.	Alternative refrigerant; energy; global warming; hydro-fluorocarbons; performance; R152a	Energy efficiency; Fluorocarbons; Global warming; Phase change materials; Refrigerants; Vapors; Alternative refrigerant; energy; hydro-fluorocarbons; performance; R152a; Refrigeration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952630169	Performance evaluation of a locally developed cassava chipping machine	Bolaji B.O., Adejuyigbe S.B., Ayodeji S.P.	2008	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	19	1	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	Bolaji, B.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Nigeria; Adejuyigbe, S.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria; Ayodeji, S.P., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	A cassava chipping machine was designed and constructed, and its performance evaluated. The results showed that motor speed has significant effects on chipping capacity, chipping efficiency, and chips geometry. The higher the motor speed, the higher the chipping capacity and the lower the chipping efficiency of the machine. The machine has a maximum capacity of 245 kgh-1 at 500 rpm, and maximum chipping efficiency of 92.6% at a speed of 300 rpm. The overall best performance of the machine is obtained at a speed of 400 rpm with chipping efficiency of 86.5% and chipping capacity of 240 kgh-1.	None	Motor speed; Plants (botany); Efficiency	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877143163	Improving human performance: Industry factors influencing the ability to perform	Romo G.M.	2013	Knowledge Management and E-Learning	5	1	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Romo, G.M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Learning interventions and new technologies that aim to improve human performance must take cognisance of industry factors inhibiting human performance. The dynamic and fast pace nature of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the engineering industries do not lend themselves to proper skills planning and management. These industries experience real skills gaps, to some of which they contribute by themselves. This study reports on these performance-inhibiting factors such as the underutilisation of available skills, tolerance for individual preferences, and dynamically, and informally refining a role objective while an employee is occupying a certain role. The important professional skills required by individuals to cope with these real life factors are also explored in the skills gaps management context. Moreover, these industries need a profile they refer to as Special Forces, which denotes a high calibre of worker that possesses well-developed professional skills whilst having advanced technical expertise and sufficient experience. This resource profile is required largely due to the poor management of human resource processes in practice and the current reported lack of adequate skills. Furthermore, this study refers to the recent lack of a working definition for these Special Forces leading to the omitted active development of these profiles in industry today, which appears to become a key human performance inhibiting factor.	Dynamic role re-definition; Modern work analysis; Professional skills; Special forces; Underutilisation of skill	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15044348909	Cooling tower performance evaluation: Merkel, Poppe, and e-NTU methods of analysis	Kloppers J.C., Kröger D.G.	2005	Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power	127	1	10.1115/1.1787504	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Kloppers, J.C., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	The heat rejected and water evaporated in mechanical and natural draft cooling towers are critically evaluated by employing the Merkel, Poppe, and e-number-of-transfer-units (e-NTU) methods of analysis, respectively, at different operating and ambient conditions. The importance of using a particular method of analysis when evaluating the performance characteristics of a certain fill material and subsequently employing the same analytical approach to predict cooling tower performance is stressed. The effect of ambient humidity and temperature on the performance of cooling towers employing the Merkel, e-NTU, and Poppe methods of analysis are evaluated. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.	None	Atmospheric humidity; Computational methods; Cooling systems; Evaporation; Cooling tower performance evaluation; Heat rejection; Water evaporation; Cooling towers; cooling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901291677	Performance evaluation of point-of-care test for detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen in children and HIV infected adults	Shimelis T., Tadesse E.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-227	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Shimelis, T., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Tadesse, E., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Background: Gastro-enteritis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS and children, and Cryptosporidium is the most important parasite implicated. To date, several commercial companies have developed simple and rapid point-of-care tests for the detection of Cryptosporidium infection; however, information is scarce regarding their diagnostic significance in Ethiopia. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for the detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hawassa University Hospital, southern Ethiopia from May to November 2013. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 100 children and 250 HIV infected individuals with diarrhea or CD4 T-cell count lower than 200 cells/μl. Specimens were processed using direct, formol-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen techniques for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium and other parasites. One hundred faecal samples (50 positives for Cryptosporidium, 35 positives for other parasites and 15 negatives for any intestinal parasites) were tested using the CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium kit (Savyon Diagnostics Ltd, Israel). Test parameters were calculated using microscopy of the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained stool smear as reference method. Results: The performance of the RDT was first compared to routine microscopic analysis (examination ≤10 min). The CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium RDT correctly detected 31 of 42 positive samples and 49 of 50 negative samples (i.e., 11 false negatives and 1 false positive). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were calculated to be 74, 98, 97, 84 and 88%, respectively. Upon thorough microscopic analysis (examination >10 min), 8 more samples with very low oocyst density were found. However, these were missed by the kit and lower the sensitivity and NPV to 62 and 72%, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with any of the helminthic or other protozoan parasites including Isospora and Cyclospora species. Conclusion: Based on the results described herein, the CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium test could be used as an alternative to conventional microscopy especially where diagnosis of Cryptosporidium is limited due to time constraints, lack of experienced microscopists or unavailability of appropriate equipment/electricity. © 2014 Shimelis and Tadesse; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cryptosporidium; Evaluation; RDT	Cryptosporidium antigen; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; parasite antigen; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; concentration (parameters); cross reaction; cross-sectional study; Cryptosporidium; evaluation study; feces analysis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; nonhuman; oocyst; parasite identification; point of care testing; predictive value; rapid test; sensitivity and specificity; adult; child; Cryptosporidium; feces; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; isolation and purification; parasitology; Adult; Antigens, Protozoan; Child; Cryptosporidium; Feces; HIV Infections; Humans; Point-of-Care Systems	ISID, International Society for Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881153090	Impact of viral infections on urea and creatinine levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on haemodialysis	Emokpae M.A., Osadolor H.B., Dagogo T., Emokpae L.A.	2013	Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research	12	1	None	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Nassarawa, Kano, Nigeria	Emokpae, M.A., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Osadolor, H.B., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Dagogo, T., Department of Medicine, Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Nassarawa, Kano, Nigeria; Emokpae, L.A., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a world-wide public health problem with substantial morbidity and mortality. Chronic viral infection is associated with a higher risk of death in patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis. Objective: To evaluate the impact of viral infections on urea and creatinine levels in viral infected CKD patients on haemodialysis. Method: Retrospective study of 164 consecutive CKD patients referred to the laboratory for HIV, HBV, HCV, urea, electrolytes and creatinine from the dialysis unit of Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital,Kano, Nigeria between January 2006 and December 2008 was done. They consisted of 114 males and 50 females. The studied parameters were evaluated using standard routine methods. Results: Twenty six (15.9%) out of the 164 patients were positive for viral infections. The mean urea level in viral infected CKD patients was higher (47.5±3.9mmol/L vs 40.8±1.7mmol/L; p<0.002) than non-viral infected patients. Similarly, mean creatinine level in the viral infected patients was higher than the non-viral infected counterparts (1096±116 vs 973±28mmol/L; p<0.001). The mean urea level in the HBV infected patients was higher (54.3±4.3mmol/L) than the HIV (42.7±4.9; p<0.05) and HCV (23.4±0.2mmol/L;p<0.001) infected CKD patients. Conclusion: Viral infections strongly impacted on the kidney in CKD and haemodialysis patients, hence exacerbation of disease progression. Treatment and prevention of viral infections should be promoted.	Chronic kidney disease; Haemodialysis; Urea and creatinine; Viral infections	creatinine; urea; adult; article; blood analysis; chronic kidney disease; controlled study; creatinine blood level; disease course; disease exacerbation; ELISA kit; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; hemodialysis; hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoaffinity chromatography; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; patient referral; retrospective study; urea blood level	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887212781	Utility and diagnostic performance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by two immunochromatographic assays as compared with the molecular Genotype assay in Nigeria	Pokam B.T., Asuquo A.E., Goh K.S., Abia-Bassey L.N., Rastogi N.	2013	International Journal of Mycobacteriology	2	1	10.1016/j.ijmyco.2012.12.002	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria; WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB and My	Pokam, B.T., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon; Asuquo, A.E., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Goh, K.S., WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, 97183 Abymes, Guadeloupe; Abia-Bassey, L.N., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Rastogi, N., WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, 97183 Abymes, Guadeloupe	Among the disadvantages of smear microscopy for detection of tuberculosis cases is its inability to differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This study evaluated two, new immunochromatographic assays - Capilia TB-Neo and SD Bioline - on unheated and heated cultures at 80. °C for 30. min respectively for their ability to discriminate between MTB complex and NTM as compared with the molecular Genotype assay. Mycobacteria used in the study were obtained from smear-positive specimens collected from patients at four major hospitals in Cross River State, Nigeria. Capilia TB-Neo and SD Bioline showed sensitivities of 98.8% and 93.8% respectively and 100% specificity for both assays. Heating the isolates did not significantly impact the test performance. Both tests are recommended for use in rapid differentiation of strains isolated in Nigeria. © 2013 Asian-African Society for Mycobacteriology.	Capilia TB-Neo; Heated strains; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; Non-tuberculous mycobacteria; SD Bioline	article; bacterium culture; bacterium identification; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; genotype; genotyping technique; heating; human; immunoaffinity chromatography; intermethod comparison; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nigeria; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sputum smear; strain difference; tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924143523	Evaluation of non-instrumented nucleic acid amplification by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (NINA-LAMP) for the diagnosis of malaria in Northwest Ethiopia	Sema M., Alemu A., Bayih A.G., Getie S., Getnet G., Guelig D., Burton R., LaBarre P., Pillai D.R.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0559-9	Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; PATH, Seattle, United States	Sema, M., Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Alemu, A., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia; Bayih, A.G., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Getie, S., Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Getnet, G., Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Guelig, D., PATH, Seattle, United States; Burton, R., PATH, Seattle, United States; LaBarre, P., PATH, Seattle, United States; Pillai, D.R., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia	Background: Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. Early and accurate diagnosis followed by prompt and effective treatment is among the various tools available for prevention, control and elimination of malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of non-instrumented nucleic acid amplification loop-mediated isothermal amplification (NINA-LAMP) compared to standard thick and thin film microscopy and nested PCR as gold standard for the sensitive diagnosis of malaria in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in North Gondar, Ethiopia from March to July 2014. Eighty-two blood samples were collected from malaria suspected patients visiting Kola Diba Health Centre and analysed for Plasmodium parasites by microscopy, NINA-LAMP and nested PCR. The NINA-LAMP method was performed using the Loopamp™ Malaria Pan/Pf detection kits for detecting DNA of the genus Plasmodium and more specifically Plasmodium falciparum using an electricity-free heater. Diagnostic accuracy outcome measures (analytical sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and Kappa scores) of NINA-LAMP and microscopy were compared to nested PCR. Results: A total of 82 samples were tested in the primary analysis. Using nested PCR as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of the primary NINA-LAMP assay were 96.8% (95% confidence interval (CI), 83.2% - 99.5%) and 84.3% (95% CI, 71.4% - 92.9%), respectively for detection of Plasmodium genus, and 100% (95% CI, 75.1% - 100%) and 81.2% (95% CI, 69.9% - 89.6%), respectively for detection of P. falciparum parasite. Microscopy demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 93.6% (95% CI, 78.5% - 99.0%) and 98.0% (95% CI, 89.5% - 99.7%), respectively for the detection of Plasmodium parasites. Post-hoc repeat NINA-LAMP analysis showed improvement in diagnostic accuracy, which was comparable to nested PCR performance and superior to microscopy for detection at both the Plasmodium genus level and P. falciparum parasites. Conclusion: NINA-LAMP is highly sensitive for the diagnosis of malaria and detection of Plasmodium parasite infection at both the genus and species level when compared to nested PCR. NINA-LAMP is more sensitive than microscopy for the detection of P. falciparum and differentiation from non-falciparum species and may be a critical diagnostic modality in efforts to eradicate malaria from areas of low endemicity. © 2015 Sema et al.	None	protozoal DNA; Article; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; DNA determination; Ethiopia; evaluation study; female; human; human cell; LAMP system; loop mediated isothermal amplification; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; molecular diagnosis; non instrumented nucleic acid loop mediated isothermal amplification; parasite identification; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae infection; Plasmodium ovale malaria; Plasmodium vivax malaria; polymerase chain reaction; post hoc analysis; predictive value; repeat procedure; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955827737	The impact of immunization control activities on measles outbreaks in akwa ibom state, South-South, Nigeria	Bassey Enya B., Moses A.E., Udo S.M., Umo A.N.	2010	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	9	1	None	Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria	Bassey Enya, B., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Moses, A.E., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Udo, S.M., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Umo, A.N., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria	Background: The increase of vaccination rates means that fewer children will be vulnerable to vaccine preventable diseases such as measles, which will invariably result in a drop in the infant mortality and morbidity rates. Objective: To assess the impact of the implementation of measles reduction strategies from 2006 to 2008 using the quarterly national program for immunization (NPI) in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. Method: Following informed consent, individuals presenting with febrile rash illnesses were routinely bled and tested for measles specific IgM using commercially available ELISA kit-MV-ELISA (Enzygnost; Behring Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Results: A total of four hundred and four individuals comprising of 216 vaccinated and 188 unvaccinated, presenting with febrile rash illness were screened for measles specific IgM antibodies as indication of active infection between January 2006 and December 2008 out of which 122 (30.2%) had detectable levels of measles antibodies. Among the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, 32 (14.8%) and 90 (47.9%) respectively were detected with measles IgM antibodies. The highest and lowest antibody levels were detected in 2006 (vaccinated: 54.7%; unvaccinated: 78.4%) and 2008 (vaccinated: 1.2%; unvaccinated: 12%) respectively. The distribution of measles burden by year show an overall decline in prevalence from 70% in 2006, 8.9% in 2007 to 3.7% in 2008. While, children under the age of 5 similarly had a decline in measles incidence of 73.3%, 10.7% and 3.3% respectively. Sex distribution of infection within the 3-year period shows that more females (37.4%) than males (21.2%) expressed measles IgM antibodies, and active infection was detected more in the rural (31.4%) than urban area (27.7%). However, findings indicate a tremendous decline in active infection in the rural areas from 67% in 2006 to 0% in 2008, and in the urban areas from 78% in 2006 to 9.3% in 2008 among both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. A highly significant reduction in measles infection was observed more among males than females (P=0.009). Infection distribution by location did not show any significant difference (P=0.65) even though more individuals in the rural areas were noted with active infection. Conclusion: The study shows a highly significant reduction in measles burden among vaccinated individuals (P=0.0001) and invariably increases protective coverage of measles vaccination most especially among children under 5 years of age (P=0.0066) in the state. Findings justify effort by government and WHO in carrying immunization campaigns in children, 5-years and below irrespective of vaccination status and experience.	Akwa Ibom state; Measles vaccination; Measles-specific IgM	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952939581	Knowledge, attitude, perception of malaria and evaluation of malaria parasitaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria	Iriemenam N.C., Dosunmu A.O., Oyibo W.A., Fagbenro-Beyioku A.F.	2011	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	48	1	None	Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Laboratory Services, Lagos State General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria	Iriemenam, N.C., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Dosunmu, A.O., Laboratory Services, Lagos State General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Oyibo, W.A., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Fagbenro-Beyioku, A.F., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Background & objectives: Little information exists on the compliance of pregnant women to malaria management in malaria endemic countries. This study was designed to access knowledge, attitude, perception and home management of malaria among consenting pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinic. Methods: In total, 350 pregnant women were randomly recruited during their ANC Clinic in Lagos. Structured questionnaires were administered in a two-stages research design; first during their early months of ANC visit and the second approximately 1-2 months before delivery. Information on occupation, parity, symptoms used to recognise malaria, treatment sources, control measures, knowledge factors, anti-vector measures, health-seeking practices, malaria parasitaemia and packed cell volume (PCV) were recorded. Results: The results revealed that 78.9% of the pregnant women identified infected mosquitoes as the cause of malaria while 86% of the pregnant women identified stagnant water as its breeding sites. Knowledge of the benefit of insecticide-treated mosquito bednets was less prominent as most of the selected subjects decried its high market price. Our data also showed that educational programme targeted on potential mothers is beneficial. Overall, 27.4% (96/350) of the pregnant women had peripheral malaria infection with 88.5% (85/96) of the parasite positive women infected with Plasmodium falciparum and 11.5% (11/96) with P. malariae. PCV ranged from 20-40% (median 33.9%) with 25.7% (90/350) of the pregnant women being anaemic with PCV <33%. We found an association between malaria infection and occupation, and this association was not influenced by parity. Interpretation & conclusion: Our findings revealed that improvement in knowledge and education of women of child-bearing age has an influential impact on malaria control.	Attitude; Awareness; Knowledge; Malaria control; Practice; Pregnancy	adult; anemia; article; attitude to illness; controlled study; education program; employment status; female; hematocrit; home care; human; knowledge management; malaria; malaria control; maternal attitude; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; pregnant woman; prenatal care; structured questionnaire; vector control; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Attitude; Female; Humans; Knowledge; Malaria; Nigeria; Parasitemia; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Perception; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Pregnant Women; Questionnaires; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66549105230	Impact of introducing integrated quality assessment for tuberculosis and malaria microscopy in Kano, Nigeria	Sarkinfada F., Aliyu Y., Chavasse C., Bates I.	2009	Journal of Infection in Developing Countries	3	1	None	Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria; Kano State Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Ministry of Health Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpo	Sarkinfada, F., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria; Aliyu, Y., Kano State Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Ministry of Health Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Chavasse, C., Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Bates, I., Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the integration of malaria microscopy quality assessment (QA) with that of other microscopically diagnosed diseases, but there is no evidence that it has been attempted. We assessed the feasibility of linking malaria microscopy into the existing tuberculosis (TB) microscopy QA system in Kano, Nigeria. Methodology: Five TB microscopy centres were selected for implementing the integrated TB and malaria microscopy QA scheme in the state. A model system was designed for selecting and blinded rechecking of TB and malaria slides from these laboratories. Supervision and evaluation was conducted at 3-month intervals for 24 months. Results: TB microscopy QA was strengthened in four laboratories. Full integration of the QA for TB and malaria microscopy was achieved in two laboratories, and partial integration in two other laboratories. The programme resulted in an increase in the specificity of both TB and malaria microscopy results. At the final assessment, 100% specificity was achieved for TB microscopy results in four laboratories. There was an increased concordance rate and decreased false positivity and false negativity rates of TB microscopy results in all five laboratories. Conclusions: It is feasible to integrate the QA system and training for TB and malaria microscopy for assessing and improving quality of both services. However, the integrated system needs testing in different settings in order to be able to develop sound recommendations to guide the complex scaling-up process.	Kano; Malaria; Microscopy; Quality; Tuberculosis	article; clinical protocol; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic error; diagnostic value; false negative result; false positive result; feasibility study; health program; laboratory; malaria; microscopy; Nigeria; quality control; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculosis; Feasibility Studies; Government Programs; Humans; Laboratories, Hospital; Malaria; Microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nigeria; Plasmodium; Program Evaluation; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846995098	Evaluation of the pattern and prognostic implications of anti-p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma	Akere A., Otegbayo J.A.	2007	Singapore Medical Journal	48	1	None	Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Univesity of Ibadan, Nigeria	Akere, A., Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Univesity of Ibadan, Nigeria; Otegbayo, J.A., Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Univesity of Ibadan, Nigeria	Introduction: The p53 antigen is oncoprotective and when damaged, leads to production of anti-p53. It also predisposes to various cancers , including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum anti-p53 has been proven to have prognostic and other values in patients with HCC. The objectives of this study were to determine the serum pattern, prevalence, diagnostic and prognostic utility of serum anti-p53 in Nigerians with HCC. Methods: 41 subjects with HCC and 45 apparently-healthy controls were matched for age and sex. Serum anti-p53 was determined using p53-autoantibody ELISA kit. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.9 (+/- 13.8) years, and that of controls was 49.4 (+/- 13.7) years. There was male predominance among the patients, 31 men (75.6 percent) versus ten women (24.4 percent), with a male-to-female ratio of 3.1:1. Similar values among controls were 33 men (73.3 percent) versus 12 women (26.7 percent), with a male-to-female ratio of 2.75:1. Anti-p53 was detectable in the sera of five (12.2 percent) patients and four (8.9 percent) of controls (p-value is greater than 0.05). All the patients with positive sera were males, while one of the controls was a female. Three (60 percent) of the positive patients were in the age range 40-49 years, while in the control group, they were in the age range 50-59 years. Conclusion: There is a low prevalence of serum anti-p53 in our study population, and this is commoner in men. It is also present in the control group and therefore may not be useful as a diagnostic tool in this study population.	Anti-p53; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Serum anti-p53	autoantibody; protein p53; cancer antibody; adult; antibody detection; article; cancer patient; cancer susceptibility; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; evaluation; female; human; liver cell carcinoma; male; Nigeria; prevalence; prognosis; protein blood level; case control study; immunology; liver tumor; metabolism; middle aged; prospective study; Adult; Antibodies, Neoplasm; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Case-Control Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prevalence; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84555220624	Evaluation of the GenoType® MTBDRsl assay for susceptibility testing of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs	Said H.M., Kock M.M., Ismail N.A., Baba K., Omar S.V., Osman A.G., Hoosen A.A., Ehlers M.M.	2012	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	16	1	10.5588/ijtld.10.0600	Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Said, H.M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Kock, M.M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Ismail, N.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Baba, K., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Omar, S.V., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Osman, A.G., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Hoosen, A.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Ehlers, M.M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa	BACKGROUND: The GenoType® MTBDRsl assay is a new rapid assay for the detection of resistance to secondline anti-tuberculosis drugs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the MTBDRsl assay on 342 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates for resistance to ofloxacin (OFX), kanamycin (KM), capreomycin (CPM) and ethambutol (EMB), to compare the results to the agar proportion method, and to test discrepant results using DNA sequencing. RESULT: The sensitivity and specificity of the MTBDRsl assay were respectively 70.3% and 97.7% for OFX, 25.0% and 98.7% for KM, 21.2% and 98.7% for CPM and 56.3% and 56.0% for EMB. DNA sequencing identified mutations that were not detected by the MTBDRsl assay. The 8/11 phenotypically OFX-resistant isolates had mutations in gyrA (2/8 had an additional mutation in the gyrB gene), 1/11 had mutations only in the gyrB gene, 6/21 phenotypically KM-resistant isolates had mutations in the rrs gene, and 7/26 and 20/26 phenotypically CPM-resistant isolates had mutations in the rrs and tlyA genes. CONCLUSION: The MTBDRsl assay showed lower sensitivity than previous studies. The assay performed favourably for OFX; however, it was less sensitive in the detection of KM/CPM resistance and demonstrated low sensitivity and specificity for EMB resistance. It is recommended that the MTBDRsl assay include additional genes to achieve better sensitivity for all the drugs tested. © 2012 The Union.	Drug resistance; GenoType® MTBDRsl; MDR-TB; XDR-TB	bacterial DNA; capreomycin; ethambutol; kanamycin; ofloxacin; agar proportion method; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterial gene; bacterium isolate; controlled study; DNA sequence; embB gene; gene mutation; gyrA gene; gyrB gene; hybridization; intermethod comparison; microbiological examination; multidrug resistance; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; phenotype; priority journal; reverse hybridization; rrs gene; sensitivity and specificity; tlyA gene; Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Capreomycin; DNA Gyrase; DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethambutol; Genotype; Humans; Kanamycin; Kanamycin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ofloxacin; Pentosyltransferases; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Predictive Value of Tests; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892484362	Evaluation of rapid syphilis tests in KwaZulu-Natal	Dlamini N.R., Phili R., Connolly C.	2014	Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis	28	1	10.1002/jcla.21647	Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Ethekwini South Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Dlamini, N.R., Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Phili, R., Ethekwini South Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Connolly, C., Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Background: Despite the considerable decrease in the seroprevalence of syphilis in South Africa, with an estimated prevalence of 1.5% in 2010, the disease remains a threat particularly to pregnant women, hence there is a need for a rapid, reliable, and affordable screening and diagnostic test. A laboratory evaluation study was conducted in response to a call by the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Provincial Department of Health that is considering using rapid point-of-care syphilis tests. Methods: The performances of the Hexagon and the SD Bioline syphilis tests were compared with the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) reference test using 297 (142 positive and 155 negative) serum specimens. Results: Both assays demonstrated good performance with negative and positive concordance of 97 and 94% for the Hexagon assay and 98 and 90% for SD Bioline assay, respectively, when compared to the TPHA. The Hexagon test was quicker and easier to read than the SD Bioline test. Conclusion: Although the rapid syphilis tests performed favorably, a number of issues need to be considered prior to their use for syphilis screening in the public sector of South Africa. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Rapid; Screening; Syphilis; Testing; Treponemal	article; Hexagon syphilis test; human; human tissue; major clinical study; nonhuman; point of care testing; SD bioline syphilis; syphilis; syphilis rapid test; Treponema pallidum; Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test; Treponema pallidum; rapid; screening; syphilis; testing; treponemal; False Negative Reactions; Female; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Pregnancy; Reagins; Reference Standards; South Africa; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84951266195	Evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasitosis in school age children in Ethiopia	Yimer M., Hailu T., Mulu W., Abera B.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1822-4	Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Yimer, M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Hailu, T., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Mulu, W., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Abera, B., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Background: Although the sensitivity of Wet mount technique is questionable, it is the major diagnostic technique for routine diagnosis of intestinal parasitosis in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasitosis in school age children in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from May to June 2013. Single stool sample was processed for direct, Formol ether concentration (FEC) and Kato Katz methods. The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of diagnostic tests were calculated in terms of the "Gold" standard method (the combined result of the three methods altogether). Results: A total of 422 school age children were participated in this study. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was high (74.6 %) with Kato Katz technique. The sensitivity of Wet mount, FEC and Kato Katz tests against the Gold standard test was 48.9, 63.1 and 93.7 %, respectively. Kato Katz technique revealed a better NPV 80.4 (80.1-80.6) as compared to the Wet mount (33.7 %) and FEC techniques (41.3 %). Conclusion: In this study, the Kato Katz technique outperformed the other two methods but the true values for sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic values are not known. Moreover, it is labor intensive and not easily accessible. Hence, it is preferable to use FEC technique to complement the Wet mount test. © 2015 Yimer et al.	Ethiopia; FEC; Kato Katz; NPV; Sensitivity; Wet mount	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68949108139	Evaluation of commercial hiv test kits used in Nigeria	Banwat E.B., Peter J.Y., Egah D.Z.	2009	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	12	1	None	Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria	Banwat, E.B., Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria; Peter, J.Y., Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria; Egah, D.Z., Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria	Background: Accurate and reliable diagnosis of HIV plays a central role in any effective HIV intervention. We decided to evaluate 4 commercial HIV test kits to determine their reliability for use in developing countries. Methods: Serum samples obtained from clients accessing tertiary health services at the STI clinic, Jos University Teaching Hospital were used to evaluate Sdbioline, Diaspot, Determine and DIALAB Elisa kits. A Western blot was used as the reference kit. Results: DETERMINE kit gave 34 positive and 58 negative reactions and the positive sera were all confirmed by Western blot while DIASPOT kit gave 27 false negative results, which was at variance with the reference kit result. Other kits were SDBIOLINE with 5 false positive and DIALAB Elisa kit, which gave one false positive, and one false negative result. Conclusion: We conclude that Determine, SDbioline and DIALAB Elisa kits are reliable for HIV antibody testing in Nigeria and other developing countries.	HIV; Nigeria; Test kits	article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; developing country; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Nigeria; prediction and forecasting; reproducibility; serodiagnosis; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Developing Countries; HIV Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861911931	Development and evaluation of an assay for HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase drug resistance genotyping of all major group-M subtypes	Aitken S.C., Kliphuis A., Wallis C.L., Chu M.L., Fillekes Q., Barth R., Stevens W., Rinke de Wit T.F., Schuurman R.	2012	Journal of Clinical Virology	54	1	10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.010	Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; PharmAccess International, Pietersbergweg 17, 1105BM Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Global Health Department, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands	Aitken, S.C., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kliphuis, A., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands, PharmAccess International, Pietersbergweg 17, 1105BM Amsterdam, Netherlands; Wallis, C.L., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Chu, M.L., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; Fillekes, Q., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; Barth, R., Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rinke de Wit, T.F., PharmAccess International, Pietersbergweg 17, 1105BM Amsterdam, Netherlands, Global Health Department, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Schuurman, R., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands	Background: High cost and varying sensitivity for non-B HIV-1 subtypes limits application of current commercial kits for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping of all major HIV-1 group-M subtypes. Objectives: Our research aimed to develop and validate an assay specific for all major HIV-1 group-M subtypes for use as an alternative to commercial assays for HIV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) drug resistance genotyping. Study design: A nested RT-PCR encompassing the entire PR and RT up to amino acid 321 of HIV-1 was designed to detect HIV-1 group-M subtypes. Primers compatible with group-M subtypes were defined and analytical sensitivity of the assay evaluated using a panel of reference viruses for subtypes A-H and CRF01_AE. The assay was subsequently evaluated on 246 plasma samples from HIV-1 infected individuals harboring various group-M subtypes and viral loads (VLs). Results: All major group-M HIV-1 subtypes were detected with an overall analytical sensitivity of 1.00E+03 RNA copies/ml. Application of the genotyping assay on 246 primarily African clinical samples comprising subtypes A (n= 52; 21.7%), B (n= 12; 5.0%), C (n= 127; 52.9%), D (n= 25; 10.4%), CRF01_AE (n= 10; 4.2%), and CRF02_AG (n= 10; 4.2%), and unassigned variants (n= 10; 4.2%), VL range 4.32E+02-8.63E+06 (median 2.66E+04) RNA copies/ml, was ∼98% successful. Conclusions: A group-M subtype-independent genotyping assay for detection of HIV-1 drug resistance was developed. The described assay can serve as an alternative to commercial assays for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping in routine diagnostics, and for surveillance and monitoring of drug resistance in resource-limited settings (RLS). © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Drug resistance; Genotyping; Group-m subtypes; HIV-1	amino acid; efavirenz; Human immunodeficiency virus proteinase; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; RNA; RNA directed DNA polymerase; stavudine; zidovudine; adult; article; child; controlled study; enzyme assay; female; genotype; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; male; nonhuman; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; single drug dose; validation process; virus detection; virus load; Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Primers; Drug Resistance, Viral; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957577723	Evaluation of immunocytochemistry on pleural fluid for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis	Omar S.V., Baba K., Ismail N.A., Joubert H.F., Hoosen A.A.	2011	Current Research in Tuberculosis	3	1	10.3923/crt.2011.20.24	Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa	Omar, S.V., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Baba, K., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ismail, N.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Joubert, H.F., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Hoosen, A.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of immunocytochemistry against the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) antigen on pleural fluid for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Immunocytochemistry refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells and exploiting the principle of antigens binding to their respective antibodies. Visualization is enabled by tagging the antibody with color producing tags. Consecutive pleural fluid specimens were cytospun and stained for the BCG antigen. Specimens were cultured on Lowenstein Jensen media. After incubation, culture slopes were washed with distilled water and washings used to perform real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay for mycobacteria. Immunocytochemistry detected mycobacteria in 10/102 (9.8%) specimens compared to 22/102 (21.6%) by culture and 26/102 (25.5%) by real-time PCR. This gave a sensitivity of 27% [95%CI: 16, 34] and specificity of 96% [95%CI: 92, 99] (p = 0.002). Immunocytochemistry detecting the BCG antigen was not useful for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. © 2011 Academic Journals Inc.	Antigen; BCG; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; PCR; Rapid	Mycobacterium antigen; article; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; human; immunocytochemistry; intermethod comparison; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium kansasii; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; pleura fluid; predictive value; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculous pleurisy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651256754	Evaluation of an uncollimated printed paper transmission source used under scatter limiting conditions	van Staden J.A., du Raan H., Lötter M.G., Herbst C.P., van Aswegen A., Rae W.I.D.	2011	Physica Medica	27	1	10.1016/j.ejmp.2010.01.004	Department of Medical Physics (G68), University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa	van Staden, J.A., Department of Medical Physics (G68), University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; du Raan, H., Department of Medical Physics (G68), University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; Lötter, M.G., Department of Medical Physics (G68), University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; Herbst, C.P., Department of Medical Physics (G68), University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; van Aswegen, A., Department of Medical Physics (G68), University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; Rae, W.I.D., Department of Medical Physics (G68), University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa	Transmission sources used for image attenuation correction, allowing image quantification, are collimated to reduce scatter. We propose the same effect can be achieved for an uncollimated source by increasing source to patient distance. The aim was to compare planar image performance characteristics and absorbed doses of uncollimated and collimated radioactive printed paper transmission sources. The scatter contribution to the uncollimated 99mTc source data was evaluated for different combinations of detector phantom distance, detector source distance and phantom source distance. Measurements were performed by increasing the Lucite phantom thickness in 1cm steps to 20 cm. Spatial resolution, detection efficiency and entrance absorbed dose rate were measured for the uncollimated and collimated transmission source images. Results derived from the energy spectra, obtained with the uncollimated transmission source indicate that scatter contribution increases with decreasing detector source distance. The scatter component in the uncollimated transmission images (detector source distances≥60cm; phantom source distances≥40cm) was comparable to that obtained with collimated transmission images. Attenuation coefficients obtained compared well (0.168cm-1 vs. 0.171cm-1). The full widths at half maxima differed by less than 0.9mm. The detection efficiency of the uncollimated source was 2.5 times higher than obtained with the collimated source. The entrance absorbed dose obtained from an uncollimated source was 3.75 times larger than that obtained from the collimated source.An uncollimated transmission source (detector source distance ≥ 60. cm) results in acceptable image characteristics and presents a low cost, low dose, high efficiency option for transmission imaging. © 2010 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica.	Attenuation correction; Printed source; Transmission imaging	technetium 99m; article; collimator; controlled study; image processing; image quality; measurement; paper; phantom; radiation absorption; radiation attenuation; radiation dose; radiation energy; radiation scattering; radioactive printed paper transmission source; scintiscanning; thickness; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Phantoms, Imaging; Radiation Dosage; Reproducibility of Results; Scattering, Radiation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Technetium; Tomography, Emission-Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84255173329	Evaluation of absorbed dose during hysterosalpingography in a nigerian hospital	Okeji M.C., Udoh B.E., Chiaghanam N.O.	2011	European Journal of Scientific Research	67	1	None	Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nigeria; Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe Universit	Okeji, M.C., Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nigeria; Udoh, B.E., Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria; Chiaghanam, N.O., Department of Radiography, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	This study is aimed at determining the absorbed dose by patients undergoing hysterosalpingography in a Nigerian hospital. Dosimetric evaluations were carried out by measuring Entrance Surface Dose [ESD] using Thermoluminiscent Dosimeters [TLD] placed on the regions of interest. The radiation dose to ninety one [91] patients [mean age 29] who underwent the HSG was evaluated and presented. The mean ESD for the patients was 5.87±4.56mGy with range of 0.02 to 13.08mGy. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011.	Hysterosalpingography absorbed dose; Nigeria; Thermoluminiscent dosimeter	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861792865	Impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort	Ugwu A.C., Imo A.O., Erondu O.F.	2009	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	1	1	10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.40	Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, Ebonyi State University, Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; Department of Physics (Medical Physics), Rivers Sta	Ugwu, A.C., Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria; Imo, A.O., Department of Radiology, Ebonyi State University, Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; Erondu, O.F., Department of Physics (Medical Physics), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria	Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an important diagnostic procedure in the investigation of infertility. It is the radiographic delineation of uterine and tubal cavities and is part of the diagnostic evaluation of conjugal infertility.1 This diagnostic procedure is associated with high levels of anxiety, pain and stress from various causes. This study was designed to investigate the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on HSG pain and discomfort. Method: One hundred hysterosalpingography referrals were recruited for this study. Verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perception, Likert scales were used to assess the psychosocial variables, while visual analogue scales were used to assess discomfort. Pearson's correlations were conducted. Tests were two-tailed, with p < 0.05 indicating statistical signifi cance. Results: Some of the patients (34%) indicated that the administration of analgesics prior to the procedure reduced the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. Mean ± standard deviation of pain and discomfort were 2.82 ± 0.77 and 6.36 ± 2.19 respectively. Age correlated signifi cantly with pain perception (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), while pain correlated signifi cantly with perception of discomfort (r = -0.46, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Age signifi cantly correlated with pain. This is a factor that could be harnessed for clinical use. © 2009. The Authors.	Discomfort; Hysterosalpingography; Infertility; Pain; Radiographic delineation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955441756	Static endurance of the back extensor muscles: Association between performance and reported reasons for test termination	Mbada C.E., Ayanniyi O., Adedoyin R.A., Johnson O.E.	2010	Journal of Musculoskeletal Research	13	1	10.1142/S0218957710002405	Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Mbada, C.E., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ayanniyi, O., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adedoyin, R.A., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Johnson, O.E., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Purpose: Quite a few studies have reported previously on reasons for terminating tests of back muscles endurance. This study investigated the association between endurance performance and reported reasons for terminating back extensor muscle endurance test in apparently healthy adults. Methods: Three-hundred-and-seventy-six volunteers with the mean age of 38.9 ± 13.5 years participated in this study. All participants underwent modified BieringSørensen test of Static Muscular Endurance. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation, Pearson's correlation and Chi-square, ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data. The α level was set at 0.05. Results: It is found that 76.1% of the participants terminated the test due to fatigue in the low back, followed by low-back pain (LBP) (12.8%) and fatigue in the gluteal or hamstring muscles (7.4%) respectively. The magnitudes of the endurance time for each reason of termination fatigue in the low back (121 ± 49.3 sec), fatigue in the gluteal or hamstring muscles (102 ± 44.0 sec), LBP (59 ± 27.4 sec), and behavioral factors (92 ± 34.7 sec) were found to be significantly different (p = 0.001). Test termination due to fatigue in the low back was on the average 62 seconds longer than that due to LBP. Conclusions: Fatigue was the most commonly reported reason for back extensor muscles' endurance test termination. Endurance time was least in those individuals who terminate the test due to complaints of LBP and greatest in those who end the task for fatigue only. © 2010 World Scientific Publishing Company.	Back extensors; Fatigue; Low-back pain; Static endurance; Test termination	adult; article; back muscle; behavior; body height; body mass; body weight; controlled study; extensor muscle; female; gluteus maximus muscle; hamstring; human; human experiment; low back pain; male; muscle exercise; muscle fatigue; muscle function; normal human; task performance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878637418	Impact of missed appointments for out-patient physiotherapy on cost, efficiency, and patients' recovery	Mbada C.E., Nonvignon J., Ajayi O., Dada O.O., Awotidebe T.O., Johnson O.E., Olarinde A.	2013	Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal	31	1	10.1016/j.hkpj.2012.12.001	Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Mbada, C.E., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Nonvignon, J., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ajayi, O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Dada, O.O., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Awotidebe, T.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Johnson, O.E., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Olarinde, A., Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Missed appointments (MAs) constitute a challenge for clinicians and clinical administrators. This study assessed the rates of MAs and their impact on cost, efficiency, and patients' recovery. A 3-year retrospective audit was conducted in a Nigerian outpatient physiotherapy clinic. Data were gleaned on socio-demographic and clinical variables related to MAs. Efficiency was calculated as current asset divided by current liability; while total revenue loss due to MAs was calculated as a product of the total of MAs and per treatment cost. Of 930 appointments, 79.2% were MAs. MAs for first, second and third treatment schedules were 26.1%, 34.1% and 32.3%, respectively. The proportion of MAs was higher among females (80.3%), the elderly (>65 years) (90.6%), patients with neurological conditions (91.3%) and appointments in the month of December (94.3%). If the per treatment schedule cost is $10, a 79.2% MAs rate will result in $7370 revenue loss and 737 lost opportunities to treat patients. MAs lowered efficiency by 79.0%, with an efficiency ratio of 0.21. If MAs slow a patient's recovery process by 2 days, then 79.2% of MAs could potentially impact patient recovery time by 1474 days. MAs for outpatient physiotherapy are a momentous challenge and signify important losses in terms of cost, efficiency and recovery time for patients. © 2012 .	Cost; Efficiency; Missed appointments; Outpatient physiotherapy; Patients' recovery	adult; aged; article; consultation; female; follow up; health care cost; hospital management; human; major clinical study; male; medical audit; outpatient care; patient referral; physiotherapy; retrospective study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894119562	Fatigue impact, gait and balance performance in chronic stroke survivors	Obembe A.O., Olalemi A.E., Loto B.O.	2014	Physiotherapy Practice and Research	35	1	10.3233/PPR-130029	Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Obembe, A.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Olalemi, A.E., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Loto, B.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Background: Post-stroke fatigue is common in chronic stroke survivors. Improving gait and balance performance are important in stroke rehabilitation. For optimal rehabilitation, it is important to know how these are associated with post-stroke fatigue. This study explored the relationship of functional limitations due to post stroke fatigue with gait and balance performance in stroke survivors undergoing physiotherapy. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 70 stroke survivors (41 males, 29 females) with ages ranging from 42 to 76 years (mean 53.7 ± 11 years). Fatigue was assessed with Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS); gait speed and cadence were assessed with observational gait analysis; balance performance was assessed with Berg Balance Scale (BBS); and fall efficacy was assessed with Fall Efficacy Scale (FES). Results The mean MFIS score, gait speed, cadence, BBS score and FES score were 37.94 ± 11.78, 0.32 ± 0.23 m/s, 58.32 ± 28.35 steps/minute, 45.64 ± 6.62, 36.42 ± 26.21 respectively. Twenty six (37.1%) participants often experienced functional limitations due to fatigue. MFIS scores had no relationship (p > 0.05) with gait (gait speed and cadence) and balance (balance performance and fall efficacy). Conclusion: This study concluded that fatigue, which occurs frequently, is not related to gait and balance performance. Fatigue should be assessed in all stroke survivors during rehabilitation without considering their physical function, such as walking ability and balance. © IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.	balance; Fatigue; gait; physiotherapy; stroke	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902280481	Trajectory of motor performance over twelve months in nigerian stroke survivors	Vincent-Onabajo G.O., Hamzat T.K., Owolabi M.O.	2014	Brain Impairment	15	1	10.1017/BrImp.2014.3	Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, Universit	Vincent-Onabajo, G.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Hamzat, T.K., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Owolabi, M.O., Department of Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Objective: Submissions on recovery of post-stroke motor performance vary, especially in relation to increasing time after stroke. This study examined the trajectory of motor performance over the first 12 months after stroke. Methods: Consecutive first-incidence stroke survivors (N = 83) were recruited within 1 month of onset from a tertiary health institution in Nigeria. Simplified Fugl Meyer scale (S-FM) was used to assess motor performance at monthly intervals. Changes in overall motor performance, and differences between the affected upper and lower extremities, were examined using Friedman's ANOVA and paired t-tests, respectively. Results: Significant improvement in motor performance was observed across 12 months (p <.001), with the proportion of stroke survivors with severe impairment at onset (53.3%) decreasing to 20% by 12 months. Lower extremity motor performance scores were significantly higher than for the upper extremity from 1 to 12 months (p <.01 at 3, 4, 5, 6 and 12 months; and p <.05 at the remaining months). Conclusions: The potential for long-term improvement in motor performance after stroke was observed, suggesting that this can be harnessed by long-term rehabilitation efforts. The comparatively poorer outcome in the upper extremity indicates the need for extra rehabilitation strategies to enhance upper-extremity motor recovery in the first year of stroke. Copyright © Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment 2014.	Keywords: motor performance; lower extremity; Nigeria; stroke; upper extremity	adult; aged; arm; article; cerebrovascular accident; convalescence; female; functional status; human; leg; male; motor performance; Nigeria; rehabilitation care; Simplified Fugl Meyer scale; survivor; tertiary health care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875487932	Evaluation of the Determine™ fourth generation HIV rapid assay	Brauer M., De Villiers J.C., Mayaphi S.H.	2013	Journal of Virological Methods	189	1	10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.01.017	Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa	Brauer, M., Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa; De Villiers, J.C., Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa; Mayaphi, S.H., Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa	Assays that detect p24 antigen reduce the diagnostic window period of HIV testing. Most point-of-care HIV assays have poor sensitivity to diagnose acute HIV infection as they only detect antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2 (HIV-1/2). This was a cross-sectional laboratory-based study that evaluated the performance of the Determine™ HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo fourth generation rapid strip - currently the only rapid assay that detects both HIV-1/2 antibodies and p24 antigen. A total of 79 serum specimens (29 positive for HIV antibodies only, 14 positive for HIV antibodies and p24 antigen, 20 HIV-negative, and 16 positive for p24 antigen only) were used for the evaluation. Results were compared with those from validated fourth generation HIV ELISAs. The Determine™ Combo rapid strips had a sensitivity of 90.7% and a specificity of 100% for the detection of HIV-1/2 antibodies. Its sensitivity for the detection of p24 antigen was only 10% (3 out of 30 p24 antigen positive specimens). This implies that most acute HIV infections will be missed with this assay. The need for a point-of-care assay which can detect acute HIV infection reliably still remains, particularly for use in a high prevalence setting such as South Africa. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Acute; Fourth generation test; HIV; Rapid; Seroconversion	antigen p24; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus 2antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; unclassified drug; antigen detection; article; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HIV test; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; point of care testing; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; validity; virus detection; Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Antibodies; HIV Antigens; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887609214	Evaluation of snake envenomation-induced renal dysfunction in dogs using early urinary biomarkers of nephrotoxicity	Hrovat A., Schoeman J.P., de Laat B., Meyer E., Smets P., Goddard A., Nagel S., Daminet S.	2013	Veterinary Journal	198	1	10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.030	Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium	Hrovat, A., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Schoeman, J.P., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; de Laat, B., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Meyer, E., Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Smets, P., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Goddard, A., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Nagel, S., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Daminet, S., Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium	Renal dysfunction in dogs envenomed by poisonous snakes is currently detected using traditional serum and urinary biomarkers such as creatinine and proteinuria. However, these markers lack sensitivity at the early stages of renal dysfunction and their diagnostic accuracy is affected by pre-analytical factors commonly occurring in these dogs, such as haemolysis and haemoglobinuria. Early detection of renal dysfunction would allow for the identification of dogs requiring intensive treatment and monitoring and may help inform prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of several novel urinary biomarkers of glomerular dysfunction, namely, urinary albumin (uAlb), immunoglobulin G (uIgG) and C-reactive protein (uCRP) and of proximal tubular dysfunction (urinary retinol binding protein (uRBP)) compared to traditional end points in dogs with renal damage caused by snake envenomation. Biomarker results were compared between 19 dogs bitten by snakes producing either neurotoxins or cytotoxins and 10 clinically healthy controls.uAlb, uIgG, and uRBP were significantly increased in snake-envenomed dogs at presentation compared to controls, whereas only uIgG and uCRP were significantly elevated 24. h post-envenomation. The urinary protein:creatinine ratio was also increased in envenomed dogs compared to controls, but because of the presence of haematuria and haemoglobinuria, differentiation between pre-renal and renal proteinuria was not possible. The results showed that these novel urinary biomarkers may assist in better detecting renal dysfunction in dogs envenomed by poisonous snakes at the acute disease stage compared to traditional laboratory endpoints. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Canine; Envenomation; Glomerular biomarker; Renal injury; Tubular biomarker	albumin; biological marker; C reactive protein; creatinine; immunoglobulin G; nitrogen; retinol binding protein; urea; article; controlled study; creatinine blood level; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; dog; envenomation; hematuria; hemoglobinuria; intermethod comparison; kidney dysfunction; nephrotoxicity; nonhuman; poisonous snake; protein urine level; proteinuria; urea nitrogen blood level; veterinary toxicology; Canis familiaris; Serpentes; Canine; Envenomation; Glomerular biomarker; Renal injury; Tubular biomarker; Albuminuria; Animals; Biological Markers; C-Reactive Protein; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Diseases; Male; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Snake Bites	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924066605	Efficacy and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel anti-malarial compound (NP046) in a mouse model	Abay E.T., Van Der Westuizen J.H., Swart K.J., Gibhard L., Lawrence N., Dambuza N., Wilhelm A., Pravin K., Wiesner L.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/1475-2875-14-8	Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Abay, E.T., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van Der Westuizen, J.H., Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Swart, K.J., PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Gibhard, L., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Lawrence, N., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Dambuza, N., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Wilhelm, A., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Pravin, K., Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Even though malaria is a completely preventable and treatable disease, it remains a threat to human life and a burden to the global economy due to the emergence of multiple-drug resistant malaria parasites. According to the World Malaria Report 2013, in 2012 there were an estimated 207 million malaria cases and 627,000 deaths. Thus, the discovery and development of new, effective anti-malarial drugs are required. To achieve this goal, the Department of Chemistry at the University of the Free State has synthesized a number of novel amino-alkylated chalcones and analogues, which showed in vitro anti-malarial activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. The lead compound (NP046) was selected for a comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) and in vivo efficacy evaluation in a mouse model. Methods: In vivo efficacy: Water solutions of NP046 were administered orally at 50 and 10 mg/kg using oral gavage and IV at 5 and 1 mg/kg via the dorsal penile vein to Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain) infected male C57BL/6 mice (n = 5), once a day for four days. Blood samples were collected via tail bleeding in tubes containing phosphate buffer saline (PBS) on day five to determine the % parasitaemia by flow cytometry. In vivo PK: NP046 solutions in water were administered orally (50 and 10 mg/kg) and IV (5 mg/kg) to male C57BL/6 mice (n = 5). Blood samples were collected via tail bleeding into heparinized tubes and analysed using a validated LC-MS/MS assay. Data obtained from the concentration-time profile was evaluated using Summit PK software to determine the PK parameters of NP046. Results: NP046 inhibited parasite growth for the oral and IV groups. Better parasite growth inhibition was observed for the IV group. The PK evaluation of NP046 showed low oral bioavailability (3.2% and 6% at 50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg dose, respectively and a moderate mean half-life ranging from 3.1 to 4.4 hours. Conclusion: Even though the oral bioavailability of NP046 is low, its percentage parasite growth inhibition is promising, but in order to improve the oral bioavailability, structure-activity-relationship (SAR) optimization studies are currently being conducted. © 2015 Abay et al.	Drug development; In vivo efficacy; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics	antimalarial agent; chloroquine; hydrocortisone; np 046; reserpine; unclassified drug; animal experiment; antimalarial activity; area under the curve; Article; blood sampling; controlled study; drug bioavailability; drug clearance; drug efficacy; drug penetration; flow cytometry; in vivo study; lipophilicity; liquid chromatography; male; maximum plasma concentration; mouse; nonhuman; pharmacokinetics; plasma concentration-time curve; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium berghei infection; tandem mass spectrometry; time to maximum plasma concentration	MRC, South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-79251585957	Performance of serum c-reactive protein as a screening test for smear-negative tuberculosis in an ambulatory high HIV prevalence population	Wilson D., Badri M., Maartens G.	2011	PLoS ONE	6	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0015248	Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Wilson, D., Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Badri, M., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Maartens, G., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Delayed diagnosis has contributed to the high mortality of sputum smear-negative tuberculosis (SNTB) in high HIV prevalence countries. New diagnostic strategies for SNTB are urgently needed. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific inflammatory protein that is usually elevated in patients with tuberculosis, but its role in the diagnosis of tuberculosis is uncertain. Methodology/Principal Findings: To determine the diagnostic utility of CRP we prospectively evaluated the performance of CRP as a screening test for SNTB in symptomatic ambulatory tuberculosis suspects followed up for 8 weeks in KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa. Confirmed tuberculosis was defined as positive culture or acid-fast bacilli with granulomata on histology, and possible tuberculosis as documented response to antitubercular therapy. The CRP quotient was defined as a multiple of the upper limit of normal of the serum CRP result. Three hundred and sixty four participants fulfilled entry criteria: 135 (37%) with confirmed tuberculosis, 114 (39%) with possible tuberculosis, and 115 (24%) without tuberculosis. The median CRP quotient was 15.4 (IQR 7.2; 23.3) in the confirmed tuberculosis group, 5.8 (IQR 1.4; 16.0) in the group with possible tuberculosis, and 0.7 (IQR 0.2; 2.2) in the group without tuberculosis (p<0.0001). The CRP quotient above the upper limit of normal had sensitivity 0.98 (95% CI 0.94; 0.99), specificity 0.59 (95% CI 0.50; 0.68), positive predictive value 0.74 (95% CI 0.67; 0.80), negative predictive value 0.96 (95% CI 0.88; 0.99), and diagnostic odds ratio 63.7 (95% CI 19.1; 212.0) in the confirmed tuberculosis group compared with the group without tuberculosis. Higher CRP quotients improved specificity at the expense of sensitivity. Significance: In high HIV prevalence settings a normal CRP could be a useful test in combination with clinical evaluation to rule out tuberculosis in ambulatory patients. Point-of-care CRP should be further evaluated in primary care clinics. © 2011 Wilson et al.	None	C reactive protein; tuberculostatic agent; C reactive protein; acid fast bacterium; adult; article; bacterium culture; controlled clinical trial; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; drug response; female; follow up; granuloma; histopathology; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; major clinical study; male; predictive value; prevalence; primary health care; prospective study; protein analysis; protein blood level; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; sputum smear; tuberculosis; AIDS related complex; evaluation; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mass screening; methodology; standard; tuberculosis; Bacilli (class); Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; C-Reactive Protein; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Point-of-Care Systems; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934959080	Impact of rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria at a peripheral health facility in Western Uganda: An interrupted time series analysis	Boyce R.M., Muiru A., Reyes R., Ntaro M., Mulogo E., Matte M., Siedner M.J.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0725-0	Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, United States; Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street #1540, Boston, United States; Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda	Boyce, R.M., Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, United States; Muiru, A., Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, United States, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street #1540, Boston, United States; Reyes, R., Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, United States; Ntaro, M., Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda; Mulogo, E., Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda; Matte, M., Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda; Siedner, M.J., Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, United States, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street #1540, Boston, United States	Background: The World Health Organization recommends that all suspected malaria cases receive a parasitological diagnosis prior to treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy. A recent meta-analysis of clinical trials evaluating RDTs for the management of patients with fever found substantial reductions in anti-malarial prescriptions when health workers adhered to treatment protocols based on test results. However few studies have reported on the impact of RDTs on health systems outside research settings. Methods: The study comprised a retrospective interrupted time series analysis, comparing rates of malaria diagnosis, treatment, and resource utilization before and after introduction of RDTs at a peripheral health facility in rural Western Uganda. The use of malaria diagnostic tests was graphically depicted throughout the study period and fit regression models to identify correlates of three outcomes of interest: (1) length of stay (2) the proportion of patients referred to a higher-level health facility, and (3) administration of antibiotics. Results: Over the course of the study period, 14,357 individuals underwent diagnostic testing for malaria with either a RDT (9,807) or microscopy (4,550). The proportion of patients with parasite-based diagnoses more than tripled to 34 % after the introduction of RDTs. RDTs largely replaced microscopy as the diagnostic method of choice. Compared to patients admitted during the pre-RDT period, patients admitted to the health centre with malaria in the post-RDT period had significantly reduced odds of being referred to another health centre (AOR∈=∈0.49, P∈=∈0.038), receiving antibiotics (AOR∈=∈0.42, P∈<∈0.001), and a significantly shorter mean length of stay (β∈=∈-0.32 days, 95 %CI -0.52 to -0.13). Conclusions: This study is one of the few to demonstrate significant improvement in clinical outcomes and process measures following the introduction of RDTs for the diagnosis of malaria at a rural health facility in Uganda. The results show a reduction in referrals and shorter mean inpatient LOS even as antibiotics were prescribed less frequently. This change greatly increased laboratory throughput and the resultant proportion of patients receiving a parasite-based diagnosis. © 2015 Boyce et.al; licensee BioMed Central.	Antibiotics; Case management; Malaria; Outcomes; Rapid diagnostic tests	antibiotic agent; adult; Article; blood smear; child; comorbidity; diagnostic test; diarrhea; female; gastroenteritis; health care facility; hospital admission; hospital discharge; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; length of stay; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; patient referral; pneumonia; rapid test; respiratory tract infection; retrospective study; rural health care; time series analysis; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860663852	The social and economic impacts of epilepsy on women in Nigeria	Komolafe M.A., Sunmonu T.A., Afolabi O.T., Komolafe E.O., Fabusiwa F.O., Groce N., Kett M., Disu J.O., Ajiboye J.K., Olaniyan S.O.	2012	Epilepsy and Behavior	24	1	10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.11.019	Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife,	Komolafe, M.A., Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sunmonu, T.A., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Afolabi, O.T., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Komolafe, E.O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Fabusiwa, F.O., Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Groce, N., Leonard Chesire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Kett, M., Leonard Chesire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Disu, J.O., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Ajiboye, J.K., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Olaniyan, S.O., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria	Background: Persons with epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa experience stigma and social marginalization. There is paucity of data on the social and economic impacts of epilepsy in these patients and in particular, groups like women. We sought to determine the social and economic impacts of epilepsy on Nigerian women and especially how it affects their treatment and outcomes. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey of 63 women with epilepsy (WWE) and 69 controls matched for age, social status and site of care. A structured questionnaire was used to document information on demographic characteristics, education, employment status, economic status, health care use, personal safety and perceived stigma. The data were collated and analyzed with SPSS version 15. Results: Unemployment, fewer years of formal education, lower marriage rates and higher stigma scores were more frequent among WWE than controls. Physical and sexual abuse with transactional sex was also reported among WWE. We also noted poorer environmental and housing conditions and lower mean personal and household incomes among WWE compared to the control group. Conclusion: WWE in this sample from Nigeria have worse social and economic status when compared with women with other non-stigmatized chronic medical conditions. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.	Education; Employment; Epilepsy; Marriage; Psychosocial aspects; Rural; Urban; Women	adult; article; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; disease duration; educational status; employment status; epilepsy; female; health care utilization; health survey; housing; human; income; major clinical study; marriage; Nigeria; onset age; outcome assessment; safety; sexual abuse; social status; stigma; structured questionnaire; unemployment; women's health; Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Employment; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Nigeria; Social Class; Social Stigma; Unemployment; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927934926	Health worker perspectives on barriers to delivery of routine tuberculosis diagnostic evaluation services in Uganda: A qualitative study to guide clinic-based interventions	Cattamanchi A., Miller C.R., Tapley A., Haguma P., Ochom E., Ackerman S., Davis J.L., Katamba A., Handley M.A.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-014-0668-0	Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States; Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda	Cattamanchi, A., Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States, Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Miller, C.R., Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States, Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Tapley, A., School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Haguma, P., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ochom, E., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ackerman, S., Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Davis, J.L., Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States, Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Handley, M.A., School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Studies of the quality of tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic evaluation of patients in high burden countries have generally shown poor adherence to international or national guidelines. Health worker perspectives on barriers to improving TB diagnostic evaluation are critical for developing clinic-level interventions to improve guideline implementation. Methods: We conducted structured, in-depth interviews with staff at six district-level health centers in Uganda to elicit their perceptions regarding barriers to TB evaluation. Interviews were transcribed, coded with a standardized framework, and analyzed to identify emergent themes. We used thematic analysis to develop a logic model depicting health system and contextual barriers to recommended TB evaluation practices. To identify possible clinic-level interventions to improve TB evaluation, we categorized findings into predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors as described by the PRECEDE model, focusing on potentially modifiable behaviors at the clinic-level. Results: We interviewed 22 health center staff between February 2010 and November 2011. Participants identified key health system barriers hindering TB evaluation, including: stock-outs of drugs/supplies, inadequate space and infrastructure, lack of training, high workload, low staff motivation, and poor coordination of health center services. Contextual barrier challenges to TB evaluation were also reported, including the time and costs borne by patients to seek and complete TB evaluation, poor health literacy, and stigma against patients with TB. These contextual barriers interacted with health system barriers to contribute to sub-standard TB evaluation. Examples of intervention strategies that could address these barriers and are related to PRECEDE model components include: assigned mentors/peer coaching for new staff (targets predisposing factor of low motivation and need for support to conduct job duties); facilitated workshops to implement same day microscopy (targets enabling factor of patient barriers to completing TB evaluation), and recognition/incentives for good TB screening practices (targets low motivation and self-efficacy). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that health system and contextual barriers work together to impede TB diagnosis at health centers and, if not addressed, could hinder TB case detection efforts. Qualitative research that improves understanding of the barriers facing TB providers is critical to developing targeted interventions to improve TB care. © 2015 Cattamanchi et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Barriers; Diagnosis; PRECEDE; Provider behavior; Qualitative research; Tuberculosis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58749111475	Impact of HIV infection and Kaposi Sarcoma on human herpesvirus-8 mucosal replication and dissemination in Uganda	Johnston C., Orem J., Okuku F., Kalinaki M., Saracino M., Katongole-Mbidde E., Sande M., Ronald A., McAdam K., Huang M.-L., Drolette L., Selke S., Wald A., Corey L., Casper C.	2009	PLoS ONE	4	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0004222	Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Academic Alliance for AIDS Care in Africa, Kampala, Uganda	Johnston, C., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Orem, J., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Okuku, F., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kalinaki, M., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Saracino, M., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Katongole-Mbidde, E., Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Sande, M., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Academic Alliance for AIDS Care in Africa, Kampala, Uganda; Ronald, A., Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Academic Alliance for AIDS Care in Africa, Kampala, Uganda; McAdam, K., Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Huang, M.-L., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Drolette, L., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Selke, S., Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Wald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Corey, L., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Casper, C., Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States	Introduction: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the leading cause of cancer in Uganda and occurs in people with and without HIV. Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) replication is important both in transmission of HHV-8 and progression to KS. We characterized the sites and frequency of HHV-8 detection in Ugandans with and without HIV and KS. Methods: Participants were enrolled into one of four groups on the basis of HIV and-KS status (HIV negative/KS negative, HIV positive/KS negative, HIV negative/KS positive, and HIV positive/KS positive). Participants collected oral swabs daily and clinicians collected oral swabs, anogenital swabs, and plasma samples weekly over 4 weeks. HHV-8 DNA at each site was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 78 participants collected a total of 2063 orals swabs and 358 plasma samples. Of these, 428 (21%) oral swabs and 96 (27%) plasma samples had detectable HHV-8 DNA. HHV-8 was detected more frequently in both the oropharynx of persons with KS (24 (57%) of 42 persons with KS vs. 8 (22%) of 36 persons without, p = 0.002) and the peripheral blood (30 (71%) of 42 persons with KS vs. 8 (22%) of 36 persons without, p<0.001). In a multivariate model, HHV-8 viremia was more frequent among men (IRR = 3.3,95% CI = 1.7-6.2, p<0.001), persons with KS (IRR= 3.9, 95% CI = 1.7-9.0, p = 0.001) and persons with HIV infection (IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0-2.7, p = 0.03). Importantly, oral HHV-8 detection predicted the subsequent HHV-8 viremia. HHV-8 viremia was significantly more common when HHV-8 DNA was detected from the oropharynx during the week prior than when oral HHV-8 was not detected (RR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.8-5.9 p<0.001). Genital HHV-8 detection was rare (9 (3%) of 272 swabs). Conclusions: HHV-8 detection is frequent in the oropharynx and peripheral blood of Ugandans with endemic and epidemic KS. Replication at these sites is highly correlated, and viremia is increased in men and those with HIV. The high incidence of HHV-8 replication at multiple anatomic sites may be an important factor leading to and sustaining the high prevalence of KS in Uganda. © 2009 Johnston et al.	None	virus DNA; adult; article; controlled study; DNA determination; endemic disease; epidemic; female; Herpes virus infection; human; Human herpesvirus 8; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; incidence; Kaposi sarcoma; major clinical study; male; oral biopsy; oropharynx; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; quantitative analysis; sex difference; Uganda; viremia; virus detection; virus replication; adolescent; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kaposi sarcoma; metabolism; methodology; middle aged; mucosa; multivariate analysis; virology; virus replication; Human herpesvirus 8; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Herpesvirus 8, Human; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Multivariate Analysis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Uganda; Virology; Virus Replication	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955854700	Development and performance evaluation of a salt bath furnace	Alaneme K.K., Olanrewaju S.O., Bodunrin M.O.	2011	International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering	6	1	None	Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	Alaneme, K.K., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Olanrewaju, S.O., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Bodunrin, M.O., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria	This research work is centered on the design of a low cost - efficient salt bath furnace using locally sourced materials for the purpose of carrying out thermochemical treatments of small and minor components for improved properties in service. Working drawings were produced; and mild steel sheet was used for the construction of the furnace casing while other materials for the construction were selected based on functions and properties of the materials, cost considerations and ease of fabrication into component parts. Testing was carried out to evaluate the performance of the furnace. From the results obtained, it was observed that the salt bath furnace has fast heating rate 12.530C/min and a fuel consumption rate of 2.1 litres/hr, which is comparable to rates of conventional brands of diesel fired salt bath and muffle furnaces purchased from abroad. The lower cost of design of the furnace coupled with its good heat retaining capacity, uniform heating rate, long estimated life time, safety and ease of maintenance justifies the usage.	Atomizing nozzle; Design; Muffle furnace; Salt bath furnace; Thermochemical treatment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925970724	Recycled aluminium cans/eggshell composites: Evaluation of mechanical and wear resistance properties	Agunsoye J.O., Bello S.A., Talabi I.S., Yekinni A.A., Raheem I.A., Oderinde A.D., Idegbekwu T.E.	2015	Tribology in Industry	37	1	None	Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kwara State, University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engine	Agunsoye, J.O., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Bello, S.A., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kwara State, University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria; Talabi, I.S., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Yekinni, A.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lagos State Polytechnic, Surulere Lagos, Nigeria; Raheem, I.A., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Oderinde, A.D., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Idegbekwu, T.E., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria	Aluminium based metal matrix composites have been produced from recycled aluminium cans and 150μm sized eggshell particles using a stir cast process. The mechanical properties of the control and aluminium can/eggshell composites produced have been investigated. The microstructures of the aluminium can/eggshell composites were examined with the aids of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) after the sample surfaces have been carefully prepared and etched with aqueous solution of 0.5 cm3 nitric acid. Micrographs revealed that there was a homogenous distribution of eggshell particles within the aluminium can matrix. An indication of effective stirring action during the melting process. The wear resistance was also investigated under different applied loads (6 to 14 N) on an abrasive surface emery paper of grade 220. The results revealed an increase in Young’s modulus of elasticity and yield stress from 1,206.45 and 50.23 Mpa respectively of the cast aluminium can with 0% eggshell particle to the maximum of 3,258.87and 73.2 MPa of aluminium can/12% eggshell composites. The hardness values increased from 66.23 to 75.13 VN. There was a gradual increase in wear rate of the tested samples as the applied load increased. However, the wear resistance of the aluminium can/6% eggshell and aluminium can/12% eggshell composites increased significantly. Hence, recycling of aluminium cans and eggshells can be harnessed into development of useful engineering metal matrix composite materials. © 2015 Published by Faculty of Engineering.	Aluminium can; Mechanical properties; Recycling; Rugged; Waste	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873205152	Bayesian evaluation of informative hypotheses in SEM using Mplus: A black bear story	van de Schoot R., Verhoeven M., Hoijtink H.	2013	European Journal of Developmental Psychology	10	1	10.1080/17405629.2012.732719	Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, NL-3508 TC, Utrecht, Netherlands; Optentia Research Program, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands	van de Schoot, R., Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, NL-3508 TC, Utrecht, Netherlands, Optentia Research Program, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Verhoeven, M., Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Hoijtink, H., Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, NL-3508 TC, Utrecht, Netherlands	Half in jest we use a story about a black bear to illustrate that there are some discrepancies between the formal use of the p-value and the way it is often used in practice. We argue that more can be learned from data by evaluating informative hypotheses, than by testing the traditional hypothesis. All criticisms of classical hypothesis testing aside, the best argument for evaluating informative hypotheses is that many researchers want to evaluate their expectations directly, but have been unable to do so because the statistical tools were not yet available. It will be shown that a Bayesian model selection procedure can be used to evaluate informative hypotheses in structural equation models using the software Mplus. In the current paper we introduce the methodology using a real-life example taken from the field of developmental psychology about depressive symptoms in adolescence and provide a step-by-step description so that the procedure becomes more comprehensible for applied researchers. As this paper illustrates, this methodology is ready to be used by any researcher within the social sciences. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Bayes factor; Depression; Informative hypothesis; Mplus; Order restricted inference; Structural equation modelling	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444377376	Phylogenetic and morphological re-evaluation of the Botryosphaeria species causing diseases of Mangifera indica	Slippers B., Johnson G.I., Crous P.W., Coutinho T.A., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J.	2005	Mycologia	97	1	None	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands	Slippers, B., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Johnson, G.I., ACIAR, P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 101, Australia; Crous, P.W., Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands; Coutinho, T.A., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, B.D., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wingfield, M.J., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Species of Botryosphaeria are among the most serious pathogens that affect mango trees and fruit. Several species occur on mangoes, and these are identified mainly on the morphology of the anamorphs. Common taxa include Dothiorella dominicana, D. mangiferae (= Natrassia mangiferae), D. aromatica and an unidentified species, Dothiorella 'long'. The genus name Dothiorella, however, is acknowledged as a synonym of Diplodia. This study aimed to characterize and name the Botryosphaeria spp. associated with disease symptoms on mangoes. To achieve this isolates representing all four Dothiorella spp. mentioned above were compared with the anamorphs of known Botryosphaeria spp., based on conidial morphology and DNA sequence data. Two genomic regions were analyzed, namely the ITS rDNA and β-tubulin regions. The morphological and molecular results confirmed that the fungi previously identified from mango as species of Dothiorella belong to Fusicoccum. Dothiorella dominicana isolates were identical to isolates of F. parvum (teleomorph = B. parva). A new epithet, namely F. mangiferum, is proposed for isolates previously treated as D. mangiferae or N. mangiferae. Isolates of D. aromatica were identified as F. aesculi (teleomorph = B. dothidea). A fourth Fusicoccum sp. also was identified as those isolates previously known as Dothiorella 'long'. A key is provided to distinguish these species based on anamorph morphology in culture. This study provides a basis for the identification of Botryosphaeria species from mango, which is important for disease control and to uphold quarantine regulations. © 2005 by The Mycological Society of America.	Conidia; Dieback; Fusicoccum; Identification; Mango; Phylogeny; Soft rot; Stem-end rot; Taxonomy	fungal DNA; ribosomal spacer DNA; RNA 5.8S; tubulin; fungal disease; identification method; phylogeny; taxonomy; article; Ascomycetes; classification; DNA sequence; genetics; mango; microbiological examination; microbiology; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; pathogenicity; phylogeny; plant disease; RNA gene; species difference; ultrastructure; Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Genes, rRNA; Mangifera; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycological Typing Techniques; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Tubulin; Botryosphaeria; Botryosphaeria dothidea; Diplodia; Dothidea; Dothiorella; Fungi; Fusicoccum; Mangifera indica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871480070	Evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic properties of ogi in rabbits infected with Salmonella typhi	Aderiye B.I., David O.M.	2013	International Food Research Journal	20	1	None	Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Aderiye, B.I., Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; David, O.M., Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	The therapeutic and prophylactic effects of fermented maize gruel (ogi) in protecting against and reducing the concentration of Salmonella typhi in rabbits were determined using standard methods. All the experimental animals were fed with commercial diet during the first feed trial. The control group was maintained only on the diet while the first treatment group fed with the commercial diet was later substituted with ogi in the third phase of the trial. The second treatment group was fed with ogi in both the second and third phases of the study. In the second feed trial, the treatment groups were challenged with Salmonella typhi. Infected rabbits that were fed with commercial diets showed high load of Salmonella typhi in the faeces and blood compared to those fed with ogi. The weights gained and food intakes of the animals in the control group were higher than the experimental group. The animals in the first treatment group recorded the least food intake while there was weight loss in the second treatment group. Bacteremia was established in the treatment groups. The level of white blood cells (WBCs) in the rabbits infected with Salmonella typhi but later maintained on ogi, decreased from 4900 mm3 to 4200 mm3. Similarly the WBC count decreased from 7300 mm3 to 6300 mm3 in rabbits that were initially infected (but fed on commercial diet) and later fed with ogi. It could be concluded that ogi could be potent in preventing Salmonella infection and the reduction of microbial load of Salmonella typhi in the blood of the mammals as shown by the microbial and haematological indices. © 2008 IFRJ, Faculty of Food Science &amp; Technology, UPM.	fermented food; Ogi; prophylactic; Salmonella typhi; therapeutic	Animalia; Mammalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Salmonella; Salmonella typhi; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929340681	Impact assessment of proximity of local black soap industry on the bacteriological and physicochemical properties of Ebu stream in Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Odeyemi A.T., Oluyege J.O., Fagbohun E.D., Adebayo A. A	2015	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	11	1	None	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Odeyemi, A.T., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Oluyege, J.O., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Fagbohun, E.D., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adebayo, A. A, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Aims: The level of contamination of Afawo Stream located near Afawo Soap industry in Ikere-Ekiti were investigated by determining the total bacteria and coliform count with antibiotics susceptibility of the isolated bacteria and physico-chemical qualities of the water samples. Methodology and results: The total bacteria and coliform count were determined using pour plate method, the antibiotic susceptibility were carried out using disc diffusion method, while physico-chemical and mineral studies were also carried out using standard methods. The mean total bacteria count of the water samples ranged 40.4 × 104 - 26.5 × 105 CFU/mL and 36.4 × 104 - 23.3 × 105 CFU/mL respectively. Percentage distribution of isolated bacteria include; Escherichia coli (17%), Streptococcus spp. (16%), Bacillus spp. (11%), Nitrobacter spp. (10%), Aeromonas spp. (9%), Arthrobacter spp. (9%), Pseudomonas spp. (5%), Klebsiella spp. (5%), Enterococcus spp. (5%), Micrococcus spp. (4%), Staphylococcus spp. (3%), Vibro spp. (3%), Enterobacter spp. (2%), Salmonella spp. (1%). Enteric microbes have high level of resistance to amoxicillin and augmentin, while nalixidic acid was most effective against the Gram negative isolates. Also the Gram positive isolates showed a high level of resistance to augmentin, cotrimoxazole and cloxacillin while streptomycin and gentamicin was most effective against the Gram positive isolates. Eighty four percent (84%) of the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, some of which possess plasmids with very high molecular weight ranging between 10 and 21 kbp. The physico-chemical properties of the water samples revealed the presence of the some mineral element in the water samples; magnesium (15.60 mg/L), potassium (16.20 mg/L), calcium (8.75 mg/L), sodium (11.55 mg/L), zinc (0.34 mg/L), iron (0.76 mg/L), chloride (21.40 mg/L), sulphate (5.60 mg/L), nitrate (0.35 mg/L). Meanwhile, the mean values of soil minerals were; potassium (76.5 - 83.5) mg/kg, calcium (49.8 - 62.7) mg/kg, sodium (63.4 - 71.6) mg/kg, magnesium (65.8 - 72.4) mg/kg, phosphorus (266.5 - 275.3) mg/kg, zinc (8.28 - 12.22) mg/kg, copper (3.60 - 4.68) mg/kg.	Ebu stream; Effluent discharge; Enteric microbes; Local black soap	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881299076	Comparative evaluation of a two-reagent cold stain method with Ziehl-Nelseen method for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis	Weldu Y., Asrat D., Woldeamanuel Y., Hailesilasie A.	2013	BMC Research Notes	6	1	10.1186/1756-0500-6-323	Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Weldu, Y., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia; Asrat, D., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Woldeamanuel, Y., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hailesilasie, A., Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Background: Bacteriological examination of sputum is the cornerstone in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing world, which is usually done using a Ziehl-Nelseen (ZN) method. However, due to limited laboratory facilities that can satisfy the procedure, applicability of this procedure appears to be adversely affected in field conditions and at peripheral health institutions. Hence, it has become necessary to look for a procedure which can be used as alternative in such conditions.In a cross-sectional study, using convenient sampling technique 362 pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients who attended at Mekelle University Hospital (MUH) between November 2011 and February 2012 were included. After obtaining an informed consent, spot- morning-spot sputum samples were collected from suspected patients. Then a set of duplicate slides, of which one was allocated to a two-reagent cold method (a method of staining which requires carbol fuchsine as a primary stain and Gabbet's methylene blue both as a decolorizer and counter stain) and the other to the Zeihl-Nelseen method were smeared evenly from representative portion of each specimen using the protocol for duplicate smear preparation. Stained smears were read blindly by two technologists at different occasions. Finally to assure quality, all positive smears and 25% of the negative smears were cross checked by senior experienced examiner. Findings. Overall concordance between the two methods was 99.7% (kappa (κ) = 0.98; 95%, confidence interval 0.93-1.00), and the observed agreement was statistically significant (p<0.001). When evaluated against Ziehl-Nelseen method, sensitivity and specificity of the two-reagent cold staining method were 95.8% (95% confidence interval 93.7-97.9) and 100% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values of the two-reagent cold staining method were respectively 100% and 99.7%. Positive and negative agreements between the two techniques were respectively 97.9% and 99.9%. Conclusion: The two-reagent cold staining method was found to be a suitable alternative to the conventional Ziehl-Nelseen method; it was at least as specific as Ziehl-Neelsen method although somewhat less sensitive. However, large scale multicentric studies need to be performed for further evaluation of this cold staining method. © 2013 Weldu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	AFB microscopy; Cold stain; Ethiopia; Gabbet's methylene blue; PTB; Zeihl-Neelsen	carbol-fuchsin solution; fuchsine; methylene blue; chemistry; comparative study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic use; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; procedures; sensitivity and specificity; sputum; staining; standards; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Methylene Blue; Microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rosaniline Dyes; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Staining and Labeling; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644375483	Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase	Bessong P.O., Obi C.L., Andréola M.-L., Rojas L.B., Pouységu L., Igumbor E., Meyer J.J.M., Quideau S., Litvak S.	2005	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	99	1	10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.056	Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela	Bessong, P.O., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa, Center for Global Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801379, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, United States; Obi, C.L., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Andréola, M.-L., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Rojas, L.B., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France, Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela; Pouységu, L., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Igumbor, E., Department of Microbiology, Univ. of Venda for Sci. and Technol., PMB X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Meyer, J.J.M., Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Quideau, S., Lab. de Chim. des Substances Veg., Ctr. de Rech. en Chim. Moléc., Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France, Inst. Europ. de Chimie et Biologie, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France; Litvak, S., REGER, UMR-5097 CNRS, Univ. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France	Seventeen aqueous and methanol extracts from nine South African medicinal plants, ethnobotanically selected, were screened for inhibitory properties against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Isolated compounds were additionally evaluated on HIV-1 integrase (IN). The strongest inhibition against the RNA-dependent-DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity of RT was observed with the methanol extract of the stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum Sond. (Fabaceae) (IC50 3.5 μg/ml), while the methanol extract of the roots of Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don (Combretaceae) was the most inhibitory on the ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity (IC50 9.7 μg/ml). The known compounds bergenin and catechin, and a red coloured gallotannin composed of meta-depside chains of gallic and protocatechuic acids esterified to a 1-O-isobutyroly-β-d-glucopyranose core, were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots and stem-bark of Peltophorum africanum. The gallotannin inhibited the RDDP and RNase H functions of RT with IC50 values of 6.0 and 5.0 μM, respectively, and abolished the 3′-end processing activity of IN at 100 μM. Catechin showed no effect on RT but had a moderate activity on HIV-1 IN. Bergenin was inactive on both enzymes. The aqueous and methanol extracts were non-toxic in a HeLaP4 cell line at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Gallotannins; HIV-1; Integrase; Plant phenols; Reverse transcriptase; South African medicinal plants	bergenin; bridelia micranthra extract; catechin; combretum molle extract; elaodendron transvaalensis extract; Euphorbia extract; gallic acid; integrase; methanol; mucuna coriacea extract; peltophorum africanum extract; plant extract; protocatechuic acid; ribonuclease H; Ricinus communis extract; RNA directed DNA polymerase; sutherlandia frutescens extract; tannin; unclassified drug; vernonia stipulacea extract; virus enzyme; ziziphus mucronata extract; antiviral activity; article; Asteraceae; Celastraceae; Combretaceae; Combretum; controlled study; drug isolation; drug screening; enzyme activity; esterification; Euphorbia; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; jujube; legume; medicinal plant; Rhamnaceae; Ricinus communis; South Africa; velvet bean; Vernonia; Anti-HIV Agents; Cell Survival; Combretum; DNA, Viral; Ethanol; HIV Integrase; HIV Integrase Inhibitors; HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase; Humans; Medicine, African Traditional; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Solvents; South Africa; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Water; Combretaceae; Combretum; Combretum molle; Fabaceae; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Peltophorum; Peltophorum africanum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37649005638	Evaluation of adherence, hydrophobicity, aggregation, and biofilm development of Flavobacterium johnsoniae-like isolates	Basson A., Flemming L.A., Chenia H.Y.	2008	Microbial Ecology	55	1	10.1007/s00248-007-9245-y	Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Basson, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Flemming, L.A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Chenia, H.Y., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Flavobacterium spp. isolates have been identified in diverse biofilm structures, but the mechanism of adherence has not been elucidated. The absence of conventional biofilm-associated structures such as fimbriae, pili, and flagella suggest that surface hydrophobicity, and/or autoaggregation and coaggregation may play an important role in adherence and biofilm formation. The biofilm-forming capacity of 29 Flavobacterium johnsoniae-like isolates obtained from South African aquaculture systems was assessed using microtiter plate assays. The role of hydrophobicity [salting aggregation test (SAT) and bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons (BATH) assays], autoaggregation, and coaggregation on biofilm formation by Flavobacterium spp. was also investigated, while biofilm structure was examined using flow cells and microscopy. All isolates displayed a hydrophilic nature, but showed varying levels of adherence in microtiter assays. Significant negative correlations were observed between adherence and biofilm-forming capacity in nutrient-poor medium at 26°C and BATH hydrophobicity and motility, respectively. Isolates displayed strain-to-strain variation in their autoaggregation indices and their abilities to coaggregate with various Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. Microcolony and/or biofilm development were observed microscopically, and flavobacterial isolates displayed stronger biofilm structures and interaction with a Vibrio spp. isolate than with an Aeromonas hydrophila isolate. The role of extracellular polysaccharides and specific outer membrane proteins will have to be examined to reveal mechanisms of adherence and coaggregation employed by biofilm-forming F. johnsoniae-like strains. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	None	congo red; polystyrene derivative; animal; aquaculture; article; bacterium adherence; biofilm; carp; classification; eel; fish disease; Flavobacterium; growth, development and aging; hydrophobicity; isolation and purification; metabolism; microbiology; physiology; rainbow trout; South Africa; Animals; Aquaculture; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Carps; Congo Red; Eels; Fish Diseases; Flavobacterium; Hydrophobicity; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Polystyrenes; South Africa; Aeromonas hydrophila; Bacteria (microorganisms); Flavobacterium; Flavobacterium johnsoniae; Negibacteria; Posibacteria; Vibrio	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899139515	Genotypic detection and evaluation of the removal efficiency of Giardia duodenalis at municipal wastewater treatment plants in Northern South Africa	Samie A., Ntekele P.	2014	Tropical Biomedicine	31	1	None	Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Samie, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Ntekele, P., Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Over the past decade, Giardia duodenalis has increasingly been implicated in diarrheal outbreaks and water and wastewater have been recognized as important vehicles for diseases. Although studies have reported the occurrence of these parasites in developed countries, their occurrence in water and wastewater bodies in these countries including South Africa has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, wastewater samples from 6 different sewage treatment plants in the Vhembe District were collected for a period of 12 months. The samples were concentrated and tested for the presence of G. duodenalis using both microscopy and polymerase chain reaction methods targeting the tpi gene. Of the 79 wastewater samples tested, 25 (31.65%) were positive. Of these, 15 (60%) were assemblage A, while 8 (32%) were assemblage B and 2 samples (8%) were positive for both genogroups. Assemblage A was more common in February 2010 while assemblage B showed two peaks in December-January and March-April and was not detected in May 2010. The general removal rate was 40% for plants using biological filters and 20% for plants using activated sludge. The present study has shown that Giardia assemblage A is more common in sewage treatment plants in the Vhembe District, but the removal efficiency was low. This represents a public health hazard since these organisms might contaminate drinking water sources. Therefore action needs to be taken for the design of more effective procedures or methods for the removal of these parasites from the environment in order to avoid potential outbreaks.	None	protozoal DNA; sewage; waste water; genetics; genotype; Giardia intestinalis; giardiasis; human; isolation and purification; parasitology; pH; polymerase chain reaction; public health; sewage; South Africa; waste water; DNA, Protozoan; Genotype; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Public Health; Sewage; South Africa; Waste Water	None
None	None	Evaluation of existence and transmission of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria from post-delivery women to neonates at Bugando Medical Center, Mwanza-Tanzania	Nelson E., Kayega J., Seni J., Mushi M.F., Kidenya B.R., Hokororo A., Zuechner A., Kihunrwa A., Mshana S.E.	2014	BMC Research Notes	7	1	10.1186/1756-0500-7-279	Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania	Nelson, E., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kayega, J., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Seni, J., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mushi, M.F., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kidenya, B.R., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Hokororo, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zuechner, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kihunrwa, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mshana, S.E., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania	Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria (ESBL) are common causes of neonatal sepsis worldwide. Neonatal sepsis due to ESBL is associated with increased morbidity and mortality at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC). Due to limited information on the sources of these ESBL strains at BMC, this study was conducted to evaluate the existence, magnitude and transmission of ESBL from post-delivery women to neonates at BMC, Mwanza-Tanzania. Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted at obstetrics and neonatal wards from May to July 2013, involving post-delivery women and their neonates. Rectal swabs were collected and processed to identify the ESBL strains and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Patients' data were obtained using a standardized data collection tool. We enrolled 113 women and 126 neonates with mean age of 26.5 ± 5.5 years and median gestation age [IQR] of 39 [35-40] weeks respectively. The prevalence of ESBL carriage among women and neonates were 15% (17/113) and 25.4% (32/126) respectively. The acquisition of ESBL isolates among neonates on day 1, day 3 and day 7 were 60.0% (21/35), 25.7% (9/35) and 14.3% (5/35) respectively. There was no phenotypic similarity between ESBL strains from women and their respective neonates, suggesting other sources of transmission. Neonates given antibiotics were more likely to carry ESBL than those not given [100% (32/32) versus 86% (81/94), p = 0.018]. Conclusion: The carriage rate of ESBL strains among post-delivery women and neonates at BMC is high. Our findings suggest that neonates acquire these strains from sources other than post-delivery women and more than half acquire them on the first day of life. More studies are recommended to further explore the sources of ESBL strains among neonates. © 2014 Nelson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	ESBL; Neonates; Post-delivery women; Tanzania	antiinfective agent; beta lactamase; adult; antibiotic resistance; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; biosynthesis; delivery; drug effects; enzymology; female; heterozygote; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; newborn; Tanzania; transmission; bacterium; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; beta-Lactamases; Carrier State; Delivery, Obstetric; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Tanzania	None
None	None	Performance of biofilm carriers in anaerobic digestion of sisal leaf waste leachate	Mshandete A.M., Björnsson L., Kivaisi A.K., Rubindamayugi M.S.T., Mattiasson B.	2008	Electronic Journal of Biotechnology	11	1	None	Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden	Mshandete, A.M., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Björnsson, L., Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden; Kivaisi, A.K., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Rubindamayugi, M.S.T., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mattiasson, B., Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden	Three methanogenic biofilm bioreactors were studied to evaluate the performance of three types of carriers. The carrier material were consisted of sisal fibre waste, pumice stone and porous glass beads, and the bioprocess evaluated was the methanogenesis anaerobic digestion of sisal leaf waste leachate. Process performance was investigated by increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) step-wise. The best results were obtained from the bioreactor packed with sisal fibre waste. It had the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies in the range of 80-93% at OLRs in the range of 2.4-25 g COD L -1d -1. The degradation pattern of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) showed that the degradation of propionate was limiting at higher OLRs. The stable pH and higher partial alkalinity (PA) of the outflow illustrated that packed-bed bioreactors have a good ability to withstand the variations in load and volatile fatty acid concentrations that can occur in a two-stage anaerobic process. In conclusion, sisal fibre waste was shown to be a novel promising biofilm carrier and would work very well in methanogenic biofilm bioreactors treating sisal leaf tissue waste leachate. Furthermore both sisal wastes are available in the neighbourhood of sisal industries, which makes anaerobic digestion scale up at sisal factory level feasible and cost-effective. © 2007 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.	Biogas; Methanogenesis; Packed-bed bioreactors; Packing media	Biofilms; Biofilters; Bioreactors; Chemical oxygen demand; Chemical reactors; Civil aviation; Industrial chemicals; Leaching; Nonmetals; Oxygen; Removal; Wastewater treatment; Anaerobic (UASB); Bio films; Bio processes; Bio reactor; Biofilm carriers; Carrier materials; Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal; Leachate; Methanogenesis; Organic loading rate (OLD); Porous glasses; Process performance; Sisal fibre; Anaerobic digestion; fatty acid; alkalinity; article; biofilm; bioprocess; chemical oxygen demand; cost effectiveness analysis; leaching; methanogenesis; pH measurement; sisal; Agave sisalana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856252817	Performance evaluation of the Pima point-of-care CD4 analyser using capillary blood sampling in field tests in South Africa	Glencross D.K., Coetzee L.M., Faal M., Masango M., Stevens W.S., Venter W.D.F., Osih R.	2012	Journal of the International AIDS Society	15	1	10.1186/1758-2652-15-3	Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Esselen Street, Hillbrow, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service of South Africa, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, South Africa; Society for Family Health New Start HCT (HIV Counselling and Testing) Programme, South Africa	Glencross, D.K., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service of South Africa, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, South Africa; Coetzee, L.M., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service of South Africa, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, South Africa; Faal, M., Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Esselen Street, Hillbrow, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa; Masango, M., Society for Family Health New Start HCT (HIV Counselling and Testing) Programme, South Africa; Stevens, W.S., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service of South Africa, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, South Africa; Venter, W.D.F., Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Esselen Street, Hillbrow, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa; Osih, R., Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Esselen Street, Hillbrow, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Point-of-care CD4 testing can provide immediate CD4 reporting at HIV-testing sites. This study evaluated performance of capillary blood sampling using the point-of-care Pima CD4 device in representative primary health care clinics doing HIV testing. Methods. Prior to testing, prescribed capillary-sampling and instrument training was undertaken by suppliers across all sites. Matching venous EDTA samples were drawn throughout for comparison to laboratory predicate methodology (PLG/CD4). In Phase I, Pima cartridges were pipette-filled with EDTA venous blood in the laboratory (N = 100). In Phase II (N = 77), Pima CD4 with capillary sampling was performed by a single operator in a hospital-based antenatal clinic. During subsequent field testing, Pima CD4 with capillary sampling was performed in primary health care clinics on HIV-positive patients by multiple attending nursing personnel in a rural clinic (Phase-IIIA, N = 96) and an inner-city clinic (Phase-IIIB, N = 139). Results: Pima CD4 compared favourably to predicate/CD4 when cartridges were pipette-filled with venous blood (bias -17.3 STDev = 36.7 cells/mm 3; precision-to-predicate %CV &lt; 6%). Decreased precision of Pima CD4 to predicate/CD4 (varying from 17.6 to 28.8%SIM CV; mean bias = 37.9 STDev = 179.5 cells/mm 3) was noted during field testing in the hospital antenatal clinic. In the rural clinic field-studies, unacceptable precision-to-predicate and positive bias was noted (mean 28.4%SIM CV; mean bias = +105.7 STDev = 225.4 cells/mm 3). With additional proactive manufacturer support, reliable performance was noted in the subsequent inner-city clinic field study where acceptable precision-to-predicate (11%SIM CV) and less bias of Pima to predicate was shown (BA bias ∼11 STDev = 69 cells/mm 3). Conclusions: Variable precision of Pima to predicate CD4 across study sites was attributable to variable capillary sampling. Poor precision was noted in the outlying primary health care clinic where the system is most likely to be used. Stringent attention to capillary blood collection technique is therefore imperative if technologies like Pima are used with capillary sampling at the POC. Pima CD4 analysis with venous blood was shown to be reproducible, but testing at the point of care exposes operators to biohazard risk related to uncapping vacutainer samples and pipetting of blood, and is best placed in smaller laboratories using established principles of Good Clinical Laboratory Practice. The development of capillary sampling quality control methods that assure reliable CD4 counts at the point of care are awaited. © 2012 Glencross et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	edetic acid; accuracy; article; blood sampling; capillary blood; CD4+ T lymphocyte; health care facility; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; priority journal; South Africa; blood; CD4 lymphocyte count; evaluation; female; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; instrumentation; male; methodology; Blood Specimen Collection; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Point-of-Care Systems; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856575875	Validation of a new test for Schistosoma haematobium based on detection of Dra1 DNA fragments in urine: Evaluation through latent class analysis	Ibironke O., Koukounari A., Asaolu S., Moustaki I., Shiff C.	2012	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	6	1	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001464	Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; MRC Centre of Outbreak Analysis and Modeling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, U	Ibironke, O., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Koukounari, A., MRC Centre of Outbreak Analysis and Modeling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom; Asaolu, S., Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Moustaki, I., Department of Statistics, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Shiff, C., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis in chronically infected adults is challenging but important, especially because long term infection of the bladder and urinary tract can have dire consequences. We evaluated three tests for viable infection: detection of parasite specific DNA Dra1 fragments, haematuria and presence of parasite eggs for sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). Methods: Over 400 urine specimens collected from adult volunteers in an endemic area in Western Nigeria were assessed for haematuria then filtered in the field, the filter papers dried and later examined for eggs and DNA. The results were stratified according to sex and age and subjected to Latent Class analysis. Conclusions: Presence of Dra1 in males (Se = 100%; Sp = 100%) exceeded haematuria (Se = 87.6%: Sp = 34.7%) and detection of eggs (Se = 70.1%; Sp = 100%). In females presence of Dra1 was Se = 100%: Sp = 100%, exceeding haematuria (Se = 86.7%: Sp = 77.0%) and eggs (Se = 70.1%; Sp = 100%). Dra1 became undetectable 2 weeks after praziquantel treatment. We conclude detection of Dra1 fragment is a definitive test for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium infection. © 2012 Ibironke et al.	None	DNA fragment; dra1 DNA fragment; praziquantel; unclassified drug; helminth DNA; helminth protein; adult; article; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; hematuria; human; latent class analysis; male; microscopy; Nigeria; nonhuman; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; sensitivity and specificity; statistical analysis; urinalysis; animal; chemistry; genetics; hematuria; isolation and purification; middle aged; parasitology; schistosomiasis haematobia; urine; validation study; Adult; Animals; DNA, Helminth; Female; Helminth Proteins; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Parasite Egg Count; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928014992	The Phathisi dance of Botswana: Decoding the meanings in the traditional performances of a dance	Mojaki P.G.	2014	Journal of the Musical Arts in Africa	11	1	10.2989/18121004.2014.995443	Department of Music and Musicology, Rhodes University, South Africa	Mojaki, P.G., Department of Music and Musicology, Rhodes University, South Africa	This article presents a study of the Bakwena Phathisi dance by a non-Bakwena group, the Diwetse Cultural Troupe. It is based on interviews with members of the troupe and audience members at performances given by the troupe. The study examines how the Diwetse Cultural Troupe engages with and interprets the Phathisi dance before, during and after performance, seeking to understand the performance structure and essential features of the dance such as gender roles, attire, basic sequences as well as the relationship between what is deemed traditional or modern. The article focuses on decoding the embedded meanings in Phathisi performances with the aim of contextualising a Mokwena herdboy's lifestyle (represented by the dancer), his environment and in the Kweneng region. This study also explores how the historical and cultural traits of the dance are recreated, choreographed and presented to the audience. © 2014 NISC (Pty) Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873657521	Longitudinal neuropsychological test performance among HIV seropositive individuals in Uganda	Sacktor N., Nakasujja N., Okonkwo O., Skolasky R.L., Robertson K., Musisi S., Katabira E.	2013	Journal of NeuroVirology	19	1	10.1007/s13365-012-0139-5	Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States	Sacktor, N., Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Nakasujja, N., Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Okonkwo, O., Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Skolasky, R.L., Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Robertson, K., Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Musisi, S., Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Katabira, E., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	This study was conducted to evaluate longitudinal neuropsychological testing performance over a 12-month period among HIV + individuals, and to evaluate the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on neuropsychological test changes in Uganda. The study examined 77 HIV + individuals recruited from the Infectious Diseases Clinic at Makerere University, Uganda. They underwent detailed sociodemographic, medical history, immune status, functional, neurologic, and neuropsychological evaluations at baseline and 12 months later. Thirty-one individuals initiated ART (ART group) after their baseline visit, whereas 46 individuals were not placed on ART (no-ART group) during those 12 months. Paired samples t-tests were used to evaluate longitudinal changes in neuropsychological test performance for the entire sample, as well as for groups defined by ART initiation and baseline neurocognitive status. The study evaluated 77 HIV individuals (62 % women, mean age = 37 years, mean education = 8 years, mean CD4 count = 235 cells/μl). Both the ART and no-ART groups showed significant improvements in tests of verbal memory, executive functioning, motor, and psychomotor speed performance, as well as depression symptoms. The ART group had significant improvements in CD4 count over the 12-month period (p < 0.001), whereas the no-ART group had no CD4 count improvement. ART use is associated with improvements in cognitive functioning among HIV + individuals in Uganda. However, these improvements did not appear to be higher than those seen among HIV + individuals who did not initiate ART. Possible reasons for this include practice effects among the no-ART group as well as improvements in their mood and overall quality of life. © 2013 Journal of NeuroVirology, Inc.	Dementia; HIV; Neurocognitive; Neuropsychological assessment; Uganda	antiretrovirus agent; efavirenz plus lamivudine plus zidovudine; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus zidovudine; adult; anamnesis; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cognition; controlled study; demography; depression; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; disease duration; drug efficacy; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; executive function; female; HIV associated dementia; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune system; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; motor performance; neurologic examination; neuropsychological test; priority journal; psychomotor activity; quality of life; serodiagnosis; social aspect; symptom; treatment outcome; Uganda; university hospital; verbal memory; Western blotting; Adult; AIDS Dementia Complex; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349166629	Rigid spine syndrome: A noninvasive cardiac evaluation	Stübgen J.-P.	2008	Pediatric Cardiology	29	1	10.1007/s00246-007-9056-4	Department of Neurology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States	Stübgen, J.-P., Department of Neurology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States	Rigid spine syndrome (RSS) is a group of childhood-onset muscle disorders characterized by marked limitation of flexion of the spine. Various cardiac changes have been documented in case reports. This study reports on a cardiac evaluation of nine patients with the "vacuolar variant" of RSS. Noninvasive cardiac evaluation entailed creatine kinase levels, full-inspiration chest roentgenograms, standard 12-lead ECG, and 24-h ambulatory ECG recording, as well as M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler study. Heart auscultation was abnormal in five patients. Creatine kinase MB fraction was normal in all patients. Chest roentgenogram showed scoliosis (five of nine), kyphosis (one of nine), severe anterior-posterior flattening of the chest cavity (two of nine), elevated hemidiaphragm (one of nine), caved-in appearance of upper lobes (two of nine), and symmetry of lung volumes (one of nine). Twelve-lead ECG abnormalities indicated right-sided heart disease (three of nine). Echocardiogram showed mitral valve prolapse (five of nine) with regurgitation (three of five) and evidence of pulmonary hypertension (three of nine). Ambulatory ECG recorded paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias in hypoxic or hypercapnic patients (three of nine). There was no correlation between any cardiac abnormalities and patient weakness. Mitral prolapse/regurgitation may have a developmental association with this congenital myopathy. Findings of cor pulmonale were due to the restrictive chest wall defect and respiratory muscle weakness. Paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias were due to hypoxia or hypercapnia. There was no evidence of a primary cardiomyopathy. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Cardiac evaluation; Rigid spine syndrome	creatine kinase; adolescent; adult; article; back muscle; cardiomyopathy; child; clinical article; clinical feature; creatine kinase blood level; disease course; disease duration; Doppler echocardiography; electrocardiogram; female; heart auscultation; heart function; human; kyphosis; M mode echocardiography; male; mitral valve prolapse; mitral valve regurgitation; onset age; patient assessment; pulmonary hypertension; rigid spine syndrome; scoliosis; spine disease; spine mobility; thorax radiography; two dimensional echocardiography; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Creatine Kinase; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Male; Mitral Valve Prolapse; Muscular Diseases; Pulmonary Heart Disease; Spinal Diseases; Syndrome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897518914	BDNF polymorphisms are linked to poorer working memory performance, reduced cerebellar and hippocampal volumes and differences in prefrontal cortex in a Swedish elderly population	Brooks S.J., Nilsson E.K., Jacobsson J.A., Stein D.J., Fredriksson R., Lind L., Schiöth H.B.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0082707	Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Brooks, S.J., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nilsson, E.K., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Jacobsson, J.A., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Stein, D.J., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Fredriksson, R., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Lind, L., Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Schiöth, H.B., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden	Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) links learning, memory and cognitive decline in elderly, but evidence linking BDNF allele variation, cognition and brain structural differences is lacking. Methods: 367 elderly Swedish men (n = 181) and women (n = 186) from Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala seniors (PIVUS) were genotyped and the BDNF functional rs6265 SNP was further examined in subjects who completed the Trail Making Task (TMT), verbal fluency task, and had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) examined brain structure, cognition and links with BDNF. Results: The functional BDNF SNP (rs6265,) predicted better working memory performance on the TMT with positive association of the Met rs6265, and was linked with greater cerebellar, precuneus, left superior frontal gyrus and bilateral hippocampal volume, and reduced brainstem and bilateral posterior cingulate volumes. Conclusions: The functional BDNF polymorphism influences brain volume in regions associated with memory and regulation of sensorimotor control, with the Met rs6265 allele potentially being more beneficial to these functions in the elderly. © 2014 Brooks et al.	None	brain derived neurotrophic factor; aged; article; BDNF gene; brain size; brain stem; cerebellum; cognition; female; gene linkage disequilibrium; genotype; hippocampus; human; male; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; nuclear magnetic resonance scanner; posterior cingulate; precuneus; prefrontal cortex; psychologic test; single nucleotide polymorphism; superior frontal gyrus; task performance; verbal fluency task; voxel based morphometry; working memory; Aged; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cerebellum; Executive Function; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Gene Expression; Genetic Association Studies; Hippocampus; Humans; Linkage Disequilibrium; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Organ Size; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Prefrontal Cortex; Prospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645795178	The effect of treated rice milling waste on performance, nutrient retention, carcass and organ characteristics of finisher broilers	Amaefule K.U., Iheukwumere F.C., Lawal A.S., Ezekwonna A.A.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	1	10.3923/ijps.2006.51.55	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State,	Amaefule, K.U., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Iheukwumere, F.C., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Lawal, A.S., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Ezekwonna, A.A., Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	One hundred and twenty 4-week old broilers were used to evaluate the effect of various treatment methods of rice milling waste (RMW) on growth performance, nutrient retention and organ characteristics of finisher broilers. Rice milling waste was treated with urea (D2), poultry droppings (D/3) and water (D4), while untreated waste (D1) served as control. Urea treated RMW diet significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved body weight, weight gain and dressed weight of broilers. Organ weights, dry matter intake and nitrogen free extract were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Broilers fed untreated RMW diet recorded significantly higher feed intake than broilers fed other diets. The results showed that rice milling waste, when treated with urea (fertilizer grade) and included in finisher broiler diets, could enhance their performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broilers; Performance; Poultry droppings; Rice milling waste; Urea	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749149629	Impact of FDG PET on the management of TBC treatment: A pilot study	Sathekge M., Maes A., Kgomo M., Stoltz A., Pottel H., Van De Wiele C.	2010	NuklearMedizin	49	1	10.3413/nukmed-0270	Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Nuclear Medicine, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium; Department of Morphology and Medical Imaging, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Louis Pasture Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Subfaculty of Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Campus Kortrijk, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium	Sathekge, M., Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Maes, A., Department of Nuclear Medicine, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium, Department of Morphology and Medical Imaging, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium; Kgomo, M., Department of Internal Medicine, Louis Pasture Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Stoltz, A., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Pottel, H., Subfaculty of Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Campus Kortrijk, Belgium; Van De Wiele, C., Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium	The aim of this study is to assess the potential impact of double-phase FDG PET versus routine staging in HIV-negative patients suffering from tuberculosis. Patients, methods: 16 consecutive patients suffering from tuberculosis underwent contrast-enhanced CT and double-phase FDG PET imaging (45 min, 120 min). Early (E) and delayed (D) SUVmax values were determined for all identified lesions and % change in SUV calculated (ΔSUV). Results: Seven patients presented with lung lesions on PET as well as CT (mean SUVmaxE 8.2, mean SUVmaxD 11.1, (p = 0.002), ΔSUV 35%. In two patients, lesions were judged as non-active on CT. In nine patients, 18 sites of LN involvement were identified on both early and delayed FDG PET images (mean SUVmaxE 6.3, mean SUVmaxD 7.9, (p = 0.0001), ΔSUV: 25%). 9 out of 18 sites of LN involvement, occurring in five patients, were missed on CT. In four of these five patients, sites of LN involvement were the only sites of extra-pulmonary involvement identified. In 6 out of 16 patients, pleural involvement was identified, respectively in 5 on FDG PET and in 6 on CT imaging (mean SUVmaxE 1.3, mean SUVmaxD 1.7, (p = 0.06), ΔSUV 21%). In 4 patients, osseous involvement was identified by both FDG PET and CT (mean SUVmaxE 7.2, mean SUVmaxD 10.7, (p = 0,06), ΔSUV 45%). Finally, in 3 patients, joint involvement was identified on both FDG PET as well as on CT imaging (mean SUVmaxE 4.7, mean SUVmaxD 5.2, ΔSUV 23%). FDG PET did not identify CTadditional sites of involvement that would have resulted in a prolonged treatment. Conclusion: In HIV-negative patients suffering from tuberculosis, FDG PET images suggested a more extensive involvement by Mycobacterium tuberculosis when compared to contrast enhanced CT. © Schattauer 2010.	CT; FDG PET; Patient management; Treatment; Tuberculosis	corticosteroid; fluorodeoxyglucose f 18; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; clinical article; computer assisted tomography; controlled study; extrapulmonary tuberculosis; female; gold standard; histology; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; miliary tuberculosis; positron emission tomography; preschool child; sputum cytodiagnosis; treatment planning; tuberculous meningitis; tuberculous pericarditis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone Diseases; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Infant; Joint Diseases; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Pleural Effusion; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902077570	Child feeding knowledge and practices among women participating in growth monitoring and promotion in Accra, Ghana	Gyampoh S., Otoo G.E., Aryeetey R.N.O.	2014	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	14	1	10.1186/1471-2393-14-180	Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 134, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 13, Accra, Ghana	Gyampoh, S., Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 134, Accra, Ghana; Otoo, G.E., Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 134, Accra, Ghana; Aryeetey, R.N.O., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 13, Accra, Ghana	Background: Child undernutrition and poor feeding practices remain a concern in Ghana. The Growth Monitoring and Promotion (GMP) programme seeks to empower mothers to provide appropriate child care. Although the program has been implemented in Ghana for over four decades, little is known about its impact on child feeding outcomes. The current study assessed the association between GMP exposure and mothers' child feeding knowledge and practices in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA), Ghana.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 199 mother-child pairs accessing child welfare services in six public health facilities in the AMA was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on respondent characteristics and child feeding knowledge a 24-hour dietary recall tool was used to record child feeding practices. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between mothers' exposure to GMP and their knowledge and practices on child feeding.Results: Seventy four percent of mothers had not missed any scheduled child welfare clinic sessions. Over 60% of mothers knew the appropriate age of introduction of foods; 86% also gave correct response regarding minimum number of times their child should be fed daily. About 81% of children less than 6 months were exclusively breastfed in the preceding 24 hours, although 36% had received water since birth. Forty two percent of children 6-23 months received dietary diverse meals while 64% were fed the required number of times in a day. Overall, only 32% of children 6-23 months received a minimum acceptable diet in the preceding 24 hours. A higher GMP exposure was positively associated with feeding knowledge scores among mothers with children below 6 months (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Although most mothers were knowledgeable about recommendations, feeding practices were suboptimal, especially complementary feeding. GMP exposure was associated with feeding knowledge only among mothers with children less than 6 months. Strengthening of feeding counselling focused on children above 6 months is recommended. © 2014 Gyampoh et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Breastfeeding; Child feeding; Child welfare clinic; Complementary feeding; Growth monitoring and promotion	adult; article; association; child; child care; child growth; child nutrition; child welfare; counseling; cross-sectional study; educational status; employment; empowerment; female; Ghana; growth monitoring and promotion; health care facility; health care personnel; health program; human; infant; knowledge; major clinical study; male; newborn; pediatric hospital; public health; structured questionnaire; attitude to health; breast feeding; child health care; diet; feeding behavior; health education; mother; questionnaire; urban population; young adult; Adult; Breast Feeding; Child Health Services; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Ghana; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant; Infant Care; Male; Mothers; Questionnaires; Urban Population; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941900672	Knowledge and practices of pre-school teachers on growth monitoring program-South Africa	Mandiwana T.C., Mbhenyane X.G., Mushaphi L.F., Mabapa N.S.	2015	Health Promotion International	30	1	10.1093/heapro/dau084	Department of Nutrition, University of Venda, P/bAG X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Maitland, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Mandiwana, T.C., Department of Nutrition, University of Venda, P/bAG X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Mbhenyane, X.G., Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Maitland, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mushaphi, L.F., Department of Nutrition, University of Venda, P/bAG X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Mabapa, N.S., Department of Nutrition, University of Venda, P/bAG X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa	The aim of this study was to determine knowledge and practices of pre-school teachers on growth monitoring. A quasi-experimental, one-group pre- and post-test intervention study was conducted in eight conveniently selected government subsidized pre-schools in Vhembe and Mopani districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Fifteen pre-school teachers participated in the study. An intervention in a form of nutrition education lessons on growth monitoring was developed and implemented. Preschool teachers completed a knowledge test questionnaire prior to the lessons. The intervention also included the following training skills: procedure to take anthropometric measurements and plotting the Road to Health Chart. About 67% teachers understood the importance of growth monitoring at baseline. The results also showed an improvement 6 months after intervention. All (100%) teachers knew that growth monitoring can be used for diagnosing undernutrition. The results also showed an improvement in skills, such as the procedure to take anthropometric measurements. Knowledge and practices of teachers on growth monitoring were improved by nutrition education 6 months after intervention. © The Author 2014.	Anthropometry; Growth monitoring; Pre-school teachers	anthropometry; attitude to health; body height; body weight; child development; Child Nutrition Disorders; clinical trial; complication; education; human; malnutrition; multicenter study; nutrition; nutritional science; physiology; preschool child; program evaluation; questionnaire; school; South Africa; university; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Child Development; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Faculty; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Malnutrition; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Program Evaluation; Schools; South Africa; Surveys and Questionnaires	TTK2006052300025, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955420224	Grand multiparity: Obstetric performance in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	Omole-Ohonsi A., Ashimi A.O.	2011	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	14	1	10.4103/1119-3077.79231	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Zaria Road, Kano, Nigeria	Omole-Ohonsi, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Zaria Road, Kano, Nigeria; Ashimi, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Zaria Road, Kano, Nigeria	Objective: The objective was to review the obstetric performance of booked grand multiparae. Design and Setting: A 5-year prospective observational study of cases between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2006, was conducted in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, a tertiary institution, in Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The antenatal complications and pregnancy outcomes among booked grand mulltparous women (pregnancy after fifth delivery), who delivered in our labor ward, were compared with those of the booked mulitparae (parae 1-4) who delivered immediately after a grand multipara. Outcome Measures: These were obstetric factors of maternal age and parity, antepartum hemorrhage, fetal representations, and multiple pregnancy. Medical complications were gestational diabetes, hypertension, anemia, and heart disease. Pregnancy outcomes measured were gestational age at delivery, birth weight, mode of delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal and perinatal mortality. Results: The age range of the grand multiparae was between 22 and 43 years, with a mean age of 29.72 + 2.07 years. The parity range was between 5 and 15, with a mean parity of 7.78 + 0.63. There was increased occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 12.55, Cl = 6.72-23.91), hypertension (OR = 3.07, Cl =2.07-4.59), heart disease (OR = 2.01, Cl = 0.70-6.08), anemia (OR = 3.16, Cl = 1.42-7.24), antepartum hemorrhage (OR = 2.18, Cl = 1.22-3.92), fetal malpresentatlons (OR = 3.04, Cl = 2.38-3.88), cephalopelvic disproportion (OR = 2.09, Cl = 1.33-3.29), and fetal macrosomia (OR = 2.27, Cl = 1.72-3.00) among the grand multiparae compared with multiparae. Conclusion: The effects of these complications were minimized by good antenatal care.	Grand multiparity; Kano; Nigeria; Obstetric performance	adult; article; comparative study; delivery; female; health service; human; maternal age; newborn; Nigeria; parity; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; pregnancy outcome; prenatal care; prevalence; prospective study; socioeconomics; standard; teaching hospital; Adult; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Age; Maternal Health Services; Nigeria; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Prenatal Care; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26844573893	Evaluation of a strict protocol approach in managing women with severe disease due to hypertension in pregnancy: A before and after study	Lombaard H., Pattinson R.C., Backer F., Macdonald P.	2005	Reproductive Health	2	1	10.1186/1742-4755-2-7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Lombaard, H., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Backer, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kalafong Hospital, Private Bag X396, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Macdonald, P., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Background: To evaluate whether the introduction of a strict protocol based on the systemic evaluation of critically ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension affected the outcome of those women. Method: Study group: Indigent South African women managed in the tertiary hospitals of the Pretoria Academic Complex. Since 1997 a standard definition of women with severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM), also referred to as a Nearmiss, has been used in the Pretoria Academic Complex. All cases of SAMM and maternal deaths (MD) were entered on the Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Audit System programme (MaMMAS). A comparison of outcome of severely ill women who had complications of hypertension in pregnancy was performed between 1997-1998 (original protocol) and 2002-2003 (strict protocol). Data include women referred from outside the Pretoria Academic Complex area to the tertiary hospitals. Results: Between 1997-1998 there were 79 women with SAMM and 18 maternal deaths due to complications of hypertension, compared with 91 women with SAMM and 13 maternal deaths in 2002-2003. The mortality index (MI) declined from 18.6% to 12.5% (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.27-1.45). Statistically significant fewer women had renal failure (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 - 0.66) and cerebral complications (RR 0.52, 95%CI 0.34 - 0.81) during the second period, and liver dysfunction (RR 0.27 95%CI 0.06 - 1.25) tended to be lower. However, there tended to be an increase in the number of women, who had immune system failure (RR 4.2 95%CI 0.93 - 18.94) and respiratory failure (RR 1.42 95%CI 0.88 - 2.29) although it did not reach significance. Cardiac failure remained constant (RR 0.84 95%CI 0.54 - 1.30). Conclusion: The strict protocol approach based on the systemic evaluation of severely ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension and an intensive, regular feedback mechanism has been associated with a reduction in the number of patients with renal failure and cerebral compromise. © 2005 Lombaard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	dihydralazine; haloperidol; labetalol; methyldopa; nifedipine; Ringer lactate solution; adolescent; adult; article; breathing rate; cause of death; clinical examination; clinical feature; clinical protocol; comparative study; controlled study; critical illness; deep vein thrombosis; disease severity; feedback system; female; fetus monitoring; fluid therapy; Glasgow coma scale; heart failure; heart size; heart sound; hospital; human; immunopathology; kidney failure; liver dysfunction; major clinical study; maternal hypertension; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; Negro; neurologic disease; ophthalmoscopy; oxygen therapy; patient referral; reflex; respiratory failure; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistical significance; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943741633	The evaluation of accuracy of serial rapid HIV test algorithm in the diagnosis of HIV antibodies among pregnant women in south east Nigeria Pregnancy and Childbirth	Mbachu I.I., Udigwe G., Joseph I., John O., Samuel U.O., Joseph U., Ngozi M.C.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1454-8	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Mbachu, I.I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Udigwe, G., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Joseph, I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; John, O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Samuel, U.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Joseph, U., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ngozi, M.C., Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background: Accurate HIV testing in pregnancy is critical to the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV infection and linkages to other preventive strategies. Aims and objectives: This study determined the sensitivity, specificity negative and positive predictive value of serial rapid testing of HIV among pregnant women in Nnewi, south east Nigeria. Methodology: This was a comparative descriptive study conducted over a 4-month period. Serial rapid testing algorithm was compared with conventional ELISA testing after obtaining informed consents from the pregnant women. All positive and discordant results were confirmed with western blot HIV test. Participants also completed a questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 166 pregnant women participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 29 ± 4.3 years. The HIV prevalence was highest in the 25-29 years category. This was also the modal age category. Majority of the women were multiparous. The prevalence of HIV infection was 12 %. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value of serial rapid HIV testing was 95, 100, 99.3 and 100 % respectively. Conclusion: The sensitivity of the serial rapid test algorithm was high but still lower than the WHO recommended 99 % and above. The 100 % specificity and positive predictive value makes it a good diagnostic test strategy. There is need for regular review of HIV test kits and policy. © 2015 Mbachu et al.	Accuracy; Pregnant women; Rapid HIV test; Serial algorithm	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68149114241	National data system on near miss and maternal death: Shifting from maternal risk to public health impact in Nigeria	Oladapo O.T., Adetoro O.O., Fakeye O., Ekele B.A., Fawole A.O., Abasiattai A., Kuti O., Tukur J., Ande A.B., Dada O.A.	2009	Reproductive Health	6	1	10.1186/1742-4755-6-8	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin,	Oladapo, O.T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adetoro, O.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Fakeye, O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin, Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Ekele, B.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usman Danfodiyo University, Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria; Fawole, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Abasiattai, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Uyo, Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Kuti, O., Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Perinatology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Tukur, J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria; Ande, A.B., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria; Dada, O.A., Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Abstract. Background. The lack of reliable and up-to-date statistics on maternal deaths and disabilities remains a major challenge to the implementation of Nigeria's Road Map to Accelerate the Millennium Development Goal related to Maternal Health (MDG-5). There are currently no functioning national data sources on maternal deaths and disabilities that could serve as reference points for programme managers, health advocates and policy makers. While awaiting the success of efforts targeted at overcoming the barriers facing establishment of population-based data systems, referral institutions in Nigeria can contribute their quota in the quest towards MDG-5 by providing good quality and reliable information on maternal deaths and disabilities on a continuous basis. This project represents the first opportunity to initiate a scientifically sound and reliable quantitative system of data gathering on maternal health profile in Nigeria. Objective. The primary objective is to create a national data system on maternal near miss (MNM) and maternal mortality in Nigerian public tertiary institutions. This system will conduct periodically, both regionally and at country level, a review of the magnitude of MNM and maternal deaths, nature of events responsible for MNM and maternal deaths, indices for the quality of care for direct obstetric complications and the health service events surrounding these complications, in an attempt to collectively define and monitor the standard of comprehensive emergency obstetric care in the country. Methods. This will be a nationwide cohort study of all women who experience MNM and those who die from pregnancy, childbirth and puerperal complications using uniform criteria among women admitted in tertiary healthcare facilities in the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. This will be accomplished by establishing a network of all public tertiary obstetric referral institutions that will prospectively collect specific information on potentially fatal maternal complications. For every woman enrolled, the health service events (care pathways) within the facility will be evaluated to identify areas of substandard care/avoidable factors through clinical audit by the local research team. A summary estimate of the frequencies of MNM and maternal deaths will be determined at intervals and indicators of quality of care (case fatality rate, both total and cause-specific and mortality index) will be evaluated at facility, regional and country levels. Management. Overall project management will be from the Centre for Research in Reproductive Health (CRRH), Sagamu, Nigeria. There will be at least two meetings and site visits for efficient coordination of the project by regional coordinators and central coordinating staff. Data will be transferred electronically by hospital and regional coordinators and managed at the Data Management Unit of CRRH, Sagamu, Nigeria. Expected outcomes. The outcome of the study would provide useful information to the health practitioners, policy-makers and international partners on the strengths and weaknesses of the infrastructures provided for comprehensive emergency obstetric care in Nigeria. The successful implementation of this project will pave way for the long-awaited Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths that would guide the formulation and or revision of obstetric policies and practices in Nigeria. Lessons learnt from the establishment of this data system can also be used to set up similar structures at lower levels of healthcare delivery in Nigeria. © 2009 Oladapo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; cause of death; childbirth; cohort analysis; emergency care; fatality; female; health care facility; health care quality; human; information processing; maternal mortality; medical audit; Nigeria; obstetric care; outcome assessment; pregnancy complication; public health service; standard; tertiary health care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748122168	Mortality and morbidity among postpartum HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in Zimbabwe: Risk factors, causes, and impact of single-dose postpartum vitamin A supplementation	Zvandasara P., Hargrove J.W., Ntozini R., Chidawanyika H., Mutasa K., Iliff P.J., Moulton L.H., Mzengeza F., Malaba L.C., Ward B.J., Nathoo K.J., Zijenah L.S., Mbizvo M., Zunguza C., Humphrey J.H., Mahomva A., Majo F., Marinda E., Ndhlovu M., Piwoz E., Pr	2006	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	43	1	10.1097/01.qai.0000229015.77569.c7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; College of Science, Institute of Nutrition and Family Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Harare City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; WHO, Switzerland; ZVITAMBO Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe	Zvandasara, P., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe, ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hargrove, J.W., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ntozini, R., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chidawanyika, H., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutasa, K., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe; Iliff, P.J., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Moulton, L.H., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mzengeza, F., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, College of Science, Institute of Nutrition and Family Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Malaba, L.C., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, College of Science, Institute of Nutrition and Family Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ward, B.J., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada; Nathoo, K.J., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zijenah, L.S., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mbizvo, M., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, WHO, Switzerland; Zunguza, C., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Harare City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Humphrey, J.H., ZVITAMBO Project, Harare, Zimbabwe, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States, ZVITAMBO Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mahomva, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Majo, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Marinda, E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ndhlovu, M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Piwoz, E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Propper, L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rambanepasi, P., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ruff, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tavengwa, N., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe	BACKGROUND: Vitamin A deficiency is common among women in resource-poor countries and is associated with greater mortality during HIV. METHODS: Fourteen thousand one hundred ten mothers were tested for HIV and randomly administered 400,000 IU vitamin A or placebo at less than 96 hours postpartum. The effects of vitamin A and HIV status on mortality, health care utilization, and serum retinol were evaluated. RESULTS: Four thousand four hundred ninety-five (31.9%) mothers tested HIV positive. Mortality at 24 months was 2.3 per 1000 person-years and 38.3 per 1000 person-years in HIV-negative and HIV-positive women, respectively. Vitamin A had no effect on mortality. Tuberculosis was the most common cause of death, and nearly all tuberculosis-associated deaths were among HIV-positive women. Among HIV-positive women, vitamin A had no effect on rates of hospitalization or overall sick clinic visits, but did reduce clinic visits for malaria, cracked and bleeding nipples, pelvic inflammatory disease, and vaginal infection. Among HIV-negative women, serum retinol was responsive to vitamin A, but low serum retinol was rare. Among HIV-positive women, serum retinol was largely unresponsive to vitamin A, and regardless of treatment group, the entire serum retinol distribution was shifted 25% less than that of HIV-negative women 6 weeks after dosing. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose postpartum vitamin A supplementation had no effect on maternal mortality, perhaps because vitamin A status was adequate in HIV-negative women and apparently unresponsive to supplementation in HIV-positive women. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	HIV; Morbidity; Mortality; Mothers; Serum retinol; Tuberculosis; Vitamin A; Zimbabwe	placebo; retinol; adult; article; controlled study; female; health care utilization; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; malaria; morbidity; mortality; pelvic inflammatory disease; priority journal; puerperium; retinol deficiency; risk factor; tuberculosis; vaginitis; vitamin blood level; vitamin supplementation; Zimbabwe; Adult; Cause of Death; Dietary Supplements; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seronegativity; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Morbidity; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders; Risk Factors; Survival Rate; Tuberculosis; Vitamin A; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951947201	Evaluation of 'see-see and treat' strategy and role of HIV on cervical cancer prevention in Uganda	Mutyaba T., Mirembe F., Sandin S., Weiderpass E.	2010	Reproductive Health	7	1	10.1186/1742-4755-7-4	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University, Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Etiological Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway	Mutyaba, T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University, Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Mirembe, F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University, Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Sandin, S., Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Weiderpass, E., Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Etiological Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway, Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway	Background: There is scant information on whether Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositivity has an influence on the outcome of treatment of precancerous cervical lesions using cryotherapy. We studied the prevalence of cervical abnormalities detectable by visual inspection and cervical lesions diagnosed by colposcopy according to HIV serostatus and described the outcomes of cryotherapy treatment. Methods: Trained nurses examined women not previously screened for cervical cancer using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI) in two family planning/post natal clinics in Kampala, Uganda, from February 2007 to August 2008. Women with abnormal visual inspection findings were referred for colposcopic evaluation and HIV testing. Women with precancerous cervical lesions detected at colposcopy were treated mainly by cryotherapy, and were evaluated for treatment outcome after 3 months by a second colposcopy. Results: Of the 5 105 women screened, 834 presented a positive screening test and were referred for colposcopy. Of these 625 (75%) returned for the colposcopic evaluation and were tested for HIV. For the 608 (97.5%) women in the age range 20-60 years, colposcopy revealed 169 women with cervical lesions: 128 had inflammation, 19 had low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL), 13 had high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL), 9 had invasive cervical cancer and 2 had inconclusive findings. Detection rates per 1 000 women screened were higher among the older women (41-60 years) compared to women aged 20-40 years. They were accordingly 55% and 20% for inflammation, 10% and 2% for LGSIL, 5% and 2% for HGSIL, 6% and 1% for invasive cervical cancer. Of the 608 women, 103 (16%) were HIV positive. HIV positivity was associated with higher likelihood of inflammation (RR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-2.4). Conclusions: Detection rates were higher among older women 41-60 years. Visual inspection of the cervix uteri with acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI) used as a sole method for cervical cancer screening would entail significant false positive results. HIV seropositivity was associated with a higher prevalence of inflammatory cervical lesions. In view of the small numbers and the relatively short follow up time of 3 months, we could not make an emphatic conclusion about the effect of HIV serostatus on cryotherapy treatment outcome. © 2010 Mutyaba et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	acetic acid; lugol; nitrous oxide; adult; age distribution; article; cancer grading; cancer prevention; colposcopy; cryotherapy; diagnostic accuracy; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; invasive carcinoma; major clinical study; mass screening; prevalence; repeat procedure; screening test; treatment outcome; uterine cervicitis; uterine cervix cancer; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350015004	Brazilian network for the surveillance of maternal potentially life threatening morbidity and maternal near-miss and a multidimensional evaluation of their long term consequences	Cecatti J.G., Souza J.P., Parpinelli M.A., Haddad S.M., Camargo R.S., Pacagnella R.C., Silveira C., Zanardi D.T., Costa M.L., Pinto E Silva J.L., Passini Jr. R., Surita F.G., Sousa M.H., Calderon I.M., Say L., Pattinson R.C.	2009	Reproductive Health	6	1	10.1186/1742-4755-6-15	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; CEMICAMP - Campinas Center for Studies in Reproductive Health, Campinas, Brazil; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, So Paulo State University, Brazil; Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Cecatti, J.G., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Souza, J.P., UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Parpinelli, M.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Haddad, S.M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Camargo, R.S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Pacagnella, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Silveira, C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Zanardi, D.T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Costa, M.L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Pinto E Silva, J.L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Passini Jr., R., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Surita, F.G., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Sousa, M.H., CEMICAMP - Campinas Center for Studies in Reproductive Health, Campinas, Brazil; Calderon, I.M., Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, So Paulo State University, Brazil; Say, L., UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Pattinson, R.C., Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Background. It has been suggested that the study of women who survive life-threatening complications related to pregnancy (maternal near-miss cases) may represent a practical alternative to surveillance of maternal morbidity/mortality since the number of cases is higher and the woman herself is able to provide information on the difficulties she faced and the long-term repercussions of the event. These repercussions, which may include sexual dysfunction, postpartum depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, may persist for prolonged periods of time, affecting women's quality of life and resulting in adverse effects to them and their babies. Objective. The aims of the present study are to create a nationwide network of scientific cooperation to carry out surveillance and estimate the frequency of maternal near-miss cases, to perform a multicenter investigation into the quality of care for women with severe complications of pregnancy, and to carry out a multidimensional evaluation of these women up to six months. Methods/Design. This project has two components: a multicenter, cross-sectional study to be implemented in 27 referral obstetric units in different geographical regions of Brazil, and a concurrent cohort study of multidimensional analysis. Over 12 months, investigators will perform prospective surveillance to identify all maternal complications. The population of the cross-sectional component will consist of all women surviving potentially life-threatening conditions (severe maternal complications) or life-threatening conditions (the maternal near miss criteria) and maternal deaths according to the new WHO definition and criteria. Data analysis will be performed in case subgroups according to the moment of occurrence and determining cause. Frequencies of near-miss and other severe maternal morbidity and the association between organ dysfunction and maternal death will be estimated. A proportion of cases identified in the cross-sectional study will comprise the cohort of women for the multidimensional analysis. Various aspects of the lives of women surviving severe maternal complications will be evaluated 3 and 6 months after the event and compared to a group of women who suffered no severe complications in pregnancy. Previously validated questionnaires will be used in the interviews to assess reproductive function, posttraumatic stress, functional capacity, quality of life, sexual function, postpartum depression and infant development. © 2009 Cecatti et al.	None	adult; article; Brazil; data analysis; disease association; female; functional status; groups by age; health care quality; health survey; human; infant; major clinical study; maternal morbidity; multiple organ failure; posttraumatic stress disorder; pregnancy complication; prevalence; puerperal depression; quality of life; risk factor; sexual dysfunction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952094730	Lessons learnt from comprehensive evaluation of community-based education in Uganda: A proposal for an ideal model community-based education for health professional training institutions	Kaye D.K., Muhwezi W.W., Kasozi A.N., Kijjambu S., Mbalinda S.N., Okullo I., Nabirye R.C., Oria H., Atuyambe L., Groves S., Burnham G., Mwanika A.	2011	BMC Medical Education	11	1	10.1186/1472-6920-11-7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Kaye, D.K., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Muhwezi, W.W., Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kasozi, A.N., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kijjambu, S., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Mbalinda, S.N., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Okullo, I., Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Nabirye, R.C., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Oria, H., Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Atuyambe, L., Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Groves, S., Department of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States; Burnham, G., Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mwanika, A., Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Community-based education (CBE) can provide contextual learning that addresses manpower scarcity by enabling trainees acquire requisite experiences, competence, confidence and values. In Uganda, many health professional training institutions conduct some form of community-based education (CBE). However, there is scanty information on the nature of the training: whether a curriculum exists (objectives, intended outcomes, content, implementation strategy), administration and constraints faced. The objective was to make a comprehensive assessment of CBE as implemented by Ugandan health professional training institutions to document the nature of CBE conducted and propose an ideal model with minimum requirements for health professional training institutions in Uganda. Methods. We employed several methods: documentary review of curricula of 22 institutions, so as to assess the nature, purpose, outcomes, and methods of instruction and assessment; site visits to these institutions and their CBE sites, to assess the learning environment (infrastructure and resources); in-depth interviews with key people involved in running CBE at the institutions and community, to evaluate CBE implementation, challenges experienced and perceived solutions. Results: CBE was perceived differently ranging from a subject, a course, a program or a project. Despite having similar curricula, institutions differ in the administration, implementation and assessment of CBE. Objectives of CBE, the curricula content and implementation strategies differ in similar institutions. On collaborative and social learning, most trainees do not reside in the community, though they work on group projects and write group reports. Lectures and skills demonstrations were the main instruction methods. Assessment involved mainly continuous assessment, oral or written reports and summative examination. Conclusion: This assessment identified deficiencies in the design and implementation of CBE at several health professional training institutions, with major flaws identified in curriculum content, supervision of trainees, inappropriate assessment, trainee welfare, and underutilization of opportunities for contextual and collaborative learning. Since CBE showed potential to benefit the trainees, community and institutions, we propose a model that delivers a minimum package of CBE and overcomes the wide variation in the concept, conduct and implementation of CBE. © 2011 Kaye et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; attitude to health; clinical competence; curriculum; demography; education; educational model; evaluation; health care personnel; human; learning; needs assessment; teaching; Uganda; Clinical Competence; Curriculum; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Learning; Models, Educational; Needs Assessment; Residence Characteristics; Teaching; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869862213	The impact of central corneal thickness on intraocular pressure among Ethiopian glaucoma patients: A cross-sectional study	Gelaw Y.	2012	BMC Ophthalmology	12	1	10.1186/1471-2415-12-58	Department of Ophthalmology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Gelaw, Y., Department of Ophthalmology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Background: Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only causal risk factor for glaucoma that can be therapeutically manipulated to change the course of the disease process. Though Goldman applanation tonometry (GAT) is the "gold standard" for IOP measurement, readings of IOP with GAT are affected by central corneal thickness (CCT). The aim of this study is to determine the impact of CCT on IOP among Ethiopian glaucoma patients. Methods. It was a multicenter cross-sectional study and all glaucoma patients visiting their respective eye clinic during the study period were included. A total of 199 randomly selected glaucomatous eyes from 199 patients aged 18 years and above were employed. The CCT was measured by OcuScan™ RxP Ophthalmic Ultrasound and IOP was measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer. Linear regression and bivariate correlation analysis were carried out and level of significance was taken at 5%. Results: The mean IOP was 19.46(±7.05) mmHg and mean CCT was 508.07(±33.26) μm. The mean IOP for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension (OHT), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG) and primary chronic angle closure glaucoma (PCAG) patients was 19.22 mmHg, 21.39 mmHg, 14.33 mmHg, 33.25 mmHg and 14.75 mmHg respectively. The mean CCT values were 502.24 μm (POAG), 524.32 μm (OHT), 500.75 μm (NTG), 579.00 μm (PXG) and 530.25 μm (PCAG). Age of the patient and glaucoma surgery had an influence on corneal thickness. A positive relationship was found between CCT and IOP (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The mean CCT of Ethiopian glaucoma patients is thin in comparison to other ethnic groups and patients with OHT have thicker corneas than POAG patients. Hence determination of CCT for each patient is necessary in the up-to-date glaucoma management. © 2012 Gelaw; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Central corneal thickness; Glaucoma; Intraocular pressure; Pachymeter	adolescent; adult; aged; article; comparative study; cornea; cross-sectional study; echography; Ethiopia; female; glaucoma; human; incidence; intraocular pressure; male; middle aged; multicenter study; oculoplethysmography; pathophysiology; physiology; retrospective study; risk factor; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cornea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; Incidence; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tonometry, Ocular; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930003905	Shamba Maisha: Pilot agricultural intervention for food security and HIV health outcomes in Kenya: design, methods, baseline results and process evaluation of a cluster-randomized controlled trial	Cohen C.R., Steinfeld R.L., Weke E., Bukusi E.A., Hatcher A.M., Shiboski S., Rheingans R., Scow K.M., Butler L.M., Otieno P., Dworkin S.L., Weiser S.D.	2015	SpringerPlus	4	1	10.1186/s40064-015-0886-x	Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Soil Science and Soil Microbial Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	Cohen, C.R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Steinfeld, R.L., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States; Weke, E., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Bukusi, E.A., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Hatcher, A.M., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shiboski, S., Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Rheingans, R., Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Scow, K.M., Department of Soil Science and Soil Microbial Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Butler, L.M., Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Otieno, P., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Dworkin, S.L., Departments of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Weiser, S.D., Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Despite advances in treatment of people living with HIV, morbidity and mortality remains unacceptably high in sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to parallel epidemics of poverty and food insecurity. Methods/Design: We conducted a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a multisectoral agricultural and microfinance intervention (entitled Shamba Maisha) designed to improve food security, household wealth, HIV clinical outcomes and women’s empowerment. The intervention was carried out at two HIV clinics in Kenya, one randomized to the intervention arm and one to the control arm. HIV-infected patients >18 years, on antiretroviral therapy, with moderate/severe food insecurity and/or body mass index (BMI) <18.5, and access to land and surface water were eligible for enrollment. The intervention included: 1) a microfinance loan (~$150) to purchase the farming commodities, 2) a micro-irrigation pump, seeds, and fertilizer, and 3) trainings in sustainable agricultural practices and financial literacy. Enrollment of 140 participants took four months, and the screening-to-enrollment ratio was similar between arms. We followed participants for 12 months and conducted structured questionnaires. We also conducted a process evaluation with participants and stakeholders 3–5 months after study start and at study end. Discussion: Baseline results revealed that participants at the two sites were similar in age, gender and marital status. A greater proportion of participants at the intervention site had a low BMI in comparison to participants at the control site (18% vs. 7%, p = 0.054). While median CD4 count was similar between arms, a greater proportion of participants enrolled at the intervention arm had a detectable HIV viral load compared with control participants (49% vs. 28%, respectively, p < 0.010). Process evaluation findings suggested that Shamba Maisha had high acceptability in recruitment, delivered strong agricultural and financial training, and led to labor saving due to use of the water pump. Implementation challenges included participant concerns about repaying loans, agricultural challenges due to weather patterns, and a challenging partnership with the microfinance institution. We expect the results from this pilot study to provide useful data on the impacts of livelihood interventions and will help in the design of a definitive cluster RCT. Trial registration: This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01548599. © 2015, Cohen et al.; licensee Springer.	Agriculture; Food insecurity; HIV; Intervention; Livelihoods; Microfinance	None	1R34MH094215, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447262129	Functional capacity evaluation: An essential component of South African occupational therapy work practice services	Buys T., van Biljon H.	2007	Work	29	1	None	Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Care Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Private Practitioner in Vocational Rehabilitation, Johannesburg, South Africa	Buys, T., Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Care Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; van Biljon, H., Private Practitioner in Vocational Rehabilitation, Johannesburg, South Africa	South African occupational therapists have been involved in the delivery of work practice services since the inception of the profession in this country. Initial development in this area of practice appeared slow but following the acceptance of South Africa's first democratic Constitution in 1996, many opportunities for service delivery were facilitated by the implementation of disability equity legislation. One of the key services offered by practitioners is Functional Capacity Evaluation (FCE). Although the outcomes of FCE are many, the process in essentially the same. This entails: referral, the initial interview, evaluation of performance components and ADL, vocational evaluation, obtaining collateral and the closure interview, the work visit, hypothesis testing and reporting. This article reports on the Functional Capacity Evaluation process as followed by South African occupational therapists in various contexts. © 2007 IOS Press. All rights reserved.	Employment equity legislation; People with disabilities; Work practice services	article; clinical practice; daily life activity; functional status; health care delivery; health service; human; interview; job performance; law; occupational therapist; occupational therapy; physical disability; South Africa; vocational rehabilitation; Humans; Occupational Therapy; South Africa; Work Capacity Evaluation	None
None	None	Malocclusion, psycho-social impacts and treatment need: A cross-sectional study of Tanzanian primary school-children	Mtaya M., Astrom A.N., Brudvik P.	2008	BMC Oral Health	8	1	10.1186/1472-6831-8-14	Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Norway; Centre for International Health, UoB, Norway; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Odontology- Orthodontics, UoB, Norway, Norway	Mtaya, M., Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Norway, Centre for International Health, UoB, Norway, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Astrom, A.N., Department of Odontology-Community Dentistry, UoB, Norway, Centre for International Health, UoB, Norway; Brudvik, P., Department of Odontology- Orthodontics, UoB, Norway, Norway	Background. studies on the relationship between children's malocclusion and its psycho-social impacts are so far largely unexplored in low-income countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malocclusion, reported dental problems and dissatisfaction with dental appearance among primary school children in Tanzania. The relationship of dissatisfaction with socio-demographic characteristics, clinically defined malocclusion and psychosocial impacts of dental anomalies was investigated. Orthodontic treatment need was estimated using an integrated socio-dental approach. Method. One thousand six hundred and one children (mean age 13 yr) attending primary schools in the districts of Kinondoni and Temeke completed face to face interviews and a full mouth clinical examination. The survey instrument was designed to measure a Kiswahili translated and culturally adapted Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) frequency score, reported dental problems, dissatisfaction with dental appearance/function and socio-demographic characteristics. Results. The prevalence of malocclusion varied from 0.9% (deep bite) to 22.5% (midline shift) with a total of 63.8% having at least one type of anomaly. Moderate proportions of children admitted dental problems; ranging from 7% (space position) to 20% (pain). The odds ratio of having problems with teeth position, spaces, pain and swallowing if having any malocclusion were, respectively 6.7, 3.9, 1.4 and 6.8. A total of 23.3% children were dissatisfied with dental appearance/function. Children dissatisfied with their dental appearance were less likely to be Temeke residents (OR = 0.5) and having parents of higher education (OR = 0.6) and more likely to reporting problem with teeth position (OR = 4.3) and having oral impacts (OR = 2.7). The socio-dental treatment need of 12% was five times lower than the normative need assessment of 63.8%. Conclusion. Compared to the high prevalence of malocclusion, psycho social impacts and dissatisfaction with appearance/function was not frequent among Tanzanian schoolchildren. Subjects with malocclusion reported problems most frequently and malocclusion together with other psycho-social impact scores determined children's satisfaction with teeth appearance- and function. © 2008 Mtaya et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876243003	Life with another cornea: Impact of corneal transplantation and Eye Banking in Ethiopia	Roba A.A., Tilahun Y., Bekele S.	2013	Ethiopian Medical Journal	51	1	None	Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia	Roba, A.A., Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Tilahun, Y., Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Bekele, S., Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia	Purpose: Although clinical success of corneal transplantation is encouraging, its impact on the lives of beneficiaries is overlooked. We tried Io understand how visually impaired people perceive the effect of a recently introduced corneal transplantation and eye banking service. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted among 20 patients with corneal visual impairment. All had transplantation surgery at Minilik II Hospital, mostly with corneas harvested and processed by Eye Bank of Ethiopia. The qualitative data focused on their experiences regarding changes in quality of life, visual outcome, and attitude toward corneal donation. Data were analyzed using the thematic framework approach. Results: Before the transplantation, patients suffered from disability and low self-esteem but remained hopeful. After the transplantation, they felt satisfied with whatever visual gain they got and described the process as 'a miracle '. They believed their life had somewhat changed for the better as they became independent and capable again. They also felt extremely grateful to donors and became advocates for corneal donation. Conclusion: The availability of a corneal harvesting and transplantation service is making positive impacts on the lives of visually impaired individuals in Ethiopia. However, the extent of this service should be widened to have a significant effect on the magnitude of corneal blindness across the country.	Cornea; Ethiopia; Eye bank; Quality of life; Transplantation; Visual impairment	adolescent; adult; aged; article; attitude to health; blindness; cohort analysis; cornea transplantation; Ethiopia; eyebank; female; human; male; middle aged; patient satisfaction; psychological aspect; quality of life; treatment outcome; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blindness; Cohort Studies; Corneal Transplantation; Ethiopia; Eye Banks; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Quality of Life; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870376392	Evaluation of post-operative visual outcomes of cataract surgery in Ghana	Ilechie A.A., Boadi-Kusi B.S., Ndudiri O.V., Ofori E.A.	2012	International Journal of Health Research	5	1	None	Department of Optometry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Internal medicine, Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital, Sekondi, Ghana	Ilechie, A.A., Department of Optometry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana; Boadi-Kusi, B.S., Department of Optometry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana; Ndudiri, O.V., Department of Internal medicine, Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital, Sekondi, Ghana; Ofori, E.A., Department of Optometry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana	Purpose: To evaluate post-operative visual outcomes after cataract surgeries performed at 2 tertiary referral hospitals in Ghana Methods: A retrospective consecutive case review of hospital -elective-cataract surgeries of all ages performed at two tertiary referral centers in Southern Ghana during a 3-year-period was carried out. Data was compiled on demographic characteristics, pre- and postoperative visual acuities and surgical complications. The preoperative and postoperative visual status was classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) category of Visual Impairment and Blindness. The standard parameters of assessing outcome of cataract surgery and the WHO criteria for grading the outcome of cataract surgery were used. Results: A total of 1288 unilateral cataract extractions were performed within the 3-year-period of this review. Mean age of the patients at operation was 64.47 ± 16.7years. Small incision cataract surgery (SICS) with intraocular lens implant (83.8%) was the major surgical technique. One thousand two hundred and eighty four eyes (99.7%) were blind (VA <3/60) before surgery of which fewer than 9.5% remained blind postoperatively. The proportion of post operative eyes with good outcome (6/6-6/18) was 22.0% within 48 hours of surgery and 41.2% at 4-6 weeks follow up. Outcome was poor (<6/60) in 29.2% within 48 hours of surgery and 9.5% at 4-6 weeks follow up. Nearly half of the operative eyes had borderline outcome (6/24-6/60) within 48 hours of surgery and at follow up. ECCE +IOL operating technique achieved the best results, resulting in 54.6% of the operated eyes achieving good outcome. Only 2.8% of the operated eyes had surgical complications at follow up, of which posterior capsular opacities (50%) and vitreous loss (13.3%) were the major causes. A total of 1164 (90.4%) of the operated eyes did not have optical correction after surgery. Conclusion: Over 41.2% of post-operative eyes patients in this study had very good visual outcome following cataract surgery in the study population. Nevertheless, greater attention to post-operative care and uncorrected refractive error is needed.	Cataract surgery; Cataract surgical outcome; Visual outcome	adult; article; cataract; cataract extraction; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; cornea edema; elective surgery; follow up; Ghana; human; hyphema; lens implant; major clinical study; outcome assessment; patient assessment; patient monitoring; postoperative complication; preoperative evaluation; refraction error; retrospective study; surgical risk; tertiary health care; visual acuity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855823346	Evaluation of risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve with classical sagittal split osteotomy technique and proposed alternative surgical techniques using computer-assisted surgery	Wittwer G., Adeyemo W.L., Beinemann J., Juergens P.	2012	International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	41	1	10.1016/j.ijom.2011.08.001	Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Facharzt Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie Pla	Wittwer, G., Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Facharzt Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie Plastische und Ästhetische Operationen, Bahnhofplatz 11, CH-4410 Liestal, Switzerland; Adeyemo, W.L., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Beinemann, J., Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Juergens, P., Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland	Neurosensory disturbance after sagittal split osteotomy is a common complication. This study evaluated the course of the mandibular canal at three positions using computed tomography (CT), assessed the risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve in classical sagittal split osteotomy, based on the proximity of the mandibular canal to the external cortical bone, and proposed alternative surgical techniques using computer-assisted surgery. CT data from 102 mandibular rami were evaluated. At each position, the distance between the mandibular canal and the inner surface of the cortical bone was measured; if less than 1 mm or if the canal contacted the external cortical bone it was registered as a possible neurosensory compromising proximity. The course of each mandibular canal was allocated to a neurosensory risk or a non-neurosensory risk group. The mandibular canal was in contact with, or within 1 mm of, the lingual cortex in most positions along its course. Neurosensory compromising proximity of the mandibular canal was observed in about 60% of sagittal split ramus osteotomy sites examined. For this group, modified classic osteotomy or complete individualized osteotomy is proposed, depending on the position at which the mandibular canal was at risk; they may be accomplished with computer-assisted navigation. © 2011 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.	computer-assisted surgery; deficiency; intra-operative navigation; neurosensory; ramus osteotomy	adult; article; clinical evaluation; computer assisted surgery; computer assisted tomography; cortical bone; female; human; inferior alveolar injury; major clinical study; male; mandible; nerve injury; osteotomy; sagittal split osteotomy; surgical technique; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Mandible; Mandibular Nerve; Osteotomy; Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus; Patient Care Planning; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Somatosensory Disorders; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries; User-Computer Interface	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744274444	Do organizational and spatial proximity impact on firm performance?	Oerlemans L.A.G., Meeus M.T.H.	2005	Regional Studies	39	1	10.1080/0034340052000320896	Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands; Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Oerlemans, L.A.G., Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg NL-5000 LE, Netherlands, Dept. of Engineering/Technol. Policy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Meeus, M.T.H., Department of Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, Utrecht NL-3508 TC, Netherlands	Recent theoretical developments in organizational science, economic geography and regional economics have emphasized the importance of organizational and geographical proximity for the performance of firms. Empirical evidence on these relationships is scarce, though. The paper asks to what extent firm-specific resources, network activity, proximity and industry factors influence innovative and economic outcomes. We used a theoretical synthesis of regional and organizational science, and economic geography to build a research model that enabled us to derive several hypotheses on the influence of different forms of proximity on outcomes, taking other relevant predictors for performance into account. The empirical findings specify the importance of proximity especially for innovative outcomes. We found that in particular intraand interregional relations with buyers and suppliers are conducive for firm performance. Moreover, innovation strategy (dis)similarity has interesting effects on relative firm performance. Finally, sectoral research and development spillovers influence outcomes in a positive way. © 2005 Regional Studies Association.	Enquête; Enterprise; Geographical proximity; Innovation; Performance; Theory of the dependence of resources	industrial performance; industrial practice; innovation; regional economy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76849086891	Salesforce behavioural performance of accounts relationship managers (ARMS) in Uganda's commercial banks: A qualitative analysis	Ntayi J.M., Munene J.C., Eyaa S.	2010	Journal of Retail and Leisure Property	9	1	10.1057/rlp.2009.19	Department of Organizational Psychology, Makerere University, Uganda; Department of Procurement and Logistics, Makerere University Business School, Uganda	Ntayi, J.M.; Munene, J.C., Department of Organizational Psychology, Makerere University, Uganda; Eyaa, S., Department of Procurement and Logistics, Makerere University Business School, Uganda	The purpose of this article is to examine the salesforce behavioural performance in commercial firms using a phenomenological approach. A sample of 75 accounts relationship managers (ARMS) from 15 commercial banks was selected. Results reveal that background factors provided vicarious reinforcement behaviours while vicarious punishment reinforced social skills that were necessary for selling bank services. Social network ties were particularly necessary in increasing salesforce behavioural performance while poor family background coupled with lack of career planning, limited professional sales presentation impacted negatively on the performance of the sales career. Serendipity, development networks, social dyadic interactions with customers and key stakeholders were found necessary in generating, building and retaining customers. This is because customers lives depend on how they are tied into the larger web of social connections. We therefore recommend banks to hire ARMS based on vicarious learning, family background, social networking skills and development networks if they want to improve performance. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.	Development networks; Sales career; Serendipity; Social networking; Vicarious learning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857048528	Evaluation of smell and taste in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis	Fasunla J.A., Hundt W., Lutz J., Förger F., Thürmel K., Steinbach S.	2012	European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology	269	1	10.1007/s00405-011-1691-y	Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrae, Marburg 35033, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, G	Fasunla, J.A., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrae, Marburg 35033, Germany, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Hundt, W., Department of Radiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany; Lutz, J., Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Förger, F., Department of Rheumatology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Thürmel, K., Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Steinbach, S., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrae, Marburg 35033, Germany	Although a reduced olfactory/gustatory function affects patients in all parts of life, this problem has not received much attention in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The aim of this study was to assess the smell/taste function of WG patients. Demographic data of 16 WG patients (9 males, 7 females) were obtained. They all subjectively assessed their taste/smell function on visual analogue scale. Olfactory/gustatory functions of the patients were tested with 'Sniffin' Sticks and 'Taste' strips, respectively. The results were then compared with those from sex and age-matched control group (n = 16) and normative data. WG patients subjectively assessed their olfactory (p = 0.03) and gustatory (p = 0.02) function to be lower than control group. All the olfactory scores (odour identification, odour discrimination and threshold) in both genders were significantly below the scores in the control group. WG patients were hyposmic. For taste (total taste score, as well as scores for the qualities sweet, sour, salty and bitter), WG patients did not significantly differ from controls and were normogeusic. However, the gustatory scores showed the tendency of reduction as compared to the control group. In conclusion, WG patients truly suffer from olfactory/taste dysfunction, but this is worse with olfaction. It is, therefore, imperative that physicians should make their patients to be aware of these sensory dysfunctions and educate them on methods to cope with it for better quality of life. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.	Smell; Taste; Wegener's granulomatosis	acetylsalicylic acid; azathioprine; cortisone; cotrimoxazole; cyclophosphamide; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; methotrexate; mycophenolic acid; adult; aged; article; bitter taste; clinical article; controlled study; demography; female; human; human tissue; hyposmia; low drug dose; male; nose septum reconstruction; olfactory discrimination; priority journal; scoring system; sensory evaluation; smelling; sweetness; taste; visual analog scale; Wegener granulomatosis; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Olfaction Disorders; Smell; Taste; Taste Disorders; Wegener Granulomatosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888857387	Prevalence of dental caries and its impact on quality of life (QoL) among HIV-infected children in Kenya	Masiga M.A., M'imunya J.M.	2013	Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry	38	1	None	Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya; UNITID, Kenya	Masiga, M.A., Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya; M'imunya, J.M., UNITID, Kenya	Aim: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and its impact on QoL among HIV-infected children in Kenya. Study design: Cross-sectional survey of HIV-positive children aged 3-15 years. Method: Two hundred and twenty participants were selected by consecutive sampling. Dental examination was undertaken to determine the presence of dental caries among the children using the dmft/DMFT indices. The children's perceived QoL in the domains of oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional and social wellbeing was assessed using the WHO Simplified Oral Health Questionnaires for children. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 65% whence the prevalence in the deciduous dentition was 50% while that of the permanent dentition was 30.9%. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 1.75 and 1.08 respectively. Children with high dmft manifested negative impacts on appearance, chewing, biting hard foods and missing school on account of toothache and discomfort, while in the permanent dentition children with high DMFT had a negative impact on biting hard foods. Conclusion: A high caries experience had significant negative impacts on the children's QoL, especially in the primary dentition.	Children; Dental caries; HIV-positive children; QoL	absenteeism; adolescent; article; chi square distribution; child; cross-sectional study; deciduous tooth; dental caries; dental procedure; dentition; double blind procedure; female; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; male; mastication; preschool child; prevalence; psychological aspect; quality of life; self report; tooth pain; Absenteeism; Adolescent; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Care for Children; Dental Caries; Dentition, Permanent; DMF Index; Double-Blind Method; Esthetics, Dental; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Male; Mastication; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Self Report; Tooth, Deciduous; Toothache	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855210865	Impact of dog bite in kano city a retrospective study	Adeleke S.I.	2010	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	13	1	None	Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria	Adeleke, S.I., Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria	Background: Rabies is an acute encephalomyelitis. It is zoonotic disease occurring in a variety of warm blooded animals including man. Objectives: The study is to review the impact of dog bite and rabies in Kano City. A review of cases seen in Paediatric Unit of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano over a ten year period. (January 1996 December 2005). esults: There were 44 cases of dog bites of which five (11.4%) cases developed rabies. The age range of children with dog bite was 4 to 9years. The most common sites of bite were on the legs (45.5%), gluteal region (36.4%) while the least affected sites were the upper arm (6.8%) and the face (4.5%). There were 28 (63.7%) of the dogs were stray dogs while 12(27.3%) were domestic dogs, only 31.8% of the domestic dogs were vaccinated. All those with rabies died; All the five patients presented with furious rabies. Conclusion: Children with dog bites in which the current certificate of vaccination in the dog can not be produced, should be given antirabies vaccine. There should be public enlightenment talks aimed at informing the public of the need to report all cases of dog bite to health facilities.	Antirabies Vaccine; Dog bites; Paediatric; Rabies	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953407335	Evaluation of sexual maturity among adolescent male sickle cell anaemia patients: The usefulness of testicular volume estimation	Uchendu U.O., Nwokocha A.R.C., Ikefuna A.N., Emodi I.J., Onwasigwe C.N.	2010	SAJCH South African Journal of Child Health	4	1	None	Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria Medical Research Council Laboratories (UK), Gambia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Univ	Uchendu, U.O., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria Medical Research Council Laboratories (UK), Gambia; Nwokocha, A.R.C., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria; Ikefuna, A.N., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria; Emodi, I.J., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria; Onwasigwe, C.N., Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria	Background. The use of Tanner stages (i.e. sexual maturity rating (SMR)) in evaluating sexual maturity has gained widespread acceptance. Tanner staging assesses pubic hair growth and increase in genital size, the latter factor being best reflected by increase in testicle size. Testicular volume increases are thought to be the most sensitive clinical indication of onset and progress of puberty. It has been suggested that the initial stage of sexual development may be missed if testicular volume is not assessed. We explored the usefulness of testicular volume (TV) for assessing sexual maturity among adolescent male sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional case-control study evaluating sexual maturation of male patients with sickle cell anaemia and those with the HbAA genotype. Tanner staging and testicular volume assessment were both used as models for evaluating stages of sexual maturation among SCA patients and their normal counterparts matched for age and socioeconomic status. Results. SCA patients showed delayed onset and completion of sexual maturation. TV of subjects was smaller than those of controls but, when related to stages of sexual maturity, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. The correlation coefficients between various stages of sexual maturity and TV suggest strong associations. Conclusion. The increase in testicular volume was found to be a good predictor of onset and progression of sexual maturity in both SCA subjects and their healthy controls.	None	adolescent; adult; article; case control study; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic value; disease classification; genotype; human; major clinical study; male; onset age; prediction; preschool child; school child; sexual maturation; sexual maturity; sickle cell anemia; socioeconomics; testis size	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887737727	Determinants of academic performance in children with sickle cell anaemia	Ezenwosu O.U., Emodi I.J., Ikefuna A.N., Chukwu B.F., Osuorah C.D.	2013	BMC Pediatrics	13	1	10.1186/1471-2431-13-189	Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Child Survival Unit, Medical Research Council UK, The Gambia Unit, Serrekunda, Gambia	Ezenwosu, O.U., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Emodi, I.J., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Ikefuna, A.N., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Chukwu, B.F., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Osuorah, C.D., Child Survival Unit, Medical Research Council UK, The Gambia Unit, Serrekunda, Gambia	Background: Some factors are known to influence the academic performance of children with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA). Information on their effects in these children is limited in Nigeria. The factors which influence academic performance of children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria are determined in this study.Methods: Consecutive children with SCA aged 5-11 years were recruited at the weekly sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, Nigeria. Their age- and sex- matched normal classmates were recruited as controls. The total number of days of school absence for 2009/2010 academic session was obtained for each pair of pupils from the class attendance register. Academic performance was assessed using the average of the overall scores in the three term examinations of same session. Intelligence ability was determined with Draw-A-Person Quotient (DAPQ) using the Draw-A-Person Test while socio-economic status was determined using the occupational status and educational attainment of each parent.Results: Academic performance of children with SCA showed statistically significant association with their socio-economic status (χ2 = 9.626, p = 0.047), and significant correlation with DAPQ (r = 0.394, p = 0.000) and age (r = -0.412, p = 0.000). However, no significant relationship existed between academic performance and school absence in children with SCA (r = -0.080, p = 0.453).Conclusions: Academic performance of children with SCA is influenced by their intelligence ability, age and socio-economic status but not negatively affected by their increased school absenteeism. © 2013 Ezenwosu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Academic; Children; Determinants; Sickle	absenteeism; academic achievement; age; article; blood transfusion; child; childhood disease; controlled study; correlational study; disease severity; educational status; employment status; female; hospital admission; human; intelligence; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; parent; preschool child; primary school; school child; scoring system; sex ratio; sickle cell anemia; social status; student; teaching hospital; Absenteeism; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Child; Child, Preschool; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Intelligence Tests; Male; Nigeria; Parents; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898753975	Effects of supplementing Leucaena leucocephala and conserved forages from natural pasture on the performance of grazing calves	Ojo V.O.A., Aina A.B.J., Fasae O.A., Oni A.O., Aderinboye R.Y., Dele P.A., Idowu O.J., Adelusi O.O., Shittu O.O., Okeniyi F.A., Jolaosho A.O.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	46	1	10.1007/s11250-013-0476-2	Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Lives	Ojo, V.O.A., Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Aina, A.B.J., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Fasae, O.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oni, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Aderinboye, R.Y., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Dele, P.A., Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Idowu, O.J., Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adelusi, O.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Shittu, O.O., Institute of Food Security, Environment Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okeniyi, F.A., Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Jolaosho, A.O., Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Twelve white Fulani × N'dama cross-bred calves weighing 83.79±1.16 kg were used in an 84-day experiment to investigate the utilization of forage resources from natural grazing land. The experimental diets were sole grazing, grazing + hay, grazing + silage and grazing + Leucaena leucocephala leaves. The calves were divided into four groups of three animals each and were randomly assigned to the four experimental diets. Crude protein (CP) contents of the forages ranged from 59 to 171 g/kg dry matter (DM). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents of the forages ranged from 560 to 705 g/kg DM and 363 to 440 g/kg DM, respectively. Significantly (P <0.05) higher values inmineral contents (Ca, K, P and Mg) were recorded for L. leucocephala leaves compared to other forage resources. Variations (P <0.05) were observed in the average daily gain. Animals on grazing + L. leucocephala leaves diet had the highest (113 g/day) average daily gain, while those on sole grazing showed the least value (26.2 g/day). Packed cell volume (PCV), total serum protein, urea and calcium concentration showed significant differences (P <0.05). Effective utilization of forage resources from the natural pasture by the calves was attained on supplementation with conserved forages and L. leucocephala leaves without any deleterious effects on the haematological and serum parameters. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.	Calves; Conserved forages; Haematology; Natural grazing land; Performance	animal; animal disease; animal food; animal husbandry; article; cattle; diet; eating; Fabaceae; growth, development and aging; randomization; season; silage; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Eating; Fabaceae; Random Allocation; Seasons; Silage; Weight Gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37249080649	Evaluation of a semi-automated reporter phage assay for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in South Africa	Banaiee N., January V., Barthus C., Lambrick M., RoDiti D., Behr M.A., Jacobs Jr. W.R., Steyn L.M.	2008	Tuberculosis	88	1	10.1016/j.tube.2007.08.006	Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Que., Canada; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States	Banaiee, N., Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; January, V., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Barthus, C., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambrick, M., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; RoDiti, D., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Behr, M.A., McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Que., Canada; Jacobs Jr., W.R., Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Steyn, L.M., Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	In a prospective study conducted by laboratory technologists in a diagnostic laboratory in Cape Town, South Africa, a semi-automated phage-based antibiotic susceptibility assay was implemented and the performance of the luciferase reporter mycobacteriophage (LRP) system for susceptibility testing of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolates against rifampin and isoniazid was evaluated. Two hundred consecutive clinical MGIT cultures of MTC species were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility assays were set up manually for the LRP and BACTEC radiometric systems (BACTEC) and read in a plate luminometer and the BACTEC 460 instrument, respectively. Discrepant susceptibility results were resolved by the conventional agar proportion method. Of the 200 secondary cultures prepared for this study, 9 (4.5%) were lost to contamination (LRP 4, BACTEC 1, both 4). All of the remaining 191 cultures underwent susceptibility testing by both methods and the overall agreement between the LRP and BACTEC was 98.4% (rifampin 100%; isoniazid 96.9%). Of the 6 discrepant cultures tested by the agar proportion method, 2 gave results in agreement with the LRP. The sensitivity of the LRP for detection of drug-resistant isolates was 100% for both rifampin (n=9) and isoniazid (n=12). The median turnaround time for susceptibility testing was 2 days with the LRP and 9 days with BACTEC. In conclusion, the semi-automated LRP-based assay offers a rapid and practical approach for accurate susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis cultures in diagnostic laboratories with limited financial resources, but with competent technologists. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Drug resistance; Drug susceptibility testing; Luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	antibiotic agent; isoniazid; luciferase; rifampicin; antibiotic sensitivity; article; assay; bacteriophage; bacterium culture; clinical laboratory; instrumentation; minimum inhibitory concentration; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; radiometry; reporter gene; South Africa; Antitubercular Agents; Biological Assay; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Isoniazid; Luciferases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacteriophages; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Rifampin; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942249582	Variable piperaquine exposure significantly impacts protective efficacy of monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the prevention of malaria in Ugandan children	Sundell K., Jagannathan P., Huang L., Bigira V., Kapisi J., Kakuru M.M., Savic R., Kamya M.R., Dorsey G., Aweeka F.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0908-8	Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health SciencesKampala, Uganda	Sundell, K., Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Jagannathan, P., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Huang, L., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Bigira, V., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Kapisi, J., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Kakuru, M.M., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Savic, R., Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health SciencesKampala, Uganda; Dorsey, G., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Aweeka, F., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States	Background: Anti-malarial chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PQ) is a promising tool for malaria control, but its efficacy in children may be limited by inadequate drug exposure. Methods: Children were enrolled in a non directly-observed trial of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in a high transmission setting in Uganda. Children were randomized at 6 months of age to no chemoprevention (n = 89) or monthly DHA/PQ (n = 87) and followed through 24 months of age, with pharmacokinetic sampling performed at variable times following monthly dosing of DHA/PQ. A previously published pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate piperaquine (PQ) exposure in each child, and associations between PQ exposure and the protective efficacy (PE) of DHA/PQ were explored. Results: The incidence of malaria was 6.83 and 3.09 episodes per person year at risk in the no chemoprevention and DHA/PQ arms, respectively (PE 54 %, 95 % CI 39-66 %, P < 0.001). Among children randomized to DHA/PQ, 493 pharmacokinetic samples were collected. Despite nearly 100 % reported adherence to study drug administration at home, there was wide variability in PQ exposure, and children were stratified into three groups based on average PQ exposure during the intervention that was determined by model generated percentiles (low, n = 40; medium, n = 37, and high, n = 10). Gender and socioeconomic factors were not significantly associated with PQ exposure. In multivariate models, the PE of DHA/PQ was 31 % in the low PQ exposure group (95 % CI 6-49 %, P = 0.02), 67 % in the medium PQ exposure group (95 % CI 54-76 %, P < 0.001), and 97 % in the high PQ exposure group (95 % CI 89-99 %, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The protective efficacy of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in young children was strongly associated with higher drug exposure; in children with the highest PQ exposure, monthly DHA/PQ chemoprevention was nearly 100 % protective against malaria. Strategies to ensure good adherence to monthly dosing and optimize drug exposure are critical to maximize the efficacy of this promising malaria control strategy. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials Identifier NCT00948896 © 2015 Sundell et al.	Chemoprevention; Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmodium falciparum	dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; area under the curve; Article; child; controlled study; drug efficacy; drug half life; female; human; infection prevention; malaria; male; medication compliance; oral clearance; patient compliance; randomized controlled trial (topic); socioeconomics; Ugandan; volume of distribution	5R01HD068174-05, NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 5R01HD068174-05, NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; K23 AI100949, NIAID, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; K23 AI100949,
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248390209	Ring opening of phthalimide derivatives with benzylamine: Formation of carboxamides and their pharmacological evaluation	Okunrobo L.O., Usifoh C.O.	2007	Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	69	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Okunrobo, L.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Usifoh, C.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	The ring opening of phthalimide derivatives viz N-cyclopentylphthalimide (1a), N-benzylphthalimide (1b), N-prop-2-ynylphthalimide (1c), 1-phthloylamino-3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperizin-1-yl]-propane(1d) and 1-phthloylamino-4-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperizin-1-yl]-butane (1e) was accomplished using benzylamine in dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature to afford the corresponding carboxamides: benzamido-cyclopentane-2-(N-benzyl)- carboxamide (3a) benzamido-1-phenylmethylene-2-(N-benzyl)-carboxamide (3b) and 3-benzamido-prop-2-yne-2-(N-benzyl)- carboxamide (3c) and were unequivocally characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometer and elemental analyses. The products obtained were screened for antiinflammatory and analgesic properties using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay and acetic acid-induced writhing test, respectively. The most active compound was 3b for the antiinflammatory activity assay and for the analgesic activity test the most active compound was 3a. The activities were dose-dependent. All the compounds tested showed better analgesic activity than acetylsalicylic acid.	None	1 phthloylamino 3 [4 (2 methoxyphenyl)piperizin 1 yl]propane; 1 phthloylamino 4 [4 (2 methoxyphenyl)piperizin 1 yl]butane; 3 benzamidoprop 2 yne 2 (n benzyl)carboxamide; acetylsalicylic acid; amide; analgesic agent; antiinflammatory agent; benzamido 1 phenylmethylene 2 (n benzyl)carboxamide; benzamidocyclopentane 2 (n benzyl)carboxamide; indometacin; n benzylphthalimide; n cyclopentylphthalimide; n prop 2 ynylphthalimide; phthalimide derivative; unclassified drug; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; article; controlled study; dose response; drug determination; drug structure; drug synthesis; female; infrared spectroscopy; male; mass spectrometer; mouse; nonhuman; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; paw edema; rat; ring opening; room temperature; structure analysis; writhing test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896776369	Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of aminoacridines and artemisinin-acridine hybrids	Joubert J.P., Smit F.J., Du Plessis L., Smith P.J., N'da D.D.	2014	European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	56	1	10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.014	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMCEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa	Joubert, J.P., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Smit, F.J., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Du Plessis, L., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMCEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; N'da, D.D., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMCEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	During this study, 9-aminoacridine and artemisinin-acridine hybrid compounds were synthesized and the in vitro for antimalarial activity against both the chloroquine sensitive but also gametocytocidal strain (NF54), and chloroquine resistant (Dd2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum was determined. In vitro cytotoxicity against CHO cells, apoptosis of HepG2 and SH-SY5Y as well as anticancer activity against HeLa cell lines were assessed. The hybrids were synthesized, using a microwave-assisted radiation method by covalently linking artemisinin and acridine pharmacophores by means of a liable, aminoethyl ether linker. The synthesized compounds were found active against both the Plasmodium strains and displayed superior selective toxicity towards the parasitic cells. Hybrid 7, however, containing ethylenediamine linker, proved the most active of all of the synthesized compounds. It had seven-fold higher antigametocytocidal activity compared to chloroquine and was also found to be seven-fold more potent than chloroquine against the Dd2 strain, with highly selective action towards the parasitic cells. This hybrid also showed favourable anti-cancer activity against the HeLa cells, three- and eight-fold higher than those of chloroquine and melphalan, respectively. This hybrid may therefore stand as drug candidate for further investigation in the search for new and effective drugs against malaria and cervical cancer. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Acridine; Apoptosis; Artemisinin; Cytotoxicity; Hybrids; Malaria	6 chloro 2 methoxy 9 (2 methylpiperazin 1 yl)acridine 2 (10 beta dihydroartemisinoxy)ethane; 6 chloro 2 methoxy 9 (3 methylpiperazin 1 yl)acridine; 6 chloro 2 methoxy 9 (piperazin 1 yl)acridine; 6 chloro 2 methoxy 9 (piperazin 1 yl)acridine 2 (10 beta dihydroartemisinoxy)ethane; 6 chloro 2 methoxy n [2 (piperazin 1 yl)ethyl]acridin 9 amine; 6 chloro 2 methoxy n [2 (piperazin 1 yl)ethyl]acridin 9 amine 2 (10 beta dihydroartemisinoxy)ethane; [3 [(6 chloro 2 methoxyacridin 9 yl)amino]propyl](methyl) amine; [3 [(6 chloro 2 methoxyacridin 9 yl)amino]propyl](methyl) amine 2 (10 beta dihydroartemisinoxy)ethane; [n (2 aminoethyl) 6 chloro 2 methoxyacridin 9 amine] 2 (10 beta dihydroartemisinoxy)ethane; acridine derivative; aminoacridine derivative; antimalarial agent; antineoplastic agent; artemisinin derivative; chloroquine; ether; ethylenediamine; melphalan; n (2 aminoethyl) 6 chloro 2 methoxyacridin 9 amine; unclassified drug; acridine derivative; antimalarial agent; antineoplastic agent; artemisinin; artemisinin derivative; animal cell; antimalarial activity; antineoplastic activity; apoptosis; article; CHO cell; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug synthesis; HeLa cell; human; human cell; hybrid; in vitro study; microwave radiation; nonhuman; nucleophilicity; pharmacophore; phase transition; physical chemistry; Plasmodium falciparum; priority journal; X ray analysis; animal; cell survival; chemistry; CHO cell line; Cricetulus; drug effects; synthesis; tumor cell line; Acridines; Animals; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Artemisinins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; CHO Cells; Cricetulus; Humans; Plasmodium falciparum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864298294	Safety evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis FAA025 and Streptococcus equines FAA026 for human probiotic application	Ayeni F.A., Adeniyi B.	2012	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	15	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ayeni, F.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adeniyi, B., Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Enterococcus faecalis FAA025 and Streptococcus equines FAA026 have been previously selected for their probiotic potentials for human application. This study was carried out to ascertain that the strains are safe for human consumption through screening for tranferable antibiotic resistant and biogenic amines genes. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the two bacterial strains were studied by broth microdilution. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) of the isolates were tested to detect tetracycline and neomycin resistant genes. (tet W and aph 3-II). The presence of 3 biogenic amine genes (tyrosine decarboxylase, (tdc), histidine decarboxylase (hdc) and agmatine deimininase (AgDI) were screened in the 2 bacterial isolates by PCR reactions. The two bacterial strains were sensitive to most tested antibiotics. Tetracycline and neomycin resistant genes could not be detected in the two bacterial strains. The 3 biogenic amines genes were absent in Streptococcus equines FAA026 while tdc and AgDI genes were detected in Enterococcus faecalis FAA025. With reference to absence of antibiotic resistant genes and biogenic amines genes, Streptococcus equines FAA026 is safe for probiotic use while Enterococcus faecalis FAA025 has been screened out of further studies on its potential probiotic properties due to the presence of tdc and AgDI genes.	Bacteria; Genes; Polymerase Chain Reactions; Probiotics; Safety	ampicillin; biogenic amine; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; clindamycin; cotrimoxazole; erythromycin; fosfomycin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; nitrofurantoin; probiotic agent; streptomycin; tetracycline; AgDI gene; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; bacterium isolate; broth dilution; Enterococcus faecalis; gene identification; genetic screening; Hdc gene; human; microbial sensitivity test; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; product safety; risk assessment; Streptococcus equinus; tdc gene	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71349085408	High performance thin layer chromatography as a method to authenticate Hoodia gordonii raw material and products	Vermaak I., Hamman J.H., Viljoen A.M.	2010	South African Journal of Botany	76	1	10.1016/j.sajb.2009.09.011	Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Vermaak, I., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Hamman, J.H., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Viljoen, A.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Hoodia gordonii which contains the perceived active molecule, P57, is a plant used in many weight loss products that are highly susceptible to adulteration due to increased public demand and limited availability. Rapid and simple methods for authentication and confirmation of the presence of P57 are desirable for the quality control of H. gordonii raw material and products. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of several H. gordonii raw material samples collected from different locations as well as weight loss products was carried out on silica gel plates and developed in a mobile phase of toluene:chloroform:ethanol (40:40:12.5 v/v/v). Liebermann-Burchard (LB) reagent was used as derivatising agent since it is specific for glycosides and triterpenes (such as P57) and the plates were viewed under UV light at 365 nm. This method produced good separation of the compounds in complex mixtures with well-defined bands including that of the P57 band (Rf 0.42), which was confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) after preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). All the HPTLC results obtained for the H. gordonii raw materials and products were confirmed with quantitative LC-MS analyses, which confirmed the qualitative reliability of the HPTLC method. The HPTLC method was used successfully to develop a chemical fingerprint for authentication and reliable confirmation of the presence of P57 in H. gordonii raw material and products. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Adulteration; Authentication; Chemical fingerprinting; Hoodia gordonii; HPTLC; P57; Quality control; TLC	chloroform; chromatography; dicotyledon; ethanol; gel; mass spectrometry; plant product; quality control; silica; toluene; Hoodia gordonii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916215147	The impact of plant volatiles on bacterial quorum sensing	Ahmad A., Viljoen A.M., Chenia H.Y.	2015	Letters in Applied Microbiology	60	1	10.1111/lam.12343	Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Ahmad, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Viljoen, A.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Chenia, H.Y., Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Studies describing the use of essential oil constituents as antimicrobial agents have steadily increased; however, some phyto-constituents are often overlooked due to unfavourable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Virulence depends on transcriptional factors which are regulated by cell-to-cell communication called quorum sensing (QS). This study was undertaken to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-QS properties of 29 compounds commonly found in essential oils using two bioreporter strains. QS-inhibitory activity was assessed qualitatively by agar diffusion and quantitatively by spectrophotometric assays. MICs of all the tested compounds ranged from 0·032 to &gt;5 mg ml-1. Twenty-two compounds displayed varying levels of QS inhibitory activity with zones of violacein inhibition ranging from 9 to 16 mm. Majority of tested molecules inhibited violacein and pyocyanin production in Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while seven compounds increased violacein and pyocyanin production. Interestingly, it was observed that the (+)-enantiomers of carvone, limonene and borneol increased violacein and pyocyanin production, while their levorotary analogues inhibited this production. α-Terpineol and cis-3-nonen-1-ol exhibited &gt;90% violacein inhibition, suggesting their potential as QS inhibitors. This preliminary study indicates that plant volatiles have the potential to impede or promote bacterial communication and further studies need to be undertaken to explore the contribution of structural analogues and stereochemistry of molecules in this process. Significance and Impact of the Study: Antimicrobial and antiquorum sensing (QS) properties of 29 common essential oil compounds were evaluated. Interruption of QS may lead to the development of therapeutic, antivirulence agents to control disease-causing pathogens which are preferable over antimicrobial agents as the latter drives selection pressure on microbial communities to acquire resistance. Twenty-two compounds inhibited QS, while seven promoted the QS to a variable extent in Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Preliminary results suggest that QS-inhibitory compounds of natural origin may inspire the formulation of new generation of antimicrobial agents to control infectious pathogens. Significance and Impact of the Study: Antimicrobial and antiquorum sensing (QS) properties of 29 common essential oil compounds were evaluated. Interruption of QS may lead to the development of therapeutic, antivirulence agents to control disease-causing pathogens which are preferable over antimicrobial agents as the latter drives selection pressure on microbial communities to acquire resistance. Twenty-two compounds inhibited QS, while seven promoted the QS to a variable extent in Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Preliminary results suggest that QS-inhibitory compounds of natural origin may inspire the formulation of new generation of antimicrobial agents to control infectious pathogens. © 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chromobacterium violaceum; Monoterpenes; Natural compounds; Pyocyanin; Quorum sensing; Violacein	absinthol; alpha phellandrene; anisaldehyde; beta pinene; bornyl acetate; camphene; carvacrol; carvone; cis 3 nonen 1 ol; citral; essential oil; estragole; farnesol; geraniol; isoeugenol; limonene; linalool; menthone; nerol; nerolidol; pinene; pyocyanine; terpineol; thymol; unclassified drug; volatile agent; antiinfective agent; essential oil; indole derivative; violacein; virulence factor; agar diffusion; antibiotic sensitivity; antimicrobial activity; Article; bacterial growth; bacterium culture; cell growth; Chromobacterium violaceum; controlled study; enantiomer; microbial community; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; quorum sensing; stereochemistry; biosynthesis; chemistry; Chromobacterium; disk diffusion; drug effects; metabolism; microbial sensitivity test; pathogenicity; physiology; plant; quorum sensing; virulence; Bacteria (microorganisms); Chromobacterium violaceum; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromobacterium; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Indoles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Plants; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyocyanine; Quorum Sensing; Virulence; Virulence Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953065848	Evaluation of the suspending property of Khaya snegalensis gum in co-trimoxazole suspensions	Mahmud H.S., Oyi A.R., Allagh T.S., Gwarzo M.S.	2010	Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology	2	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	Mahmud, H.S., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Oyi, A.R., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Allagh, T.S., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Gwarzo, M.S., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	The suspending property of Khaya senegalesis (Family Meliaceae) gum in Co-trimoxazole suspension was evaluated. The gum obtained from plants grown in Zaria town of northern Nigeria was processed using standard procedures and its physicochemical properties such as solubility, water sorption, pH and rheology were determined. The gum was used to formulate 4.8% w/v co-trimoxazole suspension in concentrations of 0.2-5.0% w/v. Acacia senegal gum was used as a standard for comparison. The sedimentation rates, sedimentation volume, ease of redispersibility and viscosity of the suspension were studied over a period of 8 weeks. Other properties evaluated were drug release profile and particle size distribution of formulated suspensions to detect crystal growth. The results show that the sedimentation rate (4×10-4 cm/sec), sedimentation volume (50ml), degree of flocculation (1.52) and viscosity (118.8 m.pas) at 50 r.p.m are values obtained for the suspension containing 0.2%w/v khaya gum after 28 days period of storage. Particle size analysis as an exception, the values of all other parameters obtained for the suspensions containing equivalent concentrations of acacia gum were lower. The suspensions were stable, pourable and redispersible with no evidence of crystal growth. The mean particle size of the drug was 3.5 micrometer. The suspension met the pharmacopoeial requirement for drug release. On the basis of these findings, khaya gum may find application as suspending agent at 0.2%w/v concentrations. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2009.	Co-trimoxazole; Crystal growth; Drug release; Khaya senegalensis gum; Sedimentation volume and suspension	Acacia gum; Co-trimoxazole; Drug release; Equivalent concentrations; Khaya senegalensis gum; Mean particle size; Meliaceae; Northern Nigeria; Physicochemical property; Sedimentation rates; Senegal; Standard procedures; Suspending agents; Water sorption; Air ejectors; Cobalt; Crystal growth; Crystallization; Flocculation; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Sedimentation; Sorption; Viscosity; Suspensions (fluids)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870326106	Formulation development and comparative evaluation of acetaminophen suspension using polysaccaride derived from seed cotyledons of Irvingia wombolu	Onyishi V.I., Chime S.A., Odika F.C., Obitte N.C.	2012	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	17	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Onyishi, V.I., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Chime, S.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Odika, F.C., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Obitte, N.C., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	The aim of the study was to formulate acetaminophen paediatric suspension using gum from Irvingia wombolu as suspending agent. Gum extracts from Irvingia wombolu seed cotyledons was used at concentrations of 1.6 and 3% in acetaminophen paediatric suspension. The suspending properties of Irvingia wombolu gum were compared to the properties of its mixtures with acacia and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC). The phytochemical analysis of Irvingia wombolu gum and the effects of aging on the viscosity of the suspension formulations were studied. From the results, phytochemical analysis showed that the gum contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, tannins and glycosides. The rheological properties of the suspensions showed that the viscosity of the suspensions were stable and did not show significant reduction over time (p < 0.05). The results of sedimentation volume of suspension showed that batch K formulated with Irvingia wombolu gum alone exhibited high stability and hence showed low sedimentation rate over time. Suspensions formulated with Irvingia wombolu gum exhibited properties comparable to those formulations containing mixtures of the three suspending agents (p < 0.05). Therefore, Irvingia wombolu gum can be used alone or with mixtures of acacia and SCMC as suspending agents in acetaminophen suspension for paediatrics.	Acetaminophen; Gums; Irvingia wombolu; Paediatric suspension	alkaloid; carboxymethylcellulose; flavonoid; glycoside; paracetamol; polysaccharide; resin; saponin; steroid; tannin derivative; terpenoid; aging; article; controlled study; cotyledon; drug formulation; flow kinetics; Irvingia wombolu; mango; particle size; pH; phytochemistry; reaction time; sedimentation rate; suspension; temperature sensitivity; viscosity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883869097	Formulation and evaluation of Allium sativum tablets for improved oral delivery	Onyechi J.O., Chime S.A., Onyishi I.V., Brown S.A., Eleigwe P.O., Onunkwo G.C.	2013	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	22	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Onyechi, J.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Chime, S.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Onyishi, I.V., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Brown, S.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Eleigwe, P.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Onunkwo, G.C., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	In view of the widespread use of Allium sativum (garlic) in the treatment of diseases, there is an important need for standardization and quality control in order to enhance their efficacy and improve patient compliance. The aim of the study was to formulate Allium sativum tablets and to evaluate the properties of the tablets. Garlic tablets were prepared by wet granulation using acacia, gelatin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) as binders at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 % w/w. The tablets were evaluated using both official and non official tests. Also the phytochemical constituents of garlic were studied. The results showed that tablets weight ranged from 301.20 ± 0.40 to 312.40 ± 2.11 mg. The crushing strength of the tablets was affected by the binder type and concentration used. The order of tablets hardness in increasing order is: SCMC > acacia > gelatin. Increase in binder concentration significantly caused an increase in the crushing strength of the tablets (p< 0.05). The tablets also, exhibited percentage friability range between 0.9 to 1.4 %. Garlic tablets formulated with acacia significantly (p< 0.05) exhibited the fastest disintegration time of all the batches. The order of tablets performance in terms of disintegration time is acacia > gelatin > SCMC. The results of some phytochemical constituents of Allium sativum showed that Allium sativum extract contains alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins. Therefore, garlic tablets could be formulated by wet granulation using acacia, gelatin or SCMC in order to standardize the formulation.	Allium sativum; Garlic; Phytochemicals; Quality control; Tablets	carboxymethylcellulose; garlic extract; gelatin; herbaceous agent; article; concentration (parameters); crushing strength; drug determination; drug granulation; garlic; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation; tablet friability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894520107	Evaluation of the properties of gongronema latifolium in phospholipon 90H based solid lipid microparticles (SLMs): An antidiabetic study	Chime S.A., Onyishi I.V., Ugwoke P.U., Attama A.A.	2014	Journal of Dietary Supplements	11	1	10.3109/19390211.2013.859212	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Chime, S.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Onyishi, I.V., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Ugwoke, P.U., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Attama, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Context: Gongronema latifolium Benth Hook, (Asclepiadaceae) is a tropical rainforest plant primarily used in traditional folk medicine in the treatment of malaria, diabetes, hypertension, and as laxative. Objective: To study the antidiabetic properties of Gongronema latifolium-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs). Materials and methods: The methanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium leaves were obtained and formulated into SLMs using lipid matrix comprising of fat from Capra hircus and Phospholipon® 90H. The SLMs were characterized in vitro by determining the particle size and morphology, pH stability studies, and encapsulation efficiency EE%. Also, the antidiabetic properties of the Gongronema latifolium-loaded SLMs were studied in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results and discussion: The results show that the particle size of G. latifolium-loaded SLMs was within an acceptable range for SLMs. Highest EE% of 68% was obtained for SLMs containing 5% G. latifolium (batch F3). The formulations remained stable with insignificant pH reduction over time (p < 0.05). Gongronema latifolium-loaded SLMs had mean percentage reduction in blood glucose of 76% at 2 h, 42.3% at 8 h, and 24.4% at 12 h, while the group that received the reference-glibenclamide had 82.6, 61.7, and 46.7% at 2, 8, and 12 h, respectively, after oral administration of all samples. Gongronema latifolium-loaded SLMs had blood glucose reduction significantly higher than the pure extract and the glibenclamide (p < 0.05) at the concentrations used. Conclusions: Gongronema latifolium-loaded SLMs exhibited a good hypoglycemic effect and could be used for the treatment of diabetes. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.	Capra hircus; Diabetes; Gongronema latifolium; Hypoglycemia; Lipids	antidiabetic agent; drug carrier; fat; glibenclamide; lipid; phosphatidylcholine; phospholipid; phospholipon 90g; plant extract; animal; Apocynaceae; article; blood; experimental diabetes mellitus; glucose blood level; goat; metabolism; microcapsule; oral drug administration; particle size; phytotherapy; rat; Wistar rat; Administration, Oral; Animals; Asclepiadaceae; Blood Glucose; Capsules; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Drug Carriers; Fats; Glyburide; Goats; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lipids; Particle Size; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951775771	Evaluation of cissus gum as binder in a paracetamol tablet formulation	Adeleye A.O., Odeniyi M.A., Jaiyeoba K.T.	2011	Farmacia	59	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeleye, A.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Odeniyi, M.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Jaiyeoba, K.T., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	The paper present a study regarding the binding properties of Cissus gum, obtained from Cissus populnea (Vitaceae), in paracetamol tablet formulations in comparison with official gelatin. Compressional properties were analyzed using density measurements and compression equations of Heckel. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using the crushing strength and friability of the tablets, while drug release properties were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times. Formulations containing Cissus gum exhibited faster onset and higher amount of plastic deformation during compression when compared with those of gelatin. The crushing strength, disintegration and dissolution times of the tablets increased with binder concentration while friability values decreased. Cissus gum tablets presented faster disintegration and higher crushing strength-friability ratio (CSFR) values than those containing gelatin. The dissolution profiles of formulations containing the two binders showed similarity factors above 50. Cissus gum would be a better alternative to gelatin in producing uncoated tablets for which the fast release is essential.	Binding agent; Cissus gum; Gelatin; Heckel equation; Mechanical properties; Similarity factor	gelatin; paracetamol; plastic; article; Cissus; controlled study; crushing strength; drug binding; drug solubility; nonhuman; tablet disintegration; tablet formulation; tablet friability; Vitaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876935706	Evaluation of Cedrela gum as a binder and bioadhesive component in ibuprofen tablet formulations	Odeniyi M.A., Babalola A.O., Ayorinde J.O.	2013	Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	49	1	10.1590/S1984-82502013000100011	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Odeniyi, M.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Babalola, A.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ayorinde, J.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The compressional, mechanical and bioadhesive properties of tablet formulations incorporating a new gum obtained from the incised trunk of the Cedrela odorata tree were evaluated and compared with those containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Compressional properties were evaluated using Hausner's ratio, Carr's Index, the angle of repose, and Heckel, Kawakita and Gurnham plots. Ibuprofen tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method. Bioadhesive studies were carried out using the rotating cylinder method in either phosphate buffer pH 6.8 or 0.1 M hydrochloric acid media. The gum is a low viscosity polymer (48 cPs), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of a hydroxyl group. Py and Pk values, which are measures of plasticity, showed the gum to be significantly (p&lt;0.05) more plastic than HPMC, and plasticity increased with polymer concentration. All tablet formulations were non-friable (&lt;1.0%), and the formulations containing the gum had a higher crushing strength (130.95 N) than those containing HPMC (117.85 N) at 2.0% w/w binder. Formulations incorporating the gum were non-disintegrating and had a significantly longer drug release time than those containing HPMC. At the highest binder concentration, Cedrela gum formulations adhered to incised pig ileum longer than those containing HPMC. Cedrela gum exhibited better compressive, flow and binding properties than HPMC and is suitable as a bioadhesive and for sustained release of drugs.	Bioadhesion; Cedrela gum/bioadhesive component; Cedrela gum/evaluation/compression properties; Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; Ibuprofen tablets/bioadhesive studies; Tablet formulations	Cedrela gum; excipient; hydrochloric acid; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; ibuprofen; polymer; unclassified drug; adhesion; animal tissue; article; Cedrela; Cedrela odorata; concentration (parameters); controlled study; drug granulation; drug granule; drug release; histopathology; ileum; infrared spectroscopy; nonhuman; pH; physical chemistry; plasticity; swine; tablet compression; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953059067	Evaluation of antibiotic self-medication pattern amongst undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University (Main Campus), Zaria	Olayemi O.J., Olayinka B.O., Musa A.I.	2010	Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology	2	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Olayemi, O.J., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Olayinka, B.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Musa, A.I., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	The prevalence and pattern of self-medication with antibiotics among undergraduate students at the Main Campus of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria was evaluated using structured self-medication administered questionnaire. A total of 430 questionnaires were randomly distributed based on hostel of residence with a respondent rate of 65.80%. Majority of respondents, 65.50% were aged between 16-28years, while 188(66.40%) were males and 95(33.60%) were females. Distribution of respondents by Faculties showed they were mainly from Arts (43.20%), Social Sciences (42.10%) and Medicine (19.80%). Over half of the respondents (56.90%) admitted they self-medicate. Self-medication with antibiotics was most prevalent among students of health-related faculties, Pharmaceutical Sciences (80.40%) and Medicine (80.40%) and least prevalent among students from the Faculty of Engineering (27.80%). The major reasons given for self-medicating with antibiotics were; assumed knowledge on antibiotics (35.00%), prior experience on use (28.30%), while others admitted to lack of time to go for consultation (14.50%) and attitude of school clinic staff (14.50%). Majority of respondents (75.90%) however, self-medicate with antibiotics occasionally. The most reported antibiotic class (43.10%) was the β-lactams (as ampicillin and ampiclox®) while ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) was rarely used (10.60%). The conditions for which antibiotics were taken included GIT infections (84.10%), UT infections (42.10%) and skin infections (15.20%). More than half of the respondents (55.80%) purchased the drugs from private pharmacies. These findings highlight the need for planning interventions to promote the judicious use of antibiotics within the student population and indeed the Nigerian population. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2009.	Antibiotics; Rational use and self-medication	Antibiotic class; Ciprofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Nigerians; Pharmaceutical science; Prior experience; Randomly distributed; Rational use and self-medication; Skin infection; Student populations; Time-to-go; Undergraduate students; Amides; Antibiotics; Medicine; Surveys; Teaching; Students	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873873667	Formulation and evaluation of a new herbal tablet from the stem bark of Enatia chlorantha	Gbenga B.L., Olabanji O.	2013	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	18	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria	Gbenga, B.L., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria; Olabanji, O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria	A study was made of the characterization and formulation of stem bark of Enantia chlorantha into tablet dosage form. Compacts of powdered stem bark of Enantia chlorantha was made with gelatin and polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) binders; and microcrystalline cellulose and cornstarch disintegrants using direct compression method. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using crushing strength and friability and the crushing strength - friability ratio (CSFR) while drug release properties were evaluated using disintegration and dissolution times. Enantia chlorantha powder possesses good flow properties. It had the least densification compared to cornstarch and cellulose; and it is more porous. It also possesses a relatively high bulk density Tablets formulated with PVP had better mechanical strength than those containing gelatin and the mechanical properties of the tablets were affected by the type and concentration of the binder used. Tablets containing gelatin had lower disintegration times than those formulated with cornstarch. Tablets containing 7. 5% w/w PVP binder and cornstarch had the best release profile with T50 at 60 seconds and T90 at 19 minutes. Results suggest that Enantia chlorantha bark could be formulated into tablet with good mechanical properties and acceptable release profile.	Binder; Drug release profile; Enantia chlorantha; Mechanical properties; Physicochemical properties	gelatin; herbaceous agent; microcrystalline cellulose; povidone; starch; angle of repose; Annonaceae; article; bark; bulk density; crushing strength; crushing strength and friability ratio; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; Enatia chlorantha; mechanical strength; moisture; nonhuman; physical chemistry; powder; tablet compression; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation; tablet friability; tablet property; weight uniformity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960574249	Preliminary evaluation of chloroquine phosphate tablets obtained using defatted Detarium microcarpium (Squill & Sperr) gum as a binder	Okorie O., Nwachukwu N., Ibezim C.N.E.	2011	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	9	1	None	Department of pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	Okorie, O., Department of pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, N., Department of pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Ibezim, C.N.E., Department of pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria	The defatted seed gum of Detarium microcarpium (Squill and Sperr), a naturally occurring hydrophilic polymer was investigated as a normal release binder matrix for the formulation of chloroquine phosphate tablet and was compared with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) as a standard. Matrix formulations of chloroquine phosphate were prepared with 1%w/w, 2% w/w, 3%w/w and 4%w/w of Chloroquine of both the defatted Detarium microcarpium seed gum and NaCMC respectively. The granules prepared were standardized by evaluating their micromeritic properties using indices such as bulk and tapped densities, flow rate, angle of repose, Carrs index, Hausners ratio and percentage of fines. Tablets compressed there from were evaluated using the necessary unofficial and official indices (B.P. 2009) for normal uncoated compressed tablets. Results showed that both defatted Detarium microcarpium seed gum and NaCMC had good binding properties and tablet hardness which improved with increase in binder concentration (4% &gt; 3% &gt; 2% &gt; 1% w/w).	Defatted detarium microcarpium gum (DDMG); Micromeritics; Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)	carboxymethylcellulose; chloroquine; Detarium microcarpium gum; excipient; plant gum; unclassified drug; article; bulk density; Caesalpinia; controlled study; Detarium microcarpium; drug dosage form comparison; drug solubility; flow rate; hydrophilicity; matrix tablet; standardization; tablet compression; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation; tablet friability; tablet hardness	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873832167	Evaluation of three grades of binders as matrices in chloroquine phosphate tablets	Okorie O., Nwachukwu N.	2013	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	18	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria	Okorie, O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Nwachukwu, N., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria	Three hydrophilic polymers as binder matrices in the formulation of chloroquine phosphate tablets were evaluated. Detarium microcarpium seed gum (DMSG), a natural gum was compared with acacia (a natural gum) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), a synthetic gum as matrices in the formulation of conventional release chloroquine phosphate. Both acacia and NaCMC served as standards. Chloroquine phosphate tablets were formulated with 1% w/w, 2% w/w, 3% w/w and 4%w/w of DMSG, acacia (AC) and NaCMC using the wet granulation method. Granules prepared on evaluation showed flow rate of 5. 80 ± 0. 22 g/s to 10. 40 ± 0. 00 g/s, angle of repose values of 26. 00 ± 0. 05 to 30. 05 ± 0. 10 °, Carrs Index values of 3. 64 ± 0. 00 to 7. 94 ± 0. 01, and Hausner's quotient values 1. 05 ± 0. 00 to 1. 09 ± 0. 01 for all batches. The tablets obtained from the compressed granules were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, content of active ingredient and in vitro dissolution profile. Tablets were found to conform to British Pharmacopoeia standards. DMSG was found to compare favorably with both AC and NaCMC.	Acacia (AC); Chloroquine phosphate; Detarium microcarpium seed gum (DMSG); Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)	carboxymethylcellulose; chloroquine; gum arabic; phosphate binding agent; article; bulk density; controlled study; drug solubility; flow rate; in vitro study; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation; tablet friability; tablet hardness	None
None	None	Priority setting for the implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy policy in Tanzania: Evaluation against the accountability for reasonableness framework	Mori A.T., Kaale E.A.	2012	Implementation Science	7	1	10.1186/1748-5908-7-18	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mori, A.T., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Kaale, E.A., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Priority setting for artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs has become an integral part of malaria treatment policy change in malaria-endemic countries. Although these drugs are more efficacious, they are also more costly than the failing drugs. When Tanzania changed its National Malaria Treatment Policy in 2006, priority setting was an inevitable challenge. Artemether-lumefantrine was prioritised as the first-line drug for the management of uncomplicated malaria to be available at a subsidized price at public and faith-based healthcare facilities.Methods: This paper describes the priority-setting process, which involved the selection of a new first-line antimalarial drug in the implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy policy. These descriptions were further evaluated against the four conditions of the accountability for reasonableness framework. According to this framework, fair decisions must satisfy a set of publicity, relevance, appeals, and revision and enforcement conditions.In-depth interviews were held with key informants using pretested interview guides, supplemented with a review of the treatment guideline. Purposeful sampling was used in order to explore the perceptions of people with different backgrounds and perspectives. The analysis followed an editing organising style.Results: Publicity: The selection decision of artemether-lumefantrine but not the rationale behind it was publicised through radio, television, and newspaper channels in the national language, Swahili. Relevance: The decision was grounded on evidences of clinical efficacy, safety, affordability, and formulation profile. Stakeholders were not adequately involved. There was neither an appeals mechanism to challenge the decision nor enforcement mechanisms to guarantee fairness of the decision outcomes.Conclusions: The priority-setting decision to use artemether-lumefantrine as the first-line antimalarial drug failed to satisfy the four conditions of the accountability for reasonableness framework. In our understanding, this is the first study to evaluate priority-setting decisions for new drugs in Tanzania against the accountability for reasonableness framework. In addition to the demand for enhanced stakeholder involvement, publicity, and transparency, the study also calls for the institution of formal appeals, revision, and regulatory mechanisms in the future change of malaria treatment policies. © 2012 Mori and Kaale; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; article; cost benefit analysis; drug combination; drug industry; economics; health care planning; human; information processing; malaria falciparum; multidrug resistance; sample size; social behavior; Tanzania; treatment outcome; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Data Collection; Drug Combinations; Drug Industry; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Ethanolamines; Fluorenes; Health Priorities; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Sample Size; Social Responsibility; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891914051	Boswellia papyrifera resin as microencapsulating agent for controlled release of diclofenac sodium: Formulation, evaluation and optimization study	Molla F., Belete A., Gebre-Mariam T.	2014	International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences	6	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Molla, F., Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Belete, A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gebre-Mariam, T., Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Objective: The present study is aimed to investigate the resin from local olibanum (Boswellia papyrifera) as a wall material for microencapsulation using diclofenac sodium as a model drug. Methods: Microcapsule formulations were prepared by solvent evaporation method with varying polymer to drug ratio, stirring rate, temperature and dispersed phase volumes and their effects on percentage yield, particle size, encapsulation efficiency and release rate were evaluated. Results: The preliminary experiments revealed that the polymer to drug ratio and stirring rate significantly affect both the encapsulation efficiency and release rate while the other factors only affect one of the responses. Therefore, the effects of polymer to drug ratio and stirring rate on the encapsulation efficiency and release rate of the microcapsules were further studied and optimized by central composite design. The optimal conditions were obtained at 3.7:1 polymer to drug ratio and 1200 rpm stirring rate. Under these conditions, the encapsulation efficiency and release rate were 26.45 % and 27.87 h-1/2, respectively. The optimum formulation also provided discrete, spherical and freely flowing microcapsules. The in vitro drug release exhibited minimum burst release with sustained release for 12 h. The kinetic study showed the optimized formulation followed Higuchi square root kinetic model with non-Fickian diffusion release mechanism. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the resin of B. papyrifera could be used as a potential alternative wall material for microencapsulation.	Controlled release; Diclofenac sodium; Encapsulation efficiency; Microcapsules; Olibanum resin; Release kinetics; Solvent evaporation method	diclofenac; plant resin; analytic method; article; Boswellia papyrifera; central composite design; controlled release formulation; density; drug release; experimental design; kinetics; mathematical model; microcapsule; microencapsulation; microscopy; particle size; pH; physical parameters; solvent evaporation; stirring rate; temperature	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952031238	Formulation and quality evaluation of two conventional release tablet formulations	Ofori-Kwakye K., Osei-Yeboah F., Kipo S.L.	2010	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	4	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Ofori-Kwakye, K., Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Osei-Yeboah, F., Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Kipo, S.L., Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate the physical properties of two tablet formulations of metformin and paracetamol intended for fast disintegration and release in the gastrointestinal tract. The tablet formulations were prepared using similar excipients and manufacturing procedure in a local manufacturing site in Ghana over a ten (10) month period. The moisture content, angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, hausner ratio, and Carr's index of granulates of the two formulations prepared by wet granulation was determined. The physical properties of the compressed tablets, namely; uniformity of weight, drug content, friability, disintegration time, crushing strength, tensile strength and dissolution were assessed. The tablet quality index of the formulations was evaluated using the crushing strength-friability/disintegration time (CSFR/DT) ratio. Granulates of both tablet formulations had good flow properties. The paracetamol tablets had lower crushing strength and disintegration time (p < 0.05) than metformin tablets. However, paracetamol tablets possessed higher friability and tensile strength (p < 0.05) than metformin tablets. The paracetamol tablets had higher tablet quality index (CSFR/DT) values than metformin tablets, indicating a better balance between the binding and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets than metformin tablets. The variation in the physical properties of the two tablet formulations could be attributed to the differences in the physicochemical properties of the two drug substances.	Flow properties of granulate; Metformin; Paracetamol; Tablet quality index; Tensile strength of tablets	magnesium stearate; metformin; methyl paraben; microcrystalline cellulose; paracetamol; povidone; silicon dioxide; sorbitol; starch; starch glycolate sodium; talc; angle of repose; article; bulk density; Carr index; controlled study; crushing strength; drug binding; drug granulation; drug granule; drug quality; drug release; drug solubility; flow kinetics; gastrointestinal tract; Ghana; Hausner ratio; in vitro study; moisture; physical chemistry; physical parameters; tablet compression; tablet disintegration; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation; tablet friability; tablet manufacture; tapped density; tensile strength; weight	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59749104398	Geophysical and hydrogeological evaluation of rising groundwater level in the coastal areas of Lagos, Nigeria	Oyedele K.F., Ayolabi E.A., Adeoti L., Adegbola R.B.	2009	Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment	68	1	10.1007/s10064-008-0182-x	Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Oyedele, K.F., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ayolabi, E.A., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeoti, L., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Adegbola, R.B., Department of Physics, Geophysics Programme, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The paper reports the change in groundwater level observed in 30 wells in ten locations in southern Nigeria. Borehole data confirmed the electrical resistivity soundings which indicated the presence of topsoil, medium sand, sand, clayey sand and coarse sand. In some cases, there was little apparent change in the rate of groundwater rise, but from the data obtained it can be concluded that in the years 2000-2004 the average yearly rise was 0.3 m while between 2004 and 2007 it rose on average by 0.5 m. This rise in groundwater level has serious implications for both existing structures and the nature of the foundations for future building. The electrical resistivity survey was found to be a helpful tool in detailing the morphology of the groundwater surface and is recommended for ongoing monitoring. © Springer-Verlag 2008.	Coastal aquifers; Electrical soundings; Geoelectric sections; Groundwater level	Aquifers; Coastal zones; Electric resistance; Groundwater; Groundwater resources; Sand; Underground reservoirs; Clayey sands; Coastal aquifers; Coastal areas; Electrical resistivities; Electrical soundings; Existing structures; Geoelectric sections; Groundwater level; Hydrogeological; On-going monitoring; Hydrogeology; borehole geophysics; coastal aquifer; electrical resistivity; groundwater; hydrogeology; vertical electrical sounding; Africa; Lagos [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872009039	The effects of Doppler broadening and detector resolution on the performance of three-stage Compton cameras	MacKin D., Polf J., Peterson S., Beddar S.	2013	Medical Physics	40	1	10.1118/1.4767756	Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Physics, 145 Physical Sciences II, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	MacKin, D., Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Polf, J., Department of Physics, 145 Physical Sciences II, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Peterson, S., Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Beddar, S., Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States	Purpose: The authors investigated how the characteristics of the detectors used in a three-stage Compton camera (CC) affect the CC's ability to accurately measure the emission distribution and energy spectrum of prompt gammas (PG) emitted by nuclear de-excitations during proton therapy. The detector characteristics they studied included the material (high-purity germanium HPGe and cadmium zinc telluride CZT), Doppler broadening (DB), and resolution (lateral, depth, and energy). Methods: The authors simulated three-stage HPGe and CZT CCs of various configurations, detecting gammas from point sources with energies ranging from 0.511 to 7.12 MeV. They also simulated a proton pencil beam irradiating a tissue target to study how the detector characteristics affect the PG data measured by CCs in a clinical proton therapy setting. They used three figures of merit: the distance of closest approach (DCA) and the point of closest approach (PCA) between the measured and actual position of the PG emission origin, and the calculated energy resolution. Results: For CCs with HPGe detectors, DB caused the DCA to be greater than 3 mm for 14% of the 6.13 MeV gammas and 20% of the 0.511 MeV gammas. For CCs with CZT detectors, DB caused the DCA to be greater than 3 mm for 18% of the 6.13 MeV gammas and 25% of the 0.511 MeV gammas. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the PCA in the direction for HPGe and CZT detectors ranged from 1.3 to 0.4 mm for gammas with incident energy ranging from 0.511 to 7.12 MeV. For CCs composed of HPGe detectors, the resolution of incident gamma energy calculated by the CC ranged from 6% to 1% for gammas with true incident energies from 0.511 to 7.12 MeV. For CCs composed of CZT detectors, the resolution of gamma energy calculated by the CC ranged from 10% to 1% for gammas with true incident energies from 0.511 to 7.12 MeV. For HPGe and CZT CCs in which all detector effect were included, the DCA was less than 3 mm for 75% and 68% of the detected gammas, respectively, and restricting gammas to those having energy greater than 2.0 MeV increased these percentages to 83% and 77% for HPGe and CZT, respectively. Distributions of the true gamma origins and the PCA after detector characteristics had been included showed good agreement on beam range and some loss of resolution for the lateral profile of the PG emission. Characteristic energy lines were evident in the calculated gamma energy spectrum. Conclusions: The authors found the following: (1) DB is the dominant source of spatial and energy resolution loss in the CCs at all energy levels; (2) the largest difference in the spatial resolution of HPGe and CZT CCs is that the spatial resolution distributions of CZT have broader tails. The differences in the FWHM of these distributions are small; (3) the energy resolution of both HPGe and CZT three-stage CCs is adequate for PG spectroscopy; and (4) restricting the gammas to those having energy greater than 2.0 MeV can improve the achievable image resolution. © 2013 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.	Compton camera; detector; prompt gamma; proton therapy; range verification	germanium; article; camera; Doppler broadening; doppler device; energy; image quality; Monte Carlo method; position; priority journal; proton therapy; target organ; equipment; gamma camera; proton therapy; safety; Gamma Cameras; Monte Carlo Method; Proton Therapy; Safety	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928629549	Gills and skin histopathological evaluation in African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to ethanol extract of Adenium obesum stem bark	Abalaka S.E., Fatihu M.Y., Ibrahim N.D.G., Ambali S.F.	2015	Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research	41	1	10.1016/j.ejar.2015.01.005	Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Abalaka, S.E., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Fatihu, M.Y., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ibrahim, N.D.G., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ambali, S.F., Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Histopathological effects of ethanol extract of Adenium obesum stem bark was investigated in the gills and skin of African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus over a 96-h exposure period as an endpoint of toxicity. There was a significant (p<0.05) concentration-dependent mortality in some of the exposed fish. The median lethal concentration of the extract was 7.15mgL-1. The extract caused some histopathological lesions in the gills and skin of the exposed fish. However, the severity but not the type of the lesions observed in the gills and skin of the exposed fish was concentration-dependent. Although the degree of tissue change (DTC) grading indicated moderate damage in the gills of the exposed fish, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences between gills DTC of the exposed and unexposed fish. However, lesions in the skin did not affect the normal functioning of the tissue but significant (p<0.05) differences were recorded in the DTC between the skin of the exposed and the unexposed fish. The extract was toxic to the exposed fish and therefore, A. obesum can be used as a potent organic piscicide for effective fish pond management. © 2015 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries.	Adenium obesum; Clarias gariepinus; Gills; Histopathology; Skin; Toxicity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953755355	Chest x-ray evaluation of pneumonia-like syndromes in smear negative HIV-positive patients with atypical chest x-ray findings in Ethiopian setting	Assefa G., Nigussie Y., Aderaye G., Worku A., Lindquist L.	2011	Ethiopian Medical Journal	49	1	None	Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, AAU, Ethiopia; Dept of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Karolinska Institute, Sweden	Assefa, G., Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, AAU, Ethiopia; Nigussie, Y.; Aderaye, G., Dept of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Worku, A.; Lindquist, L., Karolinska Institute, Sweden	Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), bacterial pneumonia (BP) and Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), account for the major causes of pneumonia-like syndromes seen in HIV-AIDS patients and have overlapping clinical and chest x-ray findings pausing challenge to early diagnosis and treatment in Africa. The accuracy of chest x-ray (CXR) interpretations, inter-observer agreement, degree of chest x-ray overlapping, and distinguishing features among these common lung infections was assessed at Tikur Anbessa hospital, a tertiary care referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients and methods: chest x-rays were independently assessed by two radiologists blinded to the clinical between March 2004 and July 2005, the radiographic presentation of 131 smear-negative, HIV-positive patients with atypical laboratory data. Results: One hundred and twenty-four definite diagnoses were made in 107 (82%) of the 131 patients and PCP, BP and pulmonary TB combined accounted for 92% of the diagnoses. The chest x-ray interpretation had high sensitivity (88%), negative predictive value (NPV) (90%), and inter-observer agreement (84%) for PCP. Thirty-six percent of the infections mimicked one another, of which BP accounted for the major share. BP mimicked PCP and pulmonary TB in 39% and 20% respectively. Diffuse and bilateral alveolar infiltrates (DBAI) and acinar CXR features discriminated between PCP, pulmonary TB and BP (P< 0.05) while Diffuse bilateral fine interstitial infiltrates (DBFI) did not (p>0.05). The level of agreement between the radiologists was 79%. There was no exclusively distinguishing radiographic feature amongst the three diseases. Conclusions: Overlapping clinical and radiographic features often occurs as is co-existing infections in HIV-AIDS patients with respiratory symptoms. Therefore, definitive microbiological method should be the main tool to expedite early diagnosis and treatment in HIV-infected patients with respiratory symptoms.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; AIDS related complex; article; bacterial pneumonia; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; isolation and purification; lung lavage; lung tuberculosis; male; microbiology; middle aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; observer variation; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Pneumocystis pneumonia; predictive value; radiography; sensitivity and specificity; sputum; thorax radiography; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Ethiopia; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Observer Variation; Pneumocystis jirovecii; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Predictive Value of Tests; Radiography, Thoracic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44149086909	Assessment of sewage application in southeastern Nigeria Part 1: Impact on selected soil morphological and physical properties	Asadu C.L.A., Ucheonye-Oliobi C., Agada C.	2008	Outlook on Agriculture	37	1	None	Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Asadu, C.L.A., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ucheonye-Oliobi, C., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Agada, C., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	This work investigated the impact of long-term application of sewage sludge/effluent on morphological and physical properties of a sandy Ultisol (Arenic Kandiustult) in Nsukka, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the surface (0-20 cm) of a sewage-amended soil and from unamended control fields, after which two representative profile pits were also sited on the sewage-amended plot and two on the control fields. Soil samples were collected at specific intervals from these pits. Morphologically, both soils were deep and well drained, with no concretions or mottles. The colour variation ranged from dark reddish to brownish black for the first layer of the profile pits in the area amended with sewage sludge, to reddish brown and red in others. In unamended soils, the colour ranged from dark reddish brown in the top layer to reddish brown and red in others. Texture was generally sandy loam over sandy clay loam in amended soil, and sandy clay loam in unamended soil. The structure was generally weakly granular in the top layer, but moderately subangular in other subsurface layers. The entire area is on a gentle slope of <5%. Soil organic matter, bulk density, total porosity and aggregate stability were enhanced significantly (p <0.05) in the sewage-amended soil compared with the non-sewage-amended soil. Changes in the saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity and micro- and macro-porosities were not significant. The results indicate that application of sewage sludge and effluent has little impact on the morphology of these soils. However, it had a positive impact on the physical properties of the soils. But it should be used with caution because of its known negative effects on heavy metal accumulation in soils when used at high rates and for long periods.	Aggregate stability; Bulk density; Organic matter; Sewage; Soil morphology; Total porosity; Ultisol	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872187356	Evaluation of the suspending properties of two local Opuntia spp. mucilages on Paracetamol suspension	Gebresamuel N., Gebre-Mariam T.	2013	Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	26	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Gebresamuel, N., Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Gebre-Mariam, T., Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Some excipients are currently available for the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions. The purpose of this study is to develop cheap and effective natural excipient that can be used as an effective alternative for the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions. The suspending properties of Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia stricta mucilages (family Cactaceae) were evaluated comparatively with that of NaCMC at concentration range of 2-6% (w/v) in Paracetamol suspension. Sedimentation volume (%) (with and without electrolyte), rheology, redispersibility, and dissolution rate of the suspensions were employed as evaluation parameters. The values obtained were used as basis for comparison of the suspending agents. The apparent viscosities of the suspensions in all the suspending agents concentration levels and applied shear rates were in the order of NaCMC&gt;OS&gt;OFI with non-Newtonian flow and accordingly the flow rates of the suspensions were in the order of OFI&gt;OS&gt;NaCMC. The sedimentation volumes (%) of the suspensions in all the suspending agent concentration levels were higher for OS followed by OFI and then NaCMC. The high sedimentation volumes (%) of suspensions, in turn, were accompanied by ease of redispersibility of that order. The effect of electrolyte on sedimentation volume (%) had dual effect. It was only the suspensions that had NaCMC that showed increase in sedimentation volume (%) in all molar NaCl concentration. However, in suspensions that had mucilages of OS and OFI, an initial increase in sediment volumes (%) were accompanied by decrease after 1×10 -3M and 1×10-2M of NaCl, respectively. Dissolution of the suspensions which had mucilages attained the acceptable ranges (≥ 80% drug release in 30 min) in 5 min. Similarly, except A6 formulations A2, A3, A4 and A5 have attained the limit but the release was not as quick as the previous formulations. Hence, it can be concluded that mucilages of Opuntia spp. (Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia stricta) can be used as alternatives to NaCMC as suspending agent in suspension formulations.	Dissolution; Mucilage; Opuntia ficus-indica; Opuntia stricta; Sedimentation volume; Suspending agent; Suspension; Viscosity	paracetamol; sodium chloride; article; chemical composition; concentration (parameters); dispersion; drug formulation; drug release; drug solubility; flow kinetics; flow rate; mucilage; Opuntia; Opuntia ficus indica; Opuntia stricta; sedimentation; shear rate; suspension; viscosity; Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Excipients; Flocculation; Kinetics; Models, Chemical; Opuntia; Pharmaceutical Solutions; Plant Mucilage; Rheology; Sodium Chloride; Solubility; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Viscosity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894241877	Formulation of novel artesunate-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) based on dika wax matrices: In vitro and in vivo evaluation	Chinaeke E.E., Chime S.A., Kenechukwu F.C., Müller-Goymann C.C., Attama A.A., Okore V.C.	2014	Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology	24	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Ca	Chinaeke, E.E., Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Chime, S.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Kenechukwu, F.C., Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Müller-Goymann, C.C., Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Attama, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Okore, V.C., Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	The aims of the work were to formulate artesunate-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) based on dika wax matrices and to study the in vitro and in vivo properties. Lipid matrices consisting of mixtures of Phospholipon 90G (P90G) and dika wax were formulated and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The SLMs were prepared by melt-homogenization. Time-dependent particle size analysis, pH studies, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), in vitro drug release and anti-malarial properties were studied. Results show that SAXD diffractograms showed strong reflection at 2θ = 2.48°, d = 356 Å. Particle size of SLMs increased with time (from 1 to 90 days). The SLMs exhibited maximum EE% of 80.6% and had good sustained release properties. In vivo studies showed that the SLMs had significant (p < 0.05) reduction in parasitaemia level compared with reference tablet. Artesunate-loaded SLMs could be used orally for the treatment of malaria.	Anti-malaria; Artesunate; Characterisation; P90G-modified dika wax; SLMs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930477652	Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Secamone afzelii (Schult) K Schum (Asclepiadaceae)	Abere T.A., Onwukaeme D.N.	2012	Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research	11	1	10.4314/tjpr.v11i1.16	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria	Abere, T.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Onwukaeme, D.N., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria	Purpose: Establishment of the pharmacognostic profile of the leaves of Secamone afzelii (Schult) K. Schum, known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, will assist in standardization, quality assurance, purity and sample identification. Methods: Evaluation of the fresh, powdered and anatomical sections of the leaves were carried out to determine the macromorphological, micromorphological, chemomicroscopic, numerical (palisade ratio, stomata number, stomata index, vein-islet number and veinlet termination number, moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol and water soluble extractive values) and phytochemical profiles. Results: Macro-and microscopical studies indicated the presence of pinnately compound leaf, an entire margin with lanceolate shape, acute base, accumulate apex and reticulate venation. Epidermal walls were straight with numerous calcium oxalate crystals. Stomata arrangement was paracytic, with numerous unicellular uniseriate covering trichomes on both surfaces. Chemomicroscopic characters present included lignin, cellulose, mucilage, suberin and cutin, while phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponins. The findings also included numerical and quantitative leaf microscopy. Conclusion: These findings could serve as a basis for proper identification, collection and investigation of Secamone afzelii. © Pharmacotherapy Group. All rights reserved.	Pharmacognostic evaluation; Sample identification; Secamone afzelii	alcohol; alkaloid; calcium oxalate; cardiac glycoside; cellulose; cutine; lignin; plant extract; saponin; Secamone afzelii extract; suberin; tannin derivative; unclassified drug; article; ash; controlled study; drug identification; drug isolation; drug purity; medicinal plant; microscopy; moisture; mucilage; nonhuman; pharmacognosy; plant epidermis cell; plant leaf; plant stoma; powder; quality control; Secamone afzelii; standardization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923792372	Histoenzymic evaluation of the frontal cortex of young wistar rats following prenatal nicotine administration	Omotoso G.O., Adekeye M., Femi-Akinlosotu O., Akinola O.B., Enaibe B.U.	2015	Rawal Medical Journal	40	1	None	Dept of Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Omotoso, G.O., Dept of Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Adekeye, M., Dept of Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Femi-Akinlosotu, O., Dept of Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Akinola, O.B., Dept of Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Enaibe, B.U., Dept of Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Objectives: T determine the effects of nicotine on the frontal cortex of animal models during the process of development. Methodology: Adult female Wistar rats were mated after determination of their oestrous cycle. Pregnant rats were categorized as 1st and 2ndgestational weeks (GW), each divided into a control and treated group. The treated group received 0.1 ml of 13.76 mg/kg nicotine, the control received 0.1 ml of normal saline intraperitoneal ly, for 6 consecutive days per GW. After delivery, the weights of pups were monitored, and at postnatal day 35 (P35), they were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The brain was weighed, after which the frontal cortex was excised and weighed. The frontal cortex was processed for quantitative analysis of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and tissue histology. Results: There was low birth weights in pups treated with prenatal nicotine, while the brain and body weights at P35 significantly reduced in 1stGW group, but increased in 2nd GW group. The tissue activity of LDH was reduced in 1st GW group, but elevated in the 2nd GW group. The microarchitecture of the frontal cortex was altered with reduced cell population, loss of cellular components and reduced staining intensity. Conclusion: The detrimental effects of prenatal nicotine could affect cortical functions later in life. © 2015 Pakistan Medical Association. All rights reserved.	Frontal cortex; Histology; LDH; Prenatal nicotine; Smoking	lactate dehydrogenase; nicotine; adult; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; Article; brain weight; comparative study; controlled study; enzyme analysis; enzymology; female; frontal cortex; histology; low birth weight; nonhuman; quantitative analysis; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644558725	Management of sickle cell anemia in Nigeria with medicinal plants: Cationic evaluation of extracts and possible effects on the efficacy	Folasade S.I., Olukemi O.A., Jones M.O.	2006	Journal of Biological Sciences	6	1	10.3923/jbs.2006.100.102	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Suru Lere, Lagos, Nigeria	Folasade, S.I., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olukemi, O.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Suru Lere, Lagos, Nigeria; Jones, M.O., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Eleven aqueous plant extracts from 8 traditionally used Nigerian medicinal plants Adasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae), Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. (Crassulaceae), Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp. (Fabaceae), Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Cissus populnea Guill and Perr (Vitaceae) Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Periplocaceae), (Terminalia catappa L.) (Combretaceae) and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterman (Rutaceae) were evaluated for their cationic constituents as a measure of their efficacy in sickle cell anemia disorder. Extracts were subjected to dry ash digestion and the resultant supernatants were used for macro- and micronutrients determination using the emission flame photometer and the absorption spectrophotometer. K+, Na+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ were relatively higher than Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the tested extracts. The presence of these cations, K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ implicated in the process of sickling and involved in electrolytes movement in the physiological system of the body may be an important parameter in sickle cell anemia management. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Cationic evaluation; Nigerian medicinal plants; Sickle cell management	Adasonia digitata extract; bryophyllum pinnatum extract; Cajanus cajan extract; calcium ion; Carica papaya extract; cation; Cissus populnea extract; herbaceous agent; iron; magnesium ion; Parquetina nigrescens extract; plant extract; potassium ion; sodium ion; Terminalia catappa extract; trace element; unclassified drug; water; zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides extract; zinc ion; absorption spectrophotometry; aqueous solution; article; controlled study; drug efficacy; electrolyte transport; extraction; flame photometry; macronutrient; medicinal plant; Nigeria; sickle cell anemia; supernatant; Cajanus cajan; Carica papaya; Caricaceae; Cissus populnea; Combretaceae; Crassulaceae; Fabaceae; Kalanchoe pinnata; Malvaceae; Parquetina nigrescens; Periplocoideae; Rutaceae; Terminalia catappa; Vitaceae; Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895889123	Evaluation of the antipsychotic potential of aqueous fraction of Securinega virosa root bark extract in mice	Magaji M.G., Mohammed M., Magaji R.A., Musa A.M., Abdu-Aguye I., Hussaini I.M.	2014	Metabolic Brain Disease	29	1	10.1007/s11011-014-9483-x	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; D	Magaji, M.G., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mohammed, M., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Magaji, R.A., Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Musa, A.M., Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abdu-Aguye, I., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Hussaini, I.M., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Securinega virosa (Roxb ex. Willd) Baill. is a plant which is commonly used in African traditional medicine in management of mental illness. Previous study showed that the crude methanolic root bark extract of the plant possesses antipsychotic activity. In this study, the antipsychotic potential of the residual aqueous fraction of the plant was evaluated using two experimental models, apomorphine induced stereotypic climbing behaviour and swim induced grooming, all in mice. The effect of the fraction on haloperidol-induced catalepsy was also evaluated. The fraction significantly reduced the mean climbing score at the highest dose tested (500 mg/kg). In the swim-induced grooming test, the fraction significantly and dose-dependently (125-500 mg/kg) decreased the mean number and mean duration of swim-induced grooming activity in mice. Similarly, the standard haloperidol (1 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the mean grooming episodes and duration. However, the fraction did not significantly potentiate haloperidol-induced catalepsy. These results suggest that the residual aqueous fraction of methanol root bark extract of Securinega virosa contains biological active principle with antipsychotic potential. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media.	Apomorphine; Catalepsy; Medicinal; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Securinega virosa	apomorphine; clozapine; haloperidol; methanol; neuroleptic agent; olanzapine; plant extract; risperidone; Securinega virosa root bark extract; unclassified drug; apomorphine; haloperidol; neuroleptic agent; plant extract; solvent; water; animal experiment; animal model; antipsychotic activity; article; bark; climbing; controlled study; dose response; drug activity; grooming; haloperidol-induced catalepsy; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; plant root; residual aqueous fraction; securinega virosa; sniffing; stereotypy; African medicine; animal; bark; catalepsy; chemically induced; chemistry; comparative study; disease model; dose response; drug effects; drug screening; Euphorbiaceae; female; isolation and purification; male; phytotherapy; plant root; swimming; Mus; Securinega virosa; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Apomorphine; Catalepsy; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Euphorbiaceae; Female; Grooming; Haloperidol; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Methanol; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Solvents; Stereotyped Behavior; Swimming; Water	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249094046	Evaluation of the ratios T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C as useful summary estimates of coronary heart disease risk in Enugu, Nigeria	Nwobodo N., Anyaehie U.B., Nwobodo E.D., Igwe S.A.	2008	Oriental Journal of Chemistry	24	1	None	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Physiolog	Nwobodo, N., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Anyaehie, U.B., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwobodo, E.D., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria; Igwe, S.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	Summary estimates result in convenient expressions relating cholesterols to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Recent data from a population based cohort study noted that a summary estimate is the most powerful predictor of future CHD. In a randomized population based study, summary estimates involving the ratio T-C to HDL-C and LDL-C to HDL-C in healthy volunteers were examined alone or in the presence of joint information on individual levels of cholesterols. Standardized logistic regression model was applied in data analysis. Results revealed that the regression co-efficients for HDL-C, the ratios T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C were statistically significant (P<0.05); whereas the reverse is the case for T-C and LDL-C (P>0.05). Thus, summary estimates are strong predictors of CHD and very necessary in prompt identification of subjects at high risk of developing CHD who may benefit from lipid lowering drug therapy.	Coronary heart disease; High and Low density lipoprotein cholesterols; Summary estimate; Total cholesterol	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749157199	Evaluation of the anticonvulsant property of Russelia equisetiformis (Schlecht & Chan)	Emmanuel A.O., Janet M.M., Ayoka A.O.	2010	Journal of Natural Remedies	10	1	None	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiologic	Emmanuel, A.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Janet, M.M., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ayoka, A.O., Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ife, Ile-ife, Nigeria	Fits or convulsions are extremely common symptoms in childhood most especially in inflammatory conditions such as malaria and viral infections, tonsillitis and cases of epileptic conditions. Most of the available drugs used in the control of this symptom usually present adverse reactions. Alternative medicine is one of the interesting areas, which is getting more popular and increasingly attractive world wide. In searching for herbal remedy that is safe and efficacious, we therefore, evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of methanol Russelia equisetiformis extracts (MERE). Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated in the picrotoxin (PCT) and strychnine (STC) - induced convulsions in mice. MERE (100-400mg/kg), significantly (p&lt;0.05) protected mice against picrotoxin - induced seizures. However, the extract did not confer protection against (STC) - induced seizures. n-Hexane fraction (10 mg kg-1), showed the highest percentage level of protection (80%) against picrotoxin-induced seizures, with none of the fractions showing protection against (STC) - induced convulsion. Although, the data obtained in the present study, do not provide convulsive evidence, it would appear that R.equisetiformis crude extract (MERE), and its n-hexane fraction produce the observed anticonvulsant activity by enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission, and/or facilitating GABAergic action in the brain. In general, the average onset of convulsion was delayed, while the average duration of convulsion was markedly reduced. These findings, suggest therefore, that the plant could serve as a supplementary therapy for the management and/or control of childhood convulsions and epilepsy.	Anticonvulsants; Russelia equisetiformis extract fractions	acetic acid ethyl ester; anticonvulsive agent; butanol; diazepam; dichloromethane; hexane; picrotoxin; plant extract; Russelia equisetiformis extract; strychnine; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; anticonvulsant activity; anticonvulsant therapy; article; controlled study; convulsion; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug efficacy; drug screening; latent period; male; mortality; mouse; nonhuman; Russelia equisetiformis; Scrophulariaceae; seizure; survival rate; Mus; Russelia equisetiformis; Strychnos toxifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874532428	How do health workers perceive and practice monitoring and evaluation of malaria control interventions in South-east Nigeria?	Mbachu C.O., Uzochukwu B.S., Onwujekwe O.E., Ilika A.L., Oranuba J.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-81	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Health Administration and Managem	Mbachu, C.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria, Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State, Nigeria; Uzochukwu, B.S., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria, Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State, Nigeria, Department of Health Administration and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria; Onwujekwe, O.E., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria, Department of Health Administration and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ilika, A.L., Ministry of Health, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria; Oranuba, J., Ministry of Health, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background: The Anambra state Malaria Control Booster Project (ANMCBP) depends on an effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system to continuously improve the implementation of the malaria control interventions. However, it is not clear how the health workers that are expected to be the fulcrum of the malaria M&E perceive and practise M&E. The study was carried out to determine the knowledge, perception, and practice of Malaria M&E among selected health staff, and to identify related socio-demographic factors, including cadre of staff. Methods. A semi-structured questionnaire and an observation checklist were used to collect information from selected health workers in public primary health centres in all 21 local government areas of the State. Multistage sampling technique was used in selection of respondents. The questionnaire explored knowledge, perception and practice of malaria M&E from 213 health workers. The observation checklist was used to record the actual practice of malaria M&E as observed by trained supervisors. Results: Over 80% of health workers interviewed were able to correctly identify the malaria M&E forms; 25.4% knew the basis for categorizing Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) into ACT1 - ACT4; 97.6% of the respondents felt there was need to keep proper records to have information available and 7.5% of them kept records because they were asked to do so. Over 90% of respondents reported correct practice of M&E, but on verification of actual practice, 55.6% of the respondents had at least one wrongly filled form, and half of these had none of their forms properly filled; about 68.4% of respondents had met specified timeline for data transmission. Differences observed in knowledge, perception and practice of M&E across age categories and cadres were only significant in ability to identify malaria M&E forms; diagnosis of malaria based on blood film microscopy result; perception of how age should be recorded; and reported practice of keeping data till they are requested. Among lower cadre of staff, gaps still exist in knowledge, perception and practice of malaria M&E. Conclusions: Gaps still exist in health workers' understanding of malaria data management, perception of efficient data transmission and observed practice of malaria M&E. © 2013 Mbachu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Health workers; Knowledge; M&E; Malaria; Monitoring and evaluation; Perception; Practice	adult; article; checklist; disease eradication; female; health care personnel; health personnel attitude; health survey; human; infection control; malaria; male; middle aged; Nigeria; organization and management; psychological aspect; questionnaire; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Checklist; Communicable Disease Control; Disease Eradication; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Population Surveillance; Questionnaires; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80455130974	Kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte sex ratios: Application to the evaluation of the potential of antimalarial drugs to influence malaria transmission	Gbotosho G.O., Sowunmi A., Happi C.T.	2011	Open Tropical Medicine Journal	4	1	10.2174/1874315301104010033	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Gbotosho, G.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sowunmi, A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Happi, C.T., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A non-compartment pharmacokinetic model was used to evaluate the potential of antimalarial drugs to influence malaria transmission using the ratio of sex specific gametocyte half-lives male: Female- the gametocyte maleness index (GMI), and the ratio of the sex specific area inscribed by the plot of gametocyte sex density versus time curves AUCmg:AUCfg- the gametocyte maleness load index (GMLI). Data on gametocyte sexes collected in children with symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria who were treated with various antimalarial drugs in an endemic area were examined using the two indices. Both GMI and GMLI were positively correlated (r = 0.71, P < 0.0001) and with 95% limits of agreement of -9.7 to 13.8 using Altman-Bland plot. Based on the assumption that, a male-biased sex ratio, if gametocytaemia is low, may increase mosquito infectivity, both GMI and GMLI, consistently gave index ratios > 1 for 4- aminoquinolines and antifolates suggesting potential for increasing the chance of mosquito infectivity. By contrast, artesunate and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), artemether-lumefantrine, and artesunate-amodiaquine, and a non-ACT, amodiaquine plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine, had ratios < 1 suggesting potential for reducing the chance of mosquito infectivity. The advantages and drawbacks of using these indices as tools in assessing the influence of antimalarials on transmission potentials in endemic areas of malaria are discussed. © Gbotosho et al.	Antimalarials; Children; Gametocytes; Nigeria; P. falciparum; Sex ratio; Transmission	amodiaquine; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artesunate; benflumetol; chloroquine; cotrimoxazole; folic acid antagonist; metakelfin; probenecid; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; adolescent; area under the curve; article; child; child health care; controlled study; dose response; drug efficacy; drug screening; endemic disease; female; gametocyte; human; human cell; infant; infection rate; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; nonhuman; outcome assessment; parasite survival; parasite transmission; parasite virulence; Plasmodium falciparum; preschool child; priority journal; sex ratio; treatment duration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649598616	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of extract of Abrus precatorious	Georgewill O.A., Georgewill U.O.	2009	Eastern Journal of Medicine	14	1	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria	Georgewill, O.A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria; Georgewill, U.O., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria	The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of Abrus precatorius was investigated. Inflammatory response was induced by topical application of croton oil dissolved in suitable vehicle on the rat ear. After 6 hrs, cutting out the ear quantitated the response. The cut ear is weighed and the increase in weight relative to controls evaluated. Extract of A. precatorius when co applied with croton oil to the rat ear produced a reduction in the inflammatory response produced when croton oil alone was applied to the rat ear. The extract produced 67.10 + 2% reduction of the inflammatory response produced by croton oil alone, this was however lower than the 71.1 + 2% reduction of the inflammatory response produced by acetyl salicylic acid. This finding suggests that extract of A. precatorius exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and may explain the usefulness of the leaves of this plant in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions by traditional healers.	Abrus precatorius; Acetyl salicylic acid; Croton oil; Inflammatory response	Abrus precatorius extract; acetylsalicylic acid; croton oil; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antiinflammatory activity; article; controlled study; drug effect; drug screening; female; male; nonhuman; organ weight; otitis; plant leaf; quantitative analysis; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649574777	Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of extract of Vernonia amygdalina	Georgewill U.O., Georgewill O.A.	2009	Eastern Journal of Medicine	14	1	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria	Georgewill, U.O., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria; Georgewill, O.A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria	The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of Vernonia amygdalina was investigated. Inflammatory response was induced by topical application of croton oil dissolved in suitable vehicle on the rat ear. After 6 hrs, cutting out the ear quantitated the response. The cut ear is weighed and the increase in weight relative to controls evaluated. Extract of V.amygdalina when co-applied with croton oil to the rat ear produced a reduction in the inflammatory response produced when croton oil alone was applied to the rat ear. The extract produced 67.10 + 2% reduction of the inflammatory response produced by croton oil alone, this was however lower than the 71.1 + 2% reduction of the inflammatory response produced by acetyl salicylic acid. This finding suggests that extract of V. amygdalina exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and may explain the usefulness of the leaves of this plant in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions by traditional healers.	Acetyl salicylic acid; Croton oil; Inflammatory response; Vernonia amygdali	acetylsalicylic acid; croton oil; Vernonia amygdalina extract; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antiinflammatory activity; article; controlled study; drug screening; female; male; nonhuman; organ weight; otitis; plant leaf; quantitative analysis; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68949112207	Evaluation of the proposed inhibitory effect of the aqueous stem-bark extract of Ficus exasperata on uterine preparations in vitro	Bafor E.E., Nwiko M., Omogbai E.K.I., Ozolua R.I., Nworgu Z.A.M.	2009	International Journal of Pharmacology	5	1	10.3923/ijp.2009.94.97	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria	Bafor, E.E., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Nwiko, M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Omogbai, E.K.I., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Ozolua, R.I., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Nworgu, Z.A.M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria	The effect of the aqueous stem-bark extract of Ficus exasperata (ASE) was studied on oxytocin- and acetylcholine-induced uterine contractions in uterine preparations isolated from non-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats in oestrus. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was also performed. There were no statistically significant increases in the concentrations of oxytocin and acetylcholine required to elicit 30 and 50% of maximum response (EC30 and EC50, respectively) in the presence of the extract. Salbutamol and atropine, however, significantly inhibited the effects of oxytocin and acetylcholine, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins and saponin glycosides. These results indicate that ASE possesses no inhibitory effect on the non-pregnant rat uterus as claimed by traditional healers. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Ficus exasperata; Oxytocin-induced contraction; Pre-term contraction; Uterine inhibition; Uterine segments	acetylcholine; alkaloid; anthracene; atropine; carbohydrate; cardiac glycoside; Ficus exasperata extract; oxytocin; plant extract; salbutamol; saponin; tannin derivative; triterpene; unclassified drug; uterus spasmolytic agent; water; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; bark; chemical analysis; concentration response; controlled study; drug antagonism; drug inhibition; drug mechanism; estrus; female; Ficus; Ficus exasperata; in vitro study; nonhuman; phytochemistry; rat; uterus contraction; uterus relaxation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873481498	Evaluation of the potassium channel activator levcromakalim (BRL38227) on the lipid profile, electrolytes and blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-diabetic rats	Owolabi O.J., Omogbai E.K.	2013	Journal of Diabetes	5	1	10.1111/1753-0407.12001	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria	Owolabi, O.J., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria; Omogbai, E.K., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria	Background: Levcromakalim is a vasorelaxant used in the management of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Thus, the effects of levcromakalim were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in Wistar albino rats with a single injection of STZ (60mg/kg, i.p.) following chronic (4weeks) treatment with levcromakalim (75μg/kg per day). Rats were then divided into the following groups (n=5 in each group): (i) a normal saline (2 mL/kg)-treated group; (ii) a 5mg/kg glibenclamide-treated group; (iii) 350mg/kg metformin-treated group; and (iv) 5, 10, 20 and 40IU/kg insulin-treated groups. Rats were transferred to metabolic cages and the lipid profile, plasma and urine electrolytes and blood glucose levels were determined 24h after drug administration. Results: Levcromakalim treatment significantly reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats (all P<0.05 compared with untreated diabetic rats). In addition, levcromakalim reduced plasma sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride levels, but increased urinary bicarbonate and chloride levels, in diabetic rats (all P<0.05 compared with untreated diabetic rats). Levcromakalim significantly inhibited the effects of glibenclamide, metformin, and low-dose (20IU/kg) insulin treatment in diabetic rats (all P<0.05). Only 40IU/kg insulin produced significant reductions in hyperglycemia in levcromakalim-treated diabetic rats. Conclusion: Levcromakalim induced resistance to glibenclamide, metformin, and low-dose insulin treatment in diabetic rats, leading to persistent hyperglycemia. However, reductions in LDL, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels following chronic levcromokalim treatment may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic rats. © 2012 Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.	Blood glucose; Diabetes mellitus; Potassium activator; Streptozotocin	bicarbonate; chloride; electrolyte; glibenclamide; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; insulin; lemakalim; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; metformin; potassium; sodium; streptozocin; triacylglycerol; animal experiment; animal model; article; chloride urine level; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; electrolyte urine level; glucose blood level; hyperglycemia; insulin treatment; long term care; low drug dose; nonhuman; potassium urine level; priority journal; rat; sodium urine level; treatment duration; triacylglycerol blood level; urine bicarbonate level; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cromakalim; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Electrolytes; Female; Lipids; Male; Potassium Channels; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Streptozocin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870325433	Evaluation of the anti-asthma activity of aqueous root bark extract of ficus exasperata vahl (Moraceae)	Okpo S.O., Eze G.I., Ajaanonwu I.H., Ijei O.L., Uwaya D.O., Ologe V.	2012	International Journal of Health Research	5	1	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Okpo, S.O., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Eze, G.I., Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Ajaanonwu, I.H., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Ijei, O.L., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Uwaya, D.O., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria; Ologe, V., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria	Purpose: Ficus exasperata Vahl is used in folk medicine in the management of various ailments including cough bronchitis, asthma and other respiratory diseases. Methods: The effect of the aqueous root bark extract of Ficus exasperata on asthma was evaluated using three models: tracheal phenol red secretion in mice, histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Results: The extract (200 and 500mg/kg) produced a dose dependent prolongation of preconvulsive breathing induced by challenge with ovalbumin in antigen-sensitized guinea pigs. Administration of the extract during the sensitization period (20mg/kg/day) or 1 hr prior to (100, 200 and 500mg/kg) challenge with histamine caused significant prolongation of the preconvulsive breathing time. Histopathologic analysis of the trachea and lung showed a decreased tracheal cartilage and wall thickness as well as reduced mucus plugging of the alveoli in animals pretreated with the extract for 28 days. The extract (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg) also produced a dose-dependent and significant (p<0.001) prolongation of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction but did not exhibit any significant reduction in the ammonium chloride- and pilocarpine-induced phenol red secretion from the trachea. Protection conferred by the extract was comparable to that of the standard mast cell stabilizing drug-sodium cromoglycate - on the same models. Conclusion: Results obtained in the study suggest that the anti-asthma activity of the extract may be more on reduction in bronchial hyperreactivity than on mucus hypersecretion.	Anaphylaxis; F. exasperata; Histamine aerosol; Ovalbumin; Trachea	antiasthmatic agent; cromoglycate disodium; Ficus exasperata extract; histamine H1 receptor; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antiasthma activity; article; asthma; bark; controlled study; dose response; drug activity; drug dose comparison; drug effect; drug efficacy; drug screening; female; Ficus; Ficus exasperata; guinea pig; in vivo study; male; mediator release; mouse; mucus secretion; nonhuman; plant root; sensitization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954550586	Safety evaluations of aqueous stem bark extract of Lophira lanceolata in sprague dawley rats	Etuk E., Muhammad A.A.	2010	International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences	1	1	None	Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usm anu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Etuk, E., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usm anu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Muhammad, A.A., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usm anu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Lophira lanceolata extract is widely used to enhance sexual performance among the male population in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The efficacy of this extract to enhance sexual behaviours in experimental animals has been reported. This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of oral administration of the plant extract in Sprague dawley rats. Various concentrations (500, 1000, 3000 and 5000mg/kg body weight of aqueous stem bark extract of Lophira lanceolata were administered orally to four groups of rats to test for acute toxicity. Also, the effects of oral administration of the extract at 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg body weight for 28 days on the body weight, some haematological and biochemical parameters of the animals were investigated. The result showed that, a single oral dose treatment with up to 5000mg/kg of the extract did not cause any dead or observable adverse effect in the rats. In the repeated dose study, the extract produced an increase in the body weight gain of the rats. The total white blood cell count and haemoglobin level were elevated. These were considered to be beneficial and indicative of safety. The plant extract at 1500 and 2000mg/kg body weight produced a slight increase in the serum transaminases enzymes. The histology of the liver and kidney were normal while the testes showed some pathological lesions. These results have shown that, repeated administration of appropriate dose of the extract may have some beneficial effects on the blood system but a high dose may damage the testes thereby causing infertility. Consumers should therefore be aware of these health risks and avoid over consumption of the extract. © Pharmascope Foundation.	Lophira lanceolata; Parameters; Sexual stimulant; Toxicity	aminotransferase; hemoglobin; Lophira lanceolata extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; aminotransferase blood level; animal experiment; aqueous solution; article; bark; biochemistry; body weight; controlled study; drug safety; hematological parameters; leukocyte count; Lophira lanceolata; male; nonhuman; rat; testis; tree; weight gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954463694	The pharmacological impact of restricted or non variant diet	Bello S.O.	2010	International Journal of Drug Development and Research	2	1	None	Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Bello, S.O., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Food is often consumed for its nutritive value but food items also contain chemicals that have pharmacological activities. The pattern of food intake may make the phytochemical constituent of food pharmacologically relevant, especially when food is restricted to one particular type or is varied within a narrow range with similar phytochemical. This review examines this concept and draws attention to the importance of food variation. © 2010 IJDDR.	None	clomifene; daidzein; genistin; glycyrrhizic acid; phytate; phytoestrogen; soybean protein; zinc; anorexia; article; diet restriction; dietary intake; food intake; health; human; infection; nutritional value; phenotype; phytochemistry; soybean; zinc deficiency	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749344765	Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal activity of Byrsocarpus coccineus	Akindele A.J., Adeyemi O.O.	2006	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	108	1	10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.038	Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Akindele, A.J., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeyemi, O.O., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Based on its use in traditional African medicine, the antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus, Connaraceae, was evaluated on normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit, castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastric emptying. The extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant (P &lt; 0.05) dose dependent decrease in propulsion in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice. The mean peristaltic index (%) for these doses of extract, control (distilled water; 10 ml/kg, p.o.) and morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) were 55.27 ± 1.86, 53.12 ± 3.73, 38.60 ± 3.79, 30.25 ± 1.27, 89.33 ± 5.62 and 20.29 ± 3.38, respectively. The effect of the extract at the highest dose was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower than that of the standard drug. This effect was antagonised by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) but not by isosorbide dinitrate (IDN, 150 mg/kg, p.o.). At 200 mg/kg, the extract produced a significant decrease in propulsion in normal intestinal transit. In a dose dependent manner, it delayed the onset of diarrhoea, produced a significant decrease in the frequency of defaecation, severity of diarrhoea and protected the mice treated with castor oil. Mean diarrhoea scores were 30.83 ± 1.72, 22.40 ± 1.71, 21.43 ± 1.32, 13.80 ± 0.33, 18.00 ± 3.94 and 7.67 ± 2.41 for control, extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and morphine, respectively. This effect was not antagonized by IDN. The extract (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the volume (ml) of intestinal fluid secretion induced by castor oil (0.60 ± 0.23) compared with 1.27 ± 0.12 for control. However, there was no significant effect on gastric emptying. The results obtained suggest that Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses antidiarrhoeal activity due to its inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal propulsion, mediated through α2 adrenoceptors, and also inhibition of fluid secretion. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, glycosides and anthraquinones. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antidiarrhoeal; Byrsocarpus coccineus; Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; Intestinal transit	alpha 2 adrenergic receptor; Byrsocarpus coccineus extract; castor oil; isosorbide dinitrate; morphine; plant extract; unclassified drug; water; yohimbine; acute toxicity; animal experiment; animal model; antidiarrheal activity; article; Byrsocarpus coccineus; controlled study; diarrhea; dose response; drug activity; female; gastrointestinal motility; intestine fluid; intestine motility; intestine secretion; intestine transit time; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; peristalsis; rat; stomach emptying; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Connaraceae; Diarrhea; Female; Gastrointestinal Transit; Male; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Preparations; Rats; Byrsocarpus coccineus; Connaraceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350304334	Pharmacological evaluation of oral hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects of fresh leaves ethanol extract of Morinda Lucida benth. in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Adeneye A.A., Agbaje E.O.	2008	African Journal Biomedical Research	11	1	None	Department of Pharmacology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria	Adeneye, A.A., Department of Pharmacology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Agbaje, E.O., Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria	In the present study, 50 - 400 mg/kg of body weight/day of 50% ethanol extract of the fresh leaves of Morinda lucida Benth. (MLE) was investigated for its hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects in adult normal and alloxaninduced diabetic male rats for 7 days. Acute oral toxicity study of MLE at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight using Up-and-Down Procedure on statistical program, AOT425Pgm, was also conducted. Results showed that MLE significantly (p<0.05) lowered the fasting blood glucose (FBG) in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats in dose related fashion, and its effect was higher (p<0.001) than that of tolbutamide (Tolb.). Results suggest that MLE could be mediating its hypoglycemic effect via enhanced peripheral glucose utilization. Also, acute oral toxicity result showed MLE to be nonlethal at 2000 mg/kg of body weight. These results suggest that MLE could be relatively safe on acute exposure when administered to suspected diabetic patients. © Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group.	Fresh leaf methanol extract; Hypoglycemia; Morinda lucida Benth.; Normal and Alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Morinda lucida extract; oral antidiabetic agent; plant extract; tolbutamide; unclassified drug; alloxan diabetes mellitus; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug safety; glucose blood level; glucose utilization; hypoglycemia; male; Morinda; morinda lucida; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; toxicity testing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896825415	Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of anti diabetic treatment at ayder referral hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Assefa B., Wondimu A., Abrha S., Dinda S.C., Demeke B., Gebre-Samuel N., Assen A., Molla F., Yilma Z.	2014	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	25	1	None	Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Assefa, B., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Wondimu, A., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Abrha, S., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Dinda, S.C., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Demeke, B., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Gebre-Samuel, N., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Assen, A., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Molla, F., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Yilma, Z., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder that poses huge health and economic burden on society. Unfortunately, there is lack of such evidences in Ethiopia. To estimate direct cost of illness of DM in Ayder Referral Hospital in 2012. Cost of illness method was used to determine the economic burden of DM from societal perspective. The direct cost of illness of DM in the year 2012 was estimated using prevalence approach. All patients who were being followed-up for at least a year in the DM clinic of the hospital were included in the study. Data on patients' demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and treatment profile were collected from patients' case notes. A total of 130 DM patients were enrolled in the study, of which 51.54% were females and 48.46% were males. The total cost of illness of diabetes was estimated to be USD 11530.68 in 2012. Of this, 92.48% was direct medical cost and 7.52% was direct non-medical cost. The cost of illness per patient/year is USD 88.70. Most of the costs were spent on drugs (73.10%). Insulin accounted 88.19% of drug cost and 64.45% of the total cost of illness of DM. The mean cost for DM patients with complications (USD 125.78) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) as compared to those without complications (USD 76.08). Numbers of visits to DM clinic, type of DM and residence area were also found to affect the cost significantly. The cost associated with diabetes is enormous and it presents a considerable burden to the society. Hence, policy makers should give emphasis for the prevention of the disease and its complications.	Complication; Cost of illness; Diabetes mellitus; Direct medical cost; Direct non-medical cost	acetylsalicylic acid; amitriptyline; atenolol; enalapril; furosemide; glibenclamide; hemoglobin A1c; hydrochlorothiazide; insulin; metformin; nifedipine; propranolol; adult; aged; article; cardiovascular disease; comorbidity; cost of illness; demography; diabetes mellitus; diabetic ketoacidosis; diabetic nephropathy; diabetic neuropathy; diabetic retinopathy; drug cost; Ethiopia; female; follow up; health care cost; health care policy; human; hypoglycemia; major clinical study; male; middle aged; prevalence; sexual dysfunction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896065245	Evaluation of haematological, hepatic and renal functions of petroleum tanker drivers in Lagos, Nigeria	Awodele O., Sulayman A.A., Akintonwa A.	2014	African Health Sciences	14	1	None	Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Awodele, O., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Sulayman, A.A., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Akintonwa, A., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Hydrocarbons which are among the major components of petroleum products are considered toxic and have been implicated in a number of human diseases. Tanker drivers are continuously exposed to hydrocarbons by inhalation and most of these drivers do not use protective devices to prevent inhalation of petroleum products; nor do they visit hospital regularly for routine check-up. Objective: In view of this occupational hazard, we investigated the haematological, renal and hepatic functions of workers of petroleum tankers drivers in Lagos, Nigeria. Method: Twenty-five tanker drivers' and fifteen control subjects were randomly selected based on the selection criteria of not smoking and working for minimum of 5 years as petroleum tanker driver. The liver, renal and haematological parameters were analyzed using automated clinical and haematological analyzers while the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant level tests were assayed using standard methods. Results: There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in the levels of serum alanine amino transferase (31.14±13.72; 22.38±9.89), albumin (42.50±4.69; 45.36±1.74) and alkaline phosphatase (84.04±21.89; 62.04±23.33) of petroleum tanker drivers compared with the controls. A significant (p≤0.05) increase in the levels of creatinine, urea and white blood cells of the tanker drivers, compared with the controls, were also obtained. Conclusion: The results have enormous health implications of continuous exposure to petroleum products reflected hepatic and renal damage of petroleum tanker drivers. Therefore, there is need for this group of workers to be sensitized on the importance of protective devises, regular medical checkup and management. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.	Hydrocarbons; Liver functions; Oxidative stress; Petroleum tanker drivers; Renal	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; creatinine; petroleum; urea; adult; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; article; autoanalyzer; controlled study; driver; eye infection; health status; hematological parameters; hematology analyzer; human; kidney function; kidney injury; leukocyte; lipid peroxidation; liver function; liver injury; major clinical study; Nigeria; occupational exposure; occupational hazard; ocular pruritus; rash; skin infection; thorax pain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76049095886	In vivo methods for evaluation of drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders	Peddireddy M.K.R.	2010	Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research	44	1	None	Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (M.U.S.T.,), P O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda	Peddireddy, M.K.R., Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (M.U.S.T.,), P O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda	The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) performs multitude of essential functions after ingestion of food, finally leading to absorption of nutrients. These functions are directly influenced by the motility patterns of the gut and any aberration in such patterns can disturb functionality of the GIT. The evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility with suitable a probe is helpful in determining the therapeutic potential of investigational drugs in various motility disorders. The clinical conditions of motility disorders such as achalasia, gastric stasis, outlet obstruction, etc., deserve treatment with safer drugs. In vivo methods exhibit true effects of investigational drugs in biological milieu. This paper describes various in vivo methods of assessment of GI motility from stomach to colon. Among all the methods the visible marker methods are known to be simple and inexpensive. © APTI All rights reserved.	None	atropine; carbachol; charcoal; metoclopramide; phenolsulfonphthalein; prokinetic agent; radioactive material; spasmolytic agent; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; colon; colon motility; drug safety; drug screening; esophagus achalasia; fluorescence; gastrointestinal motility disorder; in vivo study; intestine transit time; mouse; nonhuman; pylorus stenosis; radiology; rat; salivation; stomach; stomach emptying; stomach motility; telemetry; test meal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857803790	Interpreting foucault: An evaluation of a foucauldian critique of education	Woermann M.	2012	South African Journal of Education	32	1	None	Department of Philosophy, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Woermann, M., Department of Philosophy, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	The potential strengths and weaknesses of a Foucauldian critique of education are discussed and evaluated. The article focuses specifically on the value of Foucault's work for critiquing social and political ideologies prevalent in education, which is understood as a societal institution, and hence, as a modern regime of institutional power. In terms of strengths, the ability to raise issues of knowledge, power and contestation that are traditionally ignored in educational theory is addressed. In terms of weaknesses, Foucault's problematic use and understanding of power and his apparent rejection of objective truth are investigated. The critique develops at the hand of influential, but competing, interpretations of Foucault's contribution to the field of education in particular, and philosophy in general. It is argued that these influential readings of Foucault gain traction within specific discourses (such as education), and should thus be subjected to critical scrutiny. © 2012 EASA.	Critique; Education; Foucault; Institution; Power; Truth	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900866657	Political obligation, dirty hands and torture; A moral evaluation	Van Erp H.	2013	South African Journal of Philosophy	32	1	None	Department of Philosophy, University of Fort Hare, South Africa	Van Erp, H., Department of Philosophy, University of Fort Hare, South Africa	The example of a political leader who has to decide whether he would allow the torture of a suspect in order to get information about a ticking bomb has become notorious in ethical discussions concerning the tension between moral principles and political necessity. The relation between these notions must be made as clear as possible before a sincere moral evaluation of ticking bomb situations can be given. The first section of this article considers whether the concept of political obligation is different from moral and legal obligations or whether it is a special kind of moral obligation. In the second section, the idea that the dirty hands problem confronts us with the ambiguities of moral life is rejected because it would imply an untenable moral paradox. The thesis that is developed is, namely, if there is such a thing as political necessity, it must be some form of moral obligation. The third section analyses the concept of political necessity and concludes that it cannot overrule basic moral principles and that the international legal prohibition of torture must be considered to be a categorical imperative. In the last section, these ideas concerning political and moral necessity are brought in against the defence of torture, which should be tolerated in the 'War on Terror'. There it will be argued that the use of the ticking bomb argument not only supports a highly hypocrite political practice but is also deceptive as a moral and political argument.. Copyright © 2013 by the Philosophical Society of Southern Africa.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859531135	Standard sports facilities as predictor for elite sports performance by Nigerian university students	Jeroh J.E.	2012	Journal of Physical Education and Sport	12	1	None	Department of Physical and Health Education, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	Jeroh, J.E., Department of Physical and Health Education, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria	The study examined standard sports facilities as predictors for elite sports performance by Nigerian university students. Participants made up of 153 sports officials and 270 students were drawn from nine universities in Southern Nigeria. A validated self-structured 15-item questionnaire with a test-retest reliability co-efficient of 0.09 was the instrument used for data collection. Frequency counts, simple percentages and chi-square (X2) were the descriptive and inferential statistics used to analyze the data obtained at 0.05 level of significance. The computed chi-square value of 30.68 is more than the table value of 7.82 suggesting that availability of standard sport facilities would play a dominant role in elite sports performance by Nigerian university students. It was recommended among others that new generation federal and state-owned universities be encouraged to host NUGA games so as to benefit from facility development opportunities that NUGA games offer host institutions. © JPES.	Elite performance; Interplay; Physical infrastructure; Tax moratorium	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934875573	Evaluation of aquifer protective capacity of overburden unit and soil corrosivity in Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria, using electrical resistivity method	Obiora D.N., Ajala A.E., Ibuot J.C.	2015	Journal of Earth System Science	124	1	None	Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Obiora, D.N., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ajala, A.E., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ibuot, J.C., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	This paper presents result of 30 vertical electrical soundings carried out in Makurdi, Benue state capital, north-central Nigeria to evaluate aquifer protective capacity and soil corrosivity of overburden units in the study area. This was done using the Schlumberger electrode array to obtain the data and was modelled using computer iteration (Winresist software). The field data gives a resolution with 3-4 geoelectric layers and the observed frequencies in curve types include: 30% of KQ, 16.67% of QH, 6.67% of AA and K, 3.33% of HA, Q and A, 10% of H, KH and HK. Using the longitudinal unit conductance (S), the protective capacities of the study area were classified as 36.67% weak, 10% poor, 40% moderate, and 13.33% as good. The corrosivity ratings of the study area show that 10% is strongly corrosive, 23% moderately corrosive, 37% slightly corrosive, and 30% noncorrosive The results reasonably provide information on areas where industries can be sited and iron pipes can be laid in order to safeguard the hydrological setting for resident’s safety in the study area. Regions with moderate/good protective capacity are good sites for locating boreholes. © Indian Academy of Sciences.	Aquifer; Corrosivity; Geoelectric layers; Longitudinal conductance; Makurdi; Vertical electrical sounding	aquifer; electrical resistivity; geoelectric field; overburden; vertical electrical sounding; Benue; Makurdi; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896710185	Experimental energy and exergy performance of a solar receiver for a domestic parabolic dish concentrator for teaching purposes	Mawire A., Taole S.H.	2014	Energy for Sustainable Development	19	1	10.1016/j.esd.2014.01.004	Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	Mawire, A., Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Taole, S.H., Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	An experimental setup to investigate the thermal performance of a cylindrical cavity receiver for an SK-14 parabolic dish concentrator is presented in this technical note. The thermal performance is evaluated using energy and exergy analyses. The receiver exergy rates and efficiencies are found to be appreciably smaller than the receiver energy rates and efficiencies. The exergy factor parameter is also proposed for quantifying the thermal performance. The exergy factor is found to be high under conditions of high solar radiation and under high operating temperatures. The heat loss factor of the receiver is determined to be around 4.6. W/K. An optical efficiency of around 52% for parabolic dish system is determined under high solar radiation conditions. This experimental setup can be used as teaching tool for people with little or no knowledge about solar dish concentrators due its simplicity and the basic mathematical formulations applied. Different types of receivers and different types of deep focal region parabolic dishes can also be tested with the experimental setup. © 2014 International Energy Initiative.	Domestic; Energy and exergy; Experimental; Parabolic dish concentrator; Solar receiver; Teaching	alternative energy; energy; exergy; numerical model; renewable resource; solar power; solar radiation; teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873365599	Compositional dependence of the performance of bulk hetrojunction solar cells based on PTOPT and PCBM	Abera N., Tessema G.	2013	Canadian Journal of Physics	91	1	10.1139/cjp-2012-0340	Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Chemisty and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Abera, N., Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tessema, G., School of Chemisty and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The compositional dependence of the performance of the blends of [3-(4-octylphenol)-2,2′-bithiophene] (PTOPT) and 6,6-phenyl-C61-butric acid methyl ester (PCBM) sandwiched between ITO/PEDOT:PSS and Al was studied. The observed dark current-voltage curves showed that the current (J) is space charge limited except at low voltages (V). The best power conversion efficiency (η) and short circuit current (JSC) were found at 72% PCBM loading. Moreover, we have observed significant reduction on the fill factor with increasing PCBM concentration due to high recombination of charge carriers. The impedances across the electrodes were discussed based on low frequency impedance analyzer measurements. © 2013 Published by NRC Research Press.	None	Bithiophenes; Compositional dependence; Dark current-voltage; Fill factor; Low voltages; Low-frequency impedance; Methyl esters; Power conversion efficiencies; Space-charge limited; Physics; Conversion efficiency	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857240378	Numerical evaluation of 3D geoelectrical resistivity imaging for environmental and engineering investigations using orthogonal 2D profiles	Aizebeokhai A.P., Olayinka A.I., Singh V.S.	2009	SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts	28	1	None	Department of Physics, Covenant University, Nigeria; Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; National Geophysical Research Institute, India	Aizebeokhai, A.P., Department of Physics, Covenant University, Nigeria; Olayinka, A.I., Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Singh, V.S., National Geophysical Research Institute, India	Summary: Field design for 3D data acquisition in geoelectrical resistivity imaging using a net of orthogonal sets of 2D profiles was numerically investigated. A series of 2D apparent resistivity pseudosections were generated over a synthetic horst structure representing the geological environment of a crystalline basement in low latitude areas using RES2DMOD code. Different minimum electrode separations and inter-line spacing were used with a view of determining the optimum inter-line spacing relative to the minimum electrode separation. The 2D apparent resistivity data were collated to 3D data set and then inverted using RES3DINV, a full 3D inversion code. The relative effectiveness and imaging capabilities of Wenner-alpha (WA), Wenner-beta (WB), Wenner-Schlumberger (WSC), dipole-dipole (DDP), pole-dipole (PDP), and pole-pole (PP) arrays to image the structure using a net of orthogonal set of 2D profiles are presented. The normalized average sensitivity of the inversion results show that WSC, DDP, and PDP arrays are more sensitive to the 3D structure investigated. Interline spacing of not greater than four times the minimum electrode separation gives reasonable resolution.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644510772	Evaluation of the abortifacient properties of chloroform extract of Carica papaya L. seed in female albino rats	Raji Y., Morakinyo A.O., Akinsomisoye O.S., Oloyo A.K., Esegbue-Peters P.R.C., Kunle-Alabi O.T.	2006	International Journal of Pharmacology	2	1	10.3923/ijp.2006.20.23	Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi On	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Morakinyo, A.O., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinsomisoye, O.S., Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oloyo, A.K., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Esegbue-Peters, P.R.C., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria	This study was carried out to investigate the impact of oral administration of chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed (CPE) on implantation and pregnancy in female albino rats. The study was divided into three experimental sections. Each section was subdivided into 4 groups treated, respectively with 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 b.w CPE and 2.5% tween 80 in normal saline (vehicle for CPE; control). Rats in section 1 were treated with CPE for two weeks before mating (pre-coital). Rats in section 2 were administered CPE from day 1 of pregnancy till term (post coital) while rats in section 3 received the extract for two weeks before mating and thereafter throughout term (pre and post-coital). Implantation sites and resorptions were determined in some of the pregnant rats after laparotomy. The gestation period, litter size and fetal weight were recorded in the remaining rats. The litters were also observed for any morphological alterations. The extract treated rats had significant decreases in litter size and implantation count (p&lt;0.01). The percentage resorptions increased in a dose dependent manner while the fetal weight and morphology remain unchanged when compared with the normal untreated control groups. The percentage resorptions were high in CPE treated rats when compared with the control group. None of the 100 mg kg-1 b.w CPE treated female rats had litters. The results suggest that the chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed has anti-implantation and abortifacient properties in female albino rats. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Abortion; Carica papaya seed; Implantation; Pregnancy	abortive agent; Carica papaya extract; chloroform; animal experiment; animal model; article; breeding; controlled study; dose response; embryo resorption; female; fetus; fetus weight; gestation period; herbal medicine; laparotomy; litter size; mating; morphology; nidation; nonhuman; papaya; plant seed; rat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940734173	TEC prediction performance of the IRI-2012 model over Ethiopia during the rising phase of solar cycle 24 (2009-2011)	Tariku Y.A.	2015	Earth, Planets and Space	67	1	10.1186/s40623-015-0312-1	Department of Physics, University of Ambo, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia	Tariku, Y.A., Department of Physics, University of Ambo, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia	This paper discusses the performance of the latest version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2012) model for estimating the vertical total electron content (VTEC) variation over Ethiopian regions during the rising phase of solar cycle 24 (2009-2011). Ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) VTEC data, inferred from dual-frequency GPS receivers installed at Bahir Dar (geographic latitude 11.6°N and longitude 37.35°E, geomagnetic latitude 2.64°N and longitude 108.94°E), Nazret (geographic latitude 8.57°N and longitude 39.29°E, geomagnetic latitude -0.25°N and longitude 111.01°E), and Robe (geographic latitude 7.11°N and longitude 40.03°E, geomagnetic latitude -1.69°N and longitude 111.78°E), are compared to diurnal, monthly, and seasonal VTEC variations obtained with the IRI-2012 model. It is shown that the variability of the diurnal VTEC is minimal at predawn hours (near 0300 UT, 0600 LT) and maximal between roughly 1000 and 1300 UT (1300-1600 LT) for both the experimental data and the model. Minimum seasonal VTEC values are observed for the June solstice during the period of 2009-2011. Moreover, it is shown that the model better estimates diurnal VTEC values just after the midnight hours (0000-0300 UT, 0300-0600 LT). The modeled monthly and seasonal VTEC values are larger than the corresponding measured values during the period of 2009-2010 when all options for the topside electron density are used. An important finding of this study is that the overestimation of VTEC values derived from the model decreases as the Sun transitions from very low to high solar activity. Moreover, it is generally better to use the model with the NeQuick option for the topside electron density when estimating diurnal, monthly, and seasonal VTEC variations. © 2015 Tariku.	Equatorial ionosphere; GPS-VTEC; IRI-2012 VTEC; Solar cycle	electron density; geomagnetism; GPS; ionosphere; modeling; performance assessment; prediction; solar activity; solar cycle; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149092147	Impact of a conventional introductory laboratory course on the understanding of measurement	Volkwyn T.S., Allie S., Buffler A., Lubben F.	2008	Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research	4	1	10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.4.010108	Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Educational Studies, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Volkwyn, T.S., Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Allie, S., Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Buffler, A., Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Lubben, F., Department of Educational Studies, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom	Conventional physics laboratory courses generally include an emphasis on increasing students' ability to carry out data analysis according to scientific practice, in particular, those aspects that relate to measurement uncertainty. This study evaluates the efficacy of the conventional approach by analyzing the understanding of measurement of freshmen following the physics major sequence, i.e., top achievers, with regard to data collection, data processing, and data comparison, through pre- and postinstruction tests by using an established instrument. The findings show that the laboratory course improved the performance of the majority of students insofar as the more mechanical aspects of data collection and data processing were concerned. However, only about 20% of the cohort of physics majors exhibited a deeper understanding of measurement uncertainty required for data comparison. © 2008 The American Physical Society.	None	None	None
None	None	Initial quality performance results using a phantom to simulate chest computed radiography	Muhogora W., Padovani R., Msaki P.	2011	Journal of Medical Physics	36	1	10.4103/0971-6203.75468	Department of Physics, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Fisica Sanitaria, Ospedale Universitario, P.le Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy	Muhogora, W., Department of Physics, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Padovani, R., Fisica Sanitaria, Ospedale Universitario, P.le Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy; Msaki, P., Department of Physics, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The aim of this study was to develop a homemade phantom for quantitative quality control in chest computed radiography (CR). The phantom was constructed from copper, aluminium, and polymenthylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates as well as Styrofoam materials. Depending on combinations, the literature suggests that these materials can simulate the attenuation and scattering characteristics of lung, heart, and mediastinum. The lung, heart, and mediastinum regions were simulated by 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm, 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm and 10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm copper plates, respectively. A test object of 100 mm × 100 mm and 0.2 mm thick copper was positioned to each region for CNR measurements. The phantom was exposed to x-rays generated by different tube potentials that covered settings in clinical use: 110-120 kVp (HVL=4.26-4.66 mm Al) at a source image distance (SID) of 180 cm. An approach similar to the recommended method in digital mammography was applied to determine the CNR values of phantom images produced by a Kodak CR 850A system with post-processing turned off. Subjective contrast-detail studies were also carried out by using images of Leeds TOR CDR test object acquired under similar exposure conditions as during CNR measurements. For clinical kVp conditions relevant to chest radiography, the CNR was highest over 90-100 kVp range. The CNR data correlated with the results of contrast detail observations. The values of clinical tube potentials at which CNR is the highest are regarded to be optimal kVp settings. The simplicity in phantom construction can offer easy implementation of related quality control program.	Computed radiography; contrast-to-noise ratio; image quality; quality control phantom	aluminum; copper; poly(methyl methacrylate); polystyrene; article; chest computed radiography; contrast radiography; correlation analysis; digital mammography; heart; image processing; lung; mediastinum; phantom; quality control; radiation dose distribution; simulation; thorax radiography; tube; X ray	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858667240	Evaluation of the petroleum potentials and prospect of the Chad Basin Nigeria from heat flow and gravity data	Nwankwo C.N., Emujakporue G.O., Nwosu L.I.	2012	Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology	2	1	10.1007/s13202-011-0015-5	Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Nwankwo, C.N., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Emujakporue, G.O., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Nwosu, L.I., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	An integrated study of the Chad Basin Nigeria has been carried out using heat flow, Bouguer gravity anomaly, depth to basement maps and interpreted seismic reflection data of the area. The seismic reflection data show two main structural elements: faults and folds whose primary structural orientation is northeast-southwest. Other features such as grabens and horst which are formed as a result of tensional stress and magnetic intrusive are also identified in the sections. The Bouger gravity anomaly ranges from -10 to -50 mgal with a northeast to southwest trend while the heat flow values ranges from 63.63 to 105.4 m Wm -2 with an average of 80.6 m Wm -2. The result shows that areas with relatively low heat flux in the southwest and northeast is associated with Bouguer gravity values ranging from -30 to -50 mgal. These parts of the basin also have a higher depth to basement and are associated with low sediment, buried hills and crest of folds. The range of heat flow values computed for this study shows that the basin sediments are thermally mature and therefore has high prospects for oil and gas generation. The graben in the basin is associated with low heat flow and very low negative Bouguer gravity anomaly. The study reveals that a decrease in heat flow is observed with an increasing sedimentary thickness. Thus, by studying the heat flow map, regions of gravity highs and lows can be identified within the Chad basin. Moreover, areas of gravity lows have greater thickness of sediments than areas of gravity highs. Low geothermal gradient causes the formation of oil to begin at fairly deep subsurface levels, but makes the oil window to be quite broad. The heat flow, Bouguer gravity values and seismically determined structural features suggest that the Chad Basin Nigeria has good prospects for hydrocarbon plays in Cretaceous rocks, with high potentials for both structural and stratigraphic traps. The southwestern and northeastern axis of the basin is therefore recommended for further drilling to deeper depth based on the results of this study. © 2011 The Author(s).	Chad Basin; Depth to basement; Gravity; Heat flow; Hydrocarbon potential	Basin sediments; Bouguer gravity; Bouguer gravity anomalies; Buried hill; Chad Basin; Cretaceous rocks; Depth to basement; Geothermal gradients; Gravity anomalies; Gravity data; Heat flow value; High potential; Hydrocarbon potential; Nigeria; Oil and gas; Petroleum potential; Seismic reflection data; Structural elements; Structural feature; Structural orientations; Subsurface levels; Anoxic sediments; Buildings; Gravitation; Heat transfer; Hydrocarbons; Sedimentology; Seismic waves; Stratigraphy; Heat flux	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250722113	Impact of α-topopherol on metronidazole and tetracycline-induced alterations in reproductive activities of male albino rats	Raji Y., Kunle-Alabi O.T., Olaleye S.B., Gbadegesin M.A., Awobajo F.O., Osonuga O.A., Odukanmi A.O., Salami S.A., Bolarinwa A.F.	2007	Journal of Biological Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Olaleye, S.B., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gbadegesin, M.A., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Awobajo, F.O., Department of Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Osonuga, O.A., Department of Pharmacology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Shagamu, Nigeria; Odukanmi, A.O., Department of Physiology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Salami, S.A., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Bolarinwa, A.F., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Antimicrobial drugs have been reported to have adverse effects on male fertility. The present study reports the role of α- tocopherol on metronidazole and tetracycline induced reproductive alterations in albino rats. Male albino rats (5/group) were treated with 20 mg kg-1 bw day-1 metronidazole or 60 mg kg-1 day-1 tetracycline with or without 15 mg kg-1 bw α-tocopherol for 8 weeks. The reversibility of effects after 4 weeks recovery period was determined in separate groups of 5 rats. The control groups received distilled water (vehicle) and 15 mg kg-1 day-1 α- tocopherol for 8 weeks. Metronidazole and tetracycline significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the weight of the epididymis, sperm count, motility and serum testosterone levels and increased the activity of endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the testis. Alpha-tocopherol significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased the weight of the testis, epididymis, sperm motility and serum testosterone levels. Co-administration of metronidazole or tetracycline with α-tocopherol caused significant restoration in sperm indices and SOD activity while it produced no effect on testosterone secretion. The results suggest that the effects of metronidazole and tetracycline on male reproductive functions, which are partially reversible, could be mediated via a reduction in serum testosterone level and probably also via the free radical generating mechanism. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Male; Rat; Reproduction	alpha tocopherol; metronidazole; superoxide dismutase; testosterone; tetracycline; water; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; enzyme activity; epididymis; male; male genital system disease; monotherapy; nonhuman; organ weight; rat; spermatozoon count; spermatozoon motility; testosterone blood level; testosterone release; treatment duration; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875615921	Evaluation of the reproductive functions of Portulaca Oleracea extracts in female albino rats	Oyedeji K.O., Bolarinwa A.F.	2013	Research Journal of Pharmacology	7	1	None	Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oyedeji, K.O., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Bolarinwa, A.F., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Portulaca oleracea designated as AEPO and MEPO, respectively on estrous cycle and histopathology of the ovaries and uteri in female Albino rats. Treatments of rats for 21 days with 75 mg kg-1 BW AEPO produced no significant (p&gt;O.05) change in the duration of all the phases of estrous cycle. Likewise, treatment of rats for 21 days with 75 mg kg-1 BW MEPO produced no significant (p&gt;0.05) change in the duration of all the phases of estrous cycle. Treatment of rats for 25 days with 75 mg kg-1 BW AEPO and MEOP produced no significant (p&gt;0.05) change in the ovarian and uterine weights of the treated rats relative to the control. Treatment of rats for 25 days with 75 mg kg-1 BW AEPO and MEPO induced no pathologic lesions or effects in both the ovaries and uteri of the treated rats. These findings indicate that AEPO and MEPO have no deleterious effects on the reproductive functions of female Albino rats. © Medwell Journals, 2013.	Estrus cycle; Nigeria; Ovaries; Portulaca oleracea; Uteri	methanol; Portulaca oleracea extract; water; animal experiment; animal tissue; antiinflammatory activity; article; controlled study; dose response; drug activity; endometrium; estrus cycle; female; histopathology; myometrium; nonhuman; organ weight; Portulaca oleracea; rat; reproduction; vagina smear; wound healing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68949125199	Evaluation of serum uric acid levels in normal pregnant nigerian women	Nwagha U.I., Ejezie F.E., Iyare E.E.	2009	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	12	1	None	Department of Physiology/ Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	Nwagha, U.I., Department of Physiology/ Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Ejezie, F.E., Department of Physiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Iyare, E.E., Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	Background: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are common in our environment. The aetiology is unknown and the prognostic indicators of the severity of maternal and fetal complications are variable. The level of uric acid, which is one of the prognostic indicators, is altered in normal pregnancy and as pregnancy advances. Base line values are thus extremely important to enable reasonable prognostic assessment in hypertensive pregnancies. Objectives: To determine levels of serum uric acid during normal pregnancy in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. Study design: settings and methods: Sixty- five pregnant and 65 non-pregnant women with age range 20-38 years were recruited. The pregnant women were in their second and third trimesters, attending antenatal clinic at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. Serum levels of uric acid were determined for the entire subjects. Results: The serum uric acid levels were significantly lower in the pregnant women than in controls (P< 0.001). 0.15+ 0.03mmol/L in the second trimester, 0.14 +0.02 mmol/L in the third trimester and 0.29 + 0.04 mmol/L for control. Conclusion: The low levels in pregnancy and as pregnancy progresses should be taken into consideration when monitoring hypertensive disorders in pregnancy using serum uric acid. Thus levels that are within normal for non pregnant population may indeed be an indication for intervention in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia.	Hypertension; Pregnancy; Uric acid	uric acid; adult; article; blood; case control study; cross-sectional study; female; human; Nigeria; pregnancy; reference value; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Reference Values; Uric Acid; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646825236	Laboratory evaluation of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity. A preliminary study	Aiku A.O., Yates A., Rowland M.	2006	West African Journal of Medicine	25	1	None	Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aiku, A.O., Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Yates, A., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: The study evaluated the effect of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator) has been considered as a possible tool for management of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. There are documentations of the effectiveness of pyriproxifen in controlling larval development when applied directly to breeding site. Considerations have been given to the use of pyriproxyfen on bed nets for sterilizing effect on mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. Method: Groups of mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi - Beech) were exposed to bednet treated with 2% Pyriproxyfen and untreated netting 24 hrs after blood feeding. After oviposition, egg counts were done for each mosquito in the two groups. Larvae emerging from the laid eggs by each mosquito were counted. Three sets of experiments were successful. Results: There was no significant difference in number of eggs laid between the two treatment groups (p=0.177). There was statistically significant difference in the number of laid eggs that hatched between the treatment types (p=0.0061). There was also statistically significant difference in the mean number of eggs that hatched between the experiments (p=0.0013). The mean number of eggs retained in the pyriproxyfen group was higher (70.3) than in the control group (41.6). This difference was not statistically significant with the small sample tested (p=0.08). Conclusion: The results suggest that 2% pyriproxyfen on bed nets has no effect on An. stephensi fecundity. Reduced fertility of eggs laid by mosquitoes exposed to pyriproxyfen treated bed nets was observed.	Fecundity; Fertility; Mosquito; Pyriproxifen	chemosterilant; pyrethroid; pyriproxyfen; Anopheles stephensi; article; bed net; breeding; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; egg laying; female; female fertility; growth regulation; hatching; insect resistance; larval development; malaria control; mosquito; nonhuman; statistical analysis; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Bedding and Linens; Culicidae; Female; Fertility; Insecticides; Oviparity; Pest Control, Biological; Protective Clothing; Pyridines; Reference Values	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052542965	Musculoskeletal pain and its impact on motor performance among stroke survivors	Hamzat T.K., Osundiya O.C.	2010	Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal	28	1	10.1016/j.hkpj.2010.11.001	Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine (University College Hospital), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Hamzat, T.K., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine (University College Hospital), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Osundiya, O.C., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine (University College Hospital), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Pain is an important clinical factor that can limit movement at a joint and inhibit the functional use of a limb after stroke. Incidence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) and its impact on motor performance among community-dwelling stroke survivors were investigated in this descriptive study. The study sample comprised 102 (51 men and 51 women) freely consenting stroke survivors (mean age, 52.92 ± 10.24 years) receiving physiotherapy on outpatient basis as part of their rehabilitation programme. They were interviewed and physically assessed for pain, and for those who had MSP, the intensity of their pain and motor performance were assessed using Numerical Box-21 Scale and Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement, respectively. Data were analysed using Spearman correlation coefficient at alpha value of 0.05. Results showed that 81 (42 men and 39 women) or 79.4% of the sample had pain symptoms, with 23.5% of these having the pain pre-dating stroke onset. Pain distribution by type revealed that MSP and central post-stroke pain was equally distributed (30.9%), whereas the remaining 38.3% presented with mixed type of pain. Among those with MSP, 25.9% had pain at shoulder only, 12.0% at the elbow only, and 2.5% at the ankle joints only. A statistically significant negative correlation (rho = -0.29, p = 0.009) was observed between the Numerical Box-21 Scale and Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement scores. MSP after stroke is as common as central post-stroke pain, and presence of MSP is associated with lower motor performance. There is a need for physiotherapists treating post-stroke individuals to take care of this type of pain to enhance the recovery of motor function. Copyright © 2010, Elsevier. All rights reserved.	Motor function; Musculoskeletal pain; Stroke	adult; ankle pain; article; clinical assessment tool; controlled study; descriptive research; elbow disease; female; functional assessment; human; interview; limb pain; major clinical study; male; motor performance; musculoskeletal pain; Numerical Box 21 Scale; outpatient care; pain assessment; physical examination; physiotherapy; rating scale; shoulder pain; stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement score; survivor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749021330	Outcome evaluation of a South African surgical ICU - A baseline study	Hanekom S.D., Coetzee A., Faure M.	2006	Southern African Journal of Critical Care	22	1	None	Department of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Hanekom, S.D., Department of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Coetzee, A., Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Faure, M., Department of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Objectives. To describe the baseline data of patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital in the Western Cape, and their outcome at discharge from the ICU. Design. Prospective cohort observational study. Setting. Ten-bed closed surgical unit in a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. Sample. One hundred and sixty consecutive adult ICU admissions from 16 June to 30 September 2003. Measurements. Demographic information, admission diagnosis, surgery classification (elective or emergency} and co-morbidities were recorded on admission to the unit. APACHE II score was calculated. The two outcomes of ICU length of stay (LOS) and mortality were recorded on discharge from the unit. Results. Patients were 49 ± 19.95 years of age. The mean APACHE II score was 12.3 ± 7.19 and 12.3% mortality was observed. The standardised mortality ratio was 0.87. Patients stayed in the unit for 5.94 ± 6.55 days. Hypertension was the most frequent co-morbidity found in this cohort (42%}, and 21% (N = 5) of patients tested were HIV positive. Neither age, gender nor co-morbidities had any significant association with mortality or ICU LOS (p > 0.01). A significant correlation was established between APACHE II scores, mortality and ICU LOS (p < 0.001). Conclusions. This baseline study of a surgical ICU in a tertiary environment in the Western Cape presents a picture of a unit providing care comparable to First-World environments. It is debatable whether the current admission and discharge criteria are making optimal use of the technology available in a level 1 intensive care unit. Other cost-effective ways of managing patients who are not as ill could be investigated.	None	adult; age; aged; APACHE; article; cohort analysis; comorbidity; controlled study; correlation analysis; demography; elective surgery; emergency surgery; female; health care delivery; hospital admission; hospital discharge; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hypertension; intensive care; intensive care unit; length of stay; major clinical study; male; mortality; observational study; outcome assessment; scoring system; sex difference; South Africa; surgical ward; tertiary health care; university hospital	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847607120	Impact of tillage and nitrogen fertilization on yield, nitrogen use efficiency of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and soil properties	Habtegebrial K., Singh B.R., Haile M.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	94	1	10.1016/j.still.2006.07.002	Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Habtegebrial, K., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway, Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Singh, B.R., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Haile, M., Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	A 3-yr (2003-2005) study was conducted to assess the effect of two tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT, with four ploughings using a traditional plough, maresha) and minimum tillage (MT, with a single pass prior to sowing) and of N-fertilization, on tef yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), weed infestation and soil properties at two locations in the rainfed semiarid conditions of Ethiopia. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, with tillage treatments as main plots and N-rates as subplots. The N-fertilization rates were 0 kg N ha-1 (ZN), 30 kg N ha-1 (LN), 60 kg N ha-1 (MN) and 90 kg N ha-1 (HN). The minimum tillage practice produced as high yields as conventional tillage. Both total dry matter (DM) and grain yields were increased by N-fertilization. At both locations and in all years, there was a linear increase in dry matter production when N was increased from ZN to HN. The grain yield showed a similar increasing trend up to MN level but decreased from MN to HN. Available moisture content was relatively higher for minimum till (MT) than for conventional till (CT). In the dry years of the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons, the average available moisture content in the plough layer was higher in MT than in CT by 0.004 m (2003) and 0.003 m (2004). Weed infestation was significantly higher in MT than in CT, with weed numbers 96 higher and weights 102 g m-2 higher in MT. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increased N but was not affected by tillage methods. Average N recoveries for CT and MT were generally similar (about 43%). Nitrogen fertilization significantly affected the soil total N and C/N ratio at lower depth (0.15-0.30 m). Average total N at the lower depth increased by 35.2 kg ha-1 yr-1 (203%) when N application rate was increased from MN to HN, suggesting that higher N levels are to be avoided to reduce excessive leaching to lower depths. Thus, the adoption of MT in the semiarid conditions could benefit soil and moisture conservations and reduce costs for resource poor farmers in Ethiopia without significantly affecting yield. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation	Arid regions; Nitrogen fertilizers; Plants (botany); Soil mechanics; Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation; Agriculture; cereal; crop yield; fertilizer application; moisture content; nitrogen; nutrient use efficiency; semiarid region; soil property; tillage; weed; Agriculture; Fertilizers; Moisture; Nitrogen; Soil Mechanics; Weeds; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eragrostis; Eragrostis tef	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924210399	Performance of some local Nigerian turfgrasses in sole and mixed stands	Oyedeji S., Isichei A.O., Ogunfidodo A.	2014	Turkish Journal of Field Crops	19	1	None	Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oyedeji, S., Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Isichei, A.O., Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ogunfidodo, A., Department of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	The study assessed the performance of Axonopus compressus, Chysopogon aciculatus, Sporobolus pyramidalis, Eleusine indica and Dactyloctenium aegyptium in turf establishment. The five grass species planted in sole and mixed stands were varied with the legume - Desmodium triflorum. Ground cover differed significantly among grass species and their mixtures from 4 - 11 weeks after planting (WAP) but ground cover in the legume and no legume subplots were not significantly different from 4 – 6 WAP. Eleusine, Axonopus and Dactyloctenium and their mixtures had higher ground cover than those of Sporobolus and Chrysopogon. There were significant differences in ground cover among grasses and mixtures at 3 and 6 weeks after clipping (WAC), and grasslegume subplots and subplots without the legume were different at 3 and 4 WAC. Recovery weeks after trampling was faster in sole stands and mixtures with Axonopus and Eleusine, indicating they are better adapted to trampling. © 2014, Society of Field Crops Science. All Rights Reserved.	Ground cover; Growth rate; Legume; Mixed stands; Trampling-tolerant; Warm-season turfgrasses	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049094353	Can crops be irrigated with sodium bicarbonate rich CBM deep aquifer water? Theoretical and field evaluation	Beletse Y.G., Annandale J.G., Steyn J.M., Hall I., Aken M.E.	2008	Ecological Engineering	33	1	10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.12.011	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Anglo Coal Project Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa; Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa	Beletse, Y.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Annandale, J.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Steyn, J.M., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Hall, I., Anglo Coal Project Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa; Aken, M.E., Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa	A simulation modelling exercise, followed by field trials was carried out to assess the suitability of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) rich water obtained from dewatering for extraction of methane gas from coal beds in the Limpopo Province, Republic of South Africa. This water has a very high EC of 750 mS m-1, which according to FAO water quality guidelines would suit only salt tolerant crops. Modelled crop growth at a leaching fraction (LF) of 23% using the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model gave root zone salinity (ECe) between 857 and 981 mS m-1, and a 90% potential crop yield. In the field trials, barley, Italian ryegrass and Bermuda grass were successfully grown in a loamy sand soil without leaf burn and toxicity problems, but cotton foliage was scorched when sprinkler irrigated. Drip emitter discharge rate decreased from 3.99 ± 0.15 to 3.5 ± 0.19 l h-1, suggesting that clogging will be problematic with micro irrigation. SWB gave a good estimation of the suitability of this NaHCO3 rich water in the theoretical assessment, which was similar to the experimental findings. SWB, therefore, is a useful tool for assessing the suitability of NaHCO3 deep aquifer water for irrigation of agricultural crops. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Irrigation; Long term; Mine water; Modelling; NaHCO3; Salt tolerance; SWB model	Extraction; Irrigation; Mathematical models; Methane; Mine water; Salt tolerance; SWB model; Sodium compounds; Extraction; Irrigation; Mathematical models; Methane; Sodium compounds; aquifer; barley; bicarbonate; coal seam; crop yield; growth; irrigation; methane; mine; salinity tolerance; sodium; toxicity; water quality; Africa; Limpopo; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Cynodon dactylon; Gossypium hirsutum; Hordeum; Lolium multiflorum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649828034	Evaluation of greenhouse inoculation techniques used to screen for Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in soybeans	Botha C., McLaren N.W., Swart W.J.	2009	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	26	1	None	Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Botha, C., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; McLaren, N.W., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Swart, W.J., Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Numerous inoculation methods have been used to screen soybean germplasm for resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study was conducted to compare six inoculation methods viz. (i) spray mycelium, (ii) drop mycelium, (iii) cut stem, (iv) cotyledon inoculation, (v) straw inoculation and (vi) petiole. Four soybean cultivars were planted in 1-1 pots in the greenhouse and grown to V3 (third trifoliate) growth stage. Overseeded pots were thinned to four plants which were inoculated using the respective methods and covered for nine days with transparent plastic bags. Plants were arranged in a randomized block design with eight replicates. The number of infected plants was counted and leaf lesion development and degree of plant wilting were scored using a 0 to 5 rating scale. The spray mycelium method yielded the highest incidence of wilting although a significant cultivar x inoculation technique (P<0.05) was recorded, particularly where host tissues were damaged prior to inoculation. Results suggest that cultivar responses are affected by the degree and area of tissue damage associated with the respective inoculation methods.	Inoculation methods, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, screening	cultivar; disease resistance; fungal disease; germplasm; inoculation; plastic; seeding; soybean; stem; straw; wilting; Glycine max; Sclerotinia; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650196138	Organizational retention strategies and employee performance of Zenith Bank in Nigeria	Eseme Gberevbie D.	2010	African Journal of Economic and Management Studies	1	1	10.1108/20400701011028167	Department of Political Science, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria	Eseme Gberevbie, D., Department of Political Science, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria	PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine employee-retention strategies and performance in the Nigerian banking sector over the period 2000-2005, with focus on Zenith Bank in Nigeria. The sector is unique in terms of its contribution to Nigeria's gross domestic product. Design/methodology/approachThe survey research design involving the use of questionnaire and structured interview to obtain primary and secondary data from relevant books, journals and the internet were adopted. The paper also adopted the χ2-analytical technique to test for significant relationship between variables. FindingsThe study revealed that it is more profitable for organizations to put in place appropriate employee-retention strategies such as good organization's image, staff participation in decision making, enhanced and regular salary package, and humane treatment of employees as strategies for organizational performance. Practical implicationsParticularly, organizations are likely to experience frequent employee turnover for as long as they fail to put in place appropriate employee-retention strategies, which is capable of preventing enhanced performance. Originality/valueThis paper provides insight into what could enhance the performance of organizations in their quest for quality service delivery and profitability. Its findings could also be a source of motivation to organizations in other sectors in the area of employee performance. © 2010, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Banking; Employees; Human resource management; Nigeria; Organizational performance; Retention	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-13644262402	The negative and positive impacts of HIV/AIDS on democracy in South Africa	Butler A.	2005	Journal of Contemporary African Studies	23	1	10.1080/0258900042000329439	Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Butler, A., Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This article first sets out the reasoning of those who fear that the implications of HIV/AIDS for democratic consolidation in South Africa are profoundly negative. However, the remainder of the text argues that the politics of HIV/AIDS has in fact strengthened democratic institutions and practices over the past decade. Given the immediate threats to democratic consolidation that exist in South Africa today - challenges that I will argue derive from internal dominant party politics, the nature of knowledge creation in the African National Congress (ANC), and a shrinking space for policy contestation - the epidemic may contribute further to the endurance of democracy over coming years. I conclude that scholars should address the pandemic's positive, as well as its inevitably negative, consequences for democracy and governance. © 2005 Journal of Contemporary African Studies.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; democracy; governance approach; human immunodeficiency virus; political development; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84932159550	Association between experience of sexual coercion and sexual behaviour: Insights from the 2008 botswana aids impact survey iii	Letamo G.	2015	Etude de la Population Africaine	29	1	None	Department of Population Studies, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana	Letamo, G., Department of Population Studies, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana	Objective: Little is known about the prevalence and the effect of sexual coercion on risky sexual behaviour in the context of Botswana. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the experience of sexual coercion and risky sexual behaviour. Methods: The study used a nationally representative population-based survey data from the 2008 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey III. We used cross-tabulations and multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate an association between the experience of sexual coercion and risky sexual behaviour. Results: Out of the 2,455 respondents, the prevalence of sexual coercion was 5% (3.1% males and 8.1% females). The adjusted odds ratios showed that only the respondents who reported having experienced sexual coercion compared to those who did not were 1.9 times more likely to report having engaged in multiple sexual partnerships and this relationship was statistically significant at 1% level. Conclusion: The results suggest that in order to implement effective HIV/AIDS prevention strategies it is imperative to adopt a more holistic and multifaceted approach that includes issues of sexual violence. © 2015, Union for African Population Studies. All rights reserved.	Botswana; Sexual behaviour; Sexual coercion	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927561652	The plight of absent fathers caused by migrant work: Its traumatic impact on adolescent male children in Zimbabwe	Nyanjaya A.K., Masango M.J.	2012	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies	68	1	10.4102/hts.v68i1.1004	Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Nyanjaya, A.K., Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Masango, M.J., Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	This article revealed the degree of trauma experienced by male adolescents when their fathers are absent. The cost of this absence could not be balanced with the material benefits the children have enjoyed, for the benefits have been outweighed by the trauma that children experience in the absence of their fathers. The emotions and tears expressed during the research journey have revealed that material support cannot compensate for the love and presence children expect from their fathers. The deep hurt instilled in their hearts by the periods of absence angered them and led to traumatic experiences. The protracted period of living with only one primary caregiver has imprisoned them into the feminised environment, thereby robbing them of a male identity. Therefore, this article was devoted to creating a shepherding model of caring for boys whose fathers are absent. © 2012. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84961314114	The impact and effects of trauma resulting from excommunication	Kubeka M.J., Masango M.J.	2010	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies	66	1	10.4102/hts.v66i1.803	Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Kubeka, M.J., Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Masango, M.J., Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	This article will attempt to critically analyse various aspects of the state of trauma. It will analyse the impact, consequences and effects of trauma resultant from excommunication of clergy and how the practice has been handed down through the ages. The ultimate aim of the authors is an understanding of how excommunication evolved throughout the ages and the nature of its impact on the victims or survivors thereof. The author’s own first-hand encounter prompted him to research this subject. It is imperative to look at the scientific application of the ritual as it affects all the stakeholders and participants, active or passive. An overview of various biblical eras will be given, including the Old Testament prophets, Christ’s own views as well as the period of St Paul in the New Testament. © 2010. The Authors.	Effects; Impact; Pain; Stories; Trauma	None	None
None	None	Impact of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) on the treatment profile in pilot government dental clinics in tanzania	Kikwilu E.N., Frencken J., Mulder J.	2009	BMC Oral Health	9	1	10.1186/1472-6831-9-14	Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nijmegen International Centre for Oral Health Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Kikwilu, E.N., Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Frencken, J., Nijmegen International Centre for Oral Health Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Mulder, J., Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands	Background. The predominant mode of treatment in government dental clinics in Tanzania has been tooth extraction because the economy could not support the conventional restorative care which depends on expensive equipment, electricity and piped water systems. Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) was perceived as a suitable alternative. A 3.5-year study was designed to document the changes in the treatment profiles ascribed to the systematic introduction of ART in pilot government dental clinics. Methods. Dental practitioners who were working in 13 government dental clinics underwent a 7-day ART training. Treatment record data on teeth extracted and teeth restored by the conventional and ART approaches were collected from these clinics for the three study periods. The mean percentage of ART restorations to total treatment, ART restorations to total restorations, and total restorations to total treatments rendered were computed. Differences between variables were determined by ANOVA, t-test and Chi-square. Results. The mean percentage of ART restorations to total treatment rendered was 0.4 (SE = 0.5) and 11.9 (SE = 1.1) during the baseline and second follow-up period respectively (ANOVA mixed model; P &lt; 0.0001). The mean percentage of ART restorations to total restorations rendered at baseline and 2ndfollow-up period was 8.4% and 88.9% respectively (ANOVA mixed model; P &lt; 0.0001). The mean percentage of restorations to total treatment rendered at baseline and 2ndfollow-up was 3.9% and 13.0%, respectively (ANOVA mixed model; P &lt; 0.0001). Ninety-nine percent of patients were satisfied with ART restorations, 96.6% willing to receive ART restoration again in future, and 94.9% willing to recommend ART treatment to their close relatives. Conclusion. ART introduction in pilot government dental clinics raised the number of teeth saved by restorative care. Countrywide introduction of the ART approach in Tanzania is recommended. © 2009 Kikwilu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919609003	Impact of an educational intervention on smoking counseling practice among Nigerian dentists and dental students	Uti O.G., Sofola O.	2015	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	18	1	10.4103/1119-3077.146983	Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Uti, O.G., Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Sofola, O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Introduction: Oral health professionals are important in smoking cessation and prevention as their role is very crucial given the impact of smoking on oral health. Therefore, dental professionals need adequate education in tobacco use prevention and cessation skills to increase their confidence and be able to help patients to quit smoking. This study was aimed at determining the impact of an educational intervention on the attitudes, willingness, and perceived barriers of a group of Nigerian dental students and dentists to smoking cessation counseling in the dental clinic. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire-based study was conducted in September 2007 at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi Araba, Lagos. This was followed by a series of lectures and seminars using the brief intervention strategies for patients willing to quit using the Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange of cessation. A repeat study was conducted in January 2009 using the same questionnaire. Post intervention attitudes were significantly improved over pre intervention values for each parameter used in the assessment. Results: A significantly higher proportion of the respondents were interested in providing cessation services after the intervention (P = 0.00002). Most (83.1%) of the respondents were willing to undergo training with a slight increase in the post intervention group from 80.9% to 86%. All the reported barriers were significantly reduced after the intervention (P = 0.000). Conclusion: This study has shown that educational interventions such as didactic instructions and practical training in tobacco use cessation can help to increase the willingness, confidence, and ability to provide information, during encounters with patients.	Dental students; Dentists; Educational intervention; Nigeria; Smoking cessation	adult; clinical competence; clinical practice; counseling; dental clinic; dental education; dental student; dentist; female; health personnel attitude; human; male; Nigeria; prevention and control; procedures; psychology; questionnaire; smoking; smoking cessation; teaching hospital; therapy; young adult; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Clinical Competence; Counseling; Dental Clinics; Dentist's Practice Patterns; Dentists; Education, Dental; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Questionnaires; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Students, Dental; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945341623	Participant evaluation of an education module on interprofessional collaboration for students in healthcare studies	Tsakitzidis G., Timmermans O., Callewaert N., Truijen S., Meulemans H., Van Royen P.	2015	BMC Medical Education	15	1	10.1186/s12909-015-0477-0	Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation in Care, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Hz University of Applied Sciences, Vlissingen, Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, Artesis-Plantijn University College of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Tsakitzidis, G., Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Timmermans, O., Department of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation in Care, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Hz University of Applied Sciences, Vlissingen, Netherlands; Callewaert, N., Department of Health Sciences, Artesis-Plantijn University College of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Truijen, S., Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Meulemans, H., Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van Royen, P., Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	Background: Interprofessional collaboration is considered a key-factor to deliver the highest quality of care. Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) assumes a model of working together, in particular with awareness of the process of interprofessional collaboration, to develop an integrated and cohesive answer to the needs of the client/family/population. Educational modules are developed in response to a perceived need to improve interprofessional collaboration for the benefit of patientcare. Up until 2005 no explicit module on interprofessional collaboration existed in the education programs of the Antwerp University Association (AUHA). During a decade the 'Interprofessional Collaboration In Healthcare (IPCIHC) - module' is organised and evaluated by its participants. Methods: One group, post-test design was used to gather data from the participating students using a structured questionnaire. Data was collected between March 2005 and March 2014 from participating final year students in healthcare educational programs. Results: 3568 (84 % overall response) students evaluated the IPCIHC module from 2005 up to 2014. Over 80 % of the participants were convinced the IPCIHC increased their knowledge and changed their understanding that it will impact their future professional relationships, and felt a greater understanding about problem-solving in healthcare teams. Even though the results indicate that the goals of the IPCIHC module were achieved, less than 60 % of the participants experienced a change in attitude towards other professional groups. Conclusions: Despite the positive outcomes from the participants, the challenge still remains to keep on educating future healthcare providers in interprofessional collaboration in order to achieve an increase in interprofessional behaviour towards other professional groups. Research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of undergraduate programs on the quality and safety of patientcare in practice. © 2015 Tsakitzidis et al.	Collaborate; Education; Healthcare; Interprofessional	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879072025	Evaluation of a school-based intervention programme for South African children of divorce	Botha C.J., Wild L.G.	2013	Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health	25	1	10.2989/17280583.2013.768528	Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Botha, C.J., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Wild, L.G., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Objective: Parental divorce affects approximately 30 000 South African children annually. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Children of Divorce Intervention Programme (CODIP) at two South African schools. CODIP is a preventively oriented group programme which was developed to foster resilience by helping children cope more effectively with possible academic, behavioural, and emotional problems brought about by their parents divorce. Method: Twenty-five 10- to 14-year-old boys from two primary schools were randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and 1 delayed intervention control group. The experimental groups attended 12 one-hour weekly sessions; the control group received no intervention until after the study was completed. Children's understanding of divorce related events and social, emotional and behavioural adjustment was assessed one week before the intervention and three months thereafter using a battery of self-rated, teacher-rated and parent-rated questionnaires. Results: One-way ANOVAs indicated no statistically significant decline in children's self-reported problematic beliefs about divorce or total difficulties. However, teachers and parents ratings indicated that compared to the control group, the combined experimental groups showed significant improvement in their general behavioural, emotional and social adjustment after programme participation. Conclusions: The results suggest that South African children who experience parental divorce may benefit from participation in CODIP. © 2013 NISC Pty Ltd.	None	academic failure; adolescent; article; behavior disorder; child; child care; clinical article; clinical evaluation; controlled study; coping behavior; divorced parent; emotional disorder; health program; human; intervention study; male; primary school; questionnaire; rating scale; school child; school health service; self report; social aspect; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863973554	Performance quantification of applicators for microwave treatment of crushed mineral ore	Bradshaw S.M., Ali A.Y., Marchand R., Barnard A.	2011	Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy	45	1	None	Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Bradshaw, S.M., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Ali, A.Y., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Marchand, R., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Barnard, A., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Exposure of crushed mineral ores to microwaves at high power density (∼10 9 to 10 11 W/m 3 abs) and for short exposure times (&lt;0.1 s) induces grain boundary fracture around the grains of the value minerals at economically viable energy inputs (∼1 kWh/t). In subsequent processing steps, liberation of the value minerals is enhanced, improving the efficiency of the process. In this paper the performance of transverse E-field applicators for the continuous treatment of 30 t/h of crushed ore was quantified using damage maps. These provide the amount of microwaveinduced grain boundary damage and the fraction of the load treated as a function of input power and throughput. The damage maps are created by combining the outputs from thermal stress simulations (for the determination of thermal damage) with those from electromagnetic simulations (for the determination of the 3d dissipation of power in the load). The results are to be used to select the optimal applicator structure and operating parameters (bed height and speed) for a given ore. Results from two applicator configurations for a coarser and finer-grained galena-calcite ore are used to exemplify the results. It is shown high the texture of the ore significantly reduces performance in terms of achievable throughput and required energy input. It is also shown that sub-optimal electromagnetic design also results in reduced throughput and increased energy requirement.	Applicator evaluation; Microwave; Mineral processing; Optimization	Bed height; Continuous treatments; Damage maps; E-field; Electromagnetic designs; Electromagnetic simulation; Energy inputs; Energy requirements; Exposure time; Grain boundary fracture; High power density; Input power; Microwave treatment; Mineral ores; Mineral processing; Operating parameters; Processing steps; Thermal damage; Thermal stress simulation; Grain boundaries; Microwaves; Optimization; Ore treatment; Ores; Structural optimization; Three dimensional computer graphics; Throughput; Applicators; mineral; article; chemistry; equipment; equipment design; equipment failure; materials testing; metallurgy; methodology; microwave radiation; mining; radiation exposure; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Materials Testing; Metallurgy; Microwaves; Minerals; Mining	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916888809	Evaluation of pre-breeding reproductive tract scoring as a predictor of long term reproductive performance in beef heifers	Holm D.E., Nielen M., Jorritsma R., Irons P.C., Thompson P.N.	2015	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	118	1	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.10.016	Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, CL Utrecht, Netherlands	Holm, D.E., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Nielen, M., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Jorritsma, R., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Irons, P.C., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Thompson, P.N., Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa	In a 7-year longitudinal study 292 Bovelder beef cows in a restricted breeding system in South Africa were observed from 1 to 2 days before their first breeding season, when reproductive tract scoring (RTS, scored from 1 to 5) was performed, until weaning their 5th calves. The objective was to determine whether pre-breeding RTS in heifers is a valid tool to predict long-term reproductive performance. Outcomes measured were failure to show oestrus during the first 24 days of the first 50-day AI season (24-day anoestrus), failure to become pregnant during each yearly artificial insemination (AI) season (reproductive failure), number of days from the start of each AI season to calving, and number of years to reproductive failure. The effect of RTS on each outcome was adjusted for year of birth, pre-breeding age, BW and body condition score (BCS), and for 24-day anoestrus, bull, gestation length, previous days to calving and previous cow efficiency index, the latter two in the case of the 2nd to the 5th calving season. During their first breeding season, heifers with RTS 1 and 2 combined were more likely to be in anoestrus for the first 24 days (OR. = 3.0, 95% CI 1.5, 6.4, P= 0.003), and were also more likely to fail to become pregnant even after adjusting for 24-day anoestrus (OR. = 2.1, 95% CI 1.1, 3.9, P= 0.025), compared to those with RTS 4 and 5 combined. Animals with RTS 1 and 2 combined were at increased risk of early reproductive failure compared to those with RTS 4 and 5 combined (HR. = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0, 1.9, P= 0.045) although RTS was not associated with calving rate or days to calving after the second calving season. Low RTS at a threshold of 1 had consistent specificity of ≥94% for both 24-day anoestrus and pregnancy failure, however its predictive value was lower in the age cohort with a higher prevalence of anoestrus. We conclude that RTS is a valid management tool for culling decisions intended to improve long-term reproductive success in a seasonal breeding system, by excluding heifers that are likely to fail to become pregnant or likely to calve late during their first calving season. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Beef cattle; Culling; Fertility; Heifer selection; Predictive ability; Reproductive tract score	Animalia; Bos; agriculture; animal; animal culling; animal husbandry; artificial insemination; bovine; breeding; estrus; female; fertility; longitudinal study; male; menstruation; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; procedures; reproduction; South Africa; statistical model; veterinary; Agriculture; Animal Culling; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Estrus; Female; Fertility; Insemination, Artificial; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Menstruation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Reproduction; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349397520	Evaluation of wear severity in pipeline	Achebo J.I.	2009	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	4	1	None	Department of Production Engineering, University of Benin, Nigeria	Achebo, J.I., Department of Production Engineering, University of Benin, Nigeria	The severity of wear occurrence in a pipeline was evaluated by applying the particle mass loading equation, stoke number and determining the mass transfer coefficient. These parameters examine the particle-particle and particle-pipe wall interaction pattern. Various laboratory experimental tests were done to determine the effect of particles on pipe walls and a range of values for the particle mass loading and stokes number were determined. These values became the interpretation criteria for analyzing results and suggesting recommendations. However, from this research result, the particle mass loading of 0.82, stokes number of 1.20 and mass transfer coefficient of 6.06 W m-2 °C were obtained. These values show that there was strong evidence of particle-wall interaction, which could have caused wear. When the pipe under study was cut into sections and visual examination was carried out, it was observed that cutting wear actually occurred in the internal geometry of the pipe. The severity of the wear is attributed to the small diameter of the pipeline under study; the size, coupled with the agglomerated stones is believed to have allowed for close particle wall interaction. From the findings, pipes whose depth of cut is high enough to significantly affect their load bearing capacity should be changed and sizable particles should be removed from the flow system to avoid wear. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Heat transfer coefficient; Mass transfer coefficient; Number; Particle mass loading; Pipeline; Stoke; Wear	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898596877	The rise of assertive community interventions in South Africa: A randomized control trial assessing the impact of a modified assertive intervention on readmission rates; a three year follow-up	Botha U.A., Koen L., Galal U., Jordaan E., Niehaus D.J.H.	2014	BMC Psychiatry	14	1	10.1186/1471-244X-14-56	Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Botha, U.A., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Koen, L., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Galal, U., Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Jordaan, E., Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa; Niehaus, D.J.H., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Many countries have over the last few years incorporated mental health assertive interventions in an attempt to address the repercussions of deinstitutionalization. Recent publications have failed to duplicate the positive outcomes reported initially which has cast doubt on the future of these interventions. We previously reported on 29 patients from a developing country who completed 12 months in an assertive intervention which was a modified version of the international assertive community treatment model. We demonstrated reduction in readmission rates as well as improvements in social functioning compared to patients from the control group. The obvious question was, however, if these outcomes could be sustained for longer periods of time. This study aims to determine if modified assertive interventions in an under-resourced setting can successfully maintain reductions in hospitalizations.Methods: Patients suffering from schizophrenia who met a modified version of Weidens' high frequency criteria were randomized into two groups. One group received a modified assertive intervention based on the international assertive community treatment model. The other group received standard care according to the model of service delivery in this region. Data was collected after 36 months, comparing readmissions and days spent in hospital.Results: The results demonstrated significant differences between the groups. Patients in the intervention group had significantly less readmissions (p = 0.007) and spent less days in hospital compared to the patients in the control group (p = 0.013).Conclusion: Modified assertive interventions may be successful in reducing readmissions and days spent in hospital in developing countries where standard care services are less comprehensive. These interventions can be tailored in such a way to meet service needs and still remain affordable and feasible within the context of an under-resourced setting. © 2014 Botha et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Assertive interventions; Days in hospital; Developing countries; Readmission rates	adult; article; assertiveness; clinical article; community; control group; controlled study; developing country; female; follow up; group therapy; health care delivery; hospital readmission; hospitalization; human; intervention study; male; mental health service; patient care; randomized controlled trial; schizophrenia; South Africa; adolescent; deinstitutionalization; hospital readmission; middle aged; schizophrenia; statistics and numerical data; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Community Mental Health Services; Deinstitutionalization; Developing Countries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Readmission; Schizophrenia; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865257808	Monitoring and evaluation of the activities of trainees in the 'training of trainers' workshop at Ibadan, south-west Nigeria	Makanjuola V., Doku V., Jenkins R., Gureje O.	2012	Mental Health in Family Medicine	9	1	None	Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; WHO Collaborating Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom	Makanjuola, V., Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Doku, V., Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Jenkins, R., WHO Collaborating Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Like most low- and middle-income countries, Nigeria has a huge treatment gap for mental disorders. The World Health Organization has proposed the integration of mental health care into primary health service delivery as one of the ways to bridge this treatment gap. Studies have shown an immediate positive impact of mental health training for primary care workers. We evaluated the impact of training on the tutors of primary care workers approximately 12 months after the training. Method: Anintensive five-day training workshop for college teachers of mental health in community health officer (CHO) training institutions in south-west Nigeria was conducted in January 2009. Four of the 24 participants were randomly selected for evaluation of the impact of training on their activities approximately 12 months after the workshop. Qualitative methods were used, namely in-depth interviews, direct observation of classroom teaching by the participants and focus group discussion with their students. Results: The participants interviewed reported a positive impact of the 'training of trainers' (TOT) workshopontheir mental health course teaching. Direct observation of four participants revealed that three of them exhibited a high fidelity with the TOT course material and imbibed the teaching techniques advocated. The tutors' students also reported an improvement in the quality of their mental health classes. Conclusion: The training had an overall positive impact on the activities of the trainees approximately one year after the workshop. © 2012 Radcliffe Publishing.	Community health workers; Mental heath training; Positive impact	adult; article; college; female; health care personnel; human; interview; male; medical education; mental health care; monitoring; Nigeria; participant observation; primary medical care; qualitative analysis; randomization; workshop	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865215031	Impact of a one-week intensive 'training of trainers' workshop for community health workers in south-west Nigeria	Makanjuola V., Doku V., Jenkins R., Gureje O.	2012	Mental Health in Family Medicine	9	1	None	Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; WHO Collaborating Centre, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom	Makanjuola, V., Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Doku, V., Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Jenkins, R., WHO Collaborating Centre, United Kingdom, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: There is a huge unmet need for mental health services in low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. It has been suggested that one way of bridging the service gap is to plan for the effective integration of mental health services into primary care. We present the impact of a one-week training workshop on attitudes to and knowledge of mental health issues among the tutors of community health workers. Method: An intensive one-week training workshop was organised for 24 trainers of community health officers from eight Nigerian states. The package was designed for the training of primary care workers in low-income countries by one of the authors (RJ). Participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess knowledge of and attitudes to mental health issues before and on completion of the training. Results: There were 24 participants with a mean age of 47 years (SD ± 4.89). Eighteen (75%) of the participants were female. The overall assessment of knowledge of mental health issues increased from a mean score of 60.4% before training to a mean score of 73.7% after the training (t-test = 4.48, P = 0.001). Conclusion: We reported a significant improvement in the knowledge and attitudes of tutors of community health workers following an intensive one-week training workshop. This, we believe, should improve the quality of pre-service mental health training for community health workers and hopefully impact on mental health service delivery at the primary healthcare level. © 2012 Radcliffe Publishing.	Community health workers; Long-term impact; Training of trainers	adult; article; attitude to mental illness; female; health auxiliary; health personnel attitude; human; knowledge; lowest income group; male; mental health service; Nigeria; primary health care; questionnaire; training; workshop	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43449104760	The profile analysis of attempted-suicide patients referred to Pelonomi Hospital for psychological evaluation and treatment from 1 May 2005 to 30 April 2006	du Toit E.H., Kruger J.M., Swiegers S.M., van der Merwe M., Calilz F.J.W., Philane L., Joubert G.	2008	South African Journal of Psychiatry	14	1	None	Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	du Toit, E.H., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Kruger, J.M., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Swiegers, S.M., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van der Merwe, M., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Calilz, F.J.W., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Philane, L., Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, G., Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background. Suicide is an increasing phenomenon worldwide. A suicide occurs every 40 seconds, and there is 1 attempt every 1 to 3 seconds. By 2020, these figures may have doubled. No accurate statistics regarding the occurrence of attempted suicide (or non-fatal suicidal behaviour) in South Africa exist, because there has been no systematic data collection. Aim. The aim of the study was to determine the profile of patients who had attempted suicide and were referred to Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein, for psychological evaluation and treatment during the period 1 May 2005 to 30 April 2006. Method. A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted. The study population comprised 258 attempted-suicide patients referred to Pelonomi Hospital for psychological evaluation and treatment. A data form was compiled to transfer the relevant information from patients' clinical files. Results. The majority of patients were female (68.9%). The median age was 22 years. The most common method used in suicide attempts was drug overdose (66%) - mostly antidepressants (19.7%)) and analgesics (8.2%). More females than males overdosed on drugs (p=0.0103). The main precipitating factors included problematic relationships (55.4%), financial problems (22.9%), psychiatric problems (22.1%), arguments (19.8%), abuse (emotional, sexual, physical - 18.2%), low self-esteem/ worthlessness/hopelessness/humiliation (16.7%), and recent life changes (13.2%). Conclusion. The aim of the study was to determine the profile of patients who had attempted suicide. Possible factors associated with suicide attempts in our sample were identified and summarised in the form of a screening checklist. The value of the checklist is that it can be used as a screening method to identify possible suicide risk in patients.	None	analgesic agent; antidepressant agent; adult; alcohol abuse; article; controlled study; demography; drug abuse; drug overdose; emotional disorder; female; fighting; high risk population; hopelessness; human; institutional care; life event; major clinical study; male; medical information; medical record; mental disease; mental health care; poverty; psychologic assessment; retrospective study; risk factor; sex difference; sexual abuse; social problem; socioeconomics; South Africa; suicide attempt; treatment duration; unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877739095	Evaluation of toxic effects of lambdacyhalothrin on the haematology and selected biochemical parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus	Yekeen T.A., Fawole O.O., Bakare A.A.	2013	Zoology and Ecology	23	1	10.1080/21658005.2013.767613	Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Yekeen, T.A., Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Fawole, O.O., Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Bakare, A.A., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The potential acute and chronic toxic effects of lambdacyhalothrin (LCT) on African catfish Clarias gariepinus were evaluated. Lethal concentrations (LC) were determined using 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 ppm of LCT. Haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated on fish treated with 0.001, 0.005, 0.010 and 0.025 ppm of LCT. Blood samples were collected on the 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day of exposure and 60th day of recovery. Fish treated with LCT showed behavioural abnormalities compared to the control, which included reduced swimming activity, loss of equilibrium, vertical hanging and air gulping. The LC50 values of LCT were 0.571, 0.380, 0.337 and 0.325 ppm at the exposure time of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. Significant reductions (p≤0.05) were observed in the packed cell volume, red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration values in exposed fish. Initial increase in the value of the white blood cell count was observed, which later declined. Serum glucose increased significantly (p≤0.05), while globulin decreased significantly. Albumin did not show any significant difference among tested concentrations. The results revealed that the emulsifiable concentrate form of LCT caused reduction in haematological and biochemical parameters of C. gariepinus. The data obtained in this study provide more information on the potential impacts of LCT on non-target organisms and thus will assist in future ecotoxicological evaluations. Copyright © 2013 Nature Research Centre.	Biochemical; Clarias gariepinus; Haematology; Lambdacyhalothrin; Protein	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649258471	Three dimensional spatial perception and academic performance in engineering graphics: A longitudinal investigation	Potter C., Kaufman W., Delacour J., Mokone M., Van Merwe E.D., Fridjhon P.	2009	South African Journal of Psychology	39	1	None	Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Potter, C., Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kaufman, W., Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Delacour, J., Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mokone, M., Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Merwe, E.D., School of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fridjhon, P., School of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	In this paper we examine the longitudinal relationship between three dimensional spatial perception and pass rates in engineering graphics, a course requiring ability to use visualisation in engineering drawing and design. Our studies have focused on the development and evaluation of high imagery course materials for engineering students, providing evidence of gains in three dimensional spatial perception in response to this type of instruction. These findings are consistent over a twenty year period, and suggest that abilities to use perception and mental imagery are not fixed or culturally exclusive abilities, but respond to instruction and mediation. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.	Cognitive processes; Mental imagery; Perception; Spatial ability; Technical education; Visualization	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949819390	The impact of an interim protection order (domestic violence act 116 of 1998) on the victims of domestic violence	Vogt T., Greeff A.P.	2010	Families in Society	91	1	10.1606/1044-3894.3958	Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Vogt, T., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Greeff, A.P., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	The primary objectives of this study were to determine the impact of the interim protection order (IPO) on the nature and extent of domestic violence, the general well-being of the victims of domestic violence, and the efficiency of the application procedure for the IPO. A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design was used on an experimental (n = 884) and a control (n = 125) group. The results indicated that the IPO had a significant impact on certain aspects of physical, psychological, and social well-being and in some areas of domestic violence. The IPO did not have a significant impact on the participants' experiences of their personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental well-being. Application procedures were found to be satisfactory in most areas. © 2010 Alliance for Children and Families.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939965653	Social Change in Mongolia and South Africa: The Impact of Relative Deprivation Trajectory and Group Status on Well-Being and Adjustment to Change	de la Sablonnière R., Tougas F., Taylor D.M., Crush J., McDonald D., Perenlei O.R.	2015	Social Justice Research	28	1	10.1007/s11211-015-0236-8	Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia	de la Sablonnière, R., Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Tougas, F., University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Taylor, D.M., McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Crush, J., Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; McDonald, D., Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Perenlei, O.R., National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia	During times of profound social change, people’s psychological well-being is related to their assessment of their path from the past to the future [temporal relative deprivation (RD)]. A first survey conducted in Mongolia (n = 480) and data from a representative population survey conducted in South Africa (n = 2,711) are used to explore whether the status of one’s group during a time of dramatic social change moderates the relationship between temporal RD and well-being. Black South Africans and Mongolians (low-status group members) reported the highest well-being if they reported RD levels would decrease over time (even higher than group members who reported low but steady levels of RD). However, White South Africans (high-status group members) reported the lowest levels of well-being if they reported high and steady levels of RD (even in comparison with group members who reported that RD levels would increase over time). The implications of these different patterns and directions for future research are proposed. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Relative deprivation; Resilience; Social change; Status; Well-being	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929273115	Does forgiveness mediate the impact of school bullying on adolescent mental health?	Van Rensburg E.J., Raubenheimer J.	2015	Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health	27	1	10.2989/17280583.2014.955502	Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Humanities Building, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Van Rensburg, E.J., Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Humanities Building, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa; Raubenheimer, J., Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Objective: The link between both bullying and victimisation and psychopathology has been well established. Forgiveness has been associated with better mental health. However, few studies have examined the relationship between adolescent forgiveness, psychopathology and bullying/ victimisation. This study investigated forgiveness as a mediator of the adverse mental health problems experienced by bullies and victims of bullying. Method: Participants were 355 Year 10 or Year 11 pupils (age = 14.9 years) from two British secondary schools in 2007, who completed self-administered measures on bullying and victimisation, mental health, forgiveness of self and others, and forgivingness. The mediating influence of forgiveness on the impact of bullying/victimisation on mental health was tested with a structural equation model. Results: Data from 55.6% of the 639 eligible pupils were analysed. Results confirmed an association between bullying/victimisation, forgiveness and psychopathology. Forgiveness scores were found to play a mediating role between bullying/victimisation and psychopathology. Conclusions: Victimised adolescents who were better able to forgive themselves were more likely to report lower levels of psychopathology, while bullying adolescents who were unable to forgive others were more likely to report higher levels of psychopathology. This suggests a greater role for forgiveness within future research, intervention and policy on bullying. Forgiveness can form a valuable part of preventative and educational anti-bullying programmes. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	adolescent; Article; bullying; female; forgiveness; high school; human; male; mental disease; mental health; prevalence; self esteem; adolescent health; bullying; crime victim; forgiveness; Mental Disorders; physiology; psychology; school; statistics and numerical data; United Kingdom; Adolescent; Adolescent Health; Bullying; Crime Victims; Female; Forgiveness; Great Britain; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Schools	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44349185649	Students' evaluations of the use of e-learning in a collaborative project between two South African universities	Rohleder P., Bozalek V., Carolissen R., Leibowitz B., Swartz L.	2008	Higher Education	56	1	10.1007/s10734-007-9091-3	Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, South Africa	Rohleder, P., Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Bozalek, V., Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Carolissen, R., Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Leibowitz, B., Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Swartz, L., Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, South Africa	Online learning is increasingly being used in Higher Education, with a number of advantages to online learning being identified. One of these advantages is the suggestion that online learning provides for equality of opportunity. This article reports on students' evaluations of the use of e-learning in a collaborative project between two South African universities. The results highlighted both positive and negative evaluations of the use of e-learning. The positive aspects identified were that e-learning provided for ease of communication between parties, and easy access to information and learning material. Negative aspects identified were that it presented some technical challenges; online communication was disjointed; there was unequal access to computers between students from the two universities; students felt that more face-to-face interaction is needed. The issue of unequal access to computers and the internet is highlighted as a crucial issue for e-learning in the South African context, and for the fostering of a democratising educational discourse. © 2007 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.	Collaborative learning; Democratic learning; E-learning; Higher education; South Africa; Students	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955993153	The influence of mode of test administration on test performance	Bhoola-Patel A., Laher S.	2011	Journal of Psychology in Africa	21	1	None	Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa	Bhoola-Patel, A., Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa; Laher, S., Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa	This study examined the influence of mode of test administration (paper based or computer-based) on anxiety leveis and test performance. Participants were 44 learners (males = 22, females = 22) from three schools in Johannesburg, South Africa who completed both a computer and paper version of the Differential Aptitude Test - Form K Non-Verbal Reasoning test, the Computer Attitude Scale, the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale and Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale. Test anxiety was significantly related to both computer and paper based testing. Copyright © 2011 Journal of Psychology in Africa.	Computer anxiety; Computer attitudes; Computerised testing; Paper-and-pencil testing; Test anxiety	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896784952	Evaluation of heart rhythm coherence feedback training on physiological and psychological variables	Edwards S.D.	2014	South African Journal of Psychology	44	1	10.1177/0081246313516255	Department of Psychology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa	Edwards, S.D., Department of Psychology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa	HeartMath refers to a psychophysiological approach dedicated to helping people establish heartbased living and global coherence through heart rate variability training, especially through heart rhythm coherence feedback. This study investigated the influence of emWave2 heart rhythm coherence feedback learning on standardized measures of physiological coherence, sense of coherence, health, mindfulness, and spirituality perceptions, as experienced and evaluated by a small convenience sample of 10 participants. Six women and four men with a mean age of 44.8 years and an age range from 23 to 78 years completed at least five emWave2 biofeedback sessions, with a mean of 10 sessions and a range from 5 to 15 sessions. Quantitative findings indicated significant improvements on all standardized measures. Qualitative findings indicated meaningful experiences and positive evaluations of the workshop. Integrative findings are discussed in relation to previous and future research. © The Author(s) 2013.	Biofeedback; Health; Heart rhythm; Mindfulness; Physiological coherence; Sense of coherence; Spirituality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868650564	The impact of primary healthcare in reducing inequalities in child health outcomes, Bogotá - Colombia: An ecological analysis	Mosquera P.A., Hernández J., Vega R., Martínez J., Labonte R., Sanders D., San Sebastián M.	2012	International Journal for Equity in Health	11	1	10.1186/1475-9276-11-66	Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden; Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, P Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Mosquera, P.A., Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden, Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Hernández, J., Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Vega, R., Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Martínez, J., Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Labonte, R., Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Sanders, D., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, P Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; San Sebastián, M., Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden	Background: Colombia is one of the countries with the widest levels of socioeconomic and health inequalities. Bogotá, its capital, faces serious problems of poverty, social disparities and access to health services. A Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy was implemented in 2004 to improve health care and to address the social determinants of such inequalities. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the PHC strategy to reducing inequalities in child health outcomes in Bogotá. Methods. An ecological analysis with localities as the unit of analysis was carried out. The variable used to capture the socioeconomic status and living standards was the Quality of Life Index (QLI). Concentration curves and concentration indices for four child health outcomes (infant mortality rate (IMR), under-5 mortality rate, prevalence of acute malnutrition in children under-5, and vaccination coverage for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) were calculated to measure socioeconomic inequality. Two periods were used to describe possible changes in the magnitude of the inequalities related with the PHC implementation (2003 year before - 2007 year after implementation). The contribution of the PHC intervention was computed by a decomposition analysis carried out on data from 2007. Results: In both 2003 and 2007, concentration curves and indexes of IMR, under-5 mortality rate and acute malnutrition showed inequalities to the disadvantage of localities with lower QLI. Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccinations were more prevalent among localities with higher QLI in 2003 but were higher in localities with lower QLI in 2007. The variation of the concentration index between 2003 and 2007 indicated reductions in inequality for all of the indicators in the period after the PHC implementation. In 2007, PHC was associated with a reduction in the effect of the inequality that affected disadvantaged localities in under-5 mortality (24%), IMR (19%) and acute malnutrition (7%). PHC also contributed approximately 20% to inequality in DPT coverage, favoring the poorer localities. Conclusion: The PHC strategy developed in Bogotá appears to be contributing to reductions of the inequality associated with socioeconomic and living conditions in child health outcomes. © 2012 Mosquera et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Bogotá; Concentration index; Decomposition; Health status disparities; Inequality; Primary health care	diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; child health; health services; health status; implementation process; malnutrition; mortality; quality of life; socioeconomic status; vaccination; article; child; child health; Colombia; diphtheria; human; malnutrition; mortality; outcome assessment; pertussis; preschool child; prevalence; primary health care; priority journal; quality of life; school child; social status; tetanus; vaccination; Adolescent; Child; Child Mortality; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Colombia; Family Characteristics; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Primary Health Care; Quality of Life; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; Colombia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39449103633	Household burden of malaria in South Africa and Mozambique: Is there a catastrophic impact?	Castillo-Riquelme M., McIntyre D., Barnes K.	2008	Tropical Medicine and International Health	13	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01979.x	Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Castillo-Riquelme, M., Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; McIntyre, D., Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Barnes, K., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objectives: To evaluate treatment-seeking behaviour, financial impact and time lost due to malaria events, in southern Mozambique and eastern South Africa. Methods: In-depth household surveys (828 in Mozambique and 827 in South Africa) were analysed. An asset index was calculated using principal component analysis to allow comparison across socio-economic groups. Direct costs of seeking care and the time lost due to malaria were determined. The extent of catastrophic payments was assessed using as thresholds the traditional 10% of household income and 40% of non-food income, as recently recommended by WHO. Results: Poverty was highly prevalent: 70% of the South African and 95% of Mozambican households studied lived on less than $1 per capita per day. Around 97% of those with recent malaria sought healthcare, mainly in public facilities. Out-of-pocket household expenditure per malaria episode averaged $2.30 in South Africa and $6.50 in Mozambique. Analysis at the individual household level found that 32-34% of households in Mozambique, compared with 9-13% of households in South Africa, incurred catastrophic payments for malaria episodes. Results based on mean values underestimated the prevalence of catastrophic payments. Days off work/school were higher in Mozambique. Conclusions: The high rate of health seeking in public health facilities seems unusual in the African context, which bodes well for high coverage with artemisinin-based combinations, even if only deployed within the public sector. However, despite no or modest charges for public sector primary healthcare, households frequently incur catastrophic expenditure on a single malaria episode. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Catastrophic payments; Health-seeking behaviour; Malaria; Sub-Saharan Africa	comparative study; health care; health expenditure; household expenditure; household income; household survey; malaria; poverty; article; child; disease surveillance; health care cost; health care facility; help seeking behavior; human; income; malaria; Mozambique; poverty; principal component analysis; socioeconomics; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Antimalarials; Catastrophic Illness; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost of Illness; Episode of Care; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Expenditures; Humans; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Mozambique; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Poverty; Public Sector; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Africa; Mozambique; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930614177	Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in rural Uganda: Modelling effectiveness and impact of scaling-up PMTCT services	Larsson E.C., Ekström A.M., Pariyo G., Tomson G., Sarowar M., Baluka R., Galiwango E., Thorson A.E.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.26308	Department of Public Health Sciences Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Deptartment of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Iganga, Uganda; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (MMC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden	Larsson, E.C., Department of Public Health Sciences Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Ekström, A.M., Department of Public Health Sciences Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Pariyo, G., Deptartment of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda, Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Iganga, Uganda; Tomson, G., Department of Public Health Sciences Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (MMC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sarowar, M., Department of Public Health Sciences Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Baluka, R., Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Iganga, Uganda; Galiwango, E., Deptartment of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda, Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Iganga, Uganda; Thorson, A.E., Department of Public Health Sciences Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden	Background: The reported coverage of any antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) has increased in sub-Saharan Africa in recent years, but was still only 60% in 2010. However, the coverage estimate is subject to overestimations since it only considers enrolment and not completion of the PMTCT programme. The PMTCT programme is complex as it builds on a cascade of sequential interventions that should take place to reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV: starting with antenatal care (ANC), HIV testing, and ARVs for the woman and the baby. Objective: The objective was to estimate the number of children infected with HIV in a district population, using empirical data on uptake of PMTCT components combined with data on MTCT rates. Design: This study is based on a population-based cohort of pregnant women recruited in the Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in rural Uganda 2008-2010. We later modelled different scenarios assuming increased uptake of specific PMTCTcomponents to estimate the impact on MTCT for each scenario. Results: In this setting, HIV infections in children could be reduced by 28% by increasing HIV testing capacity at health facilities to ensure 100% testing among women seeking ANC. Providing ART to all women who received ARV prophylaxis would give an 18% MTCT reduction. Conclusions: Our results highlight the urgency in scaling-up universal access to HIV testing at all ANC facilities, and the potential gains of early enrolment of all pregnant women on antiretroviral treatment for PMTCT. Further, to determine the effectiveness of PMTCT programmes in different settings, it is crucial to analyse at what stages of the PMTCT cascade that dropouts occur to target interventions accordingly. © 2015 Elin C. Larsson et al.	Cohort; Effectiveness; HIV; Population-based; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940654698	Impact of an integrated community case management programme on uptake of appropriate diarrhoea and pneumonia treatments in Uganda: A propensity score matching and equity analysis study	Nanyonjo A., Ssekitooleko J., Counihan H., Makumbi F., Tomson G., Källander K.	2015	International Journal for Equity in Health	14	1	10.1186/s12939-015-0202-y	Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden; Malaria Consortium Uganda Office, Plot 25, Upper East Naguru, P.O. Box 8045Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard StreetLondon, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, New Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7062Kampala, Uganda; Medical Management Centre (MMC), Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden	Nanyonjo, A., Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden, Malaria Consortium Uganda Office, Plot 25, Upper East Naguru, P.O. Box 8045Kampala, Uganda; Ssekitooleko, J., Malaria Consortium Uganda Office, Plot 25, Upper East Naguru, P.O. Box 8045Kampala, Uganda; Counihan, H., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard StreetLondon, United Kingdom; Makumbi, F., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, New Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7062Kampala, Uganda; Tomson, G., Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden, Medical Management Centre (MMC), Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Källander, K., Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Floor 4Stockholm, Sweden, Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard StreetLondon, United Kingdom, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, New Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7062Kampala, Uganda	Introduction: Pneumonia and diarrhoea disproportionately affect children in resource-poor settings. Integrated community case management (iCCM) involves community health workers treating diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria. Studies on impact of iCCM on appropriate treatment and its effects on equity in access to the same are limited. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of integrated community case management (iCCM) as the first point of care on uptake of appropriate treatment for children with a classification of pneumonia (cough and fast breathing) and/or diarrhoea and to measure the magnitude and distribution of socioeconomic status related inequality in use of iCCM. Methods: Following introduction of iCCM, data from cross-sectional household surveys were examined for socioeconomic inequalities in uptake of treatment and use of iCCM among children with a classification of pneumonia or diarrhoea using the Erreygers' corrected concentration index (CCI). Propensity score matching methods were used to estimate the average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) for children treated under the iCCM programme with recommended antibiotics for pneumonia, and ORS plus or minus zinc for diarrhoea. Findings: Overall, more children treated under iCCM received appropriate antibiotics for pneumonia (ATT = 34.7 %, p < 0.001) and ORS for diarrhoea (ATT = 41.2 %, p < 0.001) compared to children not attending iCCM. No such increase was observed for children receiving ORS-zinc combination (ATT = -0.145, p < 0.05). There were no obvious inequalities in the uptake of appropriate treatment for pneumonia among the poorest and least poor (CCI = -0.070; SE = 0.083). Receiving ORS for diarrhoea was more prevalent among the least poor groups (CCI = 0.199; SE = 0.118). The use of iCCM for pneumonia was more prevalent among the poorest groups (CCI = -0.099; SE = 0.073). The use of iCCM for diarrhoea was not significantly different among the poorest and least poor (CCI = -0.073; SE = 0.085). Conclusion: iCCM is a potentially equitable strategy that significantly increased the uptake of appropriate antibiotic treatment for pneumonia and ORS for diarrhoea, but not the uptake of zinc for diarrhoea. For maximum impact, interventions increasing zinc uptake should be considered when scaling up iCCM programmes. © 2015 Nanyonjo et al.	Diarrhoea; Equity; Integrated community case management; Pneumonia; Treatment	antibiotic agent; oral rehydration solution; zinc; child health; community health worker; diarrheal disease; disease prevalence; disease treatment; equity; household survey; pneumonia; public health; socioeconomic status; antibiotic therapy; Article; community care; diarrhea; drug efficacy; drug response; health care delivery; health care disparity; integrated community case management; pneumonia; prevalence; priority journal; scoring system; social status; treatment indication; Uganda	OPP1002407, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053475898	Impact of antiretroviral therapy on fertility desires among HIV-infected persons in rural Uganda	Kipp W., Heys J., Jhangri G.S., Alibhai A., Rubaale T.	2011	Reproductive Health	8	1	10.1186/1742-4755-8-27	Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Kabarole District Health Department, P.O. Box 27, Fort Portal, Uganda	Kipp, W., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Heys, J., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Jhangri, G.S., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alibhai, A., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Rubaale, T., Kabarole District Health Department, P.O. Box 27, Fort Portal, Uganda	Background: Little is known about the fertility desires of HIV infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In order to contribute more knowledge to this topic we conducted a study to determine if HIV-infected persons on HAART have different fertility desires compared to persons not on HAART, and if the knowledge about HIV transmission from mother-to-child is different in the two groups. Methods. The study was a cross-sectional survey comparing two groups of HIV-positive participants: those who were on HAART and those who were not. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 199 HIV patients living in a rural area of western Uganda. The desire for future children was measured by the question in the questionnaire "Do you want more children in future." The respondents' HAART status was derived from the interviews and verified using health records. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze the relationship between HAART treatment status and the desire for future children. Results: Results from the multivariate logistic regression model indicated an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.08 (95% CI 0.40-2.90) for those on HAART wanting more children (crude OR 1.86, 95% CI 0.82-4.21). Statistically significant predictors for desiring more children were younger age, having a higher number of living children and male sex. Knowledge of the risks for mother-to-child-transmission of HIV was similar in both groups. Conclusions: The conclusions from this study are that the HAART treatment status of HIV patients did not influence the desire for children. The non-significant association between the desire for more children and the HAART treatment status could be caused by a lack of knowledge in HIV-infected persons/couples about the positive impact of HAART in reducing HIV transmission from mother-to-child. We recommend that the health care system ensures proper training of staff and appropriate communication to those living with HIV as well as to the general community. © 2011 Kipp et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	family planning; fertility desires; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS; knowledge; mother-to-child-transmission; peri-natal transmission; resource-limited setting; Uganda	adult; article; comparative study; female; fertility; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; knowledge; major clinical study; male; perception; risk assessment; rural area; semi structured interview; Uganda; vertical transmission; adolescent; attitude to health; behavior; clinical trial; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; family size; health; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; multicenter study; psychological aspect; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; statistics; vertical transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Intention; Male; Reproductive Behavior; Rural Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67651119926	In vivo evaluation of anti-malarial activity of three medicinal plants used in South Eastern Nigeria	Oparaocha E.T., Okorie C.	2009	Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants	15	1	10.1080/10496470902797914	Department of Public Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Oparaocha, E.T., Department of Public Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Okorie, C., Department of Biological Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Aqueous extracts of the stem bark, fruit pericarp, seeds, and leaves of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.; the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri L.; and the leaves of Euphorbia hirta L. were tested for anti-plasmodial activity using albino mice. The stem bark, fruit pericarp, seed, and leaves of P. macrophylla showed no antimalarial activity, even at high doses of 100 mg/kg of body weight, whereas P. niruri and E. hirta demonstrated significant (p . 05) antiplasmodial activity in mice at a low dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. The percentage reduction of parasitemia exhibited by P. nururi was significantly higher (p .05) than the reduction after treatment with E. hirta, and relatively comparable to reductions observed with that of chloroquine. Mean survival time of the infected mice treated with P. niruri was higher than that of similar mice treated with the other extracts. This study infers that extracts of P. niruri and E. hirta can be used by local communities of South Eastern Nigeria to treat malaria.	Ethnomedicine; Euphorbia hirta; Pentaclethra macrophylla; Phyllanthus niruri; Plant extract	chloroquine; Euphorbia extract; Euphorbia hirta extract; pentaclethra macrophylla extract; Phyllanthus niruri extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antimicrobial activity; malaria; medicinal plant; plant extract; rodent; survival; animal experiment; antimalarial activity; article; body weight; clinical evaluation; controlled study; drug efficacy; drug megadose; female; in vivo study; low drug dose; malaria; male; medicinal plant; mouse; Nigeria; nonhuman; parasitemia; pericarp; plant leaf; plant seed; plant stem; reduction; survival time; traditional medicine; Chamaesyce hirta; Mus; Pentaclethra macrophylla; Phyllanthus niruri	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907915448	Grey-scale sonographic evaluation of portal vein diameter in healthy Nigerian adults	Adeyekun A.A., Tsebi H.B.	2014	Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research	13	1	None	Department of RadioIogy, University of Benin-Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin-City, Nigeria	Adeyekun, A.A., Department of RadioIogy, University of Benin-Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin-City, Nigeria; Tsebi, H.B., Department of RadioIogy, University of Benin-Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin-City, Nigeria	To determine, by grey scale ultrasonography, normal portal vein diameter among healthy adults in Benin-City, Nigeria and correlate the values with age, gender and body mass index. This was a cross sectional ultrasound study of 250 randomly selected healthy subjects, under fasting conditions. Subjects with history of jaundice, alcoholism and liver disease were excluded. A 3.5MHz curvilinear transducer was used in scanning the selected subjects. Portal vein diameter was measured at its broadest part, distal to the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. Two hundred and fifty apparently healthy subjects were assessed, comprising of 53 males (21.2%), and 197 females (78.8%). Portal vein diameter ranged from 6-14mm, with a mean value of 10.3±1.5mm. The mean value for males was 10.5 ± 1.5mm, and, for females 10.2 ±1.3mm. There was no significant correlation between measured values and age, gender and body mass index. The range of measurements obtained in this study has provided reference values for portal vein diameter in our environment. Thus, objective assessment of changes in portal vein diameter as may occur in some disease conditions such as portal hypertension can be made. © CMS UNIBEN JMBR.	Benin-City; Portal vein diameter; Ultrasonography	adult; age; aged; Article; body mass; cross-sectional study; diet restriction; echography; female; gender; grey scale ultrasonography; human; male; Nigeria; Nigerian; obesity; portal vein; ultrasound transducer; underweight; vein diameter; very elderly	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923091825	Economic globalization and economic performance dynamics: Some new empirical evidence from Nigeria	Verter N., Osakwe C.N.	2015	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	6	1	10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1p87	Department of Regional and Business Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Nigeria; Management and Economics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nigeria	Verter, N., Department of Regional and Business Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Nigeria; Osakwe, C.N., Management and Economics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nigeria	The study focuses on the macro-economic impact of leading economic globalization indicators on the Nigerian economy, during the period from 1980 to 2012. The findings from this study lend credence to the FDI-led growth hypothesis in developing economies. Moreover, migrants’ remittances inflow was found to be positively associated with economic performance, albeit in the short-run only. In contrast, the KOF dimension of economic globalization index (ECGI) was found to have an adverse effect on economic performance in the long-run and equally showed proof of a negative relationship in the short-run even though it was statistically insignificant. Similarly, real effective exchange rate and trade openness were found to be statistically insignificant in the short-run and long-run. Policy makers in Nigeria should endeavour to create robust legislation and credible institutional frameworks that would not only encourage more capital flows into the shores of Nigeria, but also would protect the country’s ‘interest’ in the midst of ongoing economic globalization. © 2015 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. All rights received.	ARDL approach; Cointegration; Development; Economic growth; FDI	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929335341	Considering the impact of amicus curiae participation on feminist litigation strategy	Spies A.	2015	South African Journal on Human Rights	31	1	None	Department of Public, Constitutional and International Law, College of Law, University of South Africa, South Africa	Spies, A., Department of Public, Constitutional and International Law, College of Law, University of South Africa, South Africa	Amici curiae participation plays an important role in litigation and judicial decision-making. The public interest nature of these participations has become particularly important in representing the point of view of those who might be affected by a judgment which could influence the outcome of a decision. Employing amicus curiae participation as specific litigation strategy is of importance in promoting litigation from a feminist and gendered viewpoint allowing feminist method to be employed in constructing effective legal arguments. © 2015, Juta and Co ltd. All rights reserved.	Amicus curiae participation; Feminist method; Litigation strategy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888225341	Spermatotoxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic evaluation of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum in albino mice	Akinboro A., Bakare A.A.	2013	Open Access Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants	4	1	None	Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Environmental Unit, Department of Pure and Appl	Akinboro, A., Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Bakare, A.A., Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Environmental Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) is an alternative medicine as well as food condiment in African and Asian countries. Information on its safe consumption is important considering its wide utilization. The potential effects of aqueous extract of this plant on cell division, chromosome structure and sperm morphology in mice were investigated. The Inductions of chromosomal aberrations and abnormal sperm cells were not dose dependent. However, these were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) in male mice at 8% and at all concentrations except at 10% for the bone marrow metaphase and sperm morphology tests, respectively. Aberrant sperm cell in form of tail folded over head was observed most. These observations suggest possible mutagenic activity of the aqueous extract of O. gratissimum in albino mice.	Aqueous extract; Chromosome; Mitotic index; Ocimum gratissimum; Sperm cells	cyclophosphamide; Ocimum gratissimum extract; albino; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; aqueous solution; article; bone marrow cell; chromosome aberration; concentration (parameters); cytotoxicity; female; genotoxicity; male; metaphase chromosome; mouse; mutagenic activity; nonhuman; semen abnormality; spermatozoon abnormality; spermatozoon head; spermatozoon tail	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897383318	Toxicological evaluation of Melocia corchorifolia leaves (L.) fed to albino rat	Umar K.J., Hassan L.G., Dangoggo S.M., Maigandi S.A., Sani N.A., Dogonyaro A.I.	2014	International Journal of Biological Chemistry	8	1	10.3923/ijbc.2014.48.57	Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; College of Science and Technology, Department of Science, Sokoto St	Umar, K.J., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Hassan, L.G., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Dangoggo, S.M., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Maigandi, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Sani, N.A., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Dogonyaro, A.I., College of Science and Technology, Department of Science, Sokoto State Polytechnic, Sokoto, Nigeria	Wild leafy vegetables are widely eaten in developing countries and serves as nutrient supplements. The present study examined the effect of feeding albino rats with 75% Melocia corchorifolia leaves with respect to their body weight, liver and kidney biochemical, haematological and histological response. Results showed that the rats fed with M. corchorifolia leaves experience decrease in body weight compared to the control group. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), platelets, Mean Carpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Carpuseular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Carpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) and leukocyte (lymphocyte, neutophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) differential counts were not significantly (p>0.05) different between control and treatment. Similarly, serum total protein, globulin and bilirubin were not significantly different, but that of albumin was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the treatment than control group. The serum enzyme activities, i.e., aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in sample treatment than the control; which is an indication of organ toxicity by cellular destruction induced by the phyto-toxin present in the fed. Renal function indices-serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and electrolytes were not significantly different (p>0.05) between control and treatment. The results of this study showed that Melocia corchorifolia leaves have a relatively low or no toxicity profile. © 2014 Academic Journals Inc.	Albino rat; Haematology; Histology; Melocia corchorifolia; Serum biochemistry; Toxicity; Vegetables	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953010709	Impact of environmental cadmium, lead, copper and zinc on quality of goat meat in Nigeria	Okoye C.O.B., Ugwu J.N.	2010	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	24	1	None	Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Okoye, C.O.B., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ugwu, J.N., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	This study evaluated the levels of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in the muscles and edible offal's of goat bred from Nigeria. The samples were digested with a 3:1 mixture of HCl and HNO3 and analysed with a Unicam Solar 32 AAS. The results obtained expressed in mgkg-1 showed that kidney had the highest mean concentration of 0.83 ranging from 0.07-3.08 for cadmium, 0.53 from nd-0.63 for lead; while liver had 134.02 ranging from 26.36-398.16 for copper and muscle 131.55 from nd-417.00 for zinc. Most of the samples studied were found to have these metals above the permissible limits set by some regulatory bodies. Pearson's correlation analysis showed significant correlation (p &lt; 0.01) between the metal levels in the heart and kidney, an indication of common source of contamination. The meat quality was found to be impaired by high levels of Zn, Cu and Cd and Indicates widespread contamination of the environment by these trace metals. © 2010 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Edible offal's; Environmental impact; Goat muscles; Heavy metals	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907911578	Evaluation of the effects of oxytocin and diethylstilboestrol on mouse oestrous cycle unsing an index	Beauty E.-O.U., Evi B.E.	2014	Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research	13	1	None	Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, PMB. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Beauty, E.-O.U., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, PMB. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Evi, B.E., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, PMB. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	The reproductive cycle depends on physiological changes which are controlled by the endocrine system and is therefore responsible for reproduction. The reproductive cycle and functions of female mammals can be altered by several drugs acting either directly or indirectly on activities of the female sex hormones. Oxytocin (OT) and Diethylstilboestral (DES) are known to modulate the ovulation induction processes; however, their effects on cytological and morphological alterations of the reproductive organs (vagina, uterus and mammary glands) at different phases of the reproductive cycle are yet to be investigated, This study was therefore aimed at the comparative analysis of exogenously administered oxytocin at several concentrations and the simultaneous comparison with diethylsttiboestrol on cytological and morphological parameters using modified methods of oestrous measurement in adult female mice. Evaluation was performed via macroscopic examination of animals as well as by microscopic examination of vaginal smears for cytological changes before and after drug administration. The treatment was carried out for 21 days at 4-5 day intervals. Diethylstilboestrol showed significant dose-related changes in both methods of measurement. DES (0.1 mg(kg) induced oestrous significantly (p<0.05) as observed in the increase in vaginal opening, colour, moisture, as well as abdominal distension and cornification of the epithelial cells while 0.2 mg/kg DES displayed a more significant oestrous induction (p <0.01) which resulted in frill cornificat ion of the epithelial cells. Oxytocin at doses of 12 flJ/kg and 24 ILY/kg did not induce statistically significant changes in this study. This study thus serves to update and. contribute to current knowledge on the roles of oxytocin and DES on the reproductive cycle. © CMS UNIBEN JMBR.	Cytology; Morphology; Oestrous; Oestrous index; Reproductive cycle	diethylstilbestrol; oxytocin; sex hormone; abdominal distension; adult; animal experiment; Article; controlled study; cytology; endocrine system; epithelium cell; estrus cycle; female; genital system; mammary gland; morphology; mouse; nonhuman; ovary cycle; ovulation induction; uterus; vagina; vagina smear	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744773181	Evaluation of the levels of total volatile bases and trimethyleamine formed in fish stored at low temperature	Horsfall Jr. M., Kinigoma B.S., Spiff A.I.	2006	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	20	1	None	Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Horsfall Jr., M., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Kinigoma, B.S., Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Spiff, A.I., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport P.O. Box 402, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	The levels of total volatile bases (TVB) and trimethylamine (TMA) formed in three species of saline water fish stored at - 4°C were investigated as indices of spoilage. The data showed that the concentration of TVB (mg/100g sample) in Tilapia spp. ranged from 19.40 - 61.00, Mugil cephalus 1030 - 41.10 and Carassius auratus 12.50 - 66.7 during the maximum storage period of 20 days, while TMA levels (mg/100g sample) over the same storage period and conditions ranged from < 0.001 - 7.12 for Tilapia spp., < 0.001 - 6.45 for Mugil Cephalus and < 0.001 - 7.28 for Carassious auratus. The data showed that the concentration of TVB and TMA increased with increasing storage time. These data may be used in formulating appropriate food safety limits for consumption of refrigerated fresh fish products in Nigeria. © 2006 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Food storage; Total volatile bases; Trimethyleamine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349823860	Sonographic evaluation of normal portal vein diameter in Nigerians	Anakwue A.C., Anakwue R.C., Ugwu A.C., Nwogu U.B., Idigo F.U., Agwu K.K.	2009	European Journal of Scientific Research	36	1	None	Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,	Anakwue, A.C., Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Anakwue, R.C., Department Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Ugwu, A.C., Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra state, Nigeria; Nwogu, U.B., Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Idigo, F.U., Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Agwu, K.K., Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria	Background: Portal vein size is a diagnostic index useful in measuring portal hypertension which is found in many disease conditions including cirrhosis where it occurs in > 60% of cases. Aims: The aim of this work is to determine the normal portal vein diameter in adult Nigerians. There is paucity of work describing the portal vein diameter in Nigerians. Method: In this work we used a 2 D ultrasound- a non invasive method to assess the portal vein size in 200 adults aged 20-79 years of both sexes. Results: The mean diameter of normal portal vein in the subjects was 11.45mm±1.49. Conclusion: The portal vein diameter obtained in this work is comparable to that found in Caucasians. This information can be useful in diagnosing and treating portal hypertension in a variety of clinical situations. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876242575	Diagnostic performance of transvesical ultrasound in clinically suspected ectopic pregnancy in a public and tertiary,hospital setup	Abeia A., Assefa G.	2013	Ethiopian Medical Journal	51	1	None	Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Abeia, A., Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Assefa, G., Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Ectopic pregnancy consists 1.2 to 1.4% of all reported pregnancies and an increasing accordance has been documented in many parts of the world. Objective: To evaluate the performance of transvesical ultrasound (TVS) in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in the public hospital setup. Methods: Review of medical records of 117 patients who were admitted to St Paul's Hospital with the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy between the years 2005 and 2008 was made. Data on demographic <H clinical information, and laboratory investigations done and transvesical ultrasound records were collected. Outcomes after Laparotomy were used as confirmations or gold standard for final diagnosis. Results: Of the 117 admitted patients for ectopic pregnancy, 99 (S4.6%) had transvesical ultrasound done & in 65 (65.9%) of those 99 patients, it suggested diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Sixty-four (55%) had pervaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain as presenting complaint. Documentation of uterine, adnexal & cul-de-sac findings (all the three diagnostic variables) was noted in 71/99 (71.7%), two of the three and only one of lhe three diagnostic variables were seen 20.2% and 8./% of the sonographic studies respectively. Of patients whose ultrasound report suggested ectopic pregnancy, in 46 (70.8%) a complex adnexal mass and in 33 (50.8%) moderate to large amount of cul-de-sac fluid, and in 9 (19.8%) patients fluid in the uterine cavity were detected. The overall sensitivity and specificity of transvesical ultrasound study in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy were 83.3% and 33.3% respectively, with positive & negative predictive values of 73.5% and 47.4% respectively and accuracy of 68%. Conclusion: About 83.3% of admitted patients were diagnosed sonographically to have ectopic gestation prior to surgery. Quality of the ultrasound report with respect to completeness in number of sonographic diagnostic variables has a statistically significant (P<0.05) role in enhancing the accuracy of transvesical ultrasonography in the diagnosis and exclusion of ectopic pregnancy.	None	adult; article; echography; ectopic pregnancy; Ethiopia; female; fetus echography; human; predictive value; pregnancy; public hospital; retrospective study; tertiary health care; Adult; Ethiopia; Female; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Retrospective Studies; Tertiary Care Centers; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951165515	Evaluation of renal volume by ultrasonography in patients with essential hypertension in ile-ife, south western Nigeria	Egberongbe A.A., Adetiloye V.A., Adeyinka A.O., Afolabi O.T., Akintomide A.O., Ayoola O.O.	2010	Libyan Journal of Medicine	5	1	10.3402/ljm.v5i0.4848	Department of Radiology, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Staff Clini	Egberongbe, A.A., Department of Radiology, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adetiloye, V.A., Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adeyinka, A.O., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Afolabi, O.T., Staff Clinic, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Akintomide, A.O., Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ayoola, O.O., Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background and aims: To determine renal volume in adult patients with essential hypertension and correlate it with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA) and duration of hypertension. Patients and methods: A total of 150 patients (75 males, 75 females) with essential hypertension and normal renal status were evaluated sonographically in this prospective study. Fifty healthy individuals (25 males, 25 females) without hypertension were also evaluated as control. Renal volume was then calculated from the kidney's length, width and anterio-posterior diameter using the formula L × W × AP × 0.523. Results: The range of renal volume obtained was 51.65-205.02 cm3, with a mean of 114.06±29.78 cm3 for the left kidney and 47.37-177.50 cm3 with a mean of 106.14±25.42 cm3 for the right kidney. The mean volumes of the right and left kidneys in males (112.98±25.56 cm3 and 123.11±32.49 cm3, respectively), were significantly higher than in females (99.31±23.07 cm3 and 105.01±23.77 cm3, respectively). Renal volume correlated significantly with BSA and BMI, but decreased with age. The renal volume showed no correlation with duration of hypertension. Conclusion: Renal volume is higher in the left than the right kidney in hypertensive patients of both sexes and female hypertensive patients have smaller kidney size compared to males. The study also shows that volume of both kidneys decreases with age and positive correlation between renal volume, BSA and BMI. However, there is no correlation between renal size and duration of hypertension. © 2010 Adedeji A. Egberongbe et al.	Essential hypertension; Renal volume; Ultrasonography	adult; age distribution; aged; article; body mass; body surface; controlled study; disease duration; echography; essential hypertension; female; human; kidney size; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; sex difference	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859795584	Stigma and marginalisation: Structural violence and the impact on mental health	Sturgeon S.	2012	Social Work	48	1	None	Department of Social Development, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Sturgeon, S., Department of Social Development, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Considering the high incidence of mental disorders, the link with health conditions, and that treatment for mental disorders is currently largely community-based, it is essential that social workers assume a central role in addressing the issues faced by people with mental disorders in the community World-wide people with mental disorders and their families suffer from stigma, marginalisation and structural violence. Conversely, marginalisation causes the poor, disadvantaged and vulnerable to suffer disproportionally from mental disorders. Social workers should be pivotal in working developmentally with people with mental disorders and address the marginalisation that causes many of their problems.	None	low income population; marginalization; mental health; social work	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908897402	Ultrasound evaluation of intima-media thickness of carotid arteries in adults with primary hypertension at Ibadan, Nigeria [Evaluation échographique de l’épaisseur de l’intima-media des artères carotides d’adultes avec une hypertension essentielle à Ibada	Umeh E.O., Agunloye, Adekanmi A.J., Adeyinka A.O.	2013	West African Journal of Medicine	32	1	None	Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Umeh, E.O., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Agunloye, Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adekanmi, A.J., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adeyinka, A.O., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Ultrasound measured Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) is a simple and inexpensive tool for assessing the cumulative effects of hypertension on the carotid arterial walls. It is also an independent predictor of future myocardial infarctionand stroke risk. OBJECTIVES: This study compared ultrasound measured CIMT in hypertensive adults with non-smoking normotensive controls. It also documented variations in CIMT with subjects’ age and sex. METHODOLOGY: Hypertensives (120) of both sexes aged 18years and above were recruited from the Hypertension Clinic at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. Normotensive controls (120) were also recruited from the general public. The CIMT was measured on B- mode ultrasound using the technique of ‘Multiple Carotid Sites Measurement’ RESULTS: Mean CIMT values were 0.756mm ± 0.130 and 0.751mm ± 0.129 for the hypertensive group and 0.638mm ± 0.088 and 0.670mm ± 0.107 for the control group on the left and right sides respectively (P=0.000). Higher CIMT values were noted among male hypertensive subjects (P=0.030). CIMT values also showed positive correlation with subjects’ age. CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in CIMT for hypertensives when compared with normotensives in the study area. CIMT also varies with subjects’ age and sex. © 2013, West African Journal of Medicine. All rights reserved.	Carotid; Hypertension; Intima-media thickness; Ultrasound	adult; aged; arterial wall thickness; Article; B scan; case control study; controlled study; correlation coefficient; female; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; middle aged; Nigeria; prospective study; young adult; age; article; carotid artery; cerebrovascular accident; echography; heart infarction; pathology; risk factor; sex difference; very elderly; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Stroke; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892144106	Preliminary evaluation of selected minerals in liver samples from springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) from the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa	Mbatha K.R., Lane E.P., Lander M., Tordiffe A.S.W., Corr S.	2012	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	83	1	10.4102/jsava.v83i1.119	Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, South Africa; Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom	Mbatha, K.R., Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, South Africa; Lane, E.P., Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, South Africa; Lander, M., Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Tordiffe, A.S.W., Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, South Africa; Corr, S., Division of Surgery, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom	Limited information is available on the mineral nutrition of captive antelope in South Africa. Zoo animals are usually offered a very limited array of feeds, which may result in nutritional imbalances. As a pilot study to investigate the presence of myopathy in antelope at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa (NZG), stored liver samples from six springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and seven other antelopes from the NZG, as well as selected food items, were submitted for analysis of selenium, copper, manganese and zinc content by spectrophotometry. Springbok liver levels of copper were 23.07 mg/kg ± 0.72 mg/kg, whilst manganese, selenium and zinc levels were 6.73 mg/kg ± 0.22 mg/kg, 0.14 mg/kg ± 0.05 mg/kg and 135.02 mg/kg ± 1.26 mg/kg, respectively. Liver mineral levels in the other species were very variable. Food item copper levels ranged from 4.00 mg/kg (Eragrostis tef) to 17.38 mg/kg (antelope cubes), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and E. tef contained no detectable selenium. The highest zinc levels were in antelope cubes (147.00 mg/kg) and the lowest were in lucerne (20.80 mg/kg). Interpretation of these results was hampered by the small number of samples and a paucity of information on liver mineral levels in free-ranging and captive antelope; however, results suggested that, in the springbok, whilst copper and manganese intake are likely adequate, selenium nutrition is probably insufficient and may account for the myopathy diagnosed. Zinc liver levels are possibly within the toxic range, perhaps as a result of the high levels of zinc in the antelope cubes. This pilot study highlighted the need to establish baseline mineral nutrition data for captive and free-ranging antelope under South African conditions.	None	copper; manganese; selenium; zinc; mineral; mineral; animal food; animal tissue; antelope; Antidorcas marsupialis; article; cause of death; female; liver level; liver toxicity; male; mineral deficiency; myopathy; nonhuman; nutrition; pilot study; South Africa; species; spectrophotometry; zoo animal; animal; antelope; chemistry; liver; metabolism; liver; metabolism; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Antelopes; Female; Liver; Male; Minerals; South Africa; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Antelopes; Female; Liver; Male; Minerals; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049138840	Short-term clinical evaluation of four desensitizing agents	Olusile A.O., Bamise C.T., Oginni A.O., Dosumu O.O.	2008	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	9	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olusile, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Bamise, C.T., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oginni, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of four topical desensitizing agents in providing short-term relief of dentin hypersensitivity. Methods and Materials: One hundred sixteen hypersensitive teeth with a positive response to intraoral testing for dentin hypersensitivity were included in this study. The four desensitizing agents tested were Duraphat™, 2% fluoride iontophoresis, copal varnish (CV), and Gluma™ Comfort Bond Plus Desensitizer. Following a specific regimen randomly determined desensitizing agents were applied in an alternating order when patients presented in a clinical setting with a complaint of hypersensitive teeth. A visual analogue scale was used to determine the degrees of hypersensitivity at three points in time. The first being just before the treatment to establish a baseline, then at 24 hours post-treatment, and the last at seven days post-treatment. Differences in the mean pain scores (MPS) between the baseline and post-treatment evaluation periods were used to determine the reduction in dentin hypersensitivity. Results: At baseline the MPS for teeth treated with CV was 5.34 (SD: 2.39), Duraphat™ was 4.66 (SD: 1.82), Gluma™ was 6.03 (SD: 2.37), and iontophoresis was 5.76 (SD: 1.37). At 24 hours post-treatment the MPS for CV was 2.1 (SD: 0.95), Duraphat™ was 1.38 (SD;1.86), Gluma™ was 0.79 (SD;1.45), and iontophoresis was 1.62 (SD1.97). The reduction in dentin hypersensitivity at 24 hours (difference between baseline MPS and 24 hour MPS) was 5.28 for Gluma™, 4.14 for iontophoresis, 3.28 for Duraphat™, and 3.24 for CV which were all statistically significant (p<0.05). At seven days, the MPS for CV was 1.55 (SD: 1.44), Duraphat™ was 1.0 (SD;1.89), Gluma™ was 0.10 (SD;0.44), and iontophoresis was 0.3 (SD;0.98). Reduction of hypersensitivity between 24 hours and one week was 1.32 for iontophoresis, 0.69 for Gluma™, 0.55 for CV, and 0.38 for Duraphat™. Only the reductions for iontophoresis and Gluma™ were statistically significant at seven days (p<0.05). Conclusions: All agents caused a statistically significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity within 24 hours of treatment. Gluma™ performed best at 24 hours while iontophoresis appeared to have an edge at seven days. Long-term studies are needed to determine why this difference exists. Dentin hypersensitivity presents as an emergency condition requiring an effective means of providing immediate relief in the clinician's treatment armamentarium.	Copal varnish; CV; Desensitizing agents; Duraphat™; Gluma™; Hypersensitive teeth; Iontophoresis	anticaries agent; biomedical and dental materials; fluoride; adolescent; adult; article; chemistry; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dentin sensitivity; desensitization; female; human; iontophoresis; male; methodology; middle aged; pain assessment; randomized controlled trial; time; Adolescent; Adult; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Materials; Dentin Sensitivity; Desensitization, Immunologic; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Iontophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859874750	Facial approximation: Evaluation of dental and facial proportions with height	Esan T.A., Oziegbe O.E., Onapokya H.O.	2012	African Health Sciences	12	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Scie	Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oziegbe, O.E., Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Onapokya, H.O., Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background: Fabrication of complete dentures requires the use of certain guidelines which are placed on the bite blocks to assist the clinician to have the maxillary anterior teeth restored to optimal dento-labial relations, in harmony with the overall facial appearance. Objective: To explore if any relationship exists between dental and facial proportions as well as the height of the individuals. Methods: Two hundred and four dental students of the Obafemi Awolowo University volunteered to participated in the study. The lower facial height, inter incisal, inter canine, and intercommisure distances, as well as the height of the participants were measured. The data were imputed, analyzed, and reported as simple frequency, means and standard deviations using the SPSS vs 11. Statistical significance was inferred at p<0.05. Result: The mean values of all the parameters measured were significantly higher in males than females. None of the mean values measured were coincident. However, a significant correlation exists between intercanine and interincisal distances(r=0.8) while a weak but significant negative correlation exists between the intercanine distance and the difference of the intercommisural and intercanine distances (r=-0.4) Conclusion: The study showed no relationship between intercanine distance, interincisal distance, lower facial height, and the height of the participants with the intercommissural distance. Hence, intercommissural distance may not be used in marking canine line during bite registration procedure. At best, 1.75-2.45 cm should be subtracted from the intercommissural distance to determine the intercanine distance.	Facial measurements; Intercanine; Intercommisure	adolescent; adult; anthropometric parameters; article; body height; clinical evaluation; controlled study; craniofacial morphology; dental health; dentistry; denture; face profile; facies; female; human; intercanine distance; intercommisural distance; interincisal distance; male; mouth examination; sex difference; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Body Height; Cephalometry; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cuspid; Dental Arch; Esthetics, Dental; Face; Female; Humans; Incisor; Male; Nigeria; Odontometry; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tooth Crown; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644893072	Evaluation of speech in patients with partial surgically acquired defects: Pre and post prosthetic obturation	Arigbede A.O., Dosumu O.O., Shaba O.P., Esan T.A.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obe	Arigbede, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Shaba, O.P., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obefeml Awolowo University, Ile-Ile, Nigeria	Aim: Maxillectomy often results in a high level of morbidity with significant psychological and functional implications for the patient. Such disabilities include inability to masticate, deglutition, and speech disturbance. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of the speech disturbance and the influence of the class of surgical defects in this group of patients. The aims of the present study were to assess the effectiveness of the maxillary obturator as a speech rehabilitation aid and to examine the influence of the classes of surgical defects on speech intelligibility (SI). Materials and Methods: Twelve patients aged between 18 and 60 years with surgically acquired partial maxillary defects were included in this study. The patients were given immediate surgical obturators six to ten days after surgery, which were then converted to interim obturators by relining with tissue conditioner. Interim prostheses were used for two to three months until healing and resorption were found satisfactory after which the definitive obturators were fabricated. The SI test described by Plank et al.1 and Wheeler et al.8 was employed in this study. There were significant improvements in the mean SI score from 59.8% without prosthetic obturation, to 89.2% following interim obturation, and 94.7% following definitive obturation (p&lt;0.005). Nine patients (75%) had class I surgical defects, two patients (16.67%) had class II defects, while only one patient (8.33%) had a class VI surgical defect. None of the patients had class III, IV, or class V surgical defects. There was an improvement in the SI score from class I to class VI without obturation, after insertion of interim obturator, and after insertion of the definitive obturator. Conclusion: Results support the widely held view that the maxillary obturator is a useful speech rehabilitation aid. It also shows immediate, interim, and definitive obturators are all important in the speech rehabilitation of patients with surgically acquired maxillary defects. Moreover SI is affected by the class of defect.	Maxillectomy; Obturator; SI; Speech intelligibility	adult; article; bone remodeling; clinical article; controlled study; female; human; male; maxilla resection; osteolysis; patient assessment; postoperative complication; prosthesis; reparative dentistry; scoring system; speech; speech disorder; speech intelligibility; speech rehabilitation; statistical analysis; statistical significance; adolescent; aged; child; evaluation; maxilla; maxilla tumor; middle aged; Nigeria; oral surgery; outcome assessment; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Dental Prosthesis Design; Female; Humans; Male; Maxilla; Maxillary Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Oral Surgical Procedures; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Palatal Obturators; Speech Intelligibility; Tissue Conditioning (Dental)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866972182	Retrospective evaluation of analgesics prescribing pattern in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria	Ehikhamenor E.E., Aghahowa S.E., Azodo C.C.	2012	Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research	11	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, 300001, Nigeria	Ehikhamenor, E.E., Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, 300001, Nigeria; Aghahowa, S.E., Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, 300001, Nigeria; Azodo, C.C., Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, 300001, Nigeria	The study was designed to retrospectively evaluate the analgesics prescribing pattern in the Accident and Emergency (A and E) Unit of University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City. The data was retrieved from the pharmacy archives type of analgesics and its routes of administration whether oral or parenteral in all prescriptions from January 2000- December 2006. The analysis was done using SPSS version 13.0 and data presented in tabular form. The total utilization trend in this study showed that analgesic prescription increased over the years except for considered year 2003. The total analgesics utility increment from 2000 to 2006 was 189.5% which was high. Seventeen different types of analgesics were prescribed and utilized. Among them, 8 were utilized orally only, 3 were utilized parenterally only and 6 were used both orally and parenterally for different clinical conditions. Oral administration was more frequently used than parental route. Non-opioid type of analgesics was utilized more than opioid. With oral route being the most favoured route of administration and opioids with exception of tramadol were exclusively administered parenterally. Paracetamol was the commonest prescribed analgesic in accident and emergency department. The result of this study may help to predict the needs of patients thus providing a database for pharmacy stocking template for analgesics to prevent unnecessary donations and purchases. Relevant studies need to be carried out to determine the effectiveness of analgesics in the Accident and Emergency unit of our Centre.	Analgesics; Hospital; Nigeria; Pattern; Prescription	acetylsalicylic acid; analgesic agent; celecoxib; diclofenac; dipyrone; fentanyl; ibuprofen; indometacin; ketorolac; morphine; naproxen; narcotic analgesic agent; paracetamol; pentazocine; piroxicam; tenoxicam; tramadol; article; drug use; drug utilization; needs assessment; Nigeria; prescription; retrospective study; tertiary health care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923104636	The impact of personalized engagement with customers and efficient stock management software systems on customer service at a clothing retailer in Cape Town, South Africa	Mugobo V.V., Baschiera M.G.	2015	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	6	1	10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1p40	Department of Retail Business Management, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	Mugobo, V.V., Department of Retail Business Management, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa; Baschiera, M.G., Department of Retail Business Management, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa	In today’s day and age, technology is a major game changer in the retail industry. Parallel variables were explored concurrently to establish their simultaneous impact on customer service. The study sought to determine the impact personalized engagement on customers, as well as the impact that efficient stock management software systems on customers using a clothing retailer in Cape Town as a case study. The study also sought to explore the challenges and opportunities that retailers face when they use technology in the customer service delivery process. The methodology used in this study involved a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. The study consisted of 55 respondents specific to the chosen location. Based on the study, retailer’s still face challenges of incorporating technology to improve customer service, on an “Omnichannel” level. Technological advancements would include handheld devices operated by sales assistants and/or customers, acquiring quick and accurate product information; interactive stand-alone digital touch-screen displays allowing customers to access in store and online product and service information; mobile apps and online store fully synchronised with the retailers stock software systems, virtual personalized models and customized online ‘wardrobe’, all connected by intelligent technological in store infrastructure. Retailers have many opportunities in the form of implementing rapidly developing technology throughout physical and online stores to create a hybrid leading retail platform where virtual meets physical shopping, under one roof. The study concludes by recommending that retailers should move off out-dated systems currently employed (i.e. the legacy systems), onto innovative stock software systems. Thus, bringing current inventory software systems up to a level where they are able to interface with technologies mentioned in this study, to improve customer satisfaction. © 2015 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. All rights received.	Customer satisfaction; Interface; Inventory software systems; Omni-channel; Personalized engagement	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76449105471	Effects of computer assisted instruction (CAI) on secondary school students' performance in biology	Yusuf M.O., Afolabi A.O.	2010	Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology	9	1	None	Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Centre for Educational Technology, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria	Yusuf, M.O., Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Afolabi, A.O., Centre for Educational Technology, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria	This study investigated the effects of computer assisted instruction (CAI) on secondary school students' performance in biology. Also, the influence of gender on the performance of students exposed to CAI in individualised or cooperative learning settings package was examined. The research was a quasi experimental involving a 3 x 2 factorial design. The sample for the study comprised 120 first year senior secondary school students (SSS I) sampled from three private secondary schools, in Oyo State, Nigeria. The students' pre-test and post test scores were subjected to Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings of the study showed that the performance of students exposed to CAI either individually or cooperatively were better than their counterparts exposed to the conventional classroom instruction. However, no significant difference existed in the performance of male and female students exposed to CAI in either individual or cooperative settings. Based on the research findings recommendations were made on the need to develop relevant CAI packages for teaching biology in Nigerian secondary schools. Copyright © The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907916986	Evaluation of bacterial vaginosis (BV) using nugent scoring system	Anukam K.C., Idemoh C., Olise N.A.	2014	Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research	13	1	None	Department of Science Laboratory technology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Anukam, K.C., Department of Science Laboratory technology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Idemoh, C., Department of Science Laboratory technology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Olise, N.A., Department of Science Laboratory technology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common form of vaginal infection with diverse etiology in women of reproductive age. It may lead to morbidity and obstetric/gynecological complications. This study was carried out to determine the usefulness of Nugent scoring system as a means of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. Sixty seven (67) women between the ages of 16 and 45 years were enrolled in the study. Vaginal swabs were Gram stained and slides examined for Nugent scoring. BV was diagnosed in 13.4% of women and the highest prevalence found in the age group of 16-20 years. The relationships of a positive whiff test (P=0.0051), presence of clue cells (P=0.001) and a pH> 4.5 (P=0.0077) with bacterial vaginosis were shown to be statistically significant. Nugent scoring system appears to be a reliable and convenient method for laboratory evaluation of bacterial vaginosis. © CMS UNIBEN JMBR.	Bacterial vaginosis	adolescent; adult; Article; clue cell; female; Gram staining; gynecological examination; high risk population; human; human tissue; laboratory test; major clinical study; Nugent scoring system; prevalence; reliability; scoring system; vagina epithelium; vagina pH; vagina smear; vaginitis; whiff test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930671344	The development of a Simplified, Effective, Labour Monitoring-to-Action (SELMA) tool for Better Outcomes in Labour Difficulty (BOLD): Study protocol Obstetrics	Souza J.P., Oladapo O.T., Bohren M.A., Mugerwa K., Fawole B., Moscovici L., Alves D., Perdona G., Oliveira-Ciabati L., Vogel J.P., Tunçalp O., Zhang J., Hofmeyr J., Bahl R., Gülmezoglu A.M.	2015	Reproductive Health	12	1	10.1186/s12978-015-0029-4	Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil; GLIDE Technical Cooperation and Research, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil; UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Res. Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria; Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Frere Maternity Hospital, P Bag X9047, East London, South Africa; Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland	Souza, J.P., Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil, GLIDE Technical Cooperation and Research, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil; Oladapo, O.T., UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Res. Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland; Bohren, M.A., UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Res. Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, United States; Mugerwa, K., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makere University, Kampala, Uganda; Fawole, B., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria; Moscovici, L., Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil, GLIDE Technical Cooperation and Research, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil; Alves, D., Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil; Perdona, G., Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil; Oliveira-Ciabati, L., Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil, GLIDE Technical Cooperation and Research, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil; Vogel, J.P., UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Res. Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland; Tunçalp, O., UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Res. Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhang, J., Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hofmeyr, J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Frere Maternity Hospital, P Bag X9047, East London, South Africa; Bahl, R., Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland; Gülmezoglu, A.M., UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Res. Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland	Background: The partograph is currently the main tool available to support decision-making of health professionals during labour. However, the rate of appropriate use of the partograph is disappointingly low. Apart from limitations that are associated with partograph use, evidence of positive impact on labour-related health outcomes is lacking. The main goal of this study is to develop a Simplified, Effective, Labour Monitoring-to-Action (SELMA) tool. The primary objectives are: to identify the essential elements of intrapartum monitoring that trigger the decision to use interventions aimed at preventing poor labour outcomes; to develop a simplified, monitoring-to-action algorithm for labour management; and to compare the diagnostic performance of SELMA and partograph algorithms as tools to identify women who are likely to develop poor labour-related outcomes. Methods/Design: A prospective cohort study will be conducted in eight health facilities in Nigeria and Uganda (four facilities from each country). All women admitted for vaginal birth will comprise the study population (estimated sample size: 7,812 women). Data will be collected on maternal characteristics on admission, labour events and pregnancy outcomes by trained research assistants at the participating health facilities. Prediction models will be developed to identify women at risk of intrapartum-related perinatal death or morbidity (primary outcomes) throughout the course of labour. These predictions models will be used to assemble a decision-support tool that will be able to suggest the best course of action to avert adverse outcomes during the course of labour. To develop this set of prediction models, we will use up-to-date techniques of prognostic research, including identification of important predictors, assigning of relative weights to each predictor, estimation of the predictive performance of the model through calibration and discrimination, and determination of its potential for application using internal validation techniques. Discussion: This research offers an opportunity to revisit the theoretical basis of the partograph. It is envisioned that the final product would help providers overcome the challenging tasks of promptly interpreting complex labour information and deriving appropriate clinical actions, and thus increase efficiency of the care process, enhance providers' competence and ultimately improve labour outcomes. Please see related articles ' http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0027-6 ' and ' http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0028-5 '. © 2015 Souza et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Decision-support tool; Labour monitoring; Partograph	Article; clinical assessment tool; clinical trial; cohort analysis; decision support system; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; fetus; health care facility; hospital admission; human; internal validity; intrapartum care; major clinical study; medical record; multicenter study; newborn; Nigeria; outcome assessment; perinatal morbidity; perinatal mortality; population research; practice guideline; prediction; predictive value; pregnancy outcome; prognosis; prospective study; sample size; Simplified Effective Labor Monitoring to Action; Uganda; vaginal delivery	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549120675	Smallholder farmer management impacts on particulate and labile carbon fractions of granitic sandy soils in Zimbabwe	Mtambanengwe F., Mapfumo P.	2008	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	81	1	10.1007/s10705-007-9136-0	Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Soil Fertility Consortium for Southern Africa (SOFECSA), CIMMYT Southern Africa, Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mtambanengwe, F., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mapfumo, P., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Soil Fertility Consortium for Southern Africa (SOFECSA), CIMMYT Southern Africa, Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Crop production in maize-based smallholder farming systems of Southern Africa is hampered by lack of options for efficiently managing limited and different quality organic nutrient resources. This study examined impacts of farmers' short- and long-term organic resource allocation patterns on sizes and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions. Farmers' most- (rich) and least- (poor) productive fields were studied for two seasons under low (450-650 mm yr-1) to high (&gt;750 mm yr-1) rainfall areas in Zimbabwe, on Lixisols with ∼6% clay and 88% sand. Rich fields received 0.5-14 Mg C ha-1 compared with &lt;4 Mg C ha-1 for poor fields, and the differences were reflected in soil particulate organic matter (POM) fractions. Organic inputs were consistent with resource endowments, with well-endowed farmers applying at least five times the amounts used by resource-constrained farmers. Rich fields had 100% more macro-POM (250-2,000 μm diameter) and three times more meso-POM (53-250 μm) than poor fields. Application of high quality (&gt;25 mg N kg-1) materials increased labile C (KMnO4 oxidizable) in top 60 cm of soil profile, with 1.6 Mg C ha-1 of Crotalaria juncea yielding labile C amounts similar to 6 Mg C ha-1 of manure. Labile C was significantly related to mineralizable N in POM fractions, and apparently to maize yields (P &lt; 0.01). Farmers' preferential allocation of nutrient resources to already productive fields helps to maintain critical levels of labile SOM necessary to sustain high maize yields. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Maize yields; Organic matter management; Oxidizable carbon; Resource endowment; Smallholder farmers	agricultural management; crop production; crop yield; farming system; maize; resource allocation; sandy soil; smallholder; soil carbon; soil organic matter; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe; Crotalaria; Crotalaria juncea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644442246	Effectiveness of cattle manure and nitrogen fertilizer application on the agronomic and economic performance of maize	Nyamangara J., Mudhara M., Giller K.E.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	Nyamangara, J., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudhara, M., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Giller, K.E., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands	The effects of N fertilizer and aerobically composted cattle manure, applied separately or in combination, on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields and net benefits were determined over three seasons. A field experiment was established on a moderately leached sandy loam soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Manure was a poor source of N. In the first year, increase in grain yield was much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (40% and 25.1%, respectively), and a relatively smaller further increase of 17.5% was recorded for the 37.5 t ha-1 rate while there was a decrease of 3.7% for the 12.5 t ha-1 rate, when mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1. In the third season increase in grain yield was also much higher when manure (12.5 t ha-1 and 37.5 t ha-1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha-1 mineral N rate (66.2% and 16%, respectively) and relatively smaller further increases were recorded when the mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha-1 (21.4% and 15.1%, respectively). Net benefit indications are that residual effects of cattle manure last for at least three seasons and thus farmers could apply up to 40 t ha-1 in the first season and benefit from its residual fertility in subsequent seasons. It was concluded that smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa could positively exploit the combined application of manure and N fertilizer to increase maize yield and net benefits.	Manure; N fertilizer; N mineralization; N uptake; Net benefits	agricultural economics; fertilizer application; manure; nitrogen; yield; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955768302	Interactive effects of selected nutrient resources and tied-ridging on plant growth performance in a semi-arid smallholder farming environment in central Zimbabwe	Nyamangara J., Nyagumbo I.	2010	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	88	1	10.1007/s10705-009-9282-7	Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Nyamangara, J., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyagumbo, I., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Crop production in sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by numerous factors including frequent droughts and periods of moisture stress, low soil fertility, and restricted access to mineral fertilisers. A 2 year (2005/6 and 2006/7) field study was conducted in Shurugwi district, central Zimbabwe, to determine the effects of different nutrient resources and two tillage practices on the grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). Six nutrient resource treatments (control, pit-stored manure, leaf litter, anthill soil, mineral fertiliser, mineral fertiliser plus pit-stored manure) were combined with two tillage practices (conventional tillage and post-emergence tied ridging). Basal fertilisation was done with 0 kg ha-1 as control, 240 kg ha-1 PKS fertiliser, 18 t ha-1 manure, 10 t ha-1 manure plus 240 kg ha-1 PKS fertiliser, 35 t ha-1 leaf litter, 52 t ha-1 anthill soil. About 60 kg N/ha was applied to fertiliser only and fertiliser plus manure treatments as top dressing in the form of ammonium nitrate (34.5%N). A split-plot design was used with nutrient resource as the main plot and tillage practice as the subplot, and five farmers' fields were used as replicates. Grain yield was determined at physiological maturity (140 and 126 days after planting for maize and soybean, respectively) and adjusted to 12.5% moisture content for maize and 11% for soybean. In the first season (2005/06), addition of different nutrient resources under conventional tillage increased (P &lt; 0.05) maize grain yield by 102-450%, with leaf litter and manure plus fertiliser treatments, giving the lowest (551 kg ha-1) and highest (3,032 kg ha-1) increments, respectively, compared to the control. For each treatment, tied-ridging further increased maize grain yield. For example, for leaf litter, tied-ridging further increased grain yield by 96% indicating the importance of integrating nutrient and water management practices in semi-arid areas where moisture stress is frequent. Despite the low rainfall and extended dry spells in the second season, addition of the different nutrient resources still increased yield which was further increased by tied-ridging in most treatments. Besides providing grain, soybean had higher residual effects on the following maize crop compared to Crotalaria gramiana, a green manure. It was concluded that the highest benefits of tied-ridging, in terms of grain yield, were realised when cattle manure was combined with mineral fertiliser, both of which are available to resource-endowed households. Besides marginally increasing yield, leaf litter and anthill which represent resources that can be accessed by very poor households, have a positive effect of the soil chemical environment. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Conventional tillage; Maize; Nutrient resources; Post-emergence tied ridging; Soybean	crop production; crop yield; fertilizer application; growth rate; growth response; leaf litter; maize; manure; moisture content; nutrient availability; rainfall; semiarid region; smallholder; soil fertility; soybean; tillage; water management; yield response; Zimbabwe; Bos; Crotalaria; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549139714	Seedling performance as affected by bulk density and soil moisture on a typic tropaquept	Onweremadu E.U., Eshett E.T., Ofoh M.C., Nwufo M.I., Obiefuna J.C.	2008	Journal of Plant Sciences	3	1	None	Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal Uni	Onweremadu, E.U., Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Eshett, E.T., Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Ofoh, M.C.; Nwufo, M.I.; Obiefuna, J.C.	We investigated the effects of Bulk Density (BD) and moisture content θv on seedling performance on a Typic Topaquept at Iyienyi Ibeku, Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria in 2005/2006 study session. A transect technique aided field soil sampling at identified physiographic units of Crest, Midslope and Footslope. A 7x7 factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted to create a matrix of BD and θv which enabled better understanding of compaction effects on seedling growth of Citrus sinensis Var Etinan. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS computer software. Results showed that BD and soil strength decreased with mean root length density. Again, BD had significant (p&lt;0.0001) negative correlations with root performance. Moisture content had a significant positive correlation with root performance (R = 0.72; p&lt;0.0001). Soil moisture and BD were good predictors of root length density (R2 = 0.79) with high degree of accuracy (RMSE = 0.07) and slight over-estimation (Bias = + 0.0001): Mean root length density increased downslope and this was the trend in shoot yield. Fairly high values of coefficient of alienation, suggest the inclusion of other relevant variables in future modelling. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Critical moisture limit; Inceptisols; Modelling; Soil physical quality	Citrus sinensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901298682	Impacts of dam on characteristics of tropical rainforest soils and sediments in south central Nigeria	Edosomwan N.L., Obazuaye E., Edosomwan E.U.	2013	Indian Journal of Agricultural Research	47	1	None	Department of Soil Science, Ambrose Alii University, P.M.B 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Rubber Research Institute, Iyanomo, BEN, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Nigeria	Edosomwan, N.L., Department of Soil Science, Ambrose Alii University, P.M.B 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Obazuaye, E., Department of Soil Science, Ambrose Alii University, P.M.B 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria, Rubber Research Institute, Iyanomo, BEN, Nigeria; Edosomwan, E.U., Department of Soil Science, Ambrose Alii University, P.M.B 14, Ekpoma, Nigeria, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Nigeria	The effects of Dam on soil erosion were examined in Ekpoma, Edo State of Nigeria with decrease in silt and clay contents, organic matter, phosphorus and ECEC in lands cleared of vegetation. The pfiof the sediment in upstream Ukhun dam areas were strongly acidic with effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) of 4.24 cmol/kg as compared to moderately acidic sediment with ECEC of 6.37 cmol/kg in the downstream Ibiekuma dam areas. The upstream sediments of clay and silt recorded 4.5% and 6.2% in Ukhun dam but 3.0% and 4.2% in down streams whereas 5.0% and 6.7% of clay and silt in upstream of Ibiekuma dam and 3.0% and 4.7% in down streams indicating the effects of downstream erosion. The velocity of flow in Ukhun and Ibiekuma up streams was 0.30 m/s but 0.35 m/s and 0.96 m/s in down streams respectively. The reduced water flow in the upstream have a negative effect on the communities downstream as they have to spend extra fertilizers to boost their crop yield.	Dam; Downstream; Erosion; Reservoir; Sediment; Upstream	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916886012	Nutrient balances and economic performance in urban and peri-urban vegetable production systems of three West African cities	Abdulkadir A., Sangaré S.K., Amadou H., Agbenin J.O.	2015	Experimental Agriculture	51	1	10.1017/S0014479714000180	Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Natural Resource Management, Institute for Environment and Agricultural Research, INERA, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Centre	Abdulkadir, A., Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Sangaré, S.K., Department of Natural Resource Management, Institute for Environment and Agricultural Research, INERA, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Amadou, H., Centre Regional de Récherch, Agronomique de Sikasso Institute d'Economie Rurale, Sikasso, Mali; Agbenin, J.O., Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1044, Zaria, Nigeria	Urban and peri-urban (UPA) cultivation supplies fresh vegetables and employment for the increasing number of urban inhabitants. It is characterized by the use of large nutrient inputs to increase productivity and often associated with negative environmental risks. For these reasons, this study quantified nutrient (nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; and potassium, K) flows and economic performance of UPA gardening of the three West African cities of Kano, Nigeria; Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Sikasso, Mali, during a 2-year period using the Monitoring for Quality Improvement (MonQI) toolbox considering inflows and outflows sources. Average annual N, P and K balances were positive for all gardens in the three cities with N balances of 279, 1127 and 74 kg N ha-1 in Kano, Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso, respectively, except for annual K deficits of 222 and 187 kg K ha-1 in Kano and Sikasso, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiencies were 63%, 51% and 87% in Kano, Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso, respectively, with poor P use efficiencies due to excess application in all three cities. However, a high K efficiency was observed in Bobo Dioulasso (87%) while applications of K were lower than required in Kano and Sikasso with efficiencies of 121% and 110%, indicating possible K mining. The average annual gross margins from gardening indicated a statistically higher (p &lt; 0.05) return of US3.83 m-2 in Bobo Dioulasso than returns obtained in Kano (US0.92 m-2) and Sikasso (US1.37 m-2). Although an economically vibrant activity, intensive UPA vegetable production needs to be reviewed for strategic planning towards improving N and P use efficiencies in order to maintain its productivity as well as safeguard the environment. Appropriate K fertilization is necessary to avoid long term K depletion in Kano and Sikasso UPA gardening. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014.	None	Joturus pichardi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884950437	Evaluation of an integrated approach involving chemical and biological processes for the detoxification of gold tailings effluent in Ghana	Osei B.A., Ahmed R.M.	2013	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	21	1	None	Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	Osei, B.A., Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Ahmed, R.M., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	Chemical and bio-remediation measures for the detoxification of pollutants such as cyanide and heavy metals in mine tailings effluent have been developed over the years. The study sought to evaluate the decrease in the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, As and Pb through the integration of the processes involving photo-oxidation, activated carbon, hydrogen peroxide and bacterial degradation to decontaminate wastewater from the gold ore treatment plant until release into the environment in Ghana. The levels of trace metals Cu (0.345 mg l-1), Zn (0.07 mg l-1) and Fe (0.146 mg l-1) in treated effluent released into natural water bodies after bacterial degradation was generally within international and local standards for effluent discharges. Except for As, the levels of Cd and Pb which are hazardous heavy metals that may pose adverse health and environmental effects were within acceptable limits. The toxicity of these metals were in the increasing order Pb &lt; Cd &lt; As. The anthropogenic source of As in the chemically processed arseno-pyritic rock ores of the study area and the marginal 14-49% efficiency of As of the different detoxification processes could have contributed to the high levels of As in the effluent. If optimal conditions are attained for the decontamination processes used, the multi-remediation approach could be an effective solution for the decontamination of mine tailings effluent.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44149104614	Assessment of sewage application in southeastern Nigeria Part 2: Impact on soil chemical properties, trace and heavy metal accumulation in soil and underground water	Asadu C.L.A., Ukadike B., Agada C.	2008	Outlook on Agriculture	37	1	None	Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Asadu, C.L.A., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ukadike, B., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Agada, C., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	The impact of sewage sludge and effluent on soil and underground water after about 40 years of application was evaluated in this study, with a particular focus on selected soil chemical properties, some trace element (Zn, Cu) and heavy metal (Pb and Cd) accumulation, mobility in the soil profile and possible contamination of the underground water. The chemical properties of the soil studied included pH, exchangeable cations and acidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available P, organic matter and total N. Long-term disposal of sewage sludge and effluents on the soils significantly (P < 0.001) increased the exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, available P, soil organic matter, total N and CEC, but significantly lowered the pH of the soils. The fertility status of the sewage-treated soil was thus enhanced. The study also showed that both trace elements and heavy metals were significantly (P <0.05) higher in the sewage-amended soils than in the unamended soils. The accumulation of the trace and heavy metals in the former implies that the agricultural utilization of the sewage sludge and effluent should be done with care. The study showed no obvious adverse impact of the sewage sludge and effluent on underground water quality, but contamination by Pb is possible in the future.	Heavy/trace metals; Sewage impact; Soil exchange properties; Ultisol; Underground water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898946765	Relationship between maximal exercise parameters and individual time trial performance in elite cyclists with physical disabilities	Boer P.-H., Terblanche E.	2014	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	36	1	None	Department of Sport Science, North West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Boer, P.-H., Department of Sport Science, North West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Terblanche, E., Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	It is widely accepted that the ventilatory threshold (VT) is an important determinant of endurance performance. This study investigated whether the physiological responses during a 20km time trial (TT) in cyclists with physical disabilities (medium to high functional ability) relate to their VT and also to determine which variable(s) best predict their performances. Nine elite cyclists (19±2yrs; 170±10cm; 62±8kg; 53±8 ml.min-1.kg-1) participated in the study. Subjects performed a ramped exercise protocol (20W·min-1) to exhaustion and a self-paced, 20km TT on the Velotron cycle ergometer. Mean values for heart rate (HR) (181±8bpm) and %HR max (92±3.13%) for the 20km TT were not significantly different when compared to values at VT (HR: 180±8bpm, %HR max: 93±1.17). However, the mean power output (PO) during the TT (199±42W) was significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than the PO at the VT (250±65W). Peak power output (PPO) predicted 83% of the variance when performance was measured as 20km average watts and was the only significant variable, amongst all VT and maximal variables, included in the stepwise multiple regression model. These results suggest that the self-selected exercise intensity of cyclists with physical disabilities during a 20km TT and their VT is similar when exercise intensity is expressed as average HR and %HR max. Secondly, it has been shown for the first time that, similar to able-bodied cyclists, PPO at VT correlates best with TT performance in cyclists with disabilities.	Cycling; Disabilities; Peak power output; Performance; Time trial; Ventilatory threshold	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949664163	Decision support for evaluating player performance in rugby union	Calder J.M., Durbach I.N.	2015	International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching	10	1	None	Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Calder, J.M., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Durbach, I.N., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Many professional rugby teams collect extensive data on player performance, but the synthesis of this data into overall evaluations and subsequent selections is still largely left to the expert but unassisted judgment of coaching staff. Decision support systems are designed to assist this process by providing a framework for making decisions in a structured, transparent way. In this article we develop a decision support tool to assist performance evaluation in rugby. The method considers player performance over a range of attributes and addresses uncertainty both in the assessment of performance and in preferences for certain aspects of the game over others. We illustrate the approach using data collected for the 2008 and 2009 Super Rugby tournament.	Performance Analysis; Player Evaluation; Rugby Football; Sport Analytics	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898945075	Psychological skills, playing positions and performance of African youth soccer teams	Jooste J., Steyn B.J.M., Van Den Berg L.	2014	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	36	1	None	Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Jooste, J., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, B.J.M., Department of Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Van Den Berg, L., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological skills of African youth soccer players in different playing positions. The role of psychological skills and overall team performance was also determined. The sample consisted of male soccer players (N=152) between the ages of 14 and 18 years from 10 African countries competing in the 2010 Copa Coca-Cola soccer tournament. A cross-sectional survey design was used to determine the players' psychological skills by means of the Bull's Mental Skills Questionnaire and the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). Results yielded insignificant differences between the subscale scores of the players in different playing positions. Concentration was the only psychological variable associated with performance. The middle four-ranked teams outscored the most successful and least successful teams in relaxation. Findings from this study could not confirm the widely acclaimed research assumption that psychological skill demands differ among players in different playing positions, nor the positive correlation between psychological skills and team success. Future research should investigate the perceptions and extent of psychological skills training among African youth soccer players, as well as the efficiency of psychological skills interventions aimed at enhancing overall team performance.	Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28); Bull's mental skills questionnaire; Playing positions; Psychological skills; Youth soccer	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936849828	Predicting the impact of border control on malaria transmission: a simulated focal screen and treat campaign	Silal S.P., Little F., Barnes K.I., White L.J.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0776-2	Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Silal, S.P., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Barnes, K.I., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; White, L.J., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: South Africa is one of many countries committed to malaria elimination with a target of 2018 and all malaria-endemic provinces, including Mpumalanga, are increasing efforts towards this ambitious goal. The reduction of imported infections is a vital element of an elimination strategy, particularly if a country is already experiencing high levels of imported infections. Border control of malaria is one tool that may be considered. Methods: A metapopulation, non-linear stochastic ordinary differential equation model is used to simulate malaria transmission in Mpumalanga and Maputo province, Mozambique (the source of the majority of imported infections) to predict the impact of a focal screen and treat campaign at the Mpumalanga-Maputo border. This campaign is simulated by nesting an individual-based model for the focal screen and treat campaign within the metapopulation transmission model. Results: The model predicts that such a campaign, simulated for different levels of resources, coverage and take-up rates with a variety of screening tools, will not eliminate malaria on its own, but will reduce transmission substantially. Making the campaign mandatory decreases transmission further though sub-patent infections are likely to remain undetected if the diagnostic tool is not adequately sensitive. Replacing screening and treating with mass drug administration results in substantially larger decreases as all (including sub-patent) infections are treated before movement into Mpumalanga. Conclusions: The reduction of imported cases will be vital to any future malaria control or elimination strategy. This simulation predicts that FSAT at the Mpumalanga-Maputo border will be unable to eliminate local malaria on its own, but may still play a key role in detecting and treating imported infections before they enter the country. Thus FSAT may form part of an integrated elimination strategy where a variety of interventions are employed together to achieve malaria elimination. © 2015 Silal et al.	Elimination; Focal screen and treat; Imported infections; Malaria	Article; controlled study; diagnostic procedure; infection control; malaria control; mathematical model; metapopulation; parasite clearance; parasite identification; parasite transmission; prediction; simulation; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867268974	Measuring the performance of South African equity investment managers using portfolio opportunity distributions	van Heerden J.D., Botha A.F.	2012	Investment Analysts Journal	76	1	None	Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciene, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7650, South Africa	van Heerden, J.D., Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciene, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7650, South Africa; Botha, A.F., Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciene, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7650, South Africa	Market indices and peer group comparison are the most commonly used proxies to measure a portfolio manager's relative performance and draw conclusions regarding a manager's skill in managing investment portfolios. However, methods based on both of these proxies have several drawbacks that may lead to incorrect conclusions regarding relative performance and skill. This study addresses the shortcomings of the traditional approaches, and applies an alternative method to eliminate their shortcomings, namely Portfolio Opportunity Distributions (PODs). The method is applied to all South African equity unit trust portfolios classified as either value or growth portfolios. Although data constraints ruled out any statistical testing of this hypothesis, the results nevertheless suggest that the PODs approach may indeed offer a more accurate performance measurement approach.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927160851	The performance of serial correlation preliminary test estimators under asymmetry loss functions	Nakale S.N., Kleyn J., Arashi M., Bekker A.	2015	South African Statistical Journal	49	1	None	Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran	Nakale, S.N., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Kleyn, J., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Arashi, M., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Shahrood, Shahrood, Iran; Bekker, A., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	The risk performances, under the symmetric squared error loss function, of the estimators of the regression coefficients after a preliminary test for serial correlation have been widely investigated in the literature. However, it is well known that the use of the symmetric loss functions is inappropriate in estimation problems where underestimation and overestimation have different consequences. We consider the Linear Exponential and Bounded Linear Exponential loss functions which allows for asymmetry. The risks of the estimators are derived and numerically evaluated by using simulations.	BLINEX loss; LINEX loss; Preliminary test estimation; Risk function.; Serial correlation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749100545	Performance of the estimators of linear regression model with autocorrelated error terms which are also correlated with the geometric trended regressor	Olaomi J.O.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olaomi, J.O., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Assumptions in the classical normal linear regression model include that of lack of autocorrelation of the error terms and the zero covariance between the explanatory variable and the error terms. This paper is channeled towards understanding the performance of estimators of the parameters of the linear regression models when the above two assumptions are violated. The study used the Monte-Carlo method to investigate the performance of five estimators: OLS, CORC, HILU, ML and MLGRID in estimating the parameters of a single linear regression model in which the geometric explanatory variable is also correlated with the autoregressive error terms. The finite sampling properties of Bias, Variance and RMSE were used in evaluating the estimators. The results show that all estimators are adversely affected as autocorrelation coefficient (ρ) is close to unity. The estimators rank as follows in descending order of performance: OLS, MLGRID, ML, CORC and HILU as ρ increases while as significant level (α) decreases the ranking is MLGRID, ML, OLS, CORC and HILU. The estimators conform to the asymptotic properties of estimates considered. This is seen at all levels of autocorrelation and at all significant levels. The estimators' rank in decreasing order in conformity with the observed asymptotic performance as follows: HILU, OLS, ML, MLGRID, and CORC. The results suggest that OLS should be preferred when autocorrelation level is relatively mild (ρ = 0.4) and the geometric regressor is significantly correlated at 5% with the autocorrelated error terms. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Autocorrelated error terms; Correlation; Estimators; Geometric trended regressor; Monte-Carlo experiment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749100085	Comparative performance of the limited information techniques in a two-equation structural model	Adepoju A.A.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adepoju, A.A., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The samples with which we deal in practice are rather small, seldom exceeding 80 observations and frequently much smaller. Thus, it is of great interest to inquire into the properties of estimators for the typical sample sizes encountered in practice. The performances of three simultaneous estimation methods using a model consisting of a mixture of an identified and over identified equations with correlated error terms are compared. The results of the Monte Carlo study revealed that the Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) and the Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) estimates are similar and in most cases identical in respect of the just-identified equation. The Total Absolute Biases (TAB) of 2SLS and LIML revealed asymptotic behavior under (upper triangular matrix), P1, while those of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) exhibited no such behavior. For both upper and lower triangular matrices (P1 and P2), 2SLS estimates showed asymptotic behavior in the middle interval. The OLS is the only stable estimator with a stable behavior of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as its estimates increase (decrease) consistently for equation 1 (equation 2) for P1 (for P2). © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Estimator; Identification; Monte Carlo; Mutual correlation; Random deviates	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865279535	Evaluation of small sample estimators of outliers infested simultaneous equation model: A monte carlo approach	Adepoju A.A., Olaomi J.O.	2012	Journal of Applied Economic Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Statistics, University of South Africa, South Africa	Adepoju, A.A., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Olaomi, J.O., Department of Statistics, University of South Africa, South Africa	In practice, data collected in a broad range of applications frequently contain one or more atypical observations called outlier. A single outlier can have a large distorting influence on a classical statistical method that is optimal under the assumption of normality or linearity. Many estimation procedures proposed by researchers to handle simultaneous equation models are based on the assumptions that give little consideration to atypical data, thus the need to investigate the distorting effects of outliers in simultaneous equations estimation methods. In this study, we compare the performance of five estimators (OLS, 2SLS, 3SLS, GMM and W2SLS) of simultaneous equations model parameters at small sample sizes (n) 15, 20 and 25; first order autocorrelation levels (ρ) 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 of the error terms, when the series are perturbed at zero, one and two times. The estimators are adjudged using the minimum criteria of Bias, Variance and RMSE criteria on the 135 scenarios, each replicated 10,000 times. Identical results were obtained for the 2SLS and W2SLS methods since there are no restrictions on the parameters. The system methods clearly performed better than the single equation counterparts. Generally, the estimates obtained for the just identified equation are better than those of the over identified counterpart. Surprisingly, the ranking of the various techniques on the basis of their small sample properties does not reveal any distinguishable feature according to whether there is outlier(s) in the data or not and at the different level of correlation, but all the estimators behave asymptotically. On the BIAS criterion, the best method is OLS in the just identified equation, followed by 3SLS in most cases especially where the pollution level is zero for all the three autocorrelation levels considered. The GMM and 2WSLS struggled for the third and last positions. However, in the over identified case, 3SLS is leading closely followed by GMM in most cases (when rho is 0.9 for all sample sizes considered) and OLS in few other cases (especially at rho = 0.3 and 0.6 and for N = 20 and 25 with single/double pollution levels), it is expected that we would be able to identify or suggest the best method to use when we have the scenario depicted above.	Autoregressive error terms; Outlier; Simultaneous equations; Small sample	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44649178916	Measures of batting performance in a short series of cricket matches	Lemmer H.H.	2008	South African Statistical Journal	42	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lemmer, H.H., Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa	The traditional average is not a satisfactory measure of batting performance if a batsman has many not-out scores. The purpose of this paper is, firstly, to define an estimator that will always give a reliable estimate of the average, even in the case of a batsman having a large percentage of not-out scores, and secondly also a comprehensive measure of batting performance for a short series, e.g. a test or ODI series. Strong arguments are given why the traditional average should not be used in the case of high proportions of not-out scores.	Batting average; Cricket; Not-out scores	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951791760	Batting and bowling performance measures for list-a and first class cricket matches	Lemmer H.H.	2010	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	32	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; 122 Fourth Avenue, Fairland 2170, South Africa	Lemmer, H.H., Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, 122 Fourth Avenue, Fairland 2170, South Africa	It is always difficult to decide whether a batsman (or bowler) who performs well in domestic matches should replace a player in the national team. It is therefore necessary that a sound basis should be found for a comparison of players' performances on local and international levels. In this study the performance measures BPW for batsmen and CBPW for bowlers at international level are extended to include this situation. This is achieved by determining appropriate weights for runs scored by batsmen, and also for wickets taken and runs conceded by bowlers, in local matches. BPW and CBPW are applied to each player's complete set of one-day scores (local and international) and recommendations are made on which players should be considered for inclusion in the ODI team. The same is done in the case of unlimited overs matches in order to identify strong new candidates for the test team.	Cricket; Rankings; Weights for runs; Weights for wickets	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79954998521	Performance based reward for immunization: Experiences from GAVI	Trap R., Trap B., Hansen T.W., Hansen E.H.	2011	Southern Med Review	4	1	10.5655/smr.v4i1.69	Department of Surgery, Aabenraa University Hospital, Denmark; Euro Health Group, Denmark; Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark	Trap, R., Department of Surgery, Aabenraa University Hospital, Denmark, Euro Health Group, Denmark; Trap, B., Euro Health Group, Denmark, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda; Hansen, T.W., Euro Health Group, Denmark; Hansen, E.H., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark	Objective: To assess whether linking the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization (GAVI) service support with performance-based interventions has influenced the quality of reporting and of immunization systems. GAVI Service Support (ISS) combines performance assessment, recommendations and implementation support with financial reward. Methods: A retrospective study based on data from Data Quality Audit (DQA), a validated standardized indicator-based performance assessment tool which evaluates reporting consistency, accuracy and the quality of the immunization system. Participants are nine developing countries, sampling 421 health units, 72 districts, which have had two consecutive DQAs in the period 2002 to 2005. Results: Both the quality of reporting and the immunization system improved following GAVI ISS intervention. Reporting quality was associated with the enhanced overall quality of the immunization system and with immunization coverage. Immunisation coverage improved in eight of the nine countries. Conclusions: The study indicates that the combined GAVI ISS intervention strategy is effective, resulting in increased immunization coverage, enhanced reporting quality and improved quality of the immunization system set-up at all levels of healthcare. High quality reporting is instrumental in focusing immunization management on setting targets for increased coverage, demonstrated by the correlation between increased reporting quality and immunization coverage. Repeated assessments are recommended to ensure sustainable immunization system improvements.	Global alliance for vaccines and immunization; Immunization reporting; Immunization system; Performance-based financial reward strategy; Quality improvements	accuracy; article; health care quality; health economics; immunization; performance based financial rewarding; performance measurement system; preventive health service; public-private partnership; retrospective study; total quality management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924611129	Functional assessment of elderly patients with hearing impairment: A preliminary evaluation	Sogebi O.A., Oluwole L.O., Mabifah T.O.	2015	Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics	6	1	10.1016/j.jcgg.2014.08.004	Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Olabisi Onabanjo Universi	Sogebi, O.A., Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria; Oluwole, L.O., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Mabifah, T.O., Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria	Background The consequence of hearing impairment in elderly patients may affect daily living activities functions. This study assessed whether hearing impairment (HI) has an effect, and the extent of the effect, on the functionality of elderly patients. It also explored factors that may be associated with impaired functionality in hearing-impaired elderly patients. Methods This was a cross-sectional, comparative study of elderly patients (aged ≥ 60 years) with HI. The study was conducted in a specialist tertiary hospital in a suburban town in southwestern Nigeria. The study participants were administered a structured questionnaire to obtain information on sociodemographics, clinical and audiometric profiles, and functional capabilities relating to physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning. Differences in the functional capabilities between the test patients and the controls were explored using the Student t test and Chi-square test, based on the data generated by statistical software. Results One hundred and thirty individuals (78 test patients, 52 controls), aged 60-94 years (mean ± standard deviation, 71.4 ± 7.4 years) completed the study. In the physical and cognitive domains, the prevalence of functional impairment was 52.6%. Functions were different between hearing-impaired patients and normal hearing elderly patients. The HI patients had associated significant impairment in two domains of functional assessment (χ2 = 10.5, p = 0.001). The factors associated with functional impairment included an age older than 70 years, unmarried status, the presence of combined distressing symptoms, the loss of right ear advantage, the presence of multiple comorbid systemic diseases, and the need for hearing aids. Conclusion Elderly patients with HI have vital functional limitations in daily living activities in Nigeria. The factors associated with the limitations deserve urgent attention. Copyright © 2014, Asia Pacific League of Clinical Gerontology & Geriatrics. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.	elderly; function; hearing impairment; limitations; Nigeria	adult; aged; aging; Article; audiometry; cognition; comorbidity; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; daily life activity; demography; diabetes mellitus; education; emotion; female; frail elderly; functional assessment; functional disease; hearing aid; hearing impairment; human; hypertension; knee osteoarthritis; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; prevalence; priority journal; single (marital status); structured questionnaire; symptom; tinnitus; vertigo; very elderly	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873680282	The impact of psychological illness on outcome of corrosive esophageal injury	Ogunrombi A.B., Mosaku K.S., Onakpoya U.U.	2013	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	16	1	10.4103/1119-3077.106747	Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Ogunrombi, A.B., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Mosaku, K.S., Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Onakpoya, U.U., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Purpose of Study: Esophageal stricture is a debilitating condition with significant morbidity and mortality, occurring often as a complication of the ingestion of corrosives. In the adult, majority of cases are intentional whilst being accidental in the pediatric population. We therefore sought to describe the circumstances of intentional corrosive ingestion and determine the presence and impact of psychiatric illness on the outcome of management. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of case folders of patients managed with this condition over a ten.year period (2000-2009) was done by comparing sociodemographics and outcome of management in patients with and without psychiatric disorders. Results: Twenty seven cases were reviewed. Mean age was 30.7 (SD =16.01), with a M:F ratio of 1.25:1.86.2% had a diagnosable psychiatric condition, the most common being depression in 55.6% of the patients. Caustic soda (55.6%) was the most common corrosive ingested. There was a significant difference in mean duration before presentation in patients with (1.7 days) and without (6.6 days) previous psychiatric illness (P = 0.01). A significant positive association was also found between surgical outcome and previous history of psychiatric disorder (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Early recognition of psychosocial distress is important to prevent deliberate self.harm. Counter.intuitively, a previous history of psychopathology limits esophageal injury by early presentation and therefore improve chances of a good surgical outcome.	Corrosive; Deliberate self harm; Outcome	caustic agent; adult; aged; article; automutilation; chemical burn; comparative study; depression; esophagus; esophagus stenosis; female; human; injury; male; middle aged; morbidity; Nigeria; psychological aspect; retrospective study; survival rate; Adult; Aged; Burns, Chemical; Caustics; Depressive Disorder; Esophageal Stenosis; Esophagus; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Nigeria; Retrospective Studies; Self-Injurious Behavior; Survival Rate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444456737	The perceptions of students and lecturers of some factors influencing academic performance at two South African universities	Fraser W., Killen R.	2005	Perspectives in Education	23	1	None	Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	Fraser, W., Department of Teaching and Training Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Killen, R., Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Australia	This article presents the results of two recent empirical investigations at universities in South Africa (University of Pretoria and University of South Africa) where an attempt was made to identify the pre- and post-enrolment factors that lecturers and students perceived as having the most important influence on students' success in their university studies. The opinions of lecturers were compared with those of various groups of undergraduate students within and across the two universities. Different genders, different years of study, different home languages, different languages of instruction, and different modes of study (contact and distance education) were considered. The investigations revealed a strong level of agreement between lecturers and students concerning most factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' academic success. However, there was considerable diversity in the opinions of lecturers and students concerning the factors that were identified as being likely to contribute to students' failure at university. These differences were more pronounced at the distance education institution than at the contact university. At both universities the results of the studies pointed to a number of instructional practices that seem to be limiting the opportunities for students to develop the levels of understanding and insight that lecturers expect of undergraduates. The studies also showed that some students were taking counter-productive approaches to their study.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892509550	Effect of an improvised furnance on students performance in foundry technology in technical colleges in Rivers State, Nigeria	Ogundu I., Wordu H.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	1	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p649	Department of Technical Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ogundu, I., Department of Technical Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Wordu, H., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of an improvised furnace on students' performance in foundry technology in technical colleges in Rivers State. The study adopted research and development incorporating quasiexperimental design. It involved the use of control group, pre-test - post test design. The population of 194 students from four technical colleges in Rivers State were used for the study. The instrument for data collection was made up of Foundry Technology Achievement Test (FTAT) developed by the researcher. The achievement test consists of 50-multiple choice items with four options of A-D. The test items were identified and selected from the content of (NABTEB) syllabus on metal work technology. Test re-test method was used to establish the reliability of the instrument; the tests yielded 0.70,073 and 0.72, 0.74 for the first and second tests respectively. Four experts in metal work technology were involved in both face and content validity of the improvised furnace and 200 multiple-choice test items. The results obtained from the test scores were compiled and analyzed using statistical tools such as; percentage, mean, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in answering the research question and testing the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. improvised furnace had positive effects on students' performance in foundry (15.32). The difference in performance between those taught using improvised furnace and those taught using conventional teaching aids was found to be significant at 0.05 levels of significance. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended that government, technical college principals and the different agencies should provide fund to procure the materials and component for designing and constructing furnace by the teacher for teaching foundry in technical colleges in Rivers State. Also, constant power supply, generators, accumulators, anvil, steel vessel, pipes and electric blower should be provided and distributed by the ministry of education to the technical colleges for construction of furnace for effective teaching of foundry in Rivers State. The industries, government, non-governmental agencies and private enterprises and communities should provide components, consumable materials necessary for teaching foundry and supply the materials directly to the individual technical colleges in Rivers State.	Foundry; Furnaces; Improvisation; Performance; Technology and College	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908126776	Predictors of death and production performance of layer chickens in opened and sealed pens in a tropical savannah environment	Shittu A., Raji A.A., Madugu S.A., Hassan A.W., Fasina F.O.	2014	BMC Veterinary Research	10	1	10.1186/s12917-014-0214-7	Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Producti	Shittu, A., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Raji, A.A., Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Madugu, S.A., Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria, Plot 223D, Cadastral Zone B6, Mabushi, Abuja, Nigeria; Hassan, A.W., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Fasina, F.O., Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa	Background: Layer chickens are exposed to high risks of production losses and mortality with impact on farm profitability. The harsh tropical climate and severe disease outbreaks, poor biosecurity, sub-minimal vaccination and treatment protocols, poor management practices, poor chick quality, feed-associated causes, and unintended accidents oftentimes aggravate mortality and negatively affect egg production. The objectives of this study were to estimate the probability of survival and evaluate risk factors for death under different intensive housing conditions in a tropical climate, and to assess the production performance in the housing systems. Results: Daily mean mortality percentages and egg production figures were significantly lower and higher in the sealed pens and open houses (P < 0. 001) respectively. The total mean feed consumption/bird/day was similar for the open sided and sealed pens but the mean feed quantity per egg produce was significantly lower in the sealed pens ((P < 0.005). Seasons differently impacted on mortality with the hot-dry season producing significantly higher risk of mortality (61 times) and reduced egg production. Other parameters also differed except the egg production during the cold-dry season. Layers in sealed pens appear to have higher probability of survival and the Kaplan-Meir survival curves differed for each pen; ≥78 weeks old layer have higher probability of survival compared with the younger chickens and the 19-38 weeks age category are at highest risk of death (P < 0.001). The hazard-ratio for mortality of layers raised in sealed pens was 0.568 (56.8%).Conclusion: Reasons for spiked mortality in layer chickens may not always be associated with disease. Hot-dry climatic environment is associated with heat stress, waning immunity and inefficient feed usage and increase probability of death with reduced egg production; usage of environmentally controlled building in conditions where environmental temperature may rise significantly above 25°C will reduce this impact. Since younger birds (19-38 weeks) are at higher risk of death due to stress of coming into production, management changes and diseases, critical implementation of protocols that will reduce death at this precarious period becomes mandatory. Whether older chickens' better protection from death is associated with many prophylactic and metaphylactic regimen of medications/vaccination will need further investigation. © 2014 Shittu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Egg production; Mortality; Survival modeling; Tropical climate	Gallus gallus; animal; animal housing; chicken; eating; egg laying; female; heat; physiological stress; physiology; risk factor; season; survival; tropic climate; Animals; Chickens; Eating; Female; Hot Temperature; Housing, Animal; Oviposition; Risk Factors; Seasons; Stress, Physiological; Survival Analysis; Tropical Climate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891275522	Prospective evaluation of a new visual prostate symptom score, the international prostate symptom score, and uroflowmetry in men with urethral stricture disease	Wessels S.G., Heyns C.F.	2014	Urology	83	1	10.1016/j.urology.2013.08.058	Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Wessels, S.G., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Heyns, C.F., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Objective To evaluate the correlation between the visual prostate symptom score (VPSS) and the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and uroflowmetry parameters in men with urethral stricture disease. The VPSS offers a nonverbal, pictographic assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Methods A total of 100 men followed up with a diagnosis of urethral stricture were evaluated from March 2011 to November 2012 with IPSS, VPSS, uroflowmetry, urethral calibration, and urethrography. Follow-up every 3 months for 3-18 months was available in 78 men for a total of 289 visits. Procedures performed were urethral dilation in 105, internal urethrotomy in 54, and urethroplasty in 8 patients. Statistical analysis was performed with Spearman's rank correlation, Fisher's exact, and Student t tests. Results The time taken to complete the VPSS vs IPSS was significantly shorter (118 vs 215 seconds at the first and 80 vs 156 seconds at follow-up visits; P <.001). There were significant correlations between the VPSS and IPSS (r = 0.845; P <.001), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax; r = 0.681; P <.001) and urethral diameter (r = -0.552; P <.001). A combination of VPSS >8 and Qmax <15 mL/s had positive and negative predictive values of 87% and 89%, respectively, for the presence of urethral stricture. Conclusion The VPSS correlates significantly with the IPSS, Qmax, and urethral diameter in men with urethral stricture disease and takes significantly less time to complete. A combination of VPSS >8 and Qmax <15 mL/s can be used to avoid further invasive evaluation during follow-up in men with urethral strictures.	None	adult; aged; article; calibration; educational status; follow up; human; International Prostate Symptom Score; lichen sclerosus et atrophicus; lower urinary tract symptom; major clinical study; male; middle aged; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; nocturia; postvoid residual urine volume; predictive value; priority journal; quality of life; urethra injury; urethra stricture; urethritis; urethrography; urethroplasty; urethrotomy; urinary frequency; urine flow rate; uroflowmetry; very elderly; visual prostate symptom score; young adult; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Symptom Assessment; Urethral Stricture; Urodynamics; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41549121471	Evaluation of core and surface body temperatures, prevalence, onset, duration and severity of hot flashes in men after bilateral orchidectomy for prostate cancer	Aziz N.A., Heyns C.F.	2008	International Braz J Urol	34	1	None	Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Aziz, N.A., Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Heyns, C.F., Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Objective: To assess the prevalence, onset, duration and severity of hot flashes in men after bilateral orchidectomy (BO) for prostate cancer, to evaluate body temperature changes during hot flashes and to determine whether an elevated temperature within a few days after BO can be caused by deprivation of androgen. Materials and Methods: Patients (n = 101) were questioned about the characteristics of their hot flashes after BO for prostate cancer. A subgroup of these men (n = 17) were instructed to record their oral and forehead temperatures during and at fixed intervals between hot flashes daily for 4 weeks. Results: The mean age was 71.6 years, mean follow-up after BO was 33.2 months. Hot flashes were reported by 87 men (86%) with previous spontaneous remission in 9 (10%). The median time between BO and the onset of hot flashes was 21 days (range 1-730), median number of hot flashes 3 per day (range 1-20), and median duration was 120 seconds (range 5 to 1800). There was no significant difference between median oral (36.4°C) and forehead (36.0°C) temperature in the normal state, but during hot flashes the median forehead temperature (37.0°C) was higher than the oral temperature (36.5°C) (p = 0.0004). Both median oral and forehead temperatures were higher during hot flashes (36.5°C and 37.0°C) than in the normal state (36.4°C and 36.0°C, respectively) (p < 0.0001). During hot flashes, the oral temperature was 38°C to 40°C in only 3.2% of 593 readings in 17 patients. Conclusions: The median oral and forehead temperatures are higher during hot flashes than in normal periods. Oral temperature elevation > 38°C within days after a BO is unlikely to be the result of androgen deprivation alone.	Androgen; Hot flashes; Orchidectomy; Prostate cancer	antiandrogen; aged; article; body temperature; chemically induced disorder; follow up; hospitalization; hot flush; human; male; middle aged; nonparametric test; orchiectomy; prostate tumor; quality of life; time; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Androgen Antagonists; Body Temperature; Follow-Up Studies; Hot Flashes; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orchiectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Severity of Illness Index; Statistics, Nonparametric; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919427890	Predicting the effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment on major cardiovascular events for individual patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus results from action in diabetes and vascular disease: Preterax and diamicron mr controlled evaluation	Van Der Leeuw J., Visseren F.L.J., Woodward M., Zoungas S., Kengne A.P., Van Der Graaf Y., Glasziou P., Hamet P., MacMahon S., Poulter N., Grobbee D.E., Chalmers J.	2015	Hypertension	65	1	10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04421	Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA, Netherlands; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Netherlands; University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Research on Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia; Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Van Der Leeuw, J., Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Netherlands; Visseren, F.L.J., Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA, Netherlands; Woodward, M., NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Zoungas, S., Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA, Netherlands; Kengne, A.P., Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Netherlands; Van Der Graaf, Y., University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Glasziou, P., George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Hamet, P., NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; MacMahon, S., Centre for Research on Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia; Poulter, N., Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Grobbee, D.E., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Chalmers, J., Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Blood pressure-lowering treatment reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes mellitus, but the effect varies between individuals. We sought to identify which patients benefit most from such treatment in a large clinical trial in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) participants (n=11 140), we estimated the individual patient 5-year absolute risk of major adverse cardiovascular events with and without treatment by perindopril-indapamide (4/1.25 mg). The difference between treated and untreated risk is the estimated individual patient's absolute risk reduction (ARR). Predictions were based on a Cox proportional hazards model inclusive of demographic and clinical characteristics together with the observed relative treatment effect. The group-level effect of selectively treating patients with an estimated ARR above a range of decision thresholds was compared with treating everyone or those with a blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg using net benefit analysis. In ADVANCE, there was wide variation in treatment effects across individual patients. According to the algorithm, 43% of patients had a large predicted 5-year ARR of 1% (number-needed-to-treat [NNT5] 100) and 40% had an intermediate predicted ARR of 0.5% to 1% (NNT5=100-200). The proportion of patients with a small ARR of 0.5% (NNT5200) was 17%. Provided that one is prepared to treat at most 200 patients for 5 years to prevent 1 adverse outcome, prediction-based treatment yielded the highest net benefit. In conclusion, a multivariable treatment algorithm can identify those individuals who benefit most from blood pressure-lowering therapy in terms of ARR of major adverse cardiovascular events and may be used to guide treatment decisions in individual patients with diabetes. © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.	Antihypertensive Agents; Diabetes Mellitus; Individualized Medicine; Medical Decision	acetylsalicylic acid; albumin; antidiabetic agent; cholesterol; creatinine; gliclazide; glucose; hemoglobin A1c; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; indapamide plus perindopril; insulin; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; placebo; triacylglycerol; antidiabetic agent; antihypertensive agent; drug combination; gliclazide; glucose blood level; indapamide; indapamide, perindopril drug combination; perindopril; adverse outcome; age; aged; algorithm; Article; blood pressure; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diabetic patient; diastolic blood pressure; diet restriction; disease duration; drug effect; evaluation study; female; gender; glomerulus filtration rate; glucose blood level; hemoglobin blood level; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; medical history; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; prediction; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction; smoking; systolic blood pressure; triacylglycerol blood level; waist circumference; Cardiovascular Diseases; clinical trial; complication; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; drug combination; drug effects; follow up; metabolism; multicenter study; pathophysiology; risk factor; time; treatment outcome; Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gliclazide; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Indapamide; Male; Perindopril; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80655130364	The effect of Nigerian Qua-Iboe brent crude oil on the reproductive performance of female Wistar albino rats	Nwaigwe A.N., Anya K.O., Nwaigwe C.O., Nwaigwe C.U.	2012	Journal of Environmental Science and Technology	5	1	10.3923/jest.2012.84.90	Department of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, N	Nwaigwe, A.N., Department of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Anya, K.O., Department of Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwaigwe, C.O., Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwaigwe, C.U., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The reproductive performance of rats given graded levels of the Nigerian Qua-iboe brent crude oil was investigated in 32 female Wistar albino rats. The experiment was divided into three parts, whereby, crude oil was given orally at the dose of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mL, corresponding to Groups A, B and C, respectively, for four weeks, while the untreated group served as control (Group D). Experiment one investigated the effect of the crude oil on the oestrous cycle in rats divided into four groups of four replicates, monitored for four consecutive cycles for regularity of oestrous cycle using vaginal cytology. Three of the four groups were drenched with graded levels of the crude oil while remaining group served as the control. Experiment two investigated the effect of crude oil on gestation, using another set of female Wistar albino rats which were grouped and drenched as in experiment one. Mating was monogamous, while drenching done every other day following mating. The gestation length, litter size, stillbirth and gross malformation of foetuses were monitored. The same group of animals in experiment two was used for experiment three, whereby the animals were drenched prior to mating and until parturition. Results showed irregularity of oestrous cycle in the drenched groups, with significant differences (p<0.05) existing between the experimental group and control group considering stillbirths, conception rates, gestation length and litter size. These findings suggested that exposure to Nigerian Qua-Iboe Brent crude oil affected the reproductive performance of the rats. © 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Gestation length; Mating oral administration; Oestrous cycle; Still birth; Vaginal cytology	crude oil; cytology; mating behavior; pregnancy; reproductive behavior; rodent; Animalia; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893848107	Push by a net, pull by a cow: Can zooprophylaxis enhance the impact of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria control?	Iwashita H., Dida G.O., Sonye G.O., Sunahara T., Futami K., Njenga S.M., Chaves L.F., Minakawa N.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-52	Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa, Costa Rica	Iwashita, H., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Dida, G.O., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Sonye, G.O., ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Sunahara, T., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Futami, K., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Chaves, L.F., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa, Costa Rica; Minakawa, N., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan	Background: Mass insecticide treated bed net (ITN) deployment, and its associated coverage of populations at risk, had "pushed" a decline in malaria transmission. However, it is unknown whether malaria control is being enhanced by zooprophylaxis, i.e., mosquitoes diverted to feed on hosts different from humans, a phenomenon that could further reduce malaria entomological transmission risk in areas where livestock herding is common. Methods. Between May and July 2009, we collected mosquitoes in 104 houses from three neighboring villages with high ITN coverage (over 80%), along Lake Victoria. We also performed a census of livestock in the area and georeferenced tethering points for all herds, as well as, mosquito larval habitats. Bloodmeal contents from sampled mosquitoes were analyzed, and each mosquito was individually tested for malaria sporozoite infections. We then evaluated the association of human density, ITN use, livestock abundance and larval habitats with mosquito abundance, bloodfeeding on humans and malaria sporozoite rate using generalized linear mixed effects models. Results: We collected a total of 8123 mosquitoes, of which 1664 were Anopheles spp. malaria vectors over 295 household spray catches. We found that vector household abundance was mainly driven by the number of householders (P < 0.05), goats/sheep tethered around the house (P < 0.05) and ITNs, which halved mosquito abundance (P < 0.05). In general, similar patterns were observed for Anopheles arabiensis, but not An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus s.s., whose density did not increase with the presence of livestock animals. Feeding on humans significantly increased in all species with the number of householders (P < 0.05), and only significantly decreased for An. arabiensis in the presence of cattle (P < 0.05). Only 26 Anopheles spp. vectors had malaria sporozoites with the sporozoite rate significantly decreasing as the proportion of cattle feeding mosquitoes increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that cattle, in settings with large ITN coverage, have the potential to drive an unexpected "push-pull" malaria control system, where An. arabiensis mosquitoes "pushed" out of human contact by ITNs are likely being further "pulled" by cattle. © 2014 Iwashita et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles; Bed net; Bloodfeeding; Plasmodium falciparum; Zooprophylaxis	Animals; Culicidae; Feeding Behavior; Geography; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Kenya; Larva; Livestock; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Public Health Surveillance	R03TW008237, NIH, National Institutes of Health; D43TW009527, NIH, National Institutes of Health; U19AI089672, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894501778	Impacts of insecticide treated bed nets on Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Mbita district and Suba district, Western Kenya	Futami K., Dida G.O., Sonye G.O., Lutiali P.A., Mwania M.S., Wagalla S., Lumumba J., Kongere J.O., Njenga S.M., Minakawa N.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-63	Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; School of Public Health, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Futami, K., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Dida, G.O., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, School of Public Health, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Sonye, G.O., ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Lutiali, P.A., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwania, M.S., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Wagalla, S., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Lumumba, J., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Kongere, J.O., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Minakawa, N., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan	Background: Abundance and species composition of sympatric malaria vector species are the important factors governing transmission intensity. A widespread insecticidal bed net coverage may replace endophagic species with exophagic species. However, unique local environments also influence a vector population. This study examined the impacts of insecticidal bed nets on An. gambiae s.l populations in Mbita District and Suba District. Methods. The species compositions of An. gambiae s.l. larvae were compared between 1997, 2009 and 2010 and between geographical areas. The abundance and species composition of An. gambiae s.l. females resting indoors were compared between 1999, 2008 and 2010 and between geographical areas. Bed net coverage was also examined temporally and spatially, and its relationships with vector abundance and species composition were examined. Results: The relative abundance of An. gambiae s.s. larvae was 31.4% in 1997, decreasing to 7.5% in 2008 and 0.3% in 2010. The density of indoor resting An. gambiae s.l. females decreased by nearly 95%, and the relative abundance of An. gambiae s.s. females decreased from 90.6% to 60.7% and 72.4% in 2008 and 2010, respectively. However, the species composition of indoor resting An. gambiae s.l. females changed little in the island villages, and An. gambiae s.s. remained dominant in the western part of the study area. The density of house resting females was negatively associated with the number of bed nets in a retrospective analysis, but the effect of bed nets on species composition was not significant in both retrospective and cross-sectional analyses. Conclusion: An increase in bed net coverage does not necessarily replace endophilic species with exophilic species. The effect of bed nets on An. gambiae s.l. populations varies spatially, and locally unique environments are likely to influence the species composition. © 2014 Futami et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; ITN; Malaria; Species composition	Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Female; Geography; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Kenya; Larva; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Population Dynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938519512	Impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations and trypanosomosis risk in Eastern Zambia	Mweempwa C., Marcotty T., De Pus C., Penzhorn B.L., Dicko A.H., Bouyer J., De Deken R.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1018-8	Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia; Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Climate change economics research program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683Dakar, Senegal; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, France; Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Senegal; VERDI-RandD, Louveigné, Belgium	Mweempwa, C., Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Marcotty, T., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa, VERDI-RandD, Louveigné, Belgium; De Pus, C., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Penzhorn, B.L., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Dicko, A.H., West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Climate change economics research program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683Dakar, Senegal; Bouyer, J., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, France, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Senegal; De Deken, R., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	Abstract Background: Fragmentation of tsetse habitat in eastern Zambia is largely due to encroachments by subsistence farmers into new areas in search of new agricultural land. The impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations is not clearly understood. This study was aimed at establishing the impact of habitat fragmentation on physiological and demographic parameters of tsetse flies in order to enhance the understanding of the relationship between fragmentation and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) risk. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted to establish the age structure, abundance, proportion of females and trypanosome infection rate of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in areas of varying degrees of habitat fragmentation in Eastern Zambia. Black screen fly rounds were used to sample tsetse populations monthly for 1 year. Logistic regression was used to analyse age, proportion of females and infection rate data. Results: Flies got significantly older as fragmentation increased (p < 0.004). The proportion of old flies, i.e. above ovarian category four, increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 25.9 % (CI 21.4-31.1) at the least fragmented site (Lusandwa) to 74.2 % (CI 56.8-86.3) at the highly fragmented site (Chisulo). In the most fragmented area (Kasamanda), tsetse flies had almost disappeared. In the highly fragmented area a significantly higher trypanosome infection rate in tsetse (P < 0.001) than in areas with lower fragmentation was observed. Consequently a comparatively high trypanosomosis incidence rate in livestock was observed there despite lower tsetse density (p < 0.001). The overall proportion of captured female flies increased significantly (P < 0.005) as fragmentation reduced. The proportion increased from 0.135 (CI 0.10-0.18) to 0.285 (CI 0.26-0.31) at the highly and least fragmented sites, respectively. Conclusions: Habitat fragmentation creates conditions to which tsetse populations respond physiologically and demographically thereby affecting tsetse-trypanosome interactions and hence influencing trypanosomosis risk. Temperature rise due to fragmentation coupled with dominance of old flies in populations increases infection rate in tsetse and hence creates high risk of trypanosomosis in fragmented areas. Possibilities of how correlations between biological characteristics of populations and the degree of fragmentation can be used to structure populations based on their well-being, using integrated GIS and remote sensing techniques are discussed. © 2015 Mweempwa et al.	Habitat fragmentation; Trypanosomosis risk; Tsetse ecology; Zambia	diminazene aceturate; age distribution; animal experiment; Article; female; Glossina morsitans morsitans; Glossina pallidipes; Glossinidae; habitat fragmentation; host parasite interaction; human; incidence; infection rate; longitudinal study; male; nagana; nonhuman; parasite control; population abundance; population density; risk factor; sex difference; species habitat; trypanosomiasis; Zambia; Animalia; Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina morsitans morsitans; Glossinidae	Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644867731	Evaluation of the gill filament-based EROD assay in African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as a monitoring tool for waterborne PAH-type contaminants	Mdegela R., Myburgh J., Correia D., Braathen M., Ejobi F., Botha C., Sandvik M., Skaare J.U.	2006	Ecotoxicology	15	1	10.1007/s10646-005-0041-5	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Veterinary Faculty, University of Eduardo Mondlane, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway	Mdegela, R., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Myburgh, J., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Correia, D., Veterinary Faculty, University of Eduardo Mondlane, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique; Braathen, M., Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway; Ejobi, F., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Botha, C., Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Sandvik, M., Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway; Skaare, J.U., Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8156, Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Dep., 0033, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway	The ability of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in inducing cytochrome P-450 class 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) biomarkers was determined in liver and gill filaments after 4 days of waterborne exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) fish were exposed to B[a]P added to the water (30 μg/l) corresponding to 5 mg/kg total body weight. Five female and six male fish, exposed to acetone alone added to the water served as controls. The 7-ethoxyresurufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was measured in hepatic microsomes and gill filaments. In addition, GST activity was determined in the hepatic cytosolic fraction and fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile and biliverdin. Benzo[a]pyrene strongly induced EROD activities in gill filaments of both sex. Levels of FACs per ml of bile were 17-fold higher in exposed fish compared to the controls. Correlations between induction of EROD activities in gill filaments and liver and between induction of EROD activities in gill filaments and levels of biliary FACs metabolites were strong. GST activities in the hepatic cytosolic fraction were similar amongst the treated and control groups. This is the first report on studies determining EROD activities in gill filaments and hepatic tissue, FACs in bile and GST in hepatic tissues of C. gariepinus after waterborne exposure to B[a]P. The findings suggest that the gill filament-based EROD assay in C. gariepinus can be used to monitor the pollution of AhR agonists in aquatic ecosystems in eastern and southern African countries. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	African catfish; Benzo[a]pyrene; Biomarkers; Clarias gariepinus; Gill and liver EROD assay	acetone; benzo[a]pyrene; biliverdin; biological marker; cytochrome P450 1A; ethoxyresorufin; ethoxyresorufin deethylase; glutathione transferase; liver enzyme; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; resorufin; aquatic ecosystem; biomarker; biomonitoring; fish; PAH; Africa; animal experiment; animal tissue; aquatic environment; article; bile; catfish; controlled study; cytosol; environmental exposure; environmental monitoring; enzyme activity; enzyme assay; enzyme induction; evaluation; female; fluorescence; gill; liver; liver microsome; male; metabolite; nonhuman; priority journal; water pollution; Animals; Bile; Biological Assay; Biological Markers; Catfishes; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Gills; Glutathione Transferase; Liver; Male; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
None	None	Impact of farmer education on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in southern Tanzania: A case for Taenia solium control	Ngowi H.A., Mkupasi E.M., Lekule F.P., Willingham A.L., Thamsborg S.M.	2011	Livestock Research for Rural Development	23	1	None	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Ngowi, H.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mkupasi, E.M., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lekule, F.P., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Willingham, A.L., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Thamsborg, S.M., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	A comparative study was conducted with pre- and post-intervention assessments on the same subjects to evaluate a health education intervention administered to smallholder pig farmers in Iringa Rural (n = 750) and Chunya (n = 700) districts, southern Tanzania. A total of 366 respondents (249 in Iringa Rural, 117 in Chunya) undertook a self assessment questionnaire regarding knowledge on Taenia solium, its impact and mode of transmission, and attitudes towards consumption of infected pork. McNemar and Bhapkar Chi-square P values were computed in SPSS and MH to assess significant differences. The study revealed that health education intervention significantly improved the knowledge and attitudes towards Taenia solium control (P < 0.001) and thus would reduce the consumption of infected pork. It recommends that health education, particularly to women be integrated as an essential component of prevention and control programmes for Taenia solium infections. The Government of Tanzania should revise its pork inspection regulations to include practical ways of controlling porcine cysticercosis.	Health education effect; Paired analysis; Porcine cysticercosis control	Suidae; Sus; Taenia solium	None
None	None	Implementation and evaluation of a health-promotion strategy for control of Taenia solium infections in northern Tanzania	Ngowi H.A., Mlangwa J.E.D., Mlozi M.R.S., Tolma E.L., Kassuku A.A., Carabin H., Willingham III A.L.	2009	International Journal of Health Promotion and Education	47	1	None	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3002, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, United States; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 801 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Emerging and Other Parasitic Zoonoses, Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Ngowi, H.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mlangwa, J.E.D., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mlozi, M.R.S., Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3002, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tolma, E.L., Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, United States; Kassuku, A.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Carabin, H., Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 801 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; Willingham III, A.L., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Emerging and Other Parasitic Zoonoses, Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Introduction: Education of pig farmers on health and pig management practices can have an important contribution to the control of Taenia solium infections in endemic areas, leading to potential for providing long-term control of the parasite. In this paper, we describe the application of a health promotion model to implement and evaluate evidence-based strategies for control of T. solium infections in northern Tanzania. Design and methods: We used the PRECEDE-PROCEED model as a guide to implement two previously planned health-promotion strategies (enhancing the quality provided by the public health extension services, and conducting seminars for smallholder pig farmers). We carried out a randomised-controlled field trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: Process evaluation revealed a good strategy delivery and a moderate participation of the smallholder pig farmers in the training. The impact evaluation revealed a significant reduction of consumption of pork infected with cysticercosis by the intervention (reduction by 20 per cent, P = 0.005). The outcome evaluation revealed a reduction of the incidence rate of porcine cysticercosis by 43 per cent by the intervention. Conclusion: The PRECEDE-PROCEED model may provide an efficient means for designing, implementing, and evaluating effective strategies for control of T. solium infections in any endemic setting.	Health promotion evaluation; PRECEDE-PROCEED model; Taenia solium control; Tanzania	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922625230	Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous extract of Acalypha wilkesiana in Wistar albino rats	Olukunle J.O., Jacobs E.B., Ajayi O.L., Biobaku K.T., Abatan M.O.	2015	Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine	12	1	10.1515/jcim-2013-0066	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokut	Olukunle, J.O.; Jacobs, E.B., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ajayi, O.L., Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Biobaku, K.T., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Abatan, M.O., Department of Veterinary Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of IbadanOyo State, Nigeria	Background: Acalypha wilkesiana (Euphorbiaceae) is highly accepted for traditional treatment of human plasmodiasis in Africa. Methods: The toxicological effects of the aqueous leaf extract of A. wilkesiana were studied in 45 male and female Wistar albino rats. An acute toxicity testing was done using 21 rats divided into seven groups and LD50 determined. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally over a period of 28 days to rats in three groups with doses of 400mg kg-1, 800mg kg-1 and 1,600 mg kg-1, respectively, and the fourth group administered with water served as control. Blood samples were collected for hematological and serum biochemical analysis; organs of the animals were harvested for histopathological examination. Results: The acute toxicity testing showed that the extract was non-toxic at doses up to 3,000mg kg-1 and the LD50 was calculated to be 2,828.34mg kg-1. The study showed that at 1,600mg kg-1 dose, the extract caused a decrease in the level of neutrophils (NEUT) while lymphocytes (LYMP) were statistically significantly increased. The administration of the extract also resulted in varying significant dose dependent increase in the levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). There were also significant increases in the level of total protein (TP), urea (URN) and albumin (GLB) especially at 1,600mg kg-1 dosage. Histopathology showed that the extract caused mild to severe significant lesions that are dose dependent in the liver and kidney when compared with the control group. Conclusions: Prolonged administration of high dose of A. wilkesiana extract has tendency to cause organ toxicity. © 2015, walter de gruyter gmbh. All rights reserved.	Acalypha wilkesiana; Hematology; Histopathology; Serum biochemistry; Toxicity	Acalypha wilkesiana extract; alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; plant extract; protein; unclassified drug; urea; alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; plant extract; urea; Acalypha wilkesiana; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; animal model; Article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; controlled study; disease severity; dose response; histopathology; LD 50; liver toxicity; lymphocyte; nephrotoxicity; neutrophil; nonhuman; plant leaf; protein blood level; rat; urea blood level; Wistar rat; Acalypha; adverse effects; animal; blood; drug effects; enzymology; female; kidney; liver; male; metabolism; toxicity testing; Acalypha; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Female; Kidney; Liver; Male; Plant Extracts; Rats, Wistar; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Urea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878753482	Evaluation of glucosamine and snail mucin on the progression of experimental knee osteoarthritis in dogs [Evaluación de la glucosamina y mucina de caracol en la progresión de la osteoartritis experimental de rodilla en perros]	Ajadi A.R., Oladele S.G., Ebenezer B.O., Olajide B.K.	2013	International Journal of Morphology	31	1	10.4067/S0717-95022013000100044	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Agr	Ajadi, A.R., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oladele, S.G., Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States; Ebenezer, B.O., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olajide, B.K., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	This study evaluated the effect of oral glucosamine and intramuscular injection (IM) of snail mucin on the progression of experimental osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. Twenty adult mongrels with mean body weight (12.4±1.8 kg) were used. Experimental OA was induced surgically using the groove model. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups following radiographic evidence of OA. Group one (control) comprised of ten dogs treated with normal saline twice weekly for four weeks following OA. Group two comprised of five dogs treated with 10mg/kg of oral glucosamine daily for four weeks. Group three comprised of five dogs treated with 5mg/kg intramuscular injection of 5% solution of snail mucin twice weekly for four weeks. Blood was obtained from the cephalic vein before surgical arthrotomy, after surgical arthrotomy, immediately after radiographic confirmation of OA (Week 0) and at two weeks interval up to 4 weeks of treatment. Efficacy of the drugs was assessed by changes in plasma IL-6 and MMP-3, while safety was determined using the changes in packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell counts (WBC) and observable adverse reactions associated with the administration of the drugs. In this study, the PCV and WBC did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) from the control group. Plasma IL-6 and MMP-3 were significantly (P< 0.05) lower both in glucosamine-treated and snail mucin-treated dogs up to week 4 of treatment when compared with the control group. However, there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in IL-6 and MMP-3 between the two treatment groups. In addition, painful swelling at the site of injection was observed in dogs treated with snail mucin, while no adverse reaction was observed in dogs treated with oral glucosamine. It was therefore concluded that both oral glucosamine and IM injection of snail mucin comparably modified the progression of OA. However, owing to the adverse reaction noted with IM injection of snail mucin, further study is required to determine the most appropriate route of administration.	Dogs; Glucosamine; Interleukin; Matrix metalloproteinase; Osteoarthritis; Snail mucin	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899892381	Climate change/global warming and its impacts on parasitology/entomology	Ngongeh L.A., Idika I.K., Ibrahim Shehu A.R.	2014	Open Parasitology Journal	5	1	None	Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria; Department of	Ngongeh, L.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia, Nigeria; Idika, I.K., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ibrahim Shehu, A.R., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria	Climate change and global warming are important phenomena and do not mean the same thing as is wrongly conceived by some individuals. However, the link between the two is strong and one, global warming is strictly an average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface and in the troposphere, while the other, climate change is more diverse and refers to any significant change in measures of climate such as temperature, precipitation, or wind lasting for a long period of time usually several years. Climate change could thus be an increase or decrease in temperature. The most important of the two terms which is under spotlight is global warming, an increase in temperature which has been blamed largely to greenhouse effect. There can no longer be any doubt that the earth’s climate is changing. It is now obvious that even the most hardened sceptics are starting to waiver in their convictions. Climate has been thrown completely out of kilter and each day brings fresh proof such as frequent and more violent cyclones in the Caribean, floods in Africa, the Philippines, the gradual sinking of Islands in the Pacific, heat waves in Europe and the melting of glaciers. There is increase in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and rising global average sea level. Impacts of global warming include the emergence and re-emergence of some parasitic infections and diseases. © Atehmengo et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.	Causes; Climate change; Evidence; Global warming; Impacts; Parasitology/entomology	Article; carbon dioxide evolution; climate change; deforestation; disease carrier; disease transmission; ecology; environmental exploitation; environmental factor; environmental health; environmental impact assessment; environmental radioactivity; environmental temperature; evolutionary adaptation; greenhouse effect; health impact assessment; host parasite interaction; human; hurricane; immune deficiency; industrial waste; malaria; nonhuman; parasitology; parasitosis; priority journal; public health; risk factor; socioeconomics; solar energy; survival	None
None	None	Socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania	Chengula A.A., Mdegela R.H., Kasanga C.J.	2013	SpringerPlus	2	1	10.1186/2193-1801-2-549	Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	Chengula, A.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mdegela, R.H., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kasanga, C.J., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. Using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of RVF and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling RVF in selected areas of Tanzania. Data were collected in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants. Results indicate that there was little knowledge on disease (all clinical signs scored <50%) and the difference between the three regions was statistically significant (P = 0.00459). Socio-economic impacts of RVF shown by this study included; animal and human deaths, disruption of livestock market chains, inability of pastoralists to achieve their daily demands, inability to obtain protein leading to malnutrition and monetary loss at individual and national level during control of the disease. These findings have demonstrated low knowledge of the community on RVF, thus, more education and engagement is needed in order to develop more effective and efficient control strategies. © 2013 Chengula et al.	Awareness; Pastoralists; Rift Valley fever; Socio-economic losses; Tanzania	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878362088	Clinicopathological evaluation of intranasal, subcutaneous and intramuscular routes of vaccination against intratracheal challenge of Peste des petits ruminants virus in goats	Emikpe B.O., Ezeasor C.K., Sabri M.Y., Anosa V.O.	2013	Small Ruminant Research	113	1	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.03.007	Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia	Emikpe, B.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ezeasor, C.K., Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Sabri, M.Y., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Anosa, V.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of intranasal vaccination against caprine Peste des petits ruminant lineage 1 variant virus infection with intramuscular and subcutaneous vaccinations. Twenty four goats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was vaccinated intranasally, group 2 was vaccinated subcutaneously, and group 3 intramuscularly, while group 4 was the unvaccinated control. In each group, the vaccinations were carried out once. All goats were challenged intratracheally with PPR virus at a concentration of 106.5 TCID50 two weeks after vaccination and were euthanised 21 days after the challenge. The clinical, lung consolidation, gross and histopathological scores were employed using standard techniques. All data were analysed statistically using the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Group 3 had the highest clinical score following the challenge of vaccinated group while deaths were observed only in group 4. Three goats in group 2 and 3 had pneumonic lung lesions, compared with none in group 1 and all the goats in group 4. The lung lesions in group 4 were significantly (P&lt;0.05) severe than in others. Similarly, the lesions in group 2 and 3 were less severe with the right lung more affected (P&gt;0.05) while group 1 had no consolidation. This study showed that PPR vaccination using subcutaneous, intramuscular and intranasal routes were protective but that of intranasal was found to be easy to apply hence it could be used for the prevention of the disease in small ruminants. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Goats; Intranasal vaccination; PPR	Bovidae; Capra; Capra hircus; Measles virus; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052569267	Evaluation of sperm motility and viability in honey-included egg yolk based extenders	Olqyemi F.O., Adeniji D.A., Oyeyemi M.O.	2011	Global Veterinaria	7	1	None	Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Olqyemi, F.O., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Adeniji, D.A., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Oyeyemi, M.O., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	The proportion of honey, egg yolk and sodium citrate buffer suitable for the extension of West African Dwarf (WAD) buck (Capra hircus L.) spermatozoa at 5°C was studied. Semen was collected from four clinically healthy bucks certified free of any obvious andrological defects. Four diluents were prepared with egg yolk citrate as the control while other diluents consisted of increasing concentrations of honey and decreasing concentrations of egg yolk. Evaluations for motility and viability were done every two hours for six hours for each diluent. Results show that inclusion of honey in egg yolk based extender sustained sperm motility and liveability for up to 6 hours at 5°C. This effect was however found to be dependent on the ratio of honey to egg yolk in the extender. Diluent 2 (5ml honey + 15ml egg yolk + 80ml sodium citrate) gave the highest percentage motility at each of the hours tested. The live dead ratio observed at different hours gave high values for diluents 1, 2 and 3 with diluent 2 as the highest. Diluent 4 (20ml honey + 80ml sodium citrate) gave very low values except at 0 hour.The result of this study suggested that the addition of honey to egg yolk improves the motility and live dead ratio and thus viability of liquid goat semen. However, this effect is concentration dependent and higher concentrations may have negative effect on sperm viability. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.	Egg yolk based extenders; Honey; Sperm motility; Viability	Capra hircus	None
None	None	Bull selection and use for improved performance in pastoral herds of Tanzania	Kashoma I.P.B., Luziga C., Mgongo F.O.K.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	1	None	Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kashoma, I.P.B., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania; Luziga, C., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mgongo, F.O.K., Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania	Tanzania shorthorn zebu (TSHZ) cattle are extensively reared in pastoral herds under natural multiple-breeding system in Tanzania. However, no study has been carried out to describe the reproductive performance of TSHZ bulls. The objective of this study was to measure scrotal circumference (SC) and correlate it with age, heart girth (HG), spermatozoa quality and body condition (BC). 303 healthy TSHZ breeding bulls were evaluated. SC measured by using standard scrotal metal. Age was determined by dentition. HG circumference was measured by tape. BC was estimated by visual assessment. Sperm cells were collected by epididymal aspiration procedure and stained with Carbol-fuchsin. One hundred spermatozoa were counted per slide and each classified into normal or abnormal. Three parenchyma samples were taken after slaughter and processed for histological examination by staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. Forty sections of seminiferous tubules per section were evaluated and classified into either normal or abnormal. Bulls were retrospectively classified into two groups; normal (55.8%) and abnormal (44.2%). The mean SC in normal bulls was 28.9±1.8 cm and positively correlated with age, years (r=0.67, P< 0.01) and HG, cm (r=0.82, P< 0.01). The mean percentages of spermatozoa abnormalities in normal and abnormal bulls were 15.6 ± 2.5 and 39.0 ± 9.1, respectively. Bulls with large testicular lesions had poorer seminal characteristics than bulls with normal testicles and the spermatozoa abnormalities increased with severity of testicular abnormalities (P < 0.01). This study revealed that large numbers of inferior bulls are used for breeding in pastoral system that partly contributes to poor performance and low genetic improvement that currently exist in pastoral system. Also the study established the average values of SC for normal TSHZ bulls, however further studies should be done to establish the origin and effects of stump-tail spermatozoa abnormalities that had high prevalence in this study.	Scrotal circumference; Spermatozoa abnormalities; Tanzania shorthorn zebu bulls	Bos; Bos indicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930190272	Evaluation of AFP surveillance indicators in polio-free Ghana, 2009-2013	Odoom J.K., Ntim N.A.A., Sarkodie B., Addo J., Minta-Asare K., Obodai E., Eshun M., Ahove V.V., Diamenu S., Adjabeng M., Arthur-Quarm J., Barnor J.S.	2014	BMC Public Health	14	1	10.1186/1471-2458-14-687	Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; World Health Organization, Country Office, Accra, Ghana	Odoom, J.K., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ntim, N.A.A., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Sarkodie, B., Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; Addo, J., Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; Minta-Asare, K., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Obodai, E., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Eshun, M., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ahove, V.V., World Health Organization, Country Office, Accra, Ghana; Diamenu, S., World Health Organization, Country Office, Accra, Ghana; Adjabeng, M., Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; Arthur-Quarm, J., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Barnor, J.S., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: Ghana recorded the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus in 1999 but suffered two more outbreaks in 2003 and 2008. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, transmission was interrupted through high routine immunisation coverage with live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), effective acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and supplementary immunisation activities (SIA). This article describes the results of a five-year surveillance of AFP in polio-free Ghana, evaluate the surveillance indicators and identify areas that need improvement. Methods. We investigated 1345 cases of AFP from children aged less than 15 years reported to the Disease Surveillance Department from January 2009 to December 2013. Data on demographic characteristics, vaccination history, clinical presentation and virological investigation on stool specimens collected during investigation were analysed. Results: Of the specimens analysed, 56% were from males and 76.3% were from children less than 5 years of age. Twenty-four percent of the children received up to 3 doses of OPV, 57% received at least 4 doses while the status of 19% was unknown. Core AFP surveillance indicators were partly met for non-polio AFP rate while the WHO target for stool adequacy and timeliness was exceeded over the period of study. All the cases were classified virologically, however no wild polio was found. Sixty-day follow-up was conducted for 56.3% of cases and 8.6% cases classified as compactible with polio. Conclusion: Both laboratory and epidemiological surveillance for AFP were efficient and many WHO targets were met. However, due to the risk of poliovirus importation prior to global eradication, longterm surveillance is required to provide a high degree of confidence in prevention of poliovirus infection in Ghana. Thus, efforts should be made to strengthen regional performance and to follow-up on all AFP cases in order to establish proper diagnoses for the causes of the AFP leading to proper care. © 2014 Odoom et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	AFP; Ghana; Indicators; Regional Reference Polio Laboratory; Surveillance	oral poliomyelitis vaccine; adolescent; child; evaluation study; feces; female; Ghana; health survey; human; male; microbiology; paraplegia; poliomyelitis; preschool child; world health organization; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Ghana; Humans; Male; Paraplegia; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891132325	Stability of ampelometric characteristics of vitis vinifrra l. cv.'syrah' and 'sauvignon blanc' leaves: Impact of within-vineyard variability and pruning method/bud load	Bodor P., Baranyai L., Ladányi M., Bálo B., Strever A.E., Bisztray G.D., Hunter J.J.	2013	South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture	34	1	None	Department of 'Viticulture, Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, Corvinus University of Budapest, 29-43 Villányi Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physics and Automatization, Faculty of Food Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, 14-16 Somlói Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, 29-43 'Villányi Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; Robert Károly College, Research Institute of Viticulture and Enology, Kölyuktetö Pf.: 83, Eger H-3300, Hungary; Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag Xi, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij 1, Private Bag X5026, 7599, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Bodor, P., Department of 'Viticulture, Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, Corvinus University of Budapest, 29-43 Villányi Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; Baranyai, L., Department of Physics and Automatization, Faculty of Food Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, 14-16 Somlói Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; Ladányi, M., Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, 29-43 'Villányi Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; Bálo, B., Robert Károly College, Research Institute of Viticulture and Enology, Kölyuktetö Pf.: 83, Eger H-3300, Hungary; Strever, A.E., Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag Xi, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Bisztray, G.D., Department of 'Viticulture, Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, Corvinus University of Budapest, 29-43 Villányi Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; Hunter, J.J., Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag Xi, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij 1, Private Bag X5026, 7599, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Historically, grapevine (Vids vinifera L.) leaf characterisation has been a driving force in the identificationof cultivars. In this study, ampelometric (foliometric) analysis was done on leaf samples collected fromhand-pruned, mechanically pruned and minimally pruned 'Sauvignon blanc' and 'Syrah' vines to estimatethe impact of within-vineyard variabifity and a change in bud load on the stabifity of leaf properties.The results showed that within-vineyard variabifity of ampelometric characteristics was high within acultivar, irrespective of bud load. In terms of the O.I.V. coding system, zero to four class differences wereobserved between minimum and maximum values of each characteristic. The value of variabifity of eachcharacteristic was different between the three levels of bud load and the two cultivars. With respect to budload, the number of shoots per vine had a significant effect on the characteristics of the leaf laminae. Singleleaf area and lengths of veins changed significantly for both cultivars, irrespective of treatment, while anglebetween veins proved to be a stable characteristic. A large number of biometric data can be recorded on asingle leaf; the data measured on several leaves, however, are not necessarily unique for a specific cultivar.The leaf characteristics analysed in this study can be divided into two groups according to the response toa change in bud load, i.e. stable (angles between the veins, depths of sinuses) and variable (length of theveins, length of the petiole, single leaf area). The variable characteristics are not recommended to be usedin cultivar identification, unless the pruning method/bud load is known.	Foliometry; Grapevine; Leaves; Pruning; Variability	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901008981	Knowledge of nutrition facts on food labels and their impact on food choices on consumers in Koforidua, Ghana: A case study	Darkwa S.	2014	South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition	27	1	None	Department of Vocational and Technical Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Darkwa, S., Department of Vocational and Technical Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate consumers' knowledge of food labels and how this knowledge guides their decisions when making purchasing choices with regard to food. Design: This was a descriptive research design study. Setting: The setting was the suburb of Koforidua Municipality in the Eastern region of Ghana. Subjects: One hundred and forty-three customers were observed in store from four randomly sampled supermarkets. One hundred of these customers completed a self-administered questionnaire. Outcome measures: Measurements included observation and a self-administered questionnaire that elicited information on label-reading habits, attitudes towards health awareness and the influence of food labels on food choices. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Sixty-five of the 100 consumers (54 females and 46 males) who consented to respond to the questionnaire looked at or read food labels before selecting a food to purchase. Seventy-five per cent reported reading the food labels prior to selecting food. This study found that nutrition knowledge had a low to average impact on consumers' food choices. Half of the consumers who reported reading the food labels did not do so regularly. This could have implications on how often such information is used when purchasing food. Also, only 22% of the study respondents answered correctly when asked to explain "26% RDA (recommended dietary allowance) vitamin A per serving" on a food label, even though 45% of the respondents had a tertiary education. Conclusion: These findings indicate awareness and knowledge of food labelling which may not always adequately impact on food choices, even though study respondents indicated high awareness and low to average reading of labels prior to purchasing food. © SAJCN.	Food choices; Food label; Healthy eating; Nutrition facts	adolescent; adult; aged; article; awareness; consumer attitude; dietary reference intake; female; food industry; food packaging; food preference; Ghana; health food; high school student; human; knowledge; male; middle aged; nutrient content; nutrition education; nutritional value; open ended questionnaire; product parameters; purchasing; reading; structured questionnaire	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41049094176	Assessment of the impact of irrigation with low-quality mine water on virgin and rehabilitated soils in the upper olifants basin	Idowu O.A., Lorentz S.A., Annandale J.G., McCartney M.P., Jovanovic N.Z.	2008	Mine Water and the Environment	27	1	10.1007/s10230-007-0010-8	Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Bioresources, Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 002, South Africa; International Water Management Institute Sub-Regional Office, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Idowu, O.A., Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Lorentz, S.A., School of Bioresources, Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Annandale, J.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 002, South Africa; McCartney, M.P., International Water Management Institute Sub-Regional Office, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jovanovic, N.Z., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Low-quality mine water from collieries may be used in large quantities to irrigate agricultural crops on virgin (unmined) and rehabilitated soils in South Africa. Such a use could enhance crop production and allow environmentally sustainable mine water disposal. In this study, the volume and qualities of the runoff from two centre pivots irrigated with moderately saline mine water, as well as their soil water salinities, were monitored and used to determine water and salt balances, using the modified ACRU agrohydrological model, ACRU2000, and its salinity module, ACRUSalinity. At both sites, much of the water evaporated, while a significant part of the salt input either precipitated or remained with the water in the soil horizons. A higher percentage of drainage water (and salinity) were retained as ground water storage and a lower percentage of runoff occurred in the rehabilitated sandy loam soil, while a higher percentage of salts accompanied runoff in the virgin clayey soils. Simulated salt saturation values indicate that many crops could be successfully irrigated at 100% yield potential at either site. Electrical resistivity surveys were carried out at both sites. A general decrease in resistivities with depth in both the virgin and rehabilitated soils reflected the decreasing influence of the mine water used for irrigation with depth and the precipitation of salts in the soils close to the ground surface. The occurrence of a thicker, low-resistivity, near-surface layer near the exit of each pivot area indicates that the water and salt content of the subsurface increased in the direction that the surface and near-surface irrigation water flowed. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84913612891	Strengthening confidence in climate change impact science	O'Connor M.I., Holding J.M., Kappel C.V., Duarte C.M., Brander K., Brown C.J., Bruno J.F., Buckley L., Burrows M.T., Halpern B.S., Kiessling W., Moore P., Pandolfi J.M., Parmesan C., Poloczanska E.S., Schoeman D.S., Sydeman W.J., Richardson A.J.	2015	Global Ecology and Biogeography	24	1	10.1111/geb.12218	Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain; The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, United Kingdom; GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paläoumwelt, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, Erlangen, Germany; Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom; Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, QLD, Australia; Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, CA, United States; Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia	O'Connor, M.I., Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Holding, J.M., Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain; Kappel, C.V., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Duarte, C.M., Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain, The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Brander, K., Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark; Brown, C.J., School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia, Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Bruno, J.F., Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Buckley, L., Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Burrows, M.T., Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; Halpern, B.S., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, United Kingdom; Kiessling, W., GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paläoumwelt, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, Erlangen, Germany; Moore, P., Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom; Pandolfi, J.M., Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Parmesan, C., Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Poloczanska, E.S., Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Schoeman, D.S., Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, QLD, Australia, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Sydeman, W.J., Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, CA, United States; Richardson, A.J., Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia	Aim: To assess confidence in conclusions about climate-driven biological change through time, and identify approaches for strengthening confidence scientific conclusions about ecological impacts of climate change. Location: Global. Methods: We outlined a framework for strengthening confidence in inferences drawn from biological climate impact studies through the systematic integration of prior expectations, long-term data and quantitative statistical procedures. We then developed a numerical confidence index (Cindex) and used it to evaluate current practices in 208 studies of marine climate impacts comprising 1735 biological time series. Results: Confidence scores for inferred climate impacts varied widely from 1 to 16 (very low to high confidence). Approximately 35% of analyses were not associated with clearly stated prior expectations and 65% of analyses did not test putative non-climate drivers of biological change. Among the highest-scoring studies, 91% tested prior expectations, 86% formulated expectations for alternative drivers but only 63% statistically tested them. Higher confidence scores observed in studies that did not detect a change or tracked multiple species suggest publication bias favouring impact studies that are consistent with climate change. The number of time series showing climate impacts was a poor predictor of average confidence scores for a given group, reinforcing that vote-counting methodology is not appropriate for determining overall confidence in inferences. Main conclusions: Climate impacts research is expected to attribute biological change to climate change with measurable confidence. Studies with long-term, high-resolution data, appropriate statistics and tests of alternative drivers earn higher Cindex scores, suggesting these should be given greater weight in impact assessments. Together with our proposed framework, the results of our Cindex analysis indicate how the science of detecting and attributing biological impacts to climate change can be strengthened through the use of evidence-based prior expectations and thorough statistical analyses, even when data are limited, maximizing the impact of the diverse and growing climate change ecology literature. © 2014 The Authors.	Abundance; Attribution; Climate change; Distribution; Hypothesis; Impacts; Marine; Phenology; Scientific method; Time series	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45149096294	Evaluation of the transformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of ferrite - Martensite microalloyed steels	Henry O., Monde K.C.	2008	Materials Research	11	1	10.1590/S1516-14392008000100019	Department of Welding/Fabrication Engr., Delta State Polytechnic, P.M.B 1030, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Henry, O., Department of Welding/Fabrication Engr., Delta State Polytechnic, P.M.B 1030, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria; Monde, K.C., Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	The influence of starting point microstructures on the transformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of a micro alloyed steel after annealing in the α + γregion have been investigated. Three different microstructures: austenite, pearlite in a ferrite matrix and martensite were used as starting point microstructures for the production of dual (α + α) phase structures in the test steel. Photomicrographs obtained from metallographic examination of the heat treated samples were used as criteria for the assessment of results obtained from impact toughness and hardness testing. The results obtained showed that the transformation mechanisms and hence the morphology of ferrite - martensite microalloyed steels are strongly influenced by their initial microstructural details. Ferrite - martensite structures produced via the intercritical quench (IQ) treatment, with martensite as the starting point microstructure, have the best combination of hardness and impact energy.	Intercritical annealing; Intercritical quenching; Step quenching	Annealing; Ferrite; Hardness; Hardness testing; Impact testing; Iron; Lithography; Martensite; Mathematical transformations; Mechanical properties; Mechanisms; Microstructure; Morphology; Pearlitic transformations; Phase structure; Steel; Steel analysis; Steel metallography; Steel pipe; (PL) properties; Alloyed steels; Different microstructures; ferrite matrix; impact energies; Impact toughness; Intercritical; Martensite structures; Metallographic examination; Micro structural; Microalloyed (MA) steels; Starting points; Transformation mechanisms; Ferritic steel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859295158	Toxicological evaluation and usefulness of lipid peroxidation as biomarker of exposure to crude oil and petroleum products tested against african catfish, clarias gariepinus and hermit crab, clibanarius africanus	King M.A., Sogbanmu T.O., Osibona A.O., Doherty F., Otitoloju A.A.	2012	Nature Environment and Pollution Technology	11	1	None	Department of Zoology, Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Management Unit, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Ya	King, M.A., Department of Zoology, Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Management Unit, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Sogbanmu, T.O., Department of Zoology, Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Management Unit, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Osibona, A.O., Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Doherty, F., Department of Biological Sciences, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Otitoloju, A.A., Department of Zoology, Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Management Unit, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	The toxicological evaluations of crude oil, petrol, kerosene and diesel were carried out against the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings and Hermit crab (Clibanarius africanus). On the basis of 96hr LC 50 value, petrol (LC 50 = 2.449 mL/L) was found to be the most toxic followed by diesel (LC50 = 7.839 mL/L), kerosene (LC 50 = 8.095 mL/L), and crude oil (LC 50= 9.355 mL/L) to Clarias gariepinus. For Clibanarius africanus also, petrol (LC 50 = 4.569mL/L) was the most toxic followed by kerosene (LC 50 = 8.705 mL/L), diesel (LC 50 = 13.852 mL/L) and (LC 50 = 35.955 mL/L). On the basis of the computed susceptibility factor, hermit crab was found to be 2x, 2x, 6.1x and slightly more tolerant than catfish when exposed to petrol, diesel, crude oil and kerosene respectively. The results of the lipid peroxidation assay against juveniles of C. gariepinus showed that the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver of fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of all the test chemicals increased significantly when compared to control animals. The observed increase in MDA levels in the liver tissues of test animals exposed to crude oil and refined petroleum products was recommended as a good biomarker for early detection of oil related pollution during biomonitoring programmes.	African catfish; Biomarker; Hermit crab; Lipid peroxidation; Petroleum products; Toxicological evaluation	African catfish; Biomonitoring; Clarias gariepinus; Hermit crab; Lipid peroxidation; Liver tissue; Malondialdehyde; Toxicological evaluation; Aldehydes; Biomarkers; Computer system firewalls; Fish; Gasoline; Kerosene; Oxidative stress; Petroleum products; Petroleum refining; Pollution detection; Shellfish; Tissue; Crude oil; biomarker; biomonitoring; crab; crude oil; lipid; pollution exposure; sublethal effect; teleost; toxicology; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus; Clibanarius; Decapoda (Crustacea)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951756986	Evaluation of the seed oil of three Citrus species, for the control of the bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)	Ogunleye R.F.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research	52	1	None	Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Ogunleye, R.F., Department of Zoology, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	On application of the seed oil of ripe and unripe fruits of Citrus sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantifolia to the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F) for three days, a dose of 0.5 ml of C. sinensis gave, significantly, high mortality rate upto 85%. In case of C. aurantifolia, mortality ranged from 75% to 100%. Same least dosage of seed oil of ripe C. paradissi produced 58.8% to 100% mortality, whereas, except the dose of 0.5 ml, all the other treatments of unripe C. paradissi resulted in 100% mortality after 24 h.	Bean beetle; Callosobruchus maculatus; Citrus seed oils; Pest control	beetle; biocontrol agent; biological control; dose-response relationship; essential oil; evergreen tree; fruit; pest control; seed; Bruchinae; Callosobruchus maculatus; Citrus; Citrus sinensis; Coleoptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845491086	Natural variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages and the development of a biological banding system for interpreting bioassessment data - A preliminary evaluation using data from upland sites in the south-western Cape, South Africa	Dallas H.F., Day J.A.	2007	Hydrobiologia	575	1	10.1007/s10750-006-0374-y	Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Cape Town, Western Cape 7700, South Africa	Dallas, H.F., Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Cape Town, Western Cape 7700, South Africa; Day, J.A., Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Cape Town, Western Cape 7700, South Africa	The variability of macroinvertebrate assemblages was investigated at 27 upland reference sites in the south-western Cape, South Africa. Multivariate analyses showed that sites did not group on the basis of geomorphological zonation, i.e. mountain stream and foothill-cobble bed. When separate analyses were undertaken for mountain stream (n = 21) and foothill-cobble bed sites (n = 6), assemblages formed three and two groups, respectively. Similarity amongst groups ranged from 47% to 52%, while within-group similarity was between 54% and 67%. Environmental variables shown to contribute to this variability included distance from source, cation ratio ([Na+]+[K+]/([Na +]+[K+]+[Ca2+]+[Mg2+]), pH, longitude and stream width. Whilst overall variability in the metrics of the biotic index, SASS (South African Scoring System), is high at reference sites, the interpretation of monitoring-site data using biological bands derived from a range of reference sites, ensured that variability was taken into account and that detection of disturbance at a monitoring site was not impeded. A biological banding system has been developed for upland sites in the south-western Cape, together with a list of reference or expected SASS-taxa. This list includes details pertaining to seasonality and biotope preferences. The ability to define reference conditions that take intrinsic variability amongst reference sites into account is important for the accurate interpretation of bioassessment data. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Bioassessment; Biological bands; Biotic indices; Reference condition; SASS; South African Scoring System; Spatial variability	Assembly; Data reduction; Positive ions; Sodium; Bioassessment data; Biological banding system; Biological bands; Cation ratio; Geomorphological zonation; Macroinvertebrate assemblages; Reference condition; South African Scoring System (SASS); Natural sciences computing; bioassay; macroinvertebrate; mountain stream; multivariate analysis; spatial variation; upland region; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942039583	Comparative effect of local and foreign commercial feeds on the growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles	Mustapha M.K., Akinware B.F., Faseyi C.A., Alade A.A.	2014	Journal of Advanced Zoology	35	1	None	Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Mustapha, M.K., Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Akinware, B.F., Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Faseyi, C.A., Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Alade, A.A., Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed with a local feed and coppens commercial feed were compared along with their proximate compositions and water quality of the cultured tanks. The economics of the feed was also evaluated. Fish fed with coppens showed significant (P<0.05) higher weight increase, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and low food conversion ratio than fish fed with local feed. Significant (P<0.05) higher mortality were recorded in fish fed with the local feed. The growth performance is a reflection of the proximate composition of the feeds with local feed having low crude protein (10.95%), lipid (3.95%) and ash (4.92%) when compared to coppens which had 42% crude protein 12%, lipid 9.5% ash with protein being most significant. Carbohydrate (69.90%) and crude fibre (2.88%) were higher in the local feed than in coppens with an imbalance in carbohydrate and lipid ratio. Mortality was attributed to stress resulting from the poor quality of the feed. Cost of feeding with local feed to a weight gain of 31.67g was | 80, while the cost of feeding with coppens to a weight gain of 148.58g was | 16. Local feed should have all necessary nutrients in appropriate proximate before being sold.	Carbohydrate; Clarias gariepinus; Coppens; Growth; Local feed; Protein; Water quality	None	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of the Ifakara tent trap-B, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Sikulu M., Govella N.J., Ogoma S.B., Mpangile J., Kambi S.H., Kannady K., Chaki P.C., Mukabana W.R., Killeen G.F.	2009	Malaria Journal	8	1	10.1186/1475-2875-8-197	Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Sikulu, M., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Govella, N.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Ogoma, S.B., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Mpangile, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Kambi, S.H., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Kannady, K., Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Chaki, P.C., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Mukabana, W.R., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Killeen, G.F., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background. Frequent, sensitive and accurate sampling of Anopheles mosquitoes is a prerequisite for effective management of malaria vector control programmes. The most reliable existing means to measure mosquito density is the human landing catch (HLC). However, the HLC technique raises major ethical concerns because of the necessity to expose humans to vectors of malaria and a variety of other pathogens. Furthermore, it is a very arduous undertaking that requires intense supervision, which is severely limiting in terms of affordability and sustainability. Methods. A community-based, mosquito sampling protocol, using the Ifakara tent trap-B (ITT-B) and standardized resting boxes (SRB), was developed and evaluated in terms of the number and sample composition of mosquitoes caught by each, compared to rigorously controlled HLC. Mosquitoes were collected once and three times every week by the HLC and the alternative methods, respectively, in the same time and location. Results. Overall, the three traps caught 44,848 mosquitoes. The ITT-B, HLC and SRB caught 168, 143 and 46 Anopheles gambiae s.l. as well as 26,315, 13,258 and 4,791 Culex species respectively. The ITT-B was three- and five-times cheaper than the HLC per mosquito caught for An. gambiae and Cx. Species, respectively. Significant correlations between the numbers caught by HLC and ITT-B were observed for both An. gambiae s.l. (P < 0.001) and Cx. species (P = 0.003). Correlation between the catches with HLC and SRB were observed for Cx. species (P < 0.001) but not An. gambiae s.l. (P = 0.195), presumably because of the low density of the latter. Neither ITT-B nor SRB exhibited any obvious density dependence for sampling the two species. Conclusion. SRBs exhibited poor sensitivity for both mosquito taxa and are not recommended in this setting. However, this protocol is affordable and effective for routine use of the ITT-B under programmatic conditions. Nevertheless, it is recommended that the trap and the protocol be evaluated further at full programmatic scales to establish effectiveness under fully representative conditions of routine practice. © 2009 Sikulu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Anopheles gambiae; article; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; Culex; human; intermethod comparison; malaria; nonhuman; parasite control; parasite vector; Tanzania; animal; Anopheles gambiae; classification; comparative study; Culex; evaluation; female; instrumentation; mosquito; population density; sensitivity and specificity; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Culex; Female; Humans; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873627128	Permanent tracheostomy: Its social impacts and their management in Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria	Akenroye M.I., Osukoya A.T.	2013	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	16	1	10.4103/1119-3077.106751	Departments of Ear, Nose and Throat.Head and Neck Surgery, State Specialist Hospital, P.O. Box 3861, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Akenroye, M.I., Departments of Ear, Nose and Throat.Head and Neck Surgery, State Specialist Hospital, P.O. Box 3861, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Osukoya, A.T., Departments of Ear, Nose and Throat.Head and Neck Surgery, State Specialist Hospital, P.O. Box 3861, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Background: Upper respiratory tract obstruction resulting from bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve damage is commonly managed with permanent tracheostomy in our environment. Objective: To evaluate the social impacts of permanent tracheostomy and its management in Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Four patients were managed with permanent tracheostomy due to bilateral laryngeal nerve paralysis following thyroidectomy. The observed complications are grouped as surgical/medical and social complications. Results: Surgical/medical complications include excessive mucus production, 29 (43.2%), stoma infection 18 (26.8%), stoma polyp and soft tissue blockage of tube fenestrations were 10 (15%) each. The observed impacts on patients' social life include: Negative attitude of family members, difficulty with professional use of voice, problems of social integration and scarcity of tracheostomy tube with speaking valves. Conclusion: Management of social impacts of permanent tracheostomy is more difficult than other complications and family members must be involved in it.	Negative impact on social life; Permanent tracheostomy; Surgical complications	adult; aged; airway obstruction; article; comparative study; female; human; incidence; methodology; middle aged; Nigeria; postoperative complication; prognosis; psychological aspect; quality of life; social change; tracheostomy; Adult; Aged; Airway Obstruction; Female; Humans; Incidence; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Postoperative Complications; Prognosis; Quality of Life; Social Change; Tracheostomy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855243951	Evaluation of hydronephrosis, during pregnancy in Nigerian women	Oyinloye O.I., Okoyomo A.A.	2010	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	13	1	None	Departments of Radiology, University Ofllorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Lokoja, Nigeria	Oyinloye, O.I., Departments of Radiology, University Ofllorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Okoyomo, A.A., Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Lokoja, Nigeria	Objective: Hydronephrosis is common during pregnancy. However, pattern of dilatation and effect of urinary tract problems are still largely controversial. The study aims to determine, the pattern of dilatation of the collecting system during pregnancy, effect of urinary tract problems and parity on the degree of dilatation, in our environment. aterials and Methods: Subjects were 135 women with singleton pregnancy (Gestational age of 12-40 weeks) and 43 non- pregnant women of child bearing age, referred to the ultrasound unit of Federal Medical centre Lokoja, Nigeria, for routine obstetrics sonography. Duration was, from January 2004 to may 2004. The pelvicalyceal diameters were measured and classified into mild, moderate or severe dilatation. esult: Hydronephrosis of pregnancy was found to have an incidence of 93.4% on the right side and 84.4% on the left side. A linear relationship was established between gestational age and mean pelvicalyceal diameters for both kidneys. Mean pelvicalyceal diameter was higher in women with urinary tract problems than those without, and this was statistically significant for the right kidney.(p<5).No association was however found with parity. onclusion: Hydronephrosis is common in pregnancy with a right sided predominance.Pelvicalyceal diameter increases gradually throughout pregnancy with advancing gestational age. Urinary tract problems seem to cause increase in pelvicalyceal diameter while parity has no influence.	Hydronephrosis; Pregnancy; Ultrasound	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925250271	The Collaborative Wilms Tumour Africa Project; Baseline evaluation of Wilms tumour treatment and outcome in eight institutes in sub-Saharan Africa	Paintsil V., David H., Kambugu J., Renner L., Kouya F., Eden T., Hesseling P., Molyneux E., Israels T.	2015	European Journal of Cancer	51	1	10.1016/j.ejca.2014.10.030	Dept of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dept of Paeds Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Dept of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Mbingo Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Acad Unit of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Dept of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyrea, Malawi; Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, Netherlands	Paintsil, V., Dept of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; David, H., Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kambugu, J., Dept of Paeds Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Renner, L., Dept of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Kouya, F., Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Mbingo Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Eden, T., Acad Unit of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Hesseling, P., Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Molyneux, E., Dept of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyrea, Malawi; Israels, T., Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, Netherlands	Aim Reported survival of Wilms tumour in sub-Saharan Africa is below 50%. A published International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) Pediatric Oncology in Developing Countries (PODC) consensus adapted treatment guideline is implemented as a multi-centre prospective clinical trial at eight centres in sub-Saharan Africa. A baseline evaluation has been done to help decide on priorities to improve outcome and to assess improvements over time. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients admitted with Wilms tumour in the three years (2011-2013) preceding the collaborative trial. Patient outcome at the end of treatment was documented for all patients diagnosed in 2011 and 2012. Outcome was classified as (1) alive, no evidence of disease; (2) alive with disease; (3) died during treatment and (4) incomplete treatment. Details on treatment facilities, staff and estimated cost of treatment are documented. Results Every year 114-130 patients are diagnosed. The mean survival at end of treatment is 39% (69/176) ranging from 11% to 61%. Incomplete treatment is the most common cause of treatment failure with 31% (54/176), ranging from 14% to 48% between centres. Twenty-six percent (46/176) of patients died during treatment, ranging from 13% to 37%. Estimated cost of treatment for parents ranged from 100 US$ to 1100 US$ and was considered an important cause of failure to complete treatment. Conclusion Overall two year survival is estimated at 25%. Prevention of incomplete treatment is possible and will positively affect outcome. Sharing similar local challenges in this regional collaborative project helps to identify and implement feasible, sustainable and successful strategies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Adapted treatment guideline; Africa; Developing country; Low income country; Nephroblastoma; Regional network; Treatment abandonment; Treatment cost; Treatment related mortality; Wilms tumour	Africa south of the Sahara; Article; cancer patient; cancer survival; demography; follow up; health care cost; health insurance; human; major clinical study; medical record review; nephroblastoma; outcome assessment; priority journal; retrospective study; treatment failure; treatment outcome; clinical trial; economics; female; mortality; multicenter study; prospective study; risk factor; survival; treatment outcome; Wilms Tumor; Africa South of the Sahara; Female; Humans; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Wilms Tumor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872538241	The gender gap in sport performance: Equity influences equality	Capranica L., Piacentini M.F., Halson S., Myburgh K.H., Ogasawara E., Millard-Stafford M.	2013	International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance	8	1	None	Dept of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy; Dept of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia; Dept of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan; School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States	Capranica, L., Dept of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy; Piacentini, M.F., Dept of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy; Halson, S., Dept of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia; Myburgh, K.H., Dept of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Ogasawara, E., Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan; Millard-Stafford, M., School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States	Sport is recognized as playing a relevant societal role to promote education, health, intercultural dialogue, and the individual development, regardless of an individual's gender, race, age, ability, religion, political affiliation, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic background. Yet, it was not until the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London that every country's delegation included a female competitor. The gender gap in sport, although closing, remains, due to biological differences affecting performance, but it is also influenced by reduced opportunity and sociopolitical factors that influence full female participation across a range of sports around the world. Until the cultural environment is equitable, scientific discussion related to physiological differences using methods that examine progression in male and female world-record performances is limited. This commentary is intended to provide a forum to discuss issues underlying gender differences in sport performance from a global perspective and acknowledge the influence of cultural and sociopolitical factors that continue to ultimately affect female performance. © 2013 Human Kinetics, Inc.	Female athletes; Sport participation; Women	article; athletic performance; cultural anthropology; female; human; male; sex difference; sport; Athletic Performance; Culture; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Sports; Women	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864033811	Some predictors of academic performance of first-year students in three- and four-year curricula [Enkele voorspellers van die akademiese prestasie van eerste-jaarstudente in drie-en vierjaar-kurrikulums]	Keeve A., Naude L., Esterhuyse K.	2012	Acta Academica	44	1	None	Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Keeve, A., Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Naude, L., Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Esterhuyse, K., Dept Sielkunde, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Low success rates at South African higher education institutions instigated renewed interest in the predictors of academic performance. This study article investigates academic and psychosocial predictors of academic performance of first-year students in three- and four-year curricula. In combination, the predictors explain 20.2% of the variance in academic performance. For three- year-curriculum students, academic factors (Grade 12 performance, language proficiency) provide a significant explanation. This does not apply to four-year- curriculum students, where psychosocial factors (parents' education level) play a role. Admission to higher education based on Grade 12 performance and language proficiency appears to be justified, but is less accurate for four-year- curriculum students. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-12144265481	Impact of African herbal medicines on antiretroviral metabolism	Mills E., Foster B.C., Van Heeswijk R., Phillips E., Wilson K., Leonard B., Kosuge K., Kanfer I.	2005	AIDS	19	1	None	Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Mills, E., Dept. Clin. Epidemiol. Biostatist., McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, Can. Coll. of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Foster, B.C., University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Van Heeswijk, R., Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Phillips, E., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Wilson, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Leonard, B., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kosuge, K., Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	We examined the effects of two African herbal medicines recommended for HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral metabolism. Extracts from Hypoxis and Sutherlandia showed significant effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism and activated the pregnane X receptor approximately twofold. P-glycoprotein expression was inhibited, with Hypoxis showing 42-51% and Sutherlandia showing 19-31% of activity compared with verapamil. Initiating policies to provide herbal medicines with antiretroviral agents may put patients at risk of treatment failure, viral resistance or drug toxicity.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cytochrome P450 3A4; glycoprotein P; Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; nelfinavir; plant extract; pregnane X receptor; rifampicin; Sutherlandia extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; controlled study; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; enzyme activation; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Hypoxis; priority journal; protein expression; treatment failure; virus resistance; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Fabaceae; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hypoxis; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; P-Glycoprotein; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Verapamil	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649850525	Factors influencing irrigation technology adoption and its impact on household poverty in Ghana	Adeoti A.I.	2008	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	109	1	None	Dept. of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeoti, A.I., Dept. of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The treadle pump technology was promoted and disseminated as an alternative to traditional rope and bucket for irrigation in Ghana by the International Non-Governmental Organization, Enterprise Works. The aim is to improve output, increase incomes and consequently reduce poverty among farm households. The paper employed the Heckman two-stage and the Ordinary Least Square procedures to identify the factors that influence adoption of the technology and the impact of adoption on the poverty status of farm households. Farm and household level data were obtained from 108 farmers consisting of 52 adopters and 58 non-adopters. The results demonstrated that availability of labor and increases in number of extension visits per year are factors that increase the probability of adoption. The results also showed that increase in irrigated area has the highest impact on poverty followed by adoption of treadle pump and literacy level of farmers.	Ghana; Irrigation technology; Poverty; Treadle pump adoption	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57349136739	Effect of dietary lysine to crude protein ratio on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens	Ng'ambi J.W., Maoba S.M., Norris D., Malatje M.S., Mbajiorgu C.A.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	1	10.1007/s11250-008-9148-z	Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	Ng'ambi, J.W., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Maoba, S.M., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Norris, D., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Malatje, M.S., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Mbajiorgu, C.A., Dept. of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa	Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary lysine to crude protein ratio on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. In each experiment the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with different lysine to crude protein ratios. A complete randomized design was used in both experiments, the starter (1-21 days) and grower (22-42 days) experiments. The three starter diets, based on lysine to crude protein ratios, were L0 (0.055), L1 (0.066) and L2 (0.077), while grower diets were L3(0.047), L4(0.061) and L5(0.074). A quadratic type equation was used to determine ratios for optimum growth rate, feed conversion ratio, breast meat yield and breast meat nitrogen content. Dietary lysine to crude protein ratios of 0.066 and 0.077 supported optimum growth rate and feed conversion ratio, respectively, during the starter period. Dietary lysine to crude protein ratios of 0.073, 0.073, 0.069 and 0.079 supported optimum growth rate, feed conversion and breast meat yield and nitrogen content during the grower phase. Dietary lysine to crude protein ratio had no effect on diet intake and digestibility. The results indicate that at each phase a single dietary lysine to crude protein optimized both growth rate and feed conversion ratio. However, the ratio for optimum breast meat yield was lower than that for optimum growth rate and feed conversion ratio. These findings have implications on ration formulation for broiler chickens. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Breast meat nitrogen content; Breast meat yield; FCR; Growth rate; Lysine to crude protein ratio; Ross 308 broiler chickens	lysine; animal; animal food; article; body composition; caloric intake; chicken; dose response; drug effect; growth, development and aging; male; meat; nutritional requirement; physiology; protein intake; randomization; standard; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Chickens; Dietary Proteins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Energy Intake; Lysine; Male; Meat; Nutritional Requirements; Random Allocation; Weight Gain; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051934854	Evaluation of breast cancer risk by using fuzzy logic	Balanicǎ V., Dumitrache I., Caramihai M., Rae W., Herbst C.	2011	UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series C: Electrical Engineering	73	1	None	Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Dept. of Medical Physics, University of the Free State (UFS), Bloemfontein, South Africa	Balanicǎ, V., Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Dumitrache, I., Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Caramihai, M., Dept. of Automatic Control and System Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Rae, W., Dept. of Medical Physics, University of the Free State (UFS), Bloemfontein, South Africa; Herbst, C., Dept. of Medical Physics, University of the Free State (UFS), Bloemfontein, South Africa	The decision process for selecting the best-suited follow-up treatment for a suspected breast cancer case is strongly dependent upon the correct diagnosis and assessment of the breast cancer risk. Despite the latest technological developments, the methods and criteria used to quantify the characteristics of detected lesion, so as to define the developmental stage of the breast cancer, and thus to finally arrive at a reliable (most probable) risk estimate, are still subjective and poorly defined for many clinicians. The present paper introduces a set of fuzzy rules that can be used to process the relevant data from breast cancer cases in order to give a breast cancer risk prognosis which can be qualitatively compared to that of an expert.	Breast cancer diagnosis; CAD; Fuzzy intelligent technique	Breast Cancer; Breast cancer diagnosis; Breast cancer risk; Decision process; Developmental stage; Intelligent techniques; Technological development; Diagnosis; Fuzzy logic; Risk perception; Diseases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898605376	The evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of soft drink leaf extract of phyllanthus amarus (euphorbiaceae) in rats	Adedapo A.A., Ofuegbe S.O.	2014	Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology	25	1	10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0033	Dept. of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Physiology, Oyo State 20005, Nigeria; Biological Sciences College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo State, Nigeria; Dept. o	Adedapo, A.A., Dept. of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Physiology, Oyo State 20005, Nigeria, Biological Sciences College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ofuegbe, S.O., Dept. of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	Background: Phyllanthus amarus has been used in traditional medicine in Nigeria to treat some disease conditions. This study evaluated the soft drink extract (SDE) of the plant for antidiabetic activities in rats. Methods: Standard phytochemical methods were used to test for the presence of phytoactive compounds in the plant. Acute toxicity was carried out in mice to determine safe doses for this plant extract. The antidiabetic activities of the SDE of the plant were assessed using some standard tests as well as histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats using alloxan, whereas glibenclamide at 0.2 mg/kg was the reference drug used in this study. Results: The SDE at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight caused a significant reduction of fasting blood glucose, a significant change in the oral glucose tolerance test, a marked effect in the hypoglycemic activity test, and a pronounced reduction in the glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels of diabetic rats. Histopathologically, the liver of the diabetic nontreated and glibenclamidetreated groups showed widespread vacuolar change in the hepatocytes, but there was no visible lesion seen in the kidney and pancreas of extract-treated and glibenclamide- Treated groups. No lesion was also seen in the liver of the SDE-treated group. Conclusions: The results from this study may have validated the traditional basis for the use of P. amarus as antidiabetic agent with the pharmacological activities attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolics contained in this plant. At the doses used, SDE also appeared safer than glibenclamide even though the latter is more potent.	Antidiabetic agent; Diabetes mellitus; Glibenclamide; Hypoglycemia; Mice; Normoglycemia; Phyllanthus amarus; Rats	alloxan; antidiabetic agent; cholesterol; glibenclamide; glucose; hemoglobin; plant extract; soft drink extract; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; antidiabetic agent; cholesterol; glibenclamide; glucose blood level; plant extract; triacylglycerol; acute toxicity; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antidiabetic activity; article; body weight; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; diet restriction; erythrocyte count; evaluation study; glucose blood level; histopathology; kidney; leukocyte count; liver; liver cell; male; mouse; nonhuman; oral glucose tolerance test; pancreas; Phyllanthus amarus; rat; soft drink; triacylglycerol blood level; animal; blood; blood cell count; chemistry; drug effects; experimental diabetes mellitus; glucose tolerance test; pathology; Phyllanthus; plant leaf; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glyburide; Hypoglycemic Agents; Kidney; Liver; Male; Pancreas; Phyllanthus; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Triglycerides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901612487	Assessment of trade performance of OIC African members in the face of global economic crisis	Osabuohien E.S., Efobi U.R.	2014	Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development	35	1	None	Dept. of Economics and Development Studies, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow, German Development Institute, Bonn, Germany; School of Business, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Osabuohien, E.S., Dept. of Economics and Development Studies, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow, German Development Institute, Bonn, Germany; Efobi, U.R., School of Business, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	The 2007/2008 global economic crisis has threatened the economic and financial fabrics of most countries. For instance, FDI inflow as a percentage of GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which increased by over 85% (1995-1999) reduced by 48% in 2008. Similarly, merchandize exports as a percentage of GDP for SSA reduced by 17.9% between 1995 and 2008. This paper investigates the impact of the economic crisis on the trade performance of 25 selected Organisation of Islamic Countries-OIC in Africa. Some indicators that formed our main explained variable include trade share in world market, trade per capita, and real growth in trade. In the analysis conducted in this work, we found that trade performance and global economic crises indicators differ markedly across Africa's five sub-regions and the 'heat' of the global economic crises has a significant implication for trade share of Africa's OIC members. Other findings and suggestions on how to improve the trade performance for African countries especially the OIC members are documented in the study.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-21844462077	Demographic features, beliefs and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris among its sufferers in two towns in Nigeria	Ikaraoha C.I., Taylor G.O.L., Anetor J.I., Igwe C.U., Ukaegbu Q.O., Nwobu G.O., Mokogwu A.T.H.	2005	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	4	1	None	Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambros	Ikaraoha, C.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University, Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Nigeria; Taylor, G.O.L., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Anetor, J.I., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Igwe, C.U., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukaegbu, Q.O., Divine Touch Clinical Laboratory, Research Centre, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Nwobu, G.O., Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Mokogwu, A.T.H., Dept. of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Igbinedion University Okada, P.M.B 0006, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	There is paucity of reports in the demographic knowledge, belief and socio-psychological impact of acne vulgaris sufferers towards the disorder in a black population. This is the first study from Nigeria designed to address this issue. A total of 174 facial acne sufferers completed a self-administered questionnaire, which contained several items mentioning different areas in their belief, knowledge, perception, severity, sociopsychological impact and medication attention. The findings were discussed and compared to those of the Caucasians. The occurrence of the disorder was higher in females (65.0%) compared to the males (35.0%). About 54.0% of the female subjects indicated increase in severity of the disorder during their pre-menstrual period. Also 64.9% of acne sufferers indicated increase in severity during the rainy season, while 93.1% of the population implicated stress to perpetuate the severity of the disorder. Most (75.7%) of the acne sufferers believed that it is caused by oily diet, 40.8% thought that it is hereditary, while barely 5.2% had at sometime sought doctor's attention. Non-prescription products used by acne sufferers were cleansers and cream/lotions. Psychological abnormalities experienced by the sufferers included social inhibition, depression and anxiety. Pain and discomfort are the psychomatic symptoms. No major differences were found in the beliefs, misconception and socio-psychological impact of acne sufferers in a black population (Nigeria) compared to the Caucasians. There is need to improve the understanding of the disorder in Nigeria through health education programmes.	Acne vulgaris; Beliefs; Nigeria; Perceptions; Severity	acne vulgaris; adult; anxiety; article; Caucasian; demography; depression; disease severity; female; genetic disorder; health education; human; incidence; lipid diet; male; menstrual cycle; Negro; Nigeria; perception; population research; prevalence; psychosomatic disorder; puberty; questionnaire; race difference; seasonal variation; sex difference; sex ratio; social isolation; social psychology; stress	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65749083293	Bleaching performance of a nigerian (Yola) bentonite	James O.O., Mesubi M.A., Adekola F.A., Odebunmi E.O., Adekeye J.I.D., Bale R.B.	2008	Latin American Applied Research	38	1	None	Dept. of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Dept. of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Dept. of Geology and Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	James, O.O., Dept. of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Mesubi, M.A., Dept. of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria; Adekola, F.A., Dept. of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Odebunmi, E.O., Dept. of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Adekeye, J.I.D., Dept. of Geology and Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Bale, R.B., Dept. of Geology and Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	The bleaching performance of raw and acid activated Yola montmorillonite clay was studied. The bleaching performance was enhanced upon activation. The predominant active sites on the raw clay are Lewis acid sites, those on the improved clay are Bronsted acid sites. The best bleaching performance was obtained with clay sample activated with 5M H 2SO 4 at acid/clay ratio 0.7, bleaching temperature of 120°C and at 10 minute stirring time. At these conditions the improved clay compares favorably well in terms of bleaching performance with the imported industrial standard sample. Thus, it could be a local substitute for the industrial standard. © 2009 Universidad Nacional del Sur.	β-Carotene; Adsorption; Bentonite; Bleaching; Clay Activation; Palm Oil	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats	Mekala S., Kumar Naresh M., Das L., Shetty N., Amuthan A., Vulli V., Bhogireddy N.	2014	International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences	6	1	None	Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Dept. of Pharmacology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Science and Research Center, Bangalore, India; Dept. of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, India; Dept. of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, India; CSIR- SRF Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Guntur, India; Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania	Mekala, S., Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Kumar Naresh, M., CSIR- SRF Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Guntur, India; Das, L., Dept. of Pharmacology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Science and Research Center, Bangalore, India; Shetty, N., Dept. of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, India; Amuthan, A., Dept. of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, India; Vulli, V., Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Bhogireddy, N., Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Lantana camara (Verbanacea) is a commonly available medicinal plant throughout India. Wound healing property of the plant in various wound models has been studied. Thorough literature survey revealed that the wound healing property of Lantana camara in diabetic wound was not studied. This study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing property of Lantana camara in diabetic rats. Methods: Group-1 rats served as normal control in which excision wound was created in normal, non-diabetic rats and wound was topically applied with vehicle. To induce diabetes mellitus in group 2-5, a single injecting of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.p.) prepared by dissolving in 0.9% ice cold citrate buffer was given. Excision wound was inflicted in the back of the rats. Group-2 was the diabetic control in which diabetic rats received vehicle ointment topically. Group 3, 4 and 5 were the test drug groups in which diabetic rats were topically applied ethanolic extract of Lantana camara in three doses 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. Wound healing parameters such as percentage of wound contraction rate and epithelialization period were observed. Data was analyzed using SPSS software by one way ANOVA and the statistical significance was fixed as p < 0.005. Results: There was a delay in wound healing in diabetic rats compared to non-diabetic rats. The extract showed dose dependent increase in wound contraction rate and hastened the epithelialization period. Extracts enhanced contraction rate only during later phase of wound healing process. High dose (20%) extract showed maximum healing effect. Conclusion: Topical application of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara showed dose dependent wound healing activity in diabetic rats.	Ayurveda; Diabetic ulcer; Excision wound; Lantana camara; Siddha	alkaloid; flavonoid; Lantana camara extract; saponin; tannin; triterpene; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; drug megadose; epithelization; male; nonhuman; rat; streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus; wound contraction; wound healing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953900847	Determination of reusable labware performances with emphasis on oscillation of pendulum using visualization techniques	Mukaila O., Taiwo O.A., Ameen A.O., Mabayoje M.A., Aremu M.A.	2011	European Journal of Scientific Research	50	1	None	Dept. of Computer Science, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Dept. of Mathematics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, kwara State, Nigeria; Dept. of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Dept. of Mathematics/Stati	Mukaila, O., Dept. of Computer Science, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Taiwo, O.A., Dept. of Mathematics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, kwara State, Nigeria; Ameen, A.O., Dept. of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Mabayoje, M.A., Dept. of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Aremu, M.A., Dept. of Mathematics/Statistics, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria	This papers focuses solely on the development of linear regression model as a tool for visualization in order to determine various average periods of oscillations of pendulum with specific mass of ball which is 8.30 gramme. The essence of this is to determine the effect of using different weight of ball of pendulum on oscillations with varying in length and time of oscillations. With the model that was developed the performance of LABWARE and pendulum oscillation to be specific can easily be monitor and this helped to generate various values of data as reusable object with help of MATLAB program that was developed. Graphical representation of objects as one of visualization Techniques made determination of periods to be determine by varying length and time. This model, is very reliable and accurate, compare to the traditional method in which the breakdown of LABWARE can have major effect on the oscillations and accuracy of the results.	Average period of oscillation; Labware; Linear regreation e.t.c.; Model; Modeling; Object; Pendulum ball; Reusable; Visualization	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15544364477	Correcting for frictional pressure drop in horizontal-well inflow-performance relationships	Archer R.A., Agbongiator E.O.	2005	SPE Production and Facilities	20	1	None	Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	Archer, R.A., Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Agbongiator, E.O., ChevronTexaco, Lagos, Nigeria	This paper presents the development of a correlation that corrects for error in single-phase horizontal-well productivity calculations made by neglecting frictional pressure drop in the wellbore. Frictional pressure drop within the wellbore is frequently a controlling factor on the performance of long horizontal wells. Frictional pressure drop could be especially significant in wells completed with screens and slotted liners. This pressure loss is neglected in traditional inflow-performance (IPR) calculations, such as those developed by S.D. Joshi and by D.K. Babu and A.S. Odeh. This study develops a correction that can be added to these analytical IPR relationships to account for friction. This correction is based on a dimensionless group that combines well and reservoir information. It is easy to evaluate and can be readily used in nodal analysis. The correction was developed on the basis of more than 5,000 finite-difference-simulation runs, using a simulator with the capability to model wellbore friction. These runs spanned a wide range of well and reservoir parameters. The results are presented in terms of productivity errors (PEs); that is, the flow rate without friction minus the flow rate when friction is included in the model, divided by the flow rate reported without friction. The study found PEs as high as 90% in some cases (usually long wells with a small wellbore radius). These errors could lead to poor decisions on field development and production facilities. This paper presents a simple way to improve well-productivity predictions without requiring a reservoir-simulation model to take account of frictional where pressure drops in the wellbore. Copyright © 2005 Society of Petroleum Engineers.	None	Computer simulation; Correlation methods; Error correction; Friction; Oil well production; Petroleum reservoirs; Pressure drop; Frictional pressure drop; Inflow performance (IPR); Productivity errors (PE); Reservoir-simulation; Horizontal wells; horizontal drilling; hydrocarbon reservoir; pressure drop; well technology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549166662	Construction and evaluation of a gfp-tagged Salmonella Typhimurium strain for environmental applications	Burke L.M., Brözel V.S., Venter S.N.	2008	Water SA	34	1	None	Division of Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Burke, L.M., Division of Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Brözel, V.S., Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Venter, S.N., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium was isolated from freshwater sediments and chromosomally labelled with a stable variant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The pUT mini-Tn5 Km transposon was used to introduce the gfp gene onto the chromosome of the S. Typhimurium strain by tri-parental mating. Southern Blot hybridisation confirmed that the gene had integrated into the chromosome. The gfp gene was stably maintained and the labelled strain was not growth-rate impaired. The incorporation of the gfp gene did not convey any significant loss of phenotype which would affect the survival and behaviour of the tagged strains. The tagged S. Typhimurium strain was used to spike an established drinking water biofilm and was able to colonise and persist within the biofilm. The tagged strain was also successfully used to study the survival of S. Typhimurium in natural sediments under different temperatures. These tagged strains can therefore be used to study the fate and survival of different Salmonella strains in water environments.	Biofilm; Green fluorescent protein; Salmonella Typhimurium; Survival	Biofilms; Chromosomes; Potable water; Proteins; Sediments; Green fluorescent protein; Salmonella strains; Salmonella Typhimurium; Bacteria; Bacteria; Biofilms; Chromosomes; Potable water; Proteins; Sediments; bacterium; biofilm; chromosome; drinking water; environmental factor; freshwater sediment; gene; phenotype; survivorship; tagging; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella typhimurium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65249089602	Impact of decentralization and privatization on the quality of education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Nigerian experience	Uwakwe C.B.U., Falaye A.O., Emunemu B.O., Adelore O.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	7	1	None	Dept. of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dept. of Adult Educational, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Uwakwe, C.B.U., Dept. of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Falaye, A.O., Dept. of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Emunemu, B.O., Dept. of Educational Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adelore, O., Dept. of Adult Educational, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The paper examined the impact of decentralization and privatization on the quality of education in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with specific reference to Nigeria. The authors traced the antecedents of the evolution of educational policies in SSA, particularly in Nigeria. Decentralization and privatization as practiced by some countries in the sub-region were highlighted showing how they interplay with socio-economic and political scenarios, and the resultant impact on provision of quality of education. The authors remarked that these policies produced positive effects such as improved workers' welfare, community participation and widening access to education. On the other hand, unapproved and unregistered schools, while providing wider access to education for children in SSA do mortgage the quality and standard of education. The authors concluded that a sector-wide approach to resource mobilization and management in the education system, accountability in the areas of leadership, bureaucracies and best work practices would ensure quality control in the education sector of the SSA countries.	Decentralization; Privatization; Quality of education; Sub-Saharan Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947114792	Effect of caffeine on the risk of coronary heart disease - A re-evaluation	Adebayo J.O., Akinyinka A.O., Odewole G.A., Okwusidi J.I.	2007	Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry	22	1	10.1007/BF02912877	Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Adebayo, J.O., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Akinyinka, A.O., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Odewole, G.A., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Okwusidi, J.I., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	The effect of caffeine intake on the risk of coronary heart disease was studied. Twenty-one rats used were randomly divided into three experimental groups, the first group served as the control while the second and third groups were administered caffeine orally at doses of 10mg/kg body weight and 20mg/kg body weight respectively for fourteen days. Caffeine, at 10mg/kg body weight, significantly increased (P<0.05) serum LDL- cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease risk ratio while it significantly reduced (P<0.05) serum triacylglycerol concentration when compared with controls. At 20mg/kg body weight, caffeine significantly increased (P<0.05) coronary heart disease risk ratio while it significantly reduced (P<0.05) serum HDL-cholesterol concentration and serum triacylgycerol concentration when compared with controls. No dose response effect was observed possibly suggestive of a threshold effect. These results suggest that caffeine predisposes consumers of caffeine containing beverages to coronary heart disease.	Blood lipids; Caffeine; Coronary heart disease	caffeine; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; animal experiment; animal model; article; cardiovascular risk; cholesterol blood level; concentration (parameters); controlled study; dose response; drug activity; drug effect; drug mechanism; ischemic heart disease; lipid analysis; male; nonhuman; protein determination; rat; risk assessment; statistical analysis; triacylglycerol blood level; Rattus	None
None	None	The effect of maize bran or maize bran mixed with sunflower cake on the performance of smallholder dairy cows in urban and peri-urban area in Morogoro, Tanzania	Mlay P.S., Pereka A.E., Balthazary S.T., Phiri E.C.J., Hvelplund T., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	Mlay, P.S., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Pereka, A.E., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Balthazary, S.T., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Phiri, E.C.J., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Hvelplund, T., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Weisbjerg, M.R., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Madsen, J., Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding milking cows a supplement of maize bran alone (MB) or maize bran mixed with sunflower meal (MBS) during the dry season. Eighteen smallholder farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Morogoro practising complete zero grazing with not less than two milking cows participated in the trial. Forty-eight cows were used with ranges of body weight 232-556 kg, previous milk yield 3-13 litres/day, body condition score 2.5-5, parity 2-5, and 3-6 months post calving. For each farm, both MBS and MB treatments were randomly distributed to the cows. Body weights and body condition scores were taken before, at 6th and 12th week of treatment. Daily milk production was recorded three weeks before, 12 weeks during and 3 weeks after the withdrawal of treatments. Milk samples were collected during the 12th week of treatment and analysed for butterfat (BF), crude protein (CP) and total solids (TS). The economic viability of the dairy enterprises in relation to supplementation was also assessed. MBS fed cows had significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) milk yield compared to MB fed cows. No differences were observed in milk composition parameters, body weights and body condition changes. The economic return for sunflower meal incorporation in MBS was found to be very high. It is concluded that using sunflower meal mixed with maize bran was effective in increasing milk yield during the dry season and was economically profitable compared to maize bran alone.	Dairy cows; Maize bran; Milk yield; Sunflower cake; Supplementation	Bos taurus; Helianthus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29944434199	Prediction of the environmental impact and sustainability of large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater resources	Annandale J.G., Jovanovic N.Z., Hodgson F.D.I., Usher B.H., Aken M.E., Van Der Westhuizen A.M., Bristow K.L., Steyn J.M.	2006	Water SA	32	1	None	Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia	Annandale, J.G., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Jovanovic, N.Z., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Hodgson, F.D.I., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Usher, B.H., Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Aken, M.E., Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein, 1038, South Africa; Van Der Westhuizen, A.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Bristow, K.L., CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; Steyn, J.M., Dept. Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa	Irrigation of agricultural crops is one of the most cost-effective options for the utilisation of gypsiferous mine wastewater. In addition, it creates the opportunity to produce crops during the dry season. Gypsum is a slightly soluble salt and concentrating the gypsiferous soil solution through crop evapotranspiration precipitates gypsum in the soil profile, removing it from the water system and reducing the potential for groundwater pollution. In previous research, it was found that crops can be commercially produced under irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water with no obvious impact on groundwater in the short term (3 years). It was, however, recommended that monitoring should continue to confirm findings over a longer period and for different conditions. A research project was therefore initiated in 2001 to determine the impact of irrigation with several gypsiferous water/soil combinations on crop performance, soil properties and groundwater quality. Field trials were carried out in South Africa on three mines: Kleinkopjé and New Vaal Collieries (Anglo Coal), and at Syferfontein (Sasol). Different crop and pasture species were grown on different soil types under centre-pivot irrigation with different mine-water qualities. Intensive monitoring systems were established in each irrigated field to determine the components of the soil-water and salt balance. Boreholes were also installed to monitor groundwater level and quality. Field water and salt balance data were used for calibration and validation of the mechanistic, generic crop, Soil-Water Balance (SWB) Model. The results of the field trials indicated that high crop and pasture yields can be obtained, provided site selection, land preparation, fertilisation and irrigation water management are appropriate. The results of the soil-water and salt balance studies indicated that considerable volumes of mine-water can be used and substantial amounts of salts can be removed from the water system through precipitation of gypsum in the soil profile. The groundwater impact was limited based on borehole measurements, indicating the presence of a zone of attenuation between the cropped soil profile and groundwater, but this should be monitored over a longer period. With appropriate management, water and salt runoff, and under specific conditions, drainage and salts leached can be intercepted, thereby minimising unwanted impacts on groundwater. Thirty-year scenario simulations were run with SWB and the generated salt loads from this model were used as input into a separate groundwater model in order to predict the likely long-term effects of irrigation with gypsiferous mine-water on groundwater. The results of these simulations showed that while salts reached the groundwater, there was a drop in concentration of the plume as it moved away from the irrigated area. This was due largely to dilution by infiltration from rainfall recharge and the dispersive characteristics of the aquifer. The simulations also showed the importance of matching the amount of drainage from an irrigated site with the transmissivity and storage properties of the aquifer below. These results suggest that large-scale irrigation with gypsiferous water could be viable if irrigated fields are carefully sited to prevent waterlogging and are well managed. A site-specific approach is essential.	Groundwater; Gypsiferous; Irrigation; Mine-water; Simulations; SWB	Boreholes; Computer simulation; Cost effectiveness; Crops; Groundwater resources; Soil mechanics; Wastewater; Gypsiferous; Mine-water; SWB; Irrigation; environmental impact; groundwater resource; infiltration; irrigation system; salinity; wastewater; water quality; Cost Effectiveness; Effluent Treatment; Farm Crops; Irrigation; Simulation; Soil Mechanics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875361714	Biodiversity tradeoffs and offsets in impact assessment and decision making: Can we stop the loss?	Brownlie S., King N., Treweek J.	2013	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	31	1	10.1080/14615517.2012.736763	deVilliers Brownlie Associates, 21 Menin Ave, Claremont, 7708, South Africa; Treweek Environmental Consultants, Devon, United Kingdom	Brownlie, S., deVilliers Brownlie Associates, 21 Menin Ave, Claremont, 7708, South Africa; King, N.; Treweek, J., Treweek Environmental Consultants, Devon, United Kingdom	The healthy functioning of ecosystems is fundamental to human wellbeing, but sustainable development policies have failed to reverse global decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services. Accepting loss of biodiversity as a tradeoff for socio-economic gains means that the global ecological deficit continues to grow, with attendant risks for human wellbeing. While impact assessment has become more effective at identifying potential impacts on biodiversity, it has generally retained a 'damage limitation' focus, rather than striving to sustain, or even enhance, important biodiversity and ecosystem services. This paper recommends changes in how biodiversity is addressed in impact assessment to avoid increasing the ecological deficit. It considers whether, and how, integration of biodiversity offsets, namely measurable conservation outcomes to compensate for significant residual loss of biodiversity, can achieve 'no net loss' outcomes for biodiversity. It also reviews some of the implementation challenges. These challenges include obtaining the information needed to assess impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, and recognizing when impacts might be impossible to offset or compensate in practice, thus setting limits to tradeoffs. © 2013 Copyright IAIA.	biodiversity offsets; compensation; ecosystem services; mitigation hierarchy; tradeoffs	biodiversity; decision making; ecosystem service; environmental impact assessment; hierarchical system; nature conservation; risk assessment; trade-off	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952798600	The impact of sexual imagery in advertising: Comparing hispanics' and non-hispanics' attitudes and responses toward print ads	Kelsmark K.A., Dion P., Abratt R., Mischel L.	2011	Journal of Promotion Management	17	1	10.1080/10496491003666758	DeVry University, Stratum Executive Center, 11044 Research Blvd., Suite B-100, Austin, TX 78759, United States; Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, United States; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Kelsmark, K.A., DeVry University, Stratum Executive Center, 11044 Research Blvd., Suite B-100, Austin, TX 78759, United States; Dion, P., Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, United States; Abratt, R., Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mischel, L., DeVry University, Stratum Executive Center, 11044 Research Blvd., Suite B-100, Austin, TX 78759, United States	The purpose of this study was to examine differences in attitudinal responses to sexual imagery in advertising by young adult Hispanics and non-Hispanics and establish whether any gender differences exist. A quantitative methodology was used. Results show that the lack of influence of the ethnicity variable suggests that respondents appear to overwhelm Hispanic cultural predispositions. Although males were more accepting of the sexual imagery, this did not translate as influence by the advertisements. Although undefined by this research, the reptilian ad appears to exceed some tolerance levels. As a result advertisers and marketing managers should be wary of utilizing strong sexual appeals. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Acculturation; Cross-cultural advertising; Ethnicity; Hispanics	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872825593	Effects of feeding sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines as a supplement on feed intake, growth performance, digestibility and carcass characteristics of Sidama goats fed a basal diet of natural grass hay	Megersa T., Urge M., Nurfeta A.	2012	Tropical Animal Health and Production	45	1	10.1007/s11250-012-0264-4	Dilla Agricultural Technical Vocational Education and Training College, P.O. Box 334, Dilla, Ethiopia; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; School of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 222, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Megersa, T., Dilla Agricultural Technical Vocational Education and Training College, P.O. Box 334, Dilla, Ethiopia; Urge, M., College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Nurfeta, A., School of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 222, Hawassa, Ethiopia	The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of substituting sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam] vines for concentrate on growth performance, digestibility, and carcass characteristics. Thirty yearling bucks (15. 3 ± 1. 64 kg) were assigned into six treatments in a randomized complete block design: natural grass hay alone (T1) or supplemented with 100 % sweet potato vines (SPV) (T2), 65 % SPV + 35 % concentrate (T3), 35 % SPV + 65 % concentrate (T4), and 100 % concentrate (T5) on dry matter (DM) basis. Supplemented goats (T2, T3, T4, and T5) consumed higher (p < 0. 001) total DM (553, 567, 505, and 515 g/day), respectively, when compared to the nonsupplemented (T1) goats (349 g/day). The crude protein (CP) intake (32. 0, 48. 6, 54. 7, and 69. 2 g/day) increased with increasing levels of the concentrate in the diet for T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. The DM digestibility in T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, was higher (P < 0. 01) (0. 69, 0. 72, 0. 72, and 0. 74) than in T1 (0. 56). Apparent digestibility of CP was observed to be higher (P < 0. 001) in T3, T4, T5 (0. 78, 0. 83, and 0. 88) when compared to the bucks in T2 (0. 60). Higher (P < 0. 001) daily weight gain (31. 2, 46. 4, 48. 6, and 47. 6 g/day) were recorded for T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, whereas the nonsupplemented goats lost weight (-19. 5 g/day). Slaughter weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, rib-eye muscle area, and total edible offals were higher (P < 0. 05) in supplemented goats compared with nonsupplemented ones. Therefore, it could be concluded that sweet potato vine can replace the conventional concentrate and could be fed with poor quality hay to prevent body weight loss of animal in the absence of other feed supplements. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Carcass characteristics; Digestibility; Sidama goats; Substitution; Sweet potato vine	Animalia; Capra hircus; Ipomoea batatas; Swinepox virus (STRAIN KASZA); animal; animal food; article; body weight; chemistry; diet; diet supplementation; digestion; dose response; drug effect; Ethiopia; goat; growth, development and aging; male; meat; physiology; randomization; standard; sweet potato; tropic climate; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethiopia; Goats; Ipomoea batatas; Male; Meat; Random Allocation; Tropical Climate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893971611	The impact of smallholder irrigation on household welfare: The case of Tugela Ferry irrigation scheme in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Sinyolo S., Mudhara M., Wale E.	2014	Water SA	40	1	10.4314/wsa.v40i1.18	Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa	Sinyolo, S., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa; Mudhara, M., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa; Wale, E., Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa	The potential of smallholder irrigated agriculture to enhance food security and alleviate rural poverty has led the South African Government to prioritise and invest significantly in irrigation establishment, rehabilitation and revitalisation. The question addressed in this study pertains to the extent to which smallholder irrigation has been able to reduce poverty in the rural communities to justify this investment. Using a sample of 251 farmers, this study found that factors such as land size, perceived soil fertility, household size, and access to support services were significant predictors of irrigation participation. The results from the treatment effect model indicated that access to irrigation plays a positive role in the welfare of rural households, with irrigators spending about ZAR2 000 per adult equivalent on consumption more than the non-irrigators. The study, therefore, concluded that government investments in smallholder irrigation for poverty reduction are justified. The other factors that influenced household consumption were off-farm income, land size, livestock size, education level, family size and access to support services and infrastructure. The study recommends that investments in smallholder irrigation continue for poverty reduction, and that priority should also be on finding other feasible rural micro-projects and development initiatives to complement smallholder irrigation and significantly reduce rural poverty.	Food security; Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures; Poverty; Smallholder irrigation; Treatment effect model	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744826822	Impact of the special training of community health workers on breastfeeding counselling and support in KwaZulu-Natal	Mukantwali C., Maunder E.M.W., Paterson M., Gibson C.	2006	South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition	19	1	None	Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Thukela District Child Survival Project, Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Mukantwali, C., Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Maunder, E.M.W., Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Paterson, M., Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Gibson, C., Thukela District Child Survival Project, Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Objectives. To evaluate the impact of special training of community health workers (CHWs) on breastfeeding counselling and support. Design. A cross-sectional, observational study. Setting. The study was conducted in the area serviced by the Thukela District Child Survival Project, Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal. Subjects. Mother-infant pairs (N = 95) visited by specially trained CHWs formed the intervention group and were compared with a control group of mother-infant pairs (N = 64) visited by normally trained CHWs. Both groups of CHWs had been trained in the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI). Outcome measures. To test for significant differences between the intervention and control groups in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), feeding of colostrum, withholding of prelacteals, infant growth and diarrhoeal disease rates. Results. EBF rates of 71.6% and 59.4% were found in the intervention and control groups respectively (p = 0.1). Both study groups showed higher rates of EBF compared with other areas in KwaZulu-Natal. The prevalence of feeding colostrum was 88.4% in the intervention and 92.2% in the control groups (p = 0.4). The prevalence of withholding prelacteals was 77% in the intervention and 86% in the control groups (p = 0.1). At the time of the interview, infants in both groups showed consistent growth (weight-for-age z-scores: intervention = 0.13, control = 0.18; p = 0.7). Diarrhoea prevalence did not differ significantly between study groups and varied from 7.5% (in the 7 days before interview, p = 0.1) to 16% (in the previous 3 months for infants ≥ 3 months, p = 0.5). Conclusion. The special training did not have the anticipated impact on measured parameters. Training CHWs in IMCI was as effective as special training. If generally applied, the former may increase rates of EBF, improve infant growth and reduce the risk of diarrhoeal illness in South Africa.	None	adult; article; breast feeding; child growth; childhood disease; clinical observation; colostrum; community care; controlled study; counseling; diarrhea; female; health care personnel; human; infant; interview; male; nutrition education; prevalence; questionnaire; risk reduction; scoring system; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924286466	Comparison of effective population size, rate and level of inbreeding and its potential impact on village chicken populations of Southern Africa	Zulu S.G., Muchadeyi F.C., Dzomba E.F.	2015	International Journal of Poultry Science	14	1	None	Discipline of Genetics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, South Africa	Zulu, S.G., Discipline of Genetics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Muchadeyi, F.C., Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Dzomba, E.F., Discipline of Genetics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	The term village chicken best describes the scavenging chickens because of the effect of the village socio-economic and biophysical environment on the production and health status of the chicken. These chickens are predominantly farmed in African villages by small holder farmers. The purpose of this study was to compare rates and levels of inbreeding in village (free range) chickens in Southern Africa. In addition the study sought to investigate the major economic traits that could be negatively affected by inbreeding. The study was carried out in 2007 and 2009 by sampling households in five agro-ecological zones (AEZ) in Zimbabwe and three farming regions in South Africa. Data was captured in the form of surveys conducted using pre-tested questionnaires and included farmer socio-demographic information and household chicken flock sizes and composition. Data was also captured on traits that chicken farmers target when selecting or culling the flocks by ranking traits in order of importance, one being most important and eight being the least important. Three parameters i.e. effective population size (Ne), rate of inbreeding (AF) and the level of inbreeding (F) were estimated using different mathematical formulas. Statistical analysis of the effect of agro-ecological zone and country on each of the three parameters was done using Generalized Linear Models procedure in SAS. Results showed that Limpopo province of South Africa and AEZ III of Zimbabwe had highest and lowest Ne, respectively. Consequently, Limpopo and AEZ III had the lowest and the highest AF respectively. Both effective population size and rate of inbreeding varied significantly (p<0.05) between farming regions/agro ecological zones within countries. It was observed that chicken body size, reproductive performance, mothering ability and health were ranked high while body conformation and morphological traits (plumage color and comb shape) were ranked the least important traits for choosing animals for breeding and for culling chickens from the flock. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2015.	Effective population size; Farming region; Inbreeding; Village chicken	Animalia; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948131601	Medicines availability at a swaziland hospital and impact on patients	Shabangu K., Suleman F.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.829	Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa	Shabangu, K., Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Suleman, F., Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa	Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries is increasing. Where patients are expected to make increased out-of-pocket payments this can lead to treatment interruptions or non-adherence. Swaziland is no exception in this regard. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the availability of medicines for NCDs in a hospital and the impact of out-of-pocket spending by patients for medicines not available at the hospital. Setting: The study was conducted at Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital in Manzini, Swaziland. Methods: Exit interviews to assess availability of a selected basket of medicines were conducted with 300 patients diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension or asthma. The stock status record of a basket of medicines for these conditions in 2012 was assessed at the Central Medical Stores. Results were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: Most of the patients (n = 213; 71%) confirmed not receiving all of their prescribed medicines at each visit to the hospital in the past six months. On average patients spent 10- 50 times more on their medicines at private pharmacies compared to user fees in the health facility. Stock-outs at the Central Medical Stores ranging from 30 days to over 180 days were recorded during the course of the assessment period (12 months), and were found to contribute to inconsistent availability of medicines in the health facility. Conclusion: Out-of-pocket expenditure is common for patients with chronic conditions using this health facility, which suggests the possibility of patients defaulting on treatment due to lack of affordability. © 2015. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951596200	Laboratory and field evaluation of formulated bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as a feed additive and using topical applications for control of musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae in caged-poultry manure	Mwamburi L.A., Laing M.D., Miller R.	2011	Environmental Entomology	40	1	10.1603/EN09124	Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Mwamburi, L.A., Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Laing, M.D., Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Miller, R., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Infestations of house flies, Musca domestica L., are a continual problem around poultry establishments. Acute toxicity of two commercial Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis (Bti) formulations (water-dispersible granules and bran formulation) was evaluated against larvae in the laboratory and against natural populations of M. domestica larvae in the field applied in feed to chickens and as topical applications in the poultry houses. Bioassay data showed that susceptibility of M. domestica larvae increased to a given concentration of Bti as the duration of exposure increased. In the laboratory studies, the LC50 values of Bti for the larvae ranged between 65 and 77.4 Âμ g/ml. In the field, a concentration of 10 g Bti/kg of feed resulted in 90% reduction of larvae at 4 wk after treatment. A higher concentration (2 g/liter) of Bti in spray applications was not significantly more effective than the lower concentration of 1 g/liter. Adding Bti to chicken feed is potentially an efficient measure for the management and control of house flies in caged-poultry facilities. © 2011 Entomological Society of America.	Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis; biological control; Musca domestica; poultry manure	food additive; insecticide; bacterium; bioassay; biological control; concentration (composition); fly; infectious disease; laboratory method; manure; pest control; poultry; toxicity; animal; animal food; animal housing; article; Bacillus thuringiensis; biological pest control; chicken; house fly; larva; manure; methodology; microbiology; South Africa; Animal Feed; Animals; Bacillus thuringiensis; Chickens; Food Additives; Houseflies; Housing, Animal; Insecticides; Larva; Manure; Pest Control, Biological; South Africa; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis; Diptera; Gallus gallus; Musca domestica; Muscidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886256329	Revising the WHO verbal autopsy instrument to facilitate routine cause-of-death monitoring	Leitao J., Chandramohan D., Byass P., Jakob R., Bundhamcharoen K., Choprapawon C., de Savigny D., Fottrell E., França E., Frøen F., Gewaifel G., Hodgson A., Hounton S., Kahn K., Krishnan A., Kumar V., Masanja H., Nichols E., Notzon F., Rasooly M.H., Sanko	2013	Global Health Action	6	1	10.3402/gha.v6i0.21518	Disease Control and Vector Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Health Information and Statistics, WHO, 20 Av Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; International Health Policy Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Health Policy and Strategic Bureau, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Public Health and Health Systems, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; UCL Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Epidemiology and Health Evaluation Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Genes and Environment Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Health Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Serfice, Accra, Ghana; Headquarter, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, United States; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Uttar Pradesh Center, Community Empowerment Lab, Uttar Pradesh, India; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; International Statistics Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, United States; Afghan Public Health Institute, Afghanistan Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Public Health and HIV Section, The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva, Switzerland; Independent Consultant, Health Metrics Network, Geneva, Switzerland; Monitoring of Vital Events, Health Metrics Network, Geneva, Switzerland; Health Information and Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Division of Health Systems and Services Development, WHO Regional Office, for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt; Health Information, Evidence and Research Policy, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Kobenhavn, Denmark; Evidence-Based Health Situation and Trends Assessment, WHO Regional Office for the South Eastern Region, New Dehli, India; Health Information, Evidence and Research Policy, WHO Regional Office for Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines; Mediterranean Centre for Health Risk Reduction, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Health, Statistics and Informatics, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Classification, Terminology and Standards Unit, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Child and Adolescent Health and Development, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland	Leitao, J., Disease Control and Vector Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Chandramohan, D., Disease Control and Vector Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Byass, P., WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Jakob, R., Health Information and Statistics, WHO, 20 Av Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Bundhamcharoen, K., International Health Policy Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Choprapawon, C., Health Policy and Strategic Bureau, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; de Savigny, D., Public Health and Health Systems, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Fottrell, E., UCL Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; França, E., Epidemiology and Health Evaluation Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Frøen, F., Genes and Environment Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Gewaifel, G., Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Hodgson, A., Health Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Serfice, Accra, Ghana; Hounton, S., Headquarter, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, United States; Kahn, K., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Krishnan, A., Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Kumar, V., Uttar Pradesh Center, Community Empowerment Lab, Uttar Pradesh, India; Masanja, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nichols, E., International Statistics Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, United States; Notzon, F., International Statistics Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, United States; Rasooly, M.H., Afghan Public Health Institute, Afghanistan Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan; Sankoh, O., INDEPTH Network Secretariat, INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Spiegel, P., Public Health and HIV Section, The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva, Switzerland; AbouZahr, C., Independent Consultant, Health Metrics Network, Geneva, Switzerland; Amexo, M., Monitoring of Vital Events, Health Metrics Network, Geneva, Switzerland; Kebede, D., Health Information and Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Alley, W.S., Health Information and Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Marinho, F., Health Information and Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Ali, M., Division of Health Systems and Services Development, WHO Regional Office, for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt; Loyola, E., Health Information, Evidence and Research Policy, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Kobenhavn, Denmark; Chikersal, J., Evidence-Based Health Situation and Trends Assessment, WHO Regional Office for the South Eastern Region, New Dehli, India; Gao, J., Health Information, Evidence and Research Policy, WHO Regional Office for Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines; Annunziata, G., Mediterranean Centre for Health Risk Reduction, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Bahl, R., Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Bartolomeus, K., Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Boerma, T., Health, Statistics and Informatics, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Ustun, B., Classification, Terminology and Standards Unit, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Chou, D., Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Muhe, L., Child and Adolescent Health and Development, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Mathai, M., Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland	Objective: Verbal autopsy (VA) is a systematic approach for determining causes of death (CoD) in populations without routine medical certification. It has mainly been used in research contexts and involved relatively lengthy interviews. Our objective here is to describe the process used to shorten, simplify, and standardise the VA process to make it feasible for application on a larger scale such as in routine civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems. Methods: A literature review of existing VA instruments was undertaken. The World Health Organization (WHO) then facilitated an international consultation process to review experiences with existing VA instruments, including those from WHO, the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH) Network, InterVA, and the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC). In an expert meeting, consideration was given to formulating a workable VA CoD list [with mapping to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) CoD] and to the viability and utility of existing VA interview questions, with a view to undertaking systematic simplification. Findings: A revised VA CoD list was compiled enabling mapping of all ICD-10 CoD onto 62 VA cause categories, chosen on the grounds of public health significance as well as potential for ascertainment from VA. A set of 221 indicators for inclusion in the revised VA instrument was developed on the basis of accumulated experience, with appropriate skip patterns for various population sub-groups. The duration of a VA interview was reduced by about 40% with this new approach. Conclusions: The revised VA instrument resulting from this consultation process is presented here as a means of making it available for widespread use and evaluation. It is envisaged that this will be used in conjunction with automated models for assigning CoD from VA data, rather than involving physicians. © 2013 Jordana Leitao et al.	Cause of death; Civil registration; InterVA; Verbal autopsy; Vital registration; Vital statistics; World health organization	article; autopsy; cause of death; civil registration; developing country; health survey; human; InterVA; methodology; questionnaire; reproducibility; standard; verbal autopsy; vital registration; vital statistics; world health organization; autopsy; health survey; procedures; standards; cause of death; civil registration; InterVA; verbal autopsy; vital registration; vital statistics; World Health Organization; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Developing Countries; Humans; Population Surveillance; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Vital Statistics; World Health Organization; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Developing Countries; Humans; Population Surveillance; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Vital Statistics; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895056660	The impact of chronic untreated hyperglycaemia on the long-term stability of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and antioxidant status in human sera	Macharia M., Kengne A.P., Blackhurst D.M., Erasmus R.T., Matsha T.E.	2014	Journal of Clinical Pathology	67	1	10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201646	Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Niversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lipid Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa	Macharia, M., Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Kengne, A.P., NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Niversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Blackhurst, D.M., Lipid Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Erasmus, R.T., Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Matsha, T.E., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa	Aims: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is increasingly measured on samples that have been stored for extended durations. The impact of storage and baseline conditions on the stability of the enzyme is however not well documented. We investigated the in fluence of hyperglycaemia on the stability of PON1 activity and antioxidant status in human sera stored for 12 months. Methods: Blood was collected from 60 individuals aged 35-80 years with chronic hyperglycaemia (HbA1c≥6.5%) or normoglycaemia (HbA1c<6.5%) in Cape Town. At baseline and after 12 months at -80°C, levels of PON1 activity ( paraoxoase and arylesterase), antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and oxidised low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)) were measured and compared. Results: In normoglycaemic samples, 12-month storage led to minor alterations of <10% for the six target variables. In hyperglycaemic samples, alterations ranged from 13% for AREase activity to about 23% for ox-LDLs indicating a twofold to fourfold difference between the two groups in the variables assessed. Changes in levels of FRAP, TEAC and ox-LDL were both statistically and clinically significant. Furthermore, there was evidence of significant statistical interaction by baseline glycaemic status on the alteration of FRAP, TEAC, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and ox-LDL, but not for PON1 activity. Conclusions: The results indicate that baseline glycaemic status may contribute to a decline in the stability of antioxidant activity and extent of lipid peroxidation but not PON activity.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897008574	Pharmacokinetic evaluation of lisinopril-tryptophan, a novel C-domain ACE inhibitor	Denti P., Sharp S.-K., Kröger W.L., Schwager S.L., Mahajan A., Njoroge M., Gibhard L., Smit I., Chibale K., Wiesner L., Sturrock E.D., Davies N.H.	2014	European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	56	1	10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.012	Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Denti, P., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Sharp, S.-K., Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; Kröger, W.L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Schwager, S.L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Mahajan, A., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Njoroge, M., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Gibhard, L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Smit, I., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Sturrock, E.D., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Davies, N.H., Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa	Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) is a metallopeptidase comprised of two homologous catalytic domains (N- and C-domains). The C-domain cleaves the vasoactive angiotensin II precursor, angiotensin I, more efficiently than the N-domain. Thus, C-domain-selective ACE inhibitors have been designed to investigate the pharmacological effects of blocking the C-terminal catalytic site of the enzyme and improve the side effect profile of current ACE inhibitors. Lisinopril-tryptophan (LisW-S), an analogue of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril, is highly selective for the C-domain. In this study, we have analysed the ex vivo domain selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile of LisW-S. The IC50 value of LisW-S was 38.5 nM in rat plasma using the fluorogenic substrate Abz-FRKP(Dnp)P-OH. For the pharmacokinetics analysis of LisW-S, a sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine the concentration of LisW-S in rat plasma. LisW-S was administered to Wistar rats at a dose of 1 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously, 5 mg/kg bodyweight orally. The Cmax obtained following oral administration of the drug was 0.082 μM and LisW-S had an apparent terminal elimination half-life of around 3.1 h. The pharmacokinetic data indicate that the oral bioavailability of LisW-S was approximately 5.4%. These data provide a basis for better understanding the absorption mechanism of LisW-S and evaluating its clinical application. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Hypertension; LC-MS/MS method; Lisinopril-tryptophan; Pharmacokinetic analysis	dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; lisinopril tryptophan; tryptophan derivative; unclassified drug; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; lisinopril; tryptophan; animal experiment; article; concentration response; controlled study; drug absorption; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug elimination; drug half life; drug penetration; drug solubility; enzyme active site; ex vivo study; IC 50; liquid chromatography; male; maximum plasma concentration; nonhuman; priority journal; protein domain; rat; tandem mass spectrometry; Wistar rat; animal; CACO 2 cell line; chemistry; enzyme active site; human; metabolism; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Caco-2 Cells; Catalytic Domain; Humans; Lisinopril; Male; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Rats, Wistar; Tryptophan	South African Medical Research Council; South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934765966	In vitro evaluation of reversible and time-dependent inhibitory effects of kalanchoe crenata on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activities	Awortwe C., Manda V.K., Avonto C., Khan S.I., Khan I.A., Walker L.A., Bouic P.J., Rosenkranz B.	2015	Drug Metabolism Letters	9	1	None	Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Synexa Life Sciences, Montague Gardens, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Awortwe, C., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Manda, V.K., National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Avonto, C., National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Khan, S.I., National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Khan, I.A., National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Walker, L.A., National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; Bouic, P.J., Synexa Life Sciences, Montague Gardens, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Rosenkranz, B., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Kalanchoe crenata popularly known as “dog’s liver” is used in most African countries for the treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma and HIV/AIDS related infections. The evaluation of K. crenata for herb-drug interactions has not been reported. This study therefore aims to evaluate the risk of K. crenata for herb-drug interaction in vitro. Crude methanol and fractions of K. crenata were incubated and preincubated with recombinant human CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Comparative studies were conducted in both human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP to ascertain the inhibition profile of the crude extract and the various fractions. The cocktail approach of recombinant human CYPs was conducted to confirm the inhibition potential of the fractions in the presence of other CYPs. The results showed significant time-dependent inhibition of tested samples on CYP3A4 with crude methanol (39KC), fractions 45A, 45B and 45D given IC<inf>50</inf> fold decrease of 3.29, 2.26, 1.91 and 1.49, respective. Time dependent kinetic assessment of 39KC and 45D showed K<inf>I</inf> and k<inf>inact</inf> values for 39KC as 1.77μg/mL and 0.091 min−1 while that of 45D were 6.45 μg/mL and 0.024 min−1, respectively. Determination of k<inf>inact</inf> based on IC<inf>50</inf> calculations yielded 0.015 and 0.04 min−1 for 39KC and 45D, respectively. Cocktail approach exhibited fold decreases in IC<inf>50</inf> for all test fractions on CYP3A4 within the ranges of 2.10 – 4.10. At least one phytoconstituent in the crude methanol extract of Kalanchoe crenata is a reversible and time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.	Human liver microsomes; Kalanchoe crenata; Recombinant human CYPs; Reversible inhibition; Time-dependent inhibition	cytochrome P450 2C19; cytochrome P450 3A4; Kalanchoe crenata extract; methanol; plant extract; testosterone; unclassified drug; Article; comparative study; herb drug interaction; human; human cell; IC50; in vitro study; intrinsic clearance; Kalanchoe; Kalanchoe crenata; liver microsome; metabolic clearance; priority journal; time-dependent inhibition; Kalanchoe integra crenata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948181618	How far does family physician supply correlate with district health system performance?	Dyers R.E., Mash R., Naledi T.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.796	Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Western Cape Government: Health, South Africa; Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Dyers, R.E., Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Western Cape Government: Health, South Africa; Mash, R., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Naledi, T., Western Cape Government: Health, South Africa	Background: Since 2011, a new cadre of family physicians, with 4 years of postgraduate training, was deployed in the district health services of the Western Cape, and tasked with a considerable range of duties aimed at a general improvement in care and health outcomes. There is a need to evaluate the contribution of these family physicians to the district health system. Aim: To develop a methodology for describing the correlation between family physician supply and district health system performance, clinical processes and outcomes, and to measure this correlation at baseline. Method: A cross-sectional study was undertaken that analysed data at an ecological level for the period of 01 April 2011 to 31 March 2012. This was a pilot project analysing data from the first year of a 4-year project. The correlations between family physician supply and 18 health system indicators were assessed within a logic model. The supplies of other categories of staff were also measured. Results: Although most of the correlations with family physicians were positive, the study was unable to demonstrate any strong or statistically significant correlations at baseline. There were significant correlations with other categories of staff. Conclusions: This study developed a methodology for monitoring the relationship between family physician supply using routinely collected indicators of health system performance, clinical processes and outcomes over time. Additional research will also be needed to investigate the impact of family physicians and triangulate findings as this methodology has many limitations and potential confounding factors. © 2015.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895862853	Rearing performance of eri-silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) fed with different castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes	Shifa K., Getu E., Sori W.	2014	Journal of Entomology	11	1	10.39231je.2014.34.4	Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 436, Nazareth, Ethiopia; AddIs Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Adhs Ababa, Ethiopia; Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	Shifa, K., Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 436, Nazareth, Ethiopia; Getu, E., AddIs Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Adhs Ababa, Ethiopia; Sori, W., Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	Growth, development, reproduction and yield of silkworms depend on the availability and supply of preferred host plants having good agronomic and nutritional characteristics. Eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia recini B. is a multivoltine and polyphgous insect feeding on diversified host plants among which castor is a primary host plant. There is differential preference for the different varieties of castor by S.c. ricini. In the present study, eight different castor genotypes; namely Abaro, Acc 106584, Acc 203241, Acc 208624, Ar sel, Bako, GK sel and local were evaluated for their merits as feed and nutritional sources for white plain S.c. ricini at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. The treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in three replications. Fifty worms were used in each replication. Significant difference was observed in rearing performance of eri-silkworms when fed to leaves of different castor genotypes. Among castor genotypes fed to eri-silkworm, Abaro fed worms showed medium to maximum records of matured larval weight (8.17 g), effective rate of rearing (74.68%), survival rate (76.08%), cocoon weight (3.34 g), pupal weight (2.86 g), shell weight (0.48 g), silk ratio (14.49%), fecundity (382.00), hatchability (88.17%) and shorter larval duration (584.17 h). In conclusion, genotype Abaro was superior to the other genotypes in improving the rearing performance of eri-silkworms and can be recommended for further research and development work in integrating silkworm activities for silk and oil seed productions. © 2014 Academic Journals Inc.	Castor genotypes; Eri-silkworm; Rearing performance; Samia cynthia ricini	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860123192	Groundwater quality and its health impact: An assessment of dental fluorosis in rural inhabitants of the Main Ethiopian Rift	Rango T., Kravchenko J., Atlaw B., McCornick P.G., Jeuland M., Merola B., Vengosh A.	2012	Environment International	43	1	10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.002	Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, 2424 Erwin Road, Box 2732, Durham, NC 27705, United States; Jimma University, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Ethiopia; International Water Management Institute, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Sanford School of Public Policy and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 188 Rubenstein Hall, 302 Towerview Drive, Box #90239, Durham, NC 27708-0239, United States	Rango, T., Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Kravchenko, J., Duke Cancer Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, 2424 Erwin Road, Box 2732, Durham, NC 27705, United States; Atlaw, B., Jimma University, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Ethiopia; McCornick, P.G., International Water Management Institute, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Jeuland, M., Sanford School of Public Policy and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 188 Rubenstein Hall, 302 Towerview Drive, Box #90239, Durham, NC 27708-0239, United States; Merola, B., Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Vengosh, A., Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708, United States	This study aims to assess the link between fluoride content in groundwater and its impact on dental health in rural communities of the Ethiopian Rift. A total of 148 water samples were collected from two drainage basins within the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). In the Ziway-Shala basin in particular, wells had high fluoride levels (mean: 9.4±10.5mg/L; range: 1.1 to 68mg/L), with 48 of 50 exceeding the WHO drinking water guideline limit of 1.5mg/L. Total average daily intake of fluoride from drinking groundwater (calculated per weight unit) was also found to be six times higher than the No-Observed-Adverse-Effects-Level (NOAEL) value of 0.06mg/kg/day. The highest fluoride levels were found in highly-alkaline (pH of 7 to 8.9) groundwater characterized by high salinity; high concentrations of sodium (Na +), bicarbonate (HCO 3 -), and silica (SiO 2); and low concentrations of calcium (Ca 2+). A progressive Ca 2+ decrease along the groundwater flow path is associated with an increase of fluoride in the groundwater. The groundwater quality problem is also coupled with the presence of other toxic elements, such as arsenic (As) and uranium (U). The health impact of fluoride was evaluated based on clinical examination of dental fluorosis (DF) among local residents using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI). In total, 200 rural inhabitants between the ages of 7 and 40years old using water from 12 wells of fluoride range of 7.8-18mg/L were examined. Signs of DF (TF score of ≥1) were observed in all individuals. Most of the teeth (52%) recorded TF scores of 5 and 6, followed by TF scores of 3 and 4 (30%), and 8.4% had TF scores of 7 or higher. Sixty percent of the teeth exhibited loss of the outermost enamel. Within the range of fluoride contents, we did not find any correlation between fluoride content and DF. Finally, preliminary data suggest that milk intake has contributed to reducing the severity of DF. The study highlights the apparent positive role of milk on DF, and emphasizes the importance of nutrition in management efforts to mitigate DF in the MER and other parts of the world. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Dental fluorosis; Fluoride; Main Ethiopian Rift; Milk consumption; Thylstrup and Fejerskov index	Dental fluorosis; Fluoride; Main Ethiopian Rift; Milk consumption; Thylstrup and Fejerskov index; Alkalinity; Arsenic; Calcium; Groundwater; Groundwater flow; Health; Silica; Sodium; Uranium; Water quality; Wells; Aluminous refractories; arsenic; bicarbonate; calcium; drinking water; fluoride; ground water; silicon dioxide; sodium; uranium; assessment method; concentration (composition); dental health; drainage basin; fluoride; food consumption; groundwater flow; health impact; index method; milk; rural population; water quality; adolescent; adult; article; child; clinical examination; concentration (parameters); controlled study; dental health; Ethiopia; female; health; human; major clinical study; male; milk; pH; priority journal; river basin; rural area; salinity; school child; scoring system; tooth disease; water quality; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Arsenic; Calcium; Child; Diet; Drinking Water; Environmental Monitoring; Ethiopia; Female; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Groundwater; Humans; Male; Milk; Rural Population; Silicon Dioxide; Uranium; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution, Chemical; Young Adult; East African Rift; Ethiopian Rift	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930192887	Impact of season, fuel load and vegetation cover on fire mediated nutrient losses across savanna agro-ecosystems: the case of northern Ghana	Kugbe J., Fosu M., Vlek P.L.G.	2015	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	102	1	10.1007/s10705-014-9635-8	Division of Ecology and Natural Resources, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter Flex Str. 3, Bonn, Germany; Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Nyamkpala, Ghana; Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, P. O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana; West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Airport-Accra, Ghana	Kugbe, J., Division of Ecology and Natural Resources, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter Flex Str. 3, Bonn, Germany, Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Nyamkpala, Ghana; Fosu, M., Division of Ecology and Natural Resources, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter Flex Str. 3, Bonn, Germany, Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, P. O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana; Vlek, P.L.G., Division of Ecology and Natural Resources, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter Flex Str. 3, Bonn, Germany, West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Airport-Accra, Ghana	In the subsistence-based, nutrient-poor soils, and fertilizer-limited agriculture of northern Ghana, 45–65 % of land cover is annually burned for purposes of hunting and agricultural land preparation. The effects of burn-season, fractional nutrient losses, combusted plant parts and vegetation type on the fire-mediated nutrient cycling are unclear. We estimate and compare the plant nutrient losses associated with different savanna covers in the early and late burn-seasons and fractionate the losses into actual losses, which should be the cause for concern and the losses due to particulate redistribution. The tissue-moisture and fuel-load elemental concentrations are predominant factors that determine the quantity of fire-induced nutrient losses. About 50 % of total combusted phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium load; and ~99 % of the carbon and nitrogen loads are directly lost from burned sites during burns. Generally, calcium and magnesium are redistributed in particulate forms (~100 and ~90 % respectively) and not lost from the region, phosphorus and potassium are lost in both particulate (~50 and ~75 % respectfully) and non-particulate forms (~50 and ~25 % respectively), whereas the carbon and nitrogen are mostly lost in gaseous forms (~95 %). In the early-burn season high tissue-nitrogen concentration and low phosphorus-concentration renders burn vulnerable to high nitrogen-losses/emissions and low phosphorus-losses per unit burnt biomass. A comparatively high tissue moisture, however, impedes the early burns, resulting in patches of burned and unburned vegetation that reduce the occurrence of late burns and the total losses of plant-nutrients. Early burns reduce the quantity of nutrient losses towards a more secured food production. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Burn season; Bush fire; Fire-mediated nutrient losses; Food security; Savanna	agricultural ecosystem; fertilizer application; food production; food security; fuelwood; nutrient cycling; savanna; seasonality; vegetation cover; Ghana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924145763	Development of a family physician impact assessment tool in the district health system of the Western Cape Province, South Africa	Pasio K.S., Mash R., Naledi T.	2014	BMC Family Practice	15	1	10.1186/s12875-014-0204-7	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Health Programme, Department of Health, Western Cape Government, Western Cape, South Africa	Pasio, K.S., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Mash, R., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Naledi, T., Health Programme, Department of Health, Western Cape Government, Western Cape, South Africa	Background: Policy makers in Africa are ambivalent about the need for family physicians to strengthen district health services. Evidence on the impact of family physicians is therefore needed. The aim was to develop a tool to evaluate the impact of family physicians on district health services according to the six expected roles that have been defined nationally. Methods: Mixed methods were used to develop, validate, pilot and test the reliability of the tool in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. An expert panel validated the content and construction of the tool. The tool was piloted by 94 respondents who evaluated eight family physicians. Cronbach alpha scores were calculated to test the reliability of the tool. The impact of these family physicians in the pilot study was also analysed. Results: A draft tool was successfully developed, validated, and proved reliable (Cronbach alpha >0.8). The overall scores (scale of 1 4) were: Care provider = 3.5, Consultant = 3.4, Leader and champion of clinical governance = 3.4, Capacity builder = 3.3, Clinical trainer and supervisor = 3.2 and Champion of community-orientated primary care (COPC) = 3.1. The impact on COPC was significantly less than the impact of other roles (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The Family Physician Impact Evaluation Tool can be used to measure the impact of family physicians in South Africa. The pilot study shows that the family physicians are having most impact in terms of clinical care and clinical governance, and a lesser impact in terms of clinical training, capacity-building and especially COPC.	Family physicians; Family practice; Physicians role; South africa; Validation studies	community care; general practitioner; health care policy; health service; human; organization and management; physician attitude; reproducibility; South Africa; validation study; Community Health Services; Health Policy; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Physician's Role; Physicians, Family; Reproducibility of Results; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861899118	Evaluation of malaria prevention strategies during pregnancy in Ndola, Zambia	Mulamba M., Mash B.	2010	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	2	1	10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.159	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Mulamba, M., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Mash, B., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Background: Malaria in pregnancy is associated with many negative outcomes for the woman, foetus and neonate. Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) using three doses of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP), insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spray (IRS), constitute the main strategies used to prevent malaria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies for the reduction of malaria prevalence in pregnant women. Methods: A questionnaire on socio-demographic information, history of malaria during current pregnancy and prevention strategies used was administered to 450 consecutive patients admitted into labour wards at three local clinics. From the antenatal cards, information was collected on the last menstrual period, date of each dose of SP taken, gravidity, and HIV status. A blood slide to detect Plasmodium was then collected from each woman after consent. Results: Of the participants in the study, 2.4% had a positive blood slide at term and 15.8% reported malaria during pregnancy. All the participants took at least one dose of SP with 87.6% completing the stipulated three doses. The mean gestational ages for each dose were 22.1 (SD 4.6), 29.1 (SD 4.4) and 34.4 (SD 3.9) weeks for the first, second and third dose respectively. With regard to ITNs, 79.5% had one, but only 74.1% used it regularly. IRS was completed in all three of the clinics' catchment areas. Only 23.4% used commercial insecticide. Conclusion: The measured prevalence of malaria at term in Ndola was remarkably low, although the self-reported rate during pregnancy was still high. The national targets for accessing IPTp were exceeded, although the timing of each dose needs to be improved. Access to ITNs was high, but usage needs to increase. © 2010. The Authors.	Malaria; Pregnancy; Prevention; Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine; Zambia	None	None
WoS	WOS:000285998100002	Evaluation of Trauma and Critical Care Training Courses on the Knowledge and Confidence of Participants in Kenya and Zambia	Aphivantrakul, Paul,Labib, Mohammed,Lupasha, Emanual,MacLeod, Jana B. A.,Nthele, Mzaza,Okech, Moses	2011	WORLD JOURNAL OF SURGERY	35	1	10.1007/s00268-010-0810-z	Emory University, University of Zambia, Nakuru Prov Hosp, Univ Teaching Hosp	"Aphivantrakul, Paul: Emory University","Labib, Mohammed: University of Zambia","Lupasha, Emanual: University of Zambia","MacLeod, Jana B. A.: Emory University","Nthele, Mzaza: University of Zambia",	Background Trained health-care personnel are essential for improved outcomes for injured and critically ill patients. The highest injury-related mortality is seen in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is a paucity of skilled personnel. Therefore, the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) along with Emory University provided an acute trauma care (ATC) and fundamental critical care support course (FCCS). This study evaluates the impact of American-derived courses on the knowledge and confidence of participants from resource-limited countries. Methods Courses were held in Lusaka, Zambia, and Nakuru, Kenya. Participants were COSECSA trainees and personnel from local institutions. The evaluation used a pre-/postcourse multiple-choice exam for knowledge acquisition and a pre-/postcourse questionnaire for confidence assessment. Confidence was measured using a 5-point Likert score, with 5 being the highest level of confidence. Confidence or self-reported efficacy is correlated with increased performance of new skills. Results There were 75 participants (median age = 31 years, 67% male). Three-quarters of the participants reported no prior specific training in either trauma or critical care. Knowledge increased from an average of 51 to 63.3% (p = 0.002) overall, with a 21.7% gain for those who scored in the lowest quartile. Confidence increased from pre- to postcourse on all measures tested: 22 clinical situations (10 trauma, 9 critical care, 3 either) and 15 procedures (p &lt; 0.001 for all measures both individually and aggregated, Wilcoxon rank sum test). The strongest absolute increase in confidence, as well as the largest number of participants who reported any increase, were all in the procedures of cricothyroidotomy [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 2-3) to post = 5 (IQR: 4-5)], DPL [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 2-4) to post = 5 (IQR: 4-5)], and needle decompression [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 3-4) to post = 5 (IQR: 5-5)]. Conclusions Participants from resource-limited countries benefit from ATC/FCCS courses as demonstrated by increased knowledge and confidence across all topics presented. However, the strongest increase in confidence was in performing life-saving procedures. Therefore, future courses should emphasize essential procedures, reduce didactics, and link knowledge acquisition to skill-based teaching.	,"BEHAVIORAL CHANGE",COUNTRIES,INTENSIVE-CARE,MEDICINE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880947015	The national portfolio for postgraduate family medicine training in South Africa: A descriptive study of acceptability, educational impact, and usefulness for assessment	Jenkins L., Mash B., Derese A.	2013	BMC Medical Education	13	1	10.1186/1472-6920-13-101	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Western Cape Department of Health, University of Stellenbosch, George, South Africa; Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre for Education Development, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Jenkins, L., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Western Cape Department of Health, University of Stellenbosch, George, South Africa; Mash, B., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Derese, A., Centre for Education Development, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Background: Since 2007 a portfolio of learning has become a requirement for assessment of postgraduate family medicine training by the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa. A uniform portfolio of learning has been developed and content validity established among the eight postgraduate programmes. The aim of this study was to investigate the portfolio's acceptability, educational impact, and perceived usefulness for assessment of competence. Methods. Two structured questionnaires of 35 closed and open-ended questions were delivered to 53 family physician supervisors and 48 registrars who had used the portfolio. Categorical and nominal/ordinal data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. The open-ended questions were analysed with ATLAS.ti software. Results: Half of registrars did not find the portfolio clear, practical or feasible. Workshops on portfolio use, learning, and supervision were supported, and brief dedicated time daily for reflection and writing. Most supervisors felt the portfolio reflected an accurate picture of learning, but just over half of registrars agreed. While the portfolio helped with reflection on learning, participants were less convinced about how it helped them plan further learning. Supervisors graded most rotations, suggesting understanding the summative aspect, while only 61% of registrars reflected on rotations, suggesting the formative aspects are not yet optimally utilised. Poor feedback, the need for protected academic time, and pressure of service delivery impacting negatively on learning. Conclusion: This first introduction of a national portfolio for postgraduate training in family medicine in South Africa faces challenges similar to those in other countries. Acceptability of the portfolio relates to a clear purpose and guide, flexible format with tools available in the workplace, and appreciating the changing educational environment from university-based to national assessments. The role of the supervisor in direct observations of the registrar and dedicated educational meetings, giving feedback and support, cannot be overemphasized. © 2013 Jenkins et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; clinical competence; education; female; general practice; health personnel attitude; human; male; medical education; methodology; middle aged; questionnaire; South Africa; standard; general practice; medical education; procedures; standards; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Clinical Competence; Education, Medical, Continuing; Educational Measurement; Family Practice; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; South Africa; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Clinical Competence; Education, Medical, Continuing; Educational Measurement; Family Practice; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34248398795	Possible climate change impacts on large hydroelectricity schemes in Southern Africa	Mukheibir P.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	1	None	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Mukheibir, P., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	There is growing concern that developing countries, such as South Africa, should reduce their coal dependence for energy generation and look to other cleaner technologies. Hydroelectricity is one such option. A number of potential large hydro sites have been identified in Southern Africa, which form part of the Southern African Power Pool. However, limited information exists on the impact of climate change on these sites and its effect on the viability of the hydroelectric schemes. Using downscaled global circulation model information, projected climate impacts and the potential impact these may have on future hydro schemes are discussed.	Climate change impacts; Greenhouse gas emissions; Hydroelectricity schemes; Southern Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930828061	Evaluation of selected aspects of the nutrition therapeutic programme offered to HIV-positive women of child-bearing age in Western Cape Province, South Africa	Hansen T.T., Herselman M., Du Plessis L., Daniels L., Bezuidenhout T., Van Niekerk C., Truter L., Iversen P.O.	2015	Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine	16	1	10.4102/sajhivmed.v16i1.338	Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa; Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway	Hansen, T.T., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa, Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; Herselman, M., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa; Du Plessis, L., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa; Daniels, L., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, T., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa; Van Niekerk, C., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa; Truter, L., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa; Iversen, P.O., Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa, Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway	Background: The Nutrition Therapeutic Programme (NTP) involves the provision of food supplements at primary health clinics (PHCs) to correct nutritional deficiencies in vulnerable groups. Although previous studies have identified problems with implementing the programme at PHCs, assessments of its efficiency have been scarce. Objective: To evaluate implementation of the NTP at PHCs that provide antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at 17 PHCs located within 3 districts of Western Cape Province. Two target groups were chosen: 32 staff members working at the sites and 21 women of child-bearing age enrolled in the NTP. Questionnaires were used to obtain data. Results: Only 2 women (10%) lived in food-secure households; the rest were either at risk of hunger (29%) or classified as hungry (61%). Most of the women knew they had to take the supplements to improve their nutritional status, but the majority only recalled receiving basic nutritional advice, and the information was mainly given verbally. Ten of the women had shared their supplements with others, mostly with their children. The study identified lack of clearly defined NTP responsibilities at the PHCs, causing confusion amongst the staff. Although many staff members expressed problems with the NTP, only 38% of them reported having routine evaluations regarding the programme. Conclusion: Several aspects compromised the effectiveness of the NTP, including socio-economic factors leading to clients' non-compliance. The strategic organisation and implementation of the NTP varied between different PHCs offering antiretroviral therapy, and staff experienced difficulties with the logistics of the programme. © 2015. The Authors.	None	adolescent; adult; antiviral therapy; Article; clinical article; cross-sectional study; descriptive research; female; food insecurity; food security; health center; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hunger; income; nutrition therapeutic programme; nutritional deficiency; nutritional status; nutritional support; program evaluation; socioeconomics; South Africa; unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883544683	Qualitative evaluation of the Teenage Mothers Project in Uganda: A community-based empowerment intervention for unmarried teenage mothers	Leerlooijer J.N., Bos A.E., Ruiter R.A., Van Reeuwijk M.A., Rijsdijk L.E., Nshakira N., Kok G.	2013	BMC Public Health	13	1	10.1186/1471-2458-13-816	Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Rutgers WPF, Utrecht, Netherlands; School of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands; Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Windesheim Honours College, Zwolle, Netherlands; Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Kampala, Uganda	Leerlooijer, J.N., Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands, Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Bos, A.E., School of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands; Ruiter, R.A., Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Van Reeuwijk, M.A., Rutgers WPF, Utrecht, Netherlands; Rijsdijk, L.E., Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Windesheim Honours College, Zwolle, Netherlands; Nshakira, N., Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Kampala, Uganda; Kok, G., Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands	Background: A large proportion of unmarried teenage mothers in Uganda face physical, psychological, and social problems after pregnancy and childbirth, such as obstetric complications, lack of education, and stigmatisation in their communities. The Teenage Mothers Project (TMP) in Eastern Uganda empowers unmarried teenage mothers to cope with the consequences of early pregnancy and motherhood. Since 2000, 1036 unmarried teenage mothers, their parents, and community leaders participated in economic and social empowerment interventions. The present study explored the changes resulting from the TMP as well as factors that either enabled or inhibited these changes. Methods. Semi-structured interviews (N = 23) were conducted with former teenage mothers, community leaders, and project implementers, and lifeline histories were obtained from former teenage mothers (N = 9). Quantitative monitoring data regarding demographic and social characteristics of teenage mother participants (N = 1036) were analysed. Results: The findings suggest that, overall, the TMP seems to have contributed to the well-being of unmarried teenage mothers and to a supportive social environment. It appears that the project contributed to supportive community norms towards teenage mothers' position and future opportunities, increased agency, improved coping with early motherhood and stigma, continued education, and increased income generation by teenage mothers. The study findings also suggest limited change in disapproving community norms regarding out-of-wedlock sex and pregnancy, late active enrolment of teenage mothers in the project (i.e., ten months after delivery of the child), and differences in the extent to which parents provided support. Conclusions: It is concluded that strengths of the community-based TMP seem to be its socio-ecological approach, the participatory planning with community leaders and other stakeholders, counselling of parents and unmarried teenage mothers, and the emphasis on education and income generation. The project can improve by earlier active participation of unmarried pregnant adolescents and increased support for parents. © 2013 Leerlooijer et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Agency; Community; Empowerment; Qualitative evaluation; Social change; Stigma; Teenage pregnancy	adaptive behavior; adolescent; adolescent behavior; adolescent pregnancy; article; behavior; community care; developing country; evaluation study; family size; female; health education; human; intervention study; maternal behavior; mental stress; organization and management; pregnancy; psychological aspect; risk assessment; self help; single parent; socioeconomics; statistics; Uganda; young adult; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Community Health Services; Developing Countries; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Health Education; Humans; Intervention Studies; Maternal Behavior; Power (Psychology); Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Risk Assessment; Self-Help Groups; Single Parent; Single Person; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946210961	Contribution of draft cattle to rural livelihoods in a district of southeastern Uganda endemic for bovine parasitic diseases: An economic evaluation	Okello W.O., Muhanguzi D., MacLeod E.T., Welburn S.C., Waiswa C., Shaw A.P.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1191-9	Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, Zoersel, Belgium	Okello, W.O., Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Muhanguzi, D., Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; MacLeod, E.T., Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Welburn, S.C., Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Waiswa, C., Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Shaw, A.P., Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, Zoersel, Belgium	Background: A study was conducted in Tororo District in eastern Uganda to assess the socio-economic contribution of draft cattle to rural livelihoods. The aim of the study was to empirically quantify the economic value of draft cattle thus contributing to understanding the impact of endemic parasitic diseases of cattle on livestock productivity and subsequently household income, labor and food security. Method: A total of 205 draft cattle keeping households (n = 205) were randomly selected and structured household questionnaires were administered, focusing on work oxen use, productivity, inputs and outputs. The data obtained was analyzed using standard statistical methods and used to calculate the gross margin from the draft cattle enterprise. Secondary data were obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews and these were analyzed using Bayesian methods. Results: The study showed that, apart from being labor saving, the use of animal traction is highly profitable with the gross margin per year from the use of draft cattle amounting to 245 United States dollars per work oxen owning household. The cash obtained from hiring out draft animals was equivalent to nearly a quarter of the average local household's monetary receipts. It also revealed that endemic bovine parasitic diseases such as trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases reduced draft cattle output by 20.9 % and potential household income from the use of draft oxen by 32.2 %. Conclusion: The presence of endemic cattle diseases in rural Uganda is adversely affecting the productivity of draft cattle, which in turn affects household income, labor and ultimately food security. This study highlights the contribution of draft cattle to rural livelihoods, thus increasing the expected impact of cost-effective control strategies of endemic production limiting livestock diseases in Uganda. © 2015 Okello et al.	Animal traction; Draft cattle; Gross margin analysis; Household income; Trypanosomiasis; Uganda	Article; bovine; cost; economic evaluation; female; livestock; male; nonhuman; parasitosis; profit; rural area; structured questionnaire; tick borne disease; trypanosomiasis; Uganda; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899887387	Mobile HIV screening in Cape Town, South Africa: Clinical impact, cost and cost-effectiveness	Bassett I.V., Govindasamy D., Erlwanger A.S., Hyle E.P., Kranzer K., Van Schaik N., Noubary F., Paltiel A.D., Wood R., Walensky R.P., Losina E., Bekker L.-G., Freedberg K.A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0085197	Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Bassett, I.V., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States; Govindasamy, D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Erlwanger, A.S., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Hyle, E.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Kranzer, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Van Schaik, N., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noubary, F., Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Losina, E., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background: Mobile HIV screening may facilitate early HIV diagnosis. Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of adding a mobile screening unit to current medical facility-based HIV testing in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods and Findings: We used the Cost Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications International (CEPAC-I) computer simulation model to evaluate two HIV screening strategies in Cape Town: 1) medical facility-based testing (the current standard of care) and 2) addition of a mobile HIV-testing unit intervention in the same community. Baseline input parameters were derived from a Cape Town-based mobile unit that tested 18,870 individuals over 2 years: prevalence of previously undiagnosed HIV (6.6%), mean CD4 count at diagnosis (males 423/μL, females 516/μL), CD4 count-dependent linkage to care rates (males 31%-58%, females 49%-58%), mobile unit intervention cost (includes acquisition, operation and HIV test costs, $29.30 per negative result and $31.30 per positive result). We conducted extensive sensitivity analyses to evaluate input uncertainty. Model outcomes included site of HIV diagnosis, life expectancy, medical costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the intervention compared to medical facility-based testing. We considered the intervention to be "very cost-effective" when the ICER was less than South Africa's annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ($8,200 in 2012). We projected that, with medical facility-based testing, the discounted (undiscounted) HIV-infected population life expectancy was 132.2 (197.7) months; this increased to 140.7 (211.7) months with the addition of the mobile unit. The ICER for the mobile unit was $2,400/year of life saved (YLS). Results were most sensitive to the previously undiagnosed HIV prevalence, linkage to care rates, and frequency of HIV testing at medical facilities. Conclusion: The addition of mobile HIV screening to current testing programs can improve survival and be very costeffective in South Africa and other resource-limited settings, and should be a priority. © 2014 Bassett et al.	None	adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical effectiveness; cost effectiveness analysis; female; gross national product; health care cost; health care utilization; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; laboratory diagnosis; life expectancy; male; mobile HIV screening; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; survival rate; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; cost benefit analysis; economics; epidemiology; HIV Infections; mass screening; outcome assessment; prevalence; preventive health service; procedures; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; survival; young adult; antiretrovirus agent; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Mass Screening; Mobile Health Units; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Prevalence; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Young Adult	R01 MH073445, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; R01 MH090326, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650709477	The clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of routine, voluntary HIV screening in South Africa	Walensky R.P., Wood R., Fofana M.O., Martinson N.A., Losina E., April M.D., Bassett I.V., Morris B.L., Freedberg K.A., Paltiel A.D.	2011	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	56	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181fb8f24	Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Fofana, M.O., General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Martinson, N.A., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Losina, E., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; April, M.D., Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Bassett, I.V., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Morris, B.L., General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background:: Although 900,000 HIV-infected South Africans receive antiretroviral therapy, the majority of South Africans with HIV remain undiagnosed. Methods: We use a published simulation model of HIV case detection and treatment to examine 3 HIV screening scenarios, in addition to current practice as follows: (1) one-time; (2) every 5 years; and (3) annually. South African model input data include the following: 16.9% HIV prevalence, 1.3% annual incidence, 49% test acceptance rate, HIV testing costs of $6.49/patient, and a 47% linkage-to-care rate (including 2 sequential antiretroviral therapy regimens) for identified cases. Outcomes include life expectancy, direct medical costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness. Results: HIV screening one-time, every 5 years, and annually increase HIV-infected quality-adjusted life expectancy (mean age 33 years) from 180.6 months (current practice) to 184.9, 187.6, and 197.2 months. The incremental cost-effectiveness of one-time screening is dominated by screening every 5 years. Screening every 5 years and annually each have incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $1570/quality-adjusted life year and $1720/quality-adjusted life year. Screening annually is very cost-effective even in settings with the lowest incidence/prevalence, with test acceptance and linkage rates both as low as 20%, or when accounting for a stigma impact at least four-fold that of the base case. Conclusions: In South Africa, annual voluntary HIV screening offers substantial clinical benefit and is very cost-effective, even with highly constrained access to care and treatment. © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	antiretrovirus agent; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; proteinase inhibitor; adult; article; clinical article; cost benefit analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; female; health care access; health care cost; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; life expectancy; male; priority journal; quality adjusted life year; screening; simulation; South Africa; treatment outcome; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; HIV Infections; Humans; Life Expectancy; Mass Screening; Models, Theoretical; Social Stigma; South Africa; Time Factors; Voluntary Programs	None
None	None	Performance of nucleic acid amplification following extraction of 5 milliliters of whole blood for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia	Crump J.A., Tuohy M.J., Morrissey A.B., Ramadhani H.O., Njau B.N., Maro V.P., Reller L.B., Procop G.W.	2012	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	50	1	10.1128/JCM.05963-11	Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	Crump, J.A., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Tuohy, M.J., Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Morrissey, A.B., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Ramadhani, H.O., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Njau, B.N., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Maro, V.P., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Reller, L.B., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Procop, G.W., Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	To investigate the performance of a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia, 5-ml aliquots of blood were inoculated into bioMérieux mycobacterial (MB) bottles and incubated, and 5-ml aliquots of blood were extracted and tested by real-time PCR. Of 25 samples from patients with M. tuberculosis bacteremia, 9 (36.0%) were positive and 1 (1.5%) of 66 control samples was positive by NAAT. The NAAT shows promise, but modifications should focus on improving sensitivity. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	article; blood culture; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic value; human; incubation time; inoculation; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nucleic acid amplification; predictive value; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteremia; Bacteriological Techniques; Blood; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Tuberculosis; Young Adult; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-10244219995	Studies of the chemical composition and protein quality evaluation of differently processed Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens seed flours	Agbede J.O., Aletor V.A.	2005	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	18	1	10.1016/j.jfca.2003.10.011	Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Agbede, J.O., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Aletor, V.A., Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Dept. of Animal Production/Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Differently processed seed flours of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens were characterized with respect to their proximate composition, gross energy, mineral and amino acid contents. The anti-nutrients typified by phytin, lectin, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), tannin and cyanide were also quantified and this was followed by protein quality evaluation with the rat. The result showed that C. ensiformis contained on the average: crude protein 24.2±2.2, ash 3.1±0.6 and ether extract 11.1±0.9 g/100 g DM while M. pruriens contained on the average: CP 25.7±1.4, ash 4.1±1.4 and EE 9.6±2.8 g/100 g DM. The gross energy varied from 1.65 to 2.07 MJ/100 g for C. ensiformis with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.74% while it varied from 1.66 to 2.07 MJ/100 g with a CV of 6.19% for M. pruriens due to processing. The seed flours contained a good array of amino acids but were low in cystine and methionine. Also the two flours contained appreciable levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P as well as some minor minerals such as Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. The levels of these minerals were higher in the raw flours and tended to be low, in most cases, in dehulled flours. Processing significantly reduced and in some cases eliminated the anti-nutrients quantified. The protein quality evaluation of the legume seeds clearly indicated their unsuitability even in the processed forms, as sole sources of dietary protein in human nutrition. However, given their high yield potentials these seeds could play valuable roles as supplemental nutrient sources to some farm products used in food formulation for man in most developing countries where hunger is endemic. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Anti-nutrients; Canavalia Ensiformis; Mucuna pruriens; Nutrient; Processing	calcium; copper; cyanide; cysteine; iron; lectin; magnesium; manganese; methionine; phosphorus; potassium; sodium; tannin; trypsin inhibitor; zinc; amino acid analysis; amino acid composition; article; Canavalia; chemical composition; chemical procedures; controlled study; cooking; flour; food composition; food processing; high performance liquid chromatography; nonhuman; plant seed; protein quality; statistical analysis; statistical significance; velvet bean; Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Fraxinus; Mucuna; Mucuna pruriens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44849103072	Formulation and evaluation of a salted-out isoniazid-loaded nanosystem	du Toit L.C., Pillay V., Choonara Y.E., Iyuke S.E.	2008	AAPS PharmSciTech	9	1	10.1208/s12249-007-9016-6	Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	du Toit, L.C., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Pillay, V., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Choonara, Y.E., Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Iyuke, S.E., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	The purpose of this study was to develop a drug-loaded nanosystem that has the ability to achieve flexible yet rate-controlled release of model drug isoniazid (INH) employing either an aqueous or emulsion-based salting-out approach. Formulation conditions were aimed at reducing the polymeric size with subsequent rate-modulated INH release patterns from the polymeric nanosystem. The emulsion-based salted-out nanosystems had particle sizes ranging from 77-414 nm and a zeta potential of -24 mV. The dispersant dielectric constant was set at 78.5 and a conductivity of 3.99 mS/cm achieved. The reduced nanosystem size of the aqueous-based approach has demonstrated an intrinsically enhanced exposure of methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate to zinc sulphate which was employed as a crosslinking reagent. This resulted in robustly interconnected polymeric supports in which INH was efficiently embedded and subsequently released. The multi-layer perceptron data obtained showed that the aqueous and emulsion-based salting out approaches had Power (law) (MSE = 0.020) and Linear (MSE = 0.038) relationships, respectively. Drug release from the nanosystems occurred in two phases with an initial burst-release in aqueous-based nanosystems (30-100%) and significantly lower bursts observed in emulsion-based nanosystems (20-65%) within the first 2 h. This was followed by a gradual exponential release phase over the remaining 12 h. The nanosystems developed demonstrated the ability to control the release of INH depending on the formulation approach adopted. © American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2007.	Crosslinking; Drug release; Methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate; Nanoparticles; Tuberculosis	acrylic acid ethyl ester; dispersant; isoniazid; methacrylic acid; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; polymer; zinc sulfate; inorganic salt; isoniazid; nanomaterial; polymethacrylic acid derivative; tuberculostatic agent; article; conductance; controlled drug release; cross linking; dielectric constant; drug delivery system; drug formulation; emulsion; intermethod comparison; nanotechnology; particle size; perceptron; zeta potential; chemistry; delayed release formulation; diffusion; drug formulation; drug screening; materials testing; methodology; ultrastructure; Antitubercular Agents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diffusion; Drug Compounding; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Isoniazid; Materials Testing; Nanostructures; Particle Size; Polymethacrylic Acids; Salts	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872137581	The impact of an employee wellness programme in clothing/textile manufacturing companies: A randomised controlled trial	Edries N., Jelsma J., Maart S.	2013	BMC Public Health	13	1	10.1186/1471-2458-13-25	Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape, South Africa	Edries, N., Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape, South Africa; Jelsma, J., Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape, South Africa; Maart, S., Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape, South Africa	Background: The prevalence of health risk behaviours is growing amongst South African employees. Health risk behaviours have been identified as a major contributor to reduced health related quality of life (HRQoL) and the increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Worksite wellness programmes promise to promote behaviour changes amongst employees and to improve their HRQoL. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of an employee wellness programme on HRQoL, health behaviour change, body mass index (BMI) and absenteeism amongst clothing and textile manufacturing employees. Methods. The study used a randomised control trial design. The sample consisted of 80 subjects from three clothing manufacturing companies in Cape Town, South Africa. The experimental group was subjected to a wellness programme based on the principles of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as well as weekly supervised exercise classes over six weeks. The control group received a once-off health promotion talk and various educational pamphlets, with no further intervention. Measurements were recorded at baseline and at six weeks post-intervention. Outcome measures included the EQ-5D, Stanford Exercise Behaviours Scale, body mass index and absenteeism.Data was analysed with the Statistica-8 software program. Non-parametric tests were used to evaluate the differences in the medians between the two groups and to determine the level of significance. The Sign test was used to determine the within group changes. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the difference between the two groups. Results: At six weeks post intervention the experimental group (39 subjects) demonstrated improvement in almost every parameter. In contrast, apart from an overall decrease in time off work and a reduction in BMI for all study participants, there was no significant change noted in the behaviour of the control group (41 subjects). Seventy percent of the experimental group had improved HRQoL EQ-5D VAS scores post intervention, indicating improved perceived HRQoL. In comparison, only 58% of the control group had improved HRQoL EQ-5D VAS scores post intervention. There was no significant difference between the two groups at baseline or at six weeks post intervention. Conclusion: An employee wellness programme based on the principles of CBT combined with weekly aerobic exercise class was beneficial in improving the perceived HRQoL and changing health-related behaviours of clothing manufacturing employees. However, it cannot be concluded that the EWP was more effective than the once off health promotion talk as no significant changes were noted between the two groups at 6-weeks post intervention.This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (trial registration number NCT01625039). © 2013 Edries et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cognitive behaviour therapy; Employee wellness; Musculo-skeletal disorders; Occupational health	absenteeism; adult; article; attitude to health; body mass; clothing; control group; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; health behavior; health care quality; health promotion; human; male; materials; methodology; occupation; occupational health service; publication; quality of life; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; South Africa; statistics; textile; Absenteeism; Adult; Body Mass Index; Clothing; Control Groups; Female; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Manufactured Materials; Occupational Health Services; Occupations; Pamphlets; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; South Africa; Textiles	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929506675	Implementing intimate partner violence care in a rural sub-district of South Africa: A qualitative evaluation	Rees K., Zweigenthal V., Joyner K.	2014	Global Health Action	7	1	10.3402/gha.v7.24588	Division of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nursing Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Parow, South Africa	Rees, K., Division of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Zweigenthal, V., Division of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Joyner, K., Nursing Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Parow, South Africa	Background: Despite a high burden of disease, in South Africa, intimate partner violence (IPV) is known to be poorly recognised and managed. To address this gap, an innovative intersectoral model for the delivery of comprehensive IPV care was piloted in a rural sub-district. Objective: To evaluate the initiative from the perspectives of women using the service, service providers, and managers. Design: A qualitative evaluation was conducted. Service users were interviewed, focus groups were conducted amongst health care workers (HCW), and a focus group and interviews were conducted with the intersectoral implementation team to explore their experiences of the intervention. A thematic analysis approach was used, triangulating the various sources of data. Results: During the pilot, 75 women received the intervention. Study participants described their experience as overwhelmingly positive, with some experiencing improvements in their home lives. Significant access barriers included unaffordable indirect costs, fear of loss of confidentiality, and fear of children being removed from the home. For HCW, barriers to inquiry about IPV included its normalisation in this community, poor understanding of the complexities of living with violence and frustration in managing a difficult emotional problem. Health system constraints affected continuity of care, privacy, and integration of the intervention into routine functioning, and the process of intersectoral action was hindered by the formation of alliances. Contextual factors, for example, high levels of alcohol misuse and socio-economic disempowerment, highlighted the need for a multifaceted approach to addressing IPV. Conclusions: This evaluation draws attention to the need to take a systems approach and focus on contextual factors when implementing complex interventions. The results will be used to inform decisions about instituting appropriate IPV care in the rest of the province. In addition, there is a pressing need for clear policies and guidelines framing IPV as a health issue. © 2014 Kate Rees et al.	Domestic violence; Health services; Health systems; Interpersonal violence; Intimate partner violence; Mental health	adolescent; adult; confidentiality; female; health care delivery; human; information processing; middle aged; organization and management; partner violence; patient care; primary health care; program evaluation; rural population; social work; South Africa; therapy; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Confidentiality; Continuity of Patient Care; Female; Focus Groups; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Middle Aged; Primary Health Care; Program Evaluation; Rural Population; Social Work; South Africa; Spouse Abuse; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864755136	Impact of community tracer teams on treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in South Africa	Bronner L.E., Podewils L.J., Peters A., Somnath P., Nshuti L., Van Der Walt M., Mametja L.D.	2012	BMC Public Health	12	1	10.1186/1471-2458-12-621	Division of TB Elimination, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-10, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 3033, United States; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 877 Pretorius Street, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa; TB Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Tuberculosis Control and Management, Republic of South Africa National Department of Health, Private Bag X828, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Bronner, L.E., Division of TB Elimination, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-10, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 3033, United States; Podewils, L.J., Division of TB Elimination, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-10, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 3033, United States; Peters, A., Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 877 Pretorius Street, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa; Somnath, P., TB Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Nshuti, L., TB Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Van Der Walt, M., TB Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Mametja, L.D., Tuberculosis Control and Management, Republic of South Africa National Department of Health, Private Bag X828, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) indicators in South Africa currently remain well below global targets. In 2008, the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) implemented a community mobilization program in all nine provinces to trace TB patients that had missed a treatment or clinic visit. Implementation sites were selected by TB program managers and teams liaised with health facilities to identify patients for tracing activities. The objective of this analysis was to assess the impact of the TB Tracer Project on treatment outcomes among TB patients. Methods. The study population included all smear positive TB patients registered in the Electronic TB Registry from Quarter 1 2007-Quarter 1 2009 in South Africa. Subdistricts were used as the unit of analysis, with each designated as either tracer (standard TB program plus tracer project) or non-tracer (standard TB program only). Mixed linear regression models were utilized to calculate the percent quarterly change in treatment outcomes and to compare changes in treatment outcomes from Quarter 1 2007 to Quarter 1 2009 between tracer and non-tracer subdistricts. Results: For all provinces combined, the percent quarterly change decreased significantly for default treatment outcomes among tracer subdistricts (0.031%; p<0.001) and increased significantly for successful treatment outcomes among tracer subdistricts (0.003%; p=0.03). A significant decrease in the proportion of patient default was observed for all provinces combined over the time period comparing tracer and non-tracer subdistricts (p=0.02). Examination in stratified models revealed the results were not consistent across all provinces; significant differences were observed between tracer and non-tracer subdistricts over time in five of nine provinces for treatment default. Conclusions: Community mobilization of teams to trace TB patients that missed a clinic appointment or treatment dose may be an effective strategy to mitigate default rates and improve treatment outcomes. Additional information is necessary to identify best practices and elucidate discrepancies across provinces; these findings will help guide the NTP in optimizing the adoption of tracing activities for TB control. © 2012 Bronner et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community mobilization; Default; Outreach; Treatment adherence	article; community care; evaluation; health survey; human; infection control; lung tuberculosis; methodology; organization and management; outcome assessment; patient attitude; patient care; patient compliance; register; retrospective study; South Africa; statistical model; Communicable Disease Control; Community Health Services; Humans; Linear Models; Medication Adherence; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Care Team; Population Surveillance; Registries; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847685696	Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia	Nyssen J., Poesen J., Gebremichael D., Vancampenhout K., D'aes M., Yihdego G., Govers G., Leirs H., Moeyersons J., Naudts J., Haregeweyn N., Haile M., Deckers J.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	94	1	10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011	Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Relief Society of Tigray, P.O. Box 20, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Business and Economics, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economics, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; ADCS Food Security Project, P.O. Box 163, Adigrat, Ethiopia	Nyssen, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Poesen, J., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Gebremichael, D., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, Relief Society of Tigray, P.O. Box 20, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Vancampenhout, K., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; D'aes, M., Department of Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Yihdego, G., Faculty of Business and Economics, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Govers, G., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Leirs, H., Department of Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Moeyersons, J., Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economics, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Naudts, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, ADCS Food Security Project, P.O. Box 163, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Haregeweyn, N., Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Haile, M., Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Deckers, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Since two decades, stone bunds have been installed in large areas of the Tigray Highlands, Northern Ethiopia, to control soil erosion by water. Field studies were conducted to quantify the effectiveness, efficiency, side effects and acceptance of stone bunds. Based on measurements on 202 field parcels, average sediment accumulation rate behind 3-21 year old stone bunds is 58 t ha-1 year-1.The Universal Soil Loss Equation's P-factor for stone bunds was estimated at 0.32. Sediment accumulation rates increase with slope gradient and bund spacing, but decrease with bund age. Truncation of the soil profile at the lower side of the bund does not lead to an important soil fertility decrease, mainly because the dominant soil types in the study area (Regosols, Vertisols and Vertic Cambisols) do not have pronounced vertical fertility gradients. Excessive removal of small rock fragments from the soil surface during stone bund building may lead to a three-fold increase in sheet and rill erosion rates. Negative effects of runoff concentration or crop burial by sediment deposition due to bunds were only found over 60 m along 4 km of studied bunds. As the rodent problem is widespread and generally not specific to stone bunds, it calls for distinct interventions. On plots with stone bunds of different ages (between 3 and 21 years old), there is an average increase in grain yield of 53% in the lower part of the plot, as compared to the central and upper parts. Taking into account the space occupied by the bunds, stone bunds led in 2002 to a mean crop yield increase from 0.58 to 0.65 t ha-1. The cost of stone bund building averages €13.6 ha-1 year-1, which is nearly the same as the value of the induced crop yield increase in 2002 (€13.2 ha-1 year-1). Besides positive off-site effects such as runoff and flood regulation, the enhanced moisture storage in deep soil horizons on both sides of the bunds indicates that the stone bund areas can be made more productive through tree planting. We conclude that from the technical, ecological and economical point of view, the extensive use of stone bunds, involving people's participation, is a positive operation. Overall, 75% of the farmers are in favour of stone bund building on their land, which is a clear indication that the local community perceives this conservation measure as being beneficial. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Crop yield; Progressive terraces; Rodent infestations; Soil and water conservation; Surface rock fragments; Tigray	Agriculture; Erosion; Sediments; Crop yield; Soil and water conservation; Stone bund building; Soils; crop yield; deposition; embankment; farmers attitude; interdisciplinary approach; local participation; perception; soil conservation; soil erosion; soil profile; soil type; Agriculture; Farm Crops; Infestation; Rodents; Soil Erosion; Yield; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tigray; Rodentia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32244447844	Evaluation of human liver slices and reporter gene assays as systems for predicting the cytochrome P450 induction potential of drugs in vivo in humans	Persson K.P., Ekehed S., Otter C., Lutz E.S.M., McPheat J., Masimirembwa C.M., Andersson T.B.	2006	Pharmaceutical Research	23	1	10.1007/s11095-005-8812-5	DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe	Persson, K.P., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Ekehed, S., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Otter, C., Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Lutz, E.S.M., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; McPheat, J., Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; Masimirembwa, C.M., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe; Andersson, T.B., DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R and D Mölndal, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden	Purpose. The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of predicting human in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction properties of drugs using in vitro methods. Methods. The CYP induction potential of compounds was tested in human liver slices and in reporter gene assays for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Results. In human liver slices, CYP activities decreased dramatically over the experimental period, whereas mRNA levels could reliably be used to investigate CYP1A, 2C9, and 3A4 induction. However, the interindividual variations and demanding experimentation limit the use of liver slices in screening programs. Reporter gene assays are robust and reliable assays, amenable to high throughput screening. Several compounds activated AhR. The relevance of this activation, however, needs to be further investigated since there are no clear reports on drugs inducing CYP1A in vivo. The results from the PXR assay could be used to correctly classify compounds with known CYP3A induction properties when relating in vivo AUCtot to PXR EC50 values. Conclusions. Liver slices are a valuable model to study the regulation of a larger number of enzymes by single compounds. The PXR reporter gene assay could be used as a reliable screening method to predict CYP3A induction in vivo. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	AhR; CYP induction; Human liver slices; In vitro-in vivo correlation; PXR; Reporter gene assay	2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin; aromatic hydrocarbon receptor; betamethasone; carbamazepine; cimetidine; clotrimazole; cytochrome P450 1A; cytochrome P450 2C9; cytochrome P450 3A; cytochrome P450 3A4; dexamethasone; diazepam; diclofenac; hyperforin; indometacin; lansoprazole; messenger RNA; mevinolin; naproxen; omeprazole; pantoprazole; paracetamol; phenobarbital; phenytoin; pregnane X receptor; primaquine; rifampicin; troglitazone; unindexed drug; warfarin; adult; aged; area under the curve; article; assay; clinical article; controlled study; enzyme regulation; experimentation; female; high throughput screening; human; human cell; human tissue; in vitro study; in vivo study; liver slice; male; prediction; priority journal; protein induction; reporter gene; screening; Aged; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzyme Induction; Evaluation Studies; Female; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Culture Techniques; Plant Preparations; Predictive Value of Tests; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Receptors, Steroid; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874355935	Formulation and evaluation of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan microparticles for the delivery of ibuprofen	Ofokansi K.C., Kenechukwu F.C., Isah A.B., Okigbo E.L.	2013	Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research	12	1	None	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello Univ	Ofokansi, K.C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Kenechukwu, F.C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Isah, A.B., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Okigbo, E.L., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria	Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research is indexed by Science Citation Index (Purpose: Toformulate glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan-based microparticles and evaluate its suitability for the delivery of ibuprofen, a BCS class II drug. Methods: Ibuprofen-loaded chitosan microparticles were prepared by emulsification-cross-linking technique using glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) as the cross-linking agent. The microparticles were characterized with respect to morphology, particle size, microparticle yield and entrapment efficiency. The swelling behaviour of the particles and ibuprofen release were assessed in both simulated gastric fluid (SGF) without pepsin (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without pancreatin (pH 7.4). Results: Discrete and free-flowing microparticles of size range 100.05 ± 8.82 to 326.70 ± 10.43 μm were obtained. The microparticles had a high yield (69.2 to 99.2 %) and exhibited greater water sorption capacity in SIF (122.2 %) than in SGF (60 %). Furthermore, the microparticles cross-linked with 10 ml of GST entrapped the highest amount of drug (23.32 ± 0.97 %) while those cross-linked with 25 ml GST had the highest yield of the microparticles (99.19 %), and highest water sorption in SIF (122.2 %). Up to 93.6 % of the entrapped drug was released in SIF from microparticles cross-linked with 25 ml of GST. Drug release from microparticles cross-linked with 20 and 30 ml each of GST showed a biphasic pattern. Conclusions: Entrapment of ibuprofen in glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan microparticles can be exploited to target and control the release of the drug and possibly reduce its gastro-erosive side effects. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved.	Chitosan microparticles; Gastrointestinal; Glutaraldehyde; Ibuprofen; Oral delivery	chitosan; glutaraldehyde; glutaraldehyde saturated toluene; ibuprofen; pancreatin; pepsin A; toluene; unclassified drug; article; chemical structure; compression; controlled drug release; cross linking; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug screening; emulsion; in vitro study; intestine fluid; microparticle yield; particle size; particle swelling; physical parameters; process model; stomach juice; water absorption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931834161	Formulation and evaluation of ibuprofen loaded lipospheres for effective oral drug delivery	Momoh M.A., Kenechukwu F.C., Gwarzo M.S., Builders P.F.	2015	Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	14	1	None	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Raw Mater	Momoh, M.A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kenechukwu, F.C., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Gwarzo, M.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Raw Material Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Builders, P.F.	Ibuprofen (IBU) is an anti-inflammatory drug characterized by low solubility and bioavailabilty. This study was to develop IBU-liposphere and investigated for in vitro and in vivo performance. IBU free base was incorporated into lipospheres based on micronized beeswax and Phospholipon® 90H in the ratio of (1:3), via hot emulsification. IBU-loaded lipospheres were characterized based on morphology, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and in vitro drug release. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities and the pharmacokinetics were similarly evaluated. Minimum and maximum encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 89.4 and 97.9% were obtained for lipospheres A1 and A3, respectively. Stable, spherical and smooth lipospheres of size range 101 ± 0.30 to 178 ± 0.30 µm were obtained. Minimum and maximum release of 75 and 96.9% were obtained for A1 and A3, respectively. Significant (p<0.005) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were achieved with prolong plasma concentration. IBU-lipospheres based on beeswax and phospholipid could be explored as an alternative drug delivery system. © 2015, University of Dhaka. All rights reserved.	Characterization; Drug delivery; Ibuprofen; Lipospheres; Sustained-release	ibuprofen; liposphere; microsphere; phosphatidylcholine; propolis; unclassified drug; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; area under the curve; Article; controlled study; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug delivery system; drug formulation; drug release; emulsion; encapsulation; female; in vitro study; in vivo study; male; maximum plasma concentration; morphology; nonhuman; particle size; paw edema; rat; tail flick test; time to maximum plasma concentration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952713905	Greater Kestrel survives impact with power lines	Simmons R.E.	2011	Ostrich	82	1	10.2989/00306525.2010.515397	DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Simmons, R.E., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79551502528	Correlating the preparation and performance of cobalt catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes and carbon spheres in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis	Xiong H., Motchelaho M.A.M., Moyo M., Jewell L.L., Coville N.J.	2011	Journal of Catalysis	278	1	10.1016/j.jcat.2010.11.010	DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Xiong, H., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Motchelaho, M.A.M., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Moyo, M., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Jewell, L.L., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Coville, N.J., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	A series of Co catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon spheres (CSs) with different cobalt particle sizes (3-45 nm) were prepared by different methods and using different cobalt precursors. The Co/CNTs and Co/CSs can be autoreduced by the supports in N2 at ca. 480 °C; they show better Fischer-Tropsch performance than those reduced in H2 when the reduction T &gt; 400 °C. The turnover frequency (TOF) value for both Co/CNT and Co/CS was constant for cobalt particles above 10 nm and decreased sharply for the cobalt catalysts with smaller cobalt particles. Remarkably, the TOF for 11 catalysts prepared using different precursors and preparation methods on two different carbon supports depends only on particle size. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between cobalt particle size and C5+ selectivity for both Co/CNT and Co/CS catalysts. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Autoreduction; Carbon nanotubes; Carbon spheres; Cobalt catalysts; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Particle size; Selectivity; Turnover frequency	Autoreduction; Carbon spheres; Cobalt catalysts; Selectivity; Turnover frequency; Carbon nanotubes; Catalyst selectivity; Cobalt; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Particle size; Spheres; Catalyst supports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856399864	Effects of form of leftover khat (Catha edulis) on feed intake, digestion, and growth performance of Hararghe Highland goats	Wallie M., Mekasha Y., Urge M., Abebe G., Goetsch A.L.	2012	Small Ruminant Research	102	1	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.07.014	East Gojjam Zone Agriculture and Rural Development Office, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK, United States	Wallie, M., East Gojjam Zone Agriculture and Rural Development Office, Debre Markos, Ethiopia, Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Mekasha, Y., East Gojjam Zone Agriculture and Rural Development Office, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Urge, M., East Gojjam Zone Agriculture and Rural Development Office, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Goetsch, A.L., American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK, United States	Khat (Catha edulis) is a lucrative cash crop in many African countries and other areas of the world. Leftover khat can be used as a feedstuff for ruminants, although seasonal production limits the extent of utilization. Practical methods of feed conservation to preserve nutritional value would be beneficial. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate effects of feeding different forms of leftover khat on intake, digestion, and growth performance of a tropically adapted indigenous goat genotype of eastern Ethiopia. Twenty-four (six per treatment) individually housed Hararghe Highland yearling male goats with an initial body weight of 18. ±. 0.4. kg were used in an on-station experiment, and 32 similar yearlings with an initial body weight of 19. ±. 0.4. kg were employed under on-farm conditions. The on-farm experiment occurred at two villages, with four farmer groups (two farmers per group co-managing animals) per village. Four animals in each farmer group were subjected to each of the four different treatments. Experiments were 90 days in length, with inclusion of a subsequent 10-day period on-station to determine digestibility. Khat in fresh, dry, and silage forms was fed at 1.5% body weight (dry matter; DM), whereas control animals did not receive khat. Animals on-station consumed grass hay ad libitum and those on-farm grazed/browsed surrounding areas. Grass hay DM intake on-station was greater (P<. 0.05) without than with khat (528, 358, 387, and 368. g/day; SE = 20.3), although total DM intake was increased by feeding khat regardless of form (528, 649, 622, and 639. g/day for control, fresh, dry, and silage, respectively; SE = 22.9). Digestibility of organic matter was increased (P<. 0.05) by feeding each form of khat (62.3%, 75.7%, 75.2%, and 72.4% for control, fresh, dry, and silage, respectively; SE = 1.63). Nitrogen balance was increased by fresh and ensiled khat (P<. 0.05) (-0.54, 2.07, 0.80, and 0.86. g/day for control, fresh, dry, and silage, respectively). Average daily gain (ADG) was increased by khat regardless of form on-station (13, 49, 33, and 39. g; SE = 4.6), and on-farm ADG was less for control than for fresh and dry forms (P<. 0.05) (32, 56, 47, and 42. g for control, fresh, dry, and silage, respectively SE. =. 2.0). The ratio of ADG:DM intake on-station was lower for control than for fresh (P<. 0.05) and silage (P<. 0.05) (26, 76, 54, and 61. g/kg for control, fresh, dry, and silage, respectively; SE. =. 7.6). In conclusion, feeding leftover khat to Highland goats consuming low to moderate quality forage-based diets can increase growth performance. Khat can be preserved for use as a feedstuff throughout the year by drying or ensiling without marked effect on performance. © 2011 Elsevier B.V..	Catha edulis; Goat; Khat; Supplementation	Animalia; Bovidae; Capra hircus; Catha edulis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879805047	Monitoring and evaluating the impact of national school-based deworming in Kenya: Study design and baseline results	Mwandawiro C.S., Nikolay B., Kihara J.H., Ozier O., Mukoko D.A., Mwanje M.T., Hakobyan A., Pullan R.L., Brooker S.J., Njenga S.M.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-198	Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Development Research Group, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Children's Investment Fund Foundation, London, United Kingdom; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Mwandawiro, C.S., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Nikolay, B., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Kihara, J.H., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Ozier, O., Development Research Group, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Mukoko, D.A., Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwanje, M.T., Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Hakobyan, A., Children's Investment Fund Foundation, London, United Kingdom; Pullan, R.L., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Brooker, S.J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya	Background: An increasing number of countries in Africa and elsewhere are developing national plans for the control of neglected tropical diseases. A key component of such plans is school-based deworming (SBD) for the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and schistosomiasis. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of national programmes is essential to ensure they are achieving their stated aims and to evaluate when to reduce the frequency of treatment or when to halt it altogether. The article describes the M&E design of the Kenya national SBD programme and presents results from the baseline survey conducted in early 2012. Methods. The M&E design involves a stratified series of pre- and post-intervention, repeat cross-sectional surveys in a representative sample of 200 schools (over 20,000 children) across Kenya. Schools were sampled based on previous knowledge of STH endemicity and were proportional to population size. Stool (and where relevant urine) samples were obtained for microscopic examination and in a subset of schools; finger-prick blood samples were collected to estimate haemoglobin concentration. Descriptive and spatial analyses were conducted. The evaluation measured both prevalence and intensity of infection. Results: Overall, 32.4% of children were infected with at least one STH species, with Ascaris lumbricoides as the most common species detected. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was 2.1%, while in the Coast Province the prevalence of S. haematobium was 14.8%. There was marked geographical variation in the prevalence of species infection at school, district and province levels. The prevalence of hookworm infection was highest in Western Province (25.1%), while A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura prevalence was highest in the Rift Valley (27.1% and 11.9%). The lowest prevalence was observed in the Rift Valley for hookworm (3.5%), in the Coast for A. lumbricoides (1.0%), and in Nyanza for T. trichiura (3.6%). The prevalence of S. mansoni was most common in Western Province (4.1%). Conclusions: The current findings are consistent with the known spatial ecology of STH and schistosome infections and provide an important empirical basis on which to evaluate the impact of regular mass treatment through the school system in Kenya. © 2013 Mwandawiro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Kenya; Monitoring and evaluation; Schistosomiasis; School-based deworming; Soil-transmitted helminths	hemoglobin; adult; article; Ascaris lumbricoides; blood sampling; child; deworming; endemic disease; female; health program; hemoglobin blood level; hookworm; hookworm infection; human; Kenya; major clinical study; male; microscopy; monitoring; nonhuman; population size; preschool child; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; school child; skin tingling; Adolescent; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epidemiological Monitoring; Feces; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Kenya; Male; Microscopy; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; Prevalence; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis; Schools; Topography, Medical; Urine; Ancylostomatoidea; Ascaris lumbricoides; Schistosoma; Schistosoma mansoni; Trichuris trichiura; Vermes	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349251730	Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets	Ogunji J., Summan Toor R.-U.-A., Schulz C., Kloas W.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria; Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Institut	Ogunji, J., Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria, Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Summan Toor, R.-U.-A., Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Schulz, C., Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung Christian, Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany; Kloas, W., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany, Institute of Biology, Dept. of Endocrinology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany	A 56 day study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile Tilapia fed diets containing housefly maggot meal (magmeal). Three isoenergetic diets respectively containing 31.20, 34.0 and 36.10% crude protein were formulated. Fishmeal was replaced partially with magmeal. Results of the study showed a good overall growth performances and status of experimental fish. Standard growth rate was between 2.58 - 3.08; food conversion ratio ranged from 1.12 to 1.45; Protein efficiency ratio was between 2.21-2.47, while hepatosomatic Index and condition factor were ranged between 3.08-3.14; and 2.47-2.89, respectively. Fish survival was 100%. These recommend the suitability of magmeal in diets for Nile tilapia fingerling. However, the apparent crude protein digestibility of diet 3 (65.71%) containing highest magmeal dietary inclusion level, decreased significantly compared to diet 1 and 2 (76.26%, 77.04%). This may be due to the effect of elevated ash concentration of magmeal used in the diet formulation. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Alternative protein sources; Fishmeal substitute; Magmeal	Musca domestica; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349416413	The socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS on education outcomes in Uganda: School enrolment and the schooling gap in 2002/2003	Kasirye I., Hisali E.	2010	International Journal of Educational Development	30	1	10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.07.003	Economic Policy Research, Makerere University, 51 Pool Road, Centre, Uganda; Faculty of Economics and Management, Makerere University, 50 Pool Road, Uganda	Kasirye, I., Economic Policy Research, Makerere University, 51 Pool Road, Centre, Uganda; Hisali, E., Faculty of Economics and Management, Makerere University, 50 Pool Road, Uganda	Due to high prime-age mortality-a result of the HIV/AIDS scourge, the number of orphans in Uganda continues to rise. Using the 2002/2003 Uganda National Household Survey, this paper investigates how HIV/AIDS orphan status affects schooling enrolment and grade progression. Our results show that HIV/AIDS orphans are not significantly less likely to continue schooling but are by far more likely to fall below their appropriate grade. Furthermore, we find that the schooling gaps decreases at higher levels of household welfare status-poor HIV/AIDS orphans, especially aged 13-17 years, are significantly less likely to continue schooling. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Development; HIV/AIDS orphans; International education; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; educational development; human immunodeficiency virus; orphan; socioeconomic impact; welfare impact; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938775635	The impact of inflation on financial sector performance: A case study of sub-saharan africa	Tolulope A.O., Oyeyinka O.L.	2014	Indian Journal of Finance	8	1	None	Economics Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Economics Department, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo State, Nigeria	Tolulope, A.O., Economics Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oyeyinka, O.L., Economics Department, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo State, Nigeria	The study investigates the impact of inflation on financial sector performance in the sub-Saharan African region. To this end, dynamic panel data was employed, and the cross section covers 45 countries in the region between the period from 1980 - 2011. Three measures of financial sector performance (domestic credit to private sector, liquidity ratio, and market capitalization) were used for the study. Inflation was disaggregated to anticipated and unanticipated inflation, and the results show that both anticipated and unanticipated inflation have a negative effect on the financial sector performance, especially on the activities of the banking sector. The study, therefore, concludes that high inflation rate is inimical to financial sector performance, irrespective of the economy involved, and the government should employ necessary measures to control inflation as a way of improving the performance of the financial sector.	Anticipated inflation; Economic performance; Financial sector; Inflation; Unanticipated inflation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924917576	Home and school resources as predictors of mathematics performance in South Africa	Visser M., Juan A., Feza N.	2015	South African Journal of Education	35	1	None	Education and Skills Development, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Education and Skills Development, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa and Institute of Science and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa	Visser, M., Education and Skills Development, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Juan, A., Education and Skills Development, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Feza, N., Education and Skills Development, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa and Institute of Science and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa	The creation of an environment conducive to learning is vitally important in the academic achievement of learners. Such an environment extends beyond the classroom and school to include the home. It is from these environments that learners draw resources, both tangible and intangible, that impact on their educational experience. While current bodies of literature focus on either school or home resources, this paper looks at both. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on the 2011 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data to determine the resources factors that influence South African learners’ performance in mathematics. The findings reveal that both school and home environments play significant roles in learners’ mathematics performance. This paper therefore suggests that it is not only the socio-economic factors of schools that impact learners’ mathematics performance, but also that higher levels of parental education have a significant positive influence. © 2015, Foundation for Education Science and Technology. All right reserved	Home resources; Learning environment; Mathematics performance; Predictors of performance; School resources; TIMSS 2011	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78149299097	Evaluation of the effectiveness of the 360-credit National Professional Diploma in Education (NPDE) programme	Ngidi D., Sibaya P., Sibaya D., Khuzwayo H., Maphalala M., Ngwenya N.	2010	South African Journal of Education	30	1	None	Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Department of Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies, University of Zululand, South Africa	Ngidi, D., Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Sibaya, P., Department of Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Sibaya, D., Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Khuzwayo, H., Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa; Maphalala, M., Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies, University of Zululand, South Africa; Ngwenya, N., Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, University of Zululand, South Africa	We investigated the effectiveness of the 360-credit National Professional Diploma (NPDE) as a programme that is aimed at the upgrading of currently serving unqualified and under-qualified educators, with a view to improving the quality of teaching and learning in schools and Further Education and Training colleges. To this end, the National Professional Diploma in Education Effectiveness Scale (NPDEES) and Classroom Observation and Assessment Form (COAF) were used. The findings indicated that educators differed in the extent to which they regarded the 360-credit NPDE programme as effective. The findings also indicated that component 3 (competences relating to teaching and learning processes), component 1 (competences relating to fundamental learning) and component 4 (competences relating to the profession, the school and the community) were the best predictors of the effectiveness of the 360-credit NPDE programme. It was found that educators differed in the extent to which they performed during the classroom-based evaluation. Suggestions are made for measures to improve educators' performance in the classroom. © 2010 EASA.	Classroom-based evaluation; Competences; Components; Exit level outcomes; National Professional Diploma in Education	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938934617	Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on hematological indices among HIV-1 infected children at Kenyatta National Hospital-Kenya: Retrospective study	Kibaru E.G., Nduati R., Wamalwa D., Kariuki N.	2015	AIDS Research and Therapy	12	1	10.1186/s12981-015-0069-4	Egerton University, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; University of London, Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, London, United Kingdom; P.O. Box 2275-20100, Nakuru, Kenya	Kibaru, E.G., Egerton University, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya, P.O. Box 2275-20100, Nakuru, Kenya; Nduati, R., University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Wamalwa, D., University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Kariuki, N., University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya, University of London, Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, London, United Kingdom	Background: HIV infected children experience a range of hematological complications which show marked improvement within 6 months of initiating anti-retroviral therapy. The Objectives of the study was to describe the changes in hematological indices of HIV-1 infected children following 6 months of treatment with first line antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) regimen. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between September and November 2008. During this period medical records of children attending Comprehensive Care Clinic at Kenyatta National hospital were reviewed daily. HIV infected children aged 5-144 months were enrolled if they had received antiretroviral drugs for at least 6 months with available and complete laboratory results. Results: Medical records of 337 children meeting enrollment criteria were included in the study. The median age was 63 months with equal male to female ratio. Following 6 months of HAART, prevalence of anemia (Hemoglobin (Hb) <10 g/dl) declined significantly from 35.9 to 16.6 % a nearly 50 % reduction in the risk of anemia RR = 0.56 [(95 % CI 0.44, 0.70) p < 0.001]. There was significant increase in Hb, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and platelets above the baseline measurements (p < 0.0001) and a significant decline in total white blood cell counts >11,000 cell/mm3 but a none significant decrease in red blood cells (RBC). Pre-HAART, World Health Organization (WHO) stage 3 and 4 was associated with a ten-fold increased likelihood of anemia. Chronic malnutrition was associated with anemia but not wasting and immunologic staging of disease. Conclusion: Hematological abnormalities changed significantly within 6 months of antiretroviral therapy with significant increase in hemoglobin level, MCV, MCH and platelet and decrease in WBC and RBC. © 2015 Kibaru et al.	Changes of hematological parameters; Hematological abnormalities; Paediatric HIV infection	abacavir; antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; efavirenz; hemoglobin; iron; lamivudine plus zidovudine; nevirapine; stavudine; zidovudine; anemia; Article; child; cohort analysis; disease classification; drug choice; drug safety; erythrocyte count; female; hematologic disease; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; infant; Kenya; laboratory test; leukocyte count; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; medical record review; patient monitoring; priority journal; retrospective study; risk reduction; sex ratio; thrombocyte count; treatment duration; wasting syndrome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858980471	Review of wind turbine system and its impact for grid stability	Mishra A.K., Ramesh L., Chowdhury S.P., Chowdhury S.	2011	Journal of Electrical Engineering	11	1	None	Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Dr MGR University, Chennai, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr MGR University, Chennai, India; Electrical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Mishra, A.K., Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Dr MGR University, Chennai, India; Ramesh, L., Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr MGR University, Chennai, India; Chowdhury, S.P., Electrical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Chowdhury, S., Electrical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, South Africa	This paper presents an overall perspective of wind power plants and grid integration. Various wind turbine systems with different generators are described, and different technical features are compared. The electrical topologies with grid requirement for grid stability of wind farms are summarized and the possible uses of grid stability with wind farms are given. Finally, the Hybrid power system aspect and its impact on grid stability and its requirements are discussed.	Grid integration; Grid stability; Hybrid system; Induction generator; Wind farm; Wind turbine technology	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047135322	Design and performance evaluation of a medium power PM-assisted reluctance synchronous traction machine using bonded PM-sheets	Sibande S.E., Kamper M.J., Wang R.	2006	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	97	1	None	Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Sibande, S.E., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Kamper, M.J., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Wang, R., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	This paper describes the optimum design of a permanent-magnet-assisted reluctance rotor of a 110 kW reluctance synchronous traction machine. Previous studies show that the performance of the pure reluctance synchronous machine drive deteriorates fast in the flux-weakening speed region. To address this problem, thin bonded permanent-magnet sheet material is used inside the flux barriers of the reluctance rotor to improve the performance of the drive, especially in the flux-weakening speed region. A design optimization algorithm is implemented to minimize the volume and hence the cost of the permanent-magnet material, subject to voltage and torque constraints. The calculated and measured results show clearly that the performance of the reluctance synchronous traction machine with a minimum amount of permanent-magnet material in the rotor compares favorably with the performance of the conventional induction machine drive at both rated and maximum speeds. Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Finite element; Optimisation; Permanent magnet; Reluctance synchronous machine	Design optimization; Finite Element; Flux barrier; Flux weakening; Induction machine drive; Maximum speed; Measured results; Optimisation; Optimisations; Optimum designs; Performance evaluation; Reluctance synchronous machine; Sheet material; Torque constraints; Traction machines; Magnetic devices; Optimization; Permanent magnets; Synchronous motors; Traction (friction); Machine design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77249095073	Torque performance of optimally designed three- and five-phase reluctance synchronous machines with two rotor structures	Rakgati E.T., Kamper M.J.	2006	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	97	1	None	Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa	Rakgati, E.T., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa; Kamper, M.J., Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa	In this paper the torque performance of optimally designed three- and five-phase reluctance synchronous machines with different normal laminated rotor structures are studied. Both the round rotor with internal flux barriers and salient-pole rotor with no internal flux barriers but only cut-outs are investigated. The effect on the torque performance by adding third harmonic current component to the phase currents in a five-phase reluctance synchronous machine is also studied. The magnetostatic finite-element field solution with skew taken into account is used directly by an optimisation algorithm to optimise in multi-dimensions the design of the machines under same copper losses and volume. It is found that the torque increase due to third harmonic current injection is only 4% in the case of the five-phase machine with salient-pole rotor; the three-phase machine with round, internal-flux-barrier rotor is shown to outperform this machine in terms of torque by 28%. The measured torque results of the three-phase machine with round, internal-flux-barrier rotor are presented and compared with calculated results.Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Design optimization; Finite element method; Five-phase; Reluctance synchronous machine; Rotor structures	Copper loss; Cut out; Design optimization; Finite-element fields; Five-phase machines; Internal fluxes; Laminated rotors; Optimisations; Phase currents; Reluctance synchronous machine; Rotor structures; Third harmonic; Third harmonic current injection; Three-phase machines; Finite element method; Optimal systems; Poles; Structural optimization; Torque; Machine design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867270694	Impact of conductive backfills on resistivity of nonuniform soil for grounding grid design	Eduful G., Amoako S., Okyere P.Y., Anto E.K., Asante K.N.	2011	International Journal of Applied Engineering Research	6	1	None	Electricity Company of Ghana, Project Office, P.O. Box 5278, Accra-North, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana; Research and Development, Electricity Company of Ghana Project Office, P.O. Box AN 5278, Accra, Ghana	Eduful, G., Electricity Company of Ghana, Project Office, P.O. Box 5278, Accra-North, Ghana; Amoako, S., Electricity Company of Ghana, Project Office, P.O. Box 5278, Accra-North, Ghana; Okyere, P.Y., Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana; Anto, E.K., Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana; Asante, K.N., Research and Development, Electricity Company of Ghana Project Office, P.O. Box AN 5278, Accra, Ghana	The use of conductive backfills is one of the major techniques that can be used to lower soil resistivity and still achieve safety restriction imposed by standard regulations. The challenge is how to estimate the impact of a conductive backfill on local soil resistivity. In this study, electrodes were installed in a conductive backfill and their resistance measured. To determine impact of the conductive soil on the local soil resistivity, equivalent resistivity of the electrode (made up the resistivity of the conductive backfill and the local soil) was calculated using deep-driven analytical formula for soil resistivity calculation. Impact was obtained by a ratio of the equivalent resistivity to the resistivity of the local soil. To confirm the impact, electrodes were connected in a grid form and their combined resistance measured. The measured resistance value was compared with a calculated resistance value. The strong relation between the measured and the calculated values confirmed the impact. © Research India Publications.	Conductive Backfill; Ground Electrode; Grounding Grid; Soil resistivity	None	None
WoS	WOS:000259198200010	The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006	Ayalo, M.,Freeman, M. C.,Hoekstra, R. M.,Migele, J.,Mwaki, A.,Ombeki, S.,O'Reilly, C. E.,Quick, R.,Ravani, M.	2008	EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION	136	1	10.1017/S0950268807008060	Emory University, CARE Kenya, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent	"Freeman, M. C.: Emory University","Quick, R.: Emory University","Ravani, M.: Emory University",	Safe drinking water and hygiene are essential to reducing Kenya's diarrhoeal disease burden. A school-based safe water and hygiene intervention in Kenya was evaluated to assess its impact on students' knowledge and parents' adoption of safe water and hygiene practices. We surveyed 390 students from nine schools and their parents at baseline and conducted a final evaluation of 363 students and their parents. From baseline to final evaluation, improvement was seen in students' knowledge of correct water treatment procedure (21-65%. P &lt; 0.01) and knowing when to wash their hands. At final evaluation, 14% of parents reported currently treating their water. compared with 6% Lit baseline (P &lt; 0.01). From 2004 to 2005. school absenteeism in the September-November term decreased in nine project schools by 35%, and increased in nine neighbouring comparison Schools by 5%. This novel programme shows promise for reducing, school absenteeism and promoting water and hygiene interventions in the home.	,ABSENTEEISM,BANGLADESH,BEHAVIORS,"CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA",CHLORINATION,"DIARRHEAL DISEASE",DRINKING-WATER,INTERVENTION,MORBIDITY,TRANSMISSION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901983534	On reflector feeds with unidirectional axially symmetric radiation patterns: Their cross-polarization performance and efficiencies	Lehmensiek R., De Villiers D.I.L.	2014	IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine	56	1	10.1109/MAP.2014.6821759	EMSS Antennas (Pty) Ltd., Technopark, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Lehmensiek, R., EMSS Antennas (Pty) Ltd., Technopark, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; De Villiers, D.I.L., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa	The performance and radiation mechanisms of feed antennas with unidirectional axially symmetric radiation patterns are investigated in detail. Radiating circular apertures, electric-magnetic dipole pairs, and two-element elliptical dipole arrays are discussed. The performance metric considers both the maximum cross-polarization level and the efficiency performance when evaluated on a general reflector system with various focal-length-to-aperture- diameter (F/D) ratios. The axial symmetry and cross-polarization performance are strongly dependent on a complementary or higher-order mode being present. For the three classes of feeds investigated, equivalent performances can be achieved with the maximum cross-polarization levels below ¿40 dB, and the maximum asymmetry below 0.3 dB. Apertures perform the best in terms of symmetry, and electric-magnetic dipole pairs perform the worst. It is shown that for a two-element dipole array to achieve optimum performance, the dipoles need to be perfectly circular, and the dipole lengths need to be longer than a half-wavelength, to allow for a second-order current mode to coexist with the fundamental mode. © 1990-2011 IEEE.	Aperture antennas; axially symmetric feeds; dipole antennas; feed efficiencies; reflector antenna feeds	Directional patterns (antenna); Efficiency; Equivalence classes; Polarization; Receiving antennas; Reflection; Aperture antennas; Axially symmetric; Cross polarizations; Cross-polarization level; Feed efficiencies; Optimum performance; Performance metrices; Reflector antenna feed; Dipole antennas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744977242	The impact of higher oil prices on Southern African countries	Nkomo J.C.	2006	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	17	1	None	Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Nkomo, J.C., Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	In determining the magnitude of oil shocks to the economies of Southern Africa, it is essential that we examine the various components of vulnerability, as well as the crude oil price movements and the relationship between energy and development. Because energy consumers and producers are constrained by their energy consuming appliances which are fixed n the short-run, thus making it difficult to shift to less oil intensive means of production in response to higher oil prices, oil price shocks increase the total import bill for a country largely because of the huge increase in the cost of oil and petroleum products. Low-income countries and poorer households tend to suffer the largest impact from oil price rise.	Oil dependence; Oil intensities; Price shocks; Vulnerability	Oil dependence; Oil intensities; Oil price movements; Oil price shocks; Oil shocks; Price shocks; Vulnerability; Costs; Crude petroleum; Energy utilization; Petroleum products; Industrial economics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928573439	Reflections on impact assessment research scholarship from editor and academic perspectives	Morrison-Saunders A., Retief F.	2015	Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management	17	1	10.1142/S1464333215500027	Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia; School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North West University, South Africa	Morrison-Saunders, A., Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia, School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North West University, South Africa; Retief, F., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North West University, South Africa	Reflections on impact assessment research scholarship are presented drawn from our experiences as journal editors and academics with respect to the nature of impact assessment research and the quality of impact assessment research writing. We support the call for more empirical impact assessment research studies, especially large and longer-term studies. While the international field of impact assessment research is healthy overall, we would like to see better international and multi-disciplinary collaboration. We also urge careful attention be given by impact assessment research writers to having clear aims, robust methods accounts and to write rigorously and insightfully for the international impact assessment journal readership. © 2015 Imperial College Press.	Impact assessment research; multi-disciplinary; writing skills	environmental impact assessment; research work	None
None	None	Comparative field evaluation of combinations of long-lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying, relative to either method alone, for malaria prevention in an area where the main vector is Anopheles arabiensis	Okumu F.O., Mbeyela E., Lingamba G., Moore J., Ntamatungiro A.J., Kavishe D.R., Kenward M.G., Turner E., Lorenz L.M., Moore S.J.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-46	Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Okumu, F.O., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mbeyela, E., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Lingamba, G., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Moore, J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ntamatungiro, A.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kavishe, D.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kenward, M.G., Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Turner, E., Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lorenz, L.M., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Moore, S.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are commonly used together in the same households to improve malaria control despite inconsistent evidence on whether such combinations actually offer better protection than nets alone or IRS alone. Methods. Comparative tests were conducted using experimental huts fitted with LLINs, untreated nets, IRS plus untreated nets, or combinations of LLINs and IRS, in an area where Anopheles arabiensis is the predominant malaria vector species. Three LLIN types, Olyset®, PermaNet 2.0® and Icon Life® nets and three IRS treatments, pirimiphos-methyl, DDT, and lambda cyhalothrin, were used singly or in combinations. We compared, number of mosquitoes entering huts, proportion and number killed, proportions prevented from blood-feeding, time when mosquitoes exited the huts, and proportions caught exiting. The tests were done for four months in dry season and another six months in wet season, each time using new intact nets. Results: All the net types, used with or without IRS, prevented >99% of indoor mosquito bites. Adding PermaNet 2.0® and Icon Life®, but not Olyset® nets into huts with any IRS increased mortality of malaria vectors relative to IRS alone. However, of all IRS treatments, only pirimiphos-methyl significantly increased vector mortality relative to LLINs alone, though this increase was modest. Overall, median mortality of An. arabiensis caught in huts with any of the treatments did not exceed 29%. No treatment reduced entry of the vectors into huts, except for marginal reductions due to PermaNet 2.0® nets and DDT. More than 95% of all mosquitoes were caught in exit traps rather than inside huts. Conclusions: Where the main malaria vector is An. arabiensis, adding IRS into houses with intact pyrethroid LLINs does not enhance house-hold level protection except where the IRS employs non-pyrethroid insecticides such as pirimiphos-methyl, which can confer modest enhancements. In contrast, adding intact bednets onto IRS enhances protection by preventing mosquito blood-feeding (even if the nets are non-insecticidal) and by slightly increasing mosquito mortality (in case of LLINs). The primary mode of action of intact LLINs against An. arabiensis is clearly bite prevention rather than insecticidal activity. Therefore, where resources are limited, priority should be to ensure that everyone at risk consistently uses LLINs and that the nets are regularly replaced before being excessively torn. Measures that maximize bite prevention (e.g. proper net sizes to effectively cover sleeping spaces, stronger net fibres that resist tears and burns and net use practices that preserve net longevity), should be emphasized. © 2013 Okumu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	chlorphenotane; cyhalothrin; insecticide; phosphorothioic acid derivative; pirimophosmethyl; unclassified drug; aerosol; chlorphenotane; insecticide; nitrile; phosphorothioic acid derivative; pirimiphos methyl; pyrethroid; adult; Anopheles arabiensis; article; bed net; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; gene amplification; human; human experiment; insect bite; malaria; malaria control; male; mortality; pesticide spraying; protection; treatment duration; adolescent; aerosol; animal; Anopheles; comparative study; drug effects; housing; insecticide resistance; mosquito; physiology; procedures; Tanzania; time; transmission; young adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Housing; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins; Tanzania; Time Factors; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957467708	Wastewater use in crop production in peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa: Impacts on health in farm households	Weldesilassie A.B., Boelee E., Drechsel P., Dabbert S.	2011	Environment and Development Economics	16	1	10.1017/S1355770X1000029X	Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), Near National Stadium Blue Building, P.O. Box 2479, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka; Hohenheim University, Institute 410A, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Weldesilassie, A.B., Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), Near National Stadium Blue Building, P.O. Box 2479, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Boelee, E., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Drechsel, P., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka; Dabbert, S., Hohenheim University, Institute 410A, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Using stream water polluted with untreated wastewater in agriculture is controversial due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Using data from a household survey, wastewater and freshwater farmers were analysed comparatively to examine the perceived impacts of irrigation water quality on farmers' health and to evaluate the extent of health damage. Probability of illness was estimated using the theory of utility-maximising behaviour of households subject to the conventional farm household production model, augmented by adding a health production function. Reduced model and instrumental variable probit specifications both show that perceived illness prevalence is significantly higher for household members working on wastewater irrigation farms than for those working with freshwater. Our data entails econometric complications (e.g., endogeneity of farmers' behaviour, unobserved location-specific characteristics). Ignoring these will result in underestimation of the value of policy interventions designed to reduce potential health damage of wastewater use in irrigation. © 2010 Cambridge University Press.	None	None	None
None	None	Using a new odour-baited device to explore options for luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors: A report on design and field evaluation of the Mosquito Landing Box	Matowo N.S., Moore J., Mapua S., Madumla E.P., Moshi I.R., Kaindoa E.W., Mwangungulu S.P., Kavishe D.R., Sumaye R.D., Lwetoijera D.W., Okumu F.O.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-137	Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Matowo, N.S., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Moore, J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Mapua, S., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Madumla, E.P., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Moshi, I.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kaindoa, E.W., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mwangungulu, S.P., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kavishe, D.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Sumaye, R.D., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Lwetoijera, D.W., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Okumu, F.O., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania	Background: Mosquitoes that bite people outdoors can sustain malaria transmission even where effective indoor interventions such as bednets or indoor residual spraying are already widely used. Outdoor tools may therefore complement current indoor measures and improve control. We developed and evaluated a prototype mosquito control device, the 'Mosquito Landing Box' (MLB), which is baited with human odours and treated with mosquitocidal agents. The findings are used to explore technical options and challenges relevant to luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors in endemic settings. Methods. Field experiments were conducted in Tanzania to assess if wild host-seeking mosquitoes 1) visited the MLBs, 2) stayed long or left shortly after arrival at the device, 3) visited the devices at times when humans were also outdoors, and 4) could be killed by contaminants applied on the devices. Odours suctioned from volunteer-occupied tents were also evaluated as a potential low-cost bait, by comparing baited and unbaited MLBs. Results: There were significantly more Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus, Culex and Mansonia mosquitoes visiting baited MLB than unbaited controls (P≤0.028). Increasing sampling frequency from every 120 min to 60 and 30 min led to an increase in vector catches of up to 3.6 fold (P≤0.002), indicating that many mosquitoes visited the device but left shortly afterwards. Outdoor host-seeking activity of malaria vectors peaked between 7:30 and 10:30pm, and between 4:30 and 6:00am, matching durations when locals were also outdoors. Maximum mortality of mosquitoes visiting MLBs sprayed or painted with formulations of candidate mosquitocidal agent (pirimiphos-methyl) was 51%. Odours from volunteer occupied tents attracted significantly more mosquitoes to MLBs than controls (P<0.001). Conclusion: While odour-baited devices such as the MLBs clearly have potential against outdoor-biting mosquitoes in communities where LLINs are used, candidate contaminants must be those that are effective at ultra-low doses even after short contact periods, since important vector species such as An. arabiensis make only brief visits to such devices. Natural human odours suctioned from occupied dwellings could constitute affordable sources of attractants to supplement odour baits for the devices. The killing agents used should be environmentally safe, long lasting, and have different modes of action (other than pyrethroids as used on LLINs), to curb the risk of physiological insecticide resistance. © 2013 Matowo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; pirimiphos methyl; unclassified drug; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; article; controlled study; Culex; disease carrier; field study; human; malaria; mansonia; medical device; mortality; mosquito; mosquito landing box; nonhuman; odor; Tanzania; vector control; Adult; Animals; Anopheles; Behavior, Animal; Culex; Entomology; Equipment and Supplies; Human Experimentation; Humans; Insect Vectors; Male; Pheromones; Smell; Sterculiaceae; Tanzania; Anopheles arabiensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349173909	Evaluation of variation in susceptibility of three Ethiopian sheep breeds to experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica	Eguale T., Mekonnen G.A., Chaka H.	2009	Small Ruminant Research	82	1	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.017	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	Eguale, T., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Mekonnen, G.A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Chaka, H., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to determine the variation in susceptibility of three Ethiopian sheep breeds (Arsi, Horro and Menz) to experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica. Arsi and Menz breeds of 16 rams each and Horro breed of 14 rams aged between 6 and 8 months were randomly divided into two groups. All rams in the first groups of each breed were infected with 300 viable metacercariae of F. hepatica while those in the second groups were left as controls. Parameters used to assess the level of resistance was fluke egg count (EPG), change in live weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and percentage of adult flukes recovered 18 weeks after experimental infection. The overall mean EPG of Arsi, Horro and Menz sheep breeds was 416.6, 199.1 and 355.7 while the mean number of flukes recovered at the end of the experiment was 107.0 (34.7%), 67.2 (22.3%) and 68.6 (23%), respectively. Based on these factors Arsi breed is (p < 0.05) more susceptible to the effect of F. hepatica compared to other breeds. The EPG, change in live weight and PCV results showed that Horro breed demonstrated better resistance than the rest groups; nevertheless, in terms of adult parasite recovery, no significant difference (p > 0.05) between Horro and Menz breeds was seen. The present results are good indications for the existence of variation in susceptibility of these sheep breeds to infection with F. hepatica. Further studies on genetic basis of susceptibility differences needs to be carried out. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Arsi; Breeds; Fasciola hepatica; Horro; Menz; Resistance/susceptibility	Fasciola hepatica; Ovis aries; Trematoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892998601	The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid chromatography marine pigment measurements	Peloquin J., Swan C., Gruber N., Vogt M., Claustre H., Ras J., Uitz J., Barlow R., Behrenfeld M., Bidigare R., Dierssen H., Ditullio G., Fernandez E., Gallienne C., Gibb S., Goericke R., Harding L., Head E., Holligan P., Hooker S., Karl D., Landry M., Let	2013	Earth System Science Data	5	1	10.5194/essd-5-109-2013	Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Bayworld Centre for Research and Education, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa; Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States; Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston, SC, United States; Departamento Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, United Kingdom; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; University of Maryland Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, United States; Ecosystem Research Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda; Institute for Marine Remote Sensing/IMaRS, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA, United States; NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States; Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany; Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia	Peloquin, J., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Swan, C., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Gruber, N., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Vogt, M., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Claustre, H., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Ras, J., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Uitz, J., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Barlow, R., Bayworld Centre for Research and Education, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Behrenfeld, M., Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Bidigare, R., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Dierssen, H., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States; Ditullio, G., Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston, SC, United States; Fernandez, E., Departamento Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Gallienne, C., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Gibb, S., Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, United Kingdom; Goericke, R., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Harding, L., University of Maryland Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, United States; Head, E., Ecosystem Research Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Holligan, P., Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Hooker, S., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Karl, D., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Landry, M., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Letelier, R., College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Llewellyn, C.A., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Lomas, M., Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda; Lucas, M., Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Mannino, A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Marty, J.-C., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Mitchell, B.G., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Muller-Karger, F., Institute for Marine Remote Sensing/IMaRS, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Nelson, N., Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; O'Brien, C., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Prezelin, B., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Repeta, D., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Smith Jr., W.O., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA, United States; Smythe-Wright, D., Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Stumpf, R., NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Subramaniam, A., Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States; Suzuki, K., Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Trees, C., NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy; Vernet, M., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Wasmund, N., Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany; Wright, S., Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia	A global pigment database consisting of 35 634 pigment suites measured by high performance liquid chromatography was assembled in support of the MARine Ecosytem DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. These data originate from 136 field surveys within the global ocean, were solicited from investigators and databases, compiled, and then quality controlled. Nearly one quarter of the data originates from the Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), with an additional 17% and 19% stemming from the US JGOFS and LTER programs, respectively. The MAREDAT pigment database provides high quality measurements of the major taxonomic pigments including chlorophylls a and b, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, alloxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin, lutein, peridinin, prasinoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, which may be used in varying combinations to estimate phytoplankton community composition. Quality control measures consisted of flagging samples that had a total chlorophyll a concentration of zero, had fewer than four reported accessory pigments, or exceeded two standard deviations of the log-linear regression of total chlorophyll a with total accessory pigment concentrations. We anticipate the MAREDAT pigment database to be of use in the marine ecology, remote sensing and ecological modeling communities, where it will support model validation and advance our global perspective on marine biodiversity. The original dataset together with quality control flags as well as the gridded MAREDAT pigment data may be downloaded from PANGAEA: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.793246. © 2013 Author(s).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873321347	Considering effective adaptation options to impacts of climate change for maize production in Ghana	Tachie-Obeng E., Akponikpè P.B.I., Adiku S.	2013	Environmental Development	5	1	10.1016/j.envdev.2012.11.008	Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box MB 326 Accra, Ghana; Environmental Soil Physics and Hydraulics Unit, Université de Parakou, 03 BP 351, Parakou Université, Benin; University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 70, Legon Accra, Ghana	Tachie-Obeng, E., Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box MB 326 Accra, Ghana; Akponikpè, P.B.I., Environmental Soil Physics and Hydraulics Unit, Université de Parakou, 03 BP 351, Parakou Université, Benin; Adiku, S., University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 70, Legon Accra, Ghana	As a contribution to guide policy planning, effective climate change adaptation options to enhance maize production in Ghana were examined. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator crop model, coupled with statistical downscaled climate scenarios of 9 general circulation models (GCMs) and farmer practices, were used to device adaptation options in the near future (NF) period of 2046-2065 based on IPCC A2 emission scenario at local scale level in Wa and Wenchi agricultural areas of Ghana. Results from the single-maize cropping season at Wa, in the savanna zone indicate that, a 6-week delay in sowing from 1961 to 2000 baseline date of 1st May to 15th June, was the most appropriate way to offset the negative effects of potential climate change resulting in a yield increase of 8.2%. In the forest-savanna transitional zone of Wenchi, a 4-week delay in the major season sowing date from 15th March to 15th April and no change in the minor season sowing date of 15th August resulted in a slight yield increase of 3.9%. On the other hand, a second adaptation option of using a medium heat-tolerant maize variety produced substantial gains in crop yield of 30.1% and 30.5% in savanna and forest-savanna transitional zones respectively with a longer grain-formation period under NF climate change when compared to delaying sowing dates. Effective adaptation options can thus reduce negative impacts of climate change in the NF, but require enabling policy to support its implementation. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Adaptation; Climate change; Ghana; Maize cultivar; Savanna and forest-savanna	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14744297710	Groundwater resource evaluation of urban Bulawayo aquifer	Rusinga F., Taigbenu A.E.	2005	Water SA	31	1	None	Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Rusinga, F., Environmentek, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Taigbenu, A.E., Sch. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Judicious management of a groundwater system requires an understanding of its hydrogeology and response to various recharge and pumping stresses. However, in developing countries, groundwater resource evaluations are hampered by a lack of adequate data that will allow for ils complete characterisation. Under such circumstances it is not uncommon for ad hoc groundwater management measures to be embarked upon, especially during drought conditions. These were the conditions that existed during the 1991/92 drought when the CSIR Stellenbosch evaluated the groundwater resource of an urban aquifer in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Their recommendations revealed that about 3.5×106 m 3/a could be safely abstracted from the aquifer. In this work, a more comprehensive hydrogeological investigation was carried out which included pumping tests, estimation of abstraction rates and recharge, and numerical modelling of the aquifer. The investigations indicate that the aquifer is unconfined with hydraulic conductivity and specific yield ranging from 0.1 m/d to 2.09 m/d and 0.02 to 0.11, respectively. Recharge estimates indicate an annual recharge of 105.5 mm with 38.4%, 52.1% and 9.5% accounting respectively for direct recharge, water mains and sewer leakages. Furthermore, a long-term sustainable annual abstraction of 6.1×106 m3 or 15% of current city water demand can be obtained from the aquifer.	Groundwater flow; Groundwater resource evaluation; Numerical modelling; Pumping tests; Urban groundwater	Aquifers; Drought; Hydraulic conductivity; Hydrogeology; Mathematical models; Sewers; Abstraction rates; Pumping stresses; Pumping tests; Recharge estimates; Groundwater; aquifer; groundwater; resource assessment; aquifer; groundwater; hydrogeology; modeling; recharge; resource assessment; Africa; Bulawayo [Zimbabwe]; Eastern Hemisphere; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907995962	Evaluation of the modified colorimetric resazurin microtiter plate-based antibacterial assay for rapid and reliable tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing	Katawera V., Siedner M., Boum Ii Y.	2014	BMC Microbiology	14	1	10.1186/s12866-014-0259-6	Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Massachussetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States	Katawera, V., Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Siedner, M., Massachussetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Boum Ii, Y., Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda	Background: The resazurin microtiter assay (classic REMA), a colorimetric liquid culture-based drug susceptibility assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), has been endorsed by the World Health Organization. The assay requires 8-16 days to obtain results, delaying management of drug resistant tuberculosis patients. A modified REMA which allows results in as little as 24 hours for bacterial strains, has been developed and validated using Staphylococcus aureus, but has not yet been evaluated for MTB. Therefore we assessed the performance of the modified REMA for rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) susceptibility, using the classic REMA as the reference standard. We also compared simplicity (from the technicians' point of view), time taken to obtain results (rank-sum testing), specificity and Kappa statistics of the two methods.Results: The modified REMA, which is a one-step procedure, was found to be simpler to perform and results were obtained in a significantly shorter time (5 versus 9 days, p < 0.0001) compared to the classic REMA due to addition of indicator and strain at the same time. The specificity of the modified REMA was low {46.8% (35.5% - 58.4%) for RIF and 13.9% (7.2% - 23.5%) for INH}. Kappa statistics were 16.0% for RIF and 2.0% for INH. Low specificity and kappa statistics are due to indicator reduction by the strains before complete drug activity.Conclusion: Although modified REMA is faster and simpler compared to classic REMA, it is not reliable for MTB drug susceptibility testing. © 2014 Katawera et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	isoniazid; resazurin; rifampicin; isoniazid; oxazine derivative; resazurin; rifampicin; tuberculostatic agent; xanthene derivative; Article; bacterial strain; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; drug activity; drug resistant tuberculosis; drug sensitivity; microtiter plate assay; minimum inhibitory concentration; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; Staphylococcus aureus; tuberculosis; colorimetry; drug effects; evaluation study; human; microbial sensitivity test; microbiology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; procedures; tuberculosis; Antitubercular Agents; Colorimetry; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Oxazines; Rifampin; Tuberculosis; Xanthenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950356774	Evaluation of a 5-year programme to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in Northern Uganda	Ahoua L., Ayikoru H., Gnauck K., Odaru G., Odar E., Ondoa-Onama C., Pinoges L., Balkan S., Olson D., Pujades-Rodríguez M.	2010	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	56	1	10.1093/tropej/fmp054	Epicentre, Paris, France; Médecins Sans Frontières, Kampala, Uganda; Arua Regional District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Arua, Uganda; Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France	Ahoua, L., Epicentre, Paris, France; Ayikoru, H., Epicentre, Paris, France, Médecins Sans Frontières, Kampala, Uganda; Gnauck, K., Médecins Sans Frontières, Kampala, Uganda; Odaru, G., Arua Regional District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Arua, Uganda; Odar, E., Arua Regional District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Arua, Uganda; Ondoa-Onama, C., Arua Regional District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Arua, Uganda; Pinoges, L., Epicentre, Paris, France; Balkan, S., Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France; Olson, D., Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France; Pujades-Rodríguez, M., Epicentre, Paris, France	Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) is essential in HIV/AIDS control. We analysed 2000-05 data from mother-infant pairs in our PMTCT programme in rural Uganda, examining programme utilization and outcomes, HIV transmission rates and predictors of death or loss to followup (LFU). Out of 19 017 women, 1 037 (5.5%) attending antenatal care services tested HIV positive. Of these, 517 (50%) enrolled in the PMTCT programme and gave birth to 567 infants. Before tracing, 303 (53%) mother-infant pairs were LFU. Reasons for dropout were infant death and lack of understanding of importance of follow-up. Risk of death or LFU was higher among infants with no or incomplete intrapartum prophylaxis (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.07-3.36) and of weaning age <6 months (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.42-4.58), and lower in infants with diagnosed acute illness (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16-0.55). Mother-to-child HIV cumulative transmission rate was 8.3%, and 15.5% when HIV-related deaths were considered. Improved tracking of HIV-exposed infants is needed in PMTCT programmes where access to early infant diagnosis is still limited. © The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.	None	nevirapine; zidovudine; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; acute disease; adult; article; birth; child death; death; early diagnosis; female; follow up; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; intrapartum care; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; prediction; prenatal care; prophylaxis; rural area; Uganda; vertical transmission; weaning; counseling; disease transmission; evaluation; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Kaplan Meier method; middle aged; mother; postnatal care; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; retrospective study; rural population; statistics; treatment outcome; Uganda; utilization review; vertical transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Counseling; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Kaplan-Meiers Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Postnatal Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Care; Retrospective Studies; Rural Population; Treatment Outcome; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876674481	Impact of malaria during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in a Ugandan prospective cohort with intensive malaria screening and prompt treatment	De Beaudrap P., Turyakira E., White L.J., Nabasumba C., Tumwebaze B., Muehlenbachs A., Guérin P.J., Boum Y., McGready R., Piola P.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-139	Epicentre, Paris, France; UMI 233, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université Montpellier i, Montpellier, France; Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, United Kingdom; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Institut Pasteur, Antananarivo, Madagascar	De Beaudrap, P., Epicentre, Paris, France, UMI 233, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université Montpellier i, Montpellier, France; Turyakira, E., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; White, L.J., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nabasumba, C., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; Tumwebaze, B., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; Muehlenbachs, A., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Guérin, P.J., Epicentre, Paris, France, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, United Kingdom; Boum, Y., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; McGready, R., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Piola, P., WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, United Kingdom, Institut Pasteur, Antananarivo, Madagascar	Background: Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is a major public health problem in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa and has important consequences on birth outcome. Because MiP is a complex phenomenon and malaria epidemiology is rapidly changing, additional evidence is still required to understand how best to control malaria. This study followed a prospective cohort of pregnant women who had access to intensive malaria screening and prompt treatment to identify factors associated with increased risk of MiP and to analyse how various characteristics of MiP affect delivery outcomes. Methods. Between October 2006 and May 2009, 1,218 pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective cohort. After an initial assessment, they were screened weekly for malaria. At delivery, blood smears were obtained from the mother, placenta, cord and newborn. Multivariate analyses were performed to analyse the association between mothers' characteristics and malaria risk, as well as between MiP and birth outcome, length and weight at birth. This study is a secondary analysis of a trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00495508. Results: Overall, 288/1,069 (27%) mothers had 345 peripheral malaria infections. The risk of peripheral malaria was higher in mothers who were younger, infected with HIV, had less education, lived in rural areas or reported no bed net use, whereas the risk of placental infection was associated with more frequent malaria infections and with infection during late pregnancy. The risk of pre-term delivery and of miscarriage was increased in mothers infected with HIV, living in rural areas and with MiP occurring within two weeks of delivery.In adjusted analysis, birth weight but not length was reduced in babies of mothers exposed to MiP (-60g, 95%CI: -120 to 0 for at least one infection and -150 g, 95%CI: -280 to -20 for >1 infections). Conclusions: In this study, the timing, parasitaemia level and number of peripherally-detected malaria infections, but not the presence of fever, were associated with adverse birth outcomes. Hence, prompt malaria detection and treatment should be offered to pregnant women regardless of symptoms or other preventive measures used during pregnancy, and with increased focus on mothers living in remote areas. © 2013 De Beaudrap et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Birth outcomes; Cohort; Malaria in pregnancy; Sub-Saharan Africa	anthelmintic agent; artemether plus benflumetol; chloroquine; cotrimoxazole; folic acid; insecticide; iron; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; adult; article; bed net; birth weight; blood smear; body height; body weight; female; fever; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; iron therapy; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; parasitemia; placenta; Plasmodium vivax malaria; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; pregnant woman; premature labor; prospective study; risk factor; rural area; screening; spontaneous abortion; stillbirth; third trimester pregnancy; Uganda; umbilical cord blood; uncomplicated falciparum malaria; Adult; Blood; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Male; Parasite Load; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958095011	Evaluating the impact of consumer behaviour on the performance of domestic solar water heating systems in South Africa	Ijumba P., Sebitosi A.B.	2010	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	21	1	None	Eskom, Megawatt Park, South Africa; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Ijumba, P., Eskom, Megawatt Park, South Africa, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sebitosi, A.B., Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	South Africa experienced a rapid expansion in the electric power consumer base after 1994 that was not matched by corresponding investment in the country's generation capacity. By the dawn of 2008, the situation had reached a critical point, with regular countrywide blackouts and load shedding and is expected to persist for several years, before the proposed new base stations can come online. Currently, 92% of the country's electricity is generated in coal-based power stations and are responsible for the country's heavy carbon footprint. Additionally this power must crisscross the country to distant load centres via an aging transmission infrastructure and in the process massive amounts of energy are lost particularly during peak power demand. Electricity consumption in South African households accounts for approximately 35% of peak demand, with water heating constituting 40% of that. The country has abundant sunshine and solar water heating technology and offers one of the most viable compiementary solutions to the country's energy and environmental crises. Moreover the location of the systems at the consumer end means that the need to upgrade the transmission infrastructure can also be differed. Application of technology alone however, may not necessarily result in the required energy savings particularly in cases of uninformed consumer usage. In this paper the authors evaluate the impact of consumer behaviour on the performance of domestic solar water heaters in South Africa and suggest measures that could be taken to optimize this performance.	Consumer behaviour; Solar water heating; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868703048	The impact of cooperatives on agricultural technology adoption: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia	Abebaw D., Haile M.G.	2013	Food Policy	38	1	10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.10.003	Ethiopian Economics Association, Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, P.O. Box 34282, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex Str. D-53113, Germany	Abebaw, D., Ethiopian Economics Association, Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute, P.O. Box 34282, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Haile, M.G., Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex Str. D-53113, Germany	Using cross-sectional data and a propensity score matching technique, this paper investigates the impact of cooperatives on adoption of agricultural technologies. Our analysis indicates that cooperative members are more likely to be male-headed households, have better access to agricultural extension services, possess oxen, participate in off-farm work, and have leadership experience. We also found that geographic location and age of household head are strongly associated with cooperative membership. Our estimation results show that cooperative membership has a strong positive impact on fertilizer adoption. The impact on adoption of pesticides turns out to be statistically significant when only agricultural cooperatives are considered. Further analysis also suggests that cooperative membership has a heterogeneous impact on fertilizer adoption among its members. The results suggest that cooperatives can play an important role in accelerating the adoption of agricultural technologies by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Africa; Agricultural technology adoption; Cooperatives; Ethiopia; Impact evaluation	agricultural extension; agricultural technology; cooperative sector; farmers attitude; fertilizer application; smallholder; technology adoption; Ethiopia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879437145	Evaluation of CareStart™ malaria Pf/Pv combo test for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria diagnosis in Butajira area, south-central Ethiopia	Woyessa A., Deressa W., Ali A., Lindtjørn B.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-218	Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Woyessa, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Deressa, W., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ali, A., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Lindtjørn, B., Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Malaria is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax co-exist and malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDTs) is vital in rendering parasite-confirmed treatment especially in areas where microscopy from 2008 to 2010 is not available. CareStartTM Malaria Pf/Pv combo test was evaluated compared to microscopy in Butajira area, south-central Ethiopia. This RDT detects histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2) found in P. falciparum, and Plasmodium enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) for diagnosis of P. vivax. The standard for the reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies was complied. Among 2,394 participants enrolled, 10.9% (n=87) were Plasmodium infected (household survey) and 24.5% (n=392) health facility-based using microscopy. In the household surveys, the highest positivity was caused by P. vivax (83.9%, n=73), P. falciparum (15.0%, n=13), and the rest due to mixed infections of both (1.1%, n=1). In health facility, P. vivax caused 78.6% (n=308), P. falciparum caused 20.4% (n=80), and the rest caused by mixed infections 1.0% (n=4). RDT missed 9.1% (n=8) in household and 4.3% (n=17) in health facility-based surveys among Plasmodium positive confirmed by microscopy while 3.3% (n=24) in household and 17.2% (n=208) in health facility-based surveys were detected false positive. RDT showed agreement with microscopy in detecting 79 positives in household surveys (n=796) and 375 positives in health centre survey (n=1,598).RDT performance varied in both survey settings, lowest PPV (64.3%) for Plasmodium and P. falciparum (77.2%) in health centres; and Plasmodium (76.7%) and P. falciparum (87.5%) in household surveys. NPV was low in P. vivax in health centres (77.2%) and household (87.5%) surveys. Seasonally varying RDT precision of as low as 14.3% PPV (Dec. 2009), and 38.5% NPV (Nov. 2008) in health centre surveys; and 40-63.6% PPV was observed in household surveys. But the influence of age and parasite density on RDT performance was not ascertained. Establishing quality control of malaria RDT in the health system in areas with low endemic and where P. falciparum and P. vivax co-exist is recommendable. CareStartTM RDT might be employed for epidemiological studies that require interpreting the results cautiously. Future RDT field evaluation against microscopy should be PCR corrected. © 2013 Woyessa et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Butajira; CareStartTM RDT; Ethiopia; Highland; Microscopy; Precision; Season	histidine; histidine rich protein 2; lactate dehydrogenase; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; controlled study; density; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; Ethiopia; female; health care facility; health center; health survey; household; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; malaria rapid test; male; microscopy; mixed infection; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; predictive value; preschool child; quality control; school child; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Protozoan; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Coinfection; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Middle Aged; Parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Point-of-Care Systems; Prospective Studies; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855467309	Comparative evaluation of tree lucerne (chamaecytisus palmensis) over conventional protein supplements in supporting growth of yearling horro lambs	Kitaw G., Dejene M., Kehaliw A., Assefa G.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	1	None	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kitaw, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dejene, M., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kehaliw, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Assefa, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A feeding trial was conducted for 90 days on yearling Horro lambs with a mean body weight of 18.5±0.05kg (mean ±SD) to investigate the effect of supplementation of conventional oil seed cakes and the comparative advantage they have over a fodder legume (Chamaecytisus palmensis) commonly known as Tagasaste supplementation. Six experimental sheep per treatment were arranged in completely randomized design to receive dietary treatments formulated to the nearest iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric in order to achieve a daily growth rate of 100g. In addition to being fed to an ad libitum natural pasture hay the sheep were supplemented with a concentrate mix composed of 180g noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake + 180g wheat bran (NC), 180g linseed cake + 180g wheat bran (LC), 160g cotton seed cake + 200g wheat bran (CS), 250g Tagasaste leaf on dry matter bases + 150g wheat bran (TL) while the control group (CTL) was allowed to graze 8 hours a day according to the farmer's practice with out supplementation. Supplementation with cotton seed meal followed by linseed cake has substantially improved feed dry matter and nutrient intake (P<0.05), and significantly (P<0.05) promoted daily body weight gain and feed conversion efficiencies. For almost all measured parameters in general no appreciable differences (P>0.05) in terms of sheep performance were observed among experimental sheep receiving noug cake meal and Tagasaste forage leaf signifying the need to capture the opportunity to replace conventional and most widely used purchased protein supplement with cost effective on-farm grown multi-purpose forage legume under Ethiopian condition. Even though, part of the work related to the carcass quality deserves special attention in the up-coming future research work the data set from the current study favors the use of the protein supplements in the order of CS, LC, TL, NC, respectively.	Forage legumes; Iso-caloric; Iso-nitrogenous; Natural pasture hay; Nutrient intake; Oil seed cakes; Tagasaste; Wheat bran	Animalia; Chamaecystis palmensis; Chamaecytisus palmensis; Gossypium hirsutum; Guizotia abyssinica; Medicago sativa; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938419023	Evaluation of quality protein maize inbred lines for resistance to maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: curculionidae) and other important agronomic traits	Demissie G., Tilahun B., Dida M., Teklewold A., Wegary D.	2015	Euphytica	205	1	10.1007/s10681-015-1412-5	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Bako National Maize Research Coordinating Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, CIMMYT-Ethiopia ILRI Sholla Campus, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Demissie, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Bako National Maize Research Coordinating Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tilahun, B., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Bako National Maize Research Coordinating Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dida, M., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Bako National Maize Research Coordinating Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teklewold, A., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, CIMMYT-Ethiopia ILRI Sholla Campus, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wegary, D., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, CIMMYT-Ethiopia ILRI Sholla Campus, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Searching new sources of resistance to the maize weevil are critical in a successful breeding program to address grain damage by postharvest pests. This study was undertaken to evaluate resistance in 28 quality protein maize (QPM) inbred lines against Sitophilus zeamais infestation and their important agronomic attributes, and consequently their value for use in breeding programs to develop resistant QPM hybrids. Susceptibility index (SI), which considers the progeny number in the F<inf>1</inf> generation and the time the insects take to mature from egg to adult, was used to measure the susceptibility. Out of the 28 inbred lines tested, one inbred line (CML-142) was resistant, three (CML-144/144-7-b (F2)-4-2-1-1-1-1-1, POOL 15QPFS-693-B-2-B-#-B-B-B-# and CML-149) were moderately resistant and the remaining 24 inbred lines were categorized as susceptible to highly susceptible. Importantly, those inbred lines that are resistant and moderately resistant had better yield and other agronomic performances as compared to the susceptible ones. These resistant and moderately resistant inbred lines showed considerable reduction in grain damage and losses for S. zeamais, suggesting that they contained genes that confer resistance to the pest. Correlations between kernel size, breadth and texture with some important susceptibility parameters were found to be significant, indicating possible influence of these factors together with others in determining the susceptibility of the QPM inbred lines to S. zeamais. Identification of QPM lines resistant to S. zeamais in the present study offers an opportunity to breed for resistance to maize weevil in developing QPM hybrid with enhanced resistance to S. zeamais. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Biophysical traits; Genetic resistance; Grain yield; QPM inbred lines; Sitophilus zeamais	Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Hexapoda; Sitophilus zeamais; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904555990	Farmers' perceptions of the impacts of human-wildlife conflict on their livelihood and natural resource management efforts in Cheha Woreda of Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia	Mojo D., Rothschuh J., Alebachew M.	2014	Human-Wildlife Interactions	8	1	None	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mojo, D., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Rothschuh, J., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Alebachew, M., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	There are several livelihood improvement and natural resource management campaigns being undertaken in Ethiopia. In Cheha Woreda District of Guraghe Zone, a research team from the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Center, is undertaking a watershed-level intervention to improve sustainable land management practices among resident agrarian families. In 2011, a household survey was conducted to assess farmers' perceptions of human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) and the effects of these conflicts on land management in Cheha Woreda. One-hundred randomly selected households in the Cheha Woreda were asked to identify any wild or domestic animals that cause damage to their crops. Additionally, respondents were asked to gauge the extent of the damages; the direct and indirect social, economic, and environmental impacts; and the overall trends in the area's wildlife populations. In addition to the household survey, 3 focus group discussions were held to capture farmers' perceptions. The findings show that Grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata), apes (Papio spp.), antelopes (Gazella spp.), warthogs (Phacochoerus sp.), and wild pigs (Sus sp.) were the major crop raiders in the area, while spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), foxes (Vulpes sp.), eagles (Accipitridae) and Ethiopian ratels or honey badgers (Mellivora capensis) were the most common livestock predators. More than 90% of the households reported that they faced damages to their property by these species. Additionally, about 55% of the respondents reported a high severity of crop damage, with monkeys alleged to be the greatest culprits. Respondents perceived that HWC have resulted in significant vegetation removal, shifts in crop production, food shortages, and poverty in the study area. Eighty-eight percent of farmers reported believing that wild animals significantly contributed to the shortages of food for their family. The farmers were aware of several locally used management options, which they suggested could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the conflicts. We conclude that HWC and farmers' perceptions of HWC in the Cheha Woreda have had and continue to have significant impacts on the social, economic, and environmental well-being of the area. Hence, different management options must be adopted to mediate the effects and minimize future conflicts.	Crop raiders; Ethiopia; Human-wildlife conflicts; Livelihood; Natural resources; Perception; Predators	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872202990	Comparative evaluation of novel African swine fever virus (ASF) antibody detection techniques derived from specific ASF viral genotypes with the OIE internationally prescribed serological tests	Gallardo C., Soler A., Nieto R., Carrascosa A.L., De Mia G.M., Bishop R.P., Martins C., Fasina F.O., Couacy-Hymman E., Heath L., Pelayo V., Martín E., Simón A., Martín R., Okurut A.R., Lekolol I., Okoth E., Arias M.	2013	Veterinary Microbiology	162	1	10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.011	European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Umbria e delle Marche (IZS-UM), 06126 Perugia, Italy; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (FMV-UTL), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Production Animal Studies Department, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Ministère de la Production Animale et des Ressources Halieutiques - LANADA-LCPA, Cote d'Ivoire; ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), PO Box 102, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Wildlife Services, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, PO Box 30027, Nairobi, Kenya	Gallardo, C., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Soler, A., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Nieto, R., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Carrascosa, A.L., Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain; De Mia, G.M., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Umbria e delle Marche (IZS-UM), 06126 Perugia, Italy; Bishop, R.P., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Martins, C., Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (FMV-UTL), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Fasina, F.O., Production Animal Studies Department, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Couacy-Hymman, E., Ministère de la Production Animale et des Ressources Halieutiques - LANADA-LCPA, Cote d'Ivoire; Heath, L., ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa; Pelayo, V., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Martín, E., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Simón, A., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Martín, R., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain; Okurut, A.R., Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), PO Box 102, Entebbe, Uganda; Lekolol, I., Department of Wildlife Services, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, PO Box 30027, Nairobi, Kenya; Okoth, E., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Arias, M., European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (URL) CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain	The presence of antibodies against African swine fever (ASF), a complex fatal notifiable OIE disease of swine, is always indicative of previous infection, since there is no vaccine that is currently used in the field. The early appearance and subsequent long-term persistence of antibodies combined with cost-effectiveness make antibody detection techniques essential in control programmes. Recent reports appear to indicate that the serological tests recommended by the OIE for ASF monitoring are much less effective in East and Southern Africa where viral genetic and antigenic diversity is the greatest. We report herein an extensive analysis including more than 1000 field and experimental infection sera, in which the OIE recommended tests are compared with antigen-specific ELISAs and immuno-peroxidase staining of cells (IPT). The antibody detection results generated using new antigen-specific tests, developed in this study, which are based on production of antigen fractions generated by infection and virus purification from COS-1 cells, showed strong concordance with the OIE tests. We therefore conclude that the lack of success is not attributable to antigenic polymorphism and may be related to the specific characteristics of the local breeds African pigs. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Antibody detection; ASFV; Diagnosis	virus antibody; African swine fever virus; animal cell; antibody detection; antigen specificity; article; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; genotype; immunoperoxidase staining; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; sensitivity and specificity; virus detection; virus purification; Africa, Southern; African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigenic Variation; Antigens, Viral; Cell Line; Endemic Diseases; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Genotype; Haplorhini; Swine; African swine fever virus; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931395794	Evaluation of cross-protection of bluetongue virus serotype 4 with other serotypes in sheep	Zulu G.B., Venter E.H.	2014	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	85	1	10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1041	Experimental Animals: Onderstepoort Biological Products, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Zulu, G.B., Experimental Animals: Onderstepoort Biological Products, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Venter, E.H., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious disease of sheep and other domestic and wild ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). Currently 26 serotypes of the virus have been identified. In South Africa, 22 serotypes have been identified and BT is controlled mainly by annual vaccinations using a freeze-dried live attenuated polyvalent BTV vaccine. The vaccine is constituted of 15 BTV serotypes divided into three separate bottles and the aim is to develop a vaccine using fewer serotypes without compromising the immunity against the disease. This study is based on previously reported cross-neutralisation of specific BTV serotypes in in vitro studies. Bluetongue virus serotype 4 was selected for this trial and was tested for cross-protection against serotype 4 (control), 1 (unrelated serotype), 9, 10 and 11 in sheep using the serum neutralisation test. The purpose of the study was to determine possible cross-protection of different serotypes in sheep. Of those vaccinated with BTV-4 and challenged with BTV-1, which is not directly related to BTV-4, 20% were completely protected and 80% showed clinical signs, but the reaction was not as severe as amongst the unvaccinated animals. In the group challenged with BTV-10, some showed good protection and some became very sick. Those challenged with BTV-9 and BTV-11 had good protection. The results showed that BTV-4 does not only elicit a specific immune response but can also protect against other serotypes. © 2014. The Authors.	None	bluetongue vaccine; core protein; live vaccine; neutralizing antibody; nonstructural protein 1; unclassified drug; virus vaccine; virus antibody; virus vaccine; animal experiment; antigen antibody reaction; Article; bleeding; bluetongue; Bluetongue orbivirus; Bluetongue orbivirus serotype 1; Bluetongue orbivirus serotype 11; Bluetongue orbivirus serotype 4; Bluetongue orbivirus serotype 9; cellular immunity; controlled study; cross protection; depression; dyspnea; humoral immunity; immunogenicity; in vitro study; nonhuman; sheep; vaccination; virus neutralization; animal; blood; bluetongue; Bluetongue orbivirus; classification; immunology; serotype; sheep; virology; Animalia; Bluetongue virus; Ovis aries; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Serogroup; Sheep; Viral Vaccines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646524027	Evaluation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of South African plants	Reid K.A., Maes J., Maes A., van Staden J., De Kimpe N., Mulholland D.A., Verschaeve L.	2006	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	106	1	10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.030	Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Natural Products Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, 4041, South Africa	Reid, K.A., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium, Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Maes, J., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Maes, A., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; van Staden, J., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; De Kimpe, N., Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Mulholland, D.A., Natural Products Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Verschaeve, L., Expertise Centre of Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium	Dichloromethane and 90% methanol extracts of 42 South African plants were screened for mutagenicity and antimutagenicity using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay (Ames) against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains in the presence and absence of metabolic activator S9. The methanol extracts from whole plants of Helichrysum simillimum, Helichrysum herbaceum and Helichrysum rugulosum indicated mutagenicity. These are the first reported tests on the mutagenicity of Helichrysum species. Six species indicated antimutagenic properties, all in the presence of S9: methanol leaf extract of Bauhinia galpinii, and dichloromethane leaf extracts of Bauhinia galpinii, Clerodendrum myricoides, Datura stramonium, Buddleja saligna, Millettia sutherlandii and Sutherlandia frutescens. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ames test; Antimutagenicity; Mutagenicity; Traditional medicinal plants	Bauhinia galpinii extract; Buddleja saligna extract; catharanthus roseus extract; clerodendrum myricoides extract; coleonema album extract; Datura stramonium extract; dichloromethane; dioscorea dregeana extract; ekebergia capensis extract; Helichrysum herbaceum extract; Helichrysum rugulosum extract; Helichrysum simillimum extract; hypoxis hemerocallidea extract; maytenus senegalensis extract; methanol; millettia grandis extract; Millettia sutherlandii extract; Nauclea latifolia extract; olea africana extract; Phyllanthus amarus extract; phytolacca octandra extract; plant extract; pleurostylia capensis extract; rhus chirindensis extract; rhus rehrianmana extract; Sutherlandia frutescens extract; tulbaghia violaceae extract; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; uvaria chamae extract; xysmalobium undulatum extract; Ames test; angiosperm; Araliaceae; article; Asclepiadaceae; Asteraceae; bacterial strain; Bauhinia; Buddleja; Catharanthus roseus; Celastraceae; Clerodendrum; Datura stramonium; drug activity; drug effect; drug screening; Flacourtiaceae; Helichrysum; Hypoxis; Hyptis; Maytenus; medicinal plant; Meliaceae; metabolic activation; Millettia; mutagenicity; nonhuman; olive tree; Phyllanthus amarus; poison ivy; pokeweed; Rubiaceae; Rutaceae; Salmonella typhimurium; South Africa; Sterculiaceae; strophanthus; Uvaria; Antimutagenic Agents; Datura stramonium; Helichrysum; Medicine, African Traditional; Methanol; Methylene Chloride; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Plant Extracts; Plants; Salmonella typhimurium; South Africa; Apocynaceae; Araliaceae; Asteraceae; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bauhinia; Bauhinia galpinii; Buddleja; Buddleja saligna; Catharanthus roseus; Celastraceae; Clerodendrum; Coleonema album; Datura stramonium; Dioscorea dregeana; Ekebergia capensis; Flacourtiaceae; Hedera; Helichrysum; Helichrysum rugulosum; Hypoxis; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hyptis; Magnoliophyta; Malvaceae; Maytenus; Maytenus senegalensis; Meliaceae; Millettia; Millettia grandis; Nauclea latifolia; Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata; Phyllanthus amarus; Phytolacca octandra; Phytolaccaceae; Pleurostylia; Rhus; Rotheca myricoides; Rubiaceae; Rutaceae; Salmonella typhimurium; Strophanthus; Sutherlandia frutescens; Tulbaghia; Uvaria; Uvaria chamae; Violaceae; Xysmalobium undulatum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38149074690	Evaluation of body surface area as a determinant of cholecystodynamics due to orally administered standardized skimmed milk	Ugwu A.C.	2008	Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography	24	1	10.1177/8756479307311912	Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Federal Medical Centre, F.M.B. 102, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Ugwu, A.C., Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Nigeria, Federal Medical Centre, F.M.B. 102, Abakaliki, Nigeria	The author studied the relationship between body surface area and both the gallbladder contraction index and gallbladder emptying rate. Using the ellipsoid formula, gallbladder volumes were sonographically measured in the preprandial state and 20 minutes after a standardized fatty meal in 62 subjects. Gallbladder contraction indices and emptying rates were calculated. The body surface area of 61 subjects who followed the study design was computed from their height and weight measurements. Parametric tests also were carried out, revealing that there were no significant correlations between body surface area and gallbladder contraction index and gallbladder emptying rate. Dosing in cholecystodynamic studies may be limited by lack of correlation between gallbladder emptying rate and body surface area.	Body surface area; Cholecystodynamics; Milk; Sonography	adult; article; body surface; cholecystography; controlled study; echography; female; gallbladder contraction; gallbladder emptying; human; human experiment; male; milk; normal human; priority journal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871397956	Race and the anxieties of cultural obscurity: Meditations on blackness in South African performance and video art	Makhubu N.	2013	International Journal of Cultural Studies	16	1	10.1177/1367877912441432	Fine Art Department, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Makhubu, N., Fine Art Department, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	The focus on politically circumscribed identities in South African visual arts during the first decade of the post-Apartheid era (1994-2004) illuminated key tensions in the process of transformation. The arts practice, in general, seemed to respond directly to social imbalances that were established through Apartheid and roused significant discussions around issues of power with regard to racial and gender identity constructions. Arguably, the 'second wave' after the first decade propagates a Post-Race sentiment. This article seeks to discuss issues around terms such as Post-Race and Post-Black. I use performance and video art (or new media) as indicative of a change in general perceptions about race, art and transformation in South African cultural practices. Although the term 'Post-Black' has not been used to define a specific South African movement or aesthetic, here I juxtapose it with the term 'Post-Race' to map out similarities in thought about Blackness in general. © The Author(s) 2012.	African; Black art; performance; Post-Black; race; transformation; video	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744993216	High-performance liquid chromatography profiling of the major carotenoids in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue	Taylor K.L., Brackenridge A.E., Vivier M.A., Oberholster A.	2006	Journal of Chromatography A	1121	1	10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.033	Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa	Taylor, K.L., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Brackenridge, A.E., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Vivier, M.A., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Oberholster, A., Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa	Carotenoids are extremely sensitive to a variety of physico-chemical attacks which may have a profound effect on their characteristic properties, thereby influencing the accurate identification and quantification of individual compounds. In this light, a comprehensive summary of the pitfalls encountered and precautions to be administered during handling and storage of authentic standards and samples was found to be incomplete. Furthermore, acceptable baseline separation of trans-lutein from trans-zeaxanthin and between the cis- and trans-forms of neoxanthin and violaxanthin has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Hence the most optimal sample preparation and analytical steps were determined and a sensitive and reproducible method for the quantitative HPLC profiling of the principal carotenoids found in plant leaf tissue was developed. A reverse-phase C30 column with a binary mobile solvent system was used for the baseline separation of eight of the major carotenoids and the two chlorophylls (a and b) within 18 min. These compounds were identified via the use of authentic standards, their spectral characteristics and HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) confirmation. This method has been successfully applied for the quantification of plant pigments in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT) leaf tissue and in two A. thaliana non-photochemical mutants, namely npq1 and npq2. These mutants have previously been well-characterised and provided valuable reference data as well as acting as internal controls for the assessment of our new method. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Arabidopsis; Authentic standards; C30; Carotenoids; HPLC; Plants; Quantification	Photochemical reactions; Physical chemistry; Pigments; Plants (botany); Separation; Tissue; Arabidopsis; Authentic standards; C<sub>30</sub>; Carotenoids; HPLC; Quantification; Liquid chromatography; carotenoid; chlorophyll; Arabidopsis; article; high performance liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; plant leaf; priority journal; tissue; wild type; Arabidopsis; Carotenoids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Mass Spectrometry; Plant Leaves; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Arabidopsis thaliana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054914907	The impact of co-inoculation with Oenococcus oeni on the trancriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and on the flavour-active metabolite profiles during fermentation in synthetic must	Rossouw D., Du Toit M., Bauer F.F.	2012	Food Microbiology	29	1	10.1016/j.fm.2011.09.006	Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Rossouw, D., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Du Toit, M., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Bauer, F.F., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Co-inoculation of commercial yeast strains with a bacterial starter culture at the beginning of fermentation of certain varietal grape juices is rapidly becoming a preferred option in the global wine industry, and frequently replaces the previously dominant sequential inoculation strategy where bacterial strains, responsible for malolactic fermentation, are inoculated after alcoholic fermentation has been completed. However, while several studies have highlighted potential advantages of co-inoculation, such studies have mainly focused on broad fermentation properties of the mixed cultures, and no data exist regarding the impact of this strategy on many oenologically relevant attributes of specific wine yeast strains such as aroma production. Here we investigate the impact of co-inoculation on a commercial yeast strain during alcoholic fermentation by comparing the transcriptome of this strain in yeast-only and in co-inoculated fermentations of synthetic must. The data show that a significant number of genes are differentially expressed in this strain in these two conditions. Some of the differentially expressed genes appear to respond to chemical changes in the fermenting must that are linked to bacterial metabolic activities, whereas others might represent a direct response of the yeast to the presence of a competing organism. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Alcoholic fermentation; Malolactic fermentation; Oenococcus oeni; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Transcriptome	alcohol; flavoring agent; transcriptome; article; fermentation; genetics; metabolism; microbiology; Oenococcus; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Vitis; wine; Ethanol; Fermentation; Flavoring Agents; Industrial Microbiology; Oenococcus; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Transcriptome; Vitis; Wine; Bacteria (microorganisms); Oenococcus oeni; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Vitaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84882932531	Use of APSDM and EM_press inversion to impact evaluation of a west africa deepwater discovery	Zhang M., Lazaratos S., Yu Y., Lee J.J., Boorman S., Anderson K., Illo O.	2009	SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts	28	1	None	ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Houston, United States; ExxonMobil Production Deutschland GmbH, United States; ExxonMobil Development Company, United States; Esso Exploration and Production Nigeria Deepwater West Limited, Nigeria	Zhang, M., ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Houston, United States; Lazaratos, S., ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Houston, United States; Yu, Y., ExxonMobil Production Deutschland GmbH, United States; Lee, J.J., ExxonMobil Development Company, United States; Boorman, S., ExxonMobil Development Company, United States; Anderson, K., ExxonMobil Development Company, United States; Illo, O., Esso Exploration and Production Nigeria Deepwater West Limited, Nigeria	Summary: In this paper we discuss the impact of APSDM and EM_PreSS inversion technology on the evaluation of a West Africa deepwater field. The field is located in an ExxonMobil operated block. The trap was defined as a distributary channel complex (DCC) on the flank of a faulted anticline. The hydrocarbon bearing sands have a class III AVO response for gas and a class III or II AVO response for oil. An exploration well and its side track discovered multiple oil reservoirs in Miocene sands. Using pre-stack time migrated (PSTM) data, dual fluid contacts were observed and interpreted for multiple reservoirs in several fault blocks. In general, oil-water-contacts (OWC's) observed on the PSTM data conform better to the depth structure maps than the gas-oil-contacts (GOC's). The GOC's are inconsistent across the fault blocks. The imaging of the GOC's was improved by anisotropic pre-stack depth migration (APSDM) and further sharpened by additional EM_PreSS inversion processing. An appraisal well and its side track confirmed the GOC determined from seismic interpretation. Use of the APSDM and EM_PreSS inversion favorably impacted business decisions during field appraisal and development planning, increasing our confidence to pursue development without drilling more appraisal wells.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872804834	Monitoring basin-scale land cover changes in Kagera Basin of Lake Victoria using: Ancillary data and remote sensing	Wasige J.E., Groen T.A., Smaling E., Jetten V.	2012	International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation	21	1	10.1016/j.jag.2012.08.005	Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Twente University, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Soils and Soil Research Programme, National Agriculture Research Laboratories (NARL) Kawanda (Uganda), P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda	Wasige, J.E., Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Twente University, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands, Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda, Soils and Soil Research Programme, National Agriculture Research Laboratories (NARL) Kawanda (Uganda), P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda; Groen, T.A., Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Twente University, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands; Smaling, E., Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Twente University, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands; Jetten, V., Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Twente University, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands	The Kagera Basin is a high value ecosystem in the Lake Victoria watershed because of the hydrological and food services it provides. The basin has faced large scale human induced land use and land cover changes (LUCC), but quantitative data is to date lacking. A combination of ancillary data and satellite imagery were interpreted to construct LUCC dynamics for the last century. This study is an initial step towards assessing the impact of LUCC on sustainable agriculture and water quality in the watershed. The results show that large trends of LUCC have rapidly occurred over the last 100 years. The most dominant LUCC processes were gains in farmland areas (not detectable in 1901 to 60% in 2010) and a net reduction in dense forest (7% to 2.6%), woodlands (51% to 6.9%) and savannas (35% to 19.6%) between 1901 and 2010. Forest degradation rapidly occurred during 1974 and 1995 but the forest re-grew between 1995 and 2010 due to forest conservation efforts. Afforestation efforts have resulted in plantation forest increases between 1995 and 2010. The rates of LUCC observed are higher than those reported in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and other parts of the world. This is one of the few studies in SSA at a basin scale that combines multisource spatio-temporal data on land cover to enable long-term quantification of land cover changes. In the discussion we address future research needs for the area based on the results of this study. These research needs include quantifying the impacts of land cover change on nutrient and sediment dynamics, soil organic carbon stocks, and changes in biodiversity. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Data integration; Eutrophication; GIS/remote sensing; Historical analysis; Lake victoria basin; Land degradation; Land use/land cover changes	afforestation; alternative agriculture; anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; data interpretation; ecosystem modeling; future prospect; land cover; land use change; monitoring system; nutrient dynamics; quantitative analysis; remote sensing; research work; satellite imagery; sedimentation rate; soil organic matter; trend analysis; vegetation dynamics; water quality; East African Lakes; Kagera River; Lake Victoria; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247122846	Evaluation of crude oil contaminated soil on the mineral nutrient elements of maize (Zea mays L.)	Agbogidi O.M., Eruotor P.G., Akparobi S.O., Nnaji G.U.	2007	Journal of Agronomy	6	1	None	Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	Agbogidi, O.M., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Eruotor, P.G., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Akparobi, S.O., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Nnaji, G.U., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	This study evaluated the effects of crude oil contaminated soil on the mineral nutrient elements of maize. The study was conducted in Asaba and Ozoro locations of Delta State during the 2003 and 2004 planting seasons. Open pollinated AMATZBR y maize variety was used for the study. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design replicated four times. Five crude oil concentrations (0, 5.2, 10.4, 20.8 and 41.6 mL) applied (ring application) at five weeks after planting (5 WAP) constituted treatments. The study location formed the main plot and the oil levels, the sub-plots. Grains were harvested at 14 WAP, shelled and analysed for mineral nutrient contents. Soil chemical properties were also analysed. The results showed that while total carbon, organic carbon, C/N ratio, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and pH were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in soils amended with crude oil, crude oil application to soil significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) electrical conductivity, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in both locations. The highest values of 23.49 and 16.67 were recorded for C/N ratio in soils with 41.6 mL of oil while the lowest values of 8.83 and 9.72 were obtained in soils without oil treatment in Asaba and Ozoro locations, respectively. Significant differences (p = 0.05) were observed in the nutrient contents of maize seeds grown in soils amended with crude oil when compared with those grown in the uncontaminated sub-plots. The present study has demonstrated that crude oil contamination can improve soil content of some nutrient elements including Mg2+, K+, P, Na+ and exhibit a highly significant effect of reducing the chemical composition of maize seeds. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Chemical composition; Crude oil; Maize; Nutrient elements; Soil contamination	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645690421	Evaluation of some herbaceous legumes for use as green manure crops in the rainfed rice based cropping system in Northern Ghana	Bayorbor T.B., Addai I.K., Lawson I.Y.D., Dogbe W., Djabletey D.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	1	10.3923/ja.2006.137.141	Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana	Bayorbor, T.B., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Addai, I.K., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Lawson, I.Y.D., Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box 1350, Tamale, Ghana; Dogbe, W., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana; Djabletey, D., Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana	Five herbaceous legumes, Mucuna pruriens var. nagaland, Mucuna pruriens var. cochichinensis, Crotalaria refusa, Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis were evaluated as green manure crops for rain fed rice at Nyankpala, Ghana in the interior guinea savanna zone of Ghana during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons. The Mucuna and Canavalia were planted at a spacing of 20x60 cm. Crotalaria was drilled at a seeding rate of 50 kg ha -1 with 20 cm in between the rows. At flowering, the legumes were incorporated into the soil and rice planted. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 30 or 60 kg ha -1 three weeks after planting rice. The treatment combinations were laid out in a factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results have shown that nodulation differed significantly among the legumes. Canavalia ensiformis (CE) gave the highest biomass followed by Mucuna pruriens var nagaland (MN). Mucuna pruriens var. nagaland (MN) gave the highest N accumulation. Incorporation of Mucuna pruriens var nagaland plus fertilizer application (30 kg N ha -1) enhanced yield of rice. It is recommended that for increased yield of rice, farmers in Northern Region of Ghana could integrate Mucuna pruriens var nagaland (MN) into their cropping system with fertilizer N application not exceeding 30 kg N ha -1. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Biomass production; Green manure; Herbaceous legumes; Nodulation; Rice-based cropping systems	Canavalia; Canavalia ensiformis; Crotalaria; Crotalaria juncea; Mucuna; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927716182	The impact of a faculty development programme for health professions educators in sub-Saharan Africa: An archival study	Frantz J.M., Bezuidenhout J., Burch V.C., Mthembu S., Rowe M., Tan C., Van Wyk J., Van Heerden B.	2015	BMC Medical Education	15	1	10.1186/s12909-015-0320-7	Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing, Pietermaritzburg KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Medical Education and Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Frantz, J.M., Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, J., Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Burch, V.C., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Mthembu, S., KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing, Pietermaritzburg KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rowe, M., Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Tan, C., Medical Education and Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Van Wyk, J., College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Van Heerden, B., Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Background: In 2008 the sub-Saharan FAIMER Regional Institute launched a faculty development programme aimed at enhancing the academic and research capacity of health professions educators working in sub-Saharan Africa. This two-year programme, a combination of residential and distance learning activities, focuses on developing the leadership, project management and programme evaluation skills of participants as well as teaching the key principles of health professions education-curriculum design, teaching and learning and assessment. Participants also gain first-hand research experience by designing and conducting an education innovation project in their home institutions. This study was conducted to determine the perceptions of participants regarding the personal and professional impact of the SAFRI programme. Methods: A retrospective document review, which included data about fellows who completed the programme between 2008 and 2011, was performed. Data included fellows' descriptions of their expectations, reflections on achievements and information shared on an online discussion forum. Data were analysed using Kirkpatrick's evaluation framework. Results: Participants (n=61) came from 10 African countries and included a wide range of health professions educators. Five key themes about the impact of the SAFRI programme were identified: (1) belonging to a community of practice, (2) personal development, (3) professional development, (4) capacity development, and (5) tools/strategies for project management and/or advancement. Conclusion: The SAFRI programme has a positive developmental impact on both participants and their respective institutions. © 2015 Frantz et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Evaluation; Faculty development; Kirkpatrick framework	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951159825	Perceived project value, opportunistic behavior, interorganizational cooperation, and contractor performance	Ntayi J., Rooks G., Eyaa S., Qian C.	2010	Journal of African Business	11	1	10.1080/15228911003608603	Faculty of Computing and Management Science, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Technology Management, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Department of Procurement and Logistics Management, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Nanjing Construction Company, Beijing, China	Ntayi, J., Faculty of Computing and Management Science, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Rooks, G., Department of Technology Management, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Eyaa, S., Department of Procurement and Logistics Management, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda; Qian, C., Nanjing Construction Company, Beijing, China	Predictors of contractor performance have attracted the attention of researchers in the developed world. However, research from sub-Saharan Africa to corroborate these findings has remained sparse. What exists is speculative and at best anecdotal. Using data from construction firms in Uganda, this study finds that commitment to the project, perceived value of the project, interorganizational cooperation, and opportunistic behavior are significant predictors of contractor performance. This has both policy and managerial implications, which we present in this paper. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Construction; Contractor performance; Interorganizational relationships; Opportunistic	construction industry; firm size; industrial performance; perception; subcontracting; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955987155	The nature, extent and impact of the brain drain in Zimbabwe and South Africa [La nature, l'étendue et l'impact de la fuite des cerveaux au zimbabwe et en afrique du sud]	Gwaradzimba E., Shumba A.	2010	Acta Academica	42	1	None	Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Dept of Teacher Education, Faculty of Humanities, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein,9330, South Africa	Gwaradzimba, E., Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Shumba, A., Dept of Teacher Education, Faculty of Humanities, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein,9330, South Africa	Brain drain is regarded as one of the greatest threats to socio-economic development in Africa. The need to reverse brain drain and reposition Africa in the twenty-first century cannot be overemphasised. The current situation in African countries demands that Africa should embark on a radical project to redeem itself from poverty, underdevelopment, disease, and hunger. This article examines the nature, extent and impact of the brain drain in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The problem of brain drain is urgent and merits high-level attention by African governments. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952351799	Exploring the impact of self-directed team learning in an air traffic control environment	Maree J.G., Joubert C.G., Van Der Linde M., Van Staden P.J.	2010	Journal of Psychology in Africa	20	1	None	Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa	Maree, J.G., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Joubert, C.G., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Van Der Linde, M., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Van Staden, P.J., Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa	Experienced military air traffic controllers (25 respondents, males = 15, females = 10, years of experience = less than one year = 5 respondents, more than one year but less than three years = 11 respondents and more than three years = 9 respondents) participated in this study to determine whether self-directed team learning exists within their air traffic control teams and to understand the impact of self-directed team learning on the air traffic control work environment. Data on self-directed team learning and learning approaches were collected using a Self-directed Team Learning Questionnaire (SDTLQ) and a Learning Approaches Questionnaire (LAQ). These data were analysed using an inductive reasoning mode for qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis followed a supporting deductive reasoning mode. Triangulation as a technique was used to determine whether multiple sources of data agreed and to obtain better, cross-checked insights (Burgess, 1985). Results revealed that these air traffic controllers and air traffic control teams investigated in the study do indeed function within self-directed working, training and learning environments. The quality of team performance was influenced by self-directed team learning initiatives. Furthermore, the quality of self-directed team learning relied upon the effectiveness of air traffic control team performances.	Air traffic control; Continuation training; Human factors; Self-directed team learning; Teamwork	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928883486	Performance evaluation of biodiesel-biodiesel blends in a dedicated CIDI engine	Ayetor G.K., Sunnu A., Parbey J.	2015	International Journal of Renewable Energy Research	5	1	None	Faculty of Engineering, Koforidua polytechnic, Box 981, Koforidua, Ghana; Faculty of Mechanical and Agric. Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, College of mechanical and agricultural engineering, Private mail bag, Kumasi, Ghana	Ayetor, G.K., Faculty of Engineering, Koforidua polytechnic, Box 981, Koforidua, Ghana; Sunnu, A., Faculty of Mechanical and Agric. Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, College of mechanical and agricultural engineering, Private mail bag, Kumasi, Ghana; Parbey, J., Faculty of Engineering, Koforidua polytechnic, Box 981, Koforidua, Ghana	Characteristics of biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil Methyl Ester (PKOME), Jatropha Curcas Methyl Ester (JCME) & Coconut Oil Methyl Ester (COME) and their blends have been determined to run in a compression ignition direct injection (CIDI) internal combustion engine. The vegetable oils of Ghanaian origin (PKOME, COME and JCME) were converted to biodiesel by transesterification. Optimum amount of catalysts including 1% H2SO4, 1% NaOH and methanol: oil ratio between 6:1 and 8:1 produced the best yields of the biodiesels. The biodiesels were run in a VW diesel engine in an experiment. PKOME and COME were blended in proportions of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% to determine the best blend for optimum physiochemical properties and engine performance. JCME was also blended with COME in the same proportions. Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption best values were obtained with 75% COME and 25% PKOME at desirability of 97% with brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of 15.4 MJ/kWh, CO (0.39 Vol. %), HC (45 ppm) and NOx (146 ppm). The best blend JCME and COME was in the proportion 75% JCME and 25% COME with BSEC of 13 MJ/kW h and CO, HC and NOx emissions of 0.24 Vol. %, 65 ppm and 256 ppm respectively. The best blends made engine performance properties close to petroleum diesel (BSEC= 11.8 MJ/kW h, CO=0.43 Vol. %, HC=103 ppm, NOx= 140 ppm). Therefore blends of JCME (75%) and COME (25%) produced better engine performance than petroleum diesel CO by 80% and HC by 58%. The result show that blending biodiesel of different feedstock can improve CIDI engine performance and exhaust emissions.	Biodiesel; Coconut oil, renewable energy; Jatropha; Palm kernel oil	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348998733	Friction stir weld process evaluation by multi-axial transducer	Blignault C., Hattingh D.G., Kruger G.H., van Niekerk T.I., James M.N.	2008	Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation	41	1	10.1016/j.measurement.2006.12.001	Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Faculty of Technology, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA England, United Kingdom	Blignault, C., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Hattingh, D.G., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Kruger, G.H., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; van Niekerk, T.I., Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; James, M.N., Faculty of Technology, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA England, United Kingdom	Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state joining technique that is rapidly establishing itself as an approved production technique and it remains the focus of significant international research effort. Scientific understanding of the FSW process is necessary for its successful automation. The interaction between the rotating tool and the alloy is complex, making the determination of the contribution of various process parameters (tool geometry, temperature, rake angle, speed and feed) to the desired weld properties difficult. The construction of a rotating multi-axial transducer has been realised. This allows online and offline measurement of process responses (force footprint, energy, temperature, etc.) and can be incorporated into a feedback control system for the processes technical and economic trade-off regulation. This paper describes the design, development and calibration of this multi-axial transducer. The application of the real-time process data to develop the force footprint as an aid for gaining scientific insight into FSW is also discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Force footprint; Friction stir weld (FSW); Transducer	Automation; Calibration; Feedback control; Real time systems; Transducers; Force footprint; Friction stir weld (FSW); Process control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939419414	Impact of thermoelectric cooling modules on the efficiency of a single-phase asynchronous machine	Gouws R., Van Jaarsveldt H.	2014	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	25	1	None	Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Gouws, R., Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Jaarsveldt, H., Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	In this paper, the authors present the impact of thermoelectric cooling modules (TECMs) on the efficiency of a single-phase asynchronous machine. TECMs are used to lower the stator winding temperature and core temperature of the single-phase asynchronous machine. A similar effect might be possible by operating the asynchronous machine in a controlled lower temperature environment or by using other means of improved controlled cooling. An overview on the materials and method used during the experimental setup of the single-phase asynchronous machine with the TECMs is provided. Experimental results on the efficiency analysis, temperature analysis and equivalent circuit parameter analysis are provided. It is shown that the efficiency of the single-phase asynchronous machine can be increased by 4.44% when cooled by TECMs.	Asynchronous machine; Efficiency temperature analysis; Thermoelectric cooling modules	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947356758	Impact of contraception use among women seeking tubal ligation in the rural Democratic Republic of the Congo	Chabikuli N., Ngwala P.	2007	South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	13	1	None	Health Systems Management, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, School of Public Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Institut Medical Evangelique, Kimpese Hospital, Bas-Congo, Congo	Chabikuli, N., Health Systems Management, University of London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, School of Public Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Ngwala, P., Institut Medical Evangelique, Kimpese Hospital, Bas-Congo, Congo	Introduction. Investing in health is recommended for economic growth and the reduction of inequity in developing countries. Family planning is one such investment that benefits women and children. But resource-constrained environments, such as countries in conflict, present logistical and other challenges to the implementation of health programmes. For this reason even a proven cost-effective health intervention still needs to be contextualised to assess the actual benefit or impact in resource-constrained settings. Objectives. To describe user characteristics and analyse the impact of reversible contraception use among women who underwent tubal ligation in a rural health district of the Democratic Republic of Congo over a 4-year period. Methods. A retrospective analysis of family planning programme registers for 4 years (1990 - 1994). During the study period, 400 women underwent tubal ligation. All records except for 76 that were incomplete were included in the study. Results. A sample of 324 women was analysed. Most of the subjects (96%) were older than 30 years and of the Christian protestant faith (85%). Most had an education level less than secondary. Of the participants 99% were married; 98% of participants did not work outside the home. There was no significant difference in the average birth interval between contraceptive users and non-users (p = 0.246), but small families of less than 5 children were significantly more common (p = 0.006) in the small group of contraception users compared with non-users (10.1% and 2.8% respectively). Conclusions. The demand for surgical contraception comes mainly from married women with low education and economic status. Previous use of contraception did not make a difference in terms of birth spacing, suggesting a high prevalence of inconsistent or incorrect use of contraception.	None	adult; article; contraception; controlled study; Democratic Republic Congo; family planning; family size; female; health program; human; marriage; medical record review; register; religion; rural health care; sampling; socioeconomics; uterine tube ligation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902740981	Economic support to improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes in South Africa: A qualitative process evaluation of a cluster randomized controlled trial	Lutge E., Lewin S., Volmink J.	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-236	Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Francie van Zyl Drive, Parrow 7505, South Africa; Cochrane Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zyl Drive, Parrow 7505, South Africa	Lutge, E., Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Lewin, S., Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Francie van Zyl Drive, Parrow 7505, South Africa; Volmink, J., Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa, Cochrane Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zyl Drive, Parrow 7505, South Africa	Background: Poverty undermines the adherence of patients to tuberculosis treatment. A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate the extent to which economic support in the form of a voucher would improve patients' adherence to treatment, and their treatment outcomes. Although the trial showed a modest improvement in the treatment success rates of the intervention group, this was not statistically significant, due in part to the low fidelity to the trial intervention. A qualitative process evaluation, conducted in the final few months of the trial, explained some of the factors that contributed to this low fidelity.Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with patients who received vouchers, nurses in intervention clinics, personnel in shops who administered the vouchers, and managers of the TB Control Programme. These interviews were analyzed thematically.Results: The low fidelity to the trial intervention can be explained by two main factors. The first was nurses' tendency to 'ration' the vouchers, only giving them to the most needy of eligible patients and leaving out those eligible patients whom they felt were financially more comfortable. The second was logistical issues related to the administration of the voucher as vouchers were not always available for patients on their appointed clinic dates, necessitating further visits to the clinics which they were not always able to make.Conclusions: This process evaluation identifies some of the most important factors that contributed to the results of this pragmatic trial. It highlights the value of process evaluations as tools to explain the results of randomized trials and emphasizes the importance of implementers as 'street level bureaucrats' who may profoundly affect the way an intervention is administered.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN50689131, registered 21 April 2009.The trial protocol is available at the following web address: http://www.hst.org.za/publications/study-protocol-economic-incentives-improving-clinical-outcomes-patients-tb-south-africa. © 2014 Lutge et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Economic; Enablers; Incentives; Qualitative process evaluation; RCT; Support; Tuberculosis	adult; article; clinical article; controlled study; female; health economics; human; male; patient compliance; qualitative research; randomized controlled trial; social justice; South Africa; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; catering service; economics; financial management; health care cost; health personnel attitude; income; medication compliance; patient selection; poverty; sample size; time; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; tuberculostatic agent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Attitude of Health Personnel; Female; Financing, Personal; Food Supply; Health Care Costs; Health Expenditures; Humans; Income; Male; Medication Adherence; Patient Selection; Poverty; Qualitative Research; Sample Size; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis	Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958113181	The impact of the choice on termination of pregnancy act of 1996 (act 92 of 1996) on criminal abortions in the mthatha area of South Africa	Meel B.L., Kaswa R.P.	2009	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	1	1	10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.36	Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa	Meel, B.L., Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa; Kaswa, R.P., Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa	Background: The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996 (Act 92 of 1996) allows abortions to be legally carried out in South Africa. It is not clear how many people are utilising this service. Mthatha is a poverty-stricken area with a high rate of illiteracy. The available infrastructure, such as roads, health facilities and communication, is poor. Method: This was a retrospective, descriptive study carried out at the Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital in Mthatha. The registered criminal abortion cases recorded between 1993 and 2006 were analysed. Results: There were 51 cases of criminal abortions recorded from 1993 to 2006. Of these, 32 were aborted in the fi rst trimester of pregnancy and the rest were in the second trimester. No signifi cant gender differences were observed among aborted babies. 10 of the foetuses were male and nine were female. The highest number (nine) of abortions was recorded in 1993 and in 2005. The highest number of criminal abortions (11) took place in May. Most cases (35) were concealed births and were discovered accidentally either by the public or the police. Conclusion: The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996 (Act 92 of 1996) had no impact on criminal abortions in the Mthatha area of South Africa. © 2009. The Authors.	Choice on termination of pregnancy act of 1996 (Act 92 of 1996); Criminal abortion; Foetuses; South africa; Termination	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930665037	Evaluation of universal newborn hearing screening in South African primary care	Khoza-Shangase K., Harbinson S.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.769	Faculty of Humanities, Department of Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Khoza-Shangase, K., Faculty of Humanities, Department of Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Harbinson, S., Faculty of Humanities, Department of Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Background: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHC) is the gold standard toward early hearing detection and intervention, hence the importance of its deliberation within the South African context. Aim: To determine the feasibility of screening in low-risk neonates, using Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs), within the Midwife Obstetric Unit (MOU) three-day assessment clinic at a Community Health Centre (CHC), at various test times following birth. Method: Within a quantitative, prospective design, 272 neonates were included. Case history interviews, otoscopic examinations and Distortion Product OAEs (DPOAEs) screening were conducted at two sessions (within six hours and approximately three days after birth). Data were analysed via descriptive statistics. Results: Based on current staffing profile and practice, efficient and comprehensive screening is not successful within hours of birth, but is more so at the MOU three-day assessment clinic. Significantly higher numbers of infants were screened at session 2, with significantly less false-positive results. At session 1, only 38.1% of the neonates were screened, as opposed to more than 100% at session 2. Session 1 yielded an 82.1% rate of false positive findings, a rate that not only has important implications for the emotional well-being of the parents; but also for resource-stricken environments where expenditure has to be accounted for carefully. Conclusion: Current findings highlight the importance of studying methodologies to ensure effective reach for hearing screening within the South African context. These findings argue for UNHS initiatives to include the MOU three-day assessment to ensure that a higher number of neonates are reached and confounding variables such as vernix have been eliminated. © 2015. The Authors.	None	None	None
None	None	Performance of HRP-2 based rapid diagnostic test for malaria and its variation with age in an area of intense malaria transmission in southern tanzania	Laurent A., Schellenberg J., Shirima K., Ketende S.C., Alonso P.L., Mshinda H., Tanner M., Schellenberg D.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-294	Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland	Laurent, A., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Schellenberg, J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Shirima, K., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ketende, S.C., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alonso, P.L., Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain; Mshinda, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanner, M., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Schellenberg, D., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background. The use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been widely advocated to improve Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis, especially in settings where quality microscopy is not available. RDTs based on the detection of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2) can remain positive for several weeks after an infection is cured, due to the persistence of HRP-2 antigens. As a result, test specificity may vary between age groups with different prevalence of P. falciparum infection. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional survey, carried out in southern Tanzania in July and August 2004, evaluated the performance of the Paracheck Pf in comparison with microscopy (number of P. falciparum parasites/200 leucocytes). A sample of 598 individuals living in an area of intense malaria transmission had demographic data collected before an RDT was performed. HRP-2 test sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated and compared between distinct age groups, using microscopy as "gold standard". Results. The overall malaria prevalence was 34.3% according to microscopy and 57.2% according to the HRP-2 test. The HRP-2 test had a sensitivity of 96.1%, a specificity of 63.1%, a positive predictive value of 57.6% and a negative predictive value of 96.9%. The test sensitivity was higher (ranging from 98% to 100%) amongst people less than 25 years of age, but decreased to 81.3% in older adults. The HRP-2 test specificity varied between age groups, ranging from 25% among children of five to nine years of age, to 73% among adults aged 25 or more. The test positive predictive value increased with malaria prevalence, while the negative predictive value was consistently high across age groups. Conclusions. These results suggest that the performance of HRP-2 tests in areas of intense malaria transmission varies by age and the prevalence of P. falciparum infection. The particularly low specificity among children will lead to the over-estimation of malaria infection prevalence in this group. © 2010 Laurent et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	histidine rich protein 2; protozoal protein; unclassified drug; HRP 2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; HRP-2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; parasite antigen; protozoal protein; adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; child; controlled study; demography; diagnostic test; female; gold standard; human; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; parasite transmission; Plasmodium falciparum; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; age; comparative study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic test; evaluation; infant; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; methodology; newborn; parasitology; predictive value; preschool child; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Antigens, Protozoan; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Microscopy; Parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Predictive Value of Tests; Protozoan Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751470672	Postgraduate palliative care education: Evaluation of a South African programme	Ens C.D.L., Chochinov H.M., Gwyther E., Moses S., Jackson C., Thompson G., Harding R.	2011	South African Medical Journal	101	1	None	Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba FASD Centre, MB, Canada; Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Centre for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas Hospitals Carla	Ens, C.D.L., Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba FASD Centre, MB, Canada; Chochinov, H.M., Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Gwyther, E., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Moses, S., Centre for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Jackson, C., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Thompson, G., Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Harding, R., Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas Hospitals Carla	Aim. We aimed to assess the postgraduate palliative care distance education programme of the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of its perceived ability to influence palliative care delivery. Methods. A mixed-methods approach, consisting of two surveys using open-ended and multiple-choice options, was conducted from January to December 2007 at the UCT School of Public Health and Family Medicine. All students registered in the programme from 2000 - 2007 were invited to participate; 83 (66.4% of all eligible participants) completed the general survey, and 41 (65.7%) of the programme's graduates completed the graduate survey. The survey scores and open-ended data were triangulated to evaluate UCT's palliative care postgraduate programme. Results. General survey scores of graduates were significantly higher in 5 of the 6 categories in comparison with current students. The graduate survey indicated that curriculum and teaching strengths were in communication and dealing with challenging encounters. Graduates also stressed the need to develop a curriculum that incorporated a practical component. Conclusions. In addition to current postgraduate training, palliative care education in South Africa should be extended to undergraduate medical students, as the benefits of UCT's programme were limited to a small cohort of practitioners.	None	article; controlled study; curriculum development; education program; female; health care delivery; human; male; medical student; palliative therapy; postgraduate education; South Africa; teaching; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Humans; Palliative Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953736894	Students performance and perception of neurophysiology: feedback for innovative curricular reform in a nigerian medical school	Nwobodo E., Anyaehie U.B., Nwobodo N., Awiwa C., Ofoegbu E., Okonkwo C., Aligekwe C., Burdick B.	2009	Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences	24	1	None	Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University at Nnewi, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; FAIMER Institute, Market Road Philadelphia, United States	Nwobodo, E., Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University at Nnewi, Nigeria; Anyaehie, U.B., College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Nwobodo, N., Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University at Nnewi, Nigeria; Awiwa, C., Faculty of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Ofoegbu, E., College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Okonkwo, C., Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University at Nnewi, Nigeria, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, FAIMER Institute, Market Road Philadelphia, United States; Aligekwe, C., Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University at Nnewi, Nigeria, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, FAIMER Institute, Market Road Philadelphia, United States; Burdick, B., FAIMER Institute, Market Road Philadelphia, United States	This study aimed at ascertaining the status of students' performances and their perception of the learning of neurophysiology in a Nigerian medical school. The goal of the study was to determine ways of addressing identified negative perceptions for the purpose of improving upon the overall learning and use neurophysiology knowledge by structured curricular reform. We analyzed and compared the performances of students in three areas of physiology at the second professional examinations over a three-year period (n=300). We also surveyed learning experience of a batch of graduating doctors in neurosciences (n=50) and surveyed the staff and students' perception of the teaching of neurophysiology. The students performances in neurophysiology was comparatively poorer than in cardiovascular and endocrinology aspects of the subject over a three year period at the second professional examinations. The reported students perception of their neurophysiology learning included uninteresting, abstract concepts, lack of real examples and conflicting facts with their prior basic knowledge. Over 50% of the graduands rated their learning experiences as poor or very poor or below average for the neuroscience courses. The analyses of the curricular contents of neurophysiology in the preclinical departments indicted asynchrony and redundancy in topics that may reduce the learning and reduce teaching time efficiency of the neuroscience courses. It is suggested that learning experiences of medical students should be routinely monitored and structured to ensure that the graduate doctor is able to understand and transfer learned experiences into clinical studies and practice. A horizontally integrated curriculum may be one way of raising students knowledge, attitude and skills in neuroscience courses as taught in the preclinical departments and is suggested. © Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2009.	Curriculum; Horizontal integration; Learning experiences; Students	adaptive behavior; article; comprehension; curriculum; education; human; learning; medical education; medical school; medical student; methodology; neurophysiology; Nigeria; perception; psychological aspect; questionnaire; teaching; Comprehension; Curriculum; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Feedback, Psychological; Humans; Learning; Neurophysiology; Nigeria; Perception; Questionnaires; Schools, Medical; Students, Medical; Teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855881430	The use of response surface methodology in the evaluation of captopril microparticles manufactured using an oil in oil solvent evaporation technique	Khamanga S.M., Walker R.B.	2012	Journal of Microencapsulation	29	1	10.3109/02652048.2011.629744	Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Khamanga, S.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Walker, R.B., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Captopril (CPT) microparticles were manufactured by solvent evaporation using acetone (dispersion phase) and liquid paraffin (manufacturing phase) with Eudragit® and Methocel® as coat materials. Design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches were used to optimize the process. The microparticles were characterized based on the percent of drug released and yield, microcapsule size, entrapment efficiency and Hausner ratio. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro dissolution studies were conducted. The microcapsules were spherical, free-flowing and IR and DSC thermograms revealed that CPT was stable. The percent drug released was investigated with respect to Eudragit® RS and Methocel® K100M, Methocel® K15M concentrations and homogenizing speed. The optimal conditions for microencapsulation were 1.12g Eudragit® RS, 0.67g Methocel® K100M and 0.39g Methocel® K15M at a homogenizing speed of 1643rpm and 89% CPT was released. The value of RSM-mediated microencapsulation of CPT was elucidated. © 2012 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved.	Captopril; Factorial design; Microencapsulation; Response surface methodology; Solvent evaporation technique	captopril; oil; solvent; article; differential scanning calorimetry; drug coating; drug manufacture; drug release; emulsion; evaporation; in vitro study; infrared spectroscopy; melting point; microencapsulation; nonhuman; particle size; response surface method; scanning electron microscopy; thermography; viscosity; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Captopril; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microspheres; Oils; Particle Size; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Infrared	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71349083537	Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. obtained by hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction methods	Okoh O.O., Sadimenko A.P., Afolayan A.J.	2010	Food Chemistry	120	1	10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.084	Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Okoh, O.O., Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Sadimenko, A.P., Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa	Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a perennial herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as a food flavouring agent, and well known medicinally for its powerful antimutagenic, antibacterial and chemopreventive properties. Essential oils were obtained from this plant by hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME). GC-MS analyses of the oils revealed the presence of 24 and 21 compounds in the essential oils obtained through HD and SFME, respectively. The total yield of the volatile fractions obtained through HD and SFME was 0.31% and 0.39%, respectively. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene-4-ol, linalool, α-terpeneol (28.6%) were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD (26.98%). However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans β-ocimene, γ-terpenene, and cis sabinene hydrate (32.95%) than SFME extracted oil (25.77%). The essential oils obtained using the two methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg ml-1. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.23 mg ml-1 and 7.5 mg ml-1.. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antimicrobial activity; Essential oil; Hydrodistillation; Rosmarinus officinalis; Solvent free microwave extraction	1 methyl 2,4 nitrophenylbenzimid; 1,5 diphenyl 2h 1,2,4 triazoline; 2 methoxy 3,8 dioxocephalotax 1 ene; alpha phellanderene; behenic acid; beta pinene; borneol; bornyl acetate; camphene; camphor; caryophyllene; caryophyllene oxide; cineole; essential oil; humulene; jasmone; linalool; myrcene; myrtenol; ocimene; pentasiloxane; phthalic acid; phthalic acid derivative; pinene; sabinene; sesquiterpene derivative; terpene 4 ol; terpene derivative; terpinene; unclassified drug; verbinone; antibacterial activity; article; chemical composition; controlled study; distillation; gas chromatography; intermethod comparison; mass spectrometry; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; rosemary; solvent extraction; Dryobalanops; Lamiaceae; Rosmarinus officinalis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939239085	Qualitative evaluation of primary care providers experiences of a training programme to offer brief behaviour change counselling on risk factors for non-communicable diseases in South Africa	Malan Z., Mash R., Everett-Murphy K.	2015	BMC Family Practice	16	1	10.1186/s12875-015-0318-6	Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Chronic Diseases Initiative in Africa (CDIA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, P/Bag X 3, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Malan, Z., Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Mash, R., Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa; Everett-Murphy, K., Chronic Diseases Initiative in Africa (CDIA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, P/Bag X 3, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: The global epidemic of non-communicable disease (NCDs) has been linked with four modifiable risky lifestyle behaviours, namely smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and alcohol abuse. Primary care providers (PCPs) can play an important role in changing patient's risky behaviours. It is recommended that PCPs provide individual brief behaviour change counselling (BBCC) as part of everyday primary care. This study is part of a larger project that re-designed the current training for PCPs in South Africa, to offer a standardized approach to BBCC based on the 5 As and a guiding style. This article reports on a qualitative sub-study, which explored whether the training intervention changed PCPs perception of their confidence in their ability to offer BBCC, whether they believed that the new approach could overcome the barriers to implementation in clinical practice and be sustained, and their recommendations on future training and integration of BBCC into curricula and clinical practice. Methods: This was a qualitative study that used verbal feedback from participants at the beginning and end of the training course, and twelve individual in-depth interviews with participants once they had returned to their clinical practice. Results: Although PCP's confidence in their ability to counselling improved, and some thought that time constraints could be overcome, they still reported that understaffing, lack of support from within the facility and poor continuity of care were barriers to counselling. However, the current organisational culture was not congruent with the patient-centred guiding style of BBCC. Training should be incorporated into undergraduate curricula of PCPs for both nurses and doctors, to ensure that counselling skills are embedded from the start. Existing PCPs should be offered training as part of continued professional development programmes. Conclusions: This study showed that although training changed PCPs perception of their ability to offer BBCC, and increased their confidence to overcome certain barriers to implementation, significant barriers remained. It is clear that to incorporate BBCC into everyday care, not only training, but also a whole systems approach is needed, that involves the patient, provider, and service organisation at different levels. © 2015 Malan et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893832088	Political Economy of Service Delivery: Monitoring Versus Contestation	Hausken K., Ncube M.	2014	Developing Economies	52	1	10.1111/deve.12035	Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway; African Development Bank Group, Tunis, Tunisia; Graduate School of Business Administration, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Hausken, K., Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway; Ncube, M., African Development Bank Group, Tunis, Tunisia, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Many communities suffer limited public goods provision due to civil servants (doctors, teachers, etc.) supplementing their low income with moonlighting activities. Monitors of civil servants commonly also earn low salaries from monitoring and may prefer political contestation for power and prestige. We determine an internal equilibrium for how monitors strike a balance between monitoring and political contestation, and a corner solution where an unresourceful monitor does not monitor. Multiple characteristics, including the intensity of political contestation, are accounted for. Survey data from Tanzania and Senegal are used to show the significance of poor service delivery within education and healthcare services. © 2014 Institute of Developing Economies.	Conflict; Contestation; Game; Monitoring; Production; Public good; Service delivery	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876500079	Closing the prevention of mother-to-child transmission gap in Nigeria: An evaluation of service improvement intervention in Nigeria	Chabikuli O.N., Gwarzo U., Olufunso A., Reidpath D., Allotey P., Ibrahim M., Hamelmann C.	2013	South African Family Practice	55	1	None	Family Health International 360, Department of Family Medicine, Medunsa, South Africa; Family Health International 360, Nigeria; Monitoring and Evaluation, Family Health International 360, Nigeria; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Services, Mon	Chabikuli, O.N., Family Health International 360, Department of Family Medicine, Medunsa, South Africa; Gwarzo, U., Family Health International 360, Nigeria; Olufunso, A., Monitoring and Evaluation, Family Health International 360, Nigeria; Reidpath, D., Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Services, Monash University, Malaysia; Allotey, P., Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Services, Monash University, Malaysia; Ibrahim, M., Family Health International 360, Nigeria; Hamelmann, C.	Objectives: The objective was to assess improvement, or lack thereof, in the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) services at selected sites supported sites by the Global HIV/AIDS Initiative Nigeria (GHAIN). Design: The study used aggregated monthly service statistics to evaluate service improvement efforts that were conducted before and after these were undertaken between July 2007-June 2008. Settings and subjects: The service improvement efforts took place in 60 public healthcare facilities. Outcome measures: The study measured changes in the number of pregnant women who attended antenatal clinics for the first time, the number of pregnant women tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the number of HIV-positive women receiving antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis, and the service ratio, an indicator of the relative uptake of ARV prophylaxis. An estimate of MTCT events that were averted through ARV prophylaxis taken by the pregnant women was also calculated. Results: One hundred and twenty thousand, five hundred and thirty-seven women attended an antenatal clinic (ANC) for the first time. There was an average of 167.4 monthly attendances per facility. ANC attendance increased per facility by 11.1 women monthly post-intervention (p-value < 0.01). The uptake of HIV testing was 87%, with a monthly average increase of 17.8 women tested per facility (p-value < 0.01). ARV prophylaxis uptake rose from 3.3-5.4 women per facility per month (p-value < 0.01). The service ratio per facility improved from 5.3 women receiving ARVs to 6.5 for every 10 women who tested positive for HIV (p-value < 0.01). Applying risk reduction estimates of different ARV regimens, it was estimated that between 88-169 MTCT events were averted pre-intervention, and 143-276 events, post-intervention. Conclusion: Service improvement intervention improved the utilisation of PMTCT services. It should be a key intervention that is used to close the PMTCT gap in Nigeria. © SAAFP.	Effectiveness; Evaluation; HIV; Nigeria; PMTCT; Service improvement	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; female; health care facility; health care utilization; health service; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; major clinical study; Nigeria; placental transfer; pregnant woman; prenatal care; risk reduction; virus transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866183320	The impact of brief quality improvement (QI) projects by medical students in primary care in Gauteng or the North West Province, South Africa	van Deventer C., Sondzaba N.	2012	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	4	1	10.4102/phcfm.v4i1.383	Family Physician, Dr Kenneth Kaunda District, North West Province, South Africa; Department of Family Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	van Deventer, C., Family Physician, Dr Kenneth Kaunda District, North West Province, South Africa, Department of Family Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Sondzaba, N., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Background: The Integrated Primary Care (IPC) rotation is undertaken over six weeks by final year medical students at the University of Witwatersrand. Students are placed in either rural or urban primary health care centres based in Gauteng or the North West Province. As part of the IPC rotation, students undertake short quality improvement (QI) projects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the QI projects undertaken over the period stretching from 2006 to 2010. Methods: An observational study of QI reports done by students. Project reports assessed and compared to site marks, indicators of learning assessed and individual and group marks compared. Results: Of 274 projects undertaken, 223 (81.4%) were available for evaluation. Geographical placements and QI themes were categorised. Management issues were most frequently identified as being problematic followed by chronic illnesses. Understanding and applying the principles of QI was partially achieved and gaps were identified for future projects. The most common intervention was training of personnel and design and distribution of posters or pamphlets. Conclusions: Most QI projects were well thought out and relevant to the chosen setting. In the majority of cases, a great deal of effort and creativity went into the process and skills other than clinical skills were employed such as writing, presentation of data in graphs and tables. Integration of theory and practice was achieved only partially. © 2012. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955328501	Building a palliative care program in ethiopia: The impact on HIV and AIDS patients and their families	Wube M., Horne C.J., Stuer F.	2010	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management	40	1	10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.04.003	Family Health International, Ethiopia; Family Health International, 339 Hilda Street, Pretoria, Gauteng 0083, South Africa	Wube, M., Family Health International, Ethiopia; Horne, C.J., Family Health International, 339 Hilda Street, Pretoria, Gauteng 0083, South Africa; Stuer, F., Family Health International, Ethiopia	Home- and community-based care in Ethiopia implements palliative care through the continuum of care in 14 major cities with links to local health facilities. Community support through traditional burial societies (idirs) makes it possible for the program to provide holistic care to people living with HIV (PLHIV) and their family members. The program has been shown to 1) reduce stigma and discrimination of PLHIV and vulnerable children, 2) increase acceptance and use of voluntary testing and counseling for HIV, 3) improve PLHIV health and well-being, 4) improve household economic conditions of PLHIV, orphans and vulnerable children, and other beneficiaries, and 5) increase community support by idirs. © 2010 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee. Published by Elsevier Inc.	Community care; Ethiopia; HIV and AIDS; Home-based care; Idirs; Palliative care	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS patient; article; community care; economic aspect; Ethiopia; family assessment; family centered care; health care access; health care facility; health care planning; health program; holistic care; home care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nursing care; orphaned child; outcome assessment; palliative therapy; patient attitude; patient compliance; patient counseling; patient education; quality of life; social discrimination; social support; stigma; wellbeing; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; family; HIV Infections; palliative therapy; patient; treatment outcome; trends; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Ethiopia; Family; Health Plan Implementation; HIV Infections; Humans; Palliative Care; Patients; Treatment Outcome	None
WoS	WOS:000309891600011	Evaluation of scaling-up should take into account financial access Comment on: Evaluating the scale-up for maternal and child survival: a common framework	Assefa, Yibeltal,Bermejo, Raoul,Hercot, David,Van Damme, Wim	2012	INTERNATIONAL HEALTH	4	1	10.1016/j.inhe.2011.11.002	Fed HIV AIDS Prevent & Control Off, Inst Trop Med	None	None	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949083973	Performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) leaves extract supplement	Nworgu F.C., Onabakin A.M., Obadina T.A.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	1	None	Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Nworgu, F.C., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Onabakin, A.M., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obadina, T.A., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	A 10-week trial was conducted to evaluate the performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (T. occidentalis) leaves extract (FPLE). Twenty four six-weeks old weaned rabbits averagely weighing 507.5 g were matched for weight and sex and distributed to four treatments which contained 0, 50, 100 and 150 ml FPLE per litre of water for A, B, C and D, respectively, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated three times. The rabbits were fed the same growers diet. Feed and water were served ad-libitum. The experiment lasted 10 weeks and the FPLE was offered at 4 days interval throughout the period of the experiment. The results revealed that FPLE was rich in protein and minerals but low in fibre, tannin and oxalate, hence a good protein and mineral supplement for weaned rabbits during dry season in humid tropical environment. Results of final live weight, average body weight gain (ABWG), feed conversion ration, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed cost per kg live weight gain, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and white and red blood cells were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different among the treatments. The ABWG, PER, PCV, Hb and RBC were for the weaned rabbits served 150 ml FPLE 1515 g/rabbit, 1.74, 66.33%, 7.33 g/100 ml and 5.39×106 L-1 and for control 930 g/rabbit, 0.85, 58.00%, 6.83 g/100 ml and 5.02×106L -1, respectively. The aforementioned parameters progressively and significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased with increased concentrations of FPLE. For improved rabbit production and blood formation, 150 ml FPLE is recommended for weaned rabbits as 0-100 ml FPLE had lower performance effects in terms of ABWG, PER, RBC and relative cost advantage.	Fluted pumpkin; Haematological indices; Performance; Supplement; Weaned rabbits	Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46849096098	The effects of therapeutic management approach on depressive symptomatology and cognitive task performance among the physically challenged students of rehabilitation centre, Ibadan, Nigeria	Busari A.O., Eniola M.S.	2008	Anthropologist	10	1	None	Federal College of Education Special, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Special Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Busari, A.O., Federal College of Education Special, Oyo, Nigeria; Eniola, M.S., Department of Special Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This study investigated therapeutic management approach of depressive symptomatology on the performance of Cognitive task among the special need students of rehabilitation centre, Ibadan, Nigeria (male one hundred and eleven and female eight-nine), A self constructed validated questionnaire was used to generate data. The t-test statistics was employed to test the three research hypotheses formulated while the adjusted post-mean score was performed on the achievement test scores. Findings indicated that there were significant differences in the signs and symptoms of depression exhibited by the experimental and the control groups. Further, better cognitive task performance by the experimental group due to reduction in the level of signs and symptoms of depression was revealed. © Kamla-Raj 2008.	Cognitive task; Depressive symptomatology; Physically challenged; Therapeutic management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349229757	Nutritional evaluation of termite (Macrotermes subhyalinus) meal as animal protein supplements in the diets of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings	Sogbesan A.O., Ugwumba A.A.A.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sogbesan, A.O., Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; Ugwumba, A.A.A., University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	250 fingerlings of Heterobranchus longifilis had an average weight of 2.04±0.21 g were fed five crude protein 42.5% isonitrogenous experimental diets coded Tm1 - Tm5 were tested on the fingerlings. Termite meal was used to replace fish meal in the diets at 0% (Diet Tm1- control diet), 25% (Diet Tm2), 50% (Diet Tm3), 75% (Diet Tm4) and 100% termite meal inclusion levels (Diet Tm5). The experiment was in triplicates and the fingerlings were fed 5% body weight twice a day for 12 weeks. Termite meal had a crude protein of 46.3% and ash content of 3.6% while fish meal used has 71.5% crude protein and 18.2% ash and these differed significantly (P<0.05). The lipid content of 11.3% and 8.0% respectively for termite meal and fishmeal also differed significantly (P<0.05). The water stability of the experimental diets ranged between72.3%-76.9%. The highest mean weight gain of 9.6 g/fish, relative growth rate of 488.0% and specific growth rate of 0.9%/day were recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The feed striking time ranged between 5.0-6.0 second. The lowest feed conversion ratio of 2.9 and highest protein efficiency ratio of 0.8 were also recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The lowest incidence of cost (2.1), highest profit index (1.6) and best benefit cost ratio (1.2) were also from 50% termite meal diet. Based on the broken-line analysis, 50% inclusion levels of termite meal will yield the best result in a practical diet for H. longifilis fingerlings for a profitable and sustainable aquaculture venture. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Cost; Fishmeal; Growth; H. longifilis; Nutrient; Termite meal	Animalia; Heterobranchus longifilis; Isoptera; Macrotermes subhyalinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874000462	The impact of climate variability on water and energy demand: The case of South African local governments	Ncube M., Zikhali P., Musango J.K.	2013	Water and Environment Journal	27	1	10.1111/j.1747-6593.2012.00323.x	Financial and Fiscal Commission, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Water Management Institute, Southern African Regional Office, Pretoria, South Africa; Gauteng City-Region Observatory, Johannesburg, South Africa	Ncube, M., Financial and Fiscal Commission, Johannesburg, South Africa; Zikhali, P., International Water Management Institute, Southern African Regional Office, Pretoria, South Africa; Musango, J.K., Gauteng City-Region Observatory, Johannesburg, South Africa	There is a growing need to understand how climate change impacts not only on people's livelihoods but also on the level and cost of local government infrastructure required to provide basic commodities such as water and energy. In South Africa, few studies have examined the impact of climate change on operations of local governments. This paper examines the impact of rainfall variability on municipalities' water and energy demand. A non-linear relationship between water and energy demand and rainfall variability was found. The results suggest that, by influencing the operations and budgets of local governments, climate change is a real threat to local governments. The local governments need to be proactively involved in the efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change. This is particularly important in developing countries where the impact of climate change is more severe than in developed countries, yet adaptation and mitigation capabilities in these countries are weak. © 2012 The Authors. Water and Environment Journal © 2012 CIWEM.	Adaptation; Climate variability; Electricity-related expenditures; Mitigation; Rainfall variability; Water-related expenditures	Adaptation; Climate variability; Electricity-related expenditures; Mitigation; Rainfall variability; Water-related expenditures; Developing countries; Energy management; Rain; Climate change; ground water; ozone; rain; surface water; water; climate variation; energy use; local government; mitigation; nonlinearity; rainfall; water demand; air quality; article; biodiversity; climate change; electricity; energy; energy expenditure; energy resource; government; greenhouse gas; gross national product; priority journal; social status; South Africa; water supply; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873979266	Impact of fiscal policy in an intertemporal CGE model for South Africa	Mabugu R., Robichaud V., Maisonnave H., Chitiga M.	2013	Economic Modelling	31	1	10.1016/j.econmod.2013.01.019	Financial and Fiscal Commission, Private Bag X69, Halfway House 1685, South Africa; CIRPEE, Université Laval and PEP network, Canada; Human Sciences Research Council, Economic Performance and Development Unit, South Africa	Mabugu, R., Financial and Fiscal Commission, Private Bag X69, Halfway House 1685, South Africa; Robichaud, V., CIRPEE, Université Laval and PEP network, Canada; Maisonnave, H., CIRPEE, Université Laval and PEP network, Canada; Chitiga, M., Human Sciences Research Council, Economic Performance and Development Unit, South Africa	This paper uses an intertemporal computable general equilibrium model to investigate the consequences of an expansive fiscal policy designed to accelerate economic growth in South Africa. A key contribution is made to existing literature on the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy in African economies. To the best of our knowledge, no published study has empirically analyzed the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in the context of an open, middle-income sub-Saharan African economy like South Africa using an integrated intertemporal model with such disaggregated production structure. The paper shows that an expansive fiscal policy would have a temporary impact on gross domestic product (GDP) but would translate into higher debt relative to GDP. Using increased taxation to finance the additional spending would lessen this impact but would also negatively affect macroeconomic variables. Increased investment spending would improve long-term GDP, under any financing scheme, and would decrease debt-to-GDP ratio as well as deficit-to-GDP ratio. This outcome is driven by the positive impact infrastructure has on total factor productivity. Sensitivity analysis shows that these conclusions are qualitatively similar for wide values of the elasticity of the total factor productivity to infrastructure. In fact, the conclusions hold even when comparing different financing schemes. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Infrastructure; Intertemporal CGE model; New growth path; South Africa; Total factor productivity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896794938	Evaluation of waste process grease as feedstock for biodiesel production	Marx S., Venter R.	2014	Waste and Biomass Valorization	5	1	10.1007/s12649-013-9218-y	Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Marx, S., Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Venter, R., Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Awareness of the depletion of fossil energy reserves, the rising demand for energy in the world and the problems associated with the burning of fossil fuel encourage researchers to find alternative energy sources, such as biodiesel. The use of inedible and waste oils as feedstock for biodiesel production is an important way of converting waste into valuable energy products. In this study, waste process grease (WPG) was used to produce biodiesel via two processing routes. The traditional twostep alkaline catalyzed transesterification method (route 1) produced biodiesel that did not conform to the SANS1935 biodiesel standard of South Africa with regard to sulfur and phosphorous levels. The WPG in the second process route was modified by saponification with aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by acidulation with hydrochloric acid to be purified by means of column chromatography. A hydrophobic resin with methanol as the mobile phase was used to reduce the non-polar sulfur from the grease. The crude biodiesel produced by means of acid esterification using sulfuric acid as catalyst was purified using silica gel with hexane as the mobile phase. The sulfur level in the biodiesel was reduced to a low enough level to conform to the SANS1935 standard for biodiesel production. It was shown with this study that waste process grease from the metal working industry can be used to produce biodiesel that conforms to the SANS 1935 specification for sulfur and is suitable to be used in biodiesel blending. A preliminary economic assessment shows that owed to the complexity of the second process route, biodiesel produced by this process is not economically viable given the current petroleum diesel prices. With the rising trend in crude oil prices and the limited supply of feedstock for biodiesel, WPG is anticipated to become a viable feedstock for biodiesel production in future. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.	Biodiesel feedstock; Chromatography; Feedstock purification; Phosphorous; Sulfur; Waste process grease	Acid esterification; Alternative energy source; Biodiesel feedstock; Biodiesel production; Economic assessments; Economically viable; Phosphorous; Trans-esterification methods; Blending; Chromatography; Feedstocks; Phosphorus; Proven reserves; Purification; Silica gel; Sulfur; Biodiesel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58449089773	The impact of primary health care on malaria morbidity - Defining access by disease burden	O'Meara W.P., Noor A., Gatakaa H., Tsofa B., McKenzie F.E., Marsh K.	2009	Tropical Medicine and International Health	14	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02194.x	Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, CGMRC/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Ministry of Health, Kilifi, Kenya	O'Meara, W.P., Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Noor, A., KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Nairobi, Kenya; Gatakaa, H., Kenya Medical Research Institute, CGMRC/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Tsofa, B., Ministry of Health, Kilifi, Kenya; McKenzie, F.E., Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Marsh, K., Ministry of Health, Kilifi, Kenya	Objectives Primary care facilities are increasingly becoming the focal point for distribution of malaria intervention strategies, but physical access to these facilities may limit the extent to which communities can be reached. To investigate the impact of travel time to primary care on the incidence of hospitalized malaria episodes in a rural district in Kenya. Methods The incidence of hospitalized malaria in a population under continuous demographic surveillance was recorded over 3 years. The time to travel to the nearest primary health care facility was calculated for every child between birth and 5 years of age and trends in incidence of hospitalized malaria as a function of travel time were evaluated. Results The incidence of hospitalized malaria more than doubled as travel time to the nearest primary care facility increased from 10 min to 2 h. Good access to primary health facilities may reduce the burden of disease by as much as 66%. Conclusions Our results highlight both the potential of the primary health care system in reaching those most at risk and reducing the disease burden. Insufficient access is an important risk factor, one that may be inequitably distributed to the poorest households. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Access; Kenya; Malaria morbidity; Primary health care; Travel time	child health; disease control; health care; malaria; morbidity; travel time; article; child; disease surveillance; health care access; health care facility; hospital admission; hospital patient; human; infant; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; morbidity; newborn; outpatient care; preschool child; primary health care; rural health care; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Child, Preschool; Endemic Diseases; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Research; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Malaria; Primary Health Care; Residence Characteristics; Rural Health; Time Factors; Travel; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905967088	Development and evaluation of low cost evaporative cooling systems to minimise postharvest losses of tomatoes (Roma vf) around Woreta, Ethiopia	Woldemariam H.W., Abera B.D.	2014	International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation	4	1	10.1504/IJPTI.2014.064165	Food Technology and Process Engineering, Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Woldemariam, H.W., Food Technology and Process Engineering, Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Abera, B.D., Food Technology and Process Engineering, Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 26, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Low cost evaporative cooling systems were developed and investigated for their cooling efficiency to improve the shelf life of tomatoes. Average cooling efficiencies of bamboo jute and pot in pot coolers before being loaded with tomatoes were 82% and 79% and after being loaded were 67.6% and 61.6%, respectively. Physiological weight losses were 1.03%, 1.32% and 1.42% for bamboo jute, pot in pot coolers and ambient storage, respectively. The sensory results revealed that the shelf life of tomatoes were 5, 19 and 21 days for ambient, pot in pot and bamboo jute coolers, respectively. Storage type has significant difference on cooling efficiency but not on physiological weight loss, physical damage, freshness and rot incidence at p < 0.05. Thus, both evaporative coolers were found to be energy efficient, environmentally sound and can be used in areas where there is no electricity to improve the shelf life of tomatoes. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Cooling efficiency; Evaporative cooling; Postharvest loss; Shelf life; Tomatoes.	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70649103025	Evaluation of 21 Y-STRs for population and forensic studies	D'Amato M.E., Benjeddou M., Davison S.	2009	Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series	2	1	10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.091	Forensic DNA Lab, Biotechnology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, 7535 Bellville, South Africa	D'Amato, M.E., Forensic DNA Lab, Biotechnology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, 7535 Bellville, South Africa; Benjeddou, M., Forensic DNA Lab, Biotechnology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, 7535 Bellville, South Africa; Davison, S., Forensic DNA Lab, Biotechnology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, 7535 Bellville, South Africa	In the present study we evaluated the applicability for forensic and evolutionary studies of 21 Y-STR loci (DYS437, DYS447, DYS448, DYS449, DYS456, DYS481, DYS504, DYS510, DYS518, DYS532, DYS536, DYS542, DYS552, DYS562, DYS576, DYS587, DYS612, DYS626, DYS644, DYS710, and Y-GATA-H4). Allele sequence analysis, allele diversity, gene diversity, allele frequency spectrum, discrimination capacity and informativeness for assignment were studied in European English, Asian Indian and Xhosa population groups sampled in South Africa. Seven loci showed size homoplasy. Individuals with mixed ancestry were identified using a statistical method for population assignment and a phylogenetic network. In comparison to our previous minimal haplotype data for the same population groups these loci showed significant increase in discrimination capacity (overall, from 0.773 to 0.958). © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ancestry; Network; South Africa; Y-STRs	allele; article; Asian; evolution; forensic genetics; gene frequency; gene locus; genetic variability; genotype; haplotype; homoplasy; human; Indian; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; population genetics; priority journal; sequence analysis; short tandem repeat; South Africa; Y chromosome	None
None	None	Performance of four-year-old Australian and Papua New Guinean Acacia species/provenances at Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania	Kindo A., Mndolwa M.A., Edward E., Chamshama S.A.O.	2010	Southern Forests	72	1	10.2989/20702620.2010.481077	Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 426, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, PO Box 30021, Kibaha, Tanzania; Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kindo, A., Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 426, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mndolwa, M.A., Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, PO Box 30021, Kibaha, Tanzania; Edward, E., Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chamshama, S.A.O., Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania	This study to compare performance of three Australian-Papua New Guinean Acacia species/provenances (A. mangium, A. auriculiformis, A. crassicarpa) and A. julifera was conducted at Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania. Species/provenances were evaluated for survival, growth (diameter, height and volume), wood basic density and wood biomass. The trial was laid out using a randomised complete block design with three replications of 22 treatments (species/provenances). Data for survival, diameter at breast height and height was collected at ages 2 and 4 years from the nine inner-plot trees. Six defect-free trees from each treatment were selected at random for volume, wood basic density and biomass measurements. Results showed significant differences in survival, height and diameter growth among species/provenances at all assessment occasions. Average untransformed survival at 4 years ranged from 16.0% to 93.3%. Acacia crassicarpa from Bensbach, Papua New Guinea (PNG), had the largest diameter (13.9 cm) and A. crassicarpa from Bimadebum, PNG, had the largest height (12.6 m). Volume production and wood biomass differed significantly (p &lt; 0.001) among species/provenances. Acacia crassicarpa from Bensbach, PNG, had the highest volume (58.7 m 3 ha -1) and wood biomass (53.4 t ha -1) while A. mangium from Kongowe, Tanzania, had the lowest height (4.6 m), volume (1.92 m 3 ha -1) and wood biomass (2.7 t ha -1). Acacia mangium from Claudie River, Queensland, had the highest basic density (610.6 kg m -3) while the accession from Bituri, PNG, had the lowest (375.2 kg m -3). Ordinal ranking indicated that the three best-performing Australian-PNG Acacia species/ provenances were A. crassicarpa from Bimadebum, PNG; A. crassicarpa from Bensbach, PNG; and A. auriculiformis from south of Coen, Cape York. The three poorest species/provenances were A. mangium from Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania; A. julifera subsp. julifera from Ipswich, Queensland; and A. mangium from Balimo, PNG. The best-performing species/ provenances are recommended for planting in Kongowe and other areas with similar ecological conditions. © NISC (Pty) Ltd.	Australian-papua new guinean acacias; Biomass; Performance; Tanzania	Acacia; Acacia auriculiformis; Acacia crassicarpa; Acacia julifera; Acacia mangium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149118064	Performance of exotic tree species planted for poverty alleviation in Lesotho	Pama M.M., Zwolinski J.	2008	Southern Forests	70	1	10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.1.4.514	Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Department of Forestry, PO Box 262, Leribe, Lesotho	Pama, M.M., Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa, Department of Forestry, PO Box 262, Leribe, Lesotho; Zwolinski, J., Forestry Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The people of Lesotho are among the poorest in the southern African region. The country is located in the Drakensberg mountains where winters are bitterly cold. Rural communities depend on woodfuels and cow dung for heating and cooking. Since the indigenous forest resources are insufficient, the people have engaged in planting fast-growing exotic species of trees for over 100 years. This study presents results from 86 permanent sampling plots established in woodlots in 1984. Overall, the survival of Pinus halepensis, P. pinaster, P. radiata, Eucalyptus macarthurii and E. rubida exceeded 80%. The greatest roundwood volume of 183 m3 ha-1 was produced in a 14-year-old P. radiata stand. Wood of branches and stumps would add to the total volume if trees are grown for woodfuels. Even higher volume production can be expected by better protecting woodlots from wild fires, animal grazing and timber theft. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Eucalyptus rubida; Pinus radiata; Poverty; Woodfuels; Woodlots	Animalia; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus macarthurii; Eucalyptus rubida; Pinus halepensis; Pinus radiata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875038467	Performance monitoring system for a biomass gasifier	Mamphweli N.S., Meyer E.L.	2013	Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology	11	1	10.1108/17260531311309099	Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Mamphweli, N.S., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Meyer, E.L., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Purpose: The aim of this research is to build a low-cost gas and temperature profiling system for data acquisition at a biomass gasifier. Design/methodology/approach: A gas and temperature profiling system was developed from NDIR sensors, Pd/Ni sensor, a number of type K thermocouples and a data logger interfaced to a computer. Findings: The results obtained using the system were in agreement with the results obtained using a gas chromatograph for gasses. The temperature recorded during the testing also followed the expected temperature of the gasifier used. Research limitations/implications: The lifetime of the developed system depends on the lifetime of the sensors used. NDIR sensors have a lifetime of three years working on a continuous basis and the Pd/Ni sensor has a lifetime of ten years. Replacement of the Pd/Ni sensor after ten years is not a problem as the payback period of biomass gasifier systems is around eight to ten years. Practical implications: The major implication for this research was that low-cost gas and temperature measuring systems could be developed. These could be useful particularly for PhD students and other researchers who need to get onsite data on gas and temperature profiles at a gasifier system for a period of three years. Social implications: Biomass gasifier technologies can be used to provide power in rural areas that are outside the national utility grid but endowed with biomass resources. The provision of electricity to these communities could solve social challenges such as exposure to smoke in open fire normally used by rural women for cooking. The developed data acquisition system is therefore necessary to conduct research on gasification. Originality/value: The findings of this paper are of importance to researchers who need online data but do not have funding to purchase bulky and expensive equipment's for gas analysis at biomass gasifier systems. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Design; Information processing; Power electronics; Process control; Product design; Renewable energy; System design	Data acquisition system; Design/methodology/approach; Expensive equipments; Performance monitoring systems; Renewable energies; Temperature measuring system; Temperature profiles; Temperature profiling; Data processing; Design; Investments; Power electronics; Process control; Product design; Research; Rural areas; Sensors; Systems analysis; Thermocouples; Biomass	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650714156	The effects of spectral evaluation of c-Si modules	Simon M., Meyer E.L.	2011	Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications	19	1	10.1002/pip.973	Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag x1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Simon, M., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag x1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Meyer, E.L., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag x1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Outdoor spectral measurements in sub-Sahara, South Africa in particular have not been documented probably due to lack of data or lack of proper methodologies for quantifying the spectral effects on photovoltaic performance parameters. Crystalline-Si modules are widely used for system designs in most cases based on the data provided from indoor measurements or from maritime northern hemispheric conditions. As a result of this, PV systems fail to deliver their intended maximum power output. In this study, a methodology for quantifying outdoor spectral effects of c-Si modules commonly found in the African continent is presented. The results of three crystalline-Si modules indicate that these modules are affected as the spectrum shifts during seasons although these devices are perceived (without outdoor data) that their performance is not influenced by the seasonal changes in outdoor spectrum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	crystalline-Si modules; outdoor spectrum; spectral effects	crystalline-Si modules; Indoor measurement; Maximum power output; outdoor spectrum; Photovoltaic performance; PV system; Seasonal changes; South Africa; Spectral effects; Spectral measurement; Spectrum shifts; System design; Crystalline materials; Silicon; Systems analysis; Photovoltaic effects	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876884028	Physico-chemical impacts of terrestrial alien vegetation on temporary wetlands in a sclerophyllous Sand fynbos ecosystem	Bird M.S., Day J.A., Rebelo A.J.	2013	Hydrobiologia	711	1	10.1007/s10750-013-1470-4	Freshwater Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Bird, M.S., Freshwater Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Day, J.A., Freshwater Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Rebelo, A.J., Freshwater Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Temporary depression wetlands form a characteristic feature of the wet-season landscape in the south-western Cape region of South Africa, yet they remain largely unstudied. We hypothesized that the loss of sclerophyllous Sand fynbos habitat around these temporary wetlands causes in-wetland physico-chemical changes. We expected to observe a decrease in the concentration of humic substances in wetlands and a corresponding rise in surface water pH as fynbos cover decreases around wetlands, in this case owing to alien vegetation invasion. A set of 12 differentially invaded temporary depression wetlands within a Sand fynbos ecosystem in Cape Town were repeatedly sampled during the 2009 wet season. Multivariate gradient analysis techniques revealed associations between fynbos cover bordering wetlands and various physico-chemical and biotope constituents within wetlands. Univariate linear regression models reported strong and temporally consistent negative relationships between terrestrial fynbos vegetation cover and wetland pH and positive relationships with humic content. Results indicate that replacement of Sand fynbos with alien vegetation causes a reduction of humic input to wetlands, which in turn has knock-on effects on other wetland environmental constituents such as pH. These findings are expected to be applicable to any wetland where surrounding humic-rich sclerophyllous vegetation is replaced by a non-sclerophyllous agent. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Alien vegetation; Environmental conditions; Habitat transformation; Temporary wetlands	biological invasion; biotope; environmental conditions; fynbos; habitat loss; habitat quality; humic substance; invasive species; pH; physicochemical property; regression analysis; vegetation cover; vegetation dynamics; wetland; Cape Town; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952649928	Chemical composition of the dry fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera and its potential impact on human health	Akin-Idowu P.E., Ibitoye D.O., Ademoyegun O.T., Adeniyi O.T.	2011	Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants	17	1	10.1080/10496475.2011.560087	Fruits and Biotechnology Programme, National Horticultural Research Institute, P. M. B. 5432, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crop Utilization Unit, National Horticultural Research Institute, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crop Utilization Unit, International In	Akin-Idowu, P.E., Fruits and Biotechnology Programme, National Horticultural Research Institute, P. M. B. 5432, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ibitoye, D.O., Fruits and Biotechnology Programme, National Horticultural Research Institute, P. M. B. 5432, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ademoyegun, O.T., Crop Utilization Unit, National Horticultural Research Institute, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adeniyi, O.T., Crop Utilization Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria	The chemical composition of Tetrapleura tetraptera, used traditionally as a spice and in African folk medicine, was determined. The proximate composition (%) based on dry weight was ash (3.17 to 3.48); crude protein (5.13 to 8.65); sugar (3.29 to 39.63); and starch (7.56 to 29.10). The mineral content (mg/kg) based on dry weight was Fe (29.69 to 65.06); Zn (5.35 to 25.16); Cu (4.00 to 12.54); Mg (392.35 to 2951.28); Mn (16.23 to 178.91);, Na (119.48 to 2364.93); Ca (1348.63 to 13839.86); K (8631.09 to 14881.00); and B (1.14 to 6.23). The sugar, starch, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca; and K contents were different in different sections of the fruit (p < 0 .05). The phytochemicals (mg/100 g) based on dry weight were total polyphenol (38.05 to 2907.15); flavonoid (10.30 to 410.75); saponin (60.80 to 953.40); tannin (135.50 to 1097.50); and phytate (1021.00 to 5170.00). The phytochemical composition in the fruits was generally high and comparable to other commonly used spices, indicating the potential use of T. tetraptera as a source of these phytochemicals in traditional medicine. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	folk medicine; phytate; phytochemicals; spice; tannin; total polyphenols	boron; calcium; copper; flavonoid; iron; magnesium; manganese; phytate; polyphenol; potassium; saponin; sodium; starch; sugar; tannin; vegetable protein; zinc; chemical composition; fruit; health impact; legume; medicinal plant; phenol; phytochemistry; protein; public health; starch; sugar; tannin; traditional medicine; article; ash; chemical composition; concentration (parameters); dry weight; fruit; nonhuman; plant seed; Tetrapleura; tetrapleura tetraptera; Tetrapleura tetraptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897825166	The interpretation of a knowledge claim in the Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) and the impact of this on RPL practice	de Graaff F.	2014	Studies in Continuing Education	36	1	10.1080/0158037X.2013.779239	Fundani Center for Higher Education Development (CHED), Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), Cape Town, South Africa	de Graaff, F., Fundani Center for Higher Education Development (CHED), Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), Cape Town, South Africa	The question addressed in this paper is: what does a knowledge claim consist of in the context of the Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)? The research comprises a case study of RPL applicants' entry into a postgraduate diploma (a fourth-year programme) in project management. The focus is on the knowledge claims made as part of the RPL application by experienced project managers and leaders. Three different aspects of the knowledge claims are analysed: what the knowledge claim consists of; what the academic interpretation of the claims is; and how the interpretation of the claims impacts on the RPL approach. The findings deal with the knowledge of the project management cycle prior to entry into higher education. It is found that knowledge claims not only consist of theoretical knowledge but also mainly situational knowledge, ability and attitude. In addition, the knowledge claims made in the RPL application based on the relevant and substantial knowledge are acknowledged by the academic institution in question. The RPL approach that results from the interpretation of the knowledge claims does conform to one RPL approach, within the paradigm of project management. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.	assessment; knowledge claim; project management; Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL); situational knowledge; workplace learning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922996867	Street hawking among in-school adolescents in a south-western town in Nigeria: Pattern, determinants and effects on school performance	Ijadunola M.Y., Ojo T.O., Babatunde A., Olatunji G.J., Owolabi G.K., Adewale I.A., Ifedayo I.F., Friday I.S.	2015	International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health	27	1	10.1515/ijamh-2013-0342	FWACP, Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 2064, Ile-Ife Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Community Health, Obafem	Ijadunola, M.Y., FWACP, Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.O. Box 2064, Ile-Ife Osun State, Nigeria; Ojo, T.O., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Babatunde, A., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Olatunji, G.J., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Owolabi, G.K., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adewale, I.A., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ifedayo, I.F., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Friday, I.S., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Street hawking is the commonest form of child labor in Nigeria. Although street hawking is very pervasive, there is the increasing need to fully understand its pattern and effects on those involved in hawking particularly adolescents who combine schooling with hawking. In Nigeria, data on the effects of street hawking on in-school adolescents are generally scanty. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in Ife Central Local Government Area (LGA) of Osun State, Nigeria to assess the pattern, determinants of street hawking among in-school adolescents and its effect on school performance. A cross-sectional study of 435 adolescents (aged 10-19) attending public secondary schools was done. Data were collected using facilitated self-administered questionnaires alongside a review of class records. Appropriate statistical analysis including multiple regression was done. Results showed mean age of respondents to be 14.6±2.1 years with prevalence of street hawking at 37.2%. Early adolescents (10-13 years) were more likely to engage in street hawking compared to their counterparts in late adolescence (aged 17-19). Female adolescents and students of trading mothers were significantly more likely to engage in street hawking. Respondents engaged in street hawking were significantly more likely to have failed the last academic term examination. The findings from this study will be useful for stakeholders as they develop policies and programmes to address the challenge of street hawking among adolescent school goers. © 2015 by De Gruyter.	Adolescents; school performance; south-western Nigeria; street-hawking	academic achievement; adolescent; adolescent behavior; adult; Article; child; child abuse; child labor; domestic violence; female; health care policy; high school; human; major clinical study; male; mother; multiple regression; Nigeria; prevalence; questionnaire; school child; statistical analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849146320	Evaluation of maize varieties for resistance to northern leaf blight under field conditions in Ethiopia	Abebe D., Singburaudom N., Sangchote S., Sarobol E.	2008	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	42	1	None	Gambella Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 62, Gambella, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Abebe, D., Gambella Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 62, Gambella, Ethiopia; Singburaudom, N., Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Sangchote, S., Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Sarobol, E., Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	A study of reaction of thirteen maize varieties to northern leaf blight mainly caused by Exserhilum turcicum (Pass) Leonard and Suggs, were conducted at three locations Gambella, Abobo and Bako during 2003 and 2004 crop seasons. Variation among maize varieties was observed for several disease variables; the number of lesion, size, incidence, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and severity rating scale. In general, significant differences among genotypes were observed for data based on lesion number, size, AUDPC and severity rating scale at all locations. Susceptible varieties Gussau, Aboboko and Local- M had high AUDPC, large lesion size, fast onset of disease and many lesions in numbers. The host entries used in this study indicated that Kuleni was the most resistant to northern leaf blight across three locations, with low rating score. There was different response among varieties depending on disease intensity at each location. At Abobo, the final severity increased from 0.00 to 96.66% in 2003 and the results observed from 10.00 to 96.66% at Bako. However, at Gambella the incidence was as low as from 0.00 to 83.33%. Disease assessment methods were generally correlated with one another. Several varieties showed similaly significant reaction to disease in all locations. This meant that there was no virulent difference existing in the pathogen populations from location to location.	Area under disease progress curve; Exserhilum turcicum; Northern leaf blight; Resistance	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931274129	Impact of HIV on and the constructions of masculinities among HIV-positive men in South Africa: Implications for secondary prevention programs	Sikweyiya Y., Jewkes R., Dunkle K.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v7.24631	Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States	Sikweyiya, Y., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Jewkes, R., Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Dunkle, K., Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: To date, whilst there have been many published studies exploring the links between masculinity and HIV, not much work has been done to explore how an HIV-positive diagnosis impacts men's sense of masculinity and contextualizing the masculinities as fluid and changing. Objective: To explore how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) impacts the lives of men and their constructions of masculinity through interviews with 18 men living with HIV. Design: Qualitative study involving conveniently and purposively selected black South African adult men who lived with HIV. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 men who resided in Johannesburg and Mthatha, South Africa. Results: Our analysis suggests that the performance of risky masculinity may influence the acquisition of HIV. Yet, it also reveals that HIV can have a significant effect on men and their masculinities. Men's constructions of harmful notions of hegemonic masculinity pre-HIV diagnosis negatively affected their help-seeking behavior and coping and adjustment to living with HIV, post-diagnosis. The dominant discourse that men are strong and healthy visibly presented challenges for men when faced with an HIV-positive status. They interpreted HIV diagnosis as a loss, a sign of failure as a man, and evidence of an inability to retain control. Being sick undermined their ability to perform roles expected of them, and this led to feelings of powerlessness, worthlessness, and distress. Conclusions: Interventions with men living with HIV need to provide safe spaces for men to critically explore gender and constructions of social identities and the pressures these place on men and implications for their health. With this approach, harmful constructions of masculinities may be challenged and mitigated, and this process may render men amenable to change. © 2014 Yandisa M. Sikweyiya et al.	Coping and adjustment; HIV; Masculinities; Men; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924139696	Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention: Shortened interrupted time series evaluation of a behavioural and structural health promotion and violence prevention intervention for young people in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa	Jewkes R., Gibbs A., Jama-Shai N., Willan S., Misselhorn A., Mushinga M., Washington L., Mbatha N., Skiweyiya Y.	2014	BMC Public Health	14	1	10.1186/1471-2458-14-1325	Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Project Empower, Durban, South Africa	Jewkes, R., Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibbs, A., HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Jama-Shai, N., Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Willan, S., HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Misselhorn, A., HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Mushinga, M., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Washington, L., Project Empower, Durban, South Africa; Mbatha, N., Project Empower, Durban, South Africa; Skiweyiya, Y., Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: Gender-based violence and HIV are highly prevalent in the harsh environment of informal settlements and reducing violence here is very challenging. The group intervention Stepping Stones has been shown to reduce men's perpetration of violence in more rural areas, but violence experienced by women in the study was not affected. Economic empowerment interventions with gender training can protect older women from violence, but microloan interventions have proved challenging with young women. We investigated whether combining a broad economic empowerment intervention and Stepping Stones could impact on violence among young men and women. The intervention, Creating Futures, was developed as a new generation of economic empowerment intervention, which enabled livelihood strengthening though helping participants find work or set up a business, and did not give cash or make loans. Methods: We piloted Stepping Stones with Creating Futures in two informal settlements of Durban with 232 out of school youth, mostly aged 18-30 and evaluated with a shortened interrupted time series of two baseline surveys and at 28 and 58 weeks post-baseline. 94/110 men and 111/122 women completed the last assessment, 85.5% and 90.2% respectively of those enrolled. To determine trend, we built random effects regression models with each individual as the cluster for each variable, and measured the slope of the line across the time points. Results: Men's mean earnings in the past month increased by 247% from R411 (~$40) to R1015 (~$102, and women's by 278% R 174 (~$17) to R 484 (about $48) (trend test, p < 0.0001). There was a significant reduction in women's experience of the combined measure of physical and/or sexual IPV in the prior three months from 30.3% to 18.9% (p = 0.037). This was not seen for men. However both men and women scored significantly better on gender attitudes and men significantly reduced their controlling practices in their relationship. The prevalence of moderate or severe depression symptomatology among men and suicidal thoughts decreased significantly (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01). Conclusions: These findings are very positive for an exploratory study and indicate that the Creating Futures/ Stepping Stones intervention has potential for impact in these difficult areas with young men and women. Further evaluation is needed. © 2014 Jewkes et al.	None	adolescent; adult; alcoholism; attitude; behavior; depression; female; health promotion; HIV Infections; human; income; male; partner violence; prevalence; prevention and control; procedures; sexual behavior; South Africa; statistics and numerical data; suicidal ideation; violence; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Attitude; Depression; Female; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Income; Interrupted Time Series Analysis; Male; Power (Psychology); Prevalence; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Spouse Abuse; Suicidal Ideation; Violence; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905911793	Findings from the SASA! Study: A cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda	Abramsky T., Devries K., Kiss L., Nakuti J., Kyegombe N., Starmann E., Cundill B., Francisco L., Kaye D., Musuya T., Michau L., Watts C.	2014	BMC Medicine	12	1	10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5	Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Raising Voices, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda	Abramsky, T., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Devries, K., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Kiss, L., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Nakuti, J., Raising Voices, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Kyegombe, N., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Starmann, E., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Cundill, B., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Francisco, L., Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kaye, D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Musuya, T., Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Michau, L., Raising Voices, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Watts, C., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom	Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV are important and interconnected public health concerns. While it is recognized that they share common social drivers, there is limited evidence surrounding the potential of community interventions to reduce violence and HIV risk at the community level. The SASA! study assessed the community-level impact of SASA!, a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence and reduce HIV-risk behaviors. Methods: From 2007 to 2012 a pair-matched cluster randomized controlled trial (CRT) was conducted in eight communities (four intervention and four control) in Kampala, Uganda. Cross-sectional surveys of a random sample of community members, 18- to 49-years old, were undertaken at baseline (n = 1,583) and four years post intervention implementation (n = 2,532). Six violence and HIV-related primary outcomes were defined a priori. An adjusted cluster-level intention-to-treat analysis compared outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up.Results: The intervention was associated with significantly lower social acceptance of IPV among women (adjusted risk ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 0.79) and lower acceptance among men (0.13, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.15); significantly greater acceptance that a woman can refuse sex among women (1.28, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.52) and men (1.31, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.70); 52% lower past year experience of physical IPV among women (0.48, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.39); and lower levels of past year experience of sexual IPV (0.76, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.72). Women experiencing violence in intervention communities were more likely to receive supportive community responses. Reported past year sexual concurrency by men was significantly lower in intervention compared to control communities (0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.91). Conclusions: This is the first CRT in sub-Saharan Africa to assess the community impact of a mobilization program on the social acceptability of IPV, the past year prevalence of IPV and levels of sexual concurrency. SASA! achieved important community impacts, and is now being delivered in control communities and replicated in 15 countries.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT00790959,. Study protocol available at http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/13/1/96. © 2014 Abramsky et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community mobilization; East Africa; Gender based violence; HIV; Impact evaluation; Intimate partner violence; Uganda; Violence prevention	adult; Article; community care; concurrent sexual partnership; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; follow up; health care survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; intention to treat analysis; intervention study; male; outcome assessment; partner violence; random sample; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction; sexual behavior; sexual violence; social acceptance; Uganda; adolescent; cluster analysis; community care; HIV Infections; middle aged; partner violence; prevention and control; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; Adolescent; Adult; Cluster Analysis; Community Health Services; Community Networks; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Spouse Abuse; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875705356	Evaluation of bioremediation efficiency of crude oil-polluted soils as influenced by application of composts and NPK fertilizer	Onibon V.O., Fagbola O.	2013	Fresenius Environmental Bulletin	22	1	None	General Studies Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Nigeria; Agronomy Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Onibon, V.O., General Studies Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Nigeria; Fagbola, O., Agronomy Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Deleterious and toxic organic compounds that are introduced into the environment during crude oil extraction, gas flares and several other forms of wastes, change the geochemical composition of the soil as well as other components of the environment resulting in environmental pollution. Several methods or means have been used to remove crude oil including application of chemicals, inorganic fertilizers, incineration methods, phytoremediation, and abandoning the soil etc. But these methods have an environmental or economic draw-back that limits their uses. The use of compost, however, offers the possibility of remediation and enhancing the fertility of degraded soil. Studies were carried out on this field. Poultry manure (PM), sawdust (S), crop residue (CR), cow dung (C) and market wastes (MW), equal proportions of materials, were used as compost materials, and NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; 15:15:15) was applied as inorganic fertilizer. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates involving three compost treatments and inorganic fertilizers (NPK), T, (PM + S + CR), T2 (CD + S + CR), T3 (MW + S + CR) and T4 (NPK, 15:15:15) was adopted. Laboratory analyses were conducted on polluted and unpolluted soils. On the field, 5.0 t/ha of composts and 0.2 t/ha of NPK were applied two weeks after addition of crude oil. The two experiments were left for two weeks after amendment before planting maize. Crude oil hydrocarbon-tolerant microbes in the soil were estimated using dilution plate technique, and the CO2 evolution from the soil was also determined. It was observed that the quantities of carbon dioxide evolved from polluted soils (860 mg 100 g-1) being higher than 520 mg 100 g-1 in unpolluted soil. In general, polluted soils continued to evolve significantly higher quantities of CO2, relative to unpolluted soils till the end of the study. Highest microbial population occurred in T1treated soil with a range of 2.1 × 106to 1.2 × 107 cfu/g in polluted soil, followed by T2 ranging from 2.2 × 106 to 1.1 × 10 7 cfu/g, but significantly different (P &lt;0.05) from T1 in unpolluted soils ranging from 1.6 × 106 cfu/g to 8.2 × 106 cfu/g and T2 (1.4 × 106 to 7.8 × 106 cfu/g) in unpolluted soils. The trend of increase in microbial population was T1 &gt; T2 &gt; T3 &gt; T4. Organic composts due to significant activities of microbes enhanced degradation of crude oil with evolution of carbon dioxide. However, crude oil polluted soils treated with poultry composts performed significantly better than other composts or NPK fertilizer.	Composts; Crude oil; Degradation; Evaluation; Microbial	bioremediation; crude oil; estimation method; fertilizer application; maize; phytoremediation; soil analysis; soil microorganism; soil pollution; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650356805	The use of real options valuation methodology in enhancing the understanding of the impact of climate change on companies	Tyler E., Chivaka R.	2011	Business Strategy and the Environment	20	1	10.1002/bse.668	Genesis Analytics, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Accounting University of Cape Town, South Africa	Tyler, E., Genesis Analytics, Cape Town, South Africa; Chivaka, R., Department of Accounting University of Cape Town, South Africa	Climate change has in recent years gathered traction on the business, political and social agenda. From the business perspective, research has shown that climate change impacts on company value are uncertain, significant and strategically important. The challenge therefore is for the business community to apply financial valuation models that support the incorporation of the climate change impacts in strategic planning. However, the commonly used discounted cash flow techniques in capital budgeting are seen as failing to address the high levels of uncertainties inherent in climate change impacts. Real options thinking has been touted as having the potential to enhance understanding of these impacts via its direct handling of uncertainty, although not much research has been done to demonstrate this. Using an illustrative case study, this research presents an argument for introducing the real options approach, a new method for valuing options of future strategic action by companies in a setting that exhibits climate change impacts. The objective of this research is to contribute to the literature on strategic tools for addressing climate change and ultimately offer some management insights that can narrow the gap between finance theory and business practice. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.	Biomass power generation projects; Case study; Clean development mechanism; Climate change; Discounted cash flow; Financial valuation techniques; Real options; Strategic investment	business cycle; clean development mechanism; climate change; climate effect; industrial investment; industrial policy; industrial production; research work; uncertainty analysis; valuation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921046644	Evaluation of the fate and pathological response in the lung and pleura of brake dust alone and in combination with added chrysotile compared to crocidolite asbestos following short-term inhalation exposure	Bernstein D.M., Rogers R.A., Sepulveda R., Kunzendorf P., Bellmann B., Ernst H., Creutzenberg O., Phillips J.I.	2015	Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology	283	1	10.1016/j.taap.2014.12.012	Geneva, Switzerland; Rogers Imaging, Needham, MA, United States; GSA Gesellschaft für Schadstoffanalytik mbH, Ratingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg South Africa and Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Bernstein, D.M., Geneva, Switzerland; Rogers, R.A., Rogers Imaging, Needham, MA, United States; Sepulveda, R., Rogers Imaging, Needham, MA, United States; Kunzendorf, P., GSA Gesellschaft für Schadstoffanalytik mbH, Ratingen, Germany; Bellmann, B., Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Ernst, H., Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Creutzenberg, O., Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Phillips, J.I., National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg South Africa and Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	This study was designed to provide an understanding of the biokinetics and potential toxicology in the lung and pleura following inhalation of brake dust following short term exposure in rats. The deposition, translocation and pathological response of brake-dust derived from brake pads manufactured with chrysotile were evaluated in comparison to the amphibole, crocidolite asbestos. Rats were exposed by inhalation 6. h/day for 5. days to either brake-dust obtained by sanding of brake-drums manufactured with chrysotile, a mixture of chrysotile and the brake-dust or crocidolite asbestos. The chrysotile fibers were relatively biosoluble whereas the crocidolite asbestos fibers persisted through the life-time of the animal. This was reflected in the lung and the pleura where no significant pathological response was observed at any time point in the brake dust or chrysotile/brake dust exposure groups through 365. days post exposure. In contrast, crocidolite asbestos produced a rapid inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma and the pleura, inducing a significant increase in fibrotic response in both of these compartments. Crocidolite fibers were observed embedded in the diaphragm with activated mesothelial cells immediately after cessation of exposure. While no chrysotile fibers were found in the mediastinal lymph nodes, crocidolite fibers of up to 35. μm were observed. These results provide support that brake-dust derived from chrysotile containing brake drums would not initiate a pathological response in the lung or the pleural cavity following short term inhalation. © 2015 .	Brake dust; Chrysotile; Crocdiolite asbestos; Fiber inhalation toxicology; Lung; Pleura	chrysotile; crocidolite; chrysotile; crocidolite; dust; animal experiment; animal tissue; Article; controlled study; diaphragm; dust exposure; inhalation; kinetics; lung; mediastinum lymph node; mesothelium cell; nonhuman; pleura; rat; scanning electron microscopy; analysis; animal; car; drug effects; dust; fibrosis; inhalational drug administration; lung; lymph node; male; metabolism; pathology; pleura; toxicity; Wistar rat; Animalia; Rattus; Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Asbestos, Crocidolite; Asbestos, Serpentine; Automobiles; Diaphragm; Dust; Fibrosis; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Male; Pleura; Rats, Wistar	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957940124	Shifting governance in STI: An analysis of the global governance institutions and their impact on South African policy	Rennkamp B., Naidoo D.	2011	South African Journal of International Affairs	18	1	10.1080/10220461.2011.564427	German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany; University of Pretoria, Tshwane - Gauteng, South Africa	Rennkamp, B., German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany; Naidoo, D., University of Pretoria, Tshwane - Gauteng, South Africa	Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is increasingly part of global politics. This article develops the argument that the governance of STI policy shifted with South Africa's transition to democracy and its re-integration into the international system. The traditionally inward oriented policy field has undergone a shift in governance towards internationalisation. This paper assesses these changes and their impact on South Africa's policymaking processes. The discussion seeks to span two disciplines, international relations and economic research on innovation, recognising the role of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) in domestic STI policymaking. We argue that the relationship between IGOs and national governments is two-sided and changes over time. The case of the South African government shows how it changed from the receiving end of the policy advice from IGOs towards an active force in shaping the international system with regard to STI, and pursuit of its own interests through spreading and setting up international norms. We hypothesise that these changes result from increasing governance capability and policy learning. These relationships between national and international actors and the role of international organisations in domestic STI policy formulation will be disentangled in this paper presenting two main findings. Firstly, the analysis of the global governance architecture in STI shows that international legalisation in STI has changed towards soft law mechanisms. In the early days of STI, international organisations focused mainly on regulating intellectual property rights (IPR), while today various UN agencies, OECD committees and Bretton Woods institutions seek to influence governments through rankings, reviews, policy advice, performance measurement, data collection and periodical surveillance. Secondly, during its process of reintegration into the international political system, the South African government demonstrated an evolution from exclusively receiving IGO's policy advice to increasingly becoming an initiator of international policy platforms in STI. © 2011 The South African Institute of International Affairs.	Foreign policy; Global governance; OECD; Science and technology; Soft law; South Africa; United nations	None	None
WoS	WOS:000275402800005	Rural Poverty Dynamics and Impact of Intervention Programs upon Chronic and Transitory Poverty in Northern Ethiopia	Deckers, Jozef,Haile, Mitiku,Mathijs, Erik,Nega, Fredu,Nyssen, Jan,Tollens, Eric	2010	AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW-REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT	22	1	None	Ghent University, KU Leuven, Mekelle University	"Deckers, Jozef: KU Leuven","Mathijs, Erik: KU Leuven","Nega, Fredu: Mekelle University","Nyssen, Jan: Ghent University","Tollens, Eric: KU Leuven"	P&gt;Using a three-year panel data set of rural households in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia, we examine the dynamics of poverty and the impact of two intervention measures-the food for work (FFW) and the food security package (FSP) programs-upon poverty by disaggregating total poverty into its transient and chronic components. Poverty in the region is predominantly chronic. Results of matching estimators indicate that the FSP program has a significant negative effect on total and chronic poverty, but not on transient poverty. Households involved in the program have on average lower levels of total and chronic poverty than households not involved in the program. The FFW on the other hand does not significantly influence any of the three forms of poverty. Tertile regressions, however, reveal that the FFW benefits households in the richest and the middle tertiles.	,AID,FOOD-FOR-WORK,GETS,MOBILITY	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941343117	Impact of male partner's awareness and support for contraceptives on female intent to use contraceptives in southeast Nigeria Health behavior, health promotion and society	Ezeanolue E.E., Iwelunmor J., Asaolu I., Obiefune M.C., Ezeanolue C.O., Osuji A., Ogidi A.G., Hunt A.T., Patel D., Yang W., Ehiri J.E.	2015	BMC Public Health	15	1	10.1186/s12889-015-2216-1	Global Health and Implementation Science Initiatives, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Box 453064, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urban	Ezeanolue, E.E., Global Health and Implementation Science Initiatives, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Box 453064, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Iwelunmor, J., Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 123 Huff Hall, 1206S, Fourth St., Champaign, IL, United States; Asaolu, I., Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, Arizona, United States; Obiefune, M.C., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ezeanolue, C.O., Healthy Sunrise Foundation, 8752 Castle Ridge Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Osuji, A., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ogidi, A.G., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Hunt, A.T., Global Health and Implementation Science Initiatives, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Box 453064, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Patel, D., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Yang, W., School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, MS-274, RM212, Lombardi Recreation Center, Reno, NV, United States; Ehiri, J.E., Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, Arizona, United States	Background: Despite the growing body of evidence on use of modern contraceptives among women in sub-Saharan African countries, little is known about the broader context in which female decision-making concerning contraceptive use occurs, particularly the role of their male partners' awareness and support of modern contraceptives. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 2468 pregnant women and their male partners enrolled in the Healthy Beginning Initiative (HBI), an intervention to increase HIV testing among pregnant women in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. The aims of this study were to determine: 1) male partners' awareness of, and support for, female contraceptive methods, and 2) influence of male partners' contraceptive awareness and support on pregnant women's expressed desire to use contraception. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between male partners' awareness and support of modern contraceptives on their spouses' desire to use contraceptives. Results: Men's awareness of, and support for, use of modern contraceptives were significantly associated with their female partners' desire to use contraception. A majority of the men who were aware of modern contraceptives (66.5 %) and those who supported their spouses' use of contraception (72.5 %) had partners who expressed a desire to use contraception. Men who were aware of female contraception were 3 times more likely to have spouses who desired to use contraception (AOR∈=∈3.17, 95 % C.I: 2.70-3.75). In addition, men who showed support for their spouses' use of contraception were over 5 times more likely to have spouses who indicated a desire to use contraception (AOR∈=∈5.76, 95 % C.I: 4.82-6.88). Living in a household of 5 or more people (AOR∈=∈1.45, 95 % C.I: 1.23-1.72) and residing in an urban area (AOR∈=∈0.81, 95 % C.I: 0.67-0.97) were also significantly associated with women's expressed desire to use modern contraception. Conclusion: Men's awareness of, and support for, use of modern contraceptives were markedly associated with their spouses' desire to use contraception. This underscores the need for men's involvement in programs that seek to address women's uptake of contraception in low and middle income countries. © 2015 Ezeanolue et al.	None	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of using routine infant immunization visits to identify and follow-up HIV-exposed infants and their mothers in Tanzania	Goodson J.L., Finkbeiner T., Davis N.L., Lyimo D., Rwebembera A., Swartzendruber A.L., Wallace A.S., Kimambo S., Kimario C.J., Wiktor S.Z., Luman E.T.	2013	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	63	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31828a3e3f	Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Goodson, J.L., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Finkbeiner, T., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Davis, N.L., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Lyimo, D., Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Rwebembera, A., National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Swartzendruber, A.L., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Wallace, A.S., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kimambo, S., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kimario, C.J., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Wiktor, S.Z., Division of Global HIV/AIDS Program, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Luman, E.T., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-E05, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	BACKGROUND: Without treatment, approximately half of HIV-infected infants die by age 2 years, and 80% die before age 5 years. Early identification of HIV-infected and HIV-exposed infants provides opportunities for life-saving interventions. We evaluated integration of HIV-related services with routine infant immunization in Tanzania. METHODS: During April 2009 to March 2010, at 4 urban and 4 rural sites, mothers' HIV status was determined at first-month immunization using antenatal cards. HIV-exposed infants were offered HIV testing and follow-up care. Impact of integrated service delivery was assessed by comparing average monthly vaccine doses administered during the study period and a 2-year baseline period; acceptance was assessed by interviewing mothers and service providers. FINDINGS: During 7569 visits, 308 HIV-exposed infants were identified and registered; of these, 290 (94%) were tested, 15 (5%) were HIV infected. At urban sites, first-month vaccine doses remained stable (+2% for pentavalent vaccine and -4% for polio vaccine), and vaccine doses given later in life (pentavalent, polio, and measles) increased 12%, 8%, and 11%, respectively. At rural sites, first-month vaccine doses decreased 33% and 35% and vaccine doses given later in life decreased 23%, 28%, and 28%. Mothers and service providers generally favored integrated services; however, HIV-related stigma and inadequate confidentiality controls of HIV testing were identified, particularly at rural sites. INTERPRETATION: Integration of HIV-related services at immunization visits identified HIV-exposed infants, HIV-infected infants, and HIV-infected mothers; however, decreases in vaccine doses administered at rural sites were concerning. HIV-related service integration with immunization visits needs careful monitoring to ensure optimum vaccine delivery. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	early infant diagnosis; HIV; integration; routine immunizations; vaccination	Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; article; clinical evaluation; female; follow up; health care delivery; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunization; infant; major clinical study; male; measles; pediatrics; poliomyelitis; priority journal; rural area; Tanzania; urban area; Adult; Delivery of Health Care; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Early Diagnosis; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunization; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Interviews as Topic; Male; Mothers; Rural Population; Tanzania; Urban Population; Vaccines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924157324	The market impact on shares entering or leaving JSE indices	Miller C., Ward M.	2015	Investment Analysts Journal	44	1	10.1080/10293523.2015.994450	Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Miller, C., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Ward, M., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	A company’s entry into (or exit from) a major share index provides a special opportunity to examine price discovery. In an efficient market, we expect the demand curve to remain horizontal and to be unaffected by external events that do not communicate new information to the public, even if demand is affected. However, there is evidence that changes to index composition do impact the value of affected shares. This may be due to the price pressure generated by passively managed investment funds that simultaneously reconstitute their portfolios in order to remain aligned to the index they are tracking. This study investigates downward sloping demand curves, price pressure and other hypotheses which are related to changes in index composition on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). We calculate abnormal returns using a control portfolio model for shares entering/exiting four major FTSE/JSE indices between 2002 and 2011. In the pre-event window, a long-term increasing trend was observed in the share prices of companies that are added to market cap weighted indices, beginning 70 trading days before the effective date. The opposite behaviour was true for index deletions, with some variation in the timing. In the post-event window the results show, to some extent, an asymmetric response to share returns; shares entering the index underperform thereafter, whereas those leaving the index outperform. Although these findings were not significant for all of the indices examined, they do support the Price Pressure Hypothesis of Harris and Gurel. © 2015 Investment Analysts Society of South Africa.	Demand curve; Index reconstitution; Market efficiency; Price discovery; Price pressure	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901386136	Loss of a large grazer impacts savanna grassland plant communities similarly in North America and South Africa	Eby S., Burkepile D.E., Fynn R.W.S., Burns C.E., Govender N., Hagenah N., Koerner S.E., Matchett K.J., Thompson D.I., Wilcox K.R., Collins S.L., Kirkman K.P., Knapp A.K., Smith M.D.	2014	Oecologia	175	1	10.1007/s00442-014-2895-9	Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Marine Sciences Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Okavango Research Institute, Maun, Botswana; San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory, Milpitas, CA, United States; Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; South African Environmental Observation Network, Ndlovu Node, Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Phalaborwa, South Africa; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States	Eby, S., Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Burkepile, D.E., Marine Sciences Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Fynn, R.W.S., Okavango Research Institute, Maun, Botswana; Burns, C.E., San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory, Milpitas, CA, United States; Govender, N., Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; Hagenah, N., School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Koerner, S.E., Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Matchett, K.J., School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Thompson, D.I., School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, South African Environmental Observation Network, Ndlovu Node, Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Phalaborwa, South Africa; Wilcox, K.R., Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Collins, S.L., Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Kirkman, K.P., School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Knapp, A.K., Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Smith, M.D., Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States	Large herbivore grazing is a widespread disturbance in mesic savanna grasslands which increases herbaceous plant community richness and diversity. However, humans are modifying the impacts of grazing on these ecosystems by removing grazers. A more general understanding of how grazer loss will impact these ecosystems is hampered by differences in the diversity of large herbivore assemblages among savanna grasslands, which can affect the way that grazing influences plant communities. To avoid this we used two unique enclosures each containing a single, functionally similar large herbivore species. Specifically, we studied a bison (Bos bison) enclosure at Konza Prairie Biological Station, USA and an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) enclosure in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Within these enclosures we erected exclosures in annually burned and unburned sites to determine how grazer loss would impact herbaceous plant communities, while controlling for potential fire-grazing interactions. At both sites, removal of the only grazer decreased grass and forb richness, evenness and diversity, over time. However, in Kruger these changes only occurred with burning. At both sites, changes in plant communities were driven by increased dominance with herbivore exclusion. At Konza, this was caused by increased abundance of one grass species, Andropogon gerardii, while at Kruger, three grasses, Themeda triandra, Panicum coloratum, and Digitaria eriantha increased in abundance. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Disturbance; Fire; Grazing; Plant community richness; Species diversity	dominance; herbivore; plant community; plant-herbivore interaction; ruminant; savanna; North America; South Africa; Andropogon; Andropogon gerardii; Bison; Bison bison; Digitaria (angiosperm); Digitaria eriantha; Panicum; Panicum coloratum; Poaceae; Syncerus caffer; Themeda triandra; animal; article; Bison; buffalo; ecosystem; fire; growth, development and aging; herbivory; Poaceae; South Africa; United States; Animals; Bison; Buffaloes; Ecosystem; Fires; Herbivory; Kansas; Poaceae; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745050897	The impact of fisheries on the environment of Lake Volta	Ofori-Danson P.K.	2006	International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences	32	1	None	Graduate Environmental Science Programme, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Ofori-Danson, P.K., Graduate Environmental Science Programme, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	The major environmental impacts of fisheries on the Volta Lake ecosystem arise from (a) fishing operations, (b) fish processing activities and (c) the fishers' settlements. Fishing methods involving poison, dynamite and an array of non-selective gear pose a serious threat to the environment and biodiversity. The West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis is threatened by the drag net fishing operations. Similarly, intensive fishing for the Nile perch, Lates niloticus has depleted the population of this top predator, leading to decreased forage-carnivore ratio in the Lake. There is evidence that the size at first maturity has decreased in respect of at least 5 fish species. These environmental problems can be addressed by a number of measures such as (a) diversion of surplus labor from capture fisheries, (b) educating people on the conservation and fishery management laws, (c) regulation of fishing gear, (d) afforestation drives, (e) involvement of village community in the decision making process and (f) a ban on hunting West African Manatee in the lake. © International Scientific Publications, New Delhi.	Biodiversity; Dynamite fishing; Fish processing; Fishing gear; West African Manatee	environmental impact; fishery; fishing community; fishing gear; human activity; lake ecosystem; Africa; Ghana; Lake Volta; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Lates niloticus; Trichechus; Trichechus senegalensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84915757982	Predicting the determination and performance impact of absorptive capacity in China's SEZ prospects in Zambia and Mauritius	Maswana J.-C., Davies M.	2015	International Journal of Economics and Business Research	9	1	10.1504/IJEBR.2015.066021	Graduate School of Business Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Frontier Advisory (Pty) Ltd., 30 6th Street, Parkhurst, Johannesburg, South Africa	Maswana, J.-C., Graduate School of Business Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Davies, M., Frontier Advisory (Pty) Ltd., 30 6th Street, Parkhurst, Johannesburg, South Africa	This paper explores the underlying dimensions of absorptive capacity and its impact on the performance for firms in Zambia and Mauritius. It first defines a firm's capacity to absorb spillovers as a latent variable observable indirectly through its underlying dimensions. By means of structural equation modelling based on survey datasets collected within small and medium manufacturing enterprises expecting to engage in special economic zone activities, it investigated the impact of absorptive capacity and its correlation with the performance of firms. Three dimensions that correlated to firm characteristics (technology, networks, and human factors) were found to reflect absorptive capacity. Importantly, it also found that absorptive capacity mediated the relationship between firm characteristics and firm performance to only a moderate degree. In terms of policy implications, if high absorptive capacity is a precondition for effectively reaping external spillovers, this paper's findings suggest that exploitation of SEZ-induced spillovers could likely be limited unless local governments take action to strengthen the absorptive capacity of firms. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Absorptive capacity; Africa; China; Mauritius; SEM; Special economic zone; Structural equation model; Zambia	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84957414276	Source apportionment and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in water and sediments of Buriganga River, Bangladesh, using multivariate analysis and pollution evaluation indices	Bhuiyan M.A.H., Dampare S.B., Islam M.A., Suzuki S.	2015	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	187	1	10.1007/s10661-014-4075-0	Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1, Tsushima, Naka, 3-Chome, Okayama, Japan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Chemistry Division, Dhaka Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh	Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1, Tsushima, Naka, 3-Chome, Okayama, Japan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dampare, S.B., National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Islam, M.A., Chemistry Division, Dhaka Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Suzuki, S., Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1, Tsushima, Naka, 3-Chome, Okayama, Japan	Concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment samples of Buriganga River in the capital city Dhaka, Bangladesh, were studied to understand the level of heavy metals and their source apportionment. The results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals both in water and sediment samples were very high and, in most cases, exceeded the permissible limits recommended by the Bangladesh government and other international organizations. Significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Cd were found in sediment samples. However, average concentrations of metals both in water and sediment samples were above the effect range median. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and degree of contamination (Cd) yielded different results in water samples despite significant correlations between them. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) showed strong correlations with HPI and Cd and provided better assessment of pollution levels. The enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed the elevated value of Cr, Pb, and Cd in access of background values. The measured elements were subjected to positive matrix factorization (PMF) and examining correlations in order to explain the content, behavior, and source apportionment of metals. PMF resulted in a successful partitioning of variances into sources related to background geochemistry and contaminant influences. However, the PMF approach successfully demarcated the major sources of metals from tannery, paint, municipal sewage, textiles, and agricultural activities. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Buriganga River; Heavy metals; Pollution load index; Positive matrix factorization; Source apportionment	Factorization; Heavy metals; Lead; Manganese; Matrix algebra; Metals; Multivariant analysis; Rivers; Sediments; Sewage; Water resources; Agricultural activities; Buriganga rivers; Geo-accumulation index; Heavy metal evaluations; International organizations; Pollution load indices; Positive Matrix Factorization; Source apportionment; River pollution; arsenic; cadmium; chromium; cobalt; copper; heavy metal; lead; manganese; nickel; zinc; background level; concentration (composition); enrichment; geoaccumulation index; heavy metal; multivariate analysis; partitioning; pollutant source; river pollution; sediment pollution; agricultural waste; Article; Bangladesh; concentration (parameters); controlled study; environmental enrichment; environmental impact assessment; geographic distribution; industrial waste; river; sediment; sludge; urbanization; waste water; water analysis; water contamination; water pollution; water pollution indicator; water quality; water sampling; Bangladesh; Buriganga River; Dhaka [Bangladesh]	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896468097	Multiple project team membership and performance: Empirical evidence from engineering project teams	Chan K.-Y.	2014	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	17	1	None	Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Chan, K.-Y., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Individuals are increasingly involved in more than one project team. This implies that an employee simultaneously has multiple memberships in these project teams, a phenomenon known as multiple team membership (MTM). Previous, predominantly theoretical studies have acknowledged the impacts that MTM has on performance but very scarce empirical evidence exists. The aim of this study is to provide empirical support for some of these theoretical claims using data collected from 435 team members in 85 engineering project teams in South Africa. Results show that MTM has an inverted-U shaped relationship with individual performance and a positive linear relationship with team performance. When a person is working in multiple project teams simultaneously, he/she may encounter more diverse sources of ideas across all teams and thus enhances his/her innovative performance. However, as the number of MTM increases, the negative effect of task switching and fragmented attention will negatively impact on individual performance. At the project team level, a large number of MTM in a focal team allows the team members to integrate diverse sources of knowledge and resources into the focal team. This study also found that individuals' emotional skills and cognitive skills impact on individual performance. It is recommended to programme and project portfolio managers, who often are involved in scheduling human resources to multiple projects, to acknowledge both the positive and negative impacts of MTM on performance. Moreover, in high MTM situations, project team members with high emotional and cognitive skills should be selected.	Individual performance; Multiple team membership; Project teams; Team performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952508849	Towards assessing the social sustainability performance of the petroleum industry in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria	Bubou G.M., Brent A.C., Tredoux C.	2009	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	20	1	None	Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Resource Based Sustainable Development, NRE, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa	Bubou, G.M., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Brent, A.C., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Resource Based Sustainable Development, NRE, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa; Tredoux, C., Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Unresolved social issues between the local community and the petroleum industry plague the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. These concerns are addressed by introducing a social sustainability assessment framework for the petroleum industry. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are identified, through a stakeholders' engagement process, for social performance measurement purposes. A five-year time-frame is proposed for the periodic assessment of the state of social sustainability. It is recommended that the petroleum industry make the accounting of social sustainability performance measures a priority before beginning projects, especially greenfield projects, since this can assist in resolving the volatility in the region.	None	Greenfield project; Key performance indicators; Local community; Niger Delta; Periodic assessment; Social issues; Social performance; Social sustainability; Benchmarking; Sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921807477	The impact of agricultural and commercial use on two Urban Commonages in Harare	Magadza C., Magadza M.	2014	Honeyguide	60	1	None	Harare, Zimbabwe	Magadza, C., Harare, Zimbabwe; Magadza, M.	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000287214300001	IMPACT OF SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION ON HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE AMBO DISTRICT IN ETHIOPIA	Bacha, Dereje,Bogale, Ayalneh,Namara, Regassa,Tesfaye, Abonesh	2011	IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE	60	1	10.1002/ird.550	Haramaya University, Int Water Management Inst, Minist Water Resources Dev, Oromia Agr Res Inst	"Namara, Regassa: Haramaya University",	A study was conducted in the Ambo district of western Ethiopia in 2006 to understand the poverty reduction impacts of small-scale irrigation development, using the Indris irrigation system as a case study. The study was based on a survey of representative farm households with and without access to irrigation. The total sample size for the study was 222 (107 households with access to irrigation and 115 without). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster, Greer and Thobeck poverty indices, and Heckman's selectivity model. Results indicate that the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty are significantly lower among those farm households with access to irrigation. In addition to irrigation, other variables such as farm size, livestock holding size, land productivity, and family size significantly influence the level of household consumption expenditure. However, the proportion of poor people in the overall sample, notwithstanding access to irrigation, is alarmingly high, indicating the deep-rooted and critical situation of poverty in rural Ethiopia. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	"Heckman Model","household consumption expenditure",POVERTY,"rural poverty","small-scale irrigation"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942868582	Evaluation of non-genetic factors affecting calf growth, reproductive performance and milk yield of traditionally managed Sheko cattle in southwest Ethiopia	Bayou E., Haile A., Gizaw S., Mekasha Y.	2015	SpringerPlus	4	1	10.1186/s40064-015-1340-9	Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, P.O. Box 5689, C/O ILRI Addis, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Bayou, E., Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Haile, A., International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, P.O. Box 5689, C/O ILRI Addis, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gizaw, S., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mekasha, Y., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The study was conducted to estimate calf growth, reproductive performance and milk yield of Ethiopia Sheko cattle and to assess non-genetic factors affecting their performance in their home tract as a step towards designing sustainable cattle conservation and improvement strategy. All the growth traits considered in the study were significantly affected by all non-genetic factors considered except for the fixed effects of Agro ecological zones (AEZs) and season of birth which were not significant for post weaning daily gain. Calving interval (CI) and days open (DO) were significantly influenced by AEZs, season and dam parity. Cows that calved in lowland had shorter CI and DO than cows which calved in midland. Cows that calved in short rainy season had Short CI and DO than those calved during dry season or long rainy season. Cows which calved for the first time had the longest CI and DO from the other parities whereas cows on their fifth parity had the shortest CI and DO. AEZ significantly affected lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL), but not significant on daily milk yield (DMY) and 305 days yield (305DY). Season was significant on all milk traits considered except DMY. Parity effect was significant on LMY and 305DY, whereas DMY and LL were not affected. The non-genetic factors had significant effects for all of the reproductive; and many of the growth and milk performance traits considered and hence will need to be considered in cattle breed improvement program. © 2015, Bayou et al.	Lowland; Midland; Monitoring; Non-genetic; Performance; Sheko	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899479136	A process evaluation of performance-based incentives for village health workers in Kisoro district, Uganda	Miller J.S., Musominali S., Baganizi M., Paccione G.A.	2014	Human Resources for Health	12	1	10.1186/1478-4491-12-19	Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda; Kisoro District Hospital, Kisoro, Uganda; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461, United States; Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, New York, NY 10467, United States	Miller, J.S., Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States, Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda; Musominali, S., Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda, Kisoro District Hospital, Kisoro, Uganda; Baganizi, M., Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda, Kisoro District Hospital, Kisoro, Uganda; Paccione, G.A., Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461, United States, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, New York, NY 10467, United States	Background: Designing effective incentive systems for village health workers (VHWs) represents a longstanding policy issue with substantial impact on the success and sustainability of VHW programs. Using performance-based incentives (PBI) for VHWs is an approach that has been proposed and implemented in some programs, but has not received adequate review and evaluation in the peer-reviewed literature. We conducted a process evaluation examining the use of PBI for VHWs in Kisoro, Uganda. In this system, VHWs are paid based on 20 indicators, divided among routine follow-up visits, health education activities, new patient identifications, sanitation coverage, and uptake of priority health services.Methods: Surveys of VHWs (n = 30) and program supervisors (n = 7) were conducted to assess acceptability and feasibility. Interviews were conducted with all 8 program supervisors and with 6 purposively selected VHWs to gain a deeper understanding of their views on the PBI system. Program budget records were used to assess the costs of the program. Detailed payment records were used to assess the fairness of the PBI system with respect to VHWs' gender, education level, and village location.Results: In surveys and interviews, supervisors expressed high satisfaction with the PBI system, though some supervisors expressed concerns about possible negative effects from the variation in payments between VHWs and the uncertainty of reward for effort. VHWs perceived the system as generally fair, and preferred it to the previous payment system, but expressed a desire to be paid more. The annual program cost was $516 per VHW, with each VHW covering an average of 115 households. VHWs covering more households tended to earn more. There was some evidence that female gender was associated with higher earnings. Education level and proximity to the district hospital did not appear to be associated with earnings under the PBI system.Conclusions: In a one-year pilot of PBI within a small VHW program, both VHWs and supervisors found the PBI system acceptable and motivating. VHWs with relatively limited formal education were able to master the PBI system. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects and scalability of PBI, as well as the effects across varied contexts. © 2014 Miller et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Developing countries; Incentives; Low-income countries; Primary health care; Uganda	adult; article; evaluation study; female; health auxiliary; health care survey; health personnel attitude; health service; human; interview; male; motivation; organization and management; salary and fringe benefit; Uganda; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Community Health Workers; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Motivation; Organization and Administration; Salaries and Fringe Benefits; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651462061	Impact of HIV type 1 subtype on drug resistance mutations in Nigerian patients failing first-line therapy	Chaplin B., Eisen G., Idoko J., Onwujekwe D., Idigbe E., Adewole I., Gashau W., Meloni S., Sarr A.D., Sankalé J.L., Ekong E., Murphy R.L., Kanki P.	2011	AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses	27	1	10.1089/aid.2010.0050	Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Jos University Teaching Hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria; National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Univer	Chaplin, B., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Eisen, G., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Idoko, J., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria; Onwujekwe, D., National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Idigbe, E., National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Adewole, I., University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gashau, W., University Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Meloni, S., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Sarr, A.D., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Sankalé, J.L., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Ekong, E., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Murphy, R.L., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Kanki, P., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	A diverse array of non-subtype B HIV-1 viruses circulates in Africa and dominates the global pandemic. It is important to understand how drug resistance mutations in non-B subtypes may develop differently from the patterns described in subtype B. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease sequences from 338 patients with treatment failure to first-line ART regimens were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the effect of subtype on each mutation controlling for regimen, time on therapy, and total mutations. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes included CRF02-AG (45.0%), G (37.9%), CRF06-cpx (4.4%), A (3.6%), and other subtypes or recombinant sequences (9.2%). The most common NRTI mutations were M184V (89.1%) and thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). The most common NNRTI mutations were Y181C (49.7%), K103N (36.4%), G190A (26.3%), and A98G (19.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that CRF02-AG was less likely to have the M41L mutation compared to other subtypes [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.35; p = 0.022]. Subtype A patients showed a 42.5-fold increased risk (AOR = 42.5, p = 0.001) for the L210W mutation. Among NNRTI mutations, subtype G patients had an increased risk for A98G (AOR = 2.40, p = 0.036) and V106I (AOR = 6.15, p = 0.010), whereas subtype CRF02-AG patients had an increased risk for V90I (AOR = 3.16; p = 0.003) and a decreased risk for A98G (AOR = 0.48, p = 0.019). Five RT mutations were found to vary significantly between different non-B West African subtypes. Further study to understand the clinical impact of subtype-specific diversity on drug resistance will be critically important to the continued success of ART scale-up in resource-limited settings. © Copyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	efavirenz; lamivudine; stavudine; tenofovir; thymidine derivative; zidovudine; article; controlled study; drug treatment failure; gene sequence; genotype; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; major clinical study; Nigeria; nonhuman; phylogenetic tree; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; structural gene; virus gene; virus mutation; Amino Acid Substitution; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Drug Resistance, Viral; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV Protease; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation, Missense; Nigeria; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Treatment Failure	None
WoS	WOS:000337685400006	Single-Arm Evaluation of the AccuCirc Device for Early Infant Male Circumcision in Botswana	Abdullahi, Rasak,Lesetedi, Chiapo,Lockman, Shahin,Makhema, Joseph,Mmalane, Mompati,Ndubuka, Nnamdi O.,Nkgau, Maggie,Plank, Rebeca M.,Powis, Kathleen M.,Shapiro, Roger,Wirth, Kathleen E.	2014	JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES	66	1	None	Harvard University, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Botswana Harvard Sch Publ Hlth AIDS Initiat Partn, Botswana Minist Hlth, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Northern InterTribal Hlth Author	None	Existing devices for early infant male circumcision (EIMC) have inherent limitations. We evaluated the newly developed AccuCirc device by circumcising 151 clinically well, full-term male infants with birth weight &gt;= 2.5 kg within the first 10 days of life from a convenience sample in 2 hospitals in Botswana. No major adverse events were observed. There was 1 local infection, 5 cases of minor bleeding, and 1 case of moderate bleeding. In 3 cases, the device made only partial incisions that were completed immediately by the provider without complications. Parental satisfaction was high: &gt;96% of mothers stated that they would circumcise a future son. The pre-assembled, sterile AccuCirc kit has the potential to overcome obstacles related to supply chain management and on-site instrument disinfection that can pose challenges in resource-limited settings. In our study, the AccuCirc was safe and it should be considered for programmatic EIMC in resource-limited settings.	AccuCirc,BOTSWANA,"early infant male circumcision",HIV,NEONATAL,PREVENTION,AFRICA,CLAMP,COMPLICATIONS,"HIV PREVENTION",INJURIES,MEN,"NEONATAL MALE CIRCUMCISION",NEWBORN,PLASTIBELL,RANDOMIZED-TRIAL	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863739353	Health impact assessment: The state of the art	Harris-Roxas B., Viliani F., Bond A., Cave B., Divall M., Furu P., Harris P., Soeberg M., Wernham A., Winkler M.	2012	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	30	1	10.1080/14615517.2012.666035	Health Section Co-Chair, International Association for Impact Assessment, University of New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Australia; International SOS, Denmark; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; Ben Cave Associates, United Kingdom; Shape Consulting, South Africa; DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Health Inequalities Research Programme, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, New Zealand; Health Impact Project, Pew Charitable Trusts, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland	Harris-Roxas, B., Health Section Co-Chair, International Association for Impact Assessment, University of New South Wales, Australia, Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Australia; Viliani, F., Health Section Co-Chair, International Association for Impact Assessment, University of New South Wales, Australia, International SOS, Denmark; Bond, A., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; Cave, B., Ben Cave Associates, United Kingdom; Divall, M., Shape Consulting, South Africa; Furu, P., DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Harris, P., Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Australia; Soeberg, M., Health Inequalities Research Programme, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, New Zealand; Wernham, A., Health Impact Project, Pew Charitable Trusts, United States; Winkler, M., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland, University of Basel, Switzerland	Health impact assessment (HIA) has matured as a form of impact assessment over the past two decades. The use of HIA methods and approaches has expanded rapidly, and it now has applications in both the public and private sectors and in an increasing number of countries around the world. This paper presents an overview of the historical and recent international developments in HIA, before detailing the existing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to practice. It draws upon the HIA literature, five workshops on 'Current issues in HIA practice' held at International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) conferences between 2006 and 2011, and the experience of the authors. © 2012 Copyright IAIA.	health impact assessment; history; international; public health	assessment method; health impact; history; private sector; public health; public sector	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883116620	Implementing a provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) intervention in Cape town, South Africa: A process evaluation using the normalisation process model	Leon N., Lewin S., Mathews C.	2013	Implementation Science	8	1	10.1186/1748-5908-8-97	Health Systems Research Unit (HSRU), Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 Cape Town, South Africa; HSRU, MRC and Global Health Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Norway, Pilestredet Park 7, 0176 Oslo, Norway; HSRU, MRC and School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Falmouth Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Leon, N., Health Systems Research Unit (HSRU), Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 Cape Town, South Africa; Lewin, S., Health Systems Research Unit (HSRU), Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 Cape Town, South Africa, HSRU, MRC and Global Health Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Norway, Pilestredet Park 7, 0176 Oslo, Norway; Mathews, C., Health Systems Research Unit (HSRU), Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 Cape Town, South Africa, HSRU, MRC and School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Falmouth Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling (PITC) increases HIV testing rates in most settings, but its effect on testing rates varies considerably. This paper reports the findings of a process evaluation of a controlled trial of PITC for people with sexually transmitted infections (STI) attending publicly funded clinics in a low-resource setting in South Africa, where the trial results were lower than anticipated compared to the standard Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) approach.Method: This longitudinal study used a variety of qualitative methods, including participant observation of project implementation processes, staff focus groups, patient interviews, and observation of clinical practice. Data were content analysed by identifying the main influences shaping the implementation process. The Normalisation Process Model (NPM) was used as a theoretical framework to analyse implementation processes and explain the trial outcomes.Results: The new PITC intervention became embedded in practice (normalised) during a two-year period (2006 to 2007). Factors that promoted the normalising include strong senior leadership, implementation support, appropriate accountability mechanisms, an intervention design that was responsive to service needs and congruent with professional practice, positive staff and patient perceptions, and a responsive organisational context. Nevertheless, nurses struggled to deploy the intervention efficiently, mainly because of poor sequencing and integration of HIV and STI tasks, a focus on HIV education, tension with a patient-centred communication style, and inadequate training on dealing with the operational challenges. This resulted in longer consultation times, which may account for the low test coverage outcome.Conclusion: Leadership and implementation support, congruent intervention design, and a responsive organisational context strengthened implementation. Poor compatibility with nurse skills on the level of the clinical consultation may have contributed to limiting the size of the trial outcomes. A close fit between the PITC intervention design and clinical practices, as well as appropriate training, are needed to ensure sustainability of the programme. The use of a theory-driven analysis promotes transferability of the results, and the findings are therefore relevant to the implementation of HIV testing and to the design and evaluation of complex interventions in other settings.Trial registration: Current controlled trials ISRCTN93692532. © 2013 Leon et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Normalisation process model; Process evaluation; Qualitative method; Routine 'opt-out' HIV testing; Sexually transmitted infection	article; counseling; evaluation study; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; information processing; leadership; longitudinal study; methodology; motivation; nonbiological model; patient attitude; program development; psychological aspect; qualitative research; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; Counseling; Focus Groups; Health Personnel; HIV Infections; Humans; Leadership; Longitudinal Studies; Models, Organizational; Motivation; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Professional-Patient Relations; Program Development; Qualitative Research; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77249152799	The impact of provider-initiated (opt-out) HIV testing and counseling of patients with sexually transmitted infection in Cape Town, South Africa: A controlled trial	Leon N., Naidoo P., Mathews C., Lewin S., Lombard C.	2010	Implementation Science	5	1	10.1186/1748-5908-5-8	Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), Cape Town, South Africa; Independent Public Health Consultant, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa; Preventive and International Health Care Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway; Biostatistics Unit, Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), Cape Town, South Africa	Leon, N., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), Cape Town, South Africa; Naidoo, P., Independent Public Health Consultant, Cape Town, South Africa; Mathews, C., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), Cape Town, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa; Lewin, S., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), Cape Town, South Africa, Preventive and International Health Care Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway; Lombard, C., Biostatistics Unit, Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa (MRC), Cape Town, South Africa	Background: The effectiveness of provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) for patients with sexually transmitted infection (STI) in resource-constrained settings are of particular concern for high HIV prevalence countries like South Africa. This study evaluated whether the PITC approach increased HIV testing amongst patients with a new episode of sexually transmitted infection, as compared to standard voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) at the primary care level in South Africa, a high prevalence and low resource setting.Methods: The design was a pragmatic cluster-controlled trial with seven intervention and 14 control clinics in Cape Town. Nurses in intervention clinics integrated PITC into standard HIV care with few additional resources, whilst lay counselors continued with the VCT approach in control clinics. Routine data were collected for a six-month period following the intervention in 2007, on new STI patients who were offered and who accepted HIV testing. The main outcome measure was the proportion of new STI patients tested for HIV, with secondary outcomes being the proportions who were offered and who declined the HIV test.Results: A significantly higher proportion of new STI patients in the intervention group tested for HIV as compared to the control group with (56.4% intervention versus 42.6% control, p = 0.037). This increase was achieved despite a significantly higher proportion intervention group declining testing when offered (26.7% intervention versus 13.5% control, p = 0.0086). Patients were more likely to be offered HIV testing in intervention clinics, where providers offered the HIV test to 76.8% of new STI patients versus 50.9% in the control group (p = 0.0029). There was significantly less variation in the main outcomes across the intervention clinics, suggesting that the intervention also facilitated more consistent performance.Conclusions: PITC was successful in three ways: it increased the proportion of new STI patients tested for HIV; it increased the proportion of new STI patients offered HIV testing; and it delivered more consistent performance across clinics. Recommendations are made for increasing the impact and feasibility of PITC in high HIV prevalence and resource-constrained settings. These include more flexible use of clinical and lay staff, and combining PITC with VCT and other community-based approaches to HIV testing. © 2010 Leon et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872674698	"it's important to take your medication everyday okay?" An evaluation of counselling by lay counsellors for arv adherence support in the Western Cape, South Africa	Dewing S., Mathews C., Schaay N., Cloete A., Louw J., Simbayi L.	2013	AIDS and Behavior	17	1	10.1007/s10461-012-0211-4	Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa	Dewing, S., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Mathews, C., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, P. O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Schaay, N., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Cloete, A., HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Louw, J., Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Simbayi, L., HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa	There is growing interest in standard care programmes for antiretroviral (ARV) adherence support. In South Africa, individual counselling following ARV initiation is a main strategy for supporting adherence in the public sector. Egan's client-centred "Skilled Helper" counselling model is the predominant model used in HIV counselling in this context. This study evaluated counselling delivered by lay ARV adherence counsellors in Cape Town in terms of adherence to Egan's model. Thirty-eight transcripts of counselling sessions with non-adherent patients were analysed based on the methods of content analysis. These sessions were conducted by 30 counsellors. Generally counsellors' practice adhered neither to Egan's model nor a client-centred approach. Inconsistent with evidence-based approaches to counselling for ARV adherence support, counsellors mainly used information-giving and advice as strategies for addressing clients' non-adherence. Recommendations for improving practice are made. The question as to how appropriate strategies from developed countries are for this setting is also raised. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Antiretroviral adherence support; Counselling; Egan's skilled helper model; Standard care	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; article; directive counseling; evaluation; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; male; methodology; motivation; patient attitude; patient care; patient compliance; psychological aspect; South Africa; Anti-HIV Agents; Directive Counseling; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Motivation; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient-Centered Care; Professional-Patient Relations; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954539961	Selective oxidation of p-cymene catalyzed by VPO catalyst: Process performance and kinetics studies	Makgwane P.R., Harmse N.I., Ferg E.E., Zeelie B.	2010	Chemical Engineering Journal	162	1	10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.016	InnoVenton: NMMU Institute of Chemical Technology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa	Makgwane, P.R., InnoVenton: NMMU Institute of Chemical Technology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Harmse, N.I., InnoVenton: NMMU Institute of Chemical Technology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Ferg, E.E., Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa; Zeelie, B., InnoVenton: NMMU Institute of Chemical Technology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa	The catalyzed liquid phase oxidation process of p-cymene to tertiary cymene hydroperoxide (TCHP) by vanadium phosphorous oxide (VPO) catalysts was studied in a well-stirred batch reactor. It was found that the VPO compounds improve the p-cymene oxidation rates and selectivity towards TCHP. In particular, the process gave around 85% TCHP selectivity with conversion of about 30% achieved within 4. h when compared to long oxidation times (8-12. h) in non-catalyzed industrial-scale p-cymene oxidation process. Although catalysts material containing the vanadyl pyrophosphate phase ((VO)2P2O7) are more active and selective, there is no evidence that this phase is the solely required active phase for this type of oxidation reaction based on the results of the tested different VPO catalyst phases. The results indicated the active participation of the catalyst in the initiation of the oxidation process, thus, reducing the long induction period. In the presence of only initiator added (ROOH), the reaction initiation showed typical long induction period of about 5-6. h to form only about 1% conversion. The observed improved TCHP selectivity displayed by the VPO catalyst during normal oxidation reaction can be explained by the slow or insignificant influence of the catalyst on the decomposition rate of the formed TCHP to by-products at substrate conversions of 35% or less. A kinetic model was determined that fitted the experimental results to predict the performance of the p-cymene liquid phase oxidation rates and conversion. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Kinetics; Liquid phase oxidation; P-cymene; Tertiary cymene hydroperoxide; Vanadium phosphate	Hydroperoxides; Liquid-phase oxidation; p-Cymene; Vanadium phosphate; Vanadium phosphates; Batch reactors; Liquids; Oxidation; Oxidation resistance; Phosphorus; Vanadium alloys; Vanadium compounds; Catalyst selectivity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938553397	Improving treatment adherence for blood pressure lowering via mobile phone SMS-messages in South Africa: A qualitative evaluation of the SMS-text Adherence SuppoRt (StAR) trial Service organization, utilization, and delivery of care	Leon N., Surender R., Bobrow K., Muller J., Farmer A.	2015	BMC Family Practice	16	1	10.1186/s12875-015-0289-7	Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Fransie Van Zyl Drive P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom; Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Gibson Building, Oxford, United Kingdom	Leon, N., Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Fransie Van Zyl Drive P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Surender, R., Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom; Bobrow, K., Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Gibson Building, Oxford, United Kingdom; Muller, J., Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Fransie Van Zyl Drive P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Farmer, A., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Gibson Building, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: Effective use of proven treatments for high blood pressure, a preventable health risk, is challenging for many patients. Prompts via mobile phone SMS-text messaging may improve adherence to clinic visits and treatment, though more research is needed on impact and patient perceptions of such support interventions, especially in low-resource settings. Method: An individually-randomised controlled trial in a primary care clinic in Cape Town (2012-14), tested the effect of an adherence support intervention delivered via SMS-texts, on blood pressure control and adherence to medication, for hypertensive patients. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02019823). We report on a qualitative evaluation that explored the trial participants' experiences and responses to the SMS-text messages, and identified barriers and facilitators to delivering adherence support via patients' own mobile phones. Two focus groups and fifteen individual interviews were conducted. We used comparative and thematic analysis approaches to identify themes and triangulated our analysis amongst three researchers. Results: Most participants were comfortable with the technology of using SMS-text messages. Messages were experienced as acceptable, relevant and useful to a broad range of participants. The SMS-content, the respectful tone and the delivery (timing of reminders and frequency) and the relational aspect of trial participation (feeling cared for) were all highly valued. A subgroup who benefitted the most, were those who had been struggling with adherence due to high levels of personal stress. The intervention appeared to coincide with their readiness for change, and provided practical and emotional support for improving adherence behaviour. Change may have been facilitated through increased acknowledgement of their health status and attitudinal change towards greater self-responsibility. Complex interaction of psycho-social stressors and health service problems were reported as broader challenges to adherence behaviours. Conclusion: Adherence support for treatment of raised blood pressure, delivered via SMS-text message on the patient's own phone, was found to be acceptable, relevant and helpful, even for those who already had their own reminder systems in place. Our findings begin to identify for whom and what core elements of the SMS-text message intervention appear to work best in a low-resource operational setting, issues that future research should explore in greater depth. © 2015 Leon et al.	Adherence; Blood pressure treatment; Hypertension; low-and middle-income countries primary-care; mHealth; Mobile phone-based SMS-messages; qualitative methodology, patient perspective; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41949114832	China & India as Africa's new donors: The impact of aid on development	McCormick D.	2008	Review of African Political Economy	35	1	10.1080/03056240802011501	Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	McCormick, D., Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Using a two-analytical framework and drawing on a wide range of secondary data, this article attempts to assess the likely impact of aid from China and India on the development of Africa. The framework treats aid as one of four main channels through which China and India influence the shape and performance of particular sectors and, through them, development outcomes. The first stage of analysis examines the varying patterns of Chinese and Indian aid and the multiple impacts such aid has on one key sector: manufacturing. The main findings from this level of analysis have to do with the differing patterns of Indian and Chinese aid, differences between Chinese and Indian aid, and aid from western countries, and the interconnections between the impact channels. India and China have different patterns of aid. India concentrates on non-monetary aid mainly in the form of technical assistance and scholarships, while China offers a wider range of monetary and non-monetary aid packages, which include grants and loans for infrastructure, plant and equipment, as well as scholarships, training opportunities, and technical assistance. Chinese monetary aid is tied to the use of Chinese goods and services, and requires adherence to the 'One China' policy, but does not carry the 'good governance' conditionalities that currently characterise western donors. The impact channels of trade, FDI, aid, and migration overlap to some degree, especially in the case of China. The line between FDI and aid is often blurred, as is the line between aid and trade. The second stage of the analysis looks at the implications of Chinese and Indian aid to manufacturing for development outcomes such as growth, distribution, governance, and environment. The analysis shows clearly that the potential impact of Chinese and Indian aid on Africa is significant, but that the actual effects of these emerging donors on particular countries depends to a large extent on the institutional and structural conditions of the recipients.	None	aid dependency; aid flow; analytical framework; conditionality; development aid; international aid; manufacturing; aid policy; Africa; Asia; China; Eurasia; Far East; India; South Asia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947901818	Perceptions on climate change and its impact on livelihoods in Hwange district, Zimbabwe	Nhemachena C., Mano R., Mudombi S., Muwanigwa V.	2015	Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies	6	1	10.4102/jamba.v6i1.123	Human Sciences Research Council, 134 Pretorius St, Pretoria, South Africa; Humanitarian Information Facilitation Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe; Institute for Economic Research on Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa	Nhemachena, C., Human Sciences Research Council, 134 Pretorius St, Pretoria, South Africa; Mano, R., Humanitarian Information Facilitation Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudombi, S., Institute for Economic Research on Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Muwanigwa, V., Humanitarian Information Facilitation Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe	This study investigated perceptions of rural communities on climate change and its impacts on livelihoods. The research was conducted in the semi-arid Hwange district in Matebeleland North province of Zimbabwe. The perceptions were compared with empirical evidence from climatic studies on trends on temperature and rainfall, and impacts on livelihoods in the country and region. The findings from the current study are generally in agreement with those of other studies that indicate changes in the climate, especially in terms of rainfall. This largely applies to short-term periods; however, for long-term periods it is difficult to accurately relate rural community perceptions to changes in rainfall over time. Despite perceived changes and impacts of climate change on local livelihood activities, mainly agriculture, there are multiple stressors that the communities face which also affect their livelihoods. Further evidence-based research is required to disentangle climate change impacts on livelihoods, including livelihood impacts arising from interactions of climate and non-climatic factors. © 2014. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349106603	Medical circumcision and manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A post intervention evaluation	Peltzer K., Kanta X.	2009	Culture, Health and Sexuality	11	1	10.1080/13691050802389777	Human Sciences Research Council, University of the Free State, Bloemfontien, South Africa; Impilo ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Human Sciences Research Council, University of the Free State, Bloemfontien, South Africa; Kanta, X., Impilo ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	The objectives of this study were first, to report the adverse events reported following male circumcision performed by medical professionals after a one-day training workshop; second, to report on the attitudes towards, beliefs surrounding and experiences regarding circumcision and initiation; and third, to assess the HIV-risk behaviour of young men attending initiation schools post medical circumcision. Initiates who had been medically circumcised by trained healthcare providers were examined and interviewed on the seventh day after circumcision and, in addition, focus-group discussions were conducted with initiates. Results indicate that of the 78 initiates physically examined on the seventh day after circumcision by a trained clinical nurse, seven (9%) adverse events (complications) were found. Initiates reported mixed attitudes towards combining medical circumcision with traditional initiation. The majority of the initiates (70%) felt that they could be stigmatized as a result of choosing medical rather than traditional circumcision and 20% thought that the relationship between medical and traditionally circumcised men was hostile. Prior to circumcision, most initiates (92%) had been sexually active and had engaged in HIV-risk behaviour. Focus-group discussions revealed that sexually active initiates, when asked about sex after circumcision, indicated they wished to abstain for a short period before resuming sexual activities with intended condom use being high. Findings are promising for efforts to up-scale integrated medical circumcision alongside traditional initiation into manhood.	Male circumcision; Sexual risk behaviour; South Africa; Xhosa	Adolescent; Adult; Attitude; Ceremonial Behavior; Circumcision, Male; Focus Groups; Gender Identity; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Young Adult	None
WoS	WOS:000267176400007	Challenges in implementing a participatory evaluation approach: A case study of the Limpopo Literacy Teaching Evaluation Project	Makgamatha, Matthews Matome	2009	EDUCATION AS CHANGE	13	1	10.1080/16823200902940730	Human Sciences Research Council-South Africa	None	The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), in collaboration with the University of Limpopo, was commissioned by the Limpopo Department of Education (LDoE) in South Africa to evaluate literacy teaching materials and practices in Limpopo primary schools. The research followed a participatory evaluation approach involving key education stakeholders in the province. The article examines the formation of the Research Reference Group (RRG) as a mechanism through which stakeholders were enabled to participate in the evaluation. It reviews the challenges encountered during the process of establishing the RRG and how they were addressed by the evaluation team. These challenges included conflicts of interest among stakeholders; determining the size of the RRG and the number of stakeholder representatives, and the knowledge imbalance between the evaluation team and the stakeholder representatives. It also highlights lessons learnt from the Limpopo literacy evaluation case study.	"EVALUATION TEAM",LITERACY,"participatory evaluation",stakeholder	None	None
WoS	WOS:000267176400006	Enhancing teacher assessment practices in South African schools: Evaluation of the assessment resource banks	Kanjee, Anil	2009	EDUCATION AS CHANGE	13	1	10.1080/16823200902940599	Human Sciences Research Council-South Africa	None	The effective use of assessment by teachers can have a significant impact on improving learning. However, teachers require adequate support and appropriate resources to enhance their classroom assessment practices. This article reports on the results of a study which evaluated the effectiveness of Assessment Resource Banks (ARBs) for supporting teachers in rural primary schools to improve their classroom assessment practices. These ARBs are teacher booklets that comprise sets of Literacy and Numeracy tasks for use in assessing learner performance against the national Assessment Standards. The ARBs were piloted in 450 rural schools across four provinces. Data for the evaluation was obtained from classroom observations and interviews conducted in a sample of pilot schools and teacher and principal surveys administered in all pilot schools. The results of the evaluation indicate that providing teachers with relevant assessment resources can improve their classroom assessment practice. Most teachers reported that they found the ARBs to be extremely useful for conducting classroom assessments, and used them on a regular basis. In addition, the ARBs also provided a valuable resource for the planning and presentation of lessons as well as for assigning class work and homework exercises. The article concludes by highlighting future development and research needs in the deployment of ARBs in South African schools.	"assessment resource banks","classroom assessment","teacher assessment"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000208053300005	Evaluate experiences: a qualitative technique to complement quantitative impact assessments	Carter, Jonathan	2009	JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS	1	1	10.1080/19439340902727628	Human Sciences Research Council-South Africa	None	Impact evaluations, whether of aid, development interventions or policy interventions, help hold donors and policy makers accountable for promises made and provide a means to legitimise recommendations for future interventions. Quantitative approaches are the order of the day but do not fully capture the complex and nuanced characteristics of communities important to understand the full effects of interventions and/or identify required interventions. This article describes a cost-effective approach to capturing large volumes of qualitative data in anecdotal form that can help inform interventions and approaches to research. Data collected by using the technique in a poor, urban, mixed race settlement in South Africa are reviewed and used to provide recommendations on research in poverty. For reasons consistent with the theoretical framework explained, recommendations are limited to three: consider carefully intergenerational dynamics when researching poor areas; be responsible about differences in value scales; and be conscious of how differently the researched see the world. A discussion using the method in mixed methods research is provided.	"anecdote circles",COST-EFFECTIVE,"IMPACT ASSESSMENT","QUALITATIVE EVALUATION",AFRICA,DYNAMICS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884281777	Collective management on communal grazing lands: Its impact on vegetation attributes and soil erosion in the upper Blue Nile basin, northwestern Ethiopia	Alemayehu M., Amede T., Böhme M., Peters K.J.	2013	Livestock Science	157	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.024	Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstr. 13, House 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute/International Water Management Institute (ILRI /IWMI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Humboldt University of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany	Alemayehu, M., Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstr. 13, House 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Amede, T., International Livestock Research Institute/International Water Management Institute (ILRI /IWMI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Böhme, M., Humboldt University of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Peters, K.J., Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstr. 13, House 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany	Collective action, on communal grazing land, has evolved in the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia to mitigate the problems of feed shortage and land degradation due to overgrazing. The exercise is liked by farmers for improving the availability of natural pasture during the long dry season when other feed sources get depleted. However, large portions of the communal grazing lands are still managed under free grazing throughout the year. This study was undertaken in Maynet village in the upper Blue Nile basin, northwestern Ethiopia, to assess the impacts of three different types of grazing land management (GLM) and two slope gradients (&lt;10%; 15-25%) on aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, ground cover, species richness, runoff, soil loss and soil bulk density of grazing lands. The GLMs include (a) freely open communal GLM, (b) restricted communal GLM - collective management of communal grazing land locally named as 'yebere sar' and (c) private holding GLM. Stocking density was more than carrying capacity of grazing lands across all GLMs. However, the extent of overstocking problem was exceptionally severe in freely open communal GLM. The interaction between GLM and slope was significant (P&lt;0.05) for runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient. The average runoff coefficient was close to 50% in freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes (15-25%). Freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes resulted in consistently highest cumulative runoff and soil loss amounting to 491mm and 32t/ha per year, respectively. Polynomial regression analysis showed that quadratic relationship (r2=0.87) existed between soil loss and runoff. But, soil loss was close to nil when runoff did not exceed 2mm per rainfall event. As expected, restricted communal GLM appeared to reduce surface runoff by more than 40% and curb the rate of soil erosion by more than 50% compared to freely open communal GLM. Its vegetation cover persisted above 70% throughout the year, meeting the threshold level recommended to keep surface runoff and soil loss to minimum. Reducing the problem of overstocking and pasture resting in August-November are important components to improve ground cover and aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, which in turn reduce land degradation on grazing lands. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Grazing land management; Ground cover; Land degradation; Overstocking; Resting pasture	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78851470158	Towards a performance-oriented management for large- scale irrigation systems: Case study, Rahad scheme, Sudan	Hamid S.H., Mohamed A.A., Mohamed Y.A.	2011	Irrigation and Drainage	60	1	10.1002/ird.546	Hydraulic Research Station, Wad Medani, Sudan; Institute of Water Management and Irrigation, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands	Hamid, S.H., Hydraulic Research Station, Wad Medani, Sudan; Mohamed, A.A., Institute of Water Management and Irrigation, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Mohamed, Y.A., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands	The underperformance problem of large-scale irrigation systems particularly in developing countries, has adversely affected levels of production of those systems. The fact that these irrigation systems are not managed in response to their performance has been identified as the main reason behind their malfunctioning. A performance-oriented management approach is demonstrated here to help irrigation system managers take the right decisions, through continuous in-season performance assessment. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite images of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA-AVHRR) for the year 2000, complemented by water release data, were used to assess the performance of the Rahad irrigation scheme, Sudan (126 000ha), on a 10-day time step. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm (SEBAL) was used to process the NOAA-AVHRR images. The decisions on irrigation water allocation are guided by maps of the relative water supply and soil moisture content generated for the last time step. Further decision support could be realized using the performance indicators of the system and the soil water balance for the given time step. A semiautomatic computer program was developed which can be easily used by field staff to support their management decisions. It is anticipated that the application of such an approach will improve the performance of large-scale irrigation systems, and support development of a performance-oriented management culture among the staff of these irrigation systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Irrigation systems management; Performance; Remote sensing	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861165126	Impact of industrial effluent on water quality and gill pathology of clarias gariepinus from Alaro Stream, Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria	Adeogun A.O.	2012	European Journal of Scientific Research	76	1	None	Hydrobiology and Fisheries Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeogun, A.O., Hydrobiology and Fisheries Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	The responses of a freshwater fish to variations in water quality were evaluated using gill histopathology and condition factor of Clarias gariepinus from Alaro stream. Alaro stream receives industrial effluent as a point source and water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, Electrical conductivity (EC), Alkalinity, Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) and Total dissolved solids (TDS)) and metals (Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Iron (Fe)) were analysed from nine sampling sites (upstream, effluent discharge point and downstream) using standard methods. The average values of all physico-chemical parameters (except pH and DO) and metals were considerably higher downstream than upstream while effluent discharge point showed the highest values for all sampling sites. The lowest values for pH and DO were also recorded at effluent discharge point and concentrations of Fe downstream exceeded acceptable limits for surface waters. Gill histopathological lesions observed in fish downstream included severe necrosis, oedema, erosion of gill villi, matting of gill filaments with focal areas of haemorrhage. Significant (p<0.05) decreases in body weight and condition factor (CF) were recorded for fish downstream of effluent discharge point compared to fish upstream. Fish displayed impaired health (poor CF) attributed to changes in water quality due to industrial wastewater discharge. This resulted in irreversible compensatory responses of the gill tissue as evidenced in altered histopathology of the gills. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012.	Alaro stream; Clarias gariepinus; Condition factor; Gill pathology; Water quality	None	None
None	None	Experience of safety monitoring in the context of a prospective observational study of artemether-lumefantrine in rural Tanzania: Lessons learned for pharmacovigilance reporting	Kabanywanyi A.M., Mulure N., Migoha C., Malila A., Lengeler C., Schlienger R., Genton B.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-205	Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Pharma Inc, Nairobi, Kenya; Tanzanian Food and Drugs Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland	Kabanywanyi, A.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mulure, N., Novartis Pharma Inc, Nairobi, Kenya; Migoha, C., Tanzanian Food and Drugs Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malila, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lengeler, C., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Schlienger, R., Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Genton, B., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Old Bagamoyo Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland	Objectives. To identify and implement strategies that help meet safety monitoring requirements in the context of an observational study for artemether-lumefantrine (AL) administered as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in rural Tanzania. Methods. Pharmacovigilance procedures were developed through collaboration between the investigating bodies, the relevant regulatory authority and the manufacturer of AL. Training and refresher sessions on the pharmacovigilance system were provided for healthcare workers from local health facilities and field recorders of the Ifakara Health Demographic Surveillance System (IHDSS). Three distinct channels for identification of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were identified and implemented. Passive reporting took place through IHDSS and health care facilities, starting in October 2007. The third channel was through solicited reporting that was included in the context of a survey on AL as part of the ALIVE (Artemether-Lumefantrine In Vulnerable patients: Exploring health impact) study (conducted only in March-April 2008). Results. Training was provided for 40 healthcare providers (with refresher training 18 months later) and for six field recorders. During the period 1st September 2007 to 31st March 2010, 67 AEs were reported including 52 under AL, five under sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, one under metakelfin, two after antibiotics; the remaining seven were due to anti-pyretic or anti-parasite medications. Twenty patients experienced SAEs; in 16 cases, a relation to AL was suspected. Six of the 20 cases were reported within 24 hours of occurrence. Discussion. Safety monitoring and reporting is possible even in settings with weak health infrastructure. Reporting can be enhanced by regular and appropriate training of healthcare providers. SMS text alerts provide a practical solution to communication challenges. Conclusion. Experience gained in this setting could help to improve spontaneous reporting of AEs and SAEs to health authorities or marketing authorization holders. © 2010 Kabanywanyi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	amodiaquine; amoxicillin; artemether plus benflumetol; fansidar; ivermectin; metakelfin; paracetamol; penicillin G; quinine; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; adolescent; adult; amnesia; article; child; clinical article; convulsion; dizziness; drug eruption; drug safety; drug surveillance program; drug withdrawal; dyspnea; dysuria; erythema; eyelid edema; fatigue; female; fever; headache; health care facility; health care personnel; health survey; human; infant; insomnia; joint stiffness; malaria; male; medical education; muscle twitch; observational study; paraplegia; preschool child; pruritus; refresher course; respiratory distress; rural area; school child; side effect; stiff neck; stillbirth; Tanzania; unspecified side effect; vomiting; drug combination; education; health auxiliary; longitudinal study; methodology; middle aged; patient compliance; patient satisfaction; prospective study; rural population; safety; telecommunication; Adolescent; Adult; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Aides; Drug Combinations; Ethanolamines; Female; Fluorenes; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Patient Satisfaction; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; Safety Management; Tanzania; Telecommunications	None
None	None	Clinical performance of an automated reader in interpreting malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Tanzania	Shekalaghe S., Cancino M., Mavere C., Juma O., Mohammed A., Abdulla S., Ferro S.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-141	Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada	Shekalaghe, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Cancino, M., Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada; Mavere, C., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Juma, O., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Mohammed, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Abdulla, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Ferro, S., Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada	Background: Parasitological confirmation of malaria is now recommended in all febrile patients by the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce inappropriate use of anti-malarial drugs. Widespread implementation of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is regarded as an effective strategy to achieve this goal. However, the quality of diagnosis provided by RDTs in remote rural dispensaries and health centres is not ideal. Feasible RDT quality control programmes in these settings are challenging. Collection of information regarding diagnostic events is also very deficient in low-resource countries. Methods. A prospective cohort of consecutive patients aged more than one year from both genders, seeking routine care for febrile episodes at dispensaries located in the Bagamoyo district of Tanzania, were enrolled into the study after signing an informed consent form. Blood samples were taken for thick blood smear (TBS) microscopic examination and malaria RDT (SD Bioline Malaria Antigen Pf/Pan™ (SD RDT)). RDT results were interpreted by both visual interpretation and Deki Reader™ device. Results of visual interpretation were used for case management purposes. Microscopy was considered the "gold standard test" to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Deki Reader interpretation and to compare it to visual interpretation. Results: In total, 1,346 febrile subjects were included in the final analysis. The SD RDT, when used in conjunction with the Deki Reader and upon visual interpretation, had sensitivities of 95.3% (95% CI, 90.6-97.7) and 94.7% (95% CI, 89.8-97.3) respectively, and specificities of 94.6% (95% CI, 93.5-96.1) and 95.6% (95% CI, 94.2-96.6), respectively to gold standard. There was a high percentage of overall agreement between the two methods of interpretation. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of the Deki Reader in interpretation of SD RDTs were comparable to previous reports and showed high agreement to visual interpretation (>98%). The results of the study reflect the situation in real practice and show good performance characteristics of Deki Reader on interpreting malaria RDTs in the hands of local laboratory technicians. They also suggest that a system like this could provide great benefits to the health care system. Further studies to look at ease of use by community health workers, and cost benefit of the system are warranted. © 2013 Shekalaghe et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Deki Reader; Malaria rapid diagnostic test; mHealth	adolescent; adult; aged; analyzer; article; blood sampling; blood smear; child; cohort analysis; developing country; female; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; patient care; preschool child; prospective study; school child; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; thick blood smear; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Automation, Laboratory; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Parasitology; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Monitoring mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam: Evaluation of resting boxes, window exit traps, CDC light traps, Ifakara tent traps and human landing catches	Govella N.J., Chaki P.P., Mpangile J.M., Killeen G.F.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-40	Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Salvation Army of Tanzania, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, P.O. Box 1273, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Govella, N.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Chaki, P.P., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Mpangile, J.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Salvation Army of Tanzania, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, P.O. Box 1273, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Killeen, G.F., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background. Ifakara tent traps (ITT) are currently the only sufficiently sensitive, safe, affordable and practical method for routine monitoring host-seeking mosquito densities in Dar es Salaam. However, it is not clear whether ITT catches represent indoors or outdoors biting densities. ITT do not yield samples of resting, fed mosquitoes for blood meal analysis. Methods. Outdoors mosquito sampling methods, namely human landing catch (HLC), ITT (Design B) and resting boxes (RB) were conducted in parallel with indoors sampling using HLC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (LT) and RB as well as window exit traps (WET) in urban Dar es Salaam, rotating them thirteen times through a 3 × 3 Latin Square experimental design replicated in four blocks of three houses. This study was conducted between 6th May and 2rd July 2008, during the main rainy season when mosquito biting densities reach their annual peak. Results. The mean sensitivities of indoor RB, outdoor RB, WET, LT, ITT (Design B) and HLC placed outdoor relative to HLC placed indoor were 0.01, 0.005, 0.036, 0.052, 0.374, and 1.294 for Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (96% An. gambiae s.s and 4% An. arabiensis), respectively, and 0.017, 0.053, 0.125, 0.423, 0.372 and 1.140 for Culex spp, respectively. The ITT (Design B) catches correlated slightly better to indoor HLC (r2 = 0.619, P &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.231, P = 0.001) than outdoor HLC (r2 = 0.423, P &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.228, P = 0.001) for An. gambiae s.l. and Culex spp respectively but the taxonomic composition of mosquitoes caught by ITT does not match those of the indoor HLC (χ2 = 607.408, degrees of freedom = 18, P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of An. gambiae caught indoors was unaffected by the use of an LLIN in that house. Conclusion. The RB, WET and LT are poor methods for surveillance of malaria vector densities in urban Dar es Salaam compared to ITT and HLC but there is still uncertainty over whether the ITT best reflects indoor or outdoor biting densities. The particular LLIN evaluated here failed to significantly reduce house entry by An. gambiae s.l. suggesting a negligible repellence effect. © 2011 Govella et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; biological monitoring; blood analysis; breeding; catchment; controlled study; Culex; female; male; mosquito; nonhuman; public health service; Tanzania; taxonomy; urban area; vector control; adult; animal; animal behavior; Anopheles; classification; Culex; disease carrier; growth, development and aging; human; methodology; physiology; zoology; Anopheles gambiae; Adult; Animals; Anopheles; Behavior, Animal; Culex; Disease Vectors; Entomology; Female; Humans; Male; Tanzania	None
None	None	Data resource profile: The sentinel panel of districts: Tanzania's national platform for health impact evaluation	Kabadi G.S., Geubbels E., Lyatuu I., Smithson P., Amaro R., Meku S., Schellenberg J.A., Masanja H.	2015	International Journal of Epidemiology	44	1	10.1093/ije/dyu223	Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Kabadi, G.S., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Geubbels, E., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lyatuu, I., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Smithson, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Amaro, R., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Meku, S., National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Schellenberg, J.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Masanja, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	The Sentinel Panel of Districts (SPD) consists of 23 districts selected to provide nationally representative data on demographic and health indicators in Tanzania. The SPD has two arms: SAVVY and FBIS. SAVVY (SAmple Vital registration with Verbal autopsY) is a demographic surveillance system that provides nationally representative estimates of mortalities based on age, sex, residence and zone. SAVVY covers over 805 000 persons, or about 2% of the Tanzania mainland population, and uses repeat household census every 4-5 years, with ongoing reporting of births, deaths and causes of deaths. The FBIS (Facility-Based Information System) collects routine national health management information system data. These health service use data are collected monthly at all public and private health facilities in SPD districts, i.e. about 35% of all facilities in Mainland Tanzania. Both SAVVY and FBIS systems are capable of generating supplementary information from nested periodic surveys. Additional information about the design of the SPD is available online: access to some of SPD's aggregate data can be requested by sending an e-mail to [hmasanja@ihi.or.tz]. © The Author 2014.	Demographic and mortality surveillance; Health facility surveillance; Representative sample; Sub-Saharan Africa	birth rate; cause of death; demographic method; health impact; health monitoring; health services; household survey; panel data; Sentinel; Article; health care facility; health care utilization; health impact assessment; health survey; human; medical information system; priority journal; public health; Tanzania; adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; child; demography; epidemiology; female; infant; information processing; male; middle aged; newborn; preschool child; procedures; sex ratio; socioeconomics; very elderly; vital statistics; young adult; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Causality; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Public Health Surveillance; Residence Characteristics; Sex Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors; Tanzania; Vital Statistics; Young Adult	None
None	None	Protocol for the evaluation of a free health insurance card scheme for poor pregnant women in Mbeya region in Tanzania: A controlled-before and after study	Borghi J., Ramsey K., Kuwawenaruwa A., Baraka J., Patouillard E., Bellows B., Binyaruka P., Manzi F.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-0905-1	Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Borghi, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Ramsey, K., Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Kuwawenaruwa, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Baraka, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Patouillard, E., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Bellows, B., Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya; Binyaruka, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Manzi, F., Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: The use of demand-side financing mechanisms to increase health service utilisation among target groups and enhance service quality is gaining momentum in many low- and middle-income countries. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of such schemes on equity, financial protection, quality of care, and cost-effectiveness. A scheme providing free health insurance cards to poor pregnant women and their households was first introduced in two regions of Tanzania in 2011 and gradually expanded in 2012. Methods: A controlled before and after study will examine in one district the effect of the scheme on utilization, quality, and cost of healthcare services accessed by poor pregnant women and their households in Tanzania. Data will be collected 4 months before implementation of the scheme and 17 months after the start of implementation from a survey of 24 health facilities, 288 patients exiting consultations and 1500 households of women who delivered in the previous year in one intervention district (Mbarali). 288 observations of provider-client interactions will also be carried out. The same data will be collected from a comparison district in a nearby region. A process evaluation will ascertain how the scheme is implemented in practice and the level of implementation fidelity and potential moderators. The process evaluation will draw from impact evaluation data and from three rounds of data collection at the national, regional, district, facility and community levels. An economic evaluation will measure the cost-effectiveness of the scheme relative to current practice from a societal perspective. Discussion: This evaluation will generate evidence on the impact and cost-effectiveness of targeted health insurance for pregnant women in a low income setting, as well as building a better understanding of the implementation process and challenges for programs of this nature. © 2015 Borghi et al.	Demand-side financing; Economic evaluation; Health insurance; Impact evaluation; Maternal health; Poverty; Process evaluation	None	None
None	None	Health workers' performance in the implementation of Patient Centred Tuberculosis Treatment (PCT) strategy under programmatic conditions in Tanzania: A cross sectional study	Mkopi A., Range N., Amuri M., Geubbels E., Lwilla F., Egwaga S., Schulze A., Van Leth F.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-101	Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Mkopi, A., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Range, N., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Amuri, M., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geubbels, E., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lwilla, F., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Egwaga, S., National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Schulze, A., Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; Van Leth, F., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands, Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Background: Patient Centred Tuberculosis Treatment (PCT) is a promising treatment delivery strategy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). It aims to improve adherence to treatment by giving patients the choice of having drug intake supervised at the health facility by a medical professional or at home by a supporter of their choice. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in three districts of Tanzania during October 2007, one year after PCT was rolled out nationally. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to assess whether key elements of the PCT approach were being implemented, to evaluate supporters' knowledge, to capture opinions on factors contributing to treatment completion, and to assess how treatment completion was measured. Transcripts from open-ended responses were analysed using framework analysis. Results: Interviews were conducted with 127 TB patients, 107 treatment supporters and 70 health workers. In total, 25.2% of TB patients were not given a choice about the place of treatment by health workers, and only 13.7% of those given a choice reported that they were given adequate time to make their decision. Only 24.3% of treatment supporters confirmed that they were instructed how to complete patients' treatment cards. Proper health education was the factor most frequently reported by health workers as favouring successful completion of TB treatment (45.7%). The majority of health workers (68.6%) said they checked returned blister packs to verify whether patients had taken their treatment, but only 20.0% checked patients' treatment cards. Conclusions: The provision of choice of treatment location, information on treatment, and guidance for treatment supporters need to be improved. There is a requirement for regular re-training of health workers with effective supportive supervision if successful implementation of the PCT approach is to be sustained. © 2013 Mkopi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Directly observed treatment; Home-based; Patient centred treatment; PCT; Tanzania; TB	adult; article; cross-sectional study; directly observed therapy; female; health care quality; human; lung tuberculosis; male; medication compliance; paramedical personnel; patient care; patient participation; professional competence; qualitative research; questionnaire; Tanzania; Adult; Allied Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Directly Observed Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Patient Participation; Patient-Centered Care; Professional Competence; Qualitative Research; Quality of Health Care; Questionnaires; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
None	None	HHV-8/KSHV during the development of Kaposi's sarcoma: Evaluation by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry	Pak F., Pyakural P., Kokhaei P., Kaaya E., Pourfathollah A.A., Selivanova G., Biberfeld P.	2005	Journal of Cutaneous Pathology	32	1	10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00256.x	Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Muhimbili Univ. Coll. of Hlth. Sci., Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Immunology, Tarbiat Modaress University, Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran; Microbiol. and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Hospital, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	Pak, F., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Hospital, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Pyakural, P., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Kokhaei, P., Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Kaaya, E., Department of Pathology, Muhimbili Univ. Coll. of Hlth. Sci., Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Pourfathollah, A.A., Department of Immunology, Tarbiat Modaress University, Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran; Selivanova, G., Microbiol. and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biberfeld, P., Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden	The human γ-herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) was first described in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tumour samples. In this study, we report comparative studies on paraffin-embedded biopsies of AIDS-related KS (AKS) and endemic KS (EKS) with regard to HHV-8 content as evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. DNA was extracted either using Chelex-100 or using Qia-gene kit and was evaluated with the help of a semiquantitative PCR assay. The PCR detection of HHV-8 was more sensitive to the Chelex method than to Qia-gene. The threshold for PCR test sensitivity with the help of serial dilution of DNA was at the level of five plasmid ORF-26 regions, and DNA from 25 body cavity-based lymphoma-1 cells. The results expressed as virus load/actin unit showed progressively higher HHV-8 levels in late (nodular) cases, compared to those in early (patch/plaque) stages. Evaluation of HHV-8 DNA levels in tumour tissues, thus, indicates a correlation between virus load and KS stage. Double immunostaining of spindle cells (SC) in KS biopsies for CD34 and HHV-8/latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) showed an increase in double-positive SC in the lesions of nodular AKS and EKS cases, compared to that in plaque and patch stages. However, 10-15% of CD34+/LANA - SC cells were observed during the development from patch to nodular cases of AKS and EKS. Our results indicate that PCR analysis is a simple and sensitive diagnostic method for HHV-8 evaluation in KS tissues, processed for conventional histopathology.	None	article; cancer staging; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; correlation analysis; DNA determination; DNA extraction; histopathology; human; Human herpesvirus 8; human tissue; immunofluorescence; immunohistochemistry; intermethod comparison; Kaposi sarcoma; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; spindle cell; tumor biopsy; virus detection; virus load; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antigens, CD34; Antigens, Viral; Cell Count; DNA, Neoplasm; DNA, Viral; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Nuclear Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Skin Neoplasms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31344456240	Collapse of large complex impact craters: Implications from the Araguainha impact structure, central Brazil	Lana C., Romano R., Reimold U., Hippertt J.	2006	Geology	34	1	10.1130/G21952.1	Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom; Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lana, C., Impact and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom; Romano, R., Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Reimold, U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hippertt, J., Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35-400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil	The 40-km-wide Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil provides extensive out crops to study the structural evolution of all parts of a complex crater, including the central uplift, annular trough, and crater rim. While most craters of comparable size are buried by impact-related or postimpact sedimentary deposits, Araguainha is deeply eroded and it exposes in detail outcrop-scale structural features that can be used to understand the structural evolution of large impact craters. This study explores evidence from structural features across the entire impact structure in order to provide constraints on the target rock movement during the crater collapse. Most of the structural features described here are consistent with folding and bedding-parallel shearing during several kilometers of lateral inward movement of the target rocks. Vertical movement was, in contrast, restricted to distances of less than a few hundred meters along radial and concentric fault zones around the crater rim. © 2006 Geological Society of America.	Araguainha; Central uplift; Complex crater; Crater collapse; Impact structure; Transient cavity	Central uplift; Complex crater; Impact craters; Impact structure; Structural evolution; Transient cavity; Crystalline rocks; Deformation; Rock mechanics; Sedimentary rocks; Sediments; Structural geology; Tectonics; collapse structure; impact structure; uplift; Araguainha Dome; Brazil; South America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861312812	ICT evaluation: Are we asking the right questions?	Gomez R., Pather S.	2012	Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries	50	1	None	Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States; Informatics and Design, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa	Gomez, R., Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States; Pather, S., Informatics and Design, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa	The evaluation of information and communication technologies (ICT) in development activities has metamorphised through different phases in the last 30 years. In this paper we explore the experiences of ICT evaluation in the broad business environment and draw parallels with the ICT for development (ICTD) environment. The paper motivates the need for a fundamental paradigm shift in ICTD evaluation. We argue that it is not sufficient to focus on the easily measurable tangible and quantifiable benefits of ICT. We motivate that the intangible benefits of ICT on development such as empowerment, self-esteem and social cohesion are more important from a developmental perspective. Consequently, a more detailed exploration of the theoretical and methodological implications of this shift in the ICTD field is warranted.	Development; Evaluation; ICT; Impact; Intangible	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899818776	Building the South African nation through legal deposit: The impact of legislation on preservation of digital materials	Nsibirwa Z., Hoskins R., Stilwell C.	2014	African Journal of Library Archives and Information Science	24	1	None	Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Nsibirwa, Z., Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Hoskins, R., Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Stilwell, C., Information Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	The legal deposit of and preservation of digital materials depends on the proper legislative framework and implementation of the Legal Deposit Act. This article examines the challenges related to legal instruments affecting the legal deposit of digital materials in South Africa. Two main objectives of the study upon which this article is based were to find out the systems in place to help collect and ensure long term accessibility to print and electronic publications. This included the examination of the legislative regulatory and policy framework relating to preservation and access to legal deposit materials. The different legislations reviewed included the Legal Deposit Act No. 54 of 1997, copyright laws, the Promotion of Access to Information Act No 2, 2000 and the current Protection of State Information Bill of South Africa. Four legal deposit libraries and three Official Publications Depositories (OPDs) were the units of analysis, with a population of 17 staff directly involved with legal deposit. The survey revealed that though the South African Legal Deposit Act covers electronic materials, majority of the depositories did not have policies to manage or collect these types of materials. The greatest challenge that comes with collecting and preserving electronic materials are the multifaceted issues regarding legislation, as well as the preservation of technology used to create, store and access these records in comparison with paper.	Cultural heritage; Digital materials; Legal deposit; Legal framework; Preservation; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84917739018	The Impact of Information and Communications Technology Infrastructure and Complementary Factors on Intra-African Trade	Bankole F.O., Osei-Bryson K.-M., Brown I.	2015	Information Technology for Development	21	1	10.1080/02681102.2013.832128	Information Systems, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Information Systems, Virginia, Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa	Bankole, F.O., Information Systems, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Osei-Bryson, K.-M., Information Systems, Virginia, Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Brown, I., Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa	Trade is one of the cornerstones of socio-economic development for Africa. Intra-continental trade stimulates productive capacity and competitiveness in nations through exposing domestic industries to competition. The purpose of this study was to investigate how information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure impacts on intra-African trade, taking into account other relevant factors that also influence trade such as Institutional Quality and Educational Attainment. Archival data about Telecommunications Infrastructure (a key indicator of ICT infrastructure), Institutional Quality and Educational Attainment and Trade Flows (Export and Import) from 28 African countries were used as empirical evidence. The research employed structural equation modeling with partial least squares to analyze data. The empirical analysis shows that the Telecommunications Infrastructure has a major impact on intra-African trade. Interacting factors such as Institutional Quality and Educational Attainment also play a role in influencing intra-African trade. © 2013, Commonwealth Secretariat.	Africa; ICT infrastructure; structural equation model; trade	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84917726933	The Impacts of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Institutional Quality on Trade Efficiency in Africa	Bankole F.O., Osei-Bryson K.-M., Brown I.	2015	Information Technology for Development	21	1	10.1080/02681102.2013.874324	Information Systems, University of the WesternCape, Cape Town, South Africa; Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Information Systems, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States	Bankole, F.O., Information Systems, University of the WesternCape, Cape Town, South Africa, Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Osei-Bryson, K.-M., Department of Information Systems, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Brown, I., Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	One of the dominant issues for Information Systems (IS) researchers in developing countries is to determine the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure expansion on socio-economic development. Generating sustained socio-economic development in Africa depends largely on the ability of nations to make profitable investments and accumulate capital, which could be achieved through efficient ICT-enabled trade flows. Trade supports employment creation and improves national income levels, revenue generation, consumer price reductions and government spending. It is a key driver of African poverty alleviation, growth, economic maturity and human development. Previous research, in particular Bankole et al. [(2013a). The impact of information and communications technology infrastructure and complementary factors on intra-African trade. Information Technology for Development] identified the significant and positive effect of telecommunication infrastructure and institutional quality (IQ) on intra-African trade flows. As part of the ongoing research discourse on ICT for Development, the current article explores the impacts of telecommunications infrastructure and IQ on trade efficiency in Africa, using archival data from 28 African countries. We employed partial least squares analysis, data envelopment analysis and regression splines to analyze data. Our results suggest that IQ coupled with telecommunication infrastructure enhance efficiencies in intra-African trade flows. © 2014, Commonwealth Secretariat.	DEA; institutional quality; MARS; SEM; telecommunications; trade efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544296163	Effect of feeding cassava fruit coat meal on the nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers	Iyayi E.A., Fayoyin F.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Iyayi, E.A., Inst. F. Enährungswissenchaften, Martin-Luther-Universität, Emil-Abderhaldenstr. 26, 06108 Halle, Germany; Fayoyin, F.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	The replacement value of a by-product of cassava harvesting - cassava fruit coat (CFC) meal - for wheat bran for broiler production was investigated. CFC was produced by milling dried cassava fruits often discarded after harvesting the roots and stems. The CFC meal was used to replace 25, 50, 75 and 100% wheat bran (w/w) in a basal diet for broilers. Seventy-five one-week old broiler chicks were distributed into 15 pens each holding 5 birds. Each of the 5 experimental diets was allocated at random to 3 pens. At the end of the first 4 weeks (starter phase), the diets were switched to finisher diets for a further 4-week period. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Data were recorded and analysed on pen basis. CFC meal had a crude protein of 44 g/kg and crude fibre of 149 g/kg. All production parameters, other than mortality, deteriorated as the degreed of substitution of wheat bran by CFC was increased. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by dietary increase in level of CFC. It is concluded that CFC can replace up to 50% of the wheat bran requirement for feeding broilers in the finisher phase, but higher levels markedly reduce performance.	Broilers; Cassava fruit coat meal; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952650623	Influence of motivation on students' academic performance	Christiana I.O.	2009	Social Sciences	4	1	None	Institude of Education, University of Ambrose Alli, Expoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Christiana, I.O., Institude of Education, University of Ambrose Alli, Expoma, Edo State, Nigeria	This study investigated, the influence of motivation on students' academic performance. Four research questions and 4 hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study employed the survey design. The sample comprised of 720 respondents comprising of 640 students and 80 teachers randomly drawn from 16 secondary schools and 15 people from different walks of life. Researcher's self-developed motivational questionnaire (IMOAP) on influence of motivation on academic performance for secondary school students and teachers duly vetted by specialists in educational measurement and evaluation, guidance and counselling and educational psychology were used to obtained information from the respondents. Data collected were analysed using the simple percentage. The results of data analysis showed that: Motivation of students is very important for better output in the academic pursuit. Students' motivation has high positive correlation in their academic performance. There is significant relationship between school environment and structure and students' motivation. Based on the findings some relevant educational implications were highlighted and some recommendations were made. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Influence; Motivation; Secondary school; Students academic performance; Teachers	None	None
None	None	Using verbal autopsy to measure causes of death: The comparative performance of existing methods	Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Flaxman A.D., Serina P., Phillips D., Stewart A., James S.L., Vahdatpour A., Atkinson C., Freeman M.K., Ohno S.L., Black R., Ali S.M., Baqui A.H., Dandona L., Dantzer E., Darmstadt G.L., Das V., Dhingra U., Dutta A., Fawzi W., Gó	2014	BMC Medicine	12	1	10.1186/1741-7015-12-5	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O. BOX 122 Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Public Health Foundation of India, ISID Campus, 4 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India; Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Global Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA 98012, United States; CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India; Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University, 214A Basement, Vinobapuri Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi 110024, India; Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6018, United States; The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; The George Institute for Global Health, 839C, Road No. 44A, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033, India; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia	Murray, C.J.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Lozano, R., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Flaxman, A.D., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Serina, P., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Phillips, D., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Stewart, A., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; James, S.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Vahdatpour, A., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Atkinson, C., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Freeman, M.K., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Ohno, S.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Black, R., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Ali, S.M., Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O. BOX 122 Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Baqui, A.H., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Dandona, L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Public Health Foundation of India, ISID Campus, 4 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India; Dantzer, E., Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Darmstadt, G.L., Global Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA 98012, United States; Das, V., CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India; Dhingra, U., Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Dutta, A., Johns Hopkins University, 214A Basement, Vinobapuri Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi 110024, India; Fawzi, W., Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6018, United States; Gómez, S., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Hernández, B., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Joshi, R., The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Kalter, H.D., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Kumar, A., Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Kumar, V., Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Lucero, M., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Mehta, S., Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Neal, B., The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Praveen, D., The George Institute for Global Health, 839C, Road No. 44A, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033, India; Premji, Z., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ramírez-Villalobos, D., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Remolador, H., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Riley, I., School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; Romero, M., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Said, M., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sanvictores, D., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Sazawal, S., Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Tallo, V., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Lopez, A.D., University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia	Background: Monitoring progress with disease and injury reduction in many populations will require widespread use of verbal autopsy (VA). Multiple methods have been developed for assigning cause of death from a VA but their application is restricted by uncertainty about their reliability.Methods: We investigated the validity of five automated VA methods for assigning cause of death: InterVA-4, Random Forest (RF), Simplified Symptom Pattern (SSP), Tariff method (Tariff), and King-Lu (KL), in addition to physician review of VA forms (PCVA), based on 12,535 cases from diverse populations for which the true cause of death had been reliably established. For adults, children, neonates and stillbirths, performance was assessed separately for individuals using sensitivity, specificity, Kappa, and chance-corrected concordance (CCC) and for populations using cause specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, with and without additional diagnostic information from prior contact with health services. A total of 500 train-test splits were used to ensure that results are robust to variation in the underlying cause of death distribution.Results: Three automated diagnostic methods, Tariff, SSP, and RF, but not InterVA-4, performed better than physician review in all age groups, study sites, and for the majority of causes of death studied. For adults, CSMF accuracy ranged from 0.764 to 0.770, compared with 0.680 for PCVA and 0.625 for InterVA; CCC varied from 49.2% to 54.1%, compared with 42.2% for PCVA, and 23.8% for InterVA. For children, CSMF accuracy was 0.783 for Tariff, 0.678 for PCVA, and 0.520 for InterVA; CCC was 52.5% for Tariff, 44.5% for PCVA, and 30.3% for InterVA. For neonates, CSMF accuracy was 0.817 for Tariff, 0.719 for PCVA, and 0.629 for InterVA; CCC varied from 47.3% to 50.3% for the three automated methods, 29.3% for PCVA, and 19.4% for InterVA. The method with the highest sensitivity for a specific cause varied by cause.Conclusions: Physician review of verbal autopsy questionnaires is less accurate than automated methods in determining both individual and population causes of death. Overall, Tariff performs as well or better than other methods and should be widely applied in routine mortality surveillance systems with poor cause of death certification practices. © 2014 Murray et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cause of death; InterVA; King-Lu; Random forests; Symptom pattern; Tariff; VA; Validation; Verbal autopsy	article; autopsy; cause of death; controlled study; diagnostic procedure; groups by age; health service; human; medical information system; mortality; physician; stillbirth; verbal autopsy; Adult; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Internationality; Physician's Role; Reproducibility of Results	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855937144	Microbial community structure stability, a key parameter in monitoring the development of constructed wetland mesocosms during start-up	Ramond J.-B., Welz P.J., Cowan D.A., Burton S.G.	2012	Research in Microbiology	163	1	10.1016/j.resmic.2011.09.003	Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics (IMBM), Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Biocatalysis and Technical Biology (BTB) Research Group, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Ramond, J.-B., Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics (IMBM), Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Welz, P.J., Biocatalysis and Technical Biology (BTB) Research Group, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Cowan, D.A., Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics (IMBM), Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Burton, S.G., Biocatalysis and Technical Biology (BTB) Research Group, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa	Constructed wetlands (CWs) are known to be effective for treating waste streams, and pilot-scale CWs are useful for assessing the impact of pollutants and their remediation. However, little is known with respect to the establishment of these mesocosm systems or the parameters which should be monitored in assessing system equilibration, i.e. when they present stabilised physical and biological patterns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal aspects of CW equilibration as a basis for future studies of system response to amendment. Microbial biomass and hydraulic conductivity values were monitored and microbial community fingerprints were obtained using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). This study showed that microbial community fingerprinting provides a valuable tool for assessing the time scales of equilibration, as it was the last parameter which stabilised during the equilibration period. Hydraulic conductivity was also an important parameter in determining the time scale for initiation of the equilibration process during the study. For a CW of the dimensions used (173cm long/106cm large/30cm depth), community equilibration times demonstrated on the basis of similar microbial community structures were found to be on the order of 100 days. © 2011 Institut Pasteur.	Constructed wetland mesocosm; Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE); Hydraulic conductivity; Microbial community structure; Start-up process	article; community structure; constructed wetland; controlled study; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; hydraulic conductivity; mesocosm; microbial biomass; microbial community; nonhuman; nutrient uptake; priority journal; Bacteria; Biomass; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Microbiology; Wetlands	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054767304	Global phylogeography of the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus: Implications for fisheries management and monitoring the shark fin trade	Benavides M.T., Horn R.L., Feldheim K.A., Shivji M.S., Clarke S.C., Wintner S., Natanson L., Braccini M., Boomer J.J., Gulak S.J.B., Chapman D.D.	2011	Endangered Species Research	14	1	10.3354/esr00337	Institute for Ocean Conservation Science, School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Guy Harvey Research Institute, Save Our Seas Shark Center, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, FL 33004, United States; Field Museum, Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States; Oceanic Fisheries Programme, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, BPD5 CEDEX, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia; KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umhlanga Rocks 4320 and Biomedical Resource Unit, Private Bag 2, Durban 4000, South Africa; NOAA Fisheries Service, 28 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882, United States; Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; NOAA Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL 32408, United States	Benavides, M.T., Institute for Ocean Conservation Science, School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Horn, R.L., Guy Harvey Research Institute, Save Our Seas Shark Center, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, FL 33004, United States; Feldheim, K.A., Field Museum, Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States; Shivji, M.S., Guy Harvey Research Institute, Save Our Seas Shark Center, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, FL 33004, United States; Clarke, S.C., Oceanic Fisheries Programme, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, BPD5 CEDEX, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia; Wintner, S., KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umhlanga Rocks 4320 and Biomedical Resource Unit, Private Bag 2, Durban 4000, South Africa; Natanson, L., NOAA Fisheries Service, 28 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882, United States; Braccini, M., Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Boomer, J.J., Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Gulak, S.J.B., NOAA Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL 32408, United States; Chapman, D.D., Institute for Ocean Conservation Science, School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States	Genetic stock structure information is needed to delineate management units and monitor trade in sharks, many of which are heavily exploited and declining. The dusky shark Carcha -rhinus obscurus is a large apex predator that is sought after for its fins and is considered highly susceptible to overexploitation. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies this species as 'Vulnerable' globally and 'Endangered' in the northwest Atlantic. We make the first assessment of global stock structure of C. obscurus by analyzing part of the mitochondrial control region (mtCR) in 255 individuals sampled from 8 geographically dispersed locations. We found 25 mtCR haplotypes and rejected a hypothesis of panmixia (analysis of molecular variance, ΦST = 0.55, p < 0.000001), detecting significant differentiation between 3 management units: US Atlantic (USATL), South Africa (SAF), and Australia (AUS). We also found preliminary evidence of population structure between the USATL and southwest Atlantic (Brazil). There were no shared haplotypes between the western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. These analyses suggest that replenishment of the collapsed USATL management unit via immigration of females from elsewhere is unlikely. Mixed stock analysis (MSA) simulations show that reconstruction of the relative contributions of USATL, SAF, and AUS management units to the Asian fin trade is possible using these mtCR sequences. We suggest avenues for obtaining samples to conduct MSA of the shark fin trade, which could enhance management of dusky sharks and other species that are exploited for their fins. © Inter-Research 2011.	Conservation; Mitochondrial DNA; Mixed stock analysis; Phylogeography	conservation management; endangered species; environmental monitoring; fishery management; mitochondrion; phylogeography; population structure; shark fishery; Australia; Brazil; South Africa; United States; Carcharhinus obscurus; Chondrichthyes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244491530	Field evaluation of a fast anti-Leishmania antibody detection assay in Ethiopia	Hailu A., Schoone G.J., Diro E., Tesfaye A., Techane Y., Tefera T., Assefa Y., Genetu A., Kebede Y., Kebede T., Schallig H.D.F.H.	2006	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	100	1	10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.003	Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia	Hailu, A., Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schoone, G.J., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Diro, E., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Techane, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Tefera, T., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Assefa, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Genetu, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, Y., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, T., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schallig, H.D.F.H., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands	A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples was evaluated under harsh field conditions in northern Ethiopia. Test performance was compared with a standard serological test, namely the direct agglutination test (DAT), and with parasitology. In total, 103 suspected cases were recruited for the study. Based on parasitological examination, 49 patients were confirmed of having visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the other 54 suspected cases were parasitologically negative. Field evaluation of FAST was possible in blood samples of 89 patients. FAST had 4 false negative results and 13 false positive results. DAT had 2 false negative results and 20 false positive results. A good degree of agreement (86.9%) was observed between FAST and DAT (κ value 0.73). In this field-based evalauation, the sensitivity and specificity of FAST were found to be 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1) and 70.5% (95% CI 54.6-82.8), respectively, compared with 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2) and 62.3% (95% CI 47.9-74.9) for DAT. FAST had a high predictive value of a negative test, demonstrating that FAST could be utilised to exclude rapidly non-VL patients from a large population of suspects with fever and splenomegaly in endemic areas. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	DAT; Direct agglutination test; Ethiopia; FAST; Fast agglutination screening test; Visceral leishmaniasis	protozoon antibody; agglutination test; antibody detection; antibody screening; article; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic error; diagnostic value; endemic disease; Ethiopia; fever; field experiment; human; intermethod comparison; Leishmania; leishmaniasis; major clinical study; microbiological examination; nonhuman; parasitology; prediction; sensitivity and specificity; splenomegaly; visceral leishmaniasis; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Protozoan; Ethiopia; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052474319	The socio-economic impactof Africa's oldestmarine park	Oberholzer S., Saayman M., Saayman A., Slabbert E.	2010	Koedoe	52	1	10.4102/koedoe.v52i1.879	Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa; School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa	Oberholzer, S., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa; Saayman, M., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa; Saayman, A., School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa; Slabbert, E., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa	South African National Parks (SANParks) plays a major role in the tourism industry and has three primary functions, namely to conserve biodiversity, to create tourism and recreational opportunities and to build strong community relations. These parks, therefore, have a definite socio-economic impact on adjacent communities, although little is known about this impact. The main aim of this study was to determine the socio-economic impact of Africa's oldest marine park, namely Tsitsikamma National Park, which forms part of the newly created Garden Route National Park. This was done by conducting three surveys during April 2008: a visitor's survey (156 respondents), a community survey (132 respondents) and a business survey (11 respondents). We found that the park has a positive economic impact on the surrounding area and that the community exhibits a favourable attitude towards Tsitsikamma National Park. The results also differed when compared to similar studies conducted at other national parks in South Arica and one of the main reasons for this was that the park is located in a touristic area. For a greater impact however, the park should expand its marine activities, while communication with the local community could also be improved. Conservation implications: Good community relations and ecotourism activities are important components of good conservation practices. This research indicates that tourism activities not only generated funds for conservation, but also benefited the local communities of Tsitsikamma National Park. The positive attitude of local communities makes conservation of biodiversity more sustainable. © 2010. The Authors. Licensee.	Community; Marine tourism; National parks; Partial multiplier modelling; Regional economy; Socio-economic impact; Tourism	biodiversity; conservation management; conservation planning; ecotourism; marine park; regional economy; socioeconomic impact; tourism management; South Africa; Tsitsikamma National Park	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68049110335	The socio-economic impact of the Karoo National Park	Saayman M., Saayman A., Ferreira M.	2009	Koedoe	51	1	10.4102/koedoe.v51i1.158	Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, School of Economics, North West University, South Africa	Saayman, M., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, School of Economics, North West University, South Africa; Saayman, A., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, School of Economics, North West University, South Africa; Ferreira, M., Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, School of Economics, North West University, South Africa	National parks in South Africa are seen as major tourism assets due to the wildlife and various activities for international and local visitors. Little is known of the socio-economic contribution of these parks to their respective local economies. The purpose of this research was to determine the socio-economic impact of the Karoo National Park (Karoo NP) in South Africa, especially the economic impact of the Karoo NP on the local economy, the impact of tourism business development in the Karoo district, and how the park affects the community. Three surveys were used to determine the socio-economic impact: a community survey, a business survey and a tourist survey. The results show that the park has an impact in terms of production, income generation and employment in the area, but this impact is not as significant as that of other national parks in South Africa. A small percentage (4%) of businesses in Beaufort West owe their existence to the Karoo NP, but most rely on tourist spending. For the park to have a greater impact, it is imperative to increase accommodation capacity, offer more activities and promote activities and attractions in the region. conservation implication: The importance of this article lies in the economic value that conservation management generates as well as identifying the benefi ts that communities derive from the existence of a national park. It also supports the notion that conservation entails more than just conserving fauna and flora and highlights the interdependence of conservation, tourism and community participation. © 2009. The Authors.	Community perceptions; Economic value; SANParks; South Africa; Tourism	biodiversity; conservation management; local economy; local participation; national park; perception; socioeconomic impact; tourism development; Africa; Karoo National Park; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052712781	The economic impact of hunting in the Northern Cape province	Saayman M., Van Der Merwe P., Rossouw R.	2011	South African Journal of Wildlife Research	41	1	10.3957/056.041.0115	Institute for Tourism, Wildlife Economics and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Saayman, M., Institute for Tourism, Wildlife Economics and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Der Merwe, P., Institute for Tourism, Wildlife Economics and Leisure Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Rossouw, R., School of Economics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	We here estimate the economic impact of hunting (both biltong and trophy) on South Africa's Northern Cape province economy. This study used the input-output (social accounting matrix) and multiplier analyses to evaluate the economic impact of hunting in the regional economy of the Northern Cape province. Data on biltong hunting were derived from a national survey conducted in 2007 and data on trophy hunting were derived from the Professional Hunting Association of South Africa (PHASA). The results indicated that the direct economic impact of hunting in the Northern Cape province economy, resulting from increased expenditure, exceeded R696.1 million for 2007. This direct impact resulted in a total economic impact in the order of R774.3 million, and consequently, in a multiplier effect of 1.11. With regard to employment, it was estimated that some 9072 jobs plus those of the employees directly involved might be dependent on hunting in the province, thereby supporting the notion that this is a viable and important sector of the tourism industry.	biltong hunting; economic impact; hunting; social accounting matrix; South Africa; tourism; trophy hunting	economic impact; ecotourism; employment; estimation method; hunting; regional economy; tourism economics; Northern Cape; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926153714	Evaluation and Potential Health Hazard of Selected Metals in Water, Sediments, and Fish from the Gomti River	Gupta S.K., Chabukdhara M., Singh J., Bux F.	2015	Human and Ecological Risk Assessment	21	1	10.1080/10807039.2014.902694	Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad, India	Gupta, S.K., Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Chabukdhara, M., Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Singh, J., Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad, India; Bux, F., Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	ABSTRACT: The health hazard associated with the consumption of fish from the Gomti River in India, contaminated with the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn was assessed in terms of target hazard quotients (THQs). The concentrations of metals (mg kg−1, wet weight basis) in the muscle tissues of different fish species Mastacembelus puncalus, Clupisona garua, Cyrinous carpio, Botia lochachata, Channa punctatus, Heteropneustise fossilis, Puntius sofore, and Clarious batrachus ranged as follows: Cr (2.2–21.4), Cu (0.3–14.3), Mn (2.3–5.5), Ni (0.5–10.9), Pb (1.0–3.9), and Zn (12.3–46.9). The accumulation of metals in fish muscle tissue was in the order: Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Ni &gt; Mn &gt; Cu &gt; Pb. THQs indicated a potential health hazard to children due to the consumption of fish contaminated with Ni and Pb; their THQs were greater than 1 for almost all fish species except for Ni in C. garua (THQ, 0.07) and C. carpio (THQ, 0.90). For adults, insignificant health hazard was associated with THQs less than 1 for all metals in the different fish species, but long-term exposure to these metals and subsequent bioaccumulation in the body may require additional investigation. © 2015, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	accumulation; fish; Gomti River; sediment; target hazard quotient; trace elements; water	Batrachoides; Botia; Channa punctatus; Mastacembelus; Puntius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76649110257	Initial evaluation of a simple coupled surface and ground water hydrological model to assess sustainable ground water abstractions at the regional scale	Hughes D.A., Kapangaziwiri E., Baker K.	2010	Hydrology Research	41	1	10.2166/nh.2010.038	Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Hughes, D.A., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Kapangaziwiri, E., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Baker, K., Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Additional surface-ground water interaction routines were recently added to the Pitman monthly rainfall-runoff model, widely used in South Africa for quantifying water resources in ungauged catchments. Some evaluations of the model have demonstrated that it can realistically simulate interactions between surface and ground water at catchment scales of approximately 100 to 5,000 km2. The model allows ground water abstractions to be simulated, but no reported evaluations of this component are available. This study uses the model to estimate sustainable abstraction volumes in a semi-arid catchment and includes an assessment of model parameter uncertainties. In recognition of potential spatial scale issues related to the model structure an alternative model configuration, based on splitting the total catchment into recharge and abstraction sub-catchments, was also tested. While the results appear to be conceptually appropriate, there is insufficient available information to quantitatively confirm the model parameters and results. The same would apply regardless of the type of model being applied in such a data-deficient area. Additional geo-hydrological information is required to resolve the model uncertainties and improve the parameter estimation process. This pilot study has highlighted the type of information required, but further work is needed to identify how best to obtain that information. © IWA Publishing 2010.	Ground water; Hydrological models; Recharge; Resource estimation	Catchment scale; Hydrological models; Model configuration; Model parameters; Model uncertainties; Parameter estimation process; Pilot studies; Rainfall-runoff models; Regional scale; Resource estimation; Semiarid catchments; South Africa; Spatial scale; Subcatchments; Ungauged catchment; Abstracting; Catchments; Groundwater; Parameter estimation; Runoff; Uncertainty analysis; Groundwater resources; catchment; groundwater-surface water interaction; hydrological modeling; resource assessment; water resource; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749054748	Economic impact assessment for technology: The case of improved soybean varieties in southwest Nigeria	Ogunsumi L.O., Adegbite A.A., Oyekan P.O.	2007	Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics	108	1	None	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ogunsumi, L.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adegbite, A.A., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oyekan, P.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria	The Study on economic impact assessment for the production of improved soybean varieties in Nigeria was carried out in Nigeria using the agronomic data on yield of the nationally coordinated soybean research from two major zones namely the southwest and the middle belt. The study assesses the economic returns due to improved soybean varieties. Primary data were collected with the use of structured and validated questionnaires. A sample of 288 respondents was drawn from four states namely Oyo, Ogun, Kwara and Niger State at 72 respondents per state. Secondary data were collected from Agricultural Development Programme (ADP), International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, (IAR & T), National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Central Bank of Nigeria CBN and Federal Office of Statistics (FOS). An internal rate of return (IRR) of 38 percent was estimated from the stream of netted real social gains at 1985 constant. The return to investment in soybean production technology is attractive and justifies the investments made on the technologies. The policy implication is that there is under-investment in soybean production research.	Economic impact assessment; Improved varieties; Nigeria; Soybean	Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862073284	Hybrid maize evaluation in the derived and Southern Guinea Savanna agro-ecologies of Nigeria	Akande S.R.	2009	Tropical Agriculture	86	1	None	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akande, S.R., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	The effects of genotype x environment interactions for grain yield on hybrid maize varieties in two locations within the derived and Southern Guinea Savanna environments of Nigeria were investigated. GGE biplot analysis was used to identify suitable varieties for each environment. Significantly higher grain yields were recorded at Ballah (Southern Guinea Savanna) with an average value of 2.06 t/ha compared with 1.8 t/ha obtained from Ilora (derived Savanna). Number of days to 50% silking was also longer at Ballah with a mean value of 61.95. Higher values were however recorded for plant and ear heights at Ilora. Using GGE biplot analysis differences among genotypes was responsible for the greater percentage of the total variation due to genotype, location and genotype x location interaction. The most suitable hybrid varieties for Ballah environment were varieties 8535-23 and 9111-1 while varieties 8522-2 and Oba super 1 were better adapted to Ilora environment. © 2009 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Genotype x environment interaction; Grain yield; Hybrid maize; Savanna	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893334213	When to Randomize: Lessons From Independent Impact Evaluation of Reading to Learn (RtL) Programme to Improve Literacy and Numeracy in Kenya and Uganda	Oketch M., Ngware M., Mutisya M., Kassahun A., Abuya B., Musyoka P.	2014	Peabody Journal of Education	89	1	10.1080/0161956X.2014.862470	Institute of Education, University of London, United Kingdom; African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Kenya	Oketch, M., Institute of Education, University of London, United Kingdom; Ngware, M., African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Kenya; Mutisya, M., African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Kenya; Kassahun, A., African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Kenya; Abuya, B., African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Kenya; Musyoka, P., African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Kenya	In East Africa, there is great effort directed toward ensuring that there is learning and value for money invested in universal education policies initiated over the past decade. Kenya and Uganda are two countries that typify this effort. The effort includes the work of research organisations such as Uwezo, which assess learning levels; RTI, which assesses language and early grade reading; and the work of African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), which looks at schooling patterns of different households. All these studies paint a disappointing picture both for the universal access Education for All policy and the large sums of money that have been devoted to achieve it. The verdict is that too many pupils in schools are not learning and too many poor ones are excluded from universal public access. Uwezo reports that 70% of pupils in Grade 3 cannot do Grade 2 work, and 9% of those completing Primary 8 in Kenya cannot do Grade 2 work. Answers are not easy to find, so borrowing what has worked elsewhere has been attempted. This article presents one effort toward finding what can work to improve learning for pupils in early grades. It is based on the idea of "Reading to Learn" implemented elsewhere and attempted in East Africa by Aga Khan Foundation and independently evaluated by APHRC using randomization methods. Lessons presented highlight the role and complexities of randomization in addressing the educational challenges in East Africa. © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43249126007	Evaluation and heritability studies of local Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cultivars from south-west Nigeria	Akande S.R., Balogun M.O.	2007	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	7	1	None	Institute of Agricultural Research, Training Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akande, S.R., Institute of Agricultural Research, Training Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Balogun, M.O., Institute of Agricultural Research, Training Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Seven local Lima bean cultivars were evaluated at Ile-Ife in the humid rainforest environment of south western Nigeria for two years. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used each year. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Heritability estimates of 10 agronomic characters evaluated were also determined. Significant year and cultivar effects were observed for most of the characters. Seed yield ha-1 varied from 289.14 to 1358.74 kg. Only two cultivars had seed yield above 1000 kg ha-1, others yielded poorly. Seed yield had positive and significant correlation with branching height, number of seeds per pod, 100- seed weight and inter-nodal length. Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that pod weight per plant, 100-seed weight and pod length were the main seed yield components in Lima bean and together they accounted for 98% of the variability. One hundred seed weight also had the highest broad sense heritability estimate of 98%. Characters such as pod length, mid leaflet surface area, pod weight per plant and inter-nodal length were moderately heritable. The implications of these findings in lima bean improvement were discussed.	Correlation; Evaluation; Heritability estimates; Lima beans; Seed yield	Phaseolus lunatus	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of the Sticky-Resting-Box-Trap, the standardised resting-bucket-trap and indoor aspiration for sampling malaria vectors	Kreppel K.S., Johnson P.C.D., Govella N.J., Pombi M., Maliti D., Ferguson H.M.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1066-0	Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy	Kreppel, K.S., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Johnson, P.C.D., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Govella, N.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Pombi, M., Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Maliti, D., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Ferguson, H.M., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Background: Understanding mosquito resting behaviour is important for the control of vector-borne diseases, but this remains a challenge because of the paucity of efficient sampling tools. We evaluated two novel sampling methods in the field: the Sticky Resting Box (SRB) and the Resting Bucket trap (RBu) to test their efficiency for sampling malaria vectors resting outdoors and inside houses in rural Tanzania. The performance of RBu and SRB was compared outdoors, while indoors SRB were compared with the Back Pack Aspiration method (BP). Trapping was conducted within 4 villages in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania over 14 nights. On each night, the performance for collecting Anopheles vectors and Culicinae was compared in 4 households by SRB and RBu outdoors and by SRB or fixed-time Back Pack aspirator in 2 of the 4 focal households indoors. Findings: A total of 619 Anopheles gambiae s.l., 224 Anopheles funestus s.l. and 1737 Culicinae mosquitoes were captured. The mean abundance of An. arabiensis and An. funestus s.l. collected with SRB traps inside and outdoors was significantly lower than with BP or RBu. The SRB however, outperformed BP aspiration for collection of Culicinae indoors. Conclusions: Of the methods trialled indoors (BP and SRB), BP was the most effective, whilst outdoors RBu performed much better than SRB. However, as SRB can passively sample mosquitoes over a week they could provide an alternative to the RBu where daily monitoring is not possible. © 2015 Kreppel et al.	Anopheles arabiensis; Ecology; Exophily; Malaria vector; Resting behaviour; Resting traps; Sticky trap	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; controlled study; Culicinae; indoor aspiration; intermethod comparison; mosquito; nonhuman; population abundance; resting bucket trap; rural area; sampling; Sticky Resting Box Trap; Tanzania	None
None	None	Development and evaluation of mosquito-electrocuting traps as alternatives to the human landing catch technique for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors	Maliti D.V., Govella N.J., Killeen G.F., Mirzai N., Johnson P.C.D., Kreppel K., Ferguson H.M.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-1025-4	Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology Tanzania, PO Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	Maliti, D.V., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology Tanzania, PO Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Govella, N.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Killeen, G.F., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Mirzai, N., Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Johnson, P.C.D., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Kreppel, K., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ferguson, H.M., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, United Kingdom	Background: The human landing catch (HLC) is the gold standard method for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. However, the HLC is ethically questionable because it requires exposure of humans to potentially infectious mosquito bites. Methods: Two exposure-free methods for sampling host-seeking mosquitoes were evaluated using electrocuting surfaces as potential replacements for HLC: (1) a previously evaluated, commercially available electrocuting grid (CA-EG) designed for killing flies, and (2) a custom-made mosquito electrocuting trap (MET) designed to kill African malaria vectors. The MET and the CA-EG were evaluated relative to the HLC in a Latin Square experiment conducted in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. The sampling consistency of the traps across the night and at varying mosquito densities was investigated. Estimates of the proportion of mosquitoes caught indoors (Pi), proportion of human exposure occurring indoors (πi), and proportion of mosquitoes caught when most people are likely to be indoors (Pfl) were compared for all traps. Results: Whereas the CA-EG performed poorly (&lt;10 % of catch of HLC), sampling efficiency of the MET for sampling Anopheles funestus s.l. was indistinguishable from HLC indoors and outdoors. For Anopheles gambiae s.l., sampling sensitivity of MET was 20.9 % (95 % CI 10.3-42.2) indoors and 58.5 % (95 % CI 32.2-106.2) outdoors relative to HLC. There was no evidence of density-dependent sampling by the MET or CA-EG. Similar estimates of Pi were obtained for An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. from all trapping methods. The proportion of mosquitoes caught when people are usually indoors (Pfl) was underestimated by the CA-EG and MET for An. gambiae s.l., but similar to the HLC for An. funestus. Estimates of the proportion of human exposure occurring indoors (πi) obtained from the CA-EG and MET were similar to the HLC for An. gambiae s.l., but overestimated for An. funestus. Conclusions: The MET showed promise as an outdoor sampling tool for malaria vectors where it achieved &gt;50 % sampling sensitivity relative to the HLC. The CA-EG had poor sampling sensitivity outdoors and inside. With further modification, the MET could provide an efficient and safer alternative to the HLC for the surveillance of mosquito vectors outdoors. © 2015 Maliti et al.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus s.l.; Anopheles gambiae s.l.; Human landing catch; Malaria; Mosquito behaviour; Mosquito electrocuting trap; Outdoor biting; Vector sampling tools	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; environmental exposure; equipment design; host parasite interaction; human landing catch technique; intermethod comparison; malaria control; mosquito; mosquito electrocuting trap; sampling; sensitivity analysis; Tanzania; vector control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953155492	Facilities offered by the University of Ibadan (Nigeria) distance learning centre towards learners' academic goal-an evaluation	Adegbile J.A., Oyekanmi J.O.	2011	Educational Research and Reviews	6	1	None	Institute of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Adegbile, J.A., Institute of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Oyekanmi, J.O., Institute of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Distance learners in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria unlike other distance learners of different parts of the world are faced with various educational, social and psychological problems associated with the code of distance learning. The facilities offered by the University of Ibadan distance learning centre towards the users' multifarious needs are not sufficient. The level of adequacy of facilities provided by the University should be equal to meeting the needs; otherwise, the objectives of the programme stand the risk of becoming a dismal failure. This study therefore, attempts to assess the level of adequacy of facilities provided by the University of Ibadan Distance Learning Centre for its potential learners to meet their needs. The survey used stratified sampling techniques on the data collected from 1120 subjects among the five participating Faculties of the University - Education, Arts, the social Science, Science, and the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry and employed multiple regression and simple percentage analysis. Three research questions were posed for the study. Distance Learners' Questionnaire (DLQ) with (r=0.91) was the instrument used for data collection. Findings revealed that, most of the facilities are available but inadequately provided for learners' use. It is therefore recommended that, the University of Ibadan, being the premier University in Nigeria, should endeavour to provide its distance learners with latest information infrastructure in order to increase and enhance the programme efficiency that takes care of learners' needs. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Distance learning; Evaluation; Facilities; Learner's academic goal	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84933514271	Participation and performance trends of East-African runners in Swiss half-marathons and marathons held between 2000 and 2010	Cribari M., Rüst C.A., Rosemann T., Onywera V., Lepers R., Knechtle B.	2013	BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation	5	1	10.1186/2052-1847-5-24	Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen Vadianstrasse 26, St. Gallen, Switzerland	Cribari, M., Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Rüst, C.A., Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Rosemann, T., Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Onywera, V., Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Lepers, R., INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France; Knechtle, B., Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen Vadianstrasse 26, St. Gallen, Switzerland	Background: This study examined the changes in participation, performance and age of East African runners competing in half-marathons and marathons held in Switzerland between 2000 and 2010. Methods: Race times, sex, age and origin of East African versus Non-African finishers of half-marathon and marathon finishers were analyzed. Results: Across time, the number of Kenyan and Ethiopian finishers remained stable (P > 0.05) while the number of Non-African finishers increased for both women and men in both half-marathons and marathons (P < 0.05). In half-marathons, the top ten African women (71 ± 1.4 min) and top three (62.3 ± 0.6 min) and top ten (62.8 ± 0.4 min) African men were faster than their Non-African counterparts (P < 0.05). In marathons, however, there was no difference in race times between the top three African men (130.0 ± 0.0 min) and women (151.7 ± 2.5 min) compared to Non-African men (129.0 ± 1.0 min) and women (150.7 ± 1.2 min) (P > 0.05). In half-marathons and marathons was no difference in age between the best Non-African and the best African runners (P > 0.05). Conclusions: During the last decade in Switzerland, the participation of Kenyan and Ethiopian runners in half- and full- marathons remained stable. In marathons there was no difference in age and performance between the top African and the top Non-African runners. Regarding half-marathons, the top African runners were faster but not younger than the top Non-African runners. Future insight should be gained by comparing the present results with participation, performance and age trends for East African runners competing in marathons held in larger countries. © 2013 Cribari et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Aging; East African runners; Gender; Marathon; Nationality; Running	adult; age; Article; athletic performance; comparative study; Ethiopian; ethnic difference; female; human; Kenyan; male; marathon runner; running; sex difference; social participation; Switzerland; trend study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892884854	The impact of mass media interventions on tuberculosis awareness, health-seeking behaviour and health service utilisation: A systematic review protocol	Nglazi M.D., Bekker L.-G., Wood R., Shey M.S., Uthman O.A., Wiysonge C.S.	2014	BMJ Open	4	1	10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004302	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; South African Endpoint Laboratory, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; International Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Nglazi, M.D., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; Bekker, L.-G., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Shey, M.S., South African Endpoint Laboratory, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa; Uthman, O.A., Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, International Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom, Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Wiysonge, C.S., Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world. Strategies to curb the spread of TB must match the multifaceted nature of the epidemic. The use of mass media is one of the important strategies in communicating behavioural change in relation to TB prevention and the treatment. However, the benefits of this intervention are unclear. We, therefore, plan to conduct a systematic review on the effects of mass media interventions on TB awareness, health-seeking behaviour and health service utilisation. Methods and analysis: We will preferably include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in this systematic review. However, non-randomised studies will be included if there is an inadequate number of RCTs. We will perform electronic searches in PubMed, Scopus and other databases, along with manual searches. Articles written (or translated) in English and French and published between 1 January 1980 and 31 October 2013 will be eligible for inclusion in this review. The primary outcomes will be TB knowledge, attitudes and awareness, healthcare-seeking behaviour and service utilisation. The secondary outcomes will include stigma and discrimination against people with TB and the costs of the interventions. We will investigate clinical and statistical heterogeneity and pool studies judged to be clinically and statistically homogeneous. Relative risks will be calculated for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes, both with their corresponding 95% CIs. Ethics and dissemination: The systematic review will use data that is not linked to individuals. The review findings may have implications for clinical practice and future research, and will be disseminated electronically and in print through peer-reviewed publications.	None	article; attitude to health; clinical practice; health behavior; health care utilization; human; mass medium; outcome assessment; randomized controlled trial (topic); risk factor; social discrimination; social stigma; systematic review; tuberculosis; health education; information dissemination; patient attitude; preventive health service; procedures; psychology; tuberculosis; utilization; Health Education; Humans; Information Dissemination; Mass Media; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Preventive Health Services; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861555009	Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on the natural history of human papillomavirus genital infection in South African men and women	Mbulawa Z.Z.A., Marais D.J., Johnson L.F., Coetzee D., Williamson A.-L.	2012	Journal of Infectious Diseases	206	1	10.1093/infdis/jis299	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Mbulawa, Z.Z.A., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Marais, D.J., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Johnson, L.F., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Coetzee, D., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. This study investigated genital human papillomavirus (HPV) incidence and clearance in 278 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive (HIV-positive) women, 208 HIV-negative women, 161 HIV-positive men, and 325 HIV-negative men, followed at 6-month intervals for up to 24 months. Methods. HPV types were determined by the Roche Reverse Linear Array HPV genotyping assay. Results. The rate of new HPV detection at the cervix and penis were 33.83 events/1000 person-months (95 confidence interval [CI], 26.39-43.46) and 55.68 events/1000 person-months (95 CI, 43.59-69.19), respectively. HIV infection was associated with increased risk of new HPV detection in women (relative risk [RR], 2.98; 95 CI, 2.07-4.29) and men (RR, 2.00; 95 CI, 1.49-2.69). The risk of new HPV detection increased in women (RR, 5.25; 95 CI, 3.52-7.81) and men (RR, 8.71; 95 CI, 6.19-12.24) when the sexual partner was infected with the same HPV type. The rate of clearing any HPV infection was 95.1 events/1000 person-months (95 CI, 83.3-108.1) in men and 66.9 events/1000 person-months (95 CI, 57.0-78.5) in women. HIV infection reduced the rate of HPV clearance in women (RR, 0.46; 95 CI,. 34-.62) and men (RR, 0.71; 95 CI,. 55-.93). Conclusions. HIV infection increases the risk of new HPV detection and decreases the rate of HPV clearance in both women and men. © 2012 The Author.	None	adult; aged; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; contraception; controlled study; disease association; female; follow up; genital system disease; genital tract infection; genital ulcer; genotyping technique; groups by age; health status; history; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; human relation; infection rate; infection risk; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; papillomavirus infection; parity; penis; priority journal; sexual behavior; sexuality; uterine cervix; viral clearance; virus detection; virus load; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cervix Uteri; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Genotype; HIV; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Natural History; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Penis; Sexual Partners; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878356234	The impact of human immunodeficiency virus on human papillomavirus transmission in heterosexually active couples	Mbulawa Z.Z.A., Johnson L.F., Marais D.J., Coetzee D., Williamson A.-L.	2013	Journal of Infection	67	1	10.1016/j.jinf.2013.03.009	Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Disease, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Mbulawa, Z.Z.A., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Disease, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Johnson, L.F., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Marais, D.J., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Coetzee, D., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Williamson, A.-L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa	Objectives: This study investigated HPV transmission and the factors influencing it in heterosexually active couples in South Africa. Methods: A total of 486 heterosexual couples were recruited at a health facility and returned at 6-monthly intervals. Cervical and penile HPV types were determined by Roche Linear Array HPV genotyping assay. HPV transmission was defined as the detection of a new HPV type in an individual whose partner was infected with the same type at the date of acquisition. Results: The female-to-male HPV transmission rate was 2.80/100 person-months (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.03-3.86) while the male-to-female HPV transmission rate was 1.17/100 person-months (95% CI: 0.82-1.67). HIV-positive women were found to be at higher risk of HPV infection transmitted from their male partners compared to HIV-negative women (RR (relative risk): 2.31, 95% CI: 1.08-4.92, P=0.03). HIV-positive men with CD4 counts <350/mL had a higher risk of HPV infection transmitted from their female partners compared to HIV-positive men with CD4 counts ≥350/mL (RR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.05-9.55, P=0.04). Conclusions: HIV infection and low CD4 counts increase the rate of HPV acquisition from sexual partner. © 2013 The British Infection Association.	Human immunodeficiency virus; Human papillomavirus; Transmission	adult; age distribution; aged; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; disease severity; female; genotype; health care facility; heterosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; papillomavirus infection; risk assessment; risk factor; sexual behavior; virus transmission; Wart virus; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cervix Uteri; Family Characteristics; Female; Genotype; Heterosexuality; HIV Infections; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Penis; Risk Factors; South Africa; Young Adult	None
None	None	Evolution of information and communication technology in Tanzania and its impact on ocean data and information management	Masalu D.C.P.	2005	Ocean and Coastal Management	48	1	10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.11.001	Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Masalu, D.C.P., Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Efforts to modernize information technology in Tanzania started as early as 1965 when the first computer in the country was installed in the ministry of finance. Unfortunately, these efforts were hampered by several problems that included the lack of qualified indigenous personnel and uncoordinated planning. The problems were very bad experiences to the government, and as a reaction to that in 1974 the government banned the importation of computers and all related equipment (accessories and peripheries) into Tanzania. This severe decision of the government has had a great negative impact on the development of information technology and computer literacy in all fronts including ocean data and information management in Tanzania. However, the situation has greatly much improved recently following various efforts by the government and the donor community to remedy the situation. Even though, the effects of the 1974 government decision are still noticeable. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO in collaboration with the Flanders Government have played a key role in the improvement and structuring of ocean data and information management in Tanzania through Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA) project. These efforts include capacity building in both human resources and infrastructure, creating/increasing awareness among stakeholders and scientists on the need of having a sound data and information management system in the country, and helping Tanzania to establish a National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODC). © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	None	Information management; Information theory; Management information systems; Oceanography; Personnel; Public policy; Information and communication technology; Infrastructure; Stakeholders; Tanzania; Information technology; information management; marine policy; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861554230	CAPRISA 004 tenofovir microbicide trial: No impact of tenofovir gel on the HIV transmission bottleneck	Valley-Omar Z., Sibeko S., Anderson J., Goodier S., Werner L., Arney L., Naranbhai V., Treurnicht F., Abrahams M.-R., Bandawe G., Swanstrom R., Karim Q.A., Karim S.S.A., Williamson C.	2012	Journal of Infectious Diseases	206	1	10.1093/infdis/jis305	Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States	Valley-Omar, Z., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Sibeko, S., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Anderson, J., Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Goodier, S., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Werner, L., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Arney, L., Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Naranbhai, V., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Treurnicht, F., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Abrahams, M.-R., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Bandawe, G., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Swanstrom, R., Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Karim, Q.A., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Karim, S.S.A., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Williamson, C., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa	Alterations of the genital mucosal barrier may influence the number of viruses transmitted from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected source host to the newly infected individual. We used heteroduplex tracking assay and single-genome sequencing to investigate the effect of a tenofovir-based microbicide gel on the transmission bottleneck in women who seroconverted during the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial. Seventy-seven percent (17 of 22; 95 confidence interval [CI], 56-90) of women in the tenofovir gel arm were infected with a single virus compared with 92 (13 of 14; 95 CI, 67->99) in the placebo arm (P =. 37). Tenofovir gel had no discernable impact on the transmission bottleneck. © 2012 The Author.	None	placebo; tenofovir; amplicon; article; bottleneck population; controlled study; disease classification; gel; gene sequence; genetic distance; genetic variability; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; phylogeny; priority journal; seroconversion; virus transmission; Adenine; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cervix Uteri; Cohort Studies; Female; Gels; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Phosphonic Acids	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892479381	Modelling the impacts of reforestation on the projected hydroclimatology of Niger River Basin, West Africa	Oguntunde P.G., Abiodun B.J., Lischeid G., Merz C.	2014	Ecohydrology	7	1	10.1002/eco.1343	Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany; Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Soil, Water and Environment Section, Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Oguntunde, P.G., Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany, Soil, Water and Environment Section, Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Abiodun, B.J., Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lischeid, G., Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany; Merz, C., Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany	This study simulates the impacts of reforestation on hydroclimatology of Niger River Basin (NRB) under enhanced greenhouse gases (GHGs). A regional climate model (RegCM3) was used to dynamically downscale hydroclimatological variables of NRB for present-day (PRS), and for future climate scenarios (with and without reforestation). The data were further analysed to detect changes in water balance components and the moisture recycling ratios. Under A1B scenario, warmer climate was projected over the entire basin in all seasons, a drier climate during the rainy season, and a wetter climate during the dry season. Reforestation along NRB (GBR) reduces the GHG warming over the basin both seasons, but increases it north-east of the basin in July-September (JAS). Both reforestation scenarios could enhance rainfall over the reforested area. With reforestation over Sahel (GSR), seasonal evapotranspiration increases between 3·6% and 14·4%; but with GBR, evapotranspiration reduces between -12·4% and -4·3%. The GSR option offsets the projected annual GHG effects on moisture recycling over the basin. Evaporation coefficient decreased by about 5% under elevated CO2 while runoff coefficient increased. Reforestation reduces the projected warming and drying over the reforested zones because of its influence on the monsoon flow (reduction in speed). Hence, with reforestation in summer, the onset of monsoon delays in bringing in the cool moist air over the area located downwind of the reforested zone; this increases the temperature and reduces rainfall amount over the area. © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	Climate change; Hydroclimatology; Mitigation; Niger River Basin; Reforestation	Evaporation coefficients; Future climate scenarios; Hydro climatologies; Mitigation; Regional climate models (RegCM3); River basins; Seasonal evapotranspirations; Water balance components; Atmospheric thermodynamics; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Evapotranspiration; Greenhouse gases; Moisture; Rain; Water recycling; Watersheds; Reforestation; climate change; climate modeling; climatology; dry season; evapotranspiration; future prospect; hydrometeorology; reforestation; water budget; Niger Basin	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870060620	Evaluating the performance of interpreting Verbal Autopsy 3.2 model for establishing pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of death in Ethiopia: A population-based cross-sectional study	Tadesse S., Tadesse T.	2012	BMC Public Health	12	1	10.1186/1471-2458-12-1039	Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia	Tadesse, S., Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tadesse, T., Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia	Background: In resource- poor settings, verbal autopsy data are often reviewed by physicians in order to assign the probable cause of death. But in addition to being time and energy consuming, the method is liable to produce inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the InterVA 3.2 model for establishing pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of death in comparison with physician review of verbal autopsy data. Methods. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April, 2012. All adults aged ≥14 years and died between 01 January 2010 and 15 February 2012 were included in the study. Data were collected by using a pre-tested and modified WHO designed verbal autopsy questionnaire. The verbal autopsy interviews were reviewed by the InterVA model and the physicians. Cohen's kappa statistic, receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, and specificity values were applied to compare the agreement between the InterVA model and the physician review. Results: A total of 408 adult deaths were studied. The proportion of tuberculosis-specific mortality was established to be 36.0% and 23.0% by the InterVA model and the physicians, respectively. The InterVA model predicted pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of death with the probability of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.85). In classifying all deaths as tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis, the sensitivity and specificity values were 0.82 and 0.78, respectively. A moderate agreement was found between the model and physicians in assigning pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of deaths [kappa= 0.5; 95% CI: (0.4-0.6)]. Conclusions: This study has revealed that the InterVA model showed a more promising result as a community-level tool for generating pulmonary tuberculosis-specific mortality data from verbal autopsy. The conclusion is believed to provide policymakers with a highly needed piece of information for allocating resources for health intervention. © 2012 Tadesse and Tadesse; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cause of death; Pulmonary tuberculosis; The InterVA model	adolescent; adult; aged; article; autopsy; cause of death; comparative study; cross-sectional study; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; human; lung tuberculosis; male; methodology; middle aged; mortality; reproducibility; statistical model; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Reproducibility of Results; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745178484	Effects of impeller speed and aeration rate on flotation performance of sulphide ore	Yang X.-S., Aldrich C.	2006	Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition)	16	1	10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60033-2	Institute of Mineral Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Yang, X.-S., Institute of Mineral Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; Aldrich, C., Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	The effects of aeration rate and impeller speed on the concentrate sulfur grade and recovery for batch flotation of a complex sulphide ore were investigated. The relationships between the water recovery and solid entrainment were discussed. It is found that the solid entrainment is linearly related to the water recovery regardless of aeration rate and impeller speed, and the higher sulfur recovery at the aeration rate of 2 and 4 L/min for the impeller speed of 1500 r/min is considered to be the contribution of true flotation. Finally, the sulfur recovery flux is correlated with the bubble surface area flux based on the froth image at the different aeration rates and impeller speeds.	Aeration rate; Impeller speed; Solid entrainment; Water recovery	Bubbles (in fluids); Froth flotation; Impellers; Ore treatment; Recovery; Sulfur deposits; Aeration rate; Bubble surface area flux; Impeller speed; Solid entrainment; Sulfur recovery flux; Sulphide ore; Water recovery; Sulfide minerals	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946735239	Human impact on marine water nutrients enrichment	Shtereva G., Velikova V., Doncheva V.	2015	Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology	16	1	None	Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 152, Varna, Bulgaria; SuRDEP, 15 La Vue, Wierda Glen Estate, Pretoria, South Africa	Shtereva, G., Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 152, Varna, Bulgaria; Velikova, V., SuRDEP, 15 La Vue, Wierda Glen Estate, Pretoria, South Africa; Doncheva, V., Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 152, Varna, Bulgaria	Main drivers implying impact on the Black Sea water quality (WQ) along the Bulgarian coast are industry, urbanisation, tourism, navigation and agriculture. The aim of this paper is identification and evaluation of land-based sources (LBS) contributing to the nutrient enrichment of Black Sea coastal areas. Polluted rivers and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharges are accountable for excessive enrichment of sea waters with nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. The majority of municipal WWTPs, located along the Bulgarian coast, directly discharge into the sea and provide 68% of the total nitrogen load and 15% of the total phosphorus load. Additionally, wastewaters from 5 sewages flow into the sea without any treatment. A few WWTPs discharge into coastal lakes connected to the sea. Their impact on the Black Sea is indirect, yet significant due to the large pollutants load they bring to the environment. A number of new touristic facilities in Bulgarian resorts are not connected to the sewage system. Besides, some WWTPs have insufficient capacity to treat the increased amount of wastewaters delivered in summer, often they discharge insufficiently treated waters to the Black Sea which results in elevated nutrients level in coastal waters. The largest river along the Bulgarian coast is Kamchia, and it is also the most significant source of nutrients and pollutants for the Bulgarian Black Sea waters. Analysis of available data on nutrients load reveals three areas of maximum anthropogenic impact along the Bulgarian coast. These are the Varna and Burgas bays, and the Kamchia river mouth, which are exposed to direct or indirect influence of industrial and municipal discharges, port operations, tourism development and also inputs of nutrients from diffuse sources.	Black Sea; LBS; Nutrients load; River discharge; WWTP	anthropogenic effect; marine pollution; nutrient enrichment; pollutant source; river discharge; waste treatment; wastewater; water quality; water treatment; Black Sea Coast [Bulgaria]; Bulgaria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872323953	Climate Change or Urbanization? Impacts on a Traditional Coffee Production System in East Africa over the Last 80 Years	Jaramillo J., Setamou M., Muchugu E., Chabi-Olaye A., Jaramillo A., Mukabana J., Maina J., Gathara S., Borgemeister C.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0051815	Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany; International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café - Cenicafé, Manizales, Colombia; Texas AandM University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, United States; Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya	Jaramillo, J., Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany, International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Setamou, M., Texas AandM University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, United States; Muchugu, E., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Chabi-Olaye, A., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; Jaramillo, A., Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café - Cenicafé, Manizales, Colombia; Mukabana, J., Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya; Maina, J., Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya; Gathara, S., Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya; Borgemeister, C., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya	Global environmental changes (GEC) such as climate change (CC) and climate variability have serious impacts in the tropics, particularly in Africa. These are compounded by changes in land use/land cover, which in turn are driven mainly by economic and population growth, and urbanization. These factors create a feedback loop, which affects ecosystems and particularly ecosystem services, for example plant-insect interactions, and by consequence agricultural productivity. We studied effects of GEC at a local level, using a traditional coffee production area in greater Nairobi, Kenya. We chose coffee, the most valuable agricultural commodity worldwide, as it generates income for 100 million people, mainly in the developing world. Using the coffee berry borer, the most serious biotic threat to global coffee production, we show how environmental changes and different production systems (shaded and sun-grown coffee) can affect the crop. We combined detailed entomological assessments with historic climate records (from 1929-2011), and spatial and demographic data, to assess GEC's impact on coffee at a local scale. Additionally, we tested the utility of an adaptation strategy that is simple and easy to implement. Our results show that while interactions between CC and migration/urbanization, with its resultant landscape modifications, create a feedback loop whereby agroecosystems such as coffee are adversely affected, bio-diverse shaded coffee proved far more resilient and productive than coffee grown in monoculture, and was significantly less harmed by its insect pest. Thus, a relatively simple strategy such as shading coffee can tremendously improve resilience of agro-ecosystems, providing small-scale farmers in Africa with an easily implemented tool to safeguard their livelihoods in a changing climate. © 2013 Jaramillo et al.	None	Africa; agroecosystem; article; biodiversity; climate change; coffee; ecosystem resilience; environmental change; evolutionary adaptation; feedback system; female; food industry; geographic distribution; Hypothenemus hampei; insect; landscape; monoculture; nonhuman; plant insect interaction; plantation; urbanization; zoology; Africa, Eastern; Agriculture; Animals; Beetles; Climate Change; Coffee; Female; Humans; Plant Diseases; Rain; Satellite Communications; Temperature; Urbanization; Hexapoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889092904	The impact of childhood adversity on suicidality and clinical course in treatment-resistant depression	Tunnard C., Rane L.J., Wooderson S.C., Markopoulou K., Poon L., Fekadu A., Juruena M., Cleare A.J.	2014	Journal of Affective Disorders	None	1	10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.037	Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil	Tunnard, C., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Rane, L.J., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Wooderson, S.C., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Markopoulou, K., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Poon, L., National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Fekadu, A., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Juruena, M., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Cleare, A.J., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom	Background Childhood adversity is a risk factor for the development of depression and can also affect clinical course. We investigated this specifically in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods One hundred and thirty-seven patients with TRD previously admitted to an inpatient affective disorders unit were included. Clinical, demographic and childhood adversity (physical, sexual, emotional abuse; bullying victimization, traumatic events) data were obtained during admission. Associations between childhood adversity, depressive symptoms and clinical course were investigated. Results Most patients had experienced childhood adversity (62%), with traumatic events (35%) and bullying victimization (29%) most commonly reported. Childhood adversity was associated with poorer clinical course, including earlier age of onset, episode persistence and recurrence. Logistic regression analyses revealed childhood adversity predicted lifetime suicide attempts (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.14, 6.84) and childhood physical abuse predicted lifetime psychosis (OR 3.42; 95% CI 1.00, 11.70). Limitations The cross-sectional design and retrospective measurement of childhood adversity are limitations of the study. Conclusions Childhood adversity was common amongst these TRD patients and was associated with poor clinical course, psychosis and suicide attempts. Routine assessment of early adversity may help identify at risk individuals and inform clinical intervention. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Abuse; Childhood adversity; Childhood trauma; Early life stress; Refractory depression; Suicide; Treatment-resistant depression	anxiolytic agent; hypnotic agent; mood stabilizer; neuroleptic agent; adult; article; bipolar disorder; bullying; child abuse; child sexual abuse; childhood injury; depression; disease course; early life stress; emotional abuse; female; human; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; major depression; male; onset age; priority journal; psychosis; recurrent disease; suicidal behavior; suicide attempt; symptom; victim; cross-sectional study; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; life event; middle aged; psychologic test; psychological rating scale; psychology; risk factor; severity of illness index; treatment outcome; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Age of Onset; Bullying; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Female; Humans; Interview, Psychological; Life Change Events; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Suicide, Attempted; Treatment Outcome	NIHR, National Institute for Health Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855669396	The impact of personality and culture on the job demands-controlmodel of job stress	Györkös C., Becker J., Massoudi K., de Bruin G.P., Rossier J.	2012	Swiss Journal of Psychology	71	1	10.1024/1421-0185/a000065	Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Györkös, C., Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Becker, J., Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Massoudi, K., Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; de Bruin, G.P., Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rossier, J., Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland	Among the various work stress models, one of the most popular has been the job demands-control (JDC) model developed by Karasek (1979), which postulates that work-related strain is highest under work conditions characterized by high demands and low autonomy. The absence of social support at work further increases negative outcomes. This model, however, does not apply equally to all individuals and to all cultures. This review demonstrates how various individual characteristics, especially some personality dimensions, influence the JDC model and could thus be considered buffering or moderator factors. Moreover, we review how the cultural context impacts this model as suggested by results obtained in European, American, and Asian contexts. Yet there are almost no data from Africa or South America. More crosscultural studies including populations from these continents would be valuable for a better understanding of the impact of the cultural context on the JDC model. © 2012 Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG, Bern.	Crosscultural comparison; JDC model; Job stress; Personality	None	None
WoS	WOS:000273701600004	Process evaluation of the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) in rural South Africa	Bonell, Christopher,Busza, Joanna,Hargreaves, James,Hatcher, Abigail,Kim, Julia,Morison, Linda,Phetla, Godfrey,Porter, John,Pronyk, Paul,Strange, Vicki,Watts, Charlotte	2010	HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH	25	1	10.1093/her/cyp054	University College London, University of London, University of Witwatersrand, Inst Educ, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	"Bonell, Christopher: University of London","Busza, Joanna: University of London","Morison, Linda: University of London","Phetla, Godfrey: University of Witwatersrand","Porter, John: University of London","Strange, Vicki: University College London","Strange, Vicki: University of London","Watts, Charlotte: University of London",	The Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) combines microfinance, gender/HIV training and community mobilization (CM) in South Africa. A trial found reduced intimate partner violence among clients but less evidence for impact on sexual behaviour among clients' households or communities. This process evaluation examined how feasible IMAGE was to deliver and how accessible and acceptable it was to intended beneficiaries during a trial and subsequent scale-up. Data came from attendance registers, financial records, observations, structured questionnaires (378) and focus group discussions and interviews (128) with clients and staff. Gender/HIV training and CM were managed initially by an academic unit ('linked' model) and later by the microfinance institution (MFI) ('parallel' model). Microfinance and gender/HIV training were feasible to deliver and accessible and acceptable to most clients. Though participation in CM was high for some clients, others experienced barriers to collective action, a finding which may help explain lack of intervention effects among household/community members. Delivery was feasible in the short term but both models were considered unsustainable in the longer term. A linked model involving a MFI and a non-academic partner agency may be more sustainable and is being tried. Feasible models for delivering microfinance and health promotion require further investigation.	,BANGLADESH,"CREDIT PROGRAMS","HEALTH KNOWLEDGE",HIV,IMPACT,"INTIMATE-PARTNER VIOLENCE",POOR,TRIALS,"WOMENS EMPOWERMENT"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896727045	Health systems performance assessment in low-income countries: Learning from international experiences	Tashobya C.K., da Silveira V.C., Ssengooba F., Nabyonga-Orem J., Macq J., Criel B.	2014	Globalization and Health	10	1	10.1186/1744-8603-10-5	Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B 2000, Belgium; Ministry of Health, 6 Lourdel Road Nakasero, P.O Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere School of Public Health, Mulago Hill, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; WHO Regional Uganda for Africa, P.O Box 6, Brazaville, Congo; Institute of Research Health and Society, Catholic University of Louvain, Promenade de l'Alma, 31 bte B1.41.03, Brussels B-12000, Belgium	Tashobya, C.K., Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B 2000, Belgium, Ministry of Health, 6 Lourdel Road Nakasero, P.O Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; da Silveira, V.C., Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B 2000, Belgium; Ssengooba, F., Makerere School of Public Health, Mulago Hill, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Nabyonga-Orem, J., WHO Regional Uganda for Africa, P.O Box 6, Brazaville, Congo; Macq, J., Institute of Research Health and Society, Catholic University of Louvain, Promenade de l'Alma, 31 bte B1.41.03, Brussels B-12000, Belgium; Criel, B., Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B 2000, Belgium	Background: The study aimed at developing a set of attributes for a 'good' health system performance assessment (HSPA) framework from literature and experiences in different contexts and using the attributes for a structured approach to lesson learning for low-income countries (LICs).Methods: Literature review to identify relevant attributes for a HSPA framework; attribute validation for LICs in general, and for Uganda in particular, via a high-level Ugandan expert group; and, finally, review of a selection of existing HSPA frameworks using these attributes.Results: Literature review yielded six key attributes for a HSPA framework: an inclusive development process; its embedding in the health system's conceptual model; its relation to the prevailing policy and organizational set-up and societal context; the presence of a concrete purpose, constitutive dimensions and indicators; an adequate institutional set-up; and, its capacity to provide mechanisms for eliciting change in the health system. The expert group contextualized these attributes and added one on the adaptability of the framework.Lessons learnt from the review of a selection of HSPA frameworks using the attributes include: it is possible and beneficial to involve a range of stakeholders during the process of development of a framework; it is important to make HSPA frameworks explicit; policy context can be effectively reflected in the framework; there are marked differences between the structure and content of frameworks in high-income countries, and low- and middle-income countries; champions can contribute to put HSPA high on the agenda; and mechanisms for eliciting change in the health system should be developed alongside the framework.Conclusion: It is possible for LICs to learn from literature and the experience of HSPA in other contexts, including HICs. In this study a structured approach to lesson learning included the development of a list of attributes for a 'good' HSPA framework. The attributes thus derived can be utilized by LICs like Uganda seeking to develop/adjust their HSPA frameworks as guidelines or a check list, while taking due consideration of the specific context. The review of frameworks from varied contexts, highlighted varied experiences which provide lessons for LICs. © 2014 Tashobya et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Health systems; Low-income countries; Performance assessment framework; Uganda	conceptual framework; developing world; guideline; health policy; health services; low income population; performance assessment; policy analysis; policy approach; article; conceptual framework; empowerment; health care financing; health care management; health care organization; health care policy; health care quality; health care system; health system performance assessment; lowest income group; medical information system; performance measurement system; priority journal; total quality management; Uganda; developing country; health care delivery; health care quality; human; international cooperation; methodology; poverty; review; Uganda; Delivery of Health Care; Developing Countries; Humans; Internationality; Poverty; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646245176	Post-harvest evaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on cassava genotypes	Fokunang C.N., Dixon A.G.O.	2006	Plant Pathology Journal	5	1	10.3923/ppj.2006.60.66	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; 65 Fordwich Place, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 0RA, United Kingdom	Fokunang, C.N., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, 65 Fordwich Place, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 0RA, United Kingdom; Dixon, A.G.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-harvest survival of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected cassava materials. Infected stem cuttings from 5 cassava cultivars 88/01084, 88/01983, 91/00395, 91/00317 and 91/00052, incubated at 25±2°C for 8 months, showed a significant decrease in fungal survival amongst the cassava cultivars. At 8 months incubation fungal recovery was lowest below 10% among the infected cultivars. Cassava stakes, stored at humid conditions under tree shades for 16 months, showed a gradual decrease in fungal survival up to the 10th month, after which survival peaked again from the 12th up to the 16th month of storage. Survival of the fungus on soil significantly reduced with incubation time and at the 6th month of sampling, there was no recovery recorded for all the soils from the field plot sites. Burial of infected materials for 150 days below 20-30 cm depth significantly reduced the survival of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected materials. Burial at 30 cm depth for 150 days completely eradicated the fungus on the infected cuttings. These studies have shown that C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis could survive on infected cuttings for more than 8 months, but less likely to survive in soil for up to 4 months. The potential of high cassava anthracnose disease transmission in cassava planting materials during storage is also reported. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Anthracnose; Cassava; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis; Post-harvest	Colletotrichum; Fungi; Glomerella cingulata; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924785382	Comparative growth performance of male monosex and mixed sex nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus l.) reared in earthen ponds	Githukia C.M., Ogello E.O., Kembenya E.M., Achieng A.O., Obiero K.O., Munguti J.M.	2015	Ribarstvo, Croatian Journal of Fisheries	73	1	10.14798/73.1.788	Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kegati Aquaculture Research Station, P.O Box 3259, Kisii, Kenya; University of Eldoret, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, P.O Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Sangoro Aquaculture Research station, P.O Box 136, Pap-Onditi, Kenya; Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Center, P.O. Box 451, Sagana, Kenya	Githukia, C.M., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kegati Aquaculture Research Station, P.O Box 3259, Kisii, Kenya; Ogello, E.O., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kegati Aquaculture Research Station, P.O Box 3259, Kisii, Kenya; Kembenya, E.M., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kegati Aquaculture Research Station, P.O Box 3259, Kisii, Kenya; Achieng, A.O., University of Eldoret, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, P.O Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Obiero, K.O., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Sangoro Aquaculture Research station, P.O Box 136, Pap-Onditi, Kenya; Munguti, J.M., Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Center, P.O. Box 451, Sagana, Kenya	Comparative growth performance of male monosex and mixed sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was conducted in six earthen ponds each measuring 150 m2 at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kegati Aquaculture Research Station. Male monosex and mixed sex of O. niloticus juveniles at an average weight of 12.2 ± 0.02 g and average length of 7.6 ± 0.02 cm were collected from nursery production ponds. The male monosex juveniles were obtained by feeding newly hatched juveniles with feed dosed with 17 α methyl testosterone hormone for a period of one month. Stocking was at 3 juvenile m-2 and feeding was carried out using 28% crude protein diet twice daily for six months at 4% body weight. Selected water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and total ammonia nitrogen) were measured weekly in situ, while sampling for weight and length measurements was conducted on a monthly basis for a period of six months. Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Condition Factor (CF), and survival rate (%) were measured at the end of six months. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). At the end of six months, the average weight of male monosex and mixed sex fishes were 200.8 ± 0.81 g (mean ± SE) and 123.4 ± 0.76 g respectively while the average length of male monosex and mixed sex were 22.4 ± 0.21 cm and 18.6 ± 0.23 cm respectively. The male monosex O. niloticus achieved significantly increased final weight and length, SGR, FCR and CF than the mixed sex O. niloticus (p < 0.05). However, both male monosex and mixed sex fish recorded similar survival rates (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in mean water quality parameters in male monosex and mixed sex ponds (p > 0.05). The male monosex fish performed better because most energy was spent on muscle and tissue development while the mixed sex fish spent most energy on reproduction activities at the expense of muscle and tissue development. Further studies should be done in other culture systems such as liner ponds, tanks, cages and raceways. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture. All rights reserved.	Growth performance; Male monosex; Mixed sex; Nile tilapia	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959968565	Impact of rainfall and topography on the distribution of clays and major cations in granitic catenas of southern Africa	Khomo L., Hartshorn A.S., Rogers K.H., Chadwick O.A.	2011	Catena	87	1	10.1016/j.catena.2011.05.017	Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, 10 Hans-Knöll-Str. 07745, Jena, Germany; Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States; Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Animal, Plants, Environmental Sciences, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, PO Wits 2050, South Africa; Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, United States	Khomo, L., Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, 10 Hans-Knöll-Str. 07745, Jena, Germany; Hartshorn, A.S., Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States; Rogers, K.H., Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Animal, Plants, Environmental Sciences, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, PO Wits 2050, South Africa; Chadwick, O.A., Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, United States	Soil catenas integrate and amplify gravity transfer and differentiation processes of eluviation and illuviation in soil profiles. We quantified differences in these redistribution processes along granitic catenas across an arid to sub-humid climate gradient in Kruger National Park, South Africa. We measured soil properties in nine catenas sampled from three areas receiving annual rainfall of 470 mm (arid zone), 550 mm (semi-arid zone) and 730 mm (sub-humid zone). As rainfall increased, kaolinite replaced smectite as the dominant clay mineral in all landscape positions across the catenas. Toeslopes showed the strongest evidence of this transition with an excess of smectite in the arid catenas but complete prevalence of kaolinite in toeslopes of sub-humid catenas. The concentration and distribution of clay along the catenas were dependent on landscape position as well - soil profiles at and near the crests were clay depleted (as low as 1%) while those at the toeslopes had much more clay (up to 60%). Clay redistribution along catenas was sensitive to climate with the least amount of redistribution occurring in the dry sites and the most occurring in the wet sites. As a consequence, the sub-humid catenas had clay accumulation only in a small part of the toeslopes while the bulk of their length was represented by highly leached soils. In contrast, arid zone catenas showed little clay redistribution and semi-arid sites displayed the greatest within-catena clay redistribution and preservation. Clay movement and storage conditioned other soil properties such as CEC, base cation distribution, base saturation and pH. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Arid/semi-arid/sub-humid rainfall; Clay mineralogy; Kruger national park; Soil; Soil development	arid environment; catena; cation; clay; granite; humid environment; kaolinite; leaching; pH; rainfall; smectite; soil profile; soil property; topographic effect; Kruger National Park; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899987684	Design of an impact evaluation using a mixed methods model - An explanatory assessment of the effects of results-based financing mechanisms on maternal healthcare services in Malawi	Brenner S., Muula A.S., Robyn P.J., Bärnighausen T., Sarker M., Mathanga D.P., Bossert T., De Allegri M.	2014	BMC Health Services Research	14	1	10.1186/1472-6963-14-180	Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Brenner, S., Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Muula, A.S., Department of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Robyn, P.J., World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Bärnighausen, T., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Sarker, M., Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Mathanga, D.P., Department of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Bossert, T., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; De Allegri, M., Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany	Background: In this article we present a study design to evaluate the causal impact of providing supply-side performance-based financing incentives in combination with a demand-side cash transfer component on equitable access to and quality of maternal and neonatal healthcare services. This intervention is introduced to selected emergency obstetric care facilities and catchment area populations in four districts in Malawi. We here describe and discuss our study protocol with regard to the research aims, the local implementation context, and our rationale for selecting a mixed methods explanatory design with a quasi-experimental quantitative component. Design. The quantitative research component consists of a controlled pre- and post-test design with multiple post-test measurements. This allows us to quantitatively measure 'equitable access to healthcare services' at the community level and 'healthcare quality' at the health facility level. Guided by a theoretical framework of causal relationships, we determined a number of input, process, and output indicators to evaluate both intended and unintended effects of the intervention. Overall causal impact estimates will result from a difference-in-difference analysis comparing selected indicators across intervention and control facilities/catchment populations over time. To further explain heterogeneity of quantitatively observed effects and to understand the experiential dimensions of financial incentives on clients and providers, we designed a qualitative component in line with the overall explanatory mixed methods approach. This component consists of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with providers, service user, non-users, and policy stakeholders. In this explanatory design comprehensive understanding of expected and unexpected effects of the intervention on both access and quality will emerge through careful triangulation at two levels: across multiple quantitative elements and across quantitative and qualitative elements. Discussion. Combining a traditional quasi-experimental controlled pre- and post-test design with an explanatory mixed methods model permits an additional assessment of organizational and behavioral changes affecting complex processes. Through this impact evaluation approach, our design will not only create robust evidence measures for the outcome of interest, but also generate insights on how and why the investigated interventions produce certain intended and unintended effects and allows for a more in-depth evaluation approach. © 2014 Brenner et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Impact evaluation; Mixed methods; Performance-based incentives; Study design	economics; evaluation study; female; health service; human; Malawi; reimbursement; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Malawi; Maternal Health Services; Reimbursement, Incentive	University of Heidelberg
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924260158	Evaluation of the integrated disease surveillance and response system for infectious diseases control in northern Ghana	Adokiya M.N., Awoonor-Williams J.K., Barau I.Y., Beiersmann C., Mueller O.	2015	BMC Public Health	15	1	10.1186/s12889-015-1397-y	Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Ghana Health Service, Upper East Regional, Bolgatanga, Ghana; National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria	Adokiya, M.N., Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Awoonor-Williams, J.K., Ghana Health Service, Upper East Regional, Bolgatanga, Ghana; Barau, I.Y., National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Beiersmann, C., Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, Germany; Mueller, O., Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg, Germany	Background: Well-functioning surveillance systems are crucial for effective disease control programs. The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy was developed and adopted in 1998 for Africa as a comprehensive public health approach and subsequently, Ghana adopted the IDSR technical guidelines in 2002. Since 2012, the IDSR data is reported through the new District Health Information Management System II (DHIMS2) network. The objective was to evaluate the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system in northern Ghana. Methods: This was an observational study using mixed methods. Weekly and monthly IDSR data on selected infectious diseases were downloaded and analyzed for 2011, 2012 and 2013 (the years before, of and after DHIMS2 implementation) from the DHIMS2 databank for the Upper East Region (UER) and for two districts of UER. In addition, key informant interviews were conducted among local and regional health officers on the functioning of the IDSR. Results: Clinically diagnosed malaria was the most prevalent disease in UER, with an annual incidence rate close to 1. Around 500 suspected HIV/AIDS cases were reported each year. The highest incidence of cholera and meningitis was reported in 2012 (257 and 392 cases respectively). Three suspected cases of polio and one suspected case of guinea worm were reported in 2013. None of the polio and guinea worm cases and only a fraction of the reported cases of the other diseases were confirmed. A major observation was the large and inconclusive difference in reported cases when comparing weekly and monthly reports. This can be explained by the different reporting practice for the sub-systems. Other challenges were low priority for surveillance, ill-equipped laboratories, rare supervision and missing feedback. Conclusions: The DHIMS2 has improved the availability of IDSR reports, but the quality of data reported is not sufficient. Particularly the inconsistencies between weekly and monthly data need to be addressed. Moreover, support for and communication within the IDSR system is inadequate and calls for attention. © 2015 Adokiya et al.	Data quality; Disease surveillance; Ghana; Health information system; Infectious diseases; Integrated; Response	Africa; female; Ghana; health survey; human; infection control; interview; male; procedures; program evaluation; public health; qualitative research; system analysis; Africa; Communicable Disease Control; Female; Ghana; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Population Surveillance; Program Evaluation; Public Health; Qualitative Research; Systems Integration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39049147612	Effect of cooking and soaking on physical, nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of indigenous and foreign rice varieties in Nigeria	Ebuehi O.A.T., Oyewole A.C.	2008	Nutrition and Food Science	38	1	10.1108/00346650810847972	Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Ebuehi, O.A.T., Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Oyewole, A.C., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Purpose - The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of cooking and soaking on the physical characteristics, nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of an indigenous "ofada" rice and a foreign "aroso" rice varieties in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - The two rice varieties were freshly purchased in the raw state, soaked in water and cooked. The physical characteristics, such as length, width, weight, colour, purity, breakage, cooking time, dispersability and swelling capacity of the raw rice varieties were determined according to official methods. The raw, soaked and cooked rice varieties were oven-dried at 60°C for 4 h and milled to obtain a uniform surface area. The proximate composition and some minerals of the raw, soaked and cooked rice varieties and the sensory evaluation of the cooked rice were determined. Findings - The physical characteristics showed that "ofada" and "aroso" rice varieties were brown and creamy in colour, respectively. There were significant (p<0.01) differences in the purity, breakage, cooking time, swelling capacity and weight of the whole grain, but no difference in the length and width. The raw, cooked and soaked "ofada" rice contain more protein, fat, and fibre, than in "aroso" rice, but with no change in carbohydrate content. There were no significant (p>0.01) differences in the levels of minerals, Ca, Fe, Mg and P, in raw, cooked and soaked "ofada" and "aroso" rice. Sensory evaluation showed that cooked aroso rice was generally preferred, in terms of colour, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability. Originality/value - The methods employed in this study are very simple and the two rice varieties are readily available, acceptable to local tastes and widely consumed in Nigeria. The local or indigenous "ofada" rice is compared favourably with a foreign and imported parboiled "aroso" rice. It is therefore possible for small scale and cottage industries to embark on commercial production and fortification of the local rice varieties in Nigeria.	Cooking; Food testing; Nigeria; Nutrition; Rice	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956994445	Is the bus transport contracting system in South Africa leading to trusting relationships between contracted parties? An analysis of funding issues and the impact on relations between government and operators	Walters J.	2010	Research in Transportation Economics	29	1	10.1016/j.retrec.2010.07.046	Institute of Transport and Logistics Management (Africa), Department of Transport and Supply Chain Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Walters, J., Institute of Transport and Logistics Management (Africa), Department of Transport and Supply Chain Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	The 1996 South African White Paper on National Transport policy provided the guidelines for the restructuring of the commuter bus industry. The restructuring objectives were based on improving the competitiveness of and service levels within the industry through a competitive tendering regime, the selective implementation of negotiated contracts and the general transformation of the industry to also include improved transparency in the funding arrangements between government and operators.In order to set the context of the paper, a brief overview is provided of the progress made with policy implementation and the background to funding issues that are experienced in the bus transport sector. To gauge the impact of the funding issues on the relationship between government and operators, a survey of the largest contracted operators was undertaken to determine, amongst other, how these funding issues have potentially impacted on trusting relationships between contracted parties. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Funding issues; Trusting partnerships	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62349092577	Performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 prepared by solid-state reaction	Chen Z., Zhu H., Ji S., Linkov V., Zhang J., Zhu W.	2009	Journal of Power Sources	189	1	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.001	Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Chen, Z., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; Zhu, H., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; Ji, S., South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Linkov, V., South Africa Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Zhang, J., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China; Zhu, W., Institution of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410076, China	LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was prepared through a solid-state reaction using various Ni precursors. The effect of precursors on the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was investigated. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 made from Ni(NO3)2·6H2O shows the best charge-discharge performance. The reversible capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is about 145 mAh g-1 and remained 143 mAh g-1 after 10 cycles at 3.0-5.0 V. The XRD results showed that the precursors and the dispersion methods had significant effect on their phase purity. Pure spinel phase can be obtained with high energy ball-milling method and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as precursor. Trace amount of NiO and Li2MnO3 phase were detected in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with manual-mixture method and using Ni(CH3COO)2·6H2O, NiO and Ni2O3 as precursors. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cathode materials; LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4; Lithium ion battery; Spinel	Ball milling; Cathodes; Lithium; Lithium alloys; Lithium batteries; Manganese; Nickel; Cathode materials; Charge-discharge performance; Dispersion methods; Electrochemical performance; High energies; LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub>; Lithium ion battery; Mixture methods; Phase purities; Reversible capacities; Solid-state reactions; Spinel; Spinel phase; Trace amounts; XRD; Manganese compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910650351	Field evaluation of natural human odours and the biogent-synthetic lure in trapping Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Kenya	Owino E.A., Sang R., Sole C.L., Pirk C., Mbogo C., Torto B.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-451	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI, KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya	Owino, E.A., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sang, R., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Sole, C.L., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Pirk, C., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mbogo, C., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI, KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Torto, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Background: Methods currently used in sampling adult Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses are limited for effective surveillance of the vector and accurate determination of the extent of virus transmission during outbreaks and inter - epidemic periods. Here, we document the use of natural human skin odours in baited traps to improve sampling of adult Ae. aegypti in two different endemic areas of chikungunya and dengue in Kenya - Kilifi and Busia Counties. The chemistry of the volatiles released from human odours and the Biogent (BG)-commercial lure were also compared.Methods. Cotton socks and T-shirts were used to obtain natural human skin volatiles from the feet and trunk of three volunteers (volunteers 1 and 2 in Kilifi and volunteers 2 and 3 in Busia). Using Latin square design, we compared the efficacies of BG sentinel traps baited with carbon dioxide plus (a) no bait, (b) human feet volatiles, (c) human trunk volatiles each against (c) a control (Biogent commercial lure) at the two sites. Coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and compare candidate attractants released by the commercial lure and human odours.Results: Ae. aegypti captured in the trap baited with feet odours from volunteer 2 and trunk odours from the same volunteer were significantly higher than in the control trap in Busia and Kilifi respectively, [IRR = 5.63, 95% CI: 1.15 - 28.30, p = 0.030] and [IRR = 3.99, 95% CI: 0.95-16.69, p = 0.049]. At both sites, Ae. aegypti captures in traps baited with either the feet or trunk odours from volunteers 1 and 3 were not significantly different from the control. Major qualitative differences were observed between the chemical profiles of human odours and the commercial BG-lure. Aldehydes, fatty acids and ketones dominated human odour profiles, whereas the BG-lure released mainly hexanoic acid.Conclusions: Our results suggest that additional candidate attractants are present in human skin volatiles which can help to improve the efficacy of lures for trapping and surveillance of Ae. aegypti. © 2014Owino et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Aedes aegypti; Chikungunya; Dengue; Human odour; Mosquito; Traps	aldehyde derivative; carbon dioxide; fatty acid derivative; hexanoic acid; ketone derivative; virus vector; adult; Aedes; Aedes aegypti; Aedes bromeliae; Aedes metallicus; Aedes woodi; Anopheles coustanii; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; chikungunya; Chikungunya alphavirus; controlled study; cotton; Culex; Culex annulioris; Culex quinquefasciatus; dengue; female; human; human experiment; Kenya; Latin square design; male; mass fragmentography; nonhuman; normal human; parasite vector; skin odor; solid phase microextraction; trunk; Aedes aegypti; Chikungunya virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748963805	Enhancement of GMM speaker identification performance using complementary feature sets	Lerato L., Mashao D.J.	2005	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	96	1	None	Intelleca Voice and Mobile (Pty) Ltd., P O Box 1537, Parklands, 2121, South Africa; Speech Technology and Research (STAR), Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7800, South Africa	Lerato, L., Intelleca Voice and Mobile (Pty) Ltd., P O Box 1537, Parklands, 2121, South Africa; Mashao, D.J., Speech Technology and Research (STAR), Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7800, South Africa	This paper describes a way of enhancing speaker identification (SiD) performance using N-best list method which utilises complementary feature sets. The SiD process is first done by training the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classifier using parameterised feature sets (PFS) to form speaker models. During testing, the likelihood of a speaker, given a set of speaker models is her score. Performance scores of SiD system is normally degraded as the population of speakers increases. This paper addresses this problem by using linear prediction cepstral coefficients (LPCC) to complement the results obtained from the PFS and the final identification is performed on a smaller population set. Results obtained using 2-best list indicate performance improvement.	LPCC; N-best list; PFS; Speaker identification	Linear prediction cepstral coefficients (LPCC); N-best list; Parameterised feature sets (PFS); Speaker identification; Classification (of information); Identification (control systems); Linear systems; Mathematical models; Problem solving; Speech recognition	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65149083096	Transferability of management innovation to Africa: A study of two multinational companies' performance management system in Nigeria	Mamman A., Baydoun N., Adeoye B.	2009	Global Business Review	10	1	10.1177/097215090801000101	International and Comparative Management, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; School of E-Business and Quality Management, ETQM College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; KPMG Professio	Mamman, A., International and Comparative Management, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Baydoun, N., School of E-Business and Quality Management, ETQM College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Adeoye, B., KPMG Professional Services, 18A Temple Road, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria	Horwitz et al. (2006: 807) have argued that the debate regarding convergence/divergence perspectives in the cross-cultural diffusion of human resource management (HRM) practices is a somewhat simplistic one.™ The authors are of the view that because convergent similarity of HRM practice exists at a nominal level, the notions of hybridization and crossvergence are better in explaining HRM practices and their diffusion across countries. While the authors focused on exploring explanations of the differences in HRM practices, the article provocatively challenges researchers and experts to explore the question of whether Multinational Companies (MNCs) should adapt Human Resource Management Innovation (HRMI) and if so, why? And how? The main aim of this article is to investigate the following questions: (a) Given that MNCs transfer HRMI to developing countries, which policy should guide the transfer (polycentric or ethnocentric?); and (b) Given that host-country nationals (HCNs) are not passive recipients of HRMI, what are the implications of the policy (polycentric or ethnocentric) for MNCs? The result of our investigation and the review of literature suggest that the MNCs™ performance management (PM) policies are partially ethnocentric, but the practice, as perceived by some HCNs (employees), is polycentric. For example, some HCNs perceive some degree of nepotism and patronage in the system. Also, many felt that their line managers were biased against them. Similarly, a significant number of HCNs felt that their views are not taken into account during PM review and they do not receive feedback from their managers. The implications of the findings are then discussed.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904339730	'There are a lot of new people in town: But they are here for soccer, not for business' a qualitative inquiry into the impact of the 2010 soccer world cup on sex work in South Africa	Richter M.L., Scorgie F., Chersich M.F., Luchters S.	2014	Globalization and Health	10	1	10.1186/1744-8603-10-45	International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium; African Centre for Migration and Society, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for International Health, Burnet Institute 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	Richter, M.L., International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium, African Centre for Migration and Society, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Scorgie, F., Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chersich, M.F., International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium, Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Luchters, S., International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium, Centre for International Health, Burnet Institute 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	Background: Sports mega-events have expanded in size, popularity and cost. Fuelled by media speculation and moral panics, myths proliferate about the increase in trafficking into forced prostitution as well as sex work in the run-up to such events. This qualitative enquiry explores the perceptions of male, female and transgender sex workers of the 2010 Soccer World Cup held in South Africa, and the impact it had on their work and private lives.Methods: A multi-method study design was employed. Data consisted of 14 Focus Group Discussions, 53 sex worker diaries, and responses to two questions in surveys with 1059 male, female and transgender sex workers in three cities.Results: Overall, a minority of participants noted changes to the sex sector due to the World Cup and nothing emerged on the feared increases in trafficking into forced prostitution. Participants who observed changes in their work mainly described differences, both positive and negative, in working conditions, income and client relations, as well as police harassment. The accounts of changes were heterogeneous - often conflicting in the same research site and across sites.Conclusions: No major shifts occurred in sex work during the World Cup, and only a few inconsequential changes were noted. Sports mega-events provide strategic opportunities to expand health and human rights programmes to sex workers. The 2010 World Cup missed that opportunity. © 2014 Richter et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	2010 Soccer World Cup; Prostitution; Sex work; Sports mega-events; Trafficking	human rights; morality; parallel economy; perception; prostitution; sport; trafficking; working conditions; behavioral response; health impact; social impact; strategic approach; adult; article; female; female worker; human; male; multimethod study; police; priority journal; prostitution; qualitative research; sexual harassment; sexual minority; soccer; social participation; South Africa; sporting event; threat; transsexuality; work environment; young adult; Article; assault; health program; health survey; human relation; human rights; income; legal aspect; perception; sex trafficking; sexual behavior; social aspect; South Africa; transgender; human trafficking; information processing; prostitution; psychology; statistics and numerical data; South Africa; Adult; Female; Focus Groups; Human Trafficking; Humans; Male; Prostitution; Qualitative Research; Sex Workers; Soccer; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925784157	Pathogenicity and performance of two candidate isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in four liquid culture media for the management of the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)	Tumuhaise V., Ekesi S., Mohamed S.A., Ndegwa P.N., Irungu L.W., Srinivasan R., Maniania N.K.	2014	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	35	1	10.1017/S1742758414000605	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya; AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan	Tumuhaise, V., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya; Ekesi, S., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mohamed, S.A., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Ndegwa, P.N., University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya; Irungu, L.W., University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya; Srinivasan, R., AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Maniania, N.K., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya	The aim of this study was to identify and develop entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticides for management of Maruca vitrata (Fabricius). Fourteen isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin and six of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. were screened against first instar larvae of M. vitrata. The two most virulent isolates were selected and further tested for production in four liquid media. Different formulations of one isolate were evaluated against different developmental stages. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 69 caused highest larval mortality of 91 and 81%, with lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) values of 1.8 and 1.7 days and LC50 of 1.07 × 107 and 3.01 × 106conidia/ml, respectively. ICIPE 69 yielded more biomass and propagules in two liquid media than ICIPE 18. All developmental stages and adult moths were susceptible to fungal infection and horizontal transmission caused a significant reduction in fecundity. Isolate ICIPE 69 was identified as the most potent isolate for managing M. vitrata based on demonstrated efficacy against different developmental stages and amenability to production in liquid media and could be utilized as an alternative to pesticides in cowpea IPM. Copyright © ICIPE 2015.	biopesticide; Cowpea; entomopathogenic fungi; formulation; Maruca vitrata; media	Clavicipitaceae; Cordyceps bassiana; Crambidae; Fungi; Hypocreales; Lepidoptera; Metarhizium anisopliae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-32044466935	Participatory on-farm evaluation of the performance of drought-tolerant maize varieties in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria	Kamara A.Y., Kureh I., Menkir A., Kartung P., Tarfa B., Amaza P.	2006	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	4	1	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zar	Kamara, A.Y., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Kureh, I., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom; Kartung, P., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Tarfa, B., Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria; Amaza, P., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, C/o L.W. Lambourn and Co., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR93EE, United Kingdom	Maize is an important food crop in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria where it is gradually replacing the traditional cereal crops, such as sorghum and millet because of its high productivity. Despite its high yield potential, maize production is faced with numerous constraints. One of these is drought both at the beginning and during the growing season, which significantly reduces grain yield. Therefore early-maturing varieties that are tolerant to drought or extra-early maturing varieties that escape drought are desirable in these communities. Efforts are being made at IITA to develop or identify drought-tolerant maize varieties that are adapted to the Guinea savannas of West Africa. This study evaluated three maize varieties that have been identified either to tolerate or escape drought. The drought-tolerant maize varieties were evaluated on farmers' fields for two years in two Federal States of northern Nigeria. Generally, the on-farm yield of the maize varieties evaluated was higher than the average grain yield reported for northern Nigeria. Farmers differed in their preferred choice of varieties. In the relatively market-driven production systems in the communities in Borno State, the early-maturing and high-yielding drought-tolerant variety (TZE-COMP 3 DT) was popular. Since this variety attains physiological maturity in late September when rainfall is less, it can be harvested and processed for sale. It therefore has high potential for adoption in these communities. On the contrary, in the relatively resource-poor sorghum-based production systems in Kano State; extra-early maturing varieties (95TZEE-W and 95TZEE-Y) were preferred to provide food security during the period of food scarcity in August/September. The emphasis was therefore more on earliness of crop maturity than on high yields.	Drought; Drought-tolerant maize; Farmer preference; Participatory evaluation	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244445783	Location of stemborer pupae in various host plants and implications for the performance of natural enemies with emphasis on the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)	Muturi J.J., Ngi-Song A.J., Schulthess F., Mueke J.M., Sétamou M.	2005	International Journal of Tropical Insect Science	25	1	10.1079/IJT200549	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya	Muturi, J.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Ngi-Song, A.J., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Schulthess, F., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mueke, J.M., Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya; Sétamou, M., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya	In order to predict host accessibility by the pupal parasitoid Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg), four grass species (Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum purpureum, Sorghum arundinaceum and Zea mays) were sampled for stemborer pupae in Kwale, in the low altitudes of southern Kenya, and in Trans-Nzoia, in the high altitudes of western Kenya. The pupal position of Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), Sesamia calamistis Hampson, Sesamia sp. nr oriaula (Tams and Bowden) and Busseola fusca (Fuller) in the plant were determined in relation to (a) the distance of pupae from the edge of the stem (depth), (b) the distance between the moth-exit hole and the head of the pupa (location) and (c) the length of the tunnel from the moth-exit hole to the base of the tunnel. Pupal depth and location for C. partellus and B. fusca varied significantly in the different plant species tested, and the pupae tended to be embedded deeper in cultivated than wild hosts. On all host species, the borers were located at a depth less than 0.35 cm. Most C. orichalcociliellus and S. calamistis pupae were found pupating in the ears of maize or the upper part of the wild hosts' stem. Sesamia sp. nr oriaula was only collected from the lower parts of P. purpureum. For B. fusca, tunnel length varied significantly among plant species and was longer in cultivated hosts. Xanthopimpla stemmator has an ovipositor length of about 0.52 cm, thus it is anticipated that the parasitoid could easily reach and parasitize the pupae in these host species. © ICIPE 2005.	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Kenya; Pupal location; Sesamia; Wild and cultivated host plants; Xanthopimpla stemmator	Busseola fusca; Chilo; Chilo orichalcociliellus; Chilo partellus; Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Sesamia; Sesamia calamistis; Sorghum arundinaceum; Sorghum bicolor; Xanthopimpla stemmator; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645238466	Impact of a new source of resistance to fusarium wilt in pigeonpea	Gwata E.T., Silim S.N., Mgonja M.	2006	Journal of Phytopathology	154	1	10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01062.x	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya	Gwata, E.T., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya; Silim, S.N., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya; Mgonja, M., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 39063, Nairobi 000623, Kenya	Pigeonpea is an important grain legume grown by smallholder farmers in Southern Africa. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium udum Butler, is the major disease limiting pigeonpea production in the region. This study was designed to evaluate the reaction to fusarium wilt as well as agronomic performance of new elite pigeonpea germplasm in three different countries during the 2001/2002 cropping season using wilt-sick plots. Per cent incidence of fusarium wilt (%FW), grain size and yield, were measured. The genotype ICEAP 00040 consistently showed a high (<20.0%) level of resistance to the disease in all three countries. In contrast, %FW score for the susceptible genotype ICEAP 00068 was 87.5, 92.0 and 90.9% in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania, respectively. The grain size obtained for ICEAP 00040 at Ngabu (Malawi) was 25.0% larger than that at each of the remaining locations indicating environmental influence on this trait. At all the three locations, ≥1.5 ton/Ha of grain yield was obtained for ICEAP 00040 compared with <1.0 ton/Ha for ICEAP 00068. In 2003, this improved resistant genotype (ICEAP 00040) was released for commercial production and will be useful as a good source of resistance in pigeonpea genetic improvement programs in the region. © 2006 Blackwell Verlag.	Fusarium wilt disease; Genotype; Pigeonpea	disease resistance; fungal disease; genotype; wilt; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Cajanus cajan; Fusarium; Fusarium udum	None
None	None	Evaluation of the effectiveness of stainless steel cooking pots in reducing iron-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations	Talley L., Woodruff B.A., Seal A., Tripp K., Mselle L.S., Abdalla F., Bhatia R., Mirghani Z.	2010	Public Health Nutrition	13	1	10.1017/S1368980009005254	International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, MS F-60, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Laayoune, Western Sahara; United Nations World Food Programme, Regional Bureau for Asia, Bangkok, Thailand; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic	Talley, L., International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, MS F-60, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Woodruff, B.A., Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Seal, A., Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Tripp, K., Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Mselle, L.S., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Abdalla, F., United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Laayoune, Western Sahara; Bhatia, R., United Nations World Food Programme, Regional Bureau for Asia, Bangkok, Thailand; Mirghani, Z., United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic	Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of stainless steel (Fe alloy) cooking pots in reducing Fe-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations.Design Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Between December 2001 and January 2003, three surveys among children aged 6-59 months and their mothers were conducted in 110 households randomly selected from each camp. The primary outcomes were changes in Hb concentration and Fe status.Setting Two long-term refugee camps in western Tanzania.Subjects Children (6-59 months) and their mothers were surveyed at 0, 6 and 12 months post-intervention. Stainless steel pots were distributed to all households in Nduta camp (intervention); households in Mtendeli camp (control) continued to cook with aluminium or clay pots.Results: Among children, there was no change in Hb concentration at 1 year; however, Fe status was lower in the intervention camp than the control camp (serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentration: 6.8 v. 5.9 μg/ml; P < 0.001). There was no change in Hb concentration among non-pregnant mothers at 1 year. Subjects in the intervention camp had lower Fe status than those in the control camp (sTfR concentration: 5.8 v. 4.7 μg/ml; P = 0.003).Conclusions: Distribution of stainless steel pots did not increase Hb concentration or improve Fe status in children or their mothers. The use of stainless steel prevents rusting but may not provide sufficient amounts of Fe and strong educational campaigns may be required to maximize use. The distribution of stainless steel pots in refugee contexts is not recommended as a strategy to control Fe deficiency.	Anaemia; Cooking pots; Iron deficiency; Refugees; Stainless steel	aluminum; hemoglobin; stainless steel; transferrin receptor; adolescent; adult; article; blood; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; human; infant; iron deficiency anemia; iron intake; kitchen; male; middle aged; mother; newborn; nutritional status; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; refugee; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Aluminum; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child, Preschool; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iron, Dietary; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Nutritional Status; Receptors, Transferrin; Refugees; Stainless Steel; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879424243	Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries	McDermott J., Grace D., Zinsstag J.	2013	OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique	32	1	None	International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K St NW, Washington, DC, 20006, United States; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland	McDermott, J., International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K St NW, Washington, DC, 20006, United States; Grace, D., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Zinsstag, J., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland	Most data and evidence on the economic burden of brucellosis and the benefits of its control are from high-income and middle-income countries. However, the burden of brucellosis is greatest in low-income countries. This paper focuses on estimating the economic burdens of brucellosis in low-income countries in tropical Asia and Africa. The prospects for national, technically feasible, and economically viable, national brucellosis control programmes in most low-income countries are limited. However, some targeted control programmes will be beneficial and can probably be feasibly managed and provide good economic returns. More ambitious control will require a more general strengthening of Veterinary Services and livestock-sector capacity, using risk-management-based approaches.	Africa; Asia; Brucellosis; Costs; Economics; Low-income countries; One Health -Programme impact; Zoonosis	Brucella vaccine; animal; animal disease; article; brucellosis; developing country; economics; health; human; immunology; Animals; Brucella Vaccine; Brucellosis; Developing Countries; Humans; World Health	DFID, Department for International Development; ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council; NERC, Natural Environment Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873456353	The impact of the global food crisis on self-assessed food security	Headey D.D.	2013	World Bank Economic Review	27	1	10.1093/wber/lhs033	International Food Policy Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Headey, D.D., International Food Policy Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	We provide the first large-scale survey-based evidence on the impact of the global food crisis of 2007-08 using an indicator of self-assessed food security from the Gallup World Poll. For the sampled countries as a whole, this subjective indicator of food security remained the same or even improved, seemingly owing to a combination of strong economic growth and limited food inflation in some of the most populous countries, particularly India. However, these favorable global trends mask divergent trends at the national and regional levels, with a number of countries reporting substantial deterioration in food security. The impacts of the global crisis therefore appear to be highly context specific. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. All rights reserved.	None	crisis management; economic growth; food security; trend analysis; India	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650230819	Potential impacts of a green revolution in Africa-the case of Ghana	Breisinger C., Diao X., Thurlow J., Hassan R.M.A.	2011	Journal of International Development	23	1	10.1002/jid.1641	International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Breisinger, C., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Diao, X., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Thurlow, J., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Hassan, R.M.A., University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Agricultural growth in Africa has accelerated, yet most of this growth has been driven by land expansion. Land expansion potential is reaching its limits, urging governments to shift towards a green revolution type of productivity-led growth. Given the huge public investments required, this paper aims to assess the potential impacts of a green revolution. Results from a CGE model for Ghana show that green revolution type growth is strongly pro-poor and provides substantial transfers to the rest of the economy, thus providing a powerful argument to raise public expenditure on agriculture to make a green revolution happen in Africa. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Africa; Agriculture; CGE; Ghana; Green revolution; Growth; Microsimulation; Poverty	agricultural economics; green revolution; investment; numerical model; poverty; public spending; Ghana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938574028	The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: What does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal?	Arokiasamy P., Uttamacharya U., Jain K., Biritwum R.B., Yawson A.E., Wu F., Guo Y., Maximova T., Espinoza B.M., Salinas Rodríguez A., Afshar S., Pati S., Ice G., Banerjee S., Liebert M.A., Snodgrass J.J., Naidoo N., Chatterji S., Kowal P.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0402-8	International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shanghai, China; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS), Moscow, Russian Federation; National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Centre for Evaluation Research and Surveys, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, United Kingdom; Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Public Health Foundation of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Ohio University, Department of Social Medicine and Director of Global Health, Athens, OH, United States; Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR, United States; World Health Organization, Statistics Measurement and Analysis Unit, Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland; University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, NSW, Australia	Arokiasamy, P., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Uttamacharya, U., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Jain, K., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Biritwum, R.B., Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Yawson, A.E., Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Wu, F., Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shanghai, China; Guo, Y., Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shanghai, China; Maximova, T., Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS), Moscow, Russian Federation; Espinoza, B.M., National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Centre for Evaluation Research and Surveys, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Salinas Rodríguez, A., National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Centre for Evaluation Research and Surveys, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Afshar, S., Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, United Kingdom; Pati, S., Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Public Health Foundation of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Ice, G., Ohio University, Department of Social Medicine and Director of Global Health, Athens, OH, United States; Banerjee, S., Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; Liebert, M.A., University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR, United States; Snodgrass, J.J., University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR, United States; Naidoo, N., World Health Organization, Statistics Measurement and Analysis Unit, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland; Chatterji, S., World Health Organization, Statistics Measurement and Analysis Unit, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland; Kowal, P., World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, NSW, Australia	Background: Chronic diseases contribute a large share of disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Chronic diseases have a tendency to occur simultaneously and where there are two or more such conditions, this is termed as 'multimorbidity'. Multimorbidity is associated with adverse health outcomes, but limited research has been undertaken in LMICs. Therefore, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of multimorbidity as well as the associations between multimorbidity and self-rated health, activities of daily living (ADLs), quality of life, and depression across six LMICs. Methods: Data was obtained from the WHO's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave-1 (2007/10). This was a cross-sectional population based survey performed in LMICs, namely China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, including 42,236 adults aged 18 years and older. Multimorbidity was measured as the simultaneous presence of two or more of eight chronic conditions including angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, and vision impairment. Associations with four health outcomes were examined, namely ADL limitation, self-rated health, depression, and a quality of life index. Random-intercept multilevel regression models were used on pooled data from the six countries. Results: The prevalence of morbidity and multimorbidity was 54.2 % and 21.9 %, respectively, in the pooled sample of six countries. Russia had the highest prevalence of multimorbidity (34.7 %) whereas China had the lowest (20.3 %). The likelihood of multimorbidity was higher in older age groups and was lower in those with higher socioeconomic status. In the pooled sample, the prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation was 14 %, depression 5.7 %, self-rated poor health 11.6 %, and mean quality of life score was 54.4. Substantial cross-country variations were seen in the four health outcome measures. The prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation, poor self-rated health, and depression increased whereas quality of life declined markedly with an increase in number of diseases. Conclusions: Findings highlight the challenge of multimorbidity in LMICs, particularly among the lower socioeconomic groups, and the pressing need for reorientation of health care resources considering the distribution of multimorbidity and its adverse effect on health outcomes. © 2015 Arokiasamy et al.	Activities of daily living; Low- and middle-income countries; Mental health; Multimorbidity; Non-communicable diseases; Quality of life	ADL disability; adult; age; aged; aging; angina pectoris; arthritis; Article; asthma; cerebrovascular accident; China; chronic lung disease; correlation analysis; cross-sectional study; daily life activity; depression; diabetes mellitus; disease association; female; Ghana; health care need; health care system; health status; human; hypertension; India; lowest income group; major clinical study; male; mental health; Mexico; middle aged; morbidity; multimorbidity; physical capacity; prevalence; quality of life; regression analysis; Russian Federation; self evaluation; social status; South Africa; visual impairment; young adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949120505	Performance of early maize cultivars derived from recurrent selection for grain yield and Striga resistance	Badu-Apraku B., Fontem Lum A., Fakorede M.A.B., Menkir A., Chabi Y., The C., Abdulai M., Jacob S., Agbaje S.	2008	Crop Science	48	1	10.2135/cropsci2007.01.0060	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-lfe, Nigeria; INRAB/CRAN-INA, Benin; IRAD, Yaounde, Cameroon; SARI, Tamale, Ghana; INERA, Bobo-Dioulosso, Burkina Faso	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-lfe, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Ltd., Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Chabi, Y., INRAB/CRAN-INA, Benin; The, C., IRAD, Yaounde, Cameroon; Abdulai, M., SARI, Tamale, Ghana; Jacob, S., INERA, Bobo-Dioulosso, Burkina Faso; Agbaje, S., Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-lfe, Nigeria	Maize (Zea mays L.) production in west and central Africa (WCA) is constrained by the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth and recurrent drought. Two early maize populations, TZE-W Pop DT STR C0 (white) and TZE-Y Pop DT STR C0 (yellow), developed from diverse genetic backgrounds, were subjected to three cycles of S1 recurrent selection under artificial Striga infestation. Inbreds and synthetic cultivars were developed from the different cycles of selection. The populations (C 0), derived cultivars, and check cultivars were evaluated in 2002 and 2003 under Striga-infested and Striga-free environments in WCA. The objective was to assess the performance of the derived cultivars from the different cycles of selection. Under Striga infestation, ACR 94 TZE Comp5-Y and ACR 94 TZE Comp5-W, which were not from the selection program, were the highest-yielding group (2158 and 2124 kg ha-1, respectively). The second group comprised six products of the selection program, with grain yield ranging from 1806 to 1954 kg ha-1. The third group, with grain yield of 1498 to 1759 kg ha-1 contained mostly Striga-susceptible cultivars and the C0 of the selection program. Under Striga-free conditions, the performance of several cultivars from the selection program was equal to or better than ACR 94 TZE Comp5-Y and ACR 94 TZE Comp5-W. The genotype plus genotype x environment interaction biplot analysis demonstrated that EV DT-Y 2000 STR C1 and TZE-W Pop DT STR C3 from the selection program, along with ACR 94 TZE Comp5-W, had stable grain yield under Striga-infested and noninfested conditions. © Crop Science Society of America.	None	Striga; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745182897	Assessment of testcross performance and genetic diversity of yellow endosperm maize lines derived from adapted x exotic backcrosses	Menkir A., Olowolafe M.O., Ingelbrecht I., Fawole I., Badu-Apraku B., Vroh B.I.	2006	Theoretical and Applied Genetics	113	1	10.1007/s00122-006-0275-5	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Olowolafe, M.O., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Ingelbrecht, I., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Fawole, I., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria; Vroh, B.I., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria	Introduction of exotic maize (Zea mays L.) into adapted tropical germplasm may enhance genetic variability and lead to greater progress from selection. The first objective of this study was to determine if yellow endosperm lines derived from adapted × exotic backcrosses contain exotic alleles that are superior to the recurrent adapted parental line for yield and other agronomic traits in tropical environments. Thirteen exotic yellow maize inbred lines were crossed to an adapted orange line (KUSR) and the F1s were backcrossed to KUSR to generate the first backcrosses. Fifty BC1F4 lines derived from these backcrosses and the recurrent parent were crossed to a common inbred tester (L4001) to form testcrosses, which were evaluated at eight environments in Nigeria. Testcrosses of the BC-derived lines differed significantly for grain yield and other agronomic traits. Only two testcrosses yielded significantly less than L4001 × KUSR, with the best 15 testcrosses producing between 289 and 1,056 kg/ha more grain yield than L4001 × KUSR. The best testcrosses were similar to or better than L4001 × KUSR for other agronomic traits. The second objective of this study was to assess the extent of genetic diversity present among the BC-derived lines. We genotyped 46 BC-derived lines including KUSR and L4001 with 10 AFLP primer pairs and found 491 polymorphic fragments. The average allelic diversity of the lines was 0.30 ± 0.01. The genetic distance of each BC-derived line from KUSR ranged between 0.49 and 0.91. The average genetic distance for all pairs of the BC-derived lines was 0.68 ± 0.004, varying from 0.34 to 0.92. The increased grain yield and genetic diversity observed in these studies provide evidence that exotic germplasm can contribute new alleles to expand the genetic base of tropical maize and develop high-yielding hybrids. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	None	Genes; Genetic engineering; Plant cell culture; Endosperm maize; Genetic variability; Germplasm; Crops; article; cross breeding; genetic polymorphism; genetic variability; genetics; maize; Nigeria; Crosses, Genetic; Nigeria; Polymorphism, Genetic; Variation (Genetics); Zea mays; Corn; Genes; Genetic Engineering; Plants; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84914665086	Exploitation of beneficial alleles from maize (Zea mays L.) landraces to enhance performance of an elite variety in water stress environments	Meseka S., Menkir A., Obeng-Antwi K.	2015	Euphytica	201	1	10.1007/s10681-014-1214-1	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Crops Research Institute, 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	Meseka, S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Menkir, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obeng-Antwi, K., Crops Research Institute, 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	Yield losses of maize due to drought stress (DS) in environments with limited rains can reach 100 %. Introgression of favorable alleles from diverse landraces into adapted elite varieties will improve performance, hence reducing losses. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of BC populations under DS and multiple locations (ML) after introgression of alleles from diverse maize landraces into an elite variety. Twelve backcross (BC1F2) populations together with their recurrent parent (TZLCOMP4C1) and a commercial hybrid (Oba Super1) were evaluated under DS, well watered (WW) conditions during the dry season, and in seven ML trials in Nigeria. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all traits except for ear aspect score under DS conditions. Grain yield and most agronomic traits measured were highly significant (p &lt; 0.001) under WW conditions and across ML trials. In DS, eight of the 12 BC1F2 populations had similar mean grain yield compared to their recurrent parent. Four of these populations produced 3–7 % more grains than the recurrent parent. Yield improvement was accompanied by reduced barrenness, days to flowering, plant height and ear placement, and good plant and ear aspect scores. The eight BC1F2 populations should be subjected to recurrent selection under controlled DS, while four other BC1F2 populations with low grain yields could be subjected to additional backcross to increase frequency of favorable alleles for improved performance in stress environments. The resulting improved populations can be invaluable source materials for developing drought tolerant varieties and parental lines of hybrids. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Backcross; Beneficial alleles; Drought stress; Introgression; Maize landrace	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250777275	Ex ante impact assessment and seasonal climate forecasts: Status and issues	Thornton P.K.	2006	Climate Research	33	1	None	International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya	Thornton, P.K., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya	The field of ex ante impact assessment has been receiving increasing attention in recent years, due in part to the rapidly changing nature of funding for agricultural research and the shifts that have occurred in what is expected of the international agricultural research community. Ex ante studies are often carried out to provide information to assist in the allocation of scarce research resources to activities that are efficient in some way, or that best match donors' development objectives. In practice, impact assessment is often contentious and usually difficult. Despite this, a wide range of tools has been developed for ex ante impact assessment, and these are used routinely in many different areas. Here, various ex ante impact assessment methods are outlined that may be used to provide aggregated information at the scale of the region or society. Also discussed is how technological and policy changes associated with seasonal climate forecasts in developing countries can be assessed through a combination of these methods. Recent developments in quantitative modelling, and the availability of high-resolution regional and global data sets, could in the future contribute significantly to the identification of niches where seasonal climate forecasts could help vulnerable people cope with variability, with concomitant impacts on the alleviation of poverty. © Inter-Research 2006.	Climate forecast; Evaluation; Ex ante; Impact assessment; Innovation; Risk; Targeting	Agriculture; Environmental impact; Innovation; Risk assessment; Weather forecasting; climate prediction; data set; developing world; innovation; quantitative analysis; targeting; technological change	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874255771	Using participatory impact diagrams to evaluate a community development project in Kenya [Utilisation des diagrammes d'impact participatives pour évaluer un projet de développement communautaire au Kenya]	Kariuki J., Njuki J.	2013	Development in Practice	23	1	10.1080/09614524.2013.753031	International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya	Kariuki, J., International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya; Njuki, J., International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya	Participatory approaches for impact assessment are increasingly becoming popular with development organisations for engaging multiple stakeholders. We present our use of participatory impact diagrams as an evaluation tool within a mixed methods impact assessment of several drought-reduction interventions in Kenya. Results show that because men and women have different roles, their experiences of interventions vary. We discuss how this methodology encouraged communities to describe various intervention outcomes including unintended impacts, often overlooked by conventional impact assessment approaches. Methodological challenges included the integration of quantitative data; opportunities for its application within the wider discipline of monitoring and evaluation are considered. © 2013 Copyright International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).	Aid - Monitoring and evaluation; Aid - Aid effectiveness; Gender and diversity; Methods; Monitoring and evaluation; Sub-Saharan Africa	aid organization; assessment method; community development; development aid; drought; gender; monitoring; participatory approach; stakeholder; Kenya	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872834665	Comparison of the performance of synthetic maize varieties created based on either genetic distance or general combining ability of the parents	Narro L.A., Duran J.F., George M.L.C., Arcos A.L., Osorio K.V., Warburton M.L.	2012	Maydica	57	1	None	International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Colombia, c/o CIAT, Apdo Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia; Biometrics Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; Project Management Unit, Internat	Narro, L.A., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Colombia, c/o CIAT, Apdo Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia; Duran, J.F., Biometrics Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; George, M.L.C., Project Management Unit, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico; Arcos, A.L., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Colombia, c/o CIAT, Apdo Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia; Osorio, K.V., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Colombia, c/o CIAT, Apdo Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia; Warburton, M.L., USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, PO Box 9555, MS 39762, United States	Synthetics varieties are grown by farmers and used by breeders to select new inbred lines. In countries unable to market hybrids, use of synthetics leads to yield improvements over landraces. Synthetics are derived from intercrossing inbred lines known to possess high general combining ability (GCA) as measured via crossing with testers and phenotyping for yield in multiple environments. Genetic similarity (GS) between lines measured by molecular markers may efficiently estimate GCA. Although the prediction of specific combining ability (SCA) of lines via GS has not been successful, it may have potential to predict the suitability of lines to form a synthetic variety. As this has not been reported, the objective of this research was to compare the performance of four synthetic maize varieties developed using GS calculated between parents using SSR markers with the performance of synthetics developed using GCA based on yield. Synthetics were phenotyped for yield and other agronomic traits in replicated field trials in several environments. The two synthetics formed based on low GS (0.34 and 0.33) performed better than all other synthetics in yield and most agronomic traits. The synthetics formed based on high GS (0.77 and 0.53), performed worst for nearly all traits. The GCA-based synthetics were generally intermediate for all traits. Response of synthetics to environmental variation and efficiencies gained via use of molecular markers in synthetic formation is discussed.	General combining ability (GCA); Genetic similarity (GS); Maize; Synthetic varieties	Zea mays	None
None	None	Impact of common sweetpotato viruses on total carotenoids and root yields of an orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Tanzania	Kapinga R., Ndunguru J., Mulokozi G., Tumwegamire S.	2009	Scientia Horticulturae	122	1	10.1016/j.scienta.2009.03.020	International Potato Center, Box 22274, Kampala, Uganda; Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Box 977, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kapinga, R., International Potato Center, Box 22274, Kampala, Uganda; Ndunguru, J., Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mulokozi, G., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Box 977, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tumwegamire, S., International Potato Center, Box 22274, Kampala, Uganda	The growing and consumption of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is considered as a mean to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region. However, majority of the field-tested OFSP varieties are susceptible to major diseases especially sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD), which is caused by co-infection of sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) with sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV). A high beta-carotene content but susceptible variety Resisto was used in this study to evaluate the effects of SPVD on total carotenoids content and root yield. Compared with apparently healthy plants, reduction of 43, 16, and 37% of the total carotenoids content in the OFSP variety Resisto were observed in plants infected with SPCSV, SPFMV, and co-infection of both viruses. Storage root fresh weight was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced due to virus infection with high reduction recorded for SPFMV infection followed by co-infection of SPFMV with SPCSV. The same case was for sweetpotato vine length. However, no major reductions were observed in the vine weights. Co-infection of SPFMV with SPCSV caused more severe symptoms than single infections of the two viruses and each isolate caused distinct disease symptoms on the infected sweetpotato plants. In general, there was no direct correlation between sweetpotato virus disease symptom severity and reduction in total carotenoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the negative impact of SPCSV and SPFMV on the total carotenoid accumulation in OFSP varieties. Therefore follow up studies in the area of biochemical analysis should be initiated to gain knowledge on the impacts of SPVD on the biochemical pathways of carotenoid accumulation. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Orange-fleshed sweetpotato; Sweetpotato virus disease; Total carotenoids; Yield	carotenoid; disease severity; potato; viral disease; virus; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Ipomoea batatas; Sweet potato feathery mottle virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646246162	Impact assessment of Mtera and Kidatu reservoirs on the annual maximum floods at Stiegler's Gorge of the Rufiji River in Tanzania	Yawson D.K., Kongo V.M., Kachroo R.K.	2006	Water International	31	1	10.1080/02508060608691919	International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Keny	Yawson, D.K., International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, IUCN-West Africa Regional Office Project, Komadugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria; Kongo, V.M., University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kenya, School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering Division, Soil and Water Conservation, Irrigation, Land Use Planning and Mechanization Services, South Africa; Kachroo, R.K.	The impoundment of any river causes changes in the downstream flow regime. The effect of a dam on flow regime depends on both the storage capacity of the reservoir relative to the volume of river flow and the way the dam is operated. The most common attribute of flow regulation is a decrease in the magnitude of the flood peaks and an increase in low flows. This paper reports the findings of a study to assess the cumulative impact of two dams on the Great Ruaha River in Tanzania (the Mtera and Kidatu Reservoir System) on flood flows. The method used was to compare the observed annual maximum flows at downstream locations after the construction of the dams with mathematically modeled estimates of the annual maximum flows at the same locations, assuming that the dams were not built (i.e. generating naturalized flows). Contrary to expectations, the study found that annual maximum peaks were supposed to be less than those actually observed. For instance, in 1989, annual maximum peak flow of 1,400 m 3/s was recorded at Kidatu, but the estimated uncontrolled peak flow should have been 800 m 3/s, signifying an artificially-induced flood wave. Although, there was a significant impact on the peak flows at Kidatu owing to the dams, the impact was found to be minimal on the flow peaks at Steigler's Gorge. © 2006 International Water Resources Association.	Annual maximum floods; Impact assessment; Linear transfer function; Mathematical modeling; Mtera-Kidatu Reservoir System; Rufiji River Basin	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880170047	Implementation of misoprostol for postabortion care in Kenya and Uganda: A qualitative evaluation	Osur J., Baird T.L., Levandowski B.A., Jackson E., Murokora D.	2013	Global Health Action	6	1	10.3402/gha.v6i0.19649	Ipas African Alliance, Nairobi, Kenya; Ipas, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Independent Consultant, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Uganda Women's Health Initiative, Kampala, Uganda	Osur, J., Ipas African Alliance, Nairobi, Kenya; Baird, T.L., Ipas, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Levandowski, B.A., Ipas, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Jackson, E., Independent Consultant, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Murokora, D., Uganda Women's Health Initiative, Kampala, Uganda	Objective: Evaluate implementation of misoprostol for postabortion care (MPAC) in two African countries. Design: Qualitative, program evaluation. Setting: Twenty-five public and private health facilities in Rift Valley Province, Kenya, and Kampala Province, Uganda. Sample: Forty-five MPAC providers, health facility managers, Ministry of Health officials, and nongovernmental (NGO) staffinvolved in program implementation. Methods and main outcome measures: In both countries, the Ministry of Health, local health centers and hospitals, and NGO staffdeveloped evidence-based service delivery protocols to introduce MPAC in selected facilities; implementation extended from January 2009 to October 2010. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews evaluated the implementation process, identified supportive and inhibitive policies for implementation, elicited lessons learned during the process, and assessed provider satisfaction and providers' impressions of client satisfaction with MPAC. Project reports were also reviewed. Results: In both countries, MPAC was easy to use, and freed up provider time and health facility resources traditionally necessary for provision of PAC with uterine aspiration. On-going support of providers following training ensured high quality of care. Providers perceived that many women preferred MPAC, as they avoided instrumentation of the uterus, hospital admission, cost, and stigma associated with abortion. Appropriate registration of misoprostol for use in the pilot, and maintaining supplies of misoprostol, were significant challenges to service provision. Support from the Ministry of Health was necessary for successful implementation; lack of country-based standards and guidelines for MPAC created challenges. Conclusions: MPAC is simple, cost-effective and can be readily implemented in settings with high rates of abortion-related mortality. © 2013 Joachim Osur et al.	Implementation research; Misoprostol; Postabortion care	abortive agent; misoprostol; aftercare; article; clinical protocol; counseling; female; human; implementation research; Kenya; methodology; organization and management; patient education; postabortion care; pregnancy; Uganda; implementation research; misoprostol; postabortion care; Abortifacient Agents; Aftercare; Clinical Protocols; Counseling; Female; Humans; Kenya; Misoprostol; Patient Education as Topic; Pregnancy; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872616856	Floods and livelihoods: The impact of changing water resources on wetland agro-ecological production systems in the Tana River Delta, Kenya	Leauthaud C., Duvail S., Hamerlynck O., Paul J.-L., Cochet H., Nyunja J., Albergel J., Grünberger O.	2013	Global Environmental Change	23	1	10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.09.003	IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya; IRD, UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux (PALOC), France; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom; AgroParisTech, Comparative Agriculture and Agricultural Development Research Unit, Paris, France; KWS, Nairobi, Kenya	Leauthaud, C., IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France, Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya; Duvail, S., Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya, IRD, UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux (PALOC), France; Hamerlynck, O., Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom; Paul, J.-L., IRD, UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux (PALOC), France; Cochet, H., AgroParisTech, Comparative Agriculture and Agricultural Development Research Unit, Paris, France; Nyunja, J., Kenya Wetland Biodiversity Research Team (KENWEB), Kenya, KWS, Nairobi, Kenya; Albergel, J., IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; Grünberger, O., IRD, UMR LISAH, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France	Wetlands are highly dynamic and productive systems that have been under increased pressure from changes in land use and water management strategies. In Eastern Africa, wetlands provide resources at multiple spatial and temporal levels through farming, fishing, livestock ownership and a host of other ecosystem services that sustain the local economy and individual livelihoods. As part of a broader effort to describe future development scenarios for East African coastal wetlands, this qualitative study focuses on understanding the processes by which river water depletion has affected local food production systems in Kenya's Tana River Delta over the past 50 years, and how this situation has impacted residents' livelihoods and well-being. Interviews performed in six villages among various ethnic groups, geographical locations and resource profiles indicated that the agro-ecological production systems formerly in place were adapted to the river's dynamic flooding patterns. As these flooding patterns changed, the local population diversified and abandoned or adopted various farming, fishing and livestock-rearing techniques. Despite these efforts, the decrease in water availability affected each subcomponent of the production systems under study, which led to their collapse in the 1990s. Water depletion negatively impacted local human well-being through the loss of food security. The current study provides a detailed account of the dynamics of agro-ecological production systems facing the effects of river water depletion in a wetland-associated environment in Sub-Saharan Africa. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Food production; Human well-being; River water depletion; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainability; Wetland	agroecology; delta; ecosystem service; ethnic group; flood; food production; food security; land use; qualitative analysis; river water; sustainability; water availability; water management; water resource; wetland; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tana River [Kenya]	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052094161	Developing a large stone asphalt mix to improve the performance of asphalt surfacing	Geldenhuys J.R.	2011	European Journal of Scientific Research	58	1	None	Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd. Engineering and Environmental Consulting Menlo Park, Pretoria, South Africa	Geldenhuys, J.R., Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd. Engineering and Environmental Consulting Menlo Park, Pretoria, South Africa	This study sets out to investigate the possibility of increasing the stone size and volume in an asphalt mixture to enhance the performance of the asphalt mixture. The study will focus on the asphalt mixes for surfacings with the viewpoint to the coal haulage industry. An increase in axle loads of traffic on roads has deteriorated the image and performance of roads. This has promoted the opportunity to investigate this option and provide a possible solution to the problem. Generally the underlying layers of a pavement can cope with the increase in loads, it is when there is breakage in the surfacing that problems occur. Water washes out fines and the pavement under the crack collapse as time goes on. An improvement in the performance of asphalt surfacing to withstand an increase in axle loads will eliminate the presence of potholes on roads. © 2011 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.	Asphalt; Deformation; Fatigue; Large Stone; Rut Resistance; Surfacing	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894311212	Cloud computing and virtualization within the regional climate model and evaluation system	Mattmann C.A., Waliser D., Kim J., Goodale C., Hart A., Ramirez P., Crichton D., Zimdars P., Boustani M., Lee K., Loikith P., Whitehall K., Jack C., Hewitson B.	2014	Earth Science Informatics	7	1	10.1007/s12145-013-0126-2	Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; UCLA JIFRESSE, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Howard University, WA, DC, United States; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; University of Cape Town, South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Mattmann, C.A., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, UCLA JIFRESSE, Los Angeles, CA, United States, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Waliser, D., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, UCLA JIFRESSE, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Kim, J., UCLA JIFRESSE, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Goodale, C., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Hart, A., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Ramirez, P., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Crichton, D., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Zimdars, P., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Boustani, M., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Lee, K., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Loikith, P., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Whitehall, K., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, Howard University, WA, DC, United States; Jack, C., University of Cape Town, South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Hewitson, B., University of Cape Town, South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	The Regional Climate Model Evaluation System (RCMES) facilitates the rapid, flexible inclusion of NASA observations into climate model evaluations. RCMES provides two fundamental components. A database (RCMED) is a scalable point-oriented cloud database used to elastically store remote sensing observations and to make them available using a space time query interface. The analysis toolkit (RCMET) is a Python-based toolkit that can be delivered as a cloud virtual machine, or as an installer package deployed using Python Buildout to users in order to allow for temporal and spatial regridding, metrics calculation (RMSE, bias, PDFs, etc.) and end-user visualization. RCMET is available to users in an "offline", lone scientist mode based on a virtual machine dynamically constructed with model outputs and observations to evaluate; or on an institution's computational cluster seated close to the observations and model outputs. We have leveraged RCMES within the content of the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project, working with the University of Cape Town and other institutions to compare the model output to NASA remote sensing data; in addition we are also working with the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). In this paper we explain the contribution of cloud computing to RCMES's specifically describing studies of various cloud databases we evaluated for RCMED, and virtualization toolkits for RCMET, and their potential strengths in delivering user-created dynamic regional climate model evaluation virtual machines for our users. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Apache; Hadoop; Hive; MongoDB; OODT; RCMES; Regional Climate Modeling; Sqoop	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891802809	In vivo antirabies activity evaluation of hydroethanolic extract of roots and leaves of Phytolacca dodecandra	Admasu P., Deressa A., Mengistu A., Gebrewold G., Feyera T.	2014	Global Veterinaria	12	1	10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.01.81150	Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Ethiopia	Admasu, P., Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia; Deressa, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Ethiopia; Mengistu, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Ethiopia; Gebrewold, G., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Ethiopia; Feyera, T., Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia	The study was undertaken to evaluate antirabies activity of hydroethanolic extract of roots and leaves of Phytolacca dodecandra (L' Herit) (Phytolaccaceae), one of the widely used plants for traditional treatment of rabies in humans and animals in Ethiopia, by using mice model. The antirabies activity of both parts of plant extract in the doses of 300, 600 and 1000 mg/kg were compared with negative control based on the difference in survival rate and period (days) of group of mice challenged with rabies virus (CVS-11). The result showed that all doses of roots and 300 and 600 mg/kg doses of leaves of the plant extract didn't significantly (P>0.05) increase the survival period of mice compared to negative control group and significant (P<0.05) survival period decrement was obtained compared to both positive control groups. However, 1000 mg/kg dose of leaves of the plant extract was significantly (P<0.05) increased the survival period of mice as compared to their respective negative control group. The finding indicated the existence of some antirabies activity in extract of leaves of P. dodecandra at higher dose, for which further research is needed to elucidate its active ingredients. © IDOSI Publications, 2014.	Antirabies; Hydroethanolic extract; In vivo; Phytolacca dodecandra	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951900274	Development and evaluation of an international, interdisciplinary palliative care workshop in Botswana	Ersek M., Sebego M., Bloom A.M., Shaibu S., McMenamin E., Mokotedi M.	2010	International Journal of Palliative Nursing	16	1	None	John A Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, Center forIntegrative Science in Ageing, United States; University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, United States; Penn Wissahickon Hospice, United States; Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	Ersek, M., John A Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, Center forIntegrative Science in Ageing, United States, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, United States; Sebego, M., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Bloom, A.M., Penn Wissahickon Hospice, United States; Shaibu, S., Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; McMenamin, E., Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Mokotedi, M., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	Aim: This paper reports the development and evaluation of an interdisciplinary, international palliative care workshop presented in Gaborone, Botswana. Method: A 5-day workshop was held in June 2009 at the University of Botswana. Clinicians, faculty, and studentsfrom throughout Botswana were invited to attend at no cost. Participants included nurses,social workers, physicians, pharmacists, chaplains and volunteers. Learning activities included lectures, case studies, and group discussion. Results: Evaluation indicated high satisfaction with the workshop and signifi cant, though modest, gains in knowledge and self-evaluation of palliative care skills. Discussion revealed important clinical issues fo attendees and underscored the need to coordinate national efforts to enhance palliative care in Botswana. Conclusion: The international collaborative palliative care workshop increased the knowledge and commitment of attendees. Additional collaborative efforts to educate providers, coordinate care, and change policies and practices are needed to integrate palliative care fully into health care in Botswana.	Education; End-of-life care; Global health; Interdisciplinary; Nurses; Nursing; Palliative care	article; attitude to health; Botswana; continuing education; curriculum; education; health care quality; human; international cooperation; palliative therapy; philosophy; program development; terminal care; Botswana; Curriculum; Education, Continuing; Educational Measurement; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Holistic Health; Humans; International Cooperation; Palliative Care; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Terminal Care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881245114	Investigating the impact of rice blast disease on the livelihood of the local farmers in Greater Mwea region of Kenya	Kihoro J., Bosco N.J., Murage H., Ateka E., Makihara D.	2013	SpringerPlus	2	1	10.1186/2193-1801-2-308	Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan	Kihoro, J., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Bosco, N.J., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Murage, H., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Ateka, E., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Makihara, D., Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan	Rice is the most important cereal crop in Kenya coming third after maize and wheat. It forms a very important diet for a majority of families in Kenya. The demand for rice in Kenya has seen a dramatic increase over the last few years while production has remained low. This is because rice production has been faced by serious constraints notably plant diseases of which the most devastating is rice blast. Rice blast is known to cause approximately 60% - 100% yield losses. It is caused by an Ascomycete fungus called Magnaporthe Oryzae. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of rice blast disease on the livelihood of the local farmers in Greater Mwea region and develop a rice blast disease distribution map using GIS approach. The study methodology employed a questionnaire survey which were subjected to sample population of households in the 7 sections with 70 blocks within Mwea region. The collected data was analysed using SAS Version 9.1. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the household characteristics, the farm characteristics and the farmers' perceptions of rice blast disease. In the questionnaire, farmers' response on whether they had been affected by rice blast disease and the total production per acreage was used to develop an attribute table with GPS points. The GPS points were interpolated to create a geographical distribution map of rice blast disease. From the research findings almost all the farmers' had awareness and knowledge of rice blast disease, 98% of the farmers interviewed were aware of rice blast disease. Out of the 98% with knowledge and awareness 76% have been affected by the disease, while 24% have never been affected. Farmers attributed rice blast disease to a range of different causes, including excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer, water shortage, lack of proper drainage canal and due to climate change. Majority of the farmers interviewed (72%) did not engage themselves in any other socio-economic activity even after being affected by the rice blast disease. 15% opted to growing horticultural crops, 7% engaged in trading activities while 2% started livestock raring, wage earning and Boda boda business. © 2013 Kihoro et al.	Geographical distribution; GPS; Livelihood; Rice blast disease; Socio-economic activity	None	JSPS, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
WoS	WOS:000315865700003	Unintended Impacts and the Gendered Consequences of Peacekeeping Economies in Liberia	Aning, Kwesi,Edu-Afful, Fiifi	2013	INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING	20	1	10.1080/13533312.2013.761828	KAIPTC	None	Despite increased international attention to managing the potential impacts of peacekeeping on host countries, unintended consequences continue to emerge. This article focuses particularly on the alternative economies that peacekeeping operations generate and the differential economic impacts on individuals who come into contact with peacekeepers. Based on empirical evidence derived from fieldwork in Liberia, the article highlights the everyday lives of women whose livelihoods have been affected by the presence of peacekeeping missions. It also discusses how such economies adjust during the peacekeeping drawdown phase, and explores the dynamics that such economies have on specific segments of the Liberian population. The argument is that, while peacekeeping economies are critical in stimulating the local economy and providing livelihoods during and in the immediate aftermath of war, they have negative unintended impacts that need mitigation.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78951475290	Assessment of climate change impact on hydrological extremes in two source regions of the Nile River Basin	Taye M.T., Ntegeka V., Ogiramoi N.P., Willems P.	2011	Hydrology and Earth System Sciences	15	1	10.5194/hess-15-209-2011	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Hydraulics Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Directorate of Water Development, Rural Water Department, Ministry of Water and Environment, P.O. Box 20026, Kampala, Uganda	Taye, M.T., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Hydraulics Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Ntegeka, V., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Hydraulics Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Ogiramoi, N.P., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Hydraulics Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium, Directorate of Water Development, Rural Water Department, Ministry of Water and Environment, P.O. Box 20026, Kampala, Uganda; Willems, P., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Hydraulics Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium	The potential impact of climate change was investigated on the hydrological extremes of Nyando River and Lake Tana catchments, which are located in two source regions of the Nile River basin. Climate change scenarios were developed for rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (ETo), considering 17 General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations to better understand the range of possible future change. They were constructed by transferring the extracted climate change signals to the observed series using a frequency perturbation downscaling approach, which accounts for the changes in rainfall extremes. Projected changes under two future SRES emission scenarios A1B and B1 for the 2050s were considered. Two conceptual hydrological models were calibrated and used for the impact assessment. Their difference in simulating the flows under future climate scenarios was also investigated. The results reveal increasing mean runoff and extreme peak flows for Nyando catchment for the 2050s while unclear trend is observed for Lake Tana catchment for mean volumes and high/low flows. The hydrological models for Lake Tana catchment, however, performed better in simulating the hydrological regimes than for Nyando, which obviously also induces a difference in the reliability of the extreme future projections for both catchments. The unclear impact result for Lake Tana catchment implies that the GCM uncertainty is more important for explaining the unclear trend than the hydrological models uncertainty. Nevertheless, to have a better understanding of future impact, hydrological models need to be verified for their credibility of simulating extreme flows. © Author(s) 2011.	None	Climate change impact; Climate change scenarios; Down-scaling; Emission scenario; Extreme flows; Future climate; Future projections; General circulation model simulations; Hydrological extremes; Hydrological models; Hydrological regime; Impact assessments; Lake Tana; Peak flows; Possible futures; Potential evapotranspiration; Potential impacts; Rainfall extremes; River basins; Two sources; Catchments; Climate models; Computer simulation; Lakes; Rain; Rivers; Runoff; Water supply; Watersheds; Climate change; atmospheric general circulation model; calibration; catchment; climate change; climate effect; downscaling; evapotranspiration; flow modeling; hydrological change; hydrological modeling; hydrological response; peak flow; perturbation; rainfall; river basin; uncertainty analysis; Ethiopia; Kenya; Lake Tana; Nile Basin; Nyando Basin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908105384	Immunogenicity, impact on carriage and reactogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine in kenyan children aged 1-4 years: A randomized controlled trial	Hammitt L.L., Ojal J., Bashraheil M., Morpeth S.C., Karani A., Habib A., Borys D., Goldblatt D., Scott J.A.G.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0085459	KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Hammitt, L.L., KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ojal, J., KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Bashraheil, M., KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Morpeth, S.C., KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Karani, A., KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Habib, A., GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Borys, D., GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; Goldblatt, D., Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Scott, J.A.G., KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: The impact on carriage and optimal schedule for primary vaccination of older children with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein-D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) are unknown. Methods: 600 Kenyan children aged 12-59 months were vaccinated at days 0, 60 and 180 in a double-blind randomized controlled trial according to the following vaccine sequence: Group A: PHiD-CV, PHiD-CV, diphtheria/tetanus/acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP); Group B: PHiD-CV, DTaP, PHiD-CV; Group C: hepatitis A vaccine (HAV), DTaP, HAV. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae was measured at five timepoints. In 375 subjects, serotype-specific responses were measured by 22F-inhibition ELISA and opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPA) one month after vaccination. Results: Following one dose of PHiD-CV, >90% of recipients developed IgG≥0.35 μg/mL to serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V and 18C and OPA≥8 to serotypes 4, 7F, 9V, 18C, 23F. After a second dose >90% of recipients had IgG≥0.35 μg/mL to all vaccine serotypes and OPA≥8 to all vaccine serotypes except 1 and 6B. At day 180, carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci was 21% in recipients of two doses of PHiD-CV (Group A) compared to 31% in controls (p=0.04). Fever after dose 1 was reported by 41% of PHiD-CV recipients compared to 26% of HAV recipients (p<0.001). Other local and systemic adverse experiences were similar between groups. Conclusions: Vaccination of children aged 12-59 months with two doses of PHiD-CV two to six months apart was immunogenic, reduced vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage and was well-tolerated. Administration of PHiD-CV would be expected to provide effective protection against vaccine-type disease. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT01028326 © 2014 Hammitt et al.	None	diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae vaccine; hepatitis A vaccine; immunoglobulin G; unclassified drug; antibody production; article; bacterial colonization; bacterial load; child; controlled study; double blind procedure; drowsiness; drug hypersensitivity; drug tolerance; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; fever; human; immune response; immunogenicity; injection site erythema; injection site pain; injection site swelling; Kenya; male; nasopharynx; nose smear; opsonization; opsonophagocytic killing assay; phase 3 clinical trial; pneumococcal infection; randomized controlled trial; serotype; Streptococcus pneumoniae; throat culture; vaccination; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Carrier State; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Haemophilus Vaccines; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Immunization, Secondary; Immunoglobulin D; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Lipoproteins; Male; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871258311	Genetic diversity of indigenous Bradyrhizobium nodulating promiscuous soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] varieties in Kenya: Impact of phosphorus and lime fertilization in two contrasting sites	Wasike V.W., Lesueur D., Wachira F.N., Mungai N.W., Mumera L.M., Sanginga N., Mburu H.N., Mugadi D., Wango P., Vanlauwe B.	2009	Plant and Soil	322	1	10.1007/s11104-009-9902-7	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), P.O. Box 57811-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; CIRAD, PERSYST Department, UPR Ecosystems of Plantations, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cen. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya	Wasike, V.W., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), P.O. Box 57811-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Lesueur, D., CIRAD, PERSYST Department, UPR Ecosystems of Plantations, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cen. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Wachira, F.N., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya; Mungai, N.W., Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Mumera, L.M., Department of Crops Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Mburu, H.N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Mugadi, D., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Wango, P., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Vanlauwe, B., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Inst. of the Inter. Cent. for Tropical Agri. (TSBF-CIAT), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya	While soybean is an exotic crop introduced in Kenya early last century, promiscuous (TGx) varieties which nodulate with indigenous rhizobia have only recently been introduced. Since farmers in Kenya generally cannot afford or access fertilizer or inoculants, the identification of effective indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains which nodulate promiscuous soybean could be useful in the development of inoculant strains. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating seven introduced promiscuous soybean varieties grown in two different sites in Kenya was assayed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PCR-RFLP analysis directly applied on 289 nodules using Msp I distinguished 18 intergenic spacer groups (IGS) I-XVIII. Predominant IGS groups were I, III, II, IV and VI which constituted 43.9%, 24.6%, 8.3% 7.6% and 6.9% respectively of all the analyzed nodules from the two sites while IGS group VII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIV, XVI, XVII, XVIII each constituted 1% or less. The IGS groups were specific to sites and treatments but not varieties. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all indigenous strains belong to the genus Bradyrhizobium. Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Bradyrhizobium spp and Bradyrhizobium japonicum related strains were the most predominant and accounted for 37.9%, 34.5%, and 20.7% respectively while B. yuanmigense related accounted for 6.9% of all strains identified in the two combined sites. The diversity identified in Bradyrhizobium populations in the two sites represent a valuable genetic resource that has potential utility for the selection of more competitive and effective strains to improve biological nitrogen fixation and thus increase soybean yields at low cost. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009.	Agro-ecological zones; Genetic diversity; Polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism; Promiscuous soybean	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930083290	Minjingu phosphate rock applications increase the population of phosphate solubilising microorganisms with a positive impact on crop yields in a Kenyan Ferralsol	Ndungu-Magiroi K.W., Waswa B., Bationo A., Okalebo J.R., Othieno C., Herrmann L., Lesueur D.	2015	Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems	102	1	10.1007/s10705-014-9661-6	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI-Kitale), P.O. Box 450, Kitale, Kenya; International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), c/o International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Action for Integrated Rural Development, Accra, Ghana; University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (CIAT-TSBF), c/o World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Biogéochimie des Sols and Agroécosystèmes (SupAgro-CIRAD-INRA-IRD), Land Development Department, Office of Science for Land Development, Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Melbourne, Australia	Ndungu-Magiroi, K.W., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI-Kitale), P.O. Box 450, Kitale, Kenya, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (CIAT-TSBF), c/o World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Waswa, B., International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), c/o International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Bationo, A., Action for Integrated Rural Development, Accra, Ghana; Okalebo, J.R., University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Othieno, C., University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Herrmann, L., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (CIAT-TSBF), c/o World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Melbourne, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Melbourne, Australia; Lesueur, D., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (CIAT-TSBF), c/o World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya, CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Biogéochimie des Sols and Agroécosystèmes (SupAgro-CIRAD-INRA-IRD), Land Development Department, Office of Science for Land Development, Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand	Soil microbes such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria play significant roles in the solubilisation of inorganic phosphorus (P), mineralization of organic P and in improving plant P uptake. It is known that phosphate solubilising microorganisms (PSM) populations largely vary depending on the ecosystems, the cropping systems or the soil management. The capacity of Minjingu phosphate rock (PR) to enhance the populations of native PSM under three cereal–legume rotation systems was assessed in the third season of rotation. Triple super phosphate (TSP) was used as a positive control. In comparison to the negative control, application of Minjingu PR increased the total fungal diversity and phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) population by 67–90 % while high rates of TSP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced bacterial diversity and populations of PSB by 46–69 %. Minjingu PR also resulted in both crop and legume yields increase (41–104 % compared to the control), which were similar to those obtained with TSP application. Cropping systems incorporating sparingly soluble P sources such as Minjingu PR into soils can stimulate the populations of native PSB and agronomic productivity. They may represent a promising way of minimizing the utilization of mineral P fertilizers. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Fungal and bacterial diversity; Minjingu phosphate rock; PCR–DGGE; Phosphate solubilising bacteria	crop rotation; crop yield; Ferralsol; microbial activity; phosphate rock; soil microorganism; solubilization; Kenya; Bacteria (microorganisms); Rhizobiales	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870486834	Design and performance assessment of a low cost evaporative cooler for storage of camel milk in arid pastoral areas of kenya	Wayua F.O., Okoth M.W., Wangoh J.	2012	International Journal of Food Engineering	8	1	10.1515/1556-3758.2323	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Kenya	Wayua, F.O., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya; Okoth, M.W., University of Nairobi, Kenya; Wangoh, J., University of Nairobi, Kenya	A low-cost charcoal evaporative cooler was designed and tested for the storage of camel milk in an arid pastoral area of northern Kenya. The cooler, 0.75 m3 in capacity, was made of galvanised iron frame reinforced with wire mesh inside and out, leaving a 10 cm-wide cavity which was filled with charcoal. A water reservoir linked to the cooler at the top through a perforated pipe kept the charcoal continuously wet through drip system. A wind driven fan on the roof enhanced air movement through the charcoal walls by sucking out the air in the cooler. The cooler was evaluated for temperature and product response. The inside temperature was 1-11°C lower than outside temperature and inside humidity was 0-49% higher than outside. During the hottest time of the day (14.00 hrs) when cooling was most needed, the cooler consistently maintained an average temperature drop of 10.5±0.4°C below ambient temperature, which varied from 29-32°C. This reduction in temperature was 35.6% and statistically significant (p=0.05). During this time, cooling efficiency varied between 74.2 to 86.7%. Temperature of camel milk inside the cooler did not significantly increase (p>0.05) between morning time and evening time. However, temperature of control milk at ambient conditions significantly (p=0.05) changed over the same period, from 22.6±0.08°C to 28.1±0.08°C. Milk inside the cooler was also significantly cooler (p=0.05) than control milk in the evening, with a net temperature reduction of 27.0%. Total bacterial count changed from 31.4±2.1 x 104 cfu/ml to 43.1±1.9 x 104 and 1638±81 x 104 cfu/ml for test and control milk, respectively, after storage for 10 hours. As an inexpensive alternative to mechanical refrigeration, evaporative cooling technology is promising and suitable for rural application in arid pastoral areas without grid electricity, to minimise risk of milk spoilage at collection points and retail level, and thereby encourage organised women groups to get involved in milk marketing as a source of income. © 2012 De Gruyter.	Arid areas; Camel milk storage; Design; Evaporative cooler; Kenya; Performance	Air movement; Ambient conditions; Arid area; Cooling efficiency; Drip system; Evaporative coolers; Evaporative cooling; Grid electricity; Inside temperature; Kenya; Low costs; Mechanical refrigeration; Performance; Performance assessment; Rural application; Temperature drops; Temperature reduction; Total bacterial count; Wire meshes; Arid regions; Cooling; Design; Evaporative cooling systems; Charcoal; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
WoS	WOS:000247094100002	Impact of small arms insecurity on the public health of pastoralists in the Kenya-Uganda border regions	Mkutu, Kennedy Agade	2007	CRIME LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE	47	1	10.1007/s10611-007-9056-6	Kenya Inst Adm	None	Small arms must be considered as a public health problem, but quantifying the public health impact of small arms is difficult and studies are sparse in areas of conflict. This study considers the remote cross border area between Kenya and Uganda where pastoral conflict in the form of cattle raiding with the use of small arms has escalated in recent years, and where health facilities are scarce. Hospitals and clinics in Karamoja, Uganda, and West Pokot, Kenya were visited by the author, to collect any available data on small arms injuries. Interviews with hospital staff helped to provide further insight into the statistics. Statistics showed that most injuries were sustained during raiding, though worrying incidences of injury among noncombatants and young children were found. Many serious injuries and limb fractures were documented, likely to have some long-term implications for pain, growth, disability, and livelihood. Deaths and injuries are likely to be significantly underestimated by the statistics, due to problems of transport, insecurity, deaths prior to arrival, admission fees for some facilities, and fear of reporting injuries due to the criminal element. Police statistics support this conclusion. The situation appeared to be worse in Uganda as opposed to Kenya, but cooperation between the two countries is needed since pastoralists readily cross the borders both to raid and to attend clinics and hospitals.	,CONFLICT,POLITICS,STATE,SUNGUSUNGU,TANZANIA,"VILLAGE VIGILANTE GROUPS",VIOLENCE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344400117	Determination of midazolam and its major metabolite 1′- hydroxymidazolam by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in plasma from children	Muchohi S.N., Ward S.A., Preston L., Newton C.R.J.C., Edwards G., Kokwaro G.O.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	821	1	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.015	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya; Ward, S.A., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Preston, L., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute for Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	We have developed a sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) for the simultaneous quantification of midazolam (MDZ) and its major metabolite, 1′-hydroxymidazolam (1′-OHM) in a small volume (200 μl) of human plasma. Midazolam, 1′-OHM and 1′-chlordiazepoxide (internal standard) were extracted from alkalinised (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase HyPURITY™ Elite C18 (5 μm particle size; 100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) analytical column using an acidic (pH 2.8) mobile phase (water-acetonitrile; 75:25% (v/v) containing formic acid (0.1%, v/v)) delivered at a flow-rate of 200 μl/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode at the protonated-molecular ions [M + l] + of parent drug and metabolite. Calibration curves in spiked plasma were linear (r2 ≥ 0.99) from 15 to 600 ng/ml (MDZ) and 5-200 ng/ml (1′-OHM). The limits of detection and quantification were 2 and 5 ng/ml, respectively, for both MDZ and 1′-OHM. The mean relative recoveries at 40 and 600 ng/ml (MDZ) were 79.4 ± 3.1% (n = 6) and 84.2 ± 4.7% (n = 8), respectively; for 1′-OHM at 30 and 200 ng/ml the values were 89.9 ± 7.2% (n = 6) and 86.9 ± 5.6% (n = 8), respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for MDZ were less than 8%, and for 1′-OHM were less than 13%. There was no interference from other commonly used antimalarials, antipyretic drugs and antibiotics. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of MDZ and 1′-OHM in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of MDZ either intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly (i.m.). © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	1′-Hydroxymidazolam; Midazolam; Pharmacokinetics in children	Assays; Drug products; Ionization; Mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Solvent extraction; Antimalarials; Electrospray ionization (ESI); Midazolam; Protonated molecular ions; High performance liquid chromatography; 1' chlordiazepoxide; alpha hydroxymidazolam; analgesic agent; antibiotic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; ceftriaxone; chloramphenicol; chlordiazepoxide; chloroquine; cycloguanil; deethylchloroquine; midazolam; midazolam maleate; paracetamol; penicillin G; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; unclassified drug; accuracy; alkalinity; analytic method; anticonvulsant activity; antimalarial activity; article; blood sampling; child; controlled study; device; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; electrospray mass spectrometry; high performance liquid chromatography; human; liquid liquid extraction; malaria; priority journal; reliability; seizure; Anticonvulsants; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Midazolam; Reproducibility of Results; Seizures; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875308220	Misclassification of Plasmodium infections by conventional microscopy and the impact of remedial training on the proficiency of laboratory technicians in species identification	Obare P., Ogutu B., Adams M., Odera J.S., Lilley K., Dosoo D., Adhiambo C., Owusu-Agyei S., Binka F., Wanja E., Johnson J.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-113	Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Weary Dunlop Drive, Enoggera, QLD 4051, Australia; Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance, INDEPTH-Network, Box 213, Kanda, Accra, Ghana	Obare, P., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Ogutu, B., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya, Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance, INDEPTH-Network, Box 213, Kanda, Accra, Ghana; Adams, M., Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Odera, J.S., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Lilley, K., Australian Army Malaria Institute, Weary Dunlop Drive, Enoggera, QLD 4051, Australia; Dosoo, D., Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Adhiambo, C., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Owusu-Agyei, S., Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Binka, F., Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance, INDEPTH-Network, Box 213, Kanda, Accra, Ghana; Wanja, E., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Johnson, J., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya	Background: Malaria diagnosis is largely dependent on the demonstration of parasites in stained blood films by conventional microscopy. Accurate identification of the infecting Plasmodium species relies on detailed examination of parasite morphological characteristics, such as size, shape, pigment granules, besides the size and shape of the parasitized red blood cells and presence of cell inclusions. This work explores misclassifications of four Plasmodium species by conventional microscopy relative to the proficiency of microscopists and morphological characteristics of the parasites on Giemsa-stained blood films. Case description. Ten-day malaria microscopy remedial courses on parasite detection, species identification and parasite counting were conducted for public health and research laboratory personnel. Proficiency in species identification was assessed at the start (pre) and the end (post) of each course using known blood films of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax infections with densities ranging from 1,000 to 30,000 parasites/μL. Outcomes were categorized as false negative, positive without speciation, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and mixed infections. Discussion and evaluation. Reported findings are based on 1,878 P. falciparum, 483 P. malariae, 581 P. ovale and 438 P. vivax cumulative results collated from 2008 to 2010 remedial courses. Pre-training false negative and positive misclassifications without speciation were significantly lower on P. falciparum infections compared to non-falciparum infections (p < 0.0001). Post-training misclassifications decreased significantly compared to pre- training misclassifications which in turn led to significant improvements in the identification of the four species. However, P. falciparum infections were highly misclassified as mixed infections, P. ovale misclassified as P. vivax and P. vivax similarly misclassified as P. ovale (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the misclassification of malaria species could be a common occurrence especially where non-falciparum infections are involved due to lack of requisite skills in microscopic diagnosis and variations in morphological characteristics within and between Plasmodium species. Remedial training might improve reliability of conventional light microscopy with respect to differentiation of Plasmodium infections. © 2013 Obare et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Microscopy; Misclassification; Morphology; Species; Training	article; classification; density; false negative result; false positive result; Giemsa stain; good laboratory practice; laboratory personnel; malaria; malaria falciparum; microscopy; mixed infection; morphology; nonhuman; Plasmodium; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium malariae infection; Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium ovale malaria; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; species identification; Diagnostic Errors; Education, Medical, Continuing; Humans; Laboratory Personnel; Malaria; Microscopy; Parasitology; Plasmodium; Professional Competence; Staining and Labeling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84915737429	Determinants of financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya	Ongore V.O., Kusa G.B.	2013	International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues	3	1	None	Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ongore, V.O., Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya; Kusa, G.B., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Studies on moderating effect of ownership structure on bank performance are scanty. To fill this glaring gap in this vital area of study, the authors used linear multiple regression model and Generalized Least Square on panel data to estimate the parameters. The findings showed that bank specific factors significantly affect the performance of commercial banks in Kenya, except for liquidity variable. But the overall effect of macroeconomic variables was inconclusive at 5% significance level. The moderating role of ownership identity on the financial performance of commercial banks was insignificant. Thus, it can be concluded that the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya is driven mainly by board and management decisions, while macroeconomic factors have insignificant contribution. © 2013, Econjournals. All rights reserved.	Bank specific factors; Financial performance; Macroeconomic variables	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922974260	Board composition and financial performance: Empirical analysis of companies listed at the Nairobi securities exchange	Ongore V.O., K’Obonyo P.O., Ogutu M., Bosire E.M.	2015	International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues	5	1	None	Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; Business Administration, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Judiciary of Kenya, Kenya	Ongore, V.O., Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya; K’Obonyo, P.O., Business Administration, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Ogutu, M., Business Administration, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Bosire, E.M., Judiciary of Kenya, Kenya	Studies investigating effects of board composition on financial performance have yielded mixed results, due largely to contextual variables and varying roles of boards in different jurisdictions. Independent members, gender diversity and board size are some of the key attributes of boards that have been linked to financial performance of companies in industrialized countries, but which, unfortunately have not attracted much scholarly interest in developing countries. The study, which surveyed forty-six companies listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange in 2011, and whose findings are presented in this paper, was therefore, designed to inform practice of corporate governance mainly in developing countries, but will also add to the already existing body of literature in the industrialized economies. Using multivariate regression analysis on panel data, with Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and Dividend Yield as performance indicators, the study found out that independent board members had insignificant effect on financial performance, but gender diversity did, in fact, have significant positive effect on financial performance. Board size, on the other hand, had an inverse relationship with financial performance. These results are largely consistent with conceptual and empirical literature on corporate governance with respect to small board size (5 to 7) that is sufficiently diverse in terms of gender, skill, experience, industry networks, among other important attributes. Regarding outside directors, however, the study findings appear to contradict the long-held traditional view that outsiders confer superior performance to the board. © 2015, Econjournals. All rights reserved.	Board size; Financial performance; Gender diversity; Independent directors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22144449944	The performance of Orma Boran and Maasai Zebu crossbreeds in a trypanosomosis endemic area of Nguruman, south western Kenya	Maichomo M.W., Ndung'u J.M., Ngare P.M., Ole-Mapenay I.M.	2005	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	72	1	None	Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Maichomo, M.W., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ndung'u, J.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ngare, P.M., Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya; Ole-Mapenay, I.M., University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Studies on the trypanotolerance of Orma Boran X Maasai Zebu (Orma Zebu) crossbred cattle (F1 progeny) and pure-bred Maasai Zebu contemporaries were carried out in Nguruman, south western Kenya. The two groups were monitored from birth for a period of 2 years. The incidence of trypanosomosis, parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), body mass and average daily mass gain were monitored. During the study period, overall trypanosomosis incidence was low (3%). The crossbred cattle had a higher incidence of infection (61% vs 39%). The mean PCV and mean mass gain for the crossbred cattle was higher than that of the Maasai Zebu. The mean calf body mass at weaning (8 months) for the Orma Zebu and Maasai Zebu was 72 kg and 64 kg, respectively, while at 18 months of age their mean body mass was 164 kg and 123 kg, respectively. During the rainy season significant differences in average daily mass gains were noted (P&lt;0.05). The superior mass gain of the Orma Zebu observed during the rainy season, despite higher infection rates, indicate an enhanced trypanotolerance. Moreover, the better performance of the Orma Zebu is an attribute that could be exploited in the adoption of the trypanotolerance genotype, as a sustainable trypanosomosis control strategy.	Cattle; Maasai Zebu; Orma Boran; Orma Zebu; Productivity; Trypanotolerance	animal; animal disease; article; breeding; cattle; cattle disease; cross breeding; female; genetic predisposition; genetics; growth, development and aging; hematocrit; Kenya; male; prevalence; season; weight gain; Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Crosses, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hematocrit; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Seasons; Trypanosomiasis, Bovine; Weight Gain; Bos indicus; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745470983	Neuromuscular factors determining 5 km running performance and running economy in well-trained athletes	Nummela A.T., Paavolainen L.M., Sharwood K.A., Lambert M.I., Noakes T.D., Rusko H.K.	2006	European Journal of Applied Physiology	97	1	10.1007/s00421-006-0147-3	KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland	Nummela, A.T., KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; Paavolainen, L.M., KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; Sharwood, K.A., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Rusko, H.K., KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland	This study investigated the effects of the neuromuscular and force-velocity characteristics in distance running performance and running economy. Eighteen well-trained male distance runners performed five different tests: 20 m maximal sprint, running economy at the velocity of 4.28 m s-1, 5 km time trial, maximal anaerobic running test (MART), and a treadmill test to determine VO2max. The AEMG ratio was calculated by the sum average EMG (AEMG) of the five lower extremity muscles during the 5 km divided by the sum AEMG of the same muscles during the maximal 20 m sprinting. The runners' capacity to produce power above VO2max (MART VO2gain) was calculated by subtracting VO2max from the oxygen demand of the maximal velocity in the MART (VMART). Velocity of 5 km (V5K) correlated with VMART (r=0.77, p&lt;0.001) and VO2max (r=0.49, p&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that MART VO2gain and VO2max explained 73% of the variation in V5K. A significant relationship also existed between running economy and MART VO2gain (r=0.73, p&lt;0.01). A significant correlation existed between V5K and AEMG ratio during the ground contact phase at the 3 km (r=0.60, p&lt;0.05) suggesting that neural input may affect distance running performance. The results of the present study support the idea that distance running performance and running economy are related to neuromuscular capacity to produce force and that the VMART can be used as a determinant of distance-running performance. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Distance running performance; EMG; Ground contact time; Running economy; Stride length	adolescent; adult; anaerobic exercise; analysis of variance; article; athlete; correlation analysis; electromyogram; exercise physiology; exercise test; human; human experiment; leg muscle; male; multiple linear regression analysis; muscle force; muscle function; muscle strength; neuromuscular function; normal human; oxygen consumption; physical capacity; priority journal; running; task performance; Adult; Electromyography; Exertion; Humans; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Psychomotor Performance; Running	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884357815	Impact of vitamin A with zinc supplementation on malaria morbidity in Ghana	Owusu-Agyei S., Newton S., Mahama E., Febir L.G., Ali M., Adjei K., Tchum K., Alhassan L., Moleah T., Tanumihardjo S.A.	2013	Nutrition Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2891-12-131	Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; International Atomic Energy Agency, P O Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States	Owusu-Agyei, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Newton, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Mahama, E., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Febir, L.G., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Ali, M., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Adjei, K., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Tchum, K., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Alhassan, L., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Moleah, T., International Atomic Energy Agency, P O Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria; Tanumihardjo, S.A., Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States	Background: Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among young children and is estimated to cause at least 1 million deaths each year especially among pregnant women and young children under the age of five years. Vitamin A supplementation is known to reduce morbidity and mortality in young children. Zinc is required for growth and immunity and we sought to replicate the study by Zeba et al. which showed 30% lower cases of clinical malaria in children on a combination of zinc and a large dose of vitamin A compared with children on vitamin A alone based on the hypothesis that combined vitamin A and zinc reduced symptomatic malaria compared to vitamin A alone. Objectives. The primary objective was to determine the effect of vitamin A alone vs. vitamin A and zinc supplements on the incidence of clinical malaria and other anthropometric indices. It also sought to assess the effects on the incidence of anaemia, diarrhoea and pneumonia. Methods. The study was community-based and 200 children between the ages of 6-24 months were randomised to receive either vitamin A (100,000 IU for infants less than 12 months & 200,000 IU for children greater than 12 months and 10 mg daily zinc in the intervention group or vitamin A and zinc placebo for 6 months in the control group. Results: The number of children who were diagnosed with uncomplicated malaria in the intervention group was 27% significantly lower compared with the children in the control group (p = 0.03). There were, however, no effects on severe malaria, pneumonia, anaemia and diarrhea. Conclusions: Our study confirms a significant role of vitamin A and zinc in reducing malaria morbidity. © 2013 Owusu-Agyei et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Malaria; Morbidity; MRDR; Vitamin A; Zinc	gluconate zinc; hemoglobin; placebo; retinol; anemia; anthropometry; article; atomic absorption spectrometry; blood sampling; child; controlled study; demography; diarrhea; double blind procedure; female; follow up; Ghana; hemoglobin determination; human; incidence; infant; major clinical study; malaria; male; morbidity; pneumonia; preschool child; social status; venous blood; vitamin supplementation; zinc blood level; Anemia; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Female; Ghana; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Lost to Follow-Up; Malaria; Male; Morbidity; Patient Compliance; Pneumonia; Rural Health; Severity of Illness Index; Vitamin A; Zinc	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929008997	Biological impact of recurrent sexually transmitted infections on HIV seroconversion among women in South Africa: Results from frailty models	Wand H., Ramjee G.	2015	Journal of the International AIDS Society	18	1	10.7448/IAS.18.1.19866	Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; HIV Prevention Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Wand, H., Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Ramjee, G., HIV Prevention Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Introduction: Understanding the impact of curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV transmissibility is essential for effective HIV prevention programs. Investigating the impact of longitudinally measured recurrent STIs on HIV seroconversion is the interest of the current paper. Methods: In this prospective study, data from a total of 1456 HIV-negative women who enrolled in a HIV biomedical trial were used. It was hypothesized that women who had recurrent STI diagnoses during the study share a common biological heterogeneity which cannot be quantified. To incorporate this "unobserved" correlation in the analysis, times to HIV seroconversion were jointly modelled with repeated STI diagnoses using Cox regression with random effects. Results and discussion: A total of 110 HIV seroconversions were observed (incidence rate of 6.00 per 100 person-years). In a multivariable model, women who were diagnosed at least once were more likely to seroconvert compared to those who had no STI diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR): 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 2.57]; women who had recurrent STI diagnoses during the study were 2.5 times more likely to be at increased risk of HIV infection (95% CI: 1.35, 4.01) with an estimated frailty variance of 1.52, with p >0.001, indicating strong evidence that there is a significant correlation (heterogeneity) among women who had recurrent STIs. In addition to this, factors associated with incidence of STIs, namely not being married and having a new sexual partner during the study follow-up, were all significantly associated with increased risk for HIV seroconversion (HR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.76, 5.01 and HR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.63, 3.83 respectively). Conclusions: The results indicated that women who were at risk for STIs were also at risk of HIV infection. In fact, they share the similar risk factors. In addition to this, repeated STI diagnoses also increased women's susceptibility for HIV infection significantly. Decreasing STIs by increasing uptake of testing and treatment and reducing partner change plays a significant role in the trajectory of the epidemic. © 2015 Wand H and Ramjee G; licensee International AIDS Society.	HIV incidence; Joint modelling; Recurrent sexually transmitted infections; South Africa	adult; Article; controlled study; female; follow up; genital tract infection; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection risk; major clinical study; priority journal; prospective study; seroconversion; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; unprotected sex	18057, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866423390	Implementing nurse-initiated and managed antiretroviral treatment (NIMART) in South Africa: a qualitative process evaluation of the STRETCH trial	Georgeu D., Colvin C.J., Lewin S., Fairall L., Bachmann M.O., Uebel K., Zwarenstein M., Draper B., Bateman E.D.	2012	Implementation Science	7	1	10.1186/1748-5908-7-66	Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research (CIDER), School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Building, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Pilestredet Park 7, 0176, Oslo, Norway; Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Earlhan Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa; Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Health Sciences Building, University of Toronto, College Street, Toronto, M5T 3M6, Canada	Georgeu, D., Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa; Colvin, C.J., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research (CIDER), School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Building, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Lewin, S., Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Pilestredet Park 7, 0176, Oslo, Norway, Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Fairall, L., Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Bachmann, M.O., Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Earlhan Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Uebel, K., Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa; Zwarenstein, M., Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Health Sciences Building, University of Toronto, College Street, Toronto, M5T 3M6, Canada; Draper, B., Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa; Bateman, E.D., Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Task-shifting is promoted widely as a mechanism for expanding antiretroviral treatment (ART) access. However, the evidence for nurse-initiated and managed ART (NIMART) in Africa is limited, and little is known about the key barriers and enablers to implementing NIMART programmes on a large scale. The STRETCH (Streamlining Tasks and Roles to Expand Treatment and Care for HIV) programme was a complex educational and organisational intervention implemented in the Free State Province of South Africa to enable nurses providing primary HIV/AIDS care to expand their roles and include aspects of care and treatment usually provided by physicians. STRETCH used a phased implementation approach and ART treatment guidelines tailored specifically to nurses. The effects of STRETCH on pre-ART mortality, ART provision, and the quality of HIV/ART care were evaluated through a randomised controlled trial. This study was conducted alongside the trial to develop a contextualised understanding of factors affecting the implementation of the programme.Methods: This study was a qualitative process evaluation using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with patients, health workers, health managers, and other key informants as well as observation in clinics. Research questions focused on perceptions of STRETCH, changes in health provider roles, attitudes and patient relationships, and impact of the implementation context on trial outcomes. Data were analysed collaboratively by the research team using thematic analysis.Results: NIMART appears to be highly acceptable among nurses, patients, and physicians. Managers and nurses expressed confidence in their ability to deliver ART successfully. This confidence developed slowly and unevenly, through a phased and well-supported approach that guided nurses through training, re-prescription, and initiation. The research also shows that NIMART changes the working and referral relationships between health staff, demands significant training and support, and faces workload and capacity constraints, and logistical and infrastructural challenges.Conclusions: Large-scale NIMART appears to be feasible and acceptable in the primary level public sector health services in South Africa. Successful implementation requires a comprehensive approach with: an incremental and well supported approach to implementation; clinical guidelines tailored to nurses; and significant health services reorganisation to accommodate the knock-on effects of shifts in practice.Trial registration: ISRCTN46836853. © 2012 Georgeu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antiretroviral treatment; NIMART; Nurse training; PALSA PLUS; Primary healthcare; Process evaluation; South Africa	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; article; clinical competence; education; health care planning; health care quality; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; in service training; multicenter study; nursing; nursing practice; nursing staff; patient attitude; primary health care; qualitative research; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; workload; Anti-HIV Agents; Attitude of Health Personnel; Clinical Competence; Health Plan Implementation; HIV Infections; Humans; Inservice Training; Nurse's Practice Patterns; Nursing Staff; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Primary Health Care; Process Assessment (Health Care); Qualitative Research; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; South Africa; Workload	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938868848	Reading habits among students and its effect on academic performance: A study of students of Koforidua Polytechnic	Owusu-Acheaw M., Larson A.G.	2014	Library Philosophy and Practice	2014	1	None	Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana; University of Education, Winneba, Ghana	Owusu-Acheaw, M., Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana; Larson, A.G., University of Education, Winneba, Ghana	The study sought to assess the reading habits among students and their effects on their academic performance. The study was conducted in Koforidua Polytechnic situated in the Eastern Region of Ghana. A questionnaire was used for the data collection. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively with the use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Figures and tables were used to present the results of findings. From the total of 1052 copies of questionnaire distributed, 1000 copies, representing 95.0% were filled and returned. The findings showed that majority of the respondents acknowledge the importance of reading, 81.9% of the respondents neither read novel nor fiction within the last two semesters while 62.0% of the respondents only read for the purpose of passing examination. The study confirmed that reading habit has influence on academic performance and there is a relationship between reading habit and academic performance. The study recommended among others that lecturers should be advised to stop providing handouts to students but rather encourage them to use the library for research and also, the current system of assessing students should be given a second thought with respect to the formulae of assessment.	Academic libraries; Academic performance; Reading interest; Students; Tertiary institution	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149105375	Clonal differences in log end splitting in Eucalyptus grandis in relation to age, parent performance, growth rate and wood density in two even-aged trials in Mpumalanga, South Africa	Malan F.S.	2008	Southern Forests	70	1	10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.1.7.517	Komatiland Forests (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 574, Sabie 1260, South Africa	Malan, F.S., Komatiland Forests (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 574, Sabie 1260, South Africa	This paper discusses the juvenile-mature correlation of log end splitting among Eucalyptus grandis clones from two trials and how differences in splitting relate to differences in wood density, pith-to-bark gradient and growth rate. Two approximately 20-year-old Eucalyptus grandis clonal trials at Bergvliet plantation were sampled. The first trial (Trial A) consisted of clones of eight ortets (genotypes) specifically selected for their widely different propensities to develop end splitting. The second trial (Trial B) consisted of 80 clones and one seedling control. From the latter trial 15 clones were selected in such a manner that they constituted three groups of clones representing a combination of high- and low-volume producers and, among the high-volume producers, clones exhibiting high and low propensities towards end splitting. The fourth group represented the seedling control. Trial A showed highly significant clonal differences in splitting, basic wood density, as well as its pith-to-bark gradient. No relationship of splitting with differences in growth rate, density or density gradient was found. The clones derived from the low- and high-splitting ortets maintained their general statuses as low and high splitters over a considerable period of time, but some of the individual clones did not reflect the performance of the ortets from which they were derived. Trial B revealed that clones classified as good-volume producers at the age of 65 months still outperformed the clones classified as low-volume producers approximately 15 years later. No significant differences in average wood density between the groups of clones studied was found, irrespective of differences in growth rate and degree of splitting, but trees from the slow-growing group of clones were significantly more variable across the radius in average wood density. The outcome of both trials confirmed results of many previous studies on this species, in that rapid and uniform growth has no significant detrimental effect on wood density or its rate of change across the radius of the tree. It may, in fact, be associated with increased uniformity from pith to bark with increasing age, sometimes resulting in slightly increased overall wood density. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Eucalyptus grandis; Growth stresses; Juvenile-mature correlation; Splitting; Wood density	Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus grandis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943238982	An evaluation of health centers and hospital efficiency in Kampala capital city authority Uganda; Using pabon lasso technique	Nabukeera M., Boerhannoeddin A., Raja Noriza R.A.	2015	Journal of Health and Translational Medicine	18	1	None	Kyambogo University, Department of History and Political Science, Kampala, Uganda; University Malaya, Malaysia	Nabukeera, M., Kyambogo University, Department of History and Political Science, Kampala, Uganda; Boerhannoeddin, A., University Malaya, Malaysia; Raja Noriza, R.A.	The Pabon Lasso Model is one of the most important and suitable techniques applied in evaluating the performance of hospitals. The visual representation standardizes the comparative accomplishments of hospitals which information is used by planners in effort to improve productivity of the health care system by use of three pointers namely: (i) Average Length of Stay (ALS); (ii) Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR); (iii) Bed Turnover (BTO). The purpose of this study is to evaluate performance of wards in health centers affiliated to Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) and Ministry of Health (MOH) during the financial year 2012-2013 constructed on Pabon Lasso Model. Data for the nine health centers and two referral hospitals was taken by the nursing sisters who were in charge. To ensure accuracy, a weekly standard report was submitted to head office and the data included: a list of wards, number of beds, admissions, deaths, discharges and inpatient days. For all government health centers and hospitals, overall, the average indicators ALS=3.63 days, BTO= 74.0 times per year and BOR=49.3% were obtained. Based on the Pabon Lasso graph, two wards are in Zone 3, two wards in Zone 4, one ward in Zone 2 and five wards in Zone 1. The performance of health centers and hospitals in Kampala were somehow poor. This represented unacceptable levels of technical deficiency. © 2015, Journal of University Malaya Medical Centre. All rights reserved.	Efficiency; Health centers; Hospitals; Pabon Lasso; Uganda	Article; death; health care system; health center; hospital; hospital admission; hospital bed utilization; hospital discharge; length of stay; productivity; ward	None
None	None	Stream biomonitoring using macroinvertebrates around the globe: a comparison of large-scale programs	Buss D.F., Carlisle D.M., Chon T.-S., Culp J., Harding J.S., Keizer-Vlek H.E., Robinson W.A., Strachan S., Thirion C., Hughes R.M.	2015	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	187	1	10.1007/s10661-014-4132-8	Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Pusan, South Korea; Environment Canada and Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Freshwater Ecology, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, Australia; Environment Canada, #201-401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Resource Quality Information Services, Department Water and Sanitation, Private Bag X313, Pretoria, South Africa; Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States	Buss, D.F., Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Carlisle, D.M., U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States; Chon, T.-S., Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Pusan, South Korea; Culp, J., Environment Canada and Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; Harding, J.S., School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Keizer-Vlek, H.E., Department of Freshwater Ecology, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Robinson, W.A., School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, Australia; Strachan, S., Environment Canada, #201-401 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Thirion, C., Resource Quality Information Services, Department Water and Sanitation, Private Bag X313, Pretoria, South Africa; Hughes, R.M., Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States	Water quality agencies and scientists are increasingly adopting standardized sampling methodologies because of the challenges associated with interpreting data derived from dissimilar protocols. Here, we compare 13 protocols for monitoring streams from different regions and countries around the globe. Despite the spatially diverse range of countries assessed, many aspects of bioassessment structure and protocols were similar, thereby providing evidence of key characteristics that might be incorporated in a global sampling methodology. Similarities were found regarding sampler type, mesh size, sampling period, subsampling methods, and taxonomic resolution. Consistent field and laboratory methods are essential for merging data sets collected by multiple institutions to enable large-scale comparisons. We discuss the similarities and differences among protocols and present current trends and future recommendations for monitoring programs, especially for regions where large-scale protocols do not yet exist. We summarize the current state in one of these regions, Latin America, and comment on the possible development path for these techniques in this region. We conclude that several aspects of stream biomonitoring need additional performance evaluation (accuracy, precision, discriminatory power, relative costs), particularly when comparing targeted habitat (only the commonest habitat type) versus site-wide sampling (multiple habitat types), appropriate levels of sampling and processing effort, and standardized indicators to resolve dissimilarities among biomonitoring methods. Global issues such as climate change are creating an environment where there is an increasing need to have universally consistent data collection, processing and storage to enable large-scale trend analysis. Biomonitoring programs following standardized methods could aid international data sharing and interpretation. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Biological assessment; Biomonitoring protocols; River management; Standardization; Subsampling taxonomic resolution	Climate change; Digital storage; Ecosystems; Standardization; Water quality; Biological assessment; Biomonitoring; Biomonitoring programs; Discriminatory power; Large-scale programs; River management; Sub-sampling methods; Taxonomic resolution; Data handling; biomonitoring; comparative study; macroinvertebrate; river management; river water; standardization; streamwater; water quality; accuracy; Article; Australia; biological monitoring; Canada; climate change; data analysis; environmental monitoring; European Union; financial management; habitat; information dissemination; information processing; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; macroinvertebrate; methodology; New Zealand; sampler; South Africa; South and Central America; South Korea; standardization; stream (river); taxonomy; time; United States; water quality; water sampling; Latin America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952713801	Evaluation of changes in pasting properties of ogi during storage	Bolaji O.T., Awonorin S.O., Olalusi P.A., Adepoju P.A.	2011	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	10	1	None	Lagos State polytechnic, Dept of Food science, Shagamu Road, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria; University Of Agriculture Dept Food science and Technology, Abeokuta ogun state, Nigeria; Federal University of Technology, Dept of Agriculture Engineering, Akure Ondo S	Bolaji, O.T., Lagos State polytechnic, Dept of Food science, Shagamu Road, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria; Awonorin, S.O., University Of Agriculture Dept Food science and Technology, Abeokuta ogun state, Nigeria; Olalusi, P.A., Federal University of Technology, Dept of Agriculture Engineering, Akure Ondo State, Nigeria; Adepoju, P.A., Lagos State polytechnic, Dept of Food science, Shagamu Road, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria	This study was conducted to investigate the effect of storage temperature on pasting properties of ogi. This was processed using traditional method and stored at different temperatures (27±3°C, 5 ±2°C, -10±3°C and -20 ±3°C) for a period of 12 weeks, this was repeated for another 12 weeks. Ogi samples were subsequently dried in cabinet drier at temperature of 47±3°C. The peak and final viscosity of ogi stored at the ambient temperature (27±3°C), witnessed a noticeable reduction from week four (4) of storage. Storage at temperature of 5 ±2°C, -10±3°C and -20 ±3°c conditions maintained the hold strength throughout the storage period. There was significant difference (p<. 0.05) in the values of breakdown viscosity. The setback viscosity values were consistently maintained in storage condition of 5 ±2°C, -10±3°C and -20 ±3°C throughout the period of storage but a consistent reduction was observed in ogi stored at 27±3°C. The range of pasting temperature for ogi samples throughout the period of storage was between 76 and 79°C. The cooking time ranged from 4.80 and 5.70 minutes. The study showed that gelling stability and pasting ability tend to witness reduction with increase in storage period at ambient temperature (27±3°C) and 5±2°C if the storage period is increased beyond that used in this research work.	Final viscosity storage temperature; Peak time set back viscosity; Peak viscosity	None	None
WoS	WOS:000259850000007	The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school students in Oworonshoki Lagos	Ajayi, G.,Ashiru, O. A.,Izegbu, M. C.,Oguntola, J. A.,Shittu, L. A. J.,Zachariah, M. P.	2007	SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ESSAYS	2	1	None	Lagos State Univ, Med Assisted Reprod Ctr MART	None	This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student's population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.	ADOLESCENT,ATTITUDE,KNOWLEDGE,LAGOS,LEGISLATION,SEXUALITY,ABUSE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749097394	Uptake and performance of farm-based measures for reducing crop raiding by elephants Loxodonta africana among smallholder farms in Laikipia District, Kenya	Graham M.D., Ochieng T.	2008	ORYX	42	1	10.1017/S0030605308000677	Laikipia Elephant Project, Centre for Training and Research in ASAL Development, P.O. Box 144, Nanyuki, Kenya; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom	Graham, M.D., Laikipia Elephant Project, Centre for Training and Research in ASAL Development, P.O. Box 144, Nanyuki, Kenya, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Ochieng, T., Laikipia Elephant Project, Centre for Training and Research in ASAL Development, P.O. Box 144, Nanyuki, Kenya	Human-elephant conflict, in particular the damage caused by elephants to smallholder crops, is a major challenge to the conservation of African elephant Loxodonta africana. Conventional tools used to address this problem are capital intensive and require high levels of expertise. In recent years simple, affordable farm-based elephant deterrents, using locally available materials, have been encouraged by a number of human-elephant conflict researchers. There are very few published studies demonstrating the performance of these deterrents, however, and little is known about levels of uptake among smallholder farmers. We trialled a number of such farm-based elephant deterrents with local farmers in three sites within Laikipia District, Kenya. Levels of crop raiding declined after the introduction of treatments but not significantly when compared with control farms. Variable levels of uptake among the participating farmers made it difficult to draw clear conclusions from the trials. However, participating farmers were positive about the deterrent effect of the tools introduced, corroborated by their willingness to make financial commitments towards sustaining future trials. Availability of household labour, local politics, and insecurity were identified as important barriers to uptake of some of the deterrents introduced. Household labour availability should be a key consideration in future endeavours to trial farm-based elephant deterrents. © 2008 Fauna and Flora International.	African elephant; Community-based; Human-elephant conflict; Kenya; Laikipia; Loxodonta africana; Uptake	conflict management; damage; elephant; smallholder; species conservation; willingness to pay; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Laikipia; Rift Valley; Sub-Saharan Africa; Elephantidae; Loxodonta; Loxodonta africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940949166	Social media network participation and academic performance in senior high schools in Ghana	Mingle J., Adams M.	2015	Library Philosophy and Practice	2015	1	None	Lancaster University Ghana, Ghana; Department of Information Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Mingle, J., Lancaster University Ghana, Ghana; Adams, M., Department of Information Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	This study looks at social media network participation and academic performance in senior high schools. The study was aimed at identifying social media network sites and their usage among students, how students networked and participated on social media networks, time invested by students on social networks, the effects of social media on students' grammar and spelling as well as the effects of social network participation on the student's academic performance within the context of the social learning and the use and gratification theories. To achieve the objectives of the research, the study used a mixed method approach which involved the survey of students in four senior high schools and interviews of heads of the senior high schools. The study revealed that majority of respondents used Whatsapp and Facebook for making friends and chatting. In addition, majority of respondents experienced negative effects such as poor grammar and spelling, late submission of assignment, less study time and poor academic performance due to the heavy participation on social media networks. Furthermore, there was a high addiction rate among students in the usage of social media networks. Nevertheless, there were cases where others experienced improvement in their readings skills as a result of participation on social media networks. Also, respondents shared ideas, discussed and shared examination questions among themselves on social media networks. The study recommended the strict enforcement of Ghana Education Service rule on electronic devices usage in schools, promotion of social media usage for academic purpose, counselling for addicted students and the use of the right grammar and spelling when participating on social networks.	Academic performance; Addiction; Social media networks; Students	None	None
None	None	The impact of a pathogenic bacterium on a social carnivore population	Höner O.P., Wachter B., Goller K.V., Hofer H., Runyoro V., Thierer D., Fyumagwa R.D., Müller T., East M.L.	2012	Journal of Animal Ecology	81	1	10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01873.x	Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1, Ngorongoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Seestraße 55, 16868 Wusterhausen an der Dosse, Germany	Höner, O.P., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Wachter, B., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Goller, K.V., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Hofer, H., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Runyoro, V., Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1, Ngorongoro, Tanzania; Thierer, D., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Fyumagwa, R.D., Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; Müller, T., Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Seestraße 55, 16868 Wusterhausen an der Dosse, Germany; East, M.L., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany	1.The long-term ecological impact of pathogens on group-living, large mammal populations is largely unknown. We evaluated the impact of a pathogenic bacterium, Streptococcus equi ruminatorum, and other key ecological factors on the dynamics of the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta population in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. 2.We compared key demographic parameters during twoyears when external signs of bacterial infection were prevalent ('outbreak') and periods of fiveyears before and after the outbreak when such signs were absent or rare. We also tested for density dependence and calculated the basic reproductive rate R 0 of the bacterium. 3.During the five pre-outbreak years, the mean annual hyena mortality rate was 0·088, and annual population growth was relatively high (13·6%). During the outbreak, mortality increased by 78% to a rate of 0·156, resulting in an annual population decline of 4·3%. After the outbreak, population size increased moderately (5·1%) during the first three post-outbreak years before resuming a growth similar to pre-outbreak levels (13·9%). We found no evidence that these demographic changes were driven by density dependence or other ecological factors. 4.Most hyenas showed signs of infection when prey abundance in their territory was low. During the outbreak, mortality increased among adult males and yearlings, but not among adult females - the socially dominant group members. These results suggest that infection and mortality were modulated by factors linked to low social status and poor nutrition. During the outbreak, we estimated R 0 for the bacterium to be 2·7, indicating relatively fast transmission. 5.Our results suggest that the short-term 'top-down' impact of S. equi ruminatorum during the outbreak was driven by 'bottom-up' effects on nutritionally disadvantaged age-sex classes, whereas the longer-term post-outbreak reduction in population growth was caused by poor survival of juveniles during the outbreak and subsequent poor recruitment of breeding females. These results suggest synergistic effects of 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' processes on host population dynamics. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.	Basic reproductive rate (R 0); Crocuta crocuta; Disease ecology; Ngorongoro Crater; Population dynamics; Population regulation; Spotted hyena; Streptococcus	age class; bacterium; bottom-up control; breeding population; carnivore; density dependence; disease prevalence; disease transmission; ecological impact; host-pathogen interaction; juvenile; mammal; mortality; pathogen; population dynamics; population growth; population outbreak; population regulation; reproductive productivity; survival; top-down control; animal; animal disease; article; Carnivora; demography; disease transmission; epidemic; female; male; microbiology; nutritional status; physiology; population density; population dynamics; social dominance; Streptococcus equi; Streptococcus infection; Tanzania; Animals; Demography; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Hyaenidae; Male; Nutritional Status; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Social Dominance; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus equi; Tanzania; Arusha [Tanzania]; Ngorongoro Crater; Tanzania; Bacteria (microorganisms); Crocuta crocuta; Mammalia; Streptococcus; Streptococcus equi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872400047	Giving them what they want and assessing impact: Case studies of public library services in the Western Cape, South Africa	de Jager K., Nassimbeni M.	2012	African Journal of Library Archives and Information Science	22	1	None	Library and Information Studies Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	de Jager, K., Library and Information Studies Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Nassimbeni, M., Library and Information Studies Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa	This paper focuses on the principles proposed in the "Library and Information Services Transformation Charter", exploring the extent to which two public/community libraries in the Western Cape Province of South Africa are already engaged in charter activities. Interviews were conducted with directors of the library services who identified libraries where examples of good practice were already in evidence. Two sites were thereafter selected as case studies out of a total of 98 libraries in the City of Cape Town Library and Information Service, and the nature of the charter-oriented services being provided there described. The paper concludes with an attempt to show how data may be collected to make a case for the impact of library services as part of an advocacy strategy and to secure recognition of the validity of claims by public and community libraries for partnership in national development efforts.	Impact assessment; Information services charter; Library and information services; Public libraries; South africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45949104696	The Performance of South African and Kenyan Universities on the World Wide Web: A web link analysis	Onyancha O.B., Ocholla D.N.	2007	Cybermetrics	11	1	None	Library, University of Eastern Africa Baraton, P.O. Box 2500, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Library and Information Science, University of Zululand, X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Onyancha, O.B., Library, University of Eastern Africa Baraton, P.O. Box 2500, Eldoret, Kenya; Ocholla, D.N., Department of Library and Information Science, University of Zululand, X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	The study used Link Analysis to compare Kenyan and South African universities according to several Web-based indicators, some of which include the number of pages, and the number of in and out-links. The authors examined the external out-links in order to determine the institutions targeted by South African and Kenyan universities. Also investigated were the networks or links between universities. Web Impact Factors (WIFs) were calculated and reported in order to compare the universities' web influence. Results indicate that Kenyan universities, like most African universities, have embraced the Internet and its constructs fairly recently, hence most of their websites are at initial stages of construction. Comparatively, South African universities have made remarkable progress in their web presence, which is at an advanced stage of development, equaling counterparts in more developed countries. The study recommends that regional webometric studies be conducted periodically in order to investigate and map the web-related developments of African universities, it concludes that African universities, though not comparable to counterparts in developed countries, can have their websites evaluated webometrically.	Kenya; Link analysis; South Africa; Universities; Webometrics	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921649703	Financial performance of local government in Limpopo province, 2010-2012	Mamogale M.J.	2014	African Studies Quarterly	15	1	None	Limpopo Provincial Legislature, South Africa; Wits Graduate School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Mamogale, M.J., Limpopo Provincial Legislature, South Africa, Wits Graduate School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Governance problems mar local government in South Africa's Limpopo Province, especially in relation to financial management. The province received the highest rate of unsatisfactory audit outcomes between 2010 and 2012 of any province in South Africa. This paper examines the various explanations for this situation and uses the datasets from the Afrobarometer and the audit outcome reports to compare the financial performance of the Limpopo local government and its municipalities with that of other South African provinces. One key finding is that employment recruitment patterns have a major influence on financial performance of the municipalities. In particular, an "informal" cadre recruitment approach has a negative impact on local government's financial performance. The paper thus concludes that the governing African National Congress has used a strategy that disregards competitive recruitment practices and rewards party members and those affiliated with the party with access to employment, especially in local government, which has detrimental effects on financial management of municipalities. © University of Florida Board of Trustees, a public corporation of the State of Florida.	None	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of grazing pattern and sustainability of feed resources in pastoral areas of eastern zone of Tanzania	Kavana P.Y., Kizima J.B., Msanga Y.N.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania	Kavana, P.Y., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania; Kizima, J.B., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania; Msanga, Y.N., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania	A study on grazing pattern and sustainability of feed resources was conducted in selected pastoral areas of eastern zone of Tanzania from 1999 to 2003. Discussion with pastoralists indicated that pastoralists traditionally identify different soil types and relate to presence of dominant pasture species. Grazing pattern is established such that animals graze near homesteads with short grazing duration during rainy and cold seasons. Animals are transferred to distant grazing areas during the dry seasons. Quality of forage is normally related to animal performance as well as height and colour of dominant grass species available in grazing areas. The study indicated that there are hierarchical steps that are followed in decision making before shifting herds of cattle to distant grazing areas. Further studies indicated that native multipurpose trees namely, Dichrostachyscinerea, Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica thrive well in pastoral areas. These multipurpose trees reported by pastoralists as useful feed resources during the dry season. However, these multipurpose trees have multiple uses that sometimes result in resource user conflicts. The conflicts were reported to occur between pastoralists and charcoal producers because the trees are also valued for good quality charcoal. Other pasture species valued by pastoralists for dry season feeding were Commelina benghalensis, which is considered as water supplier to ruminants, and Enteropogon macrostachyus which is valued as potential feed for weaned calves. The carrying capacity in the study areas was concluded as 0.3 TLU/ha/yr.	Carrying capacity; Grazing pattern; Pastoralism; Pastoralists; Sustainability of feed resources	Acacia; Acacia nilotica; Acacia tortilis; Animalia; Bos taurus; Bovidae; Commelina; Commelina benghalensis; Enteropogon	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889866565	The relationship between employee satisfaction and organisational performance: Evidence from a South African government department	Mafini C., Pooe D.R.I.	2013	SA Journal of Industrial Psychology	39	1	10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1090	Logistics Department, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	Mafini, C., Logistics Department, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa; Pooe, D.R.I., Logistics Department, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa	Orientation: There appears to be a dearth of literature that addresses the relationship between employee satisfaction and organisational performance in South African public organisations. Motivation for the study: This study attempted to contribute to the discourse on the influence of human resources to organisational performance. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between employee satisfaction and organisational performance in a public sector organisation. Research design: A three-section survey questionnaire was used to collect data from a conveniently recruited sample of 272 members of a South African government department. Pearson's correlation test as well as a regression analysis were employed to test the existence of a relationship between employee satisfaction and organisational performance. The mean score ranking technique was used to compare the impact of the individual employee satisfaction factors on organisational performance. Main findings: Positive correlations were observed between organisational performance and all five employee satisfaction factors, namely working conditions, ability utilisation, creativity, teamwork and autonomy. Amongst the five factors, teamwork had the greatest impact on organisational performance, followed by ability utilisation, creativity, autonomy, with working conditions exerting the least influence. Practical and/or managerial implications: Strategic interventions involving positive adjustments on the five employee satisfaction dimensions examined in this study may be initiated and applied to improve overall organisational performance in public organisations. Contributions and/or value add: The study endorses the notion that a satisfied workforce could be the key to enhanced organisational performance. © 2013. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905924571	The impact of HIV/SRH service integration on workload: Analysis from the Integra Initiative in two African settings	Sweeney S., Obure C.D., Terris-Prestholt F., Darsamo V., Michaels-Igbokwe C., Muketo E., Nhlabatsi Z., Warren C., Mayhew S., Watts C., Vassall A.	2014	Human Resources for Health	12	1	None	London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Population Council, Washington, DC, United States; Family Health Options Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Family Life Association of Swaziland, Manzini, Swaziland	Sweeney, S., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Obure, C.D., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Terris-Prestholt, F., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Darsamo, V., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Michaels-Igbokwe, C., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Muketo, E., Family Health Options Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Nhlabatsi, Z., Family Life Association of Swaziland, Manzini, Swaziland; Warren, C., Population Council, Washington, DC, United States; Mayhew, S., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Watts, C., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Vassall, A., London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom	Background: There is growing interest in integration of HIV and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services as a way to improve the efficiency of human resources (HR) for health in low- and middle-income countries. Although this is supported by a wealth of evidence on the acceptability and clinical effectiveness of service integration, there is little evidence on whether staff in general health services can easily absorb HIV services.Methods: We conducted a descriptive analysis of HR integration through task shifting/sharing and staff workload in the context of the Integra Initiative - a large-scale five-year evaluation of HIV/SRH integration. We describe the level, characteristics and changes in HR integration in the context of wider efforts to integrate HIV/SRH, and explore the impact of HR integration on staff workload.Results: Improvements in the range of services provided by staff (HR integration) were more likely to be achieved in facilities which also improved other elements of integration. While there was no overall relationship between integration and workload at the facility level, HIV/SRH integration may be most influential on staff workload for provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling (PITC) and postnatal care (PNC) services, particularly where HIV care and treatment services are being supported with extra SRH/HIV staffing. Our findings therefore suggest that there may be potential for further efficiency gains through integration, but overall the pace of improvement is slow.Conclusions: This descriptive analysis explores the effect of HIV/SRH integration on staff workload through economies of scale and scope in high- and medium-HIV prevalence settings. We find some evidence to suggest that there is potential to improve productivity through integration, but, at the same time, significant challenges are being faced, with the pace of productivity gain slow. We recommend that efforts to implement integration are assessed in the broader context of HR planning to ensure that neither staff nor patients are negatively impacted by integration policy. © 2014 Sweeney et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Economics; HIV; Human resources; Integration; SRH; Staff time	Africa; community care; counseling; developing country; female; health service; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; integrated health care system; male; manpower; postnatal care; qualitative research; reproductive health; work; workload; Africa; Community Health Services; Counseling; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Developing Countries; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Income; Male; Postnatal Care; Qualitative Research; Reproductive Health; Reproductive Health Services; Work; Workload	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927155291	Evaluation of a point-of-care tuberculosis test-and-treat algorithm on early mortality in people with HIV accessing antiretroviral therapy (TB Fast Track study): Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial	Fielding K.L., Charalambous S., Hoffmann C.J., Johnson S., Tlali M., Dorman S.E., Vassall A., Churchyard G.J., Grant A.D.	2015	Trials	16	1	10.1186/s13063-015-0650-0	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1503 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Technical Assistance Cluster, Foundation for Professional Development, 173 Mary Road, Pretoria, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Fielding, K.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hoffmann, C.J., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1503 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johnson, S., Technical Assistance Cluster, Foundation for Professional Development, 173 Mary Road, Pretoria, South Africa; Tlali, M., Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dorman, S.E., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1503 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Vassall, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Early mortality for HIV-positive people starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains high in resource-limited settings, with tuberculosis the most important cause. Existing rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculosis lack sensitivity among HIV-positive people, and consequently, tuberculosis treatment is either delayed or started empirically (without bacteriological confirmation). We developed a management algorithm for ambulatory HIV-positive people, based on body mass index and point-of-care tests for haemoglobin and urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM), to identify those at high risk of tuberculosis and mortality. We designed a clinical trial to test whether implementation of this algorithm reduces six-month mortality among HIV-positive people with advanced immunosuppression. Methods/design: The TB Fast Track study is an open, pragmatic, cluster randomised superiority trial, with 24 primary health clinics randomised to implement the intervention or standard of care. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with a CD4 count of 150 cells/μL or less, who have not received any tuberculosis treatment in the last three months, or ART in the last six months, are eligible. In intervention clinics, the study algorithm is used to classify individuals as at high, medium or low probability of tuberculosis. Those classified as high probability start tuberculosis treatment immediately, followed by ART after two weeks. Medium-probability patients follow the South African guidelines for test-negative tuberculosis and are reviewed within a week, to be re-categorised as low or high probability. Low-probability patients start ART as soon as possible. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality at six months. Secondary outcomes include severe morbidity, time to ART start and cost-effectiveness. Discussion: This trial will test whether a primary care-friendly management algorithm will enable nurses to identify HIV-positive patients at the highest risk of tuberculosis, to facilitate prompt treatment and reduce early mortality. There remains an urgent need for better diagnostic tests for tuberculosis, especially for people with advanced HIV disease, which may render empirical treatment unnecessary. © Fielding et al.	HIV infections; Mortality; Pragmatic clinic trials; Treatment; Tuberculosis	efavirenz; hemoglobin; lipoarabinomannan; tuberculostatic agent; antiretrovirus agent; biological marker; hemoglobin; lipoarabinomannan; lipopolysaccharide; adult; algorithm; ambulatory care; Article; body mass; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical protocol; cluster analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; health care access; health care quality; hemoglobin blood level; hemoglobin determination; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; morbidity; mortality; multicenter study (topic); open study; outcome assessment; phase 4 clinical trial (topic); point of care testing; practice guideline; primary medical care; probability; randomized controlled trial (topic); tuberculosis; tuberculosis test and treat algorithm; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; body mass; clinical trial; complication; controlled study; HIV Infections; mortality; multicenter study; randomized controlled trial; tuberculosis; urine; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Algorithms; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Clinical Protocols; Hemoglobins; HIV Infections; Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Tuberculosis	None
None	None	Evaluation of gravid traps for the collection of Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis in Tanzania	Irisha S.R., Moorea S.J., Deruac Y.A., Brucea J., Camerona M.M.	2013	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	107	1	10.1093/trstmh/trs001	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania	Irisha, S.R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Moorea, S.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Deruac, Y.A., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Brucea, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Camerona, M.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background: Although several studies have suggested that gravid traps might be useful for collection of mosquitoes, particularly Culex quinquefasciatus, to monitor transmission of the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti (xenomonitoring), there has not been a study to see which of the currently available gravid traps is most effective in endemic areas. The present study evaluated the comparative efficacy for collection of Cx quinquefasciatus of four commercially available gravid traps: the CDC, Frommer Updraft, Reiter-Cummings and Harris County traps. Method: Trap evaluations were conducted in two locations in Tanzania, Ifakara and Tanga. Mosquitoes collected were identified to species, sex, and gonotrophic status. Results: In both locations, the CDC gravid trap collected the highest number of mosquitoes, the highest number of Cx quinquefasciatus, and the highest proportion of gravid mosquitoes. Although it damaged the highest proportion of mosquitoes as they passed through the trap fan, the CDC gravid trap also contained the highest number of living mosquitoes, when the traps were collected in the morning. The CDC gravid traps collected significantly more phlebotomine sandflies than the other traps and in Tanga, where they were more frequent, the highest number of biting midges. Conclusion: The effectiveness of all four gravid traps should encourage the sampling of Cx quinquefasciatus where it is an important disease vector or nuisance mosquito. The unexpected collection of phlebotomine sandflies and biting midges indicates that gravid traps might usefully collect other insects, including those of medical importance. © Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2012. All rights reserved.	Culex quinquefasciatus; Gravid trap; Lymphatic filariasis; Tanzania	animal experiment; animal trapping; article; CDC gravid trap; clinical effectiveness; Culex quinquefasciatus; disease carrier; female; Frommer Updraft gravid trap; gravid trap; Harris County gravid trap; intermethod comparison; lymphatic filariasis; male; nonhuman; Phlebotomus; protective equipment; Reiter Cummings gravid trap; Tanzania; vector control; animal; Culex; equipment; evaluation; methodology; mosquito; Poaceae; organic compound; plant extract; Animals; Culex; Mosquito Control; Organic Chemicals; Plant Extracts; Poaceae; Tanzania	None
None	None	Preliminary evaluation of a nonanal lure for collection of gravid culex quinquefasciatus	Irish S.R., Moore S.J., Bruce J., Cameron M.M.	2014	Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association	30	1	10.2987/13-6349.1	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Health Interventions Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57 PO Box 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland	Irish, S.R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Moore, S.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Health Interventions Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57 PO Box 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Bruce, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Cameron, M.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Gravid traps are important tools for disease monitoring and for research on mosquito ovipositional behavior. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate a 2% nonanal lure in gravid mosquito traps in Ifakara, Tanzania. The 1st experiment focused on whether water was needed in the pan below the trap for the nonanal lure to be effective. There was no significant difference between the numbers of gravid females of Culex quinquefasciatus collected in traps using a nonanal lure either with or without water. The 2nd experiment compared the lure, without water, to a grass infusion and a blank trap, without water or attractant. Significantly more mosquitoes were collected in traps with grass infusion than in traps with the other attractants, which were not significantly different from each other. Although more mosquitoes were collected in traps with grass infusion, substantial numbers were also collected in traps with the nonanal lure and unbaited traps. © Copyright © 2014 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.	Culex quinquefasciatus; Gravid trap; Lure; Nonanal; Surveillance; Tanzania	aldehyde; insect attractants; nonanal; pheromone; animal; article; chemistry; Culex; drug effect; equipment; evaluation study; female; methodology; mosquito; physiology; Poaceae; Tanzania; Aldehydes; Animals; Culex; Female; Mosquito Control; Pheromones; Poaceae; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of the Atraedes™ Lure for Collection of Culex quinquefasciatus in Gravid Traps	Irish S.R., Batengana B.M., Eiras A.E., Cameron M.M.	2015	Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association	31	1	10.2987/14-6420R.1	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G49, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, United States; Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil	Irish, S.R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G49, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, United States; Batengana, B.M., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; Eiras, A.E., Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Cameron, M.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	The typical attractant used in gravid trapping of Culex quinquefasciatus is an aged infusion of organic materials, which can change in attractiveness over time. A standardized chemical attractant dispenser derived from grass infusion, the AtrAedes™ lure, has been produced for the surveillance of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. A study using this lure in combination with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention gravid traps was conducted in Tanga, Tanzania. The addition of the lure to traps baited with either grass infusion or tap water did not result in significant increases in trap catch. Grass infusion-baited traps (with and without the AtrAedes lure) collected significantly more Cx. quinquefasciatus than traps baited with AtrAedes + tap water, tap water alone, or AtrAedes alone. The catches of the traps baited with AtrAedes + tap water, tap water alone, and AtrAedes alone were not significantly different from each other. Although the placement of the lure in the base of the trap may have decreased trap catches, it seems that the AtrAedes is not as effective as grass infusion for collecting Cx. quinquefasciatus in Tanzania. © 2015 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.	AtrAedes; Culex quinquefasciatus; gravid trap; Tanzania	Aedes aegypti; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; insect attractants; pheromone; plant extract; water; animal; chemistry; Culex; devices; female; mosquito; Poaceae; species difference; standards; Tanzania; Animals; Culex; Female; Mosquito Control; Pheromones; Plant Extracts; Poaceae; Species Specificity; Tanzania; Water	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893785971	Impact of Intermittent Screening and Treatment for Malaria among School Children in Kenya: A Cluster Randomised Trial	Halliday K.E., Okello G., Turner E.L., Njagi K., Mcharo C., Kengo J., Allen E., Dubeck M.M., Jukes M.C.H., Brooker S.J.	2014	PLoS Medicine	11	1	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001594	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Health Systems and Social Science Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Teacher Education, College of Charleston, South Carolina, United States; Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Malaria Public Health Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Halliday, K.E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Okello, G., Health Systems and Social Science Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Turner, E.L., Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Njagi, K., Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Mcharo, C., Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; Kengo, J., Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; Allen, E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Dubeck, M.M., Department of Teacher Education, College of Charleston, South Carolina, United States; Jukes, M.C.H., Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Brooker, S.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Background:Improving the health of school-aged children can yield substantial benefits for cognitive development and educational achievement. However, there is limited experimental evidence of the benefits of alternative school-based malaria interventions or how the impacts of interventions vary according to intensity of malaria transmission. We investigated the effect of intermittent screening and treatment (IST) for malaria on the health and education of school children in an area of low to moderate malaria transmission.Methods and Findings:A cluster randomised trial was implemented with 5,233 children in 101 government primary schools on the south coast of Kenya in 2010-2012. The intervention was delivered to children randomly selected from classes 1 and 5 who were followed up for 24 months. Once a school term, children were screened by public health workers using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and children (with or without malaria symptoms) found to be RDT-positive were treated with a six dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine (AL). Given the nature of the intervention, the trial was not blinded. The primary outcomes were anaemia and sustained attention. Secondary outcomes were malaria parasitaemia and educational achievement. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis.During the intervention period, an average of 88.3% children in intervention schools were screened at each round, of whom 17.5% were RDT-positive. 80.3% of children in the control and 80.2% in the intervention group were followed-up at 24 months. No impact of the malaria IST intervention was observed for prevalence of anaemia at either 12 or 24 months (adjusted risk ratio [Adj.RR]: 1.03, 95% CI 0.93-1.13, p = 0.621 and Adj.RR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.90-1.11, p = 0.953) respectively, or on prevalence of P. falciparum infection or scores of classroom attention. No effect of IST was observed on educational achievement in the older class, but an apparent negative effect was seen on spelling scores in the younger class at 9 and 24 months and on arithmetic scores at 24 months.Conclusion:In this setting in Kenya, IST as implemented in this study is not effective in improving the health or education of school children. Possible reasons for the absence of an impact are the marked geographical heterogeneity in transmission, the rapid rate of reinfection following AL treatment, the variable reliability of RDTs, and the relative contribution of malaria to the aetiology of anaemia in this setting.Trial registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00878007" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NCT00878007</ext-link>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. © 2014 Halliday et al.	None	Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Anemia; Antimalarials; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Female; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mass Screening; Parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; Students; Young Adult	092765, Wellcome Trust; 098045, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899474205	Comparison of same day diagnostic tools including Gene Xpert and unstimulated IFN-γ for the evaluation of pleural tuberculosis: A prospective cohort study	Meldau R., Peter J., Theron G., Calligaro G., Allwood B., Symons G., Khalfey H., Ntombenhle G., Govender U., Binder A., van Zyl-Smit R., Dheda K.	2014	BMC Pulmonary Medicine	14	1	10.1186/1471-2466-14-58	Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Meldau, R., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Peter, J., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Theron, G., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Calligaro, G., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Allwood, B., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Symons, G., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Khalfey, H., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ntombenhle, G., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Govender, U., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Binder, A., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; van Zyl-Smit, R., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dheda, K., Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: The accuracy of currently available same-day diagnostic tools (smear microscopy and conventional nucleic acid amplification tests) for pleural tuberculosis (TB) is sub-optimal. Newer technologies may offer improved detection.Methods: Smear-microscopy, adenosine deaminase (ADA), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and Xpert MTB/RIF [using an unprocessed (1 ml) and centrifuged (~20 ml) sample] test accuracy was evaluated in pleural fluid from 103 consecutive patients with suspected pleural TB. Culture for M.tuberculosis and/or histopathology (pleural biopsy) served as the reference standard. Patients were followed prospectively to determine their diagnostic categorisation.Results: Of 93 evaluable participants, 40 had definite-TB (reference positive), 5 probable-TB (not definite but treated for TB) and 48 non-TB (culture and histology negative, and not treated for TB). Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) was 22.5% (12.4 - 37.6) and 98% (89.2 - 99.7), respectively, and centrifugation did not improve sensitivity (23.7%). The Xpert MTB/RIF internal positive control showed no evidence of inhibition. Biomarker specific sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPVs were: ADA (48.85 IU/L; rule-in cut-point) 55.3% (39.8 - 69.9), 95.2% (83.9 - 98.7), 91.4 (73.4 - 95.4), 69.7% (56.7 - 80.1); ADA (30 IU/L; clinically used cut-point) 79% (63.7 - 89), 92.7% (80.6 - 97.5), 91.0 (73.4 - 95.4), 82.7% (69.3 - 90.1); and IFN-γ (107.7 pg/ml; rule-in cut-point) 92.5% (80.2 - 97.5), 95.9% (86.1 - 98.9), 94.9% (83.2 - 98.6), 93.9% (83.5 - 97.9), respectively (IFN-γ sensitivity and NPV better than Xpert [p < 0.05] and rule-in ADA [p < 0.05]).Conclusion: The usefulness of Xpert MTB/RIF to diagnose pleural TB is limited by its poor sensitivity. IFN-γ is an excellent rule-in test and, compared to ADA, has significantly better sensitivity and rule-out value in a TB-endemic setting. © 2014 Meldau et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Adenosine deaminase; Diagnosis; Interferon gamma; Pleural fluid; Tuberculosis; Xpert MTB/RIF	adenosine deaminase; biological marker; gamma interferon; rifampicin; tuberculostatic agent; adult; article; bacterium culture; centrifugation; cohort analysis; colony forming unit; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; drug resistant tuberculosis; female; histopathology; human; human tissue; intermethod comparison; liquid culture; major clinical study; male; microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nucleic acid amplification; pleura biopsy; pleura effusion; pleura fluid; predictive value; prospective study; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; smear; smear microscopy; South Africa; tuberculous pleurisy; xpert mtb rif; Adult; Body Fluids; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Male; Middle Aged; Pleural Effusion; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pleural	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744522378	Evaluation of MIV/VIGS patients satisfaction and quality [Evaluering van MIV/VIGS-pasiënte se lewens-tevredenheid en -kwaliteit]	Roux A., Kotze G., Strydom H.	2006	Social Work	42	1	None	Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Roux, A., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kotze, G., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Strydom, H., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	As a result of the HIV/AIDS problem, the Faculty of Health Sciences undertook to investigate the immune systems of HIV/AIDS patients in the Potchefstroom health district. One of the aims were to improve the sense of well-being and quality of life of these patients by means of a group work intervention programme. To evaluate the effect of the programme, Affectometer 2 (AFM) by Kammann and Flett (1983) was used. The results obtained by this evaluation showed that the group work programme brought about a significant difference in the sense of well-being and quality of life of these patients.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; health care; human immunodeficiency virus; immune system	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881221046	The effect of barley bran, linseed meal and their mixes supplementation on the performances, carcass characteristics and economic return of Arsi-Bale sheep	Ermias T., Solomon M., Mengistu U.	2013	Small Ruminant Research	114	1	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.05.010	Madawalabu University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O. Box 247, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, Department of Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Ermias, T., Madawalabu University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, P.O. Box 247, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia; Solomon, M., Haramaya University, Department of Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Mengistu, U., Haramaya University, Department of Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	The study was conducted using 25 yearling male Arsi-Bale sheep to see the effect of barley bran (BB), linseed meal (LSM) and their mixes supplementation on DMI, apparent nutrient digestibility, body weight (BW) gain, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), carcass characteristics and economic return of Arsi-Bale sheep. A completely randomized block design consisting of five treatments and five blocks was used for the study. The basal diet (faba bean haulms) was offered in average of 50% refusal to ensure ad libitum intake. The supplement feeds were offered in DM basis at 08:00 and 16:00. h by dividing the daily offer into two equal parts. The digestibility and feeding trials were conducted for 7 and 90 days, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the sheep were slaughtered for carcass analysis. The CP content of offered faba bean haulms, BB and LSM were 7.7%, 9.7% and 24.8%, respectively. Supplementation improved (P < 0.001) DMI, apparent nutrient digestibility, BW gain, carcass characteristics and economic return. Sheep supplemented with two parts of BB and one part of LSM resulted significantly (P < 0.01) the highest net return. Therefore, sheep fed on a basal diet of faba bean haulms supplemented with two parts of BB and one part of LSM is economical. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Barley bran; Body weight gain; Carcass; Haulms; Linseed meal	Hordeum; Ovis aries; Vicia faba	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940670571	Monitoring changes in malaria epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions in Ethiopia and Uganda: Beyond Garki Project baseline survey	Abeku T.A., Helinski M.E.H., Kirby M.J., Kefyalew T., Awano T., Batisso E., Tesfaye G., Ssekitooleko J., Nicholas S., Erdmanis L., Nalwoga A., Bass C., Cose S., Assefa A., Kebede Z., Habte T., Katamba V., Nuwa A., Bakeera-Ssali S., Akiror S.C., Kyomuhagi	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0852-7	Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom; Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional Health Bureaux, Hawassa, Ethiopia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Abeku, T.A., Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom; Helinski, M.E.H., Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom, Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Kirby, M.J., Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kefyalew, T., Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Awano, T., Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Batisso, E., Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, G., Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ssekitooleko, J., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Nicholas, S., Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom; Erdmanis, L., Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom; Nalwoga, A., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Bass, C., Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom; Cose, S., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Assefa, A., Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kebede, Z., Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Habte, T., Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional Health Bureaux, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Katamba, V., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Nuwa, A., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Bakeera-Ssali, S., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Akiror, S.C., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Kyomuhagi, I., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Tekalegne, A., Malaria Consortium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Magumba, G., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Meek, S.R., Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom	Background: Scale-up of malaria interventions seems to have contributed to a decline in the disease but other factors may also have had some role. Understanding changes in transmission and determinant factors will help to adapt control strategies accordingly. Methods: Four sites in Ethiopia and Uganda were set up to monitor epidemiological changes and effectiveness of interventions over time. Here, results of a survey during the peak transmission season of 2012 are reported, which will be used as baseline for subsequent surveys and may support adaptation of control strategies. Data on malariometric and entomological variables, socio-economic status (SES) and control coverage were collected. Results: Malaria prevalence varied from 1.4 % in Guba (Ethiopia) to 9.9 % in Butemba (Uganda). The most dominant species was Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia and Plasmodium falciparum in Uganda. The majority of human-vector contact occurred indoors in Uganda, ranging from 83 % (Anopheles funestus sensu lato) to 93 % (Anopheles gambiae s.l.), which is an important factor for the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). High kdr-L1014S (resistance genotype) frequency was observed in A. gambiae sensu stricto in Uganda. Too few mosquitoes were collected in Ethiopia, so it was not possible to assess vector habits and insecticide resistance levels. ITN ownership did not vary by SES and 56-98 % and 68-78 % of households owned at least one ITN in Ethiopia and Uganda, respectively. In Uganda, 7 % of nets were purchased by households, but the nets were untreated. In three of the four sites, 69-76 % of people with access to ITNs used them. IRS coverage ranged from 84 to 96 % in the three sprayed sites. Half of febrile children in Uganda and three-quarters in Ethiopia for whom treatment was sought received diagnostic tests. High levels of child undernutrition were detected in both countries carrying important implications on child development. In Uganda, 7-8 % of pregnant women took the recommended minimum three doses of intermittent preventive treatment. Conclusion: Malaria epidemiology seems to be changing compared to earlier published data, and it is essential to have more data to understand how much of the changes are attributable to interventions and other factors. Regular monitoring will help to better interpret changes, identify determinants, modify strategies and improve targeting to address transmission heterogeneity. © 2015 Abeku et al.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Epidemiology; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Undernutrition; Vector control	antimalarial agent; anemia; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; bed net; chemoprophylaxis; child health; child nutrition; controlled study; data analysis; disease carrier; disease transmission; epidemiological monitoring; Ethiopia; fever; geographic distribution; health survey; household; human; indoor residual spraying; insecticide resistance; intervention study; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; malnutrition; parasite prevalence; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; pregnancy; prevalence; program effectiveness; seasonal variation; social adaptation; social status; species dominance; Uganda; vector control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957479196	The impact of college entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention to start a business in Uganda	Byabashaija W., Katono I.	2011	Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship	16	1	10.1142/S1084946711001768	Makerere University Business School, P. O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Christian University, P. O. Box 4, Mukono, Uganda	Byabashaija, W., Makerere University Business School, P. O. Box 1337, Kampala, Uganda; Katono, I., Uganda Christian University, P. O. Box 4, Mukono, Uganda	This paper reports results of a longitudinal quasi-experimental study that focused on the impact of entrepreneurial education and societal subjective norms on entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions of university students in Uganda to start a business. Data were collected in two waves: wave one before the entrepreneurship course and wave two after the entrepreneurship course four months later. The sample composed of college students. Analyses included tests of significance of changes in the attitudes and intentions of students after the entrepreneurship course, the mediating role of attitudes and moderating role of employment expectations. The results show small but significant changes in attitudes and a significant mediating role of attitudes perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and self-efficacy, but non-significant moderating influence of employment expectations. The findings offer lessons for policy makers and more questions for researchers. © World Scientific Publishing Company.	entrepreneurial attitudes; Entrepreneurial intentions; social subjective norms	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888644629	The impact of group counseling on depression, post-traumatic stress and function outcomes: A prospective comparison study in the Peter C. Alderman trauma clinics in northern Uganda	Nakimuli-Mpungu E., Okello J., Kinyanda E., Alderman S., Nakku J., Alderman J.S., Pavia A., Adaku A., Allden K., Musisi S.	2013	Journal of Affective Disorders	151	1	10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.055	Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States; Gulu University, Department of Psychiatry, Gulu, Uganda; Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; Arua Regional Referral Hospitals, Arua, Uganda; University, Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, NH, United States	Nakimuli-Mpungu, E., Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States; Okello, J., Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States, Gulu University, Department of Psychiatry, Gulu, Uganda; Kinyanda, E., Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States, Medical Research Council, Entebbe, Uganda; Alderman, S., Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States; Nakku, J., Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States; Alderman, J.S., Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States; Pavia, A., Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States; Adaku, A., Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States, Arua Regional Referral Hospitals, Arua, Uganda; Allden, K., Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States, University, Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, NH, United States; Musisi, S., Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Peter C. Alderman Foundation, Bedford, NY, United States	Background: The effectiveness of group interventions for adults with mental distress in post-conflict settings is less clear in sub-Saharan Africa. Aim: To assess the impact of group counseling intervention on depression, post-traumatic stress and function outcomes among adults attending the Peter C. Alderman Foundation (PCAF) trauma clinics in northern Uganda. Methods: 631 War affected adults were enrolled into PCAF trauma clinics. Using a quasi-experimental design, assessments were conducted at baseline, at 3 and 6 months following initiation of care. Multivariate longitudinal regression models were used to determine change in depression, post- traumatic stress and function scores over time among group counseling participants and non- participants. Results: In comparison to non-participants, participants had faster reduction in depression scores during the 6-month follow-up period l/3=-184, 95%CI (-338 to -030), p=°°I91 and faster reduction in post- traumatic stress scores during the 3-month follow-up period 1/3= -214. 95%CI (-421 to -010). p=°°421. At 3-month follow up, participants who attended two or more sessions had faster increase in function scores 1/3=351, 95%CI (061-640), p=°°181 than participants who attended only one session. Limitations: Selection bias due to the use of non-random samples. Substantial attrition rates and small sample sizes may have resulted in insufficient statistical power to determine meaningful differences. Conclusion: The group counseling intervention offered in the PCAF clinics may have considerable mental health benefits over time. There is need for more research to structure, standardize and test the efficacy of this intervention using a randomized controlled trial. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Depression; Function; Group counseling; Northern Uganda; Post-traumatic stress; War trauma	anticonvulsive agent; antidepressant agent; benzodiazepine derivative; neuroleptic agent; psychotropic agent; adult; article; coping behavior; counseling; depression; employment status; family counseling; female; follow up; human; major clinical study; male; medication compliance; mental health; posttraumatic stress disorder; priority journal; professional practice; prospective study; psychoeducation; psychopharmacotherapy; relaxation training; sexual violence; spiritual healing; Depression; Function; Group counseling; Northern Uganda; Post-traumatic stress; War trauma; Adult; Counseling; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychotherapy, Group; Questionnaires; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650712354	The impact of maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy and short-course combination antiretrovirals for prevention of mother-to-child transmission on early infant infection rates at the mulago national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda, january 20	Namukwaya Z., Mudiope P., Kekitiinwa A., Musoke P., Matovu J., Kayma S., Salmond W., Bitarakwate E., Mubiru M., Maganda A., Galla M., Byamugisha J., Fowler M.G.	2011	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	56	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181fdb4a8	Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Foundation-Uganda, Mulago Hospital, United States; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore MD, United States; Division of Prevention of Mother, Child HIV Transmission, United States; Division of Data Management and Analysis, United States; Data Management Section, United States; Mulago Hospital, Post Natal Clinic, United States; Department of Pathology, United States	Namukwaya, Z., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda; Mudiope, P., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Division of Data Management and Analysis, United States; Kekitiinwa, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Foundation-Uganda, Mulago Hospital, United States; Musoke, P., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Matovu, J.; Kayma, S.; Salmond, W., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Kampala, Uganda; Bitarakwate, E., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Kampala, Uganda; Mubiru, M., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Division of Data Management and Analysis, United States; Maganda, A., Division of Prevention of Mother, Child HIV Transmission, United States, Data Management Section, United States; Galla, M., Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Foundation-Uganda, Mulago Hospital, United States, Mulago Hospital, Post Natal Clinic, United States; Byamugisha, J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Fowler, M.G., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore MD, United States, Department of Pathology, United States	Background: Early HIV infant diagnosis and treatment have been shown to dramatically improve survival in infants. Despite these findings, infants accessing HIV diagnosis and treatment remain low in Uganda. We describe the antiretroviral (ARV) drugs given in the Mulago Hospital prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program from January 2007 to May 2009 and its impact on early infant HIV infection rates. Methods: Pregnant women identified as HIV infected in the Mulago antenatal clinics received one of the following regimens: short-course ARV prophylaxis plus single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) in labor, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), or sdNVP if they presented in labor. Infants received sdNVP and zidovudine (ZDV) for 1 week. Infants HIV diagnosis was done from 6 weeks after delivery. Results: 62.3% of HIV-infected women received combination ARVs, including HAART. Early infection rates were highest among infants with no maternal ARV [36.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.2 to 59.3] or only sdNVP (11.2; 95% CI: 8.1 to 14.8). Similar rates were observed for the group that took short-course ARVs, ZDV/sdNVP (4.6; 95% CI: 3.2 to 6.4), and ZDV/lamivudine/sdNVP (4.9; 95% CI: 3.1 to 7.2) and lowest rates for those that took HAART (1.7: 95% CI: 0.8 to 2.8). Overall infection rate was 5.0% (95% CI: 4.1 to 5.9). Conclusions: Findings indicate low rates of infant infection for mothers receiving combination ARVs. These findings demonstrate that provision of combination ARV for PMTCT is feasible and effective in busy referral hospital's PMTCT programs in resource-limited settings. © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	antiretrovirus agent; lamivudine; nevirapine; zidovudine; article; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infection prevention; infection rate; male; maternal treatment; priority journal; short course therapy; single drug dose; Uganda; vertical transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Confidence Intervals; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nevirapine; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Retrospective Studies; Uganda; Young Adult; Zidovudine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899834640	Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-cassette assay as a survey tool for Schistosoma mansoni in different transmission settings within Bugiri District, Uganda	Adriko M., Standley C.J., Tinkitina B., Tukahebwa E.M., Fenwick A., Fleming F.M., Sousa-Figueiredo J.C., Stothard J.R., Kabatereine N.B.	2014	Acta Tropica	136	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.001	Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 6HT, United Kingdom	Adriko, M., Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda; Standley, C.J., Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Tinkitina, B., Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda; Tukahebwa, E.M., Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Fleming, F.M., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 6HT, United Kingdom; Stothard, J.R., Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Kabatereine, N.B., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda, Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom	Diagnosis of schistosomiasis at the point-of-care (POC) is a growing topic in neglected tropical disease research. There is a need for diagnostic tests which are affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, equipment-free and delivered to those who need it, and POC is an important tool for disease mapping and guiding mass deworming. The aim of present study was to evaluate the relative diagnostic performance of two urine-circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) cassette assays, one commercially available and the other in experimental production, against results obtained using the standard Kato-Katz faecal smear method (six thick smears from three consecutive days), as a 'gold-standard', for Schistosoma mansoni infection in different transmission settings in Uganda. Our study was conducted among 500 school children randomly selected across 5 schools within Bugiri district, adjacent to Lake Victoria in Uganda. Considering results from the 469 pupils who provided three stool samples for the six Kato-Katz smears, 293 (76%) children had no infection, 109 (23%) were in the light intensity category, while 42 (9%) and 25 (5%) were in the moderate and heavy intensity categories respectively. Following performance analysis of CCA tests in terms of sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, overall performance of the commercially available CCA test was more informative than single Kato-Katz faecal smear microscopy, the current operational field standard for disease mapping. The current CCA assay is therefore a satisfactory method for surveillance of S. mansoni in an area where disease endemicity is declining due to control interventions. With the recent resolution on schistosomiasis elimination by the 65th World Health Assembly, the urine POC CCA test is an attractive tool to augment and perhaps replace the Kato-Katz sampling within ongoing control programmes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Circulating cathodic antigen (CCA); Diagnostic methods; Intestinal schistosomiasis; Point-of-care diagnosis (POC); Rapid diagnostic test (RDT); Schistosoma mansoni; Uganda	praziquantel; CCA protein, Schistosoma mansoni; glycoprotein; helminth protein; parasite antigen; antigen; bioassay; disease; disease control; mapping; schistosomiasis; testing method; adolescent; article; bioassay; child; circulating cathodic antigen cassette assay; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; disease control; disease transmission; feces analysis; female; gold standard; human; intermethod comparison; Kato Katz fecal smear method; laboratory diagnosis; major clinical study; male; point of care testing; predictive value; prevalence; quality control; randomized controlled trial; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis mansoni; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; urinalysis; animal; epidemiology; isolation and purification; schistosomiasis mansoni; urine; Uganda; Adolescent; Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Female; Glycoproteins; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906685694	Does education mitigate the adverse impact of bridewealth on women's reproductive autonomy?	Dodoo F.N.-A., Horne C., Biney A.	2014	Genus	70	1	None	University of Ghana, Ghana; Pennsylvania State University, United States; Washington State University, United States	Dodoo, F.N.-A., University of Ghana, Ghana, Pennsylvania State University, United States; Horne, C., Washington State University, United States; Biney, A., University of Ghana, Ghana	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925615481	Major depressive disorder seven years after the conflict in northern Uganda: Burden, risk factors and impact on outcomes (The Wayo-Nero Study)	Mugisha J., Muyinda H., Malamba S., Kinyanda E.	2015	BMC Psychiatry	15	1	10.1186/s12888-015-0423-z	Makerere University, Child Health and Development Center, School of Health Sciences, Makerere Hill, P. Box 6717, Kampala, Uganda; Butabika National Psychiatric Referral Hospital, Off Old Port Bell, P.o.Box 7017, Kampala, Uganda; Sør-Trøndelag University College, E. C. Dahls gate 2, Trondheim, Norway; 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda/MRC-DFID African Leadership Award, 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Makerere Hill, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Mugisha, J., Makerere University, Child Health and Development Center, School of Health Sciences, Makerere Hill, P. Box 6717, Kampala, Uganda, Butabika National Psychiatric Referral Hospital, Off Old Port Bell, P.o.Box 7017, Kampala, Uganda, Sør-Trøndelag University College, E. C. Dahls gate 2, Trondheim, Norway; Muyinda, H., Makerere University, Child Health and Development Center, School of Health Sciences, Makerere Hill, P. Box 6717, Kampala, Uganda; Malamba, S., 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda; Kinyanda, E., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda/MRC-DFID African Leadership Award, 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Makerere Hill, Kampala, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major public health burden in conflict areas. However, it is not known for how long and by how much the observed high rates of MDD seen in conflict settings persist into the post-conflict period. Methods: A cross sectional survey was employed seven years after the conflict in northern Uganda had ended in the three districts of Amuru, Gulu and Nwoya. Results: The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was 24.7% (95% CI: 22.9%-26.4%). The distribution by gender was females 29.2% (95% CI: 14.6%-19.5%) and males 17.0% (95% CI: 26.9%-31.5%). The risk factors for MDD fell under the broad domains of socio-demographic factors (female gender, increasing age, being widowed and being separated/divorced); distal psychosocial vulnerability factors ( being HIV positive, low social support, increasing war trauma events previously experienced, war trauma stress scores previously experienced, past psychiatric history, family history of mental illness, negative coping style, increasing childhood trauma scores, life-time attempted suicide, PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder and alcohol dependency disorder) and the psychosocial stressors (food insufficiency, increasing negative life event scores, increasing stress scores). 'Not receiving anti-retroviral therapy' for those who were HIV positive was the only negative clinical and behavioral outcome associated with MDD. Conclusions: These findings indicate that post-conflict northern Uganda still has high rates for MDD. The risk factors are quite many (including psychiatric, psychological and social factors) hence the need for effective multi-sectoral programs to address the high rates of MDD in the region. These programs should be long term in order to address the long term effects of war. Longitudinal studies are recommended to continuously assess the trends of MDD in the region and remedial action taken. © 2015 Mugisha et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Major depressive disorder; Northern Uganda; Outcomes; Post-conflict; Risk factors	adult; age; alcoholism; Article; battle injury; childhood injury; controlled study; coping behavior; cross-sectional study; disease association; divorced person; family history; female; food insecurity; generalized anxiety disorder; health impact assessment; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life event; Life Events Scale; major clinical study; major depression; male; mental stress; outcome assessment; personal experience; posttraumatic stress disorder; prevalence; psychological aspect; risk factor; self report; separated person; sex ratio; social psychology; social status; social support; Social Support Index; structured questionnaire; suicide attempt; time; Uganda; vulnerable population; war; widowed person; young adult; civil disorder; cost of illness; Depressive Disorder, Major; middle aged; psychology; risk factor; Adult; Civil Disorders; Cost of Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Social Support; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939131874	Managerial practices and factors influencing reproductive performance of dairy cows in urban/peri-urban areas of Kampala and Gulu, Uganda	Benon K.M., Owiny D.O., Båge R., Nassuna-Musoke M.G., Humblot P., Magnusson U.	2015	Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica	57	1	10.1186/s13028-015-0122-2	Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden	Benon, K.M., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Owiny, D.O., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Båge, R., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden; Nassuna-Musoke, M.G., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Humblot, P., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden; Magnusson, U., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden	Background: Urban/peri-urban dairy production and sales has evolved as an adjustment to cope with food security and economic needs for urban dwellers in low-income countries and created an opportunity to transform from subsistence rural lifestyles of dairy farming to commercial engagement in towns. However, urban/peri-urban dairy farms differ in challenges from rural dairy farms and reproduction is important and critical for assuring sustainable economic output in both environments. Here we recorded for the first time differences between two geographically and economically different cities corresponding to different settings within the same country in managerial factors influencing reproductive performance in urban/peri-urban dairy cowherds. Results: The urban/peri-urban dairy farmers in the capital Kampala were more often male (P = 0.002) and commercialized (P = 0.0025), more experienced (P = 0.0001) and practiced zero-grazing more often (P = 0.05) than in the regional municipality Gulu. Also, the milk production per herd and cow (P = 0.0005) and calving rate were (P = 0.0001) higher in Kampala and artificial insemination was more commonly (P = 0.002) used than in Gulu. There was no difference in abortion nor neonatal mortality rate between the two locations. Overall, calving rates were higher (P = 0.0003) in smaller (≤3 dairy cows) and open grazing (P = 0.003) herds. Abortion rates were higher among dairy herds practicing late (≥5 months) (P = 0.003) calf weaning and in herds with commercial purposes (P = 0.0001). Neonatal calf mortality was lower (P = 0.01) in small herds. Conclusion: The study showed significant differences between Kampala and Gulu in reproductive performance and related husbandry factors for cows in the urban/peri-urban dairy farming systems. For several reproductive performance traits we found associations with husbandry and production traits, which should be taken into account when providing advice to the urban and peri-urban dairy farmers in the tropics. © 2015 Benon et al.	Bovine; Dairy cow; Milk production; Reproductive performance; Tropics; Uganda; Urban peri-urban farming	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958507843	Performance of three multi-species rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia	Ashton R.A., Kefyalew T., Tesfaye G., Counihan H., Yadeta D., Cundill B., Reithinger R., Kolaczinski J.H.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-297	Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Malaria Consortium - Africa Regional Office, Sturrock Road, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium International, Development House 56-64, Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; Oromia Regional Health Bureau, PO Box 24341, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; U.S. Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ashton, R.A., Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Malaria Consortium - Africa Regional Office, Sturrock Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kefyalew, T., Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, G., Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Counihan, H., Malaria Consortium International, Development House 56-64, Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; Yadeta, D., Oromia Regional Health Bureau, PO Box 24341, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cundill, B., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Reithinger, R., U.S. Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kolaczinski, J.H., Malaria Consortium - Africa Regional Office, Sturrock Road, Kampala, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background. Malaria transmission in Ethiopia is unstable and variable, caused by both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) is scaling up parasitological diagnosis of malaria at all levels of the health system; at peripheral health facilities this will be through use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The present study compared three RDT products to provide the FMoH with evidence to guide appropriate product selection. Methods. Performance of three multi-species (pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH and pf-HRP2/aldolase) RDTs (CareStart, ParaScreen and ICT Combo) was compared with 'gold standard' microscopy at three health centres in Jimma zone, Oromia Regional State. Ease of RDT use by health extension workers was assessed at community health posts. RDT heat stability was tested in a controlled laboratory setting according to WHO procedures. Results. A total of 2,383 patients with suspected malaria were enrolled between May and July 2009, 23.2% of whom were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites by microscopy. All three RDTs were equally sensitive in detecting P. falciparum or mixed infection: 85.6% (95% confidence interval 81.2-89.4). RDT specificity was similar for detection of P. falciparum or mixed infection at around 92%. For detecting P. vivax infection, all three RDTs had similar sensitivity in the range of 82.5 to 85.0%. CareStart had higher specificity in detecting P. vivax (97.2%) than both ParaScreen and ICT Combo (p < 0.001 and p = 0.05, respectively). Health extension workers preferred CareStart and ParaScreen to ICT Combo due to the clear labelling of bands on the cassette, while the 'lab in a pack' style of CareStart was the preferred design. ParaScreen and CareStart passed all heat stability testing, while ICT Combo did not perform as well. Conclusions. CareStart appeared to be the most appropriate option for use at health posts in Ethiopia, considering the combination of quantitative performance, ease of use and heat stability. When new products become available, the choice of multi-species RDT for Ethiopia should be regularly re-evaluated, as it would be desirable to identify a test with higher sensitivity than the ones evaluated here. © 2010 Ashton et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; community care; confidence interval; controlled study; diagnostic test; Ethiopia; health center; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; microscopy; mixed infection; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax malaria; public health; thermostability; world health organization; adolescent; adult; aged; analytical equipment; child; comparative study; evaluation; female; infant; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; male; methodology; middle aged; parasitology; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; preschool child; sensitivity and specificity; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960556736	The impact of mass drug administration and long-lasting insecticidal net distribution on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in humans and mosquitoes: An observational study in northern Uganda	Ashton R.A., Kyabayinze D.J., Opio T., Auma A., Edwards T., Matwale G., Onapa A., Brooker S., Kolaczinski J.H.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-134	Malaria Consortium Africa, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Malaria Consortium Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; District Health Office, Dokolo, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; RTI International, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Ashton, R.A., Malaria Consortium Africa, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kyabayinze, D.J., Malaria Consortium Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Opio, T., District Health Office, Dokolo, Uganda; Auma, A., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Edwards, T., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Matwale, G., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Onapa, A., RTI International, Kampala, Uganda; Brooker, S., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Kolaczinski, J.H., Malaria Consortium Africa, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Uganda is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. The mainstay of elimination has been annual mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin and albendazole, targeted to endemic districts, but has been sporadic and incomplete in coverage. Vector control could potentially contribute to reducing W. bancrofti transmission, speeding up progress towards elimination. To establish whether the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) can contribute towards reducing transmission of W. bancrofti in a setting with ongoing MDA, a study was conducted in an area of Uganda highly endemic for both LF and malaria. Baseline parasitological and entomological assessments were conducted in 2007, followed by high-coverage LLIN distribution. Net use and entomological surveys were carried out after one year, and final parasitological and entomological evaluations were conducted in 2010. Three rounds of MDA had taken place before the study commenced, with a further three rounds completed during the course of the study. Results: In 2007, rapid mapping indicated 22.3% of schoolchildren were W. bancrofti antigen positive, and a baseline survey during the same year found age-adjusted microfilaraemia prevalence was 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6-5.3%). In 2010, age-adjusted microfilaraemia prevalence had fallen to 0.4%, while antigenaemia rates were 0.2% in children < 5 years and 6.0% in 5 years. In 2010, universal coverage of mosquito nets in a household was found to be protective against W. bancrofti antigen (odds ratio = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22-0.89). Prevalence of W. bancrofti larvae in anopheline mosquitoes had decreased significantly between the 2007 and 2010 surveys, but there was an apparent increase in vector densities. Conclusion: A marked reduction in W. bancrofti infection and infectivity in humans was observed in the study area, where both MDA and LLINs were used to reduce transmission. The extent to which LLINs contributed to this decline is equivocal, however. Further work investigating the impact of vector control on anopheline-transmitted LF in an endemic area not benefitting from MDA would be valuable to determine the effect of such interventions on their own. © 2011 Ashton et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albendazole; ivermectin; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; Wuchereria bancrofti antigen; albendazole; anthelmintic agent; insecticide; ivermectin; acute adenolymphangitis; acute disease; adolescent; adult; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; Bancroftian filariasis; bed net; blood sampling; child; elephantiasis; female; follow up; health survey; household; human; hydrocele; infection prevention; intervention study; long lasting insecticidal net; lymphangitis; major clinical study; male; mass drug administration; microfilaria (nematode larva); microfilariasis; night sleep; nonhuman; observational study; parasite transmission; prevalence; public health service; school child; Uganda; animal; Anopheles; disease transmission; isolation and purification; larva; lymphatic filariasis; methodology; mosquito; parasitology; preschool child; Uganda; Wuchereria bancrofti; Wuchereria bancrofti; Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anopheles; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Female; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Larva; Male; Mosquito Control; Uganda; Wuchereria bancrofti	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929297666	Evaluating the effect of innovative motivation and supervision approaches on community health worker performance and retention in Uganda and Mozambique: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial	Källander K., Strachan D., Soremekun S., Hill Z., Lingam R., Tibenderana J., Kasteng F., Vassall A., Meek S., Kirkwood B.	2015	Trials	16	1	10.1186/s13063-015-0657-6	Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden; Makerere University College of Health Science, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, PO box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; University College London, Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom; Malaria Consortium Africa, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Källander, K., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden, Makerere University College of Health Science, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, PO box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; Strachan, D., University College London, Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, United Kingdom; Soremekun, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom; Hill, Z., University College London, Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, United Kingdom; Lingam, R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom; Tibenderana, J., Malaria Consortium Africa, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kasteng, F., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Vassall, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Meek, S., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom; Kirkwood, B., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom	Background: If trained, equipped and utilised, community health workers (CHWs) delivering integrated community case management for sick children can potentially reduce child deaths by 60%. However, it is essential to maintain CHW motivation and performance. The inSCALE project aims to evaluate, using a cluster randomised controlled trial, the effect of interventions to increase CHW supervision and performance on the coverage of appropriate treatment for children with diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria. Methods/Design: Participatory methods were used to identify best practices and innovative solutions. Quantitative community based baseline surveys were conducted to allow restricted randomisation of clusters into intervention and control arms. Individual informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Following formative research and stakeholder consultations, two intervention packages were developed in Uganda and one in Mozambique. In Uganda, approximately 3,500 CHWs in 39 clusters were randomised into a mobile health (mHealth) arm, a participatory community engagement arm and a control arm. In Mozambique, 275 CHWs in 12 clusters were randomised into a mHealth arm and a control arm. The mHealth interventions encompass three components: 1) free phone communication between users; 2) data submission using phones with automated feedback, messages to supervisors for targeted supervision, and online data access for district statisticians; and 3) motivational messages. The community engagement arm in Uganda established village health clubs seeking to 1) improve the status and standing of CHWs, 2) increase demand for health services and 3) communicate that CHWs' work is important. Process evaluation was conducted after 10 months and end-line surveys will establish impact after 12 months in Uganda and 18 months in Mozambique. Main outcomes include proportion of sick children appropriately treated, CHW performance and motivation, and cost effectiveness of interventions. Discussion: Study strengths include a user-centred design to the innovations, while weaknesses include the lack of a robust measurement of coverage of appropriate treatment. Evidence of cost-effective innovations that increase motivation and performance of CHWs can potentially increase sustainable coverage of iCCM at scale. Trial registration: (identifier NCT01972321) on 22 April 22 2013 © Källander et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	community health worker; diarrhoea; integrated community case management; malaria; pneumonia	Article; case management; child death; childhood disease; clinical supervision; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; diarrhea; feedback system; health auxiliary; health care delivery; health care facility; health service; hospital cost; human; job performance; malaria; medical record review; motivation; Mozambique; pneumonia; program effectiveness; randomized controlled trial; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942295223	Impact of a behaviour change communication programme on net durability in eastern Uganda	Helinski M.H., Namara G., Koenker H., Kilian A., Hunter G., Acosta A., Scandurra L., Selby R.A., Mulondo K., Fotheringham M., Lynch M.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0899-5	Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, United States; Tropical Health LLP, Montagut, Spain; Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom; Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Nairobi, Kenya; Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Kampala, Uganda; John Snow International, Kampala, Uganda; United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States	Helinski, M.H., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Namara, G., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda; Koenker, H., Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kilian, A., Tropical Health LLP, Montagut, Spain, Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom; Hunter, G., Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, United States; Acosta, A., Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, United States; Scandurra, L., Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, United States; Selby, R.A., Malaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda, Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Nairobi, Kenya; Mulondo, K., Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Kampala, Uganda, John Snow International, Kampala, Uganda; Fotheringham, M., United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States; Lynch, M., Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: The importance of net durability and the average useful life of a net is increasingly recognized as one of the critical factors that determine how often nets need to be replaced. A study to assess the effect of a net care and repair behaviour change communication (BCC) programme on net durability was conducted in one district in Eastern Uganda with a district in a neighbouring region serving as a comparison. Both districts had received LLINs in September of 2012. Methods: The intervention was comprised of radio programmes, school and community events. Two-stage cluster sampling household surveys to assess net condition, exposure to BCC messages, and attitudes towards net care and repair were conducted in both districts at baseline (2-3 months post net distribution) and endline (20-21 months post distribution). Net condition was assessed using the proportionate hole index, with nets being classified as either serviceable or too torn. Results: The intervention led to an additional 31.2 % increased exposure to net care and repair messages in the intervention district. Respondents in the intervention district had a more positive attitude towards net care and repair (32 % of respondents were classified as having a very positive attitude compared to 10 % in the comparison district), which was positively associated with the number of channels through which messages had been received (P < 0.001). Nets belonging to respondents with a very positive attitude were more often categorized as serviceable (80.2 %) compared to respondents with a poor/average attitude (66.4 %; odds ratio: 2.05, P = 0.028); however, this was only observed for the net brand with the greater physical integrity. Additionally, socio-economic status was a significant predictor of net condition. Although nets in the intervention district had significantly more repairs done per net, the act of repairing alone did not improve net condition. Conclusions: In conclusion, the evaluation showed that the BCC programme resulted in improved knowledge and attitudes towards care and repair, which impacted positively on net condition. Repairs alone were not sufficient to improve net condition. Additional research on which care behaviours and attitudes are most associated with improved net condition would help BCC planners hone their campaigns. © 2015 Helinski et al.	BCC; Care and repair; Durability; ITN; LLIN; Malaria; Uganda	adolescent; adult; Article; awareness; bed net; behavior change; child; community program; female; health education; household; human; information dissemination; malaria control; male; mass communication; mass medium; quality control; risk reduction; social behavior; social participation; strategic planning; teaching; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956600180	Health worker performance in the management of paediatric fevers following in-service training and exposure to job aids in Kenya	Wasunna B., Zurovac D., Bruce J., Jones C., Webster J., Snow R.W.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-261	Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States; KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya	Wasunna, B., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Zurovac, D., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Bruce, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Jones, C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya; Webster, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Snow, R.W., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: Improving the way artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is provided to patients attending clinics is critical to maximize the benefit of this new medicine. In 2007, a new initiative was launched in one part of Kenya to improve malaria case-management through enhanced in-service training and provision of job aids. Methods: An evaluation of the intervention using pre- and post-intervention cross sectional health facility surveys was conducted in Bondo district. The surveys included: audit of government health facilities, health worker structured interviews and exit interviews with caretakers of sick children below five years of age. The outcome indicators were the proportions of febrile children who had AL prescribed, AL dispensed, and four different dispensing and counseling tasks performed. Results: At baseline 33 government health facilities, 48 health workers and 386 febrile child consultations were evaluated. At follow-up the same health facilities were surveyed and 36 health workers and 390 febrile child consultations evaluated. The findings show: 1) no health facility or health worker was exposed to all components of the intervention; 2) the proportion of health workers who received the enhanced in-service training was 67%; 3) the proportion of febrile children with uncomplicated malaria treated with the first-line anti-malarial drug, artemether-lumefantrine (AL), at health facilities where AL was in stock increased from 76.9% (95%CI: 69.4, 83.1) to 87.6% (95% CI: 82.5, 91.5); 4) there were modest but non-significant improvements in dispensing and counseling practices; and 5) when the analyses were restricted to health workers who received the enhanced in-service training and/or had received new guidelines and job aids, no significant improvements in reported case-management tasks were observed compared to baseline. Conclusion: In-service training and provision of job aids alone may not be adequate to improve the prescribing, dispensing and counseling tasks necessary to change malaria case-management practices and the inclusion of supervision and post-training follow-up should be considered in future clinical practice change initiatives. © 2010 Wasunna et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	artemether plus benflumetol; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; article; case management; child; child care; consultation; counseling; endemic disease; fever; follow up; government; health care facility; health care personnel; health care practice; health care quality; health survey; human; in service training; infant; job performance; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; medical audit; practice guideline; preschool child; cross-sectional study; drug combination; education; health services research; malaria; newborn; professional competence; pyrexia idiopathica; statistics; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Combinations; Ethanolamines; Fever of Unknown Origin; Fluorenes; Health Personnel; Health Services Research; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Malaria; Professional Competence	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872297388	Understanding the Impact of Subsidizing Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies (ACTs) in the Retail Sector - Results from Focus Group Discussions in Rural Kenya	Kedenge S.V., Kangwana B.P., Waweru E.W., Nyandigisi A.J., Pandit J., Brooker S.J., Snow R.W., Goodman C.A.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0054371	Malaria Public Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Kedenge, S.V., Malaria Public Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Kangwana, B.P., Malaria Public Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Waweru, E.W., Malaria Public Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Nyandigisi, A.J., Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Pandit, J., Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Nairobi, Kenya; Brooker, S.J., Malaria Public Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Snow, R.W., Malaria Public Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Goodman, C.A., Malaria Public Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: There is considerable interest in the potential of private sector subsidies to increase availability and affordability of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for malaria treatment. A cluster randomized trial of such subsidies was conducted in 3 districts in Kenya, comprising provision of subsidized packs of paediatric ACT to retail outlets, training of retail staff, and community awareness activities. The results demonstrated a substantial increase in ACT availability and coverage, though patient counselling and adherence were suboptimal. We conducted a qualitative study in order to understand why these successes and limitations occurred. Methodology/Principal Findings: Eighteen focus group discussions were conducted, 9 with retailers and 9 with caregivers, to document experiences with the intervention. Respondents were positive about intervention components, praising the focused retailer training, affordable pricing, strong promotional activities, dispensing job aids, and consumer friendly packaging, which are likely to have contributed to the positive access and coverage outcomes observed. However, many retailers still did not stock ACT, due to insufficient supplies, lack of capital and staff turnover. Advice to caregivers was poor due to insufficient time, and poor recall of instructions. Adherence by caregivers to dosing guidelines was sub-optimal, because of a wish to save tablets for other episodes, doses being required at night, stopping treatment when the child felt better, and the number and bitter taste of the tablets. Caregivers used a number of strategies to obtain paediatric ACT for older age groups. Conclusions/Significance: This study has highlighted that important components of a successful ACT subsidy intervention are regular retailer training, affordable pricing, a reliable supply chain and community mobilization emphasizing patient adherence and when to seek further care. © 2013 Kedenge et al.	None	artemether; artemisin; benflumetol; tibamal; unclassified drug; article; awareness; bitter taste; caregiver; drug cost; drug indication; drug marketing; drug packaging; health care availability; health care facility; health education; health promotion; human; intervention study; Kenya; perception; pharmacy; qualitative research; rural area; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Female; Focus Groups; Humans; Kenya; Male	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956111094	Predatory impact of killer whales on pinniped and penguin populations at the Subantarctic Prince Edward Islands: Fact and fiction	Reisinger R.R., de Bruyn P.J.N., Bester M.N.	2011	Journal of Zoology	285	1	10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00815.x	Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa	Reisinger, R.R., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa; de Bruyn, P.J.N., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa; Bester, M.N., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa	Killer whales are the oceans' apex predators and their potential effects on ecosystems have been demonstrated. In the Southern Ocean, the role of killer whale predation in population declines of southern elephant seals remains largely speculative. We aimed to assess whether top-down control of pinniped and penguin populations at the Subantarctic Prince Edward Islands (PEIs) is generally plausible using a simple process of elimination. Based on published data, we predicted the energetic ingestion requirements of adult male and female killer whales as 1394 and 1028MJday-1, respectively. Expanding these requirements to the 37 killer whales photographically identified at the PEIs, the population requires 40600MJday-1. Based on the energy density and mass data available, we predicted the energy content of available pinniped and penguin prey and calculated the rates at which killer whales would consume these prey in various scenarios. Penguins and Subantarctic fur seals are relatively insensitive to killer whale predation owing to their large population sizes (10000-100000s). Conversely, the smaller populations (100-1000s) of Antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals are sensitive to predation, particularly the latter, as they have a high energy content (c. 2000-9000MJ). Populations of these seals are currently increasing or stable and we conclude that presently killer whale predation is not driving population declines, although they clearly have the potential for the regulation of these smaller populations. Thus, if population sizes were reduced by bottom-up processes, if killer whale diet shifted or if prey availability changed, top-down predation by killer whales could become significant. By eliminating the possibility of some predation scenarios, we are better able to concentrate future efforts on plausible predation effects. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Zoology © 2011 The Zoological Society of London.	Apex predator; Elephant seal; Fur seal; Orcinus orca; Penguin; Predator-prey interactions; Top-down control	assessment method; data set; diet; energy efficiency; identification method; mathematical analysis; photography; pinniped; population decline; population size; population structure; predation; predator; predator-prey interaction; prey availability; seabird; top-down control; whale; Prince Edward Island [Prince Edward Islands]; Prince Edward Islands; Southern Ocean; Arctocephalus gazella; Arctocephalus tropicalis; Mirounga; Mirounga leonina; Orcinus orca; Pinnipedia; Spheniscidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952953159	Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe	Lindsey P.A., Romañach S.S., Tambling C.J., Chartier K., Groom R.	2011	ORYX	45	1	10.1017/S0030605310000153	Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; African Wildlife Conservation Fund, 57th Street, Doral, FL 33178, United States; African Wildlife Conservation Fund, Doral, United States; Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; University of Florida, Davie, FL, United States	Lindsey, P.A., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, African Wildlife Conservation Fund, 57th Street, Doral, FL 33178, United States; Romañach, S.S., African Wildlife Conservation Fund, Doral, United States; Tambling, C.J., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Chartier, K., University of Florida, Davie, FL, United States; Groom, R., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, African Wildlife Conservation Fund, 57th Street, Doral, FL 33178, United States	Under conditions of political instability and economic decline illegal bushmeat hunting has emerged as a serious conservation threat in Zimbabwe. Following settlement of game ranches by subsistence farming communities, wildlife populations have been eradicated over large areas. In several areas still being managed as game ranches illegal hunting is causing further declines of wildlife populations (including threatened species such as the wild dog Lycaon pictus and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis), threatening the viability of wildlife-based land uses. From August 2001 to July 2009 in Savé Valley Conservancy 10,520 illegal hunting incidents were recorded, 84,396 wire snares removed, 4,148 hunters caught, 2,126 hunting dogs eliminated and at least 6,454 wild animals killed. Estimated future financial losses from illegal hunting in the Conservancy exceed USD 1.1 million year-1. Illegal hunters- earnings account for 0.31-0.52% of the financial losses that they impose and the bushmeat trade is an inefficient use of wildlife resources. Illegal hunting peaks during the late dry season and is more frequent close to the boundary, near areas resettled during land reform and close to water. Illegal hunting with dogs peaks during moonlight periods. Our study highlights several management and land-use planning steps required to maximize the efficacy of anti-poaching and to reduce the likelihood of high impacts of illegal hunting. Anti-poaching efforts should be aligned with the regular temporal and spatial patterns of illegal hunting. Leases for hunting and tourism concessions should ensure minimum adequate investment by operators in anti-poaching. Reserve designers should minimize the surface area to volume ratio of parks. Fences should not be constructed using wire that can be made into snares. Land reform involving game ranches should integrate communities in wildlife-based land uses and ensure spatial separation between land for wildlife and human settlement. Means are required to create stake-holdings for communities in wildlife and disincentives for illegal hunting. © 2011 Fauna &amp; Flora International.	Fences; game ranching; land reform; poaching; private land; Savé Valley Conservancy; snaring; Zimbabwe	bushmeat; conservation management; ecological approach; economic analysis; endangered species; estimation method; finance; habitat conservation; hunting; land use planning; mammal; population decline; population structure; private land; spatiotemporal analysis; stakeholder; trade-environment relations; wild population; wildlife management; Zimbabwe; Animalia; Canis familiaris; Diceros bicornis; Lycaon pictus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55949105775	Integrating DEA-oriented performance assessment and target setting using interactive MOLP methods	Yang J.-B., Wong B.Y.H., Xu D.-L., Stewart T.J.	2009	European Journal of Operational Research	195	1	10.1016/j.ejor.2008.01.013	Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom; Management School, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Yang, J.-B., Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom, Management School, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China; Wong, B.Y.H., Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom; Xu, D.-L., Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M15 6PB, United Kingdom; Stewart, T.J., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa	Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) are tools that can be used in management control and planning. Whilst these two types of model are similar in structure, DEA is directed to assessing past performances as part of management control function and MOLP to planning future performance targets. This paper is devoted to investigating equivalence models and interactive tradeoff analysis procedures in MOLP, such that DEA-oriented performance assessment and target setting can be integrated in a way that the decision makers' preferences can be taken into account in an interactive fashion. Three equivalence models are investigated between the output-oriented dual DEA model and the minimax reference point formulations, namely the super-ideal point model, the ideal point model and the shortest distance model. These models can be used to support efficiency analysis in the same way as the conventional DEA model does and also support tradeoff analysis for setting target values by individuals or groups. A case study is conducted to illustrate how DEA-oriented efficiency analysis can be conducted using the MOLP methods and how such performance assessment can be integrated into an interactive procedure for setting realistic target values. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Data envelopment analysis; Minimax method; Multiple objective linear programming; Performance assessment; Tradeoff analysis	Communication channels (information theory); Data envelopment analysis; Decision theory; Dynamic programming; Industrial management; Linear programming; Linearization; Particle size analysis; Planning; Targets; Case studies; Dea models; Decision makers; Efficiency analysis; Equivalence models; Future performances; Ideal points; Management controls; MiniMax; Minimax method; Multiple objective linear programming; Multiple objective linear programmings; Performance assessment; Performance assessments; Reference points; Shortest distances; Target settings; Target values; Tradeoff analysis; Two types; Modal analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876482379	Impact of medical students' attitude on referral intention to traditional healers and traditional medicine: A case study	Mammen M., Longo-Mbenza B., Vanzanten M.	2013	Studies on Ethno-Medicine	7	1	None	Mandela Drive, P/Bag X1, Unitra-5117, Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, P/Bag X1, Unitra-5117, Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; FAIMER (Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research), South Africa	Mammen, M., Mandela Drive, P/Bag X1, Unitra-5117, Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; Longo-Mbenza, B., Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, P/Bag X1, Unitra-5117, Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; Vanzanten, M., FAIMER (Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research), South Africa	Collaboration between traditional healers (TH) and medical doctors is encouraged by the South African Government. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and determinants of referral intention of medical students to traditional healers. This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students from Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha. Socio-demographic factors, ethnicity, beliefs, practices, attitude of students, friends, parents and villagers were the potential explanatory variables in univariate and multivariate analyses. Out of a sample of 98 medical students, only 15% indicated willingness to refer parents and friends to traditional healers. Gender, age, religion, province and district did not influence the referral intention. Positive attitude of friends (p=0.031), of villagers (p=0.047), of students (p=0.004), on consulting traditional healers (p<0.001) and beliefs of students in Traditional Medicine (TM) (p=0.002) were the significant correlates of referral intention. However, after adjusting for confounding factors, only positive attitude of medical students to TM was found to be the significant and independent determinant of referral intention to traditional healers. The data lead to the conclusion that referral intention to TH and TM was very low among medical students. Therefore, intervention for integrative medicine should begin with medical students to develop a positive attitude towards TM, the important and significant determinant of referral intention to TH/TM. If doctors recognize the effectiveness of CAM in the management of some illnesses, the current gap between both medical approaches will get narrowed. © Kamla-Raj 2013.	Alternative medicines. referral intention. integrative medicine. medical curriculum attitude	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878787617	Modelling the performance of USV manoeuvring and target tracking: An approach using frequency modulated continuous wave radar rotary system	Onunka C., Nnadozie R.C.	2013	SpringerPlus	2	1	10.1186/2193-1801-2-184	Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa	Onunka, C., Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa; Nnadozie, R.C., Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa	The performance of frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in tracking targets is presented and analysed. Obstacle detection, target tracking and radar target tracking performance models are developed and were used to investigate and to propose ways of improving the autonomous motion of unmanned surface vehicle (USV). Possible factors affecting the performance of FMCW radar in tracking targets are discussed and analysed. © 2013 Onunka and Nnadozie.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926471609	Evaluation of composting performance of mixtures of chicken blood and maize stover in Harare, Zimbabwe	Pisa C., Wuta M.	2013	International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture	2	1	10.1186/2251-7715-2-5	Marondera College of Agricultural Science and Technology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe	Pisa, C., Marondera College of Agricultural Science and Technology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe; Wuta, M., Marondera College of Agricultural Science and Technology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe	Background: Chicken processing results in the production of a lot of blood which if disposed on land poses environmental hazards in terms of land pollution. The aim of the study was to develop an aerobic composting process for chicken blood to produce a nitrogen-rich soil amendment for use in agriculture. The study involved composting of blood and maize stover of different proportions (10%, 30%, 70% and 100% maize stover) in compost bins over 72 days and determining which proportions would yield compost with greater potential to support plant growth. Results: The performance of the different compost mixtures was evaluated by monitoring internal temperature, mineral N (NH<inf>4</inf> +-N and NO<inf>3</inf> --N), C/N ratio, pH, electrical conductivity and total cations. The concentration of ammonium N decreased by 8.75%, 50.5%, 33.5% and 18.8% for the 10%, 30%, 70% and 100% stover treatments, respectively, with composting time. Nitrate N peaked to 1.93 and 1.06 mg/kg for the 30% and 70% treatments, respectively, on day 43, while it peaked to 1.54 and 0.54 mg/kg for the 10% and 100% treatments, respectively, on day 50. The C/N ratios decreased significantly (p < 0.001) for all treatments. Conclusion: The 10% and 30% treatments had better composting performance than the 70% and 100% treatments as they reached and maintained thermophilic temperatures for at least 8 days. The 10% and 30% treatments appeared to have the greater potential of supporting crop growth. © 2013, Pisa and Wuta; licensee Springer.	Aerobic composting; C/N ratio; N mineralisation; Poultry processing wastes; Waste management	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960078061	Recuperative performance of a non-ferrous melting furnace	Ighodalo O.A.	2010	European Journal of Scientific Research	44	1	None	Mechanical Engineering Department, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Ighodalo, O.A., Mechanical Engineering Department, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Recuperative heating is employed in Furnaces as a means of conserving energy and improving efficiency. A metallic, shell and tube, counter-flow type recuperator was fitted to a non-ferrous melting Furnace and the Furnace performance with recuperation compared without recuperation. Experimental measurements obtained for the two test operations were fed as inputs to a heat balance program. From the outputs of the program, a comparison was made of the temperature conditions and thermal indicators. The results show that in-furnace temperature for Furnace operation with recuperation was higher by 10.5 %, a 6.3% savings in fuel consumption per kilogram of metal melted, a 22.7% savings in energy consumption per kilogram of metal melted, a 3.6% reduction in waste heat and a 9.8% reduction in heating time were also achieved with the Furnace operation with recuperation. There is an enhanced capacity in metal melting by 35.9%, a 27.7% increase in useful heat utilization and a 5.4% increase in total heat utilization. The Furnace operation has been enhanced with recuperation. © 2010 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.	Aluminium; Furnace; Heat-balance; Recuperation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881218581	Wind profile characteristics and turbine performance analysis in Kano, north-western Nigeria	Ajayi O.O., Fagbenle R.O., Katende J., Aasa S.A., Okeniyi J.O.	2013	International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering	4	1	10.1186/2251-6832-4-27	Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, P. M. B. 1023, Ota, Nigeria; Mechanical Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; College of Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and T	Ajayi, O.O., Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, P. M. B. 1023, Ota, Nigeria; Fagbenle, R.O., Mechanical Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Katende, J., College of Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Gaborone, Botswana; Aasa, S.A., Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, P. M. B. 1023, Ota, Nigeria; Okeniyi, J.O., Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, P. M. B. 1023, Ota, Nigeria	This study analyzed the electricity generation potential from wind at Kano, Nigeria (12.05°N; 08.2°E; altitude 472.5 m; air density 1.1705 kg/m3). Twenty one years (1987 to 2007) monthly mean wind speed data at a height of 10 m were assessed from the Nigeria Meteorological Department, Oshodi. The data were subjected to different statistical tests and also compared with the two-parameter Weibull probability density function. The outcome shows that the average monthly wind speed ranged from 6.6 to 9.5 m/s. Seasonally, average wind speeds ranged between 6.6 to 8.5 m/s and 7.4 to 9.5 m/s for dry (October to March) and wet (April to September) seasons, respectively. Also, estimated monthly wind power ranged between 3.6 and 12.5 MWh/m2. The most probable and maximum energy carrying wind speeds were also determined and the two parameters of the Weibull statistics were found to lie between 2.1 ≤ k ≤ 4.9 and 7.3 ≤ c ≤ 10.7, respectively. These results indicate that wind speeds at Kano may be economically viable for wind-to-electricity at and above the height of 10 m. In addition, five practical turbine models were assessed for the site's wind profile, with results suggesting strong economic viability. © 2013 Ajayi et al.	Kano; Nigeria; Renewable energy; Weibull; Wind power	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857316049	Development and performance evaluation of manually and motorized operated melon shelling machine using impact technique	Adekunle A.S., Ohijeagbon I.O., Olusegun H.D.	2009	Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review	2	1	None	Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Adekunle, A.S., Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ohijeagbon, I.O., Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Olusegun, H.D., Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Melon shelling in most part of the world is usually done manually by hand, and like all other manual operations it is time consuming and strenuous. The design and construction of manually and motorized operated melon shelling machine using impact method was done in order to meet the domestic, commercial and industrial requirement of melon for food processing. Two of the main cultivars of melon found in Western part of Nigeria; which are Bara and Serewe can be shelled properly by this machine; the machine is made up of three sections namely the hopper, the shelling chamber which consists of the shelling disc and the shaft, and the gear system. The machine was made from locally sourced materials and it can be used in both urban and rural areas even where there is no power supply. The percentage of melon been shelled in either manual or motorized operation in two successive runs of the two types of melon (Bara and Serewe) was found to be above eighty percent (80%) and the shelling efficiency of the machine is above 68%. © 2009 Kavala Institute of Technology.	Design; Impact; Manually; Melon; Motorized; Shelling	Impact; Manually; Melon; Motorized; Shelling; Design; Gears; Rural areas; Food processing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880646023	Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a manual clay brick moulding machine	Kolawole S.K., Odusote J.K.	2013	Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review	6	1	None	Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara, Nigeria; Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Kolawole, S.K., Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara, Nigeria, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Odusote, J.K., Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	In an attempt to improve the production of clay bricks for housing and general construction purposes, a 215 X 102.5 X 65 mm manual brick moulding machine was designed and fabricated. The machine parts were made of mild steel, because of its availability and versatile machinability. The efficiency of the machine was examined using local clay, sourced within the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Water was added to the clay after sieving to form a paste, and then packed into a mould box, before manually rammed and compacted with the machine mould cover. This process allowed for the formation of required shape, which was sent to kiln for baking to obtain stronger bricks. The machine is capable of producing a total of four bricks at a time using the available four mould boxes. The production time of the four bricks was found to be relatively equal to the time used by an automated one to produce equal number of bricks, indicating favourable efficiency. Thus, the fabricated manual machine can be used for mass production of clay bricks for improved and effective housing delivery. © 2013 Kavala Institute of Technology.	Clay Brick; Housing; Manual; Mild steel; Moulding machine	Clay bricks; Manual; Manual machines; Mass production; Nigeria; Production of; Production time; Carbon steel; Fabrication; Housing; Molding; Molds; Brick	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936999064	Performance evaluation of ceramics microfiltration membrane for water treatment	Owoeye F.T., Azodo A.P., Udo S.B.	2014	Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences	7	1	10.15282/jmes.7.2014.10.0108	Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB), P M B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Metallurgical Department, Yaba College of Technology Yaba Lagos, P.M.B. 2011, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Owoeye, F.T., Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB), P M B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Azodo, A.P., Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB), P M B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Udo, S.B., Metallurgical Department, Yaba College of Technology Yaba Lagos, P.M.B. 2011, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Ceramic membranes are especially suitable for processes with high temperatures and harsh chemical environments or for processes where sterilizability of the membrane is important. The main objective of this work is to determine the evaluation of four different ceramic membranes with different material compositions. Ceramic disc type microfiltration membranes were fabricated by the mould and press method from different percentage compositions of clay, kaolin, sawdust and wood charcoal. The fabricated membranes were sintered at a temperature of 1100°C and characterized by an X-ray diffractometer and optical scanner. Compressibility tests and physical properties of the membranes were also examined. It was observed that, as the percentage composition of kaolin increased from 0 to 80% and the percentage composition of clay decreased from 80 to 0% respectively, the compressive stress of all the sample membranes increased, with an increase in compressive strain from 1.8 to 2.4. Sample A had the highest value of compressive stress from 1.8 to 2.2 compressive strain, but sample B had the highest value of compressive stress of 150MPa at a compressive strain of 2.4. Optical micrographs of all membranes showed the presence of uniformly distributed pores and no cracks were seen around them. It was concluded that, with increasing percentage of kaolin and decreasing percentage of clay, there was a decrease in porosity and water absorption, as well as a decrease in the mechanical properties of the fabricated membranes. © Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia.	Kaolin; Membranes; Physical properties; Sintered; X-ray diffractometer	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14844282075	The effects of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion on ultra-endurance exercise performance	Goedecke J.H., Clark V.R., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V.	2005	International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism	15	1	None	Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	Goedecke, J.H., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Clark, V.R., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Med. Research Council Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7725, South Africa	The aims of the study were to determine if medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT), ingested in combination with carbohydrate (CHO), would alter substrate metabolism and improve simulated competitive ultra-endurance cycling performance. Eight endurance-trained cyclists took part in this randomized, single-blind crossover study. On two separate occasions, subjects cycled for 270 min at 50% of peak power output, interspersed with four 75 kJ sprints at 60 min intervals, followed immediately by a 200 kJ time-trial. One hour prior to the exercise trials, subjects ingested either 75 g of CHO or 32 g of MCT, and then ingested 200 mL of a 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution or a 4.3% MCT + 10% CHO (wt/vol) solution every 20 min during the CHO and MCT trials, respectively. During the constant-load phases of the 270 min exercise trial, VO2 RER, and heart rate were measured at 30 min intervals and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded. There was no difference in VO2 or RER between the MCT and CHO trials (P = 0.40). Hourly sprint (P = 0.03 for trial x time interaction) and time-trial times (14:30 ± 0.58 vs. 12:36 ± 1:6, respectively, P &lt; 0.001) were slower in the MCT than the CHO trial. Half the subjects experienced GI symptoms with MCT ingestion. In conclusion, MCTs ingested prior to exercise and co-ingested with CHO during exercise did not alter substrate metabolism and significantly compromised sprint performance during prolonged ultra-endurance cycling exercise. © 2005 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.	Carbohydrate oxidation; Fat oxidation; Respiratory exchange ratio; Sports nutrition; Sprint performance	carbohydrate; medium chain triacylglycerol; adult; article; carbohydrate intake; carbohydrate metabolism; clinical article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; crossover procedure; cycling; endurance; exercise; gastrointestinal symptom; heart rate; human; lung gas exchange; male; oxidation; randomized controlled trial; single blind procedure; Adult; Basal Metabolism; Bicycling; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Tract; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Single-Blind Method; Time Factors; Triglycerides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960835589	Time for a re-evaluation of mammography in the young? Results of an audit of mammography in women younger than 40 in a resource restricted environment	Taylor L., Basro S., Apffelstaedt J.P., Baatjes K.	2011	Breast Cancer Research and Treatment	129	1	10.1007/s10549-011-1630-z	Medial Faculty, Breast Clinic, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, PO Box 19063, Cape Town 7505, South Africa	Taylor, L., Medial Faculty, Breast Clinic, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, PO Box 19063, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Basro, S., Medial Faculty, Breast Clinic, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, PO Box 19063, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Apffelstaedt, J.P., Medial Faculty, Breast Clinic, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, PO Box 19063, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Baatjes, K., Medial Faculty, Breast Clinic, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, PO Box 19063, Cape Town 7505, South Africa	Mammography in younger women is considered to be of limited value. In a resource restricted environment without access to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and with a high incidence of breast cancer in the young, mammography remains an important diagnostic tool. Recent technical advances and better regulation of mammography make a reassessment of its value in these conditions necessary. Data of all the mammograms performed at a tertiary hospital and private breast clinic between January 2003 and July 2009 in women less than 40 years of age were collected. Indications were the presence of a mass, follow-up after primary cancer therapy, and screening for patients perceived at high risk due to a family history or the presence of atypical hyperplasia. Data acquired were as follows: Demographics, prior breast surgery, indication for mammography, outcome of mammography, diagnostic procedures, and their results. Of 2,167 mammograms, 393 were performed for a palpable mass, diagnostic mammography. In these, the overall cancer detection rate was 40%. If the mammography was reported as breast imaging reporting and data system (BIRADS®) 5 versus BIRADS® 3 and 4 versus BIRADS® 1 and 2, a final diagnosis of malignancy was established in 96, 48, and 5%, respectively. Of 367 mammograms done for the follow-up after primary treatment of breast cancer, seven cancers were diagnosed for a detection rate of 1.9%. Of 1,312 mammograms performed for screening, the recall rate was 4%; the biopsy rate 2%, and the cancer diagnosis rate 3/1,000 examinations. In contrast to past series, this series has shown that recent advances in mammography have made it a useful tool in the management of breast problems in young women, notably in a resource-restricted environment. Women for screening should be selected carefully. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Mammography; MRI; Resource restricted environments; Ultrasound; Young women	adult; article; breast biopsy; breast cancer; breast hyperplasia; breast surgery; breast tumor; cancer diagnosis; cancer screening; cancer therapy; controlled study; family history; female; follow up; human; imaging system; major clinical study; mammography; predictive value; priority journal; Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Mammography; Mass Screening; Neoplasm Staging; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34047095096	Neurological evaluation of untreated human immunodeficiency virus infected adults in Ethiopia	Clifford D.B., Mitike M.T., Mekonnen Y., Zhang J., Zenebe G., Melaku Z., Zewde A., Gessesse N., Wolday D., Messele T., Teshome M., Evans S.	2007	Journal of NeuroVirology	13	1	10.1080/13550280601169837	Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health., Boston, MA, United States	Clifford, D.B., Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Mitike, M.T., Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Mekonnen, Y., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zhang, J., Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health., Boston, MA, United States; Zenebe, G., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Melaku, Z., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zewde, A., Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gessesse, N., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wolday, D., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Messele, T., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teshome, M., Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Evans, S., Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health., Boston, MA, United States	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implicated in neurological complications in developed countries. Developing countries have different viral clades and potentially different genetic and social risks for these complications. Baseline neurological performance measures associated with HIV infection have rarely been available from developing countries. The authors carried our a cross-sectional neurological evaluation of a cohort of community-dwelling treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients and similar control subjects from the same communities in Ethiopia. Blinded evaluation using standardized structured questionnaires and a neurological examination was performed by neurologists and treating physicians trained by an HIV neurology specialist. Quantitative performance measures for cognitive and motor function were employed. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistical methods, standard contingency table methods, and nonparametric methods. HIV-positive and control groups were similar by age, gender, and job site. Participants included 73 HIV-positive and 87 HIV-negative controls. Fingertapping speed in the dominant hand was more poorly performed in HIV positives than negatives (P = .01) and was significantly associated with HIV viral load levels (P = .03). Other quantitative neuropsychiatric tests including timed gait, grooved pegboard, task learning, and animal naming did not show significant differences between the two groups. The overall prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) and/or peripheral nervous system (PNS) disease did not significantly differ in the two populations. HIV patients had slowed fingertapping speed correlating with viral load. Other measures of CNS and/or peripheral nervous performance did not differ from controls. The unanticipated minor evidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive and peripheral nerve deficits in this untreated HIV-positive population invite further investigation.	None	adult; article; central nervous system disease; cognition; cohort analysis; community living; controlled study; correlation analysis; Ethiopia; female; gait; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection resistance; major clinical study; male; motor performance; neurologic examination; neuropathology; neuropsychiatry; peripheral neuropathy; prevalence; priority journal; quantitative analysis; statistical analysis; structured questionnaire; task performance; virus load; Adult; AIDS Dementia Complex; Cognition Disorders; Cohort Studies; Ethiopia; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Memory; Nervous System Diseases; Neurologic Examination; Neuropsychological Tests; Animalia; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879496709	Seroepidemiological and parasitological evaluation of the heterogeneity of malaria infection in the Gambia	Oduro A.R., Conway D.J., Schellenberg D., Satoguina J., Greenwood B.M., Bojang K.A.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-222	Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana	Oduro, A.R., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana; Conway, D.J., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Schellenberg, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Satoguina, J., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia; Greenwood, B.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Bojang, K.A., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia	Background: As countries make progress in malaria control, transmission may be reduced to such an extent that few cases occur, and identification of the remaining foci of transmission may require a combination of surveillance tools. The study explored the usefulness of parasite prevalence, seroprevalence and model-estimated seroconversion rates for detecting local differences in malaria transmission in a West African country. Methods. Age-stratified cross-sectional surveys were conducted during the wet season in 2008 and the following dry season in 2009 in The Gambia. In each season, 20 village communities were sampled from six diverse areas throughout the country. A total of 7,586 participants were surveyed, 51% (3,870) during the wet season. Parasites were detected by thick film slide microscopy, and anti-MSP1-19 antibodies were detected by ELISA using eluted dried blood from filter papers. Results: Overall parasite prevalence was 12.4% in the wet season and 2.2% in the dry season, with village-specific parasite prevalence ranging from 1.4 to 45.9% in the wet season and from 0.0 to 13.2% in the dry season. Prevalence was highest in the eastern part of the country. Serological indices also varied between villages, indicating local heterogeneity in transmission, and there was a high correlation between wet and dry season estimates across the villages. The overall prevalence of anti-MSP119 antibodies was similar in the wet (19.5%) and in the dry (19.6%) seasons. Conclusion: The study illustrates the utility of measuring both parasite prevalence and serological indices for monitoring local variation in malaria transmission, which are more informative than single measures as control intensifies and malaria declines. Measurements of seropositivity have the logistical advantage of being relative stable seasonally so that sampling at any time of year may be conducted. © 2013 Oduro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Evaluation; Microheterogeneity; Parasite prevalence; Plasmodium falciparum; Serology; The Gambia	adolescent; adult; age distribution; Anopheles gambiae; article; axilla temperature; blood analysis; body weight; child; correlation analysis; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; environmental temperature; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; ethnic difference; female; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; parasite prevalence; Plasmodium falciparum; preschool child; school child; seasonal variation; seroconversion; seroepidemiology; seroprevalence; sporozoite; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Protozoan; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Gambia; Geography; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Plasmodium; Seasons; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923308388	Randomized pharmacokinetic evaluation of different rifabutin doses in African HIV- infected tuberculosis patients on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy	Naiker S., Connolly C., Wiesner L., Kellerman T., Reddy T., Harries A., McIlleron H., Lienhardt C., Pym A.	2014	BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology	15	1	10.1186/2050-6511-15-61	Medical Research Council, TB Research Unit, Durban, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Unit, Durban, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; WHO STOP Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland; University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa	Naiker, S., Medical Research Council, TB Research Unit, Durban, South Africa; Connolly, C., Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Unit, Durban, South Africa; Wiesner, L., University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Kellerman, T., University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Reddy, T., Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Unit, Durban, South Africa; Harries, A., International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; McIlleron, H., University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Lienhardt, C., WHO STOP Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland; Pym, A., Medical Research Council, TB Research Unit, Durban, South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa	Background: Pharmacokinetic interactions between rifampicin and protease inhibitors (PIs) complicate the management of HIV-associated tuberculosis. Rifabutin is an alternative rifamycin, for patients requiring PIs. Recently some international guidelines have recommended a higher dose of rifabutin (150 mg daily) in combination with boosted lopinavir (LPV/r), than the previous dose of rifabutin (150 mg three times weekly {tiw}). But there are limited pharmacokinetic data evaluating the higher dose of rifabutin in combination with LPV/r. Sub-optimal dosing can lead to acquired rifamycin resistance (ARR). The plasma concentration of 25-O-desacetylrifabutin (d-RBT), the metabolite of rifabutin, increases in the presence of PIs and may lead to toxicity. Methods and results: Sixteen patients with TB-HIV co-infection received rifabutin 300 mg QD in combination with tuberculosis chemotherapy (initially pyrazinamide, isoniazid and ethambutol then only isoniazid), and were then randomized to receive isoniazid and LPV/r based ART with rifabutin 150 mg tiw or rifabutin 150 mg daily. The rifabutin dose with ART was switched after 1 month. Serial rifabutin and d-RBT concentrations were measured after 4 weeks of each treatment. The median AUC0-48 and Cmax of rifabutin in patients taking 150 mg rifabutin tiw was significantly reduced compared to the other treatment arms. Geometric mean ratio (90% CI) for AUC0-48 and Cmax was 0.6 (0.5-0.7) and 0.5 (0.4-0.6) for RBT 150 mg tiw compared with RBT 300 mg and 0.4 (0.4-0.4) and 0.5 (0.5-0.6) for RBT 150 mg tiw compared with 150 mg daily. 86% of patients on the tiw rifabutin arm had an AUC0-24 &lt; 4.5 μg.h/mL, which has previously been associated with acquired rifamycin resistance (ARR). Plasma d-RBT concentrations increased 5-fold with tiw rifabutin dosing and 15-fold with daily doses of rifabutin. Rifabutin was well tolerated at all doses and there were no grade 4 laboratory toxicities. One case of uveitis (grade 4), occurred in a patient taking rifabutin 300 mg daily prior to starting ART, and grade 3 neutropenia (asymptomatic) was reported in 4 patients. These events were not associated with increases in rifabutin or metabolite concentrations. Conclusions: A daily 150 mg dose of rifabutin in combination with LPV/r safely maintained rifabutin plasma concentrations in line with those shown to prevent ARR. © 2014 Naiker et al.	Clinical trial; DDI; HIV; Lopinavir; Neutropenia; Pharmacokinetics; Randomized; Rifabutin; Tuberculosis; Uveitis	25 o desacetylrifabutin; aminotransferase; amylase; ethambutol; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir; lopinavir plus ritonavir; pyrazinamide; rifabutin; rifampicin; rifaximin; stavudine; unclassified drug; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir; rifabutin; stavudine; tuberculostatic agent; adult; African; aminotransferase blood level; amylase blood level; antibiotic therapy; antiviral therapy; area under the curve; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical article; controlled study; crossover procedure; dosage schedule comparison; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug clearance; drug dose comparison; drug safety; drug tolerability; drug withdrawal; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lung tuberculosis; male; maximum plasma concentration; minimum plasma concentration; mixed infection; neutropenia; open study; outcome assessment; plasma concentration-time curve; randomized controlled trial; side effect; steady state; time to maximum plasma concentration; treatment response; uveitis; virus load; Black person; blood; chemically induced; Coinfection; drug combination; HIV Infections; metabolism; neutropenia; South Africa; tuberculosis; uveitis; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Anti-HIV Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Coinfection; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Isoniazid; Lamivudine; Lopinavir; Male; Neutropenia; Rifabutin; South Africa; Stavudine; Tuberculosis; Uveitis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052029940	Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria	Adetutu A., Morgan W.A., Corcoran O.	2011	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	137	1	10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.073	Medicines Research Group, School of Health and Bioscience, University of East London, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria	Adetutu, A., Medicines Research Group, School of Health and Bioscience, University of East London, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria; Morgan, W.A., Medicines Research Group, School of Health and Bioscience, University of East London, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom; Corcoran, O., Medicines Research Group, School of Health and Bioscience, University of East London, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional healers in Nigeria employ a range of plant preparations as wound healing agents. Despite the use of local plants in wound healing, there is only scant literature on the wound healing properties of these plants to support the continued therapeutic application of these herbal remedies. Aim of the study: To document plants commonly used to treat wounds in South-western Nigeria and to test the scientific basis of such claims using relevant in vitro tests. Materials and methods: Structured questionnaires were used to determine which plant preparations are in common use, via interviews with Yoruba traditional healers. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the nine most common plants cited by the healers were collected, identified and tested using relevant in vitro wound healing assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay and fibroblast proliferation determined by neutral red assay. Results: A total of 20 traditional healers from South-western Nigeria were involved in the study. Thirty-six plant species were recorded with their local names and parts used in the traditional wound healing preparations. Ethanolic extracts of nine species most frequently cited by the healers exhibited strong antioxidant activities (3.8-31.3 μg/ml) comparable to ascorbic acid (7.3 μg/ml). Crude extracts of the selected plants also inhibited the growth of bacteria with MIC values 0.3-7.6 mg/ml. Ethanol extracts of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (1-30 μg/ml) and Parkia biglobosa Jacq. (15-30 μg/ml) influenced the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts significantly (p < 0.05). Extracts from the remaining seven plants either had no effect on fibroblast proliferation or were cytotoxic. Conclusion: Traditional use of many wound-healing plants from Nigeria can be rationalised by activity determined in relevant in vitro investigations of ethanol and aqueous extracts. These results support the traditional selection of these plants in South-western Nigeria for wound healing. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved.	Antibacterial; Antioxidant; Fibroblast proliferation; Medicinal plants; Nigeria; Wound-healing	Acalypha wilkesiana extract; Aframomum melegueta extract; Ageratum conyzoides extract; annona senegalensis extract; Anogeissus leiocarpa extract; Azadirachta indica extract; Bridelia ferruginea extract; Capsicum frutescence extract; Carica papaya extract; Chromolaena odorata extract; Citrullus lanatus extract; Cocos nucifera extract; Crassocephalum crepidioides extract; Datura stramonium extract; Dichrostachys glomerata extract; Dioscorea hirtiflora extract; Diospyros canaliculata extract; euphorbia heterophylla extract; Euphorbia poissonii extract; Ficus asperifolia extract; Flabellaria paniculata extract; Hibiscus sabdariffa extract; Jatropha curcas extract; Lawsonia inermis extract; Lycopersicon esculentum extract; Morinda lucida extract; Nymphaea lotus extract; Parkia biglobosa extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; Acalypha wilkesiana; Aframomum melegueta; ageratum conyzoides; annona senegalensis; Anogeissus leiocarpa; antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; article; assay; Azadirachta indica; Bacillus subtilis; bark; bridelia ferruginea; Capsicum frutescence; cell proliferation; Chromolaena odorata; coconut; controlled study; Crassocephalum crepidioides; cytotoxicity; Datura stramonium; Dichrostachys glomerata; Dioscorea hirtiflora; Diospyros canaliculata; Escherichia coli; ethnopharmacology; euphorbia heterophylla; Euphorbia poissonii; Ficus asperifolia; Flabellaria paniculata; fruit; hibiscus sabdariffa; human; human cell; in vitro study; jatropha curcas; Lawsonia inermis; medicinal plant; minimum inhibitory concentration; morinda lucida; neutral red assay; Nigeria; nonhuman; Nymphaea lotus; ocimum gratissimum; Olax subscorpioides; papaya; Parkia biglobosa; Piliostigma thonningii; plant leaf; plant stem; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; questionnaire; Ricinus communis; Sida acuta; skin fibroblast; Staphylococcus aureus; tomato; traditional medicine; tridax procumbens; vernonia amygdalina; watermelon; wound healing; Xylopia aethiopica; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethnopharmacology; Fibroblasts; Humans; Medicine, African Traditional; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nigeria; Picrates; Plant Preparations; Plants, Medicinal; Questionnaires; Wound Healing; Bacillus subtilis; Bridelia ferruginea; Escherichia coli; Parkia biglobosa; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65449130102	Nutritional, microbiological and sensory evaluation of honey treated and untreated soft cheese	Belewu M.A., Morakinyo O.A.	2009	European Journal of Scientific Research	26	1	None	Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Belewu, M.A., Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Morakinyo, O.A., Microbial Biotechnology and Dairy Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Chemical composition, sensory perception and microbial quality were determined in untreated {A (0%), B (sorghum treated), C (Fried cheese) and honey treated cheese samples D (5%), E (10%) and F (15%)} in a completely randomized design model. The results revealed highest crude protein content for treatment F (15% honey) represents an increase over Treatments A, B and C. Treatment A had the highest ash content while Treatment F had the least. When subjected to sensory perception, honey treated cheese samples ranked appreciably highest (P<0.05) for all the sensory parameters compared to the untreated samples. The honey treated cheese samples had a shelf life of at least 3 months. The presence of the antimicrobial factors of honey may be responsible for the low microbial levels of the honey treated cheese samples. At 15% level (Treatment F) there was no record of microbial detection indicating that honey may be useful for inhibiting microbial growth in cheese and other milk products that are less stable or require longer storage time than milk products. It was concluded that treatment of cheese sample with honey can help upscale the value (nutritive and sensory) of such cheese sample and reduce/discourage the growth or persistence of many microorganisms. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009.	Cheese; Chemical composition; Natural pure honey; Sensory and microbial qualities	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38949170739	Evaluation of indigenous Botswana sorghum cultivars with respect to their diastatic power, α-amylase, β-amylase, and limit dextrinase potentials for malting	Letsididi R., Bulawayo B., Kebakile M., Ezeogu L.I.	2008	Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists	66	1	10.1094/ASBCJ-2007-1214-01	Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana; Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; National Food Technology Research Centre, P/B 008, Kanye, Botswana	Letsididi, R., Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana; Bulawayo, B., Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana; Kebakile, M., Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, National Food Technology Research Centre, Kanye, Botswana, Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Ezeogu, L.I., Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, National Food Technology Research Centre, P/B 008, Kanye, Botswana	The malting quality of 11 Botswana sorghum cultivars was assessed using their diastatic power (DP), α-amylase, β-amylase, and limit dextrinase (LD) potentials as parameters. Malt DP and LD were assayed using soluble starch and Limit-Dextrizyme methods, respectively. Malt α- and β-amylase activities were assayed specifically with Ceralpha and Betamyl, respectively, then nonspecifically with a diamylase method in which β-amylase activity is denatured by heating (70°C, 15 min). All malt quality parameters varied significantly (P &lt; 0.001) by grain cultivar. Malt DP, α-amylase, and β-amy-lase fell within ranges previously reported for industrial sorghum malts. β-Amylase was the principal amylase component of DP in BSH1, Lekgeberwa, SNK, Kanye Standard, Marupantshi, and Mafia at 55, 68, 71, 72, 75, and 88%, respectively. Malt LD was high at 101 (Mafia) to 231 U (Sefofu). For α- and β-amylase, values obtained using both specific assay methods correlated strongly (R2 = 0.94, P &lt; 0.001 for α-amylase; R2 = 0.95, P &lt; 0.001 for β-amylase) with results from the diamylase protocol. The results highlight the need to screen more cultivars for brewing properties. Segao, Lekgeberwa, Sefofu, Town, and Kanye Standard displayed desirable amylolytic properties, suggesting their potential use in the production of lager beer-quality sorghum malts. © 2008 American Society of Brewing Chemists, Inc.	α-Amylase; β-Amylase; Diastatic power; Limit dextrinase; Malting; Sorghum	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875504761	Evaluation of non-centrifuged dried plasma spots versus centrifuged and non-centrifuged plasma for determination of HIV-1 viral load	Mwebaza S., Batamwita R., Karamagi Y., Mugasa C., Namwanje C., Mujuzi G., Nanteza A.	2013	Journal of Virological Methods	189	1	10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.002	Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Plot 7, Buganda Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda	Mwebaza, S., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Batamwita, R., Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Plot 7, Buganda Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Karamagi, Y., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Mugasa, C., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Namwanje, C., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Mujuzi, G., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Nanteza, A., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Accurate viral load measurement in plasma specimens is subject to the transport conditions applied since the stability of HIV-1 RNA can be at risk. Also, except during the primary infection, HIV is unlikely to be free in circulation because most patients produce specific antibodies in the weeks following primary infection. This study evaluated non centrifuged dried plasma spots versus centrifuged and non centrifuged plasma in the determination of HIV-1 viral load. A total of 40 patients infected with HIV were bled and three groups of samples were prepared from each patient. The first group was centrifuged at 1500×g for 20min, the second was not centrifuged but left to sediment by gravity for up to 3h, and the third was for dried plasma spots prepared from the same non centrifuged plasma. HIV RNA quantitation in plasma and dried plasma spots was evaluated by the Pearson correlation and a T-test. The three groups yielded average viral loads of 58,249; 83,355 and 116,963 copies/ml for centrifuged, non centrifuged and dried plasma spot samples respectively. The correlation for centrifuged versus non centrifuged was R2=0.78, that of centrifuged and dried plasma spots was R2=0.72 and finally R2=0.81 between non centrifuged and dried plasma spot samples. A significant difference in viral load results of centrifuged and DPS samples prepared from non centrifuged plasma was observed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Centrifuged plasma; Dried plasma spot; HIV-1; Non centrifuged plasma; Viral load	virus RNA; adult; article; blood analysis; blood sampling; centrifuged and non centrifuged dried plasma spots; clinical article; comparative study; correlation coefficient; dried blood spot testing; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; non centrifuged dried plasma spots; outcome assessment; priority journal; Student t test; Uganda; virus load; virus particle; Blood Specimen Collection; Centrifugation; Dried Blood Spot Testing; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
None	None	Linking environment and livelihood: Process and impact of hydrological drought in the Usangu-Mtera ecosystem, Tanzania	Malley Z.J.U.	2009	International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development	8	1	10.1504/IJESD.2009.023712	Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives, Agricultural Research Institute-Uyole, P.O. Box 400, Mbeya, Tanzania	Malley, Z.J.U., Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives, Agricultural Research Institute-Uyole, P.O. Box 400, Mbeya, Tanzania	Environmental sustainability is one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals for sustainable development. Since 1993, Tanzania experienced hydrological drought in Mtera reservoir, which impacted sustainability of socio-economic development and livelihoods of the people. The causes and process of the hydrological drought occurrence for energy generation are contested among the stakeholders. This paper analyses causes, process and impact of hydrological drought and links them using observational, qualitative and quantitative data, from the Usangu-Mtera eco-system. Furthermore, lessons for enhanced environmental and socio-economic development sustainability are discussed. Long-term gradual environmental change is linked to the hydrological drought. Annual rainfall amounts in southwestern watershed accounted for 64% of variations in water levels in the Mtera reservoir. Decline in river flows and increased short duration floods; indicate reduced rainfall infiltration for recharging underground aquifers. Expansion of reservoir capacity for conserving excess run-off is required. Empowerment of local communities in environmental governance is needed. Copyright © 2009 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Energy generation in Kidatu; Gradual environmental change; Hydrological change; Rainfall amounts; Southwestern watersheds; Sustainable socio-economic development; Underground aquifers; Water levels	None	None
None	None	Monitoring, characterization and control of chronic, symptomatic malaria infections in rural Zambia through monthly household visits by paid community health workers	Hamainza B., Moonga H., Sikaala C.H., Kamuliwo M., Bennett A., Eisele T.P., Miller J., Seyoum A., Killeen G.F.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-128	Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Partnership for Appropriate Technology (PATH), Health Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Chainama Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Ifakara Health Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania	Hamainza, B., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Moonga, H., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Sikaala, C.H., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Kamuliwo, M., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Bennett, A., Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Eisele, T.P., Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Miller, J., Partnership for Appropriate Technology (PATH), Health Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Chainama Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Seyoum, A., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Killeen, G.F., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States, Ifakara Health Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania	Background: Active, population-wide mass screening and treatment (MSAT) for chronic Plasmodium falciparum carriage to eliminate infectious reservoirs of malaria transmission have proven difficult to apply on large national scales through trained clinicians from central health authorities. Methodology. Fourteen population clusters of approximately 1,000 residents centred around health facilities (HF) in two rural Zambian districts were each provided with three modestly remunerated community health workers (CHWs) conducting active monthly household visits to screen and treat all consenting residents for malaria infection with rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). Both CHWs and HFs also conducted passive case detection among residents who self-reported for screening and treatment. Results: Diagnostic positivity was higher among symptomatic patients self-reporting to CHWs (42.5%) and HFs (24%) than actively screened residents (20.3%), but spatial and temporal variations of diagnostic positivity were highly consistent across all three systems. However, most malaria infections (55.6%) were identified through active home visits by CHWs rather than self-reporting to CHWs or HFs. Most (62%) malaria infections detected actively by CHWs reported one or more symptoms of illness. Most reports of fever and vomiting, plus more than a quarter of history of fever, headache and diarrhoea, were attributable to malaria infection. The minority of residents who participated >12 times had lower rates of malaria infection and associated symptoms in later contacts but most residents were tested <4 times and high malaria diagnostic positivity (32%) in active surveys, as well as incidence (1.7 detected infections per person per year) persisted in the population. Per capita cost for active service delivery by CHWs was US$5.14 but this would rise to US$10.68 with full community compliance with monthly testing at current levels of transmission, and US$6.25 if pre-elimination transmission levels and negligible treatment costs were achieved. Conclusion: Monthly active home visits by CHWs equipped with RDTs were insufficient to eliminate the human infection reservoir in this typical African setting, despite reasonably high LLIN/IRS coverage. However, dramatic impact upon infection and morbidity burden might be attainable and cost-effective if community participation in regular testing could be improved and the substantial, but not necessarily prohibitive, costs are affordable to national programmes. © 2014 Hamainza et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community health worker; Malaria; Passive and active case detection; Rapid diagnostic tests; Surveillance; Treatment with ACT	artemether plus benflumetol; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; article; bed net; cost effectiveness analysis; coughing; diarrhea; fever; headache; health auxiliary; health care cost; health care facility; human; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; microscopy; practice guideline; professional practice; remuneration; rural area; symptom; thorax pain; vector control; vomiting; Zambia; Community Health Workers; Delivery of Health Care; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Incidence; Malaria; Mass Screening; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; Rural Population; Time Factors; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848901110	Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy in the developing world	Vijayaraghavan A., Efrusy M.B., Mazonson P.D., Ebrahim O., Sanne I.M., Santas C.C.	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	46	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181342564	Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States; Brenthurst Clinic, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 15 Hillcrest Avenue, Larkspur, CA 94939, United States	Vijayaraghavan, A., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States, 15 Hillcrest Avenue, Larkspur, CA 94939, United States; Efrusy, M.B., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States; Mazonson, P.D., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States; Ebrahim, O., Brenthurst Clinic, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sanne, I.M., Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Santas, C.C., Mosaic Health Care Consultants, Larkspur, CA, United States	OBJECTIVE: Determine the cost-effectiveness of initiating and monitoring highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developing countries according to developing world versus developed world guidelines. DESIGN: Lifetime Markov model incorporating costs, quality of life, survival, and transmission to sexual contacts. METHODS: We evaluated treating patients with HIV in South Africa according to World Health Organization (WHO) "3 by 5" guidelines (treat CD4 counts ≤200 cells/mm or patients with AIDS, and monitor CD4 cell counts every 6 months) versus modified WHO guidelines that incorporate the following key differences from developed world guidelines: treat CD4 counts ≤350 cells/mm or viral loads >100,000 copies/mL, and monitor CD4 cell counts and viral load every 3 months. RESULTS: Incorporating transmission to partners (excluding indirect costs), treating patients according to developed versus developing world guidelines increased costs by US $11,867 and increased life expectancy by 3.00 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), for an incremental cost-effectiveness of $3956 per QALY. Including indirect costs, over the duration of the model, there are net cost savings to the economy of $39.4 billion, with increased direct medical costs of $60.5 billion offset by indirect cost savings of $99.9 billion. CONCLUSIONS: Treating patients with HIV according to developed versus developing world guidelines is highly cost-effective and may result in substantial long-term savings. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Cost-effectiveness; Developing countries; Guidelines; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Transmission; Viral load	antiretrovirus agent; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; stavudine; tenofovir; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; cost; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; developing country; economic aspect; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; priority journal; probability; quality adjusted life year; quality of life; sexual transmission; sexuality; South Africa; survival; virus load; world health organization; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Developing Countries; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Markov Chains; Models, Economic; Monte Carlo Method; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; United States; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services; World Health Organization	None
WoS	WOS:000226574200004	Evaluation criteria for district health management information systems: lessons from the Ministry of Health, Kenya	Odhiambo-Otieno, GW	2005	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS	74	1	10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2004.09.003	Moi University	None	Introduction: There has been no comprehensive evaluation of the district health management information systems (DHMISs) since the establishment of these systems by the Ministry of Health (MoH), in Kenya. This is partly due to lack of defined criteria for evaluating the systems. The objective of this study is to design evaluation criteria for assessing the viability, sustainability and ultimate contribution of DHMIS in the management of the district health system (DHS) in Kenya. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in three DHSs in Kenya. Empirical evidence was collected through interviews, complemented by a comprehensive review of relevant literature, reports and operational manuals of various health information systems in Kenya. Results: A set of evaluation criteria for DHMISs in Kenya was designed for each of the three phases of implementation: phase one-pre-implementation evaluation criteria (categorized as policy and objectives, technical feasibility.. financial viability, political viability and administrative operability) to be applied at the design stage; phase two-concurrent (operational) implementation evaluation criteria to be applied during implementation of the new system; phase three post-implementation evaluation criteria (classified as internal-quality of information; external-resources and managerial support; ultimate-systems impact) to be applied after operating the implemented system for at least 3 years. Conclusions: In designing a DHMIS model there is need to have built-in these three sets of evaluation criteria which should be used in a phased manner. Preimplementation evaluation criteria should be used to evaluate the system's viability before more resources are committed to its implementation; concurrent (operational) implementation evaluation criteria should be used to ascertain the status of the on-going implementation with the view to either fine-tune or abandon it altogether before more resources are used on it; and post-implementation evaluation criteria should be used to assess its overall effectiveness (if it has achieved its hypothesized benefits) towards the management of DHS. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	"DISTRICT HEALTH MANAGEMENT","district health system","evaluation criteria","INFORMATION SYSTEM"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944877292	Using pay for performance incentives (P4P) to improve management of suspected malaria fevers in rural Kenya: A cluster randomized controlled trial	Menya D., Platt A., Manji I., Sang E., Wafula R., Ren J., Cheruiyot O., Armstrong J., Neelon B., O'Meara W.P.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0497-y	Moi University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Moi University School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States	Menya, D., Moi University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Platt, A., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Manji, I., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Sang, E., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Wafula, R., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Ren, J., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Cheruiyot, O., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Armstrong, J., Moi University School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Neelon, B., Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; O'Meara, W.P., Moi University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States	Background: Inappropriate treatment of non-malaria fevers with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) is a growing concern, particularly in light of emerging artemisinin resistance, but it is a behavior that has proven difficult to change. Pay for performance (P4P) programs have generated interest as a mechanism to improve health service delivery and accountability in resource-constrained health systems. However, there has been little experimental evidence to establish the effectiveness of P4P in developing countries. We tested a P4P strategy that emphasized parasitological diagnosis and appropriate treatment of suspected malaria, in particular reduction of unnecessary consumption of ACTs. Methods: A random sample of 18 health centers was selected and received a refresher workshop on malaria case management. Pre-intervention baseline data was collected from August to September 2012. Facilities were subsequently randomized to either the comparison (n=9) or intervention arm (n=9). Between October 2012 and November 2013, facilities in the intervention arm received quarterly incentive payments based on seven performance indicators. Incentives were for use by facilities rather than as payments to individual providers. All non-pregnant patients older than 1year of age who presented to a participating facility and received either a malaria test or artemether-lumefantrine (AL) were eligible to be included in the analysis. Our primary outcome was prescription of AL to patients with a negative malaria diagnostic test (n=11,953). Our secondary outcomes were prescription of AL to patients with laboratory-confirmed malaria (n=2,993) and prescription of AL to patients without a malaria diagnostic test (analyzed at the cluster level, n=178 facility-months). Results: In the final quarter of the intervention period, the proportion of malaria-negative patients in the intervention arm who received AL was lower than in the comparison arm (7.3% versus 10.9%). The improvement from baseline to quarter 4 in the intervention arm was nearly three times that of the comparison arm (ratio of adjusted odds ratios for baseline to quarter 4=0.36, 95% CI: 0.24-0.57). The rate of prescription of AL to patients without a test was five times lower in the intervention arm (adjusted incidence rate ratio=0.18, 95% CI: 0.07-0.48). Prescription of AL to patients with confirmed infection was not significantly different between the groups over the study period. Conclusions: Facility-based incentives coupled with training may be more effective than training alone and could complement other quality improvement approaches. Trial registration: This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01809873 ) on 11 March 2013. © 2015 Menya et al.	Kenya; Malaria; Malaria case management; Pay for performance; Performance-based incentives	artemether; artemisinin; benflumetol; Article; child; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; endemic disease; evidence based medicine; financial management; funding; health care cost; health care delivery; health care facility; health center; health program; human; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; microscopy; multicenter study; outcome assessment; pay for performance program; preschool child; quality control; randomized controlled trial; rural population; school child; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897899864	Oral storytelling and national kinship: Reflections on the oral narrative performance in the Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festivals	Opondo R.A.	2014	Tydskrif vir Letterkunde	51	1	10.4314/tvl.v51i1.11	Moi University, Kenya	Opondo, R.A., Moi University, Kenya	The story, in the form of the oral narrative, has always been a communalizing genre in the traditional African setting. It then functioned as a tool that brings together not only the artist and the particular audience, but also the entire community within which the performances are derived and performed. However, postcolonial, modern and global situations have greatly impacted on the traditional kinship structures in Africa and kinship fostering tools like the African oral narrative have not been spared. The introduction of the oral storytelling onto the proscenium stage in the Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festivals (KSCDF) has contributed to perpetuate the performance of this genre to significant degrees. This move has not only recalled attention to oral narratives, but also has revolutionized the performance and functional aspects of oral storytelling. Various aspects of the oral narrative genre have changed, from the multi-ethnic audience to the elaborate narrative structures and the varying orientations of the oral artists in KSCDF. The dramatic elements of the narrative have also been enhanced to justify its inclusion within the wider dramatic genre. This article investigates the structural and thematic reorientations of the contemporary Kenyan oral narrative and how it influences the reorientations of kinship in a postcolonial reality characterized by heterogeneous consumer audience and the need for national commonality. The aim is to understand the reorientations of oral storytelling and its scripted machinations of multi-ethnicity woven into the narrative as part of its contemporarily requisite features; the question is whether or not these reorientations enable the ideological adoption of some form of kinship across the diverse ethnic groups in Kenya.	Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festivals; Kinship; Oral narrative performance; Textual manipulation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903723679	Impact of PermaNet 3.0 on entomological indices in an area of pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in south-western Nigeria	Awolola S.T., Adeogun A.O., Olojede J.B., Oduola A.O., Oyewole I.O., Amajoh C.N.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-236	Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria;	Awolola, S.T., Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Adeogun, A.O., Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olojede, J.B., Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Oduola, A.O., Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oyewole, I.O., Department of Biological Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria; Amajoh, C.N., National Malaria Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria	Background: PermaNet® 3.0 is an insecticide synergist-combination long-lasting insecticidal net designed to have increased efficacy against malaria vectors with metabolic resistance, even when combined with kdr. The current study reports on the impact of this improved tool on entomological indices in an area with pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in Nigeria. Methods. Baseline entomological indices across eight villages in Remo North LGA of Ogun State provided the basis for selection of three villages (Ilara, Irolu and Ijesa) for comparing the efficacy of PermaNet® 3.0 (PN3.0), PermaNet® 2.0 (PN2.0) and untreated polyester nets as a control (UTC). In each case, nets were distributed to cover all sleeping spaces and were evaluated for insecticidal activity on a 3-monthly basis. Collection of mosquitoes was conducted monthly via window traps and indoor resting catches. The arithmetic means of mosquito catches per house, entomological inoculation rates before and during the intervention were compared as well as three other outcome parameters: the mean mosquito blood feeding rate, mean mortality and mean parity rates. Results: Anopheles gambiae s.l. was the main malaria vector in the three villages, accounting for &gt;98% of the Anopheles population and found in appreciable numbers for 6-7 months. Deltamethrin, permethrin and lambdacyhalothrin resistance were confirmed at Ilara, Irolu and Ijesa. The kdr mutation was the sole resistance mechanism at Ilara, whereas kdr plus P450-based metabolic mechanisms were detected at Irolu and Ijesa. Bioassays repeated on domestically used PN 2.0 and PN 3.0 showed persistent optimal (100%) bio-efficacy for both net types after the 3rd, 6th, 9 th and 12th month following net distribution. The use of PN 3.0 significantly reduced mosquito densities with a 'mass killing' effect inside houses. Households with PN 3.0 also showed reduced blood feeding as well as lower mosquito parity and sporozoite rates compared to the PN 2.0 and the UTC villages. A significant reduction in the entomological inoculation rate was detected in both the PN 2.0 village (75%) and PN 3.0 village (97%) post LLIN-distribution and not in the UTC village. Conclusion: The study confirms the efficacy of PN 3.0 in reducing malaria transmission compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs in the presence of malaria vectors with P450-based metabolic- resistance mechanisms. © 2014 Awolola et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles gambiae; PermaNet 3.0; Pyrethroid resistance	cyhalothrin; cytochrome P450; deltamethrin; permethrin; polyester; pyrethroid; vasculotropin receptor 2; insect protein; insecticide; pyrethroid; adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; anopheles nili; arithmetic; article; bed net; bioassay; blood; blood feeding; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; density; feeding; gene; gene mutation; household; human; inoculation; insecticidal activity; insecticide resistance; kdr gene; malaria; mortality; multicenter study; Nigeria; nonhuman; parity; Plasmodium falciparum; randomized controlled trial; reduction; sleep; space; sporozoite; vector control; animal; Anopheles gambiae; disease carrier; drug effects; family size; feeding behavior; gene expression regulation; genetics; information processing; malaria; metabolism; mutation; population density; questionnaire; time; Anopheles gambiae; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Data Collection; Family Characteristics; Feeding Behavior; Gene Expression Regulation; Insect Proteins; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mutation; Nigeria; Population Density; Pyrethrins; Questionnaires; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36148961216	Sc(III) porphyrins. The molecular structure of two Sc(III) porphyrins and a re-evaluation of the parameters for the molecular mechanics modelling of Sc(III) porphyrins	de Sousa A.S., Fernandes M.A., Nxumalo W., Balderson J.L., Jeftič T., Cukrowski I., Marques H.M.	2008	Journal of Molecular Structure	872	1	10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.02.018	Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	de Sousa, A.S., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Fernandes, M.A., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Nxumalo, W., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Balderson, J.L., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Jeftič, T., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Cukrowski, I., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Marques, H.M., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	The crystal structures of two new Sc(III) porphyrins, [Sc(TPP)Cl]·2.5(1-chloronaphthalene), (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin)-chloro-scandium(III)·2.5(1-chlo ronaphthalene) solvate, (Mo Kα, 0.71073 Å, triclinic system P over(1, ̄), a = 9.9530(2) Å, b = 15.4040(3) Å, c = 17.7770(3) Å, α = 86.5190(10)°, β = 89.7680(10)°, γ = 86.9720(10)°, 13101 independent reflections, R1 = 0.0712) and the dimeric [μ2-(OH)2(Sc(TPP))2], bis-(μ-hydroxo)-(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin) scandium(III) (Mo Kα, 0.71073 Å, monoclinic system C2, a = 24.2555(16) Å, b = 11.1598(7) Å, c = 25.6468(17) Å, β = 91.980(2)°, 13084 independent reflections, R1 = 0.0485) are reported. In [Sc(TPP)Cl] the metal is five-coordinate and the porphyrin is domed with the metal displaced by 0.63 Å from the mean porphyrin towards the axial Cl- ligand. The average Sc-N bond length is 2.143(3) Å, which is shorter than the average bond length of previously reported structures. Two of the phenyl rings are nearly orthogonal to the porphyrin core and the other two are significantly tilted because of contacts with 1-chloronaphthalene solvent molecules, and the phenyl rings of neighbouring porphyrins. In [μ2-(OH)2(Sc(TPP))2] both porphyrins are domed, with the metal displaced from the mean porphyrin plane towards the bridging hydroxo ligands. The average Sc-N bond length is 2.197(12) Å, which is in the upper range of Sc-N bond lengths in known Sc(III) porphyrins but not dissimilar to the average Sc-N bond lengths in another other bis-μ2-hydroxo Sc(III) porphyrin, [μ2-(OH)2(Sc(OEP))2]. One porphyrin is rotated relative to the upper porphyrin by 25° due to steric contacts between the phenyl substituents. We have used these new structures to re-evaluated our previously reported molecular mechanics force field parameters for modelling Sc(III) porphyrins using the MM2 force field; the training set was augmented from two to seven structures by using all available Sc(III) porphyrin structures and the two new structures. The modelling reproduces the porphyrin core very accurately; bond lengths are reproduced to within 0.01 Å, bond angles to within 0.5° and torsional angles to within 2°. The optimum parameters for modelling the Sc(III)-N bond lengths, determined by finding the minimum difference between the crystallographic and modelling mean bond lengths with the aid of artificial neural network architectures, were found to be 0.90 ± 0.03 mdyn Å-1 for the bond force constant and2.005 ± 0.005 Å for the strain-free bond length. Modelling the seven Sc(III) porphyrins with the new parameters gives an average Sc-N bond length of 2.182 ± 0.018 Å, indistinguishable from the crystallographic mean of 2.181 ± 0.024 Å. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Artificial neutral networks; Force field; Metalloporphyrins; Molecular mechanics; Scandium	Crystal structure; Molecular mechanics; Molecular structure; Neural networks; Scandium compounds; Solvents; Average bond length; Force fields; Metalloporphyrins; Phenyl rings; Porphyrins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144423262	Impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, Northern KwaZulu-Natal from January to August 2003	Vaughan Williams C.H.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	1	None	Mosvold Hospital, South Africa; Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	Vaughan Williams, C.H., Mosvold Hospital, South Africa, Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	An analysis of the causes of death certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma demonstrates the impact of HIV/AIDS in the region. HIV/AIDS appears to be responsible for about 45% of registered deaths in both males and females after the age of nine years. There is a significant difference in the mean age at death between males and females succumbing to the disease after the age of nine years: the average age at death of females from HIV/AIDS is 35 years, and the average age for males is 40 years. The younger average age of death from HIV/AIDS in females, together with a higher expected age of death from non-HIV causes, means that females lose considerably more years of life due to HIV/AIDS than males. The figures for this part of northern KwaZulu-Natal indicate a higher impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths than in previous assessments for South Africa as a whole.	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Mortality; South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; cause of death; child; death certificate; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; mortality; sex difference; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894039576	HPTN 071 (PopART): A cluster-randomized trial of the population impact of an HIV combination prevention intervention including universal testing and treatment: Mathematical model	Cori A., Ayles H., Beyers N., Schaap A., Floyd S., Sabapathy K., Eaton J.W., Hauck K., Smith P., Griffith S., Moore A., Donnell D., Vermund S.H., Fidler S., Hayes R., Fraser C.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0084511	MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; ZAMBART, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Business School, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom; FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Cori, A., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ayles, H., ZAMBART, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Beyers, N., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Schaap, A., ZAMBART, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Floyd, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sabapathy, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Eaton, J.W., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Hauck, K., Business School, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom; Smith, P., Business School, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom; Griffith, S., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Moore, A., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Donnell, D., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Vermund, S.H., Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Fidler, S., Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Hayes, R., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Fraser, C., MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: The HPTN 052 trial confirmed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) can nearly eliminate HIV transmission from successfully treated HIV-infected individuals within couples. Here, we present the mathematical modeling used to inform the design and monitoring of a new trial aiming to test whether widespread provision of ART is feasible and can substantially reduce population-level HIV incidence. Methods and Findings: The HPTN 071 (PopART) trial is a three-arm cluster-randomized trial of 21 large population clusters in Zambia and South Africa, starting in 2013. A combination prevention package including home-based voluntary testing and counseling, and ART for HIV positive individuals, will be delivered in arms A and B, with ART offered universally in arm A and according to national guidelines in arm B. Arm C will be the control arm. The primary endpoint is the cumulative threeyear HIV incidence. We developed a mathematical model of heterosexual HIV transmission, informed by recent data on HIV-1 natural history. We focused on realistically modeling the intervention package. Parameters were calibrated to data previously collected in these communities and national surveillance data. We predict that, if targets are reached, HIV incidence over three years will drop by.60% in arm A and.25% in arm B, relative to arm C. The considerable uncertainty in the predicted reduction in incidence justifies the need for a trial. The main drivers of this uncertainty are possible community-level behavioral changes associated with the intervention, uptake of testing and treatment, as well as ART retention and adherence. Conclusions: The HPTN 071 (PopART) trial intervention could reduce HIV population-level incidence by.60% over three years. This intervention could serve as a paradigm for national or supra-national implementation. Our analysis highlights the role mathematical modeling can play in trial development and monitoring, and more widely in evaluating the impact of treatment as prevention. © 2014 Cori et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; article; behavior change; CD4 lymphocyte count; cluster analysis; controlled study; disease course; heterosexuality; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; mathematical model; prevalence; prophylaxis; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; treatment failure; virus transmission; Zambia; cluster analysis; HIV Infections; randomized controlled trial; serodiagnosis; utilization; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Cluster Analysis; HIV Infections; Humans; South Africa; Zambia	NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIDA, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIMH, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937239039	Design of a study to determine the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector control: A multi-country investigation	Kleinschmidt I., Mnzava A.P., Kafy H.T., Mbogo C., Bashir A.I., Bigoga J., Adechoubou A., Raghavendra K., Knox T.B., Malik E.M., Nkuni Z.J., Bayoh N., Ochomo E., Fondjo E., Kouambeng C., Awono-Ambene H.P., Etang J., Akogbeto M., Bhatt R., Swain D.K., Kiny	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0782-4	MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, PO Box 1204, Khartoum, Sudan; Khartoum State Malaria Control Programme, VBDC, P.O. Box 1517, Khartoum, Sudan; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya; National Reference Unit (NRU) for Vector Control, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundéi, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Programme National de Lutte Conte le Paludisme (PNLP), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin; Department of Health Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, (GoI), Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi 110 077, India; Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, PO Box 14386, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Wad Madani, Gezera State, Sudan; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ministry of Health, Malaria Control Unit, PO Box 1992, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; KEMRI Centre for Public Health Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin; KEMRI-Centre for Biotechnology and Research Development, Nairobi, Kenya; KEMRI-Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon; Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Kleinschmidt, I., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mnzava, A.P., Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland; Kafy, H.T., Federal Ministry of Health, PO Box 1204, Khartoum, Sudan; Mbogo, C., KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya; Bashir, A.I., Khartoum State Malaria Control Programme, VBDC, P.O. Box 1517, Khartoum, Sudan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Bigoga, J., National Reference Unit (NRU) for Vector Control, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundéi, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Adechoubou, A., Programme National de Lutte Conte le Paludisme (PNLP), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin; Raghavendra, K., Department of Health Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, (GoI), Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi 110 077, India; Knox, T.B., Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland; Malik, E.M., Ministry of Health, Wad Madani, Gezera State, Sudan; Nkuni, Z.J., Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland; Bayoh, N., KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Ochomo, E., KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Fondjo, E., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, PO Box 14386, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Kouambeng, C., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, PO Box 14386, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Awono-Ambene, H.P., Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon; Etang, J., Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon; Akogbeto, M., Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin; Bhatt, R., Department of Health Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, (GoI), Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi 110 077, India; Swain, D.K., Department of Health Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, (GoI), Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi 110 077, India; Kinyari, T., Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Njagi, K., Ministry of Health, Malaria Control Unit, PO Box 1992, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; Muthami, L., KEMRI Centre for Public Health Research, Nairobi, Kenya; Subramaniam, K., Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Bradley, J., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; West, P., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Massougbodji, A., Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Okê-Sopoh, M., Programme National de Lutte Conte le Paludisme (PNLP), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin; Hounto, A., Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Elmardi, K., Federal Ministry of Health, PO Box 1204, Khartoum, Sudan; Valecha, N., Department of Health Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, (GoI), Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi 110 077, India; Kamau, L., KEMRI-Centre for Biotechnology and Research Development, Nairobi, Kenya; Mathenge, E., KEMRI-Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Donnelly, M.J., Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom	Background: Progress in reducing the malaria disease burden through the substantial scale up of insecticide-based vector control in recent years could be reversed by the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance. The impact of insecticide resistance on the protective effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) is not known. A multi-country study was undertaken in Sudan, Kenya, India, Cameroon and Benin to quantify the potential loss of epidemiological effectiveness of ITNs and IRS due to decreased susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides. The design of the study is described in this paper. Methods: Malaria disease incidence rates by active case detection in cohorts of children, and indicators of insecticide resistance in local vectors were monitored in each of approximately 300 separate locations (clusters) with high coverage of malaria vector control over multiple malaria seasons. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance was assessed annually. In two countries, Sudan and India, clusters were randomly assigned to receive universal coverage of ITNs only, or universal coverage of ITNs combined with high coverage of IRS. Association between malaria incidence and insecticide resistance, and protective effectiveness of vector control methods and insecticide resistance were estimated, respectively. Results: Cohorts have been set up in all five countries, and phenotypic resistance data have been collected in all clusters. In Sudan, Kenya, Cameroon and Benin data collection is due to be completed in 2015. In India data collection will be completed in 2016. Discussion: The paper discusses challenges faced in the design and execution of the study, the analysis plan, the strengths and weaknesses, and the possible alternatives to the chosen study design. © 2015 Kleinschmidt et al.	None	insecticide; Article; bed net; Benin; Cameroon; cohort analysis; drug sensitivity; genotype; human; India; indoor residual spraying; insecticide resistance; Kenya; malaria; observational study; phenotype; study design; Sudan; vector control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935015721	Outdoor biting by Anopheles mosquitoes on Bioko Island does not currently impact on malaria control	Bradley J., Lines J., Fuseini G., Schwabe C., Monti F., Slotman M., Vargas D., Garcia G., Hergott D., Kleinschmidt I.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0679-2	MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Medical Care Development International, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, United States; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Bradley, J., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lines, J., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Fuseini, G., Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Schwabe, C., Medical Care Development International, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Monti, F., Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Slotman, M., Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, United States; Vargas, D., Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Garcia, G., Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Hergott, D., Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Kleinschmidt, I., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: There have been many recent reports that the rate of outdoor biting by malaria vectors has increased. This study examined the impact this might have on malaria transmission by assessing the association between exposure to outdoor bites and malaria infection on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Methods: Responses to questions about time spent outside the previous night from a malaria indicator survey were combined with human landing catch measurements of hourly rates of outdoor and indoor biting for the whole island to estimate the number of outdoor and indoor bites received by each survey respondent. The association between RDT measured malaria infection status of individuals and outdoor bites received was investigated. Results: The average number of bites received per person per night was estimated as 3.51 in total, of which 0.69 (19.7%) would occur outdoors. Malaria infection was not significantly higher in individuals who reported spending time outside between 7 pm and 6 am the previous night compared to those not spending time outside in both adults (18.9% vs 17.4%, p∈=∈0.20) and children (29.2% vs 27.1%, p∈=∈0.20). Malaria infection in neither adults (p∈=∈0.56) nor in children (p∈=∈0.12) was associated with exposure to outdoor bites, even after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: Malaria vector mosquitoes in Bioko do bite humans outdoors, and this has the potential to reduce the effectiveness of vector control. However, outdoor biting is currently not a major factor influencing the malaria burden, mainly because more than 95% of the population are indoors during the middle of the night, which is the peak biting period for malaria vector mosquitoes. The majority of resources should remain with control measures that target indoor biting and resting such as LLINs and IRS. © 2015 Bradley et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	None	adolescent; adult; Anopheles; Article; bed net; child; controlled study; environmental exposure; environmental factor; Equatorial Guinea; female; health survey; human; indoor residual spraying; malaria; malaria control; male; mosquito bite; night; parasite load; parasite vector; vector control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871439914	Neurophysiological, behavioural and perceptual differences between wrist flexion and extension related to sensorimotor monitoring as shown by corticomuscular coherence	Divekar N.V., John L.R.	2013	Clinical Neurophysiology	124	1	10.1016/j.clinph.2012.07.019	MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Divekar, N.V., MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; John, L.R., MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Objective: To investigate the effects of neurophysiological, behavioural and perceptual differences between wrist flexion and extension movements, on their corticomuscular coherence (CMC) levels. Methods: CMC was calculated between simultaneously recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) measures from fifteen healthy subjects who performed 10 repetitions of alternating isometric wrist flexion and extension tasks at 15% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) torque levels. Task precision was calculated from torque recordings. Subjects rated the perceived difficulty levels for both tasks. Results: Flexors had significantly lower; peak beta CMC, peak frequency, frequency width, normalised EMG beta power, torque fluctuation (<5. Hz and beta band) and perceived difficulty ratings; but higher MVC and precision compared to extensors. EEG alpha and beta powers were non-different between flexion and extension. Conclusions: An inverse relationship between CMC and motor precision was found in our inter-muscle study, contrary to the direct relationship found in a prior intra-muscle study. Functional suitability, long term usage adaptation and lower perceived difficulty of wrist flexion may explain the results. Significance: We extend the CMC literature to include the clinically different, antagonistic wrist flexors and extensors and add to the debate relating CMC and motor precision by positing the confounding effect of perceived difficulty. © 2012 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.	Corticomuscular coherence; Perceived difficulty; Precision; Wrist extension; Wrist flexion	accuracy; adult; article; behavior; calculation; corticomuscular coherence; electroencephalography; electromyography; human; human experiment; isometrics; joint function; male; muscle contraction; nervous system parameters; neurophysiology; normal human; perception; priority journal; torque; wrist; Adult; Alpha Rhythm; Behavior; Beta Rhythm; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Electrooculography; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Forearm; Humans; Isometric Contraction; Male; Motor Cortex; Movement; Muscle, Skeletal; Perception; Psychomotor Performance; Wrist; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881252700	Maternal mortality in rural South Africa: The impact of case definition on levels and trends	Garenne M., Kahn K., Collinson M.A., Gómez-Olivé F.X., Tollman S.	2013	International Journal of Women's Health	5	1	10.2147/IJWH.S45983	MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institut Pasteur, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMI Résiliences, Centre Ile de France, Bondy, France; Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; INDEPTH Network, East Legon, Accra, Ghana	Garenne, M., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Institut Pasteur, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMI Résiliences, Centre Ile de France, Bondy, France; Kahn, K., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, INDEPTH Network, East Legon, Accra, Ghana; Collinson, M.A., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, INDEPTH Network, East Legon, Accra, Ghana; Gómez-Olivé, F.X., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, INDEPTH Network, East Legon, Accra, Ghana; Tollman, S., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, INDEPTH Network, East Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: Uncertainty in the levels of global maternal mortality reflects data deficiencies, as well as differences in methods and definitions. This study presents levels and trends in maternal mortality in Agincourt, a rural subdistrict of South Africa, under long-term health and sociodemographic surveillance. Methods: All deaths of women aged 15 years-49 years occurring in the study area between 1992 and 2010 were investigated, and causes of death were assessed by verbal autopsy. Two case definitions were used: "obstetrical" (direct) causes, defined as deaths caused by conditions listed under O00-O95 in International Classification of Diseases-10; and "pregnancy-related deaths", defined as any death occurring during the maternal risk period (pregnancy, delivery, 6 weeks postpartum), irrespective of cause. Results: The case definition had a major impact on levels and trends in maternal mortality. The obstetric mortality ratio averaged 185 per 100,000 live births over the period (60 deaths), whereas the pregnancy-related mortality ratio averaged 423 per 100,000 live births (137 deaths). Results from both calculations increased over the period, with a peak around 2006, followed by a decline coincident with the national roll-out of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and antiretroviral treatment programs. Mortality increase from direct causes was mainly due to hypertension or sepsis. Mortality increase from other causes was primarily due to the rise in deaths from HIV/AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: These trends underline the major fluctuations induced by emerging infectious diseases in South Africa, a country undergoing rapid and complex health transitions. Findings also pose questions about the most appropriate case definition for maternal mortality and emphasize the need for a consistent definition in order to better monitor and compare trends over time and across settings. © 2013 Garenne et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.	Agincourt; Direct causes; Maternal mortality; Pregnancy related deaths; South Africa	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; article; autopsy; cause of death; controlled study; delivery; demography; eclampsia; female; health program; high risk pregnancy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hypertension; ICD-10; infection prevention; live birth; long term care; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; maternal mortality; maternal welfare; meningitis; obstetrics; pneumonia; preeclampsia; pregnancy; puerperal infection; puerperium; rating scale; rural population; sepsis; septicemia; socioeconomics; South Africa; trend study; vertical transmission; women's health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75749140517	Trombe wall redesign for a poultry chick brooding application in the equatorial region - analysis of the thermal performance of the system using the Galerkin finite elements	Nwosu N.P.	2010	International Journal of Sustainable Energy	29	1	10.1080/14786450903295861	National Center for Energy Research and Development (NCERD), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nwosu, N.P., National Center for Energy Research and Development (NCERD), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The vertical Trombe wall configuration with a pole-facing orientation is a relatively inadequate design for the equatorial climatic belt. In this work, a hemispherical, passive design is proposed for a poultry brooding enterprise in the region. An analysis is undertaken of the heat transfer balance across the wall; it is found that improvement in the absorptive and storage capacity of the wall is enhanced with high absorptive coating quality, also, the thermal condition of the brooding space, which is fed by the stored heat, is enhanced by a low convection heat transfer coefficient. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Galerkin finite elements; Poultry brooding; Solar; Trombe	Coating quality; Convection heat transfer coefficients; Equatorial regions; Galerkin finite elements; Inadequate design; Passive design; Storage capacity; Thermal condition; Thermal Performance; Trombe wall; Galerkin methods; Heat convection; Heat exchangers; Finite element method; brood rearing; design; equipment; finite element method; Galerkin method; heat balance; heat transfer; poultry; solar power; solar radiation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751509951	Design optimization of containers for sloshing and impact	Craig K.J., Kingsley T.C.	2007	Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization	33	1	10.1007/s00158-006-0038-6	Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Craig, K.J., Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kingsley, T.C., Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) method is presented to support the design process of partially filled liquid containers subject to the disciplines of sloshing and impact analyses. Experimental techniques are used to understand sloshing as a phenomenon and to evaluate the computational fluid dynamics code. Validation includes qualitative comparison of visual free-surface behavior and quantitative comparisons of pressure measurements in the time and frequency domain. The liquid motion exhibits good comparisons in time. Deviations are caused by both the experimental signal filtration process and deficiencies in the low-frequency measurement capability of the accelerometer. The first two odd oscillatory modes are accurately captured. An objective function for the quantitative evaluation of the sloshing phenomenon is proposed. For impact the von Mises baffle stress is used. Single and multidisciplinary optimization formulations using LS-OPT are presented and examined. The multidisciplinary optimum proved to be a compromise between the optima obtained when considering the two single disciplines independently. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Free-surface modeling; Impact; Mathematical optimization; MDO; Sloshing	Computational fluid dynamics; Design; Optimization; Signal filtering and prediction; Free surface; Frequency measurement; Liquid containers; Containers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650786252	Pseudotachylitic breccia and microfracture networks in archean gneiss of the central uplift of the Vredefort Impact Structure, South Africa	Mohr-Westheide T., Reimold W.U., Riller U., Gibson R.L.	2009	South African Journal of Geology	112	1	10.2113/gssajg.112.1.1	Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute at Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, Germany; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Mohr-Westheide, T., Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute at Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Reimold, W.U., Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute at Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Riller, U., School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, Germany; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Since 1916 the Vredefort Dome, the erosional remnant of the central uplift of the Vredefort Impact Structure, has been known as the type locality for what has been known as "pseudotachylite", which can be investigated in this structure at various scales and in a range of different host lithologies. Pseudotachylite sensu stricto is generally regarded as the product of friction melting. The formation of such (or similar) melt breccias in impact structures - known as "pseudotachylitic breccias" - is highly controversial and has been ascribed alternatively to impact (shock compression) melting, friction melting, decompression melting, or various combinations of these processes. In order to contribute to the understanding of the processes that affect the target rock and result in the formation of central uplifts, in general, it is necessary to characterize the impact deformed rocks of the target as well as the impact-generated lithologies. The structures apparent in the rocks of the Vredefort Dome constitute relative time indicators for different stages of deformation during the impact event. Structural analysis of pseudotachylitic breccias and microfractures on a polished 3 × 1.5 m granite slab from a dimension stone quarry in the core of the Vredefort Dome, as well as orientation statistics for microfractures and pseudotachylitic breccias in a quarry in the northern part of the Vredefort Dome, form the basis for this investigation. Two microfracture systems are apparent in the granite slab. Fractures of an older system either cross-cut pseudotachylitic breccia or terminate against it, seemingly depending on different cooling times of melt veins of different thickness. This first-formed fracture system is found mostly in the wall rocks to the breccia veins and in their fragments, whereas a younger fracture system cross-cuts the pseudotachylitic breccias and the host rock. Unravelling the development of individual structural deformation features indicates that the various cross-cutting relationships between pseudotachylitic breccias and two generations of microfractures resulted from a sequence of four processes involving both deformation of the target rock and melt emplacement into the deformed host rock. The first microfracture generation was formed either pre-or syn-impact, pseudotachylitic breccia is syn-impact, and the second microfracture generation is either late-impact or post-impact in age. © 2009 March Geological Society of South Africa.	None	Archean; breccia; deformation; dome; fracture; fracture propagation; gneiss; granite; lithology; melting; pseudotachylite; slab; structural analysis; uplift; vein (geology)	None
None	None	Impact of China’s cooperation: The case of Chinese garages in Tanzania	Kinyondo G., Chatama Y.J.	2015	Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies	8	1	10.1108/JCEFTS-01-2015-0003	Mzumbe University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kinyondo, G., Mzumbe University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Chatama, Y.J., Mzumbe University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to investigate China’s motive for its relations with Africa. Within that broad framework, the paper investigates China–Tanzania cooperation from an economic and social development perspective. It analyses the status of Chinese investments and, more specifically, it focuses on the increasing numbers of Chinese garages and assesses whether they have positive spill-over towards achievement of sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach – Case study was used; it involves an up-close, in-depth and detailed examination of the growth of Chinese garages in Tanzania, as well as its related contextual conditions including the overall impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the vehicle repair sector in Tanzania. Scholarly works from various sources including researchers as well as authoritative reports were consulted. Findings – The paper shows that there is an increase in Chinese garage investment which has brought significant benefits such as technology spill-over, increased employment albeit at low-level pay as well as functioning as a stimulus for Tanzanian self-employment. Practical implications – A free market environment which attracts significant FDI including Chinese garages should be strengthened. Chinese garages should not employ Chinese when there are Tanzanians with required expertise. Further research on the long history of relations between Tanzania and Scandinavian countries is better for comparison. Originality/value – The paper presents original findings based on scholarly work related to the growth of Chinese garage investments in Tanzania. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	China investments; China–Tanzania cooperation; Chinese garage in Tanzania; Garage investments	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859507579	Digestibility and performance of water hyacinth meal in the diets of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus; Burchell, 1822)	Sotolu A.O., Sule S.O.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	14	1	None	Nasarawa State University Keffi, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sotolu, A.O., Nasarawa State University Keffi, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Shabu-Lafia Campus, Lafia, Nigeria; Sule, S.O., Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Water hyacinth meal (WHM) as an alternative protein source was investigated in this study. Whole water hyacinth plant meal (WPM), water hyacinth leaf meal (WLM) and soya bean meal (SBM) were used to compound three isoproteic (40% crude protein) fish diets. Catfish of 11.2 ± 0.3g average weight were used for the 70-day digestibility study. Data were collected forthnightly on fish growth performance and water qualities (dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia and temperature). Fish, feeds, and faecal wastes were analyzed. Fish fed SBM-based diet had superior performance over those fed WHM-based diets with respect to Mean weight gain (MWG), Specific growth rate (SGR), Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Feed conversion ratio (FCR), Nitrogen metabolism (Nm) and digestibility coefficients (ADC). Fish fed all diets exhibited marginal difference in total feed intake but growth performance and nutrient utilization were significantly higher in fish fed WLM than fish fed WPM probably as a result of high fibre content present in WPM. Extremely low value of ammonia was recorded in water under WPM treatment (0.18±0.06 mg/l) while water under WLM and SBM treatment had significantly higher values of ammonia 0.46± 0.13 mg/l and 0.71± 0.10 mg/l respectively. These observations may be due to the presence of significantly higher fibre content in the WPM than other meals. Consequently this could be responsible for its poor digestibility values but high potential for waste water purification. Water hyacinth leaf meal (WLM) would therefore serve a better option for adoption in ensuring maximum utilization potentials of the aquatic plant both for profitable and sustainable fish production.	Catfish; Fish feed; Fish production; Water hyacinth; Water purification	Clarias gariepinus; Eichhornia crassipes; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960095934	Monitoring of cholinesterase inhibition among retailers of agrochemicals in Northeastern Nigeria	Hotton A.J., Barminas J.T., Osemeahon S.A., Aboki T.	2010	European Journal of Scientific Research	46	1	None	National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, P.M.B 1018, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 2076, Yola, Adamawa, State, Nigeria; Department of Pediatric, Federal Medical Centre	Hotton, A.J., National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, P.M.B 1018, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria; Barminas, J.T., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 2076, Yola, Adamawa, State, Nigeria; Osemeahon, S.A., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 2076, Yola, Adamawa, State, Nigeria; Aboki, T., Department of Pediatric, Federal Medical Centre, P.M. B1052, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria	We asses cholinesterase level on retailers of pesticide in Northeastern Nigeria, evaluated the prevalence of symptoms and relate levels of inhibition to reported symptoms. Medical evaluation questionnaires were administered to 100 exposed retailers and control. Extracted information included name, sex, age, duration of trade, hygienic behavior, protective clothing and educational levels. The acetycholinesterase activity was measured for both categories at low and high exposure period. 68% of the exposed had poor hygienic behavior with low education and 8% use of overall. 84% of the exposed retailers had change in acetycholinesterase inhibition (≥30%). The grouping on year of involvement in trade shows high inhibition in the exposed, 1-3 years (36.2%) and 3-6 years (40.4%). Symptom prevalence was higher during high exposure, respiratory (18.4%), Central nervous system (16%), eye (15.2%) and cardiovascular (15%) with a significant change in the control. The increase symptom prevalence was found at acetylcholinesterase activities considered to be no adverse compared to WHO threshold of 70% baseline red blood cell. In conclusion, retailers of pesticide in Northeastern Nigeria may have been occupationally exposed due to the sales and handling of pesticide; and the exposure at times is of such magnitude as to be hazardous to retailers. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010.	Cholinesterase inhibition; Health effect; Pesticide retailers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31544477415	The effect of supplementing Rhodes grass hay with cotton seed cake and pyrethrum marc based rations on the performance of Sahiwal female weaners	Wekesa F.W., Abdulrazak S.A., Mukisira E.A.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	1	None	National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Division of Research and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya	Wekesa, F.W., National Animal Husbandry Research Centre, P.O. Box 25, Naivasha, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Division of Research and Extension, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Mukisira, E.A., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya	The objective of the study was to evaluate the voluntary feed intake and body weight gain of Sahiwal female weaners fed on rhodes grass hay and supplemented with cotton seed cake based ration (CSCBR) and pyrethrum marc based ration (PMBR). Twenty five weaners were allocated to five treatments in a randomised complete design (RCD). The CP contents of the feeds were 74.1, 156 and 143 g/kg dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was 720, 345 and 329 g/kg DM for Rhodes grass hay (RGH), CSBR and PMBR respectively. At higher level of supplementation, improved dry matter intake was recorded in the group that was offered PMBR than CSCBR. Supplementation also improved dry matter intake with hardly any substitution effect. Better average daily gain was recorded in weaners, which were supplemented with CSCBR but was not statistically different from the PMBR while control group grew at the lowest rate. Volatile fatty acid concentration improved with supplementation but varied across the treatment diets. All the animals across the various treatment diets remained in a positive nitrogen balance during the period of study. Supplementation also improved rumen ammonia nitrogen levels. It was concluded that CSCBR and PMBR were comparable in respect of animal performance and hence be encouraged in their inclusion in ruminant rations.	Cotton seed cake; Intake; Live-weight gain; Pyrethrum marc; Rhodes grass hay	Animalia; Bovidae; Chloris gayana; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947674824	In-breeding effect on performance of Rhode Island chickens selected for part-period egg production	Nwagu B.I., Olorunju S.A.S., Oni O.O., Eduvie L.O., Adeyinka I.A., Sekoni A.A., Abeke F.O.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	1	None	National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria	Nwagu, B.I., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Olorunju, S.A.S., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Oni, O.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Eduvie, L.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Sekoni, A.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria; Abeke, F.O., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1096, Zaria, Nigeria	Data from 4336 pullets progeny of 144 sires and 779 dams for strain A and 4843 pullets, progeny of 158 sires and 1108 dams for strain B belonging to 5 generations under selection for part-period egg production to 280 days of age were used for this study. The number of pullets housed at about 18weeks per population ranged from 326 and 1000 per generation for each of the population. The effective number of parents in each generation averaged 174 and 187 for male and female populations, respectively. The traits measured were egg number to 280 days (EGG280 D), age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg weight average (EWTAV) and body weight at 40 weeks of age (BWT40). The co-efficient of inbreeding per generation due to finite population size was 0.005 for both the male and the female lines respectively. For the control population the values obtained were 0.008 vs 0.007 for both the male and female lines respectively. The average performance of the birds over the study period for the male and female lines respectively ranged from 38.38 vs 50.94 and 37.03 vs 51.25 for EGG280 D, 194 vs 212 and 197 vs 214 for ASM, 48.29 vs 55.93 and 48.29 vs 55.11 for EWTAV, 1600 vs 1754 and 1440 vs 1908 for BWT40.The effective number of parent in each generation averaging about 175 probably caused an average inbreeding of about 0.5% per generation. Although the level of inbreeding in this population is not critical there is evidence of an increasing trend, which could lead to homozygosity in the flock. There is need to widen the genetic base to prevent selection depression too early in the flock. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Chicken; Egg production; Inbreeding; Performance	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899657448	Evaluation of fungicide application rates, spray schedules and alternative management options for rust and angular leaf spot of snap beans in Uganda	Paparu P., Katafiire M., Mcharo M., Ugen M.	2014	International Journal of Pest Management	60	1	10.1080/09670874.2014.903445	National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda; Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern Central Africa (ASARECA), P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda	Paparu, P., National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda; Katafiire, M., Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern Central Africa (ASARECA), P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda; Mcharo, M., Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern Central Africa (ASARECA), P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda; Ugen, M., National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda	Yield losses due to rust and angular leaf spot (ALS) of snap beans may reach 100% in Eastern Africa. Where susceptible varieties are grown, farmers control these diseases with routine fungicide applications. To determine an optimum application rate and spray schedule for Orius® (tebuconazole 250 g/L), we sprayed 10 mL and 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water twice at two trifoliate leaf stage and 50% flowering, and three times at the same stages, with an additional application at pod initiation. In farmers' fields, we tested the effect of fungicide sprays, use of resistant variety, intercropping, increased plant spacing and farmyard manure on rust and ALS diseases. Application three times of 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water reduced rust severity scores by 5.7 and 2.4 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Lowest rust and ALS severities were observed when a resistant variety, fungicide or farmyard manure was used. Pod yield increments due to disease management ranged between 13% and 242%. Prophylactic fungicide application, use of resistant varieties and farmyard manure can be used to reduce disease severity and improve snap bean quality on smallholder farms. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	common bean; disease management; green bean; Phaseolus vulgaris; Pseudocercospora griseola; snap bean	disease control; fungicide; leaf; manure; smallholder; spray; yield response; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84950264399	Evaluation of factors influencing technological innovations of small and medium enterprises in Nigerian Industrial Estates	Babalola O.O., Amiolemen S.O., Adegbite S.A., Ojo-Emmanuel G.	2015	International Journal of Innovation Science	7	1	None	National Centre for Technology Management, Southwest Office, Victoria Island, Lagos State, Nigeria; Centre for Industrial Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Babalola, O.O., National Centre for Technology Management, Southwest Office, Victoria Island, Lagos State, Nigeria; Amiolemen, S.O., National Centre for Technology Management, Southwest Office, Victoria Island, Lagos State, Nigeria; Adegbite, S.A., Centre for Industrial Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ojo-Emmanuel, G., National Centre for Technology Management, Southwest Office, Victoria Island, Lagos State, Nigeria	Innovation is not just an individual act of learning by a firm or entrepreneur, but anchored within a larger system that enables and draws on the innovation process. Hence there is need to study internal and external factors that influence technological innovation outputs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). SMEs at four industrial estates in Nigeria were sampled for this study. Several internal factors such as firm size, turnover, age, ownership, and expenditure on innovation activities did not have significant relationships with innovation output, signifying they are not the factors promoting innovation levels. Quality of human resources and interactions with suppliers as an external factor within the national innovation system (NIS) both made significant impact on innovation. Innovative performance of the firms is mainly influenced by demand or market pull factors more than technology push sources. The study recommends increasing interaction and dynamism within the NIS; substantial investment to galvanize industrial and technological capabilities of the firms and their supply chains; and adequate supply of infrastructure and funds to SMEs.	Market pull; Small and medium enterprises; Technological innovation outputs; Technology push	Commerce; Investments; Supply chains; Internal and external factors; Market pull; National innovation systems; Small and medium enterprise; Substantial investments; Technological capability; Technological innovation; Technology pushes; Innovation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935496483	Field evaluation of selected cassava genotypes for cassava brown streak disease based on symptom expression and virus load	Kaweesi T., Kawuki R., Kyaligonza V., Baguma Y., Tusiime G., Ferguson M.E.	2014	Virology Journal	11	1	10.1186/s12985-014-0216-x	National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Makerere University, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ILRI, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Kaweesi, T., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Kawuki, R., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Kyaligonza, V., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Baguma, Y., National Crops Resources Research Institute, Root Crop Program, Namulonge, Uganda; Tusiime, G., Makerere University, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Ferguson, M.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ILRI, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Background: Production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a food security crop in sub-Saharan Africa, is threatened by the spread of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) which manifests in part as a corky necrosis in the storage root. It is caused by either of two virus species, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), resulting in up to 100% yield loss in susceptible varieties. Methods: This study characterized the response of 11 cassava varieties according to CBSD symptom expression and relative CBSV and UCBSV load in a field trial in Uganda. Relative viral load was measured using quantitative RT-PCR using COX as an internal housekeeping gene. Results: A complex situation was revealed with indications of different resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation and symptom expression. Four response categories were defined. Symptom expression was not always positively correlated with virus load. Substantially different levels of the virus species were found in many genotypes suggesting either resistance to one virus species or the other, or some form of interaction, antagonism or competition between virus species. Conclusions: A substantial amount of research still needs to be undertaken to fully understand the mechanism and genetic bases of resistance. This information will be useful in informing breeding strategies and restricting virus spread. © 2014 Kaweesi et al.	Cassava; Cassava brown streak viruses; Resistance mechanism; Virus accumulation	Article; cassava; cassava brown streak disease; Cassava brown streak virus; controlled study; field study; genotype; housekeeping gene; nonhuman; plant root; plant virus; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; shoot; Uganda; Ugandan cassava brown streak virus; viral plant disease; virus expression; virus load; virus resistance; disease resistance; genetics; immunology; isolation and purification; Manihot; plant disease; Potyviridae; real time polymerase chain reaction; virology; Cassava brown streak virus; Manihot esculenta; Disease Resistance; Manihot; Plant Diseases; Potyviridae; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Uganda; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649411731	Genetic evaluation of Ethiopian Boran cattle and their crosses with Holstein Friesian in central Ethiopia: Reproductive traits	Haile A., Joshi B.K., Ayalew W., Tegegne A., Singh A.	2009	Journal of Agricultural Science	147	1	10.1017/S0021859608008095	National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jimma University College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	Haile, A., National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Jimma University College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Joshi, B.K., National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India; Ayalew, W., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tegegne, A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Singh, A., National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India	Breed additive and non-additive effects as well as genetic parameters for calving interval (CI), days open (DO), age at first service (AFS), age at first calving (AFC), number of services per first conception (NSC) and breeding efficiency (BE) were estimated in Ethiopian Boran cattle and their crosses with Holstein Friesian in central Ethiopia. The data analysed were spread over 15 years (19902004). The Ethiopian Boran cattle had longer CI and DO, lower BE and delayed AFS and AFC compared with all the crosses. However, there was no significant difference in NSC between the genetic groups. Comparison between the crosses revealed no clear cut superiority of any of the genetic groups except for CI and DO which were shorter for 050 and 0875 crosses compared with the 075 crosses. The additive breed differences between Ethiopian Boran and Holstein Friesian for CI, DO, NSC and BE were not significant (P>005). These estimates are also associated with large standard errors. The non-significance of the otherwise large difference (40 days for CI for instance) between the two breeds could be a result of a large variation (and hence standard errors) associated with the traits. On the other hand, the estimates for additive direct effects for AFS and AFC were negative and significant (P<001). The estimates were 721 and 728 months, respectively. The individual heterosis values were not significant (P>005) for CI, DO, NSC and BE. However, significant (P<001) estimates for AFS and AFC (P<005) were recorded. None of the maternal heterotic effects for reproduction traits were significant (P>005) except for AFC, for which positive (29 months) and significant (P<005) estimates were obtained. Heritabilities of CI, DO, AFS, AFC, NSC and BE for crosses were 010046, 010047, 060145, 070159, 010071 and 060156, respectively. Selection coupled with improved herd reproductive management should substantially improve the reproductive performance of the indigenous Ethiopian Boran breed under such production system. © 2008 Cambridge University Press.	None	age at maturity; cattle; genetic analysis; genetic variation; hybrid; maternal effect; reproductive potential; reproductive productivity; reproductive strategy; selective breeding; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883363370	The impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on cervical preinvasive and invasive neoplasia in South Africa	Van Bogaert L.-J.	2013	ecancermedicalscience	7	1	10.3332/ecancer.2013.334	National Health Laboratory Service, Polokwane/Mankweng Hospital Complex, University of Limpopo, Polokwane 0700, South Africa	Van Bogaert, L.-J., National Health Laboratory Service, Polokwane/Mankweng Hospital Complex, University of Limpopo, Polokwane 0700, South Africa	Objectives: Sub-Saharan Africa is at the epicentre of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic and has the highest incidence of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in the world. Access to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in South Africa is still limited and provided only to nonpregnant women with a CD4+ T-cell count <200 μg/L. We evaluated the relative distribution of cervical preinvasive and invasive neoplasia among HIV-infected (treated or not) and uninfected women in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Methods: We compared the consecutive biopsy-diagnosed cervical pathology of 1,023 HIV-infected and 1,023 uninfected women. We investigated the influence of the CD4+ T-cell count and of HAART on the relative distribution of cervical pathology. Results: There was a significantly higher proportion of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 (P = 0.012) and 2 (P = 0.01) but a lower proportion of ICC (P = 0.015) among HIV-infected women. Patients on HAART had less CIN1 (P = 0.018), 2 (P = 0.18) and ICC (P = 0.019) that their untreated counterparts. The mean CD4 count was similar regardless of cervical lesions and HAART or no treatment. Conclusion: Our data support the concept that HIV-infected women exhibit a higher rate of high-grade preinvasive lesions than uninfected controls. However, they have a significantly lower rate of ICC as compared with uninfected counterparts. The inclusion of ICC among acquired immune deficiency syndrome-defining illnesses is questionable. Copyright: © the authors.	AIDS-defining illness; Cervical neoplasia; HIV; South Africa	article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; major clinical study; punch biopsy; risk assessment; South Africa; uterine cervix carcinoma; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ	None
None	None	Evaluation of ICON Maxx, a long-lasting treatment kit for mosquito nets: Experimental hut trials against anopheline mosquitoes in Tanzania	Tungu P.K., Malima R., Mosha F.W., Lyimo I., Maxwell C., Kaur H., Kisinza W.N., Magesa S.M., Kirby M.J., Rowland M.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0742-z	National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Tungu, P.K., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Malima, R., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Mosha, F.W., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Lyimo, I., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kaur, H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kisinza, W.N., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Magesa, S.M., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Kirby, M.J., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Insecticide-treated nets are the primary method of preventing malaria. To remain effective, the pyrethroid insecticide must withstand multiple washes over the lifetime of the net. ICON® Maxx is a 'dip-it-yourself' kit for long-lasting treatment of polyester nets. The twin-sachet kit contains a slow-release capsule suspension of lambda-cyhalothrin plus binding agent. To determine whether ICON Maxx meets the standards required by the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), the efficacy and wash fastness of ICON Maxx was evaluated against wild, free-flying anopheline mosquitoes. Methods: ICON Maxx was subjected to bioassay evaluation and experimental hut trial against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus. Mosquito mortality, blood feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets, conventional lambda-cyhalothrin treated nets (CTN) washed either four times (cut-off threshold) or 20 times, and ICON Maxx-treated nets either unwashed or washed 20 times. Results: In bioassay, ICON Maxx demonstrated superior wash resistance to the CTN. In the experimental hut trial, ICON Maxx killed 75 % of An. funestus, 71 % of An. gambiae and 47 % of An. arabiensis when unwashed and 58, 66 and 42 %, respectively, when 20 times washed. The CTN killed 52 % of An. funestus, 33 % of An. gambiae and 30 % of An. arabiensis when washed to the cut-off threshold of four washes and 40, 40 and 36 %, respectively, when 20 times washed. Percentage mortality with ICON Maxx 20 times washed was similar (An. funestus) or significantly higher (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis) than with CTN washed to the WHOPES cut-off threshold. Blood-feeding inhibition with ICON Maxx 20 times washed was similar to the CTN washed to cut-off for all three species. Personal protection was significantly higher with ICON Maxx 20 times washed (66-79 %) than with CTN washed to cut-off (48-60 %). Conclusions: Nets treated with ICON Maxx and washed 20 times met the approval criteria set by WHOPES for Phase II trials in terms of mortality and blood-feeding inhibition. This finding raises the prospect of conventional polyester nets and other materials being made long-lastingly insecticidal through simple dipping in community or home, and thus represents a major advance over conventional pyrethroid treatments. © 2015 Tungu et al.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Experimental huts; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Long-lasting insecticidal nets	cyhalothrin; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; bed net; bioassay; blood; chemical analysis; controlled study; cyhalothrin treated net; experimental study; feeding behavior; insecticide resistance; mortality; nonhuman; reference value; Tanzania	None
None	None	Performance of ParaHIT and OptiMAL tests in the diagnosis of Malaria in mwanza, north-western Tanzania	Buhalata S.N., Massaga J.J.	2011	Tanzania Journal of Health Research	13	1	None	National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Buhalata, S.N., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania; Massaga, J.J., National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are non microscopic tests that provide a rapid detection of malaria infections in infected individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of ParaHit and OptiMAL tests for detection of malaria infections as compared with routine microscopy. This facility-based study was carried out in Mwanza, north-western Tanzania and involved outpatients attending Igoma Health Centre. Blood samples were tested for malaria infection using the two RDTs and compared with Giemsa stained blood films examined using microscope. A total of 243 individuals (median age= 22 years) were involved in the study. Microscopy had a higher detection rate of 19.7% (48/243) as compared to ParaHit (4.5%) and OptiMAL (3.7%). Low sensitivity of 21.2% and 17%, but high specificity of 99.4% for ParaHit and OptiMAL, respectively was observed. Of all positive blood slides for Plasmodium falciparum, 78.7% had low parasite density (80-720 parasite/μl of blood). These slides were negative for malaria parasite for both RDTs. Over 80% of study participants who reported fever had negative blood slides for malaria parasites by microscopy. On the other hand, 44.7% of those who reported no fever had positive blood slides for P. falciparum. Study participants who reported to have fever and high parasite density above 720 parasite/μl were likely to be positive by both RDTs (OR= 6.8; P= 0.031529). In conclusion, the overall performance of both RDTs in detecting asexual P. falciparum was low as compared to microscopy and their performance were highly affected by parasite density. This calls for further evaluation studies before RDTs are widely used in peripheral health facilities in order to minimize potential severe consequences.	Malaria; Microscopy; Rapid diagnostic test; Sensitivity; Specificity; Tanzania	adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood examination; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; false negative result; false positive result; female; fever; Giemsa stain; human; infant; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; parasite identification; parasite prevalence; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium ovale; predictive value; preschool child; rapid diagnostic test; school child; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of alternative mosquito sampling methods for malaria vectors in Lowland South - East Zambia	Sikaala C.H., Killeen G.F., Chanda J., Chinula D., Miller J.M., Russell T.L., Seyoum A.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-91	National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Malaria Control, Evaluation and Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; James Cook University, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, Cairns, 4870, Australia	Sikaala, C.H., National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia, Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Killeen, G.F., Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chanda, J., National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Chinula, D., National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Miller, J.M., Malaria Control, Evaluation and Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Russell, T.L., Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania, James Cook University, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, Cairns, 4870, Australia; Seyoum, A., Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background: Sampling malaria vectors and measuring their biting density is of paramount importance for entomological surveys of malaria transmission. Human landing catch (HLC) has been traditionally regarded as a gold standard method for surveying human exposure to mosquito bites. However, due to the risk of human participant exposure to mosquito-borne parasites and viruses, a variety of alternative, exposure-free trapping methods were compared in lowland, south-east Zambia. Methods. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap (CDC-LT), Ifakara Tent Trap model C (ITT-C), resting boxes (RB) and window exit traps (WET) were all compared with HLC using a 3 × 3 Latin Squares design replicated in 4 blocks of 3 houses with long lasting insecticidal nets, half of which were also sprayed with a residual deltamethrin formulation, which was repeated for 10 rounds of 3 nights of rotation each during both the dry and wet seasons. Results: The mean catches of HLC indoor, HLC outdoor, CDC-LT, ITT-C, WET, RB indoor and RB outdoor, were 1.687, 1.004, 3.267, 0.088, 0.004, 0.000 and 0.008 for Anopheles quadriannulatus Theobald respectively, and 7.287, 6.784, 10.958, 5.875, 0.296, 0.158 and 0.458, for An. funestus Giles, respectively. Indoor CDC-LT was more efficient in sampling An. quadriannulatus and An. funestus than HLC indoor (Relative rate [95% Confidence Interval] = 1.873 [1.653, 2.122] and 1.532 [1.441, 1.628], respectively, P < 0.001 for both). ITT-C was the only other alternative which had comparable sensitivity (RR = 0.821 [0.765, 0.881], P < 0.001), relative to HLC indoor other than CDC-LT for sampling An. funestus. Conclusions: While the two most sensitive exposure-free techniques primarily capture host-seeking mosquitoes, both have substantial disadvantages for routine community-based surveillance applications: the CDC-LT requires regular recharging of batteries while the bulkiness of ITT-C makes it difficult to move between sampling locations. RB placed indoors or outdoors and WET had consistently poor sensitivity so it may be useful to evaluate additional alternative methods, such as pyrethrum spray catches and back packer aspirators, for catching resting mosquitoes. © 2013 Sikaala et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles quadriannulatus; Ifakara Tent Trap; Sampling; Sensitivity	deltamethrin; analytic method; Anopheles; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles quadriannulatus; article; bed net; centres for disease control and prevention miniature light trap; host; human landing catch; ifakara tent trap model c; malaria; mosquito; nonhuman; protective equipment; pyrethrum; resting boxes; season; sensitivity analysis; window exit trap; Zambia; Animals; Anopheles; Disease Vectors; Entomology; Female; Male; Parasitology; Plasmodium; Zambia; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles quadriannulatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956639557	Evaluation of the PIMA point-of-care CD4 Analyzer in VCT clinics in Zimbabwe	Mtapuri-Zinyowera S., Chideme M., Mangwanya D., Mugurungi O., Gudukeya S., Hatzold K., Mangwiro A., Bhattacharya G., Lehe J., Peter T.	2010	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	55	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181e93071	National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare Central Hospital, New Laboratory Complex, PO Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Population Services International, Harare, Zimbabwe; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare Central Hospital, New Laboratory Complex, PO Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chideme, M., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare Central Hospital, New Laboratory Complex, PO Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mangwanya, D., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mugurungi, O., Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gudukeya, S., Population Services International, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hatzold, K., Population Services International, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mangwiro, A., Clinton Health Access Initiative, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bhattacharya, G., Clinton Health Access Initiative, Harare, Zimbabwe; Lehe, J., Clinton Health Access Initiative, Harare, Zimbabwe; Peter, T., Clinton Health Access Initiative, Harare, Zimbabwe	Point-of-care (POC) CD4 testing was implemented at a stand-alone HIV voluntary testing and counseling centre in Harare, Zimbabwe. To validate the use of this new technology, paired blood samples were collected from 165 patients either by a nurse or a laboratory technician and tested using POC and conventional laboratory CD4 machines. Finger prick (capillary) blood was collected directly into the PIMA POC CD4 Analyzer cartridges and tested immediately, whereas venous blood collected into evacuated tubes was used for CD4 enumeration on a Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur. There was no significant difference in mean absolute CD4 counts between the POC PIMA and Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur platforms (+7.6 cells/μL; P = 0.72). Additionally, there was no significant difference in CD4 counts between the platforms when run by either a nurse (+18.0 cells/μL; P = 0.49), or a laboratory technicians (-3.1 cells/μL; P = 0.93). This study demonstrates that POC CD4 testing can be conducted in a voluntary testing and counseling setting for staging HIV-positive clients. Both nurses and laboratory technicians performed the test accurately, thereby increasing the human resources available for POC CD4 testing. By producing same-day results, POC CD4 facilitates immediate decision-making, patient management and referral and may help improve patient care and retention. POC CD4 may also alleviate testing burdens at traditional central CD4 laboratories, hence improving test access in both rural and urban environments. Copyright © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	CD4; Client-initiated testing; Diagnosis; HIV; Laboratory; PIMA; Point-of-care; VCT; Voluntary counseling and testing	adult; aged; analyzer; article; blood sampling; capillary blood; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical evaluation; controlled study; counseling; female; fluorescence activated cell sorting; HIV test; hospital department; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; laboratory personnel; major clinical study; male; medical decision making; nurse; patient care; patient referral; pima point of care cd4 analyzer; point of care testing; priority journal; rural area; urban area; validation process; venous blood; voluntary program; Zimbabwe; adolescent; comparative study; evaluation; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; methodology; middle aged; observer variation; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Point-of-Care Systems; Young Adult; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924330823	Evaluation of TUBEX-TF and onsite typhoid IgG/IgM combo rapid tests to detect salmonella enterica serovar typhi infection during a typhoid outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe	Tarupiwa A., Tapera S., Mtapuri-Zinyowera S., Gumbo P., Ruhanya V., Gudza-Mugabe M., Majuru N.X., Chin'ombe N.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1015-1	National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, P O Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Zimbabwe	Tarupiwa, A., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, P O Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tapera, S., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, P O Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, P O Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gumbo, P., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, P O Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ruhanya, V., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Zimbabwe; Gudza-Mugabe, M., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, P O Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Majuru, N.X., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, P O Box ST 749, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chin'ombe, N., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Zimbabwe	Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid, is endemic in most parts of the world especially in Africa. Reliable and rapid diagnosis of the bacterium is therefore critical for confirmation of all suspected typhoid cases. In many parts of Zimbabwe, laboratory capacity to isolate the microorganism by culture method as a way of diagnosis has limitations. In this study, two rapid serological kits, TUBEX-TF and OnSite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo, were evaluated for possible expeditious diagnosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection during a typhoid outbreak in Zimbabwe. Methods: Blood was collected from patients with clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid in Harare, Zimbabwe during an outbreak. The standard culture method was used to diagnose the disease. Two rapid kits, the TUBEX-TF and OnSite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo, were also used in parallel to diagnose typhoid according to manufacturers' instructions. The diagnostic accuracy of the two kits was evaluated using the culture method as the gold standard. Results: From all the cases diagnosed by the blood culture (n = 136), we enrolled 131 patients for the TUBEX-TF and 136 for the OnSite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo tests. With the culture method as a reference standard, we found that TUBEX-TF test was 100% sensitive and 94.12% specific, with 63.16% positive and 100% negative predictive values (NPVs) and the OnSite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo test was 100% sensitive and 94.35% specific, with 63.16% positive and 100% NPVs. Conclusion: Our results indicated that TUBEX-TF and OnSite Typhoid IgG/IgM Combo rapid tests were useful tools for the rapid diagnosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection during typhoid outbreaks in Zimbabwe. The tests performed very well in laboratory evaluations of blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases in Harare, Zimbabwe. © 2015 Tarupiwa et al.	Evaluation; Rapid tests; Salmonella; Typhoid fever	Bacteria (microorganisms); Salmonella; Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi; bacterium antibody; diagnostic kit; immunoglobulin G; immunoglobulin M; adult; blood; diagnostic kit; epidemic; female; human; immunology; male; microbiology; preschool child; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi; sensitivity and specificity; typhoid fever; Zimbabwe; Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Salmonella typhi; Sensitivity and Specificity; Typhoid Fever; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645658721	Yield performance and release of four late blight tolerant potato varieties in Kenya	Lung'aho C., Nderitu S.K.N., Kabira J.N., El-Bedewy R., Olanya O.M., Walingo A.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	1	10.3923/ja.2006.57.61	National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 25, Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt; USDA-ARS, New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States	Lung'aho, C., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Nderitu, S.K.N., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; Kabira, J.N., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya; El-Bedewy, R., Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 25, Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt; Olanya, O.M., USDA-ARS, New England Plant Soil and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Walingo, A., National Potato Research Center, P.O. Box 338, Limuru, Kenya	To improve yield potential, potato varieties Kenya Faulu, Kenya Karibu, Kenya Mavuno and Kenya Sifa have been approved for variety release by the Kenya Variety Release Committee. The varieties are medium late to late maturing, high yielding with good tuber and culinary characteristics. The released varieties were selections from advanced potato clones KP90142.7, KP90172.34 and KP91301.10 derived from Population A (high levels of late blight resistance) in which materials for original crosses were obtained from the International Potato Center (CIP). The clone 720097.1 is a derivative of ex-Mexican origin, obtained from germplasm collections at CIP. In multi-location experiments conducted in various agro-ecological regions of Kenya, tuber yield of the newly released varieties were significantly greater than the resistant check variety Tigoni, as well as the other clones evaluated. The released varieties had good agronomic characteristics, high late blight tolerance and acceptable culinary properties. Deployment and utilization of the newly released varieties can greatly improve yield performance in the low input farming systems of Kenyan highlands. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Kenya; Late blight tolerance; Potato; Solanum tuberosum; Utilization; Variety release	Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-5744226295	Urban consumer preferences and sensory evaluation of locally produced and imported rice in West Africa	Tomlins K.I., Manful J.T., Larwer P., Hammond L.	2005	Food Quality and Preference	16	1	10.1016/j.foodqual.2004.02.002	Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana	Tomlins, K.I., Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Manful, J.T., Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Larwer, P., Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana; Hammond, L., Natural Resources Institute, The Univ. of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom	Parboiled rice produced in Ghana is of poor quality and is being overtaken by imported rice. This study sought to investigate consumer preference and relate sensory attributes with consumer acceptability of rice. The majority of consumers preferred imported raw and parboiled rice to that produced locally. Acceptability was influenced by location and gender. Individual preferences of consumers varied and four different segments of consumers with similar liking of the rice samples were identified. The largest three segments (86% of consumers) preferred the imported rice but differed in their preferences for the local rice. A niche segment (14%) mostly preferred traditional local rice. Regression models to predict consumer preference from the sensory panel scores were based on either brown colour of the cooked rice or unshelled paddy in the uncooked form. The models were suitable for three of the consumer segments representing 86% of the consumers. This suggests that while a sensory panel could be used to rapidly monitor consumer acceptability in product development, it was not valid for all consumers. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; Consumer acceptability; Ghana; Rice; Sensory evaluation	adult; Africa; aged; article; color; controlled study; female; food intake; food processing; food quality; gender; geography; human; male; monitoring; prediction; regression analysis; rice; scoring system; sensory analysis; statistical model; taste preference; urban area	None
None	None	Evaluation of Spodoptera exempta nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpexNPV) for the field control of African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) in Tanzania	Grzywacz D., Mushobozi W.L., Parnell M., Jolliffe F., Wilson K.	2008	Crop Protection	27	1	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.04.005	Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Pest Control Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Arusha, Tanzania; Institute of Mathematics Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NF, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom	Grzywacz, D., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Mushobozi, W.L., Pest Control Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Arusha, Tanzania; Parnell, M., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom; Jolliffe, F., Institute of Mathematics Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NF, United Kingdom; Wilson, K., Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom	The African armyworm Spodoptera exempta is a major episodic migratory crop pest over much of Eastern and Southern Africa. Control of this pest has been reliant on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. However, this approach fails to protect poor farmers and is becoming unacceptable for environmental and cost reasons. A programme of field trials was conducted in Tanzania to evaluate the endemic baculovirus, the S. exempta nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpexNPV), as an alternative control. Field trials demonstrated that both ground and aerial application of SpexNPV to armyworm outbreaks on pasture can initiate outbreaks of NPV disease and population collapses. The SpexNPV was effective when applied at 1×1012 occlusion bodies (OB) per hectare if applied to outbreaks early, when larvae are in I-III instar-mass mortalities appear 3-10 days post treatment. The data from these trials indicate that SpexNPV can have a potential role as a substitute for chemical insecticides in strategic armyworm management programmes. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Africa; African armyworm; Baculovirus; Biological control; IPM; Migratory pest; Nucleopolyhedrovirus; Spodoptera exempta	biological control; crop pest; insecticide; mortality; moth; pest control; pest outbreak; viral disease; Africa; Nucleopolyhedrovirus; Spodoptera exempta	None
None	None	Monitoring of efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based anti-malarials for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: A review of evidence of implementation of anti-malarial therapeutic efficacy trials in Tanzania	Shayo A., Buza J., Ishengoma D.S.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0649-8	Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, P.O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania	Shayo, A., Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Buza, J., Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Ishengoma, D.S., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, P.O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania	Abstract Background: Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are considered the cornerstones of malaria control and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is currently the main anti-malarial drugs used for case management. After deployment of ACT due to widespread parasite resistance to the cheap and widely used anti-malarial drugs, chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, the World Health Organization recommends regular surveillance to monitor the efficacy of the new drugs. The present paper assessed the implementation of anti-malarial efficacy testing for monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of ACT for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania before and after policy changes in 2006. Methods: A literature search was performed for published clinical trials conducted in Tanzania from 2001 to 2014. It focused on studies which assessed at least one form of ACT for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children less than 10 years and reported efficacy and safety of the tested anti-malarials. References were imported into the Endnote library and duplicates removed. An electronic matrix was developed in Microsoft Excel followed by full text review with predetermined criteria. Studies were independently assessed and information related to ACT efficacy and safety extracted. Results: Nine papers were selected from 125 papers screened. The efficacy of both artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (AS + AQ) against uncomplicated P. falciparum infections in Tanzania was high with PCR-corrected cure rates on day 28 of 91-100% and 88-93.8%, respectively. The highest day-3 parasite positivity rate was 1.4%. Adverse events ranged from mild to serious but were not directly attributed to the drugs. Conclusion: ACT is efficacious and safe for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania. However, few trials were conducted in Tanzania before and after policy changes in 2006 and thus more surveillance should be urgently undertaken to detect future changes in parasite sensitivity to ACT. © 2015 Shayo et al.	Amodiaquine; Artemether; Artesunate; Combination therapy; Efficacy; Lumefantrine; Plasmodium falciparum and Tanzania; Safety	amodiaquine; artemether; artesunate; benflumetol; Article; drug blood level; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; drug safety; human; malaria falciparum; parasite clearance; systematic review; Tanzania; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937036313	Evaluation of noise levels of two micro-wind turbines using a randomised experiment	Clohessy C.M., Brettenny W., Sharp G., Vorster F.	2014	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	25	1	None	Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa	Clohessy, C.M., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa; Brettenny, W., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa; Sharp, G., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa; Vorster, F., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa	One of the more contentious environmental concerns of wind turbines is the wind turbine noise. This study assesses the noise impacts of two microwind turbines on the environment by comparing the noise generated by these turbines to traditionally accepted surrounding sounds. The sound level data was collected using a randomised experiment and fitted using a general linear model (GLM). The GLM was used to determine the relationship between the sound level generated at a given site to the time of day, the wind speed, the wind direction and a fixed predetermined distance from the sound source.	General linear model; Micro-wind turbine sound levels; Sound pressure levels	None	None
None	None	Survey of care and evaluation of east African burn unit feasibility: An academic burn center exchange	Mitchell K.B., Giiti G., Gallagher J.J.	2013	Journal of Burn Care and Research	34	1	10.1097/BCR.0b013e318269be63	New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1320 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States; Weill Bugando Medical School, Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania	Mitchell, K.B., New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1320 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States; Giiti, G., Weill Bugando Medical School, Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania; Gallagher, J.J., New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1320 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States	Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, partnered with Weill Bugando Medical College and Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital, in Mwanza, Tanzania, to consider the development of a burn unit there. This institutional partnership provided a unique opportunity to promote sustainable academic exchange and build burn care capacity in the East African region. A Weill Cornell burn surgeon and burn fellow collaborated with the Sekou Toure department of surgery to assess its current burn care capabilities and potential for burn unit development. All aspects of interdisciplinary burn care were reviewed and institutional infrastructure evaluated. Sekou Toure is a 375-bed regional referral center and teaching hospital of Weill Bugando Medical College. In 2010-2011, it admitted 5244 pediatric patients in total; 100 of these patients were burn-injured children (2% of admissions). There was no specific data kept on percentage of body surface burned, degree of burn, length of stay, or complications. No adult, operative, or outpatient burn data were available. There are two operating theaters. Patient's families perform wound care with nursing supervision. Rehabilitation therapists consult as needed. Meals are provided three times daily by a central kitchen. Public health outreach is possible through village-based communication networks. Infrastructure to support the development of a burn care unit exists at Sekou Toure, but needs increased clinical focus, human resource capacity building, and record-keeping to track accurate patient numbers. A multidisciplinary center could improve record-keeping and outcomes, encourage referrals, and facilitate outreach through villages. © 2013 by the American Burn Association.	None	Africa; article; burn; burn unit; capacity building; feasibility study; health survey; hospital bed capacity; human; institutional care; length of stay; major clinical study; meal; operating room; public health; rehabilitation care; teaching hospital; wound care; Burn Units; Feasibility Studies; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; International Cooperation; New York; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940930406	Impact of Smartphones/Tablets on the information seeking behaviour of medical students and staff of Niger Delta University Bayelsa State - Nigeria	Ebiye E.V.	2015	Library Philosophy and Practice	2015	1	None	Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria	Ebiye, E.V., Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria	Smartphones and tablets play a very significant role in medical students and staff information seeking behaviour in meeting their teaching, learning and research needs. This study investigated the impact of Smartphones/Tablets on the information seeking behaviour of medical students and staff in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The descriptive survey design was adopted for the study using questionnaire as the main instrument for data collection from a population of 500 medical students and staff of the four faculties of the Niger Delta University College of Health Sciences. The questionnaire was personally administered to the respondents in their lecture halls and offices. Data collected were analyzed using tables, frequencies and simple percentages. A total of 460 out of the 500 questionnaire returned was found useful for data analysis showing 92% rate of response. The study revealed high level of awareness and use of smartphones/tablets by medical students and staff for their academic works. Results also shows that smartphones/tablets has made tremendous impact on their medical education most especially with easy and fast internet access, high speed browsing, saves time and money going to cybercafé/college library, easy access to medical teaching and e-learning materials/e-textbooks. Lack of technical experts on repairs when faulty within campus, operational difficulties, high cost of data subscription from service providers and fragility were identified as the major problems they encountered in using smartphones/tablets. The study recommended the need for medical university management to collaborate with IT companies to develop smartphones/tablets capable of supporting their seeking of medical and health information.	Bayelsa-Nigeria; Impact; Information; Medical students; Niger Delta University; Seeking-behaviour; Smartphones/tablets	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923026014	Does developmental aid impact or impede on growth: Evidence from Nigeria	Olanrele I.A., Ibrahim T.M.	2015	International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues	5	1	None	Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), Ibadan, Nigeria	Olanrele, I.A., Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), Ibadan, Nigeria; Ibrahim, T.M., Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), Ibadan, Nigeria	This paper examines the effect of four different types of developmental aid on economic growth in Nigeria utilizing the Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) estimation technique between 1970 and 2012. The empirical estimates show that multilateral aid had more impact on growth compared to bilateral aid from Nigerian’s trading partners, top-five CDI ranked countries, and Nordic countries. Our findings support the need for stringent conditionalities and standard monitoring and evaluation framework by donors in order to promote meaningful impact of developmental aid on economic growth. © 2015, Econjournals. All rights reserved.	Developmental aid; Economic growth; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938864176	Use of ServQUAL in the evaluation of service quality of academic libraries in developing countries	Asogwa B.E., Asadu B.U., Ezema J.U., Ugwu C.I., Ugwuanyi F.C.	2014	Library Philosophy and Practice	2014	1	None	Nnamdi Azikiwe library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Asogwa, B.E., Nnamdi Azikiwe library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Asadu, B.U., Nnamdi Azikiwe library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ezema, J.U., Nnamdi Azikiwe library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ugwu, C.I., Nnamdi Azikiwe library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ugwuanyi, F.C., Nnamdi Azikiwe library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Purpose - This paper assesses the quality of services to users in academic libraries in developing countries using ServQUAL model. The purpose was to expose the service areas where the desires of library users' are not met, ascertain the causes, and suggest corrective measures. Approach - Both primary and secondary sources were explored for data collection. Questionnaire and the websites were used, and the 3,832 library users sampled from four developing countries was the research population of this article. Data was analyzed and discussed using descriptive statistics, and other illustrations. Findings - The paper revealed that in developing countries: all the service indicators evaluated were negatively marked; There is significant different between the perceptions and expectations of library users; Academic libraries are not satisfying users' expectations; While tangibility and empathy were the highest and lowest dimensions in developing countries, reliability and tangibility were the order in developed countries; factors such as lack of modern facilities, poor funding, and weak e-leadership quality were negatively affecting the quality of library services. Greater efforts should be channeled toward closing the gaps between the perceptions and the expectations of library users. Practical Implications -This result could be used in comparing the service quality of academic libraries in developed and developing countries. Originality -This paper is the first attempt to use ServQUAL model in the comparison of service quality of academic libraries in developed and developing countries.	Academic libraries; Service quality; ServQUAL in academic libraries; ServQUAL in developing countries; ServQual model	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938702208	Utilization of law library collections for improving academic performance by undergraduate law students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka	Onwudinjo O.T.U., Ogbonna U.A., Nwadiogwa O.J.	2015	Library Philosophy and Practice	2015	1	None	Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Digital Library, Festus Nwako Library, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	Onwudinjo, O.T.U., Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Ogbonna, U.A., Digital Library, Festus Nwako Library, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Nwadiogwa, O.J., Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	This study showcases the law library collections and their utilization by the undergraduate students of Faculty of Law, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent of the use being made of the resources by the undergraduate law students of the university, the types of law library resources, benefits derived and the frequency of use. The research method was a descriptive survey. The population consisted of the law undergraduate students of the university in the 2013/2014 academic session which had 550 registered users of the library. The sample was 132 students made up of 100 to 500 levels. 132 questionnaire were administered randomly to the students. Out of this number, 132 was returned representing 100% rate of response. Data collected were analysed using frequency count and simple percentage. The study shows that greater number of law students use law library at least twice a week for preparing for examinations. In the light of this, the study recommended that the law library should be adequately stocked with current and relevant law resources, as well as improving the reading environment so as to make it more conducive for learning and research.	Faculty of law; Frequency of use; Law journals; Law library collections; Law reports; Law statutes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84933051370	The impact of zinc recycling on the slurry rheology of WC-6 wt.% Co cemented carbides?	Freemantle C.S., Sacks N.	2015	International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials	49	1	10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.08.015	School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, South Africa; Pilot Tools (Pty) (Ltd), P.O. Box 27559, Benrose, South Africa	Freemantle, C.S., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, South Africa, Pilot Tools (Pty) (Ltd), P.O. Box 27559, Benrose, South Africa; Sacks, N., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits, South Africa	The slurry rheology of zinc recycled and newWC-6 wt.% Co materials has been studied. The impact of polymer molecular weight, particle size distribution, zeta potential and solids loading on slurry rheology has been investigated and correlated with spray dried powder properties. Powders were characterized in terms of granule size distribution, apparent density, flow rate and granule microstructure. Zinc recycled and new powders, produced in both laboratory and production sized mills, were rheologically tested at various particle sizes ranging from 1.3 μm to 4.1 μm and at 3 different alcohol fractions. Polymer breakdown did not occur during milling, and did not influence slurry rheology. Recycled powders exhibited more consistent zeta potentials compared to new powders however all of the slurries, recycled and new alike, displayed agglomerating tendencies. Grain size distribution was shown to be the dominant factor in the shear response and development of a slurry yield stress, which resulted in solid spray dried granules from slurries possessing finer grain size and a higher yield stress, compared to hollow granules resulting from slurries possessing a coarser grain size and a low yield stress. Finer slurries, regardless of recycling or not, displayed higher settling rates. Zinc recycled slurries settled less quickly than newslurries of similar particle size; however they required longermilling times to achieve the target grain size distribution. Both zinc recycled and new powder slurries can be tailored to produce ideal, solid granules. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Cemented carbides; Slurry rheology; Spray drying; Zinc recycling	Carbide tools; Carbides; Copolymers; Elasticity; Granulation; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Powders; Recycling; Size distribution; Slurries; Spray drying; Tungsten carbide; Yield stress; Zeta potential; Zinc; Milling (machining); Cemented carbides; Grain size distribution; Granule microstructure; Granule size distribution; Polymer molecular weight; Slurry rheology; Spray-dried granules; Spray-dried powders; Grain size and shape	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891606906	Bank efficiency and financial ratios: Rating the performance of the four largest South African banks	van der Westhuizen G.	2014	Journal of Applied Business Research	30	1	None	School of Economics and Management, Sciences at the Vaal Triangle Campus, North-West University, South Africa	van der Westhuizen, G., School of Economics and Management, Sciences at the Vaal Triangle Campus, North-West University, South Africa	Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in conjunction with financial ratios is used to estimate and compare the performance of the four largest South African banks over the period 2001 to 2011. DEA is used to estimate the relative technical, allocative, cost and scale efficiencies and compare these estimates to certain financial ratios published by the banks in their financial statements. These ratios include return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), net interest margin (NIM), impairment losses, etc. The results obtained from the efficiency estimates and the financial ratios are used to rate the banks according to these performances. The rating differs depending on which performance measure is applied. A combination of these measures was necessary to determine the best and the worst performing bank. From the results obtained it appears that profitability and efficiency are two sides of the same coin. © by author(s); CC-BY.	Allocative Efficiency; Bank Performance; Financial Ratios; Net Interest Margin; Noninterest Income; Scale Efficiency; Technical Efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879727663	The impact of foreign debt on economic growth in Malawi	Tchereni B.H.M., Sekhampu T.J., Ndovi R.F.	2013	African Development Review	25	1	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12015.x	School of Economics, North-West University, South Africa; Malawi Polytechnic, Blantyre, Malawi; North-West University, South Africa; Accountant General, Blantyre, Malawi	Tchereni, B.H.M., School of Economics, North-West University, South Africa, Malawi Polytechnic, Blantyre, Malawi; Sekhampu, T.J., North-West University, South Africa; Ndovi, R.F., Accountant General, Blantyre, Malawi	This study analysed the impact of foreign debt on economic growth in Malawi using time series. Data for the period 1975-2003 from the Reserve Bank of Malawi, the IMF and the National Statistical Office was regressed in basic time series analysis. The dependent variable was economic growth and independent variables included level of foreign debt as the main variable. Other variables considered are the inflation rate, exchange rate and the prime lending rate, private and public investment. The results show a statistically insignificant and negative relationship between foreign debt and economic growth for the case of Malawi. The country should strive to provide incentives to local manufacturers who would want to export rather than relying on borrowing for growth inducement. Of interest was the relationship between inflation and economic growth which was positive. © 2013 The Authors. African Development Review © 2013 African Development Bank. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	debt; economic growth; economic impact; exchange rate; inflation; investment; lending behavior; time series analysis; Malawi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938527105	Impact of destruction – Introduction to the Josephus Seminar, Theological University Kampen	van Bekkum K.	2015	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies	71	1	10.4102/hts.v71i1.2943	Old Testament at Theologische Universiteit Kampen, Netherlands; Department of New Testament Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa	van Bekkum, K., Old Testament at Theologische Universiteit Kampen, Netherlands, Department of New Testament Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa	This is an introduction to the contributions of Jan Willem van Henten and William den Hollander to the Josephus Seminar ‘Impact of destruction. Methodological questions in the study of Jewish and Christian reactions to the demolition of the Temple’ held at the Theological University in Kampen, the Netherlands. The introduction sketches the status quaestionis and the methodological issues in comparing the works of Josephus and the Gospels in reconstructing the impact of the destruction of the Temple in AD 70 on Judaism and Early Christianity. © 2015 The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960282882	The impact of residual infections on Anopheles-transmitted Wuchereria bancrofti after multiple rounds of mass drug administration	De Souza D.K., Ansumana R., Sessay S., Conteh A., Koudou B., Rebollo M.P., Koroma J., Boakye D.A., Bockarie M.J.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1091-z	Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, United States	De Souza, D.K., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Ansumana, R., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Sessay, S., Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Conteh, A., Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Koudou, B., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Rebollo, M.P., Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, United States; Koroma, J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Boakye, D.A., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Bockarie, M.J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: Many countries have made significant progress in the implementation of World Health Organization recommended preventive chemotherapy strategy, to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). However, pertinent challenges such as the existence of areas of residual infections in disease endemic districts pose potential threats to the achievements made. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the importance of these areas in implementation units (districts) where microfilaria (MF) positive individuals could not be found during the mid-term assessment after three rounds of mass drug administration. Methods: This study was undertaken in Bo and Pujehun, two LF endemic districts of Sierra Leone, with baseline MF prevalence of 2 % and 0 % respectively in sentinel sites for monitoring impact of the national programme. Study communities in the districts were purposefully selected and an assessment of LF infection prevalence was conducted together with entomological investigations undertaken to determine the existence of areas with residual MF that could enable transmission by local vectors. The transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) protocol described by WHO was applied in the two districts to determine infection of LF in 6-7 year old children who were born before MDA against LF started. Results: The results indicated the presence of MF infected children in Pujehun district. An. gambiae collected in the district were also positive for W. bancrofti, even though the prevalence of infection was below the threshold associated with active transmission. Conclusions: Residual infection was detected after three rounds of MDA in Pujehun - a district of 0 % Mf prevalence at the sentinel site. Nevertheless, our results showed that the transmission was contained in a small area. With the scale up of vector control in Anopheles transmission zones, some areas of residual infection may not pose a serious threat for the resurgence of LF if the prevalence of infections observed during TAS are below the threshold required for active transmission of the parasite. However, robust surveillance strategies capable of detecting residual infections must be implemented, together with entomological assessments to determine if ongoing vector control activities, biting rates and infection rates of the vectors can support the transmission of the disease. Furthermore, in areas where mid-term assessments reveal MF prevalence below 1 % or 2 % antigen level, in Anopheles transmission areas with active and effective malaria vector control efforts, the minimum 5 rounds of MDA may not be required before implementing TAS. Thus, we propose a modification of the WHO recommendation for the timing of sentinel and spot-check site assessments in national programs. © 2015 de Souza et al.	Hotspots; Lymphatic filariasis; Residual transmission; Sierra Leone; Wuchereria bancrofti	None	DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939638612	Implementation of the HealthKick intervention in primary schools in low-income settings in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: A process evaluation	De Villiers A., Steyn N.P., Draper C.E., Hill J., Dalais L., Fourie J., Lombard C., Barkhuizen G., Lambert E.V.	2015	BMC Public Health	15	1	10.1186/s12889-015-2157-8	Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit (NCDRU), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, South Africa; Division of Human Nutrition, University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, South Africa; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, SAMRC, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Western Cape Education Department (WCED), Cape Town, South Africa	De Villiers, A., Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit (NCDRU), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, South Africa; Steyn, N.P., Division of Human Nutrition, University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, South Africa; Draper, C.E., Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, South Africa; Hill, J., Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit (NCDRU), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, South Africa; Dalais, L., Division of Human Nutrition, University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, South Africa; Fourie, J., Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit (NCDRU), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, South Africa; Lombard, C., Biostatistics Unit, SAMRC, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Barkhuizen, G., Western Cape Education Department (WCED), Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, South Africa	Background: The HealthKick intervention, introduced at eight primary schools in low-income settings in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, aimed to promote healthy lifestyles among learners, their families and school staff. Eight schools from similar settings without any active intervention served as controls. Methods: The Action Planning Process (APP) guided school staff through a process that enabled them to assess areas for action; identify specific priorities; and set their own goals regarding nutrition and physical activity at their schools. Educators were introduced to the APP and trained to undertake this at their schools by holding workshops. Four action areas were covered, which included the school nutrition environment; physical activity and sport environment; staff health; and chronic disease and diabetes awareness. Intervention schools also received a toolkit comprising an educator's manual containing planning guides, printed resource materials and a container with physical activity equipment. To facilitate the APP, a champion was identified at each school to drive the APP and liaise with the project team. Over the three-years a record was kept of activities planned and those accomplished. At the end of the intervention, focus group discussions were held with school staff at each school to capture perceptions about the APP and intervention activities. Results: Overall uptake of events offered by the research team was 65.6 % in 2009, 75 % in 2010 and 62.5 % in 2011. Over the three-year intervention, the school food and nutrition environment action area scored the highest, with 55.5 % of planned actions being undertaken. In the chronic disease and diabetes awareness area 54.2 % actions were completed, while in the school physical activity and sport environment and staff health activity areas 25.9 and 20 % were completed respectively. According to educators, the low level of implementation of APP activities was because of a lack of parental involvement, time and available resources, poor physical environment at schools and socio-economic considerations. Conclusions: The implementation of the HealthKick intervention was not as successful as anticipated. Actions required for future interventions include increased parental involvement, greater support from the Department of Basic Education and assurance of sufficient motivation and 'buy-in' from schools. © 2015 de Villiers et al.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000209023700016	An Evaluation of a Helping Skills Training Program for Intern Psychometrists	du Preez, Jani,Jorgensen, Lene I.	2012	JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA	22	1	10.1080/14330237.2012.10874530	North West University - South Africa	"du Preez, Jani: North West University - South Africa","Jorgensen, Lene I.: North West University - South Africa"	This study reports on the effectiveness of a helping skills training program for intern psychometrists. A randomised pretest-posttest comparison group design was used to evaluate the training program. Participants (N = 22; 82% = female, and Afrikaans-speaking = 95%) were selected from the psychometrist-in-training program from a tertiary institution. Three helping skills development measuring instruments were administered before and after the training program. Data were quantitatively analysed to examine training effects on empathy, respect and genuineness, as well as the participants' ability to respond to content and personalise meaning. At the conclusion of the training, participants appeared to have evidently developed a heightened sense of purpose in life.	evaluation,HELPING,"helping skills",psychometrists	None	None
WoS	WOS:000243641700005	A performance evaluation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) processes within the South African context	Retief, Francois	2007	ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW	27	1	10.1016/j.eiar.2006.08.002	North West University - South Africa	None	SEA has been described as being more about process than about product. Yet very little research has been conducted to gain a better understanding of how SEA processes perform within developing country contexts. To address this gap in knowledge the research underlying this paper aimed to evaluate the quality of SEA processes within the South African context against specifically designed key performance indicators. Comparison of the different data patterns revealed general SEA process features as well as three broad models, namely the 'stand alone', 'central to decision making' and 'integrated' models. The research results suggest a particularly poor performance in terms of process quality for the SEA case studies investigated. Moreover, it shows that there is no one understanding of SEA process within the South African context. The main limitations related to a weak understanding of the decision making processes SEA aimed to inform, as well as an inability to incorporate flexibility into process design. To take the debate forward it is proposed that SEA follow-up and effectiveness research be explored to determine which of these models (if any) ultimately contributed to influencing decision making and promote sustainability. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	"key performance indicators","PERFORMANCE EVALUATION","process quality","STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000278488800003	Evaluation of the Cummins theoretical framework for higher education in South Africa	Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan	2010	SOUTHERN AFRICAN LINGUISTICS AND APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES	28	1	10.2989/16073614.2010.488443	North West University - South Africa	None	In the context of the successful bilingual education of children, the value of the theoretical framework of Jim Cummins is acknowledged by educators and researchers worldwide. This framework is also used extensively in South Africa to provide a structure for educators and researchers that are interested in the relationships between bi- and/or multilingualism and academic success in schools. Cummins consistently describes the context (types of learners, educational and political system, language landscape) within which his theoretical framework is operational and is careful not to extrapolate findings and implications to other contexts. Despite this sensitive approach to context, the framework is extended to the higher-education context in South Africa regularly. The extension of this framework beyond its original context to the higher-education context in South Africa attests to the engagement of higher-education practitioners to understand the relationship between language (specifically medium of instruction) and academic success in South Africa, as well as to the 'face validity' of the framework. In this article, the appropriateness of applying the Cummins theoretical framework to the higher-education context in South Africa is evaluated. Implications for the use of the framework in this context are explored.	,LANGUAGE	None	None
WoS	WOS:000262852700008	A practice-based evaluation of an on-line writing evaluation system: First-World technology in a Third-World teaching context	Louw, Henk,Spencer, Brenda	2008	LANGUAGE MATTERS	39	1	10.1080/10228190802321061	North West University - South Africa, University of South Africa	"Louw, Henk: North West University - South Africa","Spencer, Brenda: University of South Africa"	The core question interrogated by Spencer and Louw in this article is: 'What is the theoretical best practice in using computer-assisted language learning (CALL) for automated response to student writing, and how effectively can this be applied to the South African teaching context?' To answer this question, we discuss the advances represented by the Criterion(SM) Online Writing Evaluation system, a web-based service developed by ETS (Educational Testing Service) to evaluate student writing and provide feedback. Theory is juxtaposed with application. A practice-based evaluation of the implementation of this programme at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University was conducted in which the Criterion service was used by approximately 1 000 students per year, in 2005 and 2006. The students were enrolled in English /, Academic Literacy, English for Law Students and English for the Professions. One of the authors, Henk Louw, acted as administrator for this project. This article explores the advantages and challenges of implementing this American technology in a South African teaching context.	"automated essay evaluation",CALL,"CALL implementation","on-line essay evaluation","response to student writing"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896796367	The impact of a developmental movement programme on the performance of rural hearingimpaired children on the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development	Bothma J.-M.V.D.M., Dunn M., Kokot S.	2014	South African Journal of Psychology	44	1	10.1177/0081246313516254	North West University, PO Box 1088, Harrismith, 9880, South Africa; University of South Africa, South Africa	Bothma, J.-M.V.D.M., North West University, PO Box 1088, Harrismith, 9880, South Africa; Dunn, M., North West University, PO Box 1088, Harrismith, 9880, South Africa; Kokot, S., University of South Africa, South Africa	Being hearing impaired does not only affect a child's academic performance, but can also influence his or her overall development and ability to succeed academically. Neurodevelopmental movement programmes are generally not accepted as evidenced-based practice, and their effect on academic performance is often underrated. Movement, however, is regarded by many as being essential to learning, and there seems to be a positive interchange between the brain and the body. This article reports on research conducted on the impact of a neurodevelopmental movement programme on the development of 4- to 8-year-old hearing-impaired children. Children were selected from a special needs school in QwaQwa, a rural area in the Free State province of South Africa. Two groups of children (one an experimental and the other a comparison group) were used in this research, with both groups undergoing a pre-test and post-test phase using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised. The experimental group was subjected to a 14-week neurodevelopmental movement programme. The comparison group underwent a placebo intervention. The results indicate that the children in the experimental group showed an improvement in some aspects of specific development following the intervention (locomotor functioning, performance-related abilities, and practical reasoning skills). General developmental age showed significant improvement in both the experimental group and the comparison group. This result may support the critique against movement programmes, where the placebo effect is offered as the reason for change in children participating in movement programmes. The results of this empirical investigation aid in understanding the impact of movement programmes on a hearing-impaired child's general development. © The Author(s) 2014.	Child development; Developmental movement programme; Griffiths Scales; Hearing impaired; Movement	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875334851	Exploring the psychology of trade-off decision-making in environmental impact assessment	Retief F., Morrison-Saunders A., Geneletti D., Pope J.	2013	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	31	1	10.1080/14615517.2013.768007	North West University, South Africa; Murdoch University, Australia; University of Trento, Italy; Integral Sustainability, Australia; Curtin University, Australia	Retief, F., North West University, South Africa; Morrison-Saunders, A., North West University, South Africa, Murdoch University, Australia; Geneletti, D., University of Trento, Italy; Pope, J., North West University, South Africa, Integral Sustainability, Australia, Curtin University, Australia	Dealing with trade-offs lies at the heart of environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, there has been scant reflection to date on the concept of trade-offs within the EIA literature. This paper aims to contribute to the thinking about trade-offs by distilling key learning points from research conducted within the field of psychology. In particular, the paper explores three interrelated questions namely: When are trade-off decisions difficult? How do we react when faced with difficult trade-off decisions? And how can we deal with difficult trade-off decisions? The research confirms that EIA functions within a very difficult trade-off decision-making context and that observed behaviour related to these difficult decisions can be explained from a psychology perspective. In order to deal better with trade-off decisions, it is helpful to be able to predict decision difficulty and anticipate resultant behaviour. Moreover, the way we present and frame decisions affects their outcomes. © 2013 Copyright IAIA.	conflict in decision-making; decision-making; environmental impact assessment; psychology; trade-offs	conflict management; decision making; environmental impact assessment; psychology; trade-off	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927650074	The impact of HIV/AIDS on compliance with antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder: A prospective study in a South African private healthcare cohort	Slabbert F.N., Harvey B.H., Brink C.B., Lubbe M.S.	2015	AIDS Research and Therapy	12	1	10.1186/s12981-015-0050-2	North-West University, Medicines Usage Group (MUSA), Potchefstroom, South Africa; North-West University, Division of Pharmacology, Potchefstroom, South Africa; North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Slabbert, F.N., North-West University, Medicines Usage Group (MUSA), Potchefstroom, South Africa; Harvey, B.H., North-West University, Division of Pharmacology, Potchefstroom, South Africa, North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Brink, C.B., North-West University, Division of Pharmacology, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Lubbe, M.S., North-West University, Medicines Usage Group (MUSA), Potchefstroom, South Africa	Background: MDD and HIV/AIDS have a high prevalence worldwide with severe consequences for patients. In both conditions, compliance with treatment is key to successfully treat these disorders. In the current study, we examine the effect of MDD on the compliance with ADs in patients diagnosed with co-morbid HIV/AIDS and how different classes of ADs influence compliance in this group of patients. Methods: A prospective, cohort study design was used to analyse nationally representative medicine claims data submitted to a privately-owned South African Pharmaceutical Benefit Management (PBM) company. Two groups were distinguished in the database, namely patients with only MDD and patients with both MDD and HIV/AIDS, over a six-year study period. The study population was determined by the following inclusion criteria: patients older than 18 years, MDD should be diagnosed by a psychiatrist supported by an appropriate ICD-10 code, and all patients have to be on combination antiretroviral treatment (cARV) treatment. The medicine possession ratio (MPR) was used as proxy to determine patient compliance with AD medication. Results: 127 patients (i.e. 0.24%) met the criteria of co-morbid MDD and HIV/AIDS. Females have a significantly higher prevalence of MDD and HIV/AIDS when compared to males. Patients diagnosed with both HIV/AIDS and MDD (74.43. ± 32.03, 95% Cl: 71.51-77.34) have a statistical significantly (p < 0.0001) lower compliance with AD treatment vs. MDD patients (80.94% ± 29.44, 95% Cl: 80.56-81.33), but the practical significance thereof, is low (Cohen's d = 0.2255). In this group only 26.83% of TCA had acceptable compliance compared to the 58.57% of SNRIs. Noteworthy observations were that 75% (p < 0.0217; Cramer's V = 0.0388) of venlafaxine and 28.6% (p < 0.0197; Cramer's V = -0.0705) of the paroxetine items were compliant in patients diagnosed with both HIV/AIDS and MDD. Conclusions: AD compliance is statistical significantly lower in depressed HIV/AIDS vs. depressed non-HIV/AIDS patients. However, these differences is of low practical or clinical significance, meaning that depressed HIV/AIDS patients would have missed approximately two AD doses (6.5% of a 30-day treatment period) more than the non-HIV/AIDS depressed patient over the same treatment period. © Slabbert et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Antidepressants; Compliance; HIV/AIDS; Major depressive disorder; Venlafaxine	amfebutamone; amitriptyline; antidepressant agent; antiretrovirus agent; citalopram; escitalopram; fluoxetine; mirtazapine; paroxetine; serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor; trazodone; venlafaxine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; antiviral therapy; Article; comorbidity; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; ICD-10; major clinical study; major depression; male; medication compliance; middle aged; organization and management; population research; prevalence; priority journal; prospective study; sex difference; South African; young adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45749116610	"I have undergone some metamorphosis!" The impact of REds on South African educators affected by the HIV/Aids pandemic. A pilot study	Theron L.C.	2008	Journal of Psychology in Africa	18	1	None	North-West University, South Africa; School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, P. O. Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	Theron, L.C., North-West University, South Africa, School of Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, P. O. Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	The study investigated the efficacy of Resilient Educators (REds), a group intervention program, designed to empower educators affected by the HIV/Aids pandemic and is research in progress. Fifteen participants (three male; twelve female) from various primary schools in two different South African communities were involved. Participant ages ranged from early thirties to mid-fifties. A pre-test, post-test design was conducted. Visual data were collected in the form of symbolic drawings: participants drew symbols of their perception of the pandemic and explained the meaning of their chosen symbols either in writing or verbally. A qualitative comparison of these visual data suggested transformed perception and concomitant teacher empowerment. Prior to participation in REds, participants projected vulnerability. Following their participation, participant projections suggested self-empowerment and community mindedness. Participants perceived themselves capable of coping with the challenges of the pandemic. Copyright © 2008 Journal of Psychology in Africa.	Coping; HIV/AIDS; Perception; Resilience; Symbolic drawings; Visual data	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875046791	Efficacy evaluation of flavored combination parasiticide tablets in a laboratory study for the removal of natural Dipylidium caninum (tapeworm) infections in dogs	Barnett S., King S., Kok D., Luempert L.	2013	International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine	11	1	None	Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States; ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 11186, Universitas, 9321, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Barnett, S., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States; King, S., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States; Kok, D., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 11186, Universitas, 9321, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Luempert, L., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States	A pivotal blinded laboratory study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of two novel formulations of flavored combination tablets against Dipylidium caninum in naturally infected dogs. One formulation was a 3-way combination of the active ingredients praziquantel, milbemycin oxime and lufenuron; the other was a 2-way combination of praziquantel and milbemycin oxime, both administered orally. The study also included a negative control group that received Sentinel ® Flavor Tabs® (milbemycin oxime and lufenuron) and a placebo control group that received vehicle placebo tablets. Each treatment or control group consisted of 10 dogs and the study was conducted in two phases. Dogs were housed in individual pens from Day -14 until necropsy on Day 12. The selection of study animals was based on infection with D. caninum as demonstrated by shed proglottids once before and once during the 14-day acclimatization period. Microfilaria tests were conducted on blood samples collected during acclimatization and only heartworm negative dogs were enrolled in the study. Dogs were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to treatment groups. Male and female animals were represented within every treatment group. Dogs in all groups were treated once on Day 0, within approximately 30 minutes of ingesting a full meal, and observed hourly for the first six hours post-treatment, and then again at 8, 10, 12, 18 and 24 hours post-treatment to determine acute tolerance. General health observations were performed daily for the duration of the study. Dogs were euthanized on Day 12 and the intestines were examined for the presence of D. caninum. One dog in the vehicle placebo group was removed from the trial on Day 6 due to ehrlichiosis. Tapeworms were recovered from 18 of 20 control dogs while no tapeworms were found in any of the dogs that received either the 3-way or 2-way combination tablets, which contained praziquantel. Therefore, the efficacy against naturally acquired D. caninum infection was 100% for both the 3-way and the 2-way combination tablets. Clinical abnormalities were confined to self-limiting gastrointestinal signs observed in both treatment and control groups.	Dipylidium caninum; Praziquantel; Tapeworm	None	None
None	None	Soil transmitted helminths and scabies in Zanzibar, Tanzania following mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis - A rapid assessment methodology to assess impact	Mohammed K.A., Deb R.M., Stanton M.C., Molyneux D.H.	2012	Parasites and Vectors	5	1	10.1186/1756-3305-5-299	NTD Control Programme Manager, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Mohammed, K.A., NTD Control Programme Manager, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Deb, R.M., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Stanton, M.C., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Molyneux, D.H., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background: Ivermectin and albendazole are used in annual mass drug administration (MDA) for the lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes in African countries co-endemic for onchocerciasis, but have additional impact on soil transmitted helminths and the ectoparasitic mite which causes scabies. Assessing these collateral impacts at scale is difficult due to the insensitivity of available parasite detection techniques. Methods. The numbers of cases diagnosed with intestinal helminths and scabies and who received prescriptions for treatment were evaluated in 50 health centres in Zanzibar. Records were examined from 2000, prior to the initiation of MDA to 2005, after six rounds of MDA for lymphatic filariasis had taken place. Results: Health centre records showed a consistent decline in the number of cases of intestinal helminths and scabies diagnosed by community health workers in Zanzibar and the number of prescriptions issued across five age groups. A 90-98% decline in soil transmitted helminths and 68-98% decline in scabies infections were recorded. Poisson regression models aggregated to both the island-level and district-level indicated that the decline was statistically significant. Conclusions: The described method of examining health centre records has the potential for use on a large scale, despite limitations, as a rapid method to evaluate the impacts resulting from both lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis MDA. This would result in a reduction in the need for parasitological evaluations to determine prevalence and intensity. © 2012 Mohammed et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albendazole; benzyl benzoate; ivermectin; mebendazole; scabex; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; article; child; groups by age; health auxiliary; health center; health impact assessment; helminth; helminthiasis; human; infant; lymphatic filariasis; major clinical study; medical record review; methodology; newborn; parasite transmission; preschool child; prescription; scabies; school child; soil; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Endemic Diseases; Helminthiasis; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Ivermectin; Neglected Diseases; Onchocerciasis; Prevalence; Scabies; Soil; Tanzania; Young Adult; Acari; Vermes	None
WoS	WOS:000253025900010	Evaluation of health workers' training in use of the partogram	Adeyemi, A. B.,Fatusi, A. O.,Makinde, O. N.,Onwudiegwu, U.,Orji, E. O.	2008	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY &amp; OBSTETRICS	100	1	10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.07.020	Obafemi Awolowo University	"Adeyemi, A. B.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Fatusi, A. O.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Makinde, O. N.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Onwudiegwu, U.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Orji, E. O.: Obafemi Awolowo University"	Objective: To assess the impact of training on use of the partogram for tabor monitoring among various categories of primary health care workers. Methods: Fifty-six health workers offering delivery services in primary health care facilities were trained to use the partogram and were evaluated after 7 months. Results: A total of 242 partograms of women in tabor were plotted over a 1-year period; 76.9% of them were correctly plotted. Community health extension workers (CHEWs) plotted 193 (79.8%) partograms and nurse/midwives plotted 49 (20.2%). Inappropriate action based on the partogram occurred in 6.6%. No statistically significant difference was recorded in the rate of correct plotting and consequent decision-making between nurse/midwives and the CHEWs. Conclusion: Lower cadres of primary health care workers can be effectively trained to use the partogram with satisfactory results, and thus contribute towards improved maternal outcomes in developing countries with scarcity of skilled attendants. (c) 2007 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	NIGERIA,partogram,"primary health care workers","TRAINING PROGRAM",LABOR,MANAGEMENT,MIDWIVES,"ORGANIZATION PARTOGRAPH"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892597722	The examination of the effect of participation in entrepreneurial development programmes on enterprise performance: A case of small-scale business in Nigeria	Olugbenga A.F.	2013	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	4	1	10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n1p237	Obafemi Awolowo University, Centre for Distance Learning, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Olugbenga, A.F., Obafemi Awolowo University, Centre for Distance Learning, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Entrepreneurial Development programmes have contributed significantly to small-scale business development. Their impact includes increased business income, accelerated business growth, improved productivity and increased sales. The success story of Entrepreneurial Development programmes notwithstanding, they have problem of excluding small entrepreneurs due to accessibility of the programmes, finance, timing duration and lack of awareness of the programme. This study examined the effect of Entrepreneurial Development programmes on enterprises development and performance.The study area was Ondo State of Nigeria. The study carried out a comparative study of different types of small-scale business entrepreneurs. Questionnaires were administered to small-scale business entrepreneurs. This study concluded that participation in Entrepreneurial Development programmes had a positive impact on the performance of small-scale business in Nigeria.	Entrepreneur; Entrepreneurial Development programmes; International Labour Organisation; National Directorate of Employment; Small-scale business	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941550684	Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of yoruba version of the short-form 36 health survey	Mbada C.E., Adeogun G.A., Ogunlana M.O., Adedoyin R.A., Akinsulore A., Awotidebe T.O., Idowu O.A., Olaoye O.A.	2015	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	13	1	10.1186/s12955-015-0337-y	Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Ibadan, Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, Nigeri	Mbada, C.E., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Adeogun, G.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Ogunlana, M.O., University of Ibadan, Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, Nigeria, Nigeria; Adedoyin, R.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Akinsulore, A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Mental Health, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Awotidebe, T.O., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Idowu, O.A., Department of Physiotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Olaoye, O.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria	Background and objective: The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) is a valid quality of life tool often employed to determine the impact of medical intervention and the outcome of health care services. However, the SF-36 is culturally sensitive which necessitates its adaptation and translation into different languages. This study was conducted to cross-culturally adapt the SF-36 into Yoruba language and determine its reliability and validity. Methods: Based on the International Quality of Life Assessment project guidelines, a sequence of translation, test of item-scale correlation, and validation was implemented for the translation of the Yoruba version of the SF-36. Following pilot testing, the English and the Yoruba versions of the SF-36 were administered to a random sample of 1087 apparently healthy individuals to test validity and 249 respondents completed the Yoruba SF-36 again after two weeks to test reliability. Data was analyzed using Pearson's product moment correlation analysis, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, multi trait scaling analysis and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) at p < 0.05. Results: The concurrent validity scores for scales and domains ranges between 0.749 and 0.902 with the highest and lowest scores in the General Health (0.902) and Bodily Pain (0.749) scale. Scale-level descriptive result showed that all scale and domain scores had negative skewness ranging from -2.08 to -0.98. The mean scores for each scales ranges between 83.2 and 88.8. The domain scores for Physical Health Component and Mental Health Component were 85.6 ± 13.7 and 85.9 ± 15.4 respectively. The convergent validity was satisfactory, ranging from 0.421 to 0.907. Discriminant validity was also satisfactory except for item '1'. The ICC for the test-retest reliability of the Yoruba SF-36 ranges between 0.636 and 0.843 for scales; and 0.783 and 0.851 for domains. Conclusion: The data quality, concurrent and discriminant validity, reliability and internal consistency of the Yoruba version of the SF-36 are adequate and it is recommended for measuring health-related quality of life among Yoruba population. © 2015 Mbada et al.	Cultural adaptation; Health-related quality of life; Psychometric properties; Translation; Yoruba SF-36	adult; Article; concurrent validity; convergent validity; correlation coefficient; cultural factor; cultural psychiatry; discriminant validity; female; General Health Questionnaire; health status; human; internal consistency; major clinical study; male; mental health; middle aged; practice guideline; psychometry; quality of life; scoring system; Short Form 36; social adaptation; test retest reliability; translational research; validation study; Yoruba (people); aged; cultural factor; health status; health status indicator; Nigeria; outcome assessment; pain; psychometry; publication; questionnaire; reproducibility; standards; young adult; Adult; Aged; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Health Status; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Pain; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires; Translations; Young Adult	None
WoS	WOS:000316322300003	Economic Impacts of Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria	Adekunle, Adolphus Adekunle,Adeyemo, Victoria Adeyemi,Akinola, Akinboye Adebayo,Ayanwale, Adeolu Babatunde	2013	AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW-REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT	25	1	10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12011.x	Obafemi Awolowo University, Forum Agr Res Africa	"Adeyemo, Victoria Adeyemi: Obafemi Awolowo University","Akinola, Akinboye Adebayo: Obafemi Awolowo University","Ayanwale, Adeolu Babatunde: Obafemi Awolowo University",	This paper assesses the potential economic impacts of Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) conceived to address observed low productivity, prevailing poverty level, slow growth and general underperformance of the agricultural sector associated with the traditional agricultural and rural development (ARD) approach. The economic surplus analysis suggested that IAR4D research and extension, with respect to maize production, could achieve returns ranging from 30 to 38 per cent and a maximum adoption of 25 to 50 per cent for the conservative and baseline scenario, respectively. Similarly, with the same range of maximum adoption, the approach could yield returns ranging from 22 to 29 per cent for the conservative and baseline scenario, respectively in millet production. However, the same range of adoption could result in 29 to 37 per cent for the conservative and baseline scenario, respectively in sorghum production. The estimated benefits are sensitive to expected adoption rates but much less so to changes in research and extension costs. However, the estimates indicate that the production of all the crops was socially profitable under the IAR4D option. Our results were consistent with earlier economic analyses which showed that IAR4D was more productive, profitable and acceptable to farmers than the conventional Research for Development (R&amp;D) approach.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000313654400002	Impact of intimate partner violence on anxiety and depression amongst women in Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adewuya, O. A.,Afolabi, O.,Akinsulore, A.,Aloba, O. O.,Makanjuola, R. O. A.,Mapayi, Boladale,Mosaku, S. K.	2013	ARCHIVES OF WOMENS MENTAL HEALTH	16	1	10.1007/s00737-012-0307-x	Obafemi Awolowo University, Lagos State Univ	"Afolabi, O.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Akinsulore, A.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Aloba, O. O.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Makanjuola, R. O. A.: Obafemi Awolowo University","Mapayi, Boladale: Obafemi Awolowo University","Mosaku, S. K.: Obafemi Awolowo University",	Research into intimate partner violence in the Nigerian environment has been limited. The objective of this study was to determine, amongst a sample of women attending the Enuwa Primary Health Care Center, Ile-Ife, the association between intimate partner violence and anxiety/depression. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 373 women who attended the antenatal clinic and welfare units of a primary health centre in Ile-Ife using the Composite Abuse Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and a socio-demographic scale as instruments. Slightly over a third (36.7 %) reported intimate partner violence within the past year, 5.6 % had anxiety and 15.5 % were depressed. Anxiety and depression in the respondents were significantly associated with intimate partner violence. Women were ten times more likely to report being depressed and 17 times more likely to report anxiety if they were in violent relationships. This research has shown that the magnitude of intimate partner violence within the study population is comparable to those found in the developing countries. There are significant associations between intimate partner violence, anxiety and depression amongst the study population and this fact undoubtedly has implications for the mental health of the Nigerian woman.	Anxiety,DEPRESSION,Ile-Ife,"intimate partner violence","PRIMARY HEALTH",ABUSE,ADULT,GENERAL-PRACTICE,HEALTH,"HOSPITAL ANXIETY",MENTAL-DISORDERS,POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS,PREVALENCE,SCALE,SOUTH-AFRICA	None	None
WoS	WOS:000272079000003	The Impact of Caregiving on the Health and Well-being of Kenyan Luo Grandparents	Heh, Victor,Ice, Gillian H.,Juma, Elizabeth,Yogo, Jaja	2010	RESEARCH ON AGING	32	1	10.1177/0164027509348128	Ohio University, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr	"Ice, Gillian H.: Ohio University",	As the HIV/AIDS pandemic progresses in Africa, elders are increasingly responsible for the care of orphans. Several reports suggest that elderly Africans do not have the resources to provide care and are at risk of poor health, but few studies have systematically measured health of caregivers. The Kenyan Grandparents Study is a longitudinal study designed to compare elder Luo caregivers to noncaregiving peers. Several measures of health were collected, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, glucose, and hemoglobin. In addition, self-perceived health and mental health were measured using the MOS Short-Form 36 (SF-36). It was hypothesized that caregivers would have poorer health than noncaregivers and that the difference in health would widen over the three waves of the study. Caregiving did not affect physical health but did act to decrease mental health and perceived health over time.	Africa,AGING,HIV/AIDS,ORPHANS,GLUCOCORTICOIDS,GRANDCHILDREN,ILLNESS,"KISWAHILI VERSION",PATTERNS,POPULATION,SF-36,STRESS,TANZANIA,"WESTERN KENYA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859187717	Exploring the impacts of social networking sites on academic relations in the university	Rambe P.	2011	Journal of Information Technology Education:Research	10	1	None	Office of International Academic Programmes, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Rambe, P., Office of International Academic Programmes, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Social networking sites (SNS) affordances for persistent interaction, collective generation of knowledge, and formation of peer-based clusters for knowledge sharing render them useful for developing constructivist knowledge environments. However, notwithstanding their academic value, these environments are not necessarily insulated from the exercise of academic/ power. Despite a growing corpus of literature on SNS's capacity to enhance social capital formation, foster trust, and connect interactants in remote locations, there is a dearth of research on how SNS potentially leverages academic /power relations in university settings. Mindful of the unsubstantiated nexus between power relations, knowledge construction, and academic appropriation of SNS, unraveling the impact of SNS on lecturer-student and student-peer power relations in the university can illuminate the understanding of this academic connection/puzzle. This work employs Critical Theory of Technology (CTT) and virtual case study method to explore the influence of SNS use on power relations of lecturers, students, and their peers in a blended (Facebook-enhanced) Information Technology course at a middle-sized South African university. The findings demonstrate that academic appropriation of SNS differentially empower academics and students at different times, and students employ various forms of sophisticated authorial language to territorialise power in their interactions with lecturers and peers. Academics and instructional designers are urged to examine different forms of language employed in lecturer-student and student-peer discourses to grasp student learning needs and to foster meaningful, knowledge-rich learning environments.	Academic relations; Critical theory of technology; Differential power; Meaningful learning; Social networking sites	Academic relations; Affordances; Differential power; Instructional designer; Knowledge construction; Knowledge environment; Knowledge-sharing; Learning environments; Meaningful learning; Power relations; Remote location; Social capitals; Social networking sites; Student learning; Study methods; Engineering education; Information technology; Social sciences computing; Students; Teaching; Social networking (online)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934299363	Effects of selected tropical legume and oil seeds on egg quality and performance of laying hens in Nigeria	Akanji A.M., Ogungbesan A.M., Ologhobo A.D.	2015	Tropical Agriculture	92	1	None	Olabisi Onabanjo University, College of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Animal Production, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Akanji, A.M., Olabisi Onabanjo University, College of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Animal Production, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ogungbesan, A.M., Olabisi Onabanjo University, College of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Animal Production, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ologhobo, A.D., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Raw jack-beans, bambara groundnuts and benne seeds were fed to exotic hens in a six - week experimental study to assess their toxicological effects on egg quality and laying performance. The legume and oil seeds selected for this study were used to replace soy bean meal at 25% and 50% levels. Egg weight and hen - day production were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in birds fed 25% and 50% raw benne seed - based diets. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) increased in birds fed 50% raw benne seeds. Egg yolk index and haugh unit were significantly (P<0.05) reduced across the groups. The reductions were however more pronounced in birds fed 50% raw jack beans and 50% raw benne seeds respectively. The whole egg protein was similar in all the groups. The yolk protein and albumen protein were however significantly (P<0.05) reduced across the groups. The fat contents of the whole eggs and yolk were more significantly (P<0.05) reduced in birds fed 50% raw jack beans and 50% bambara groundnuts respectively. Regression analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) correlations between egg weight and haemagglutinin (r = -0.47), tannin, (r = -0.55),; Yolk index and haemagglutinin (r = -0.54), trypsin inhibitor (r = -0.51); Haugh unit and tannin (r = -0.68), oxalate (r = -0.51); Yolk protein and haemagglutinin (r = -0.48), trypsin inhibitor (r = -0.48). © 2015 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Eggs; Hens; Oil seeds; Raw legumes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649113836	Soil landscapes, land cover change and erosion features of the Central Plateau region of Tigrai, Ethiopia: Photo-monitoring with an interval of 30 years	Munro R.N., Deckers J., Haile M., Grove A.T., Poesen J., Nyssen J.	2008	Catena	75	1	10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.009	Old Abbey Associates, Tarbet Court, Dirleton, East Lothian Scotland EH39 5DX, United Kingdom; Division Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Downing College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physical and Regional Geography, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Geography Department, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Munro, R.N., Old Abbey Associates, Tarbet Court, Dirleton, East Lothian Scotland EH39 5DX, United Kingdom; Deckers, J., Division Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Haile, M., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Grove, A.T., Downing College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Poesen, J., Physical and Regional Geography, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Nyssen, J., Geography Department, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Human land use of the Tigray landscape (north Ethiopia) can be traced back for at least 3000 years and is recognizably very complex, but in the past half-century there have been multiple narratives on environmental change in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands in which statements such as "the forest and soil resources in Tigray are dwindling at unprecedented rates" are common. In an attempt to provide an objective assessment, we made a semi-quantitative analysis of observed changes in the environment of the central Tigray plateau, between 1975 and 2006, and its impact on soil erosion. The first part of this period saw strong degradation, caused by a combination of drought, impoverishment, poor land husbandry and war; but over the whole period intense rehabilitation activities have been high on the agenda. To study these changes, two sets of 51 landscape photographs have been used. The older photo-set was taken in 1975 by R.N. Munro during the Tigrai Rural Development Study; locations were revisited in 2006 by J. Nyssen and colleagues, when a new set of photographs was made at the same locations and with the same aspect. Based on longstanding experience in soil erosion and landscape analysis worldwide and in Ethiopia, the time-lapsed photographs were rated for visible erosion, land cover and protective measures. We present a quantitative evaluation of the change of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion, involving the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and particularly the changes in the C (cover) and the P (management) factors. This allowed assessing soil loss in 2006 as a percentage of the 1975 situation. Both the landscape and land unit analysis show that the situation for natural resources has improved (and locally strongly improved) since 1974. The rehabilitation is due both to improved vegetation cover and to physical conservation structures. The USLE application indicates that in terms of a whole landscape the current average soil loss would be at around 68% of its 1975 rate. Exceptionally, degradation is still ongoing around Desa'a forest and some other remnant forests, and conservation should be strongly implemented too in these forests. On average, gullies have expanded slightly since 1975, but these incisions appear to have originated in the drought years of the 1980s. This photo-monitoring analysis invalidates hypotheses on (a) irreversibility of land degradation in Tigray; and (b) futility of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) programmes. The study demonstrates that (a) land management has become an inherent part of the farming system in Tigray, and (b) that the authorities and NGOs are on the right track when promoting SWC. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Erosion; Land cover change; Northern Ethiopia; Photo-monitoring; Soil and water conservation; Tigray	drought; environmental change; environmental impact assessment; environmental monitoring; erosion; farming system; image analysis; land cover; land use; landscape change; photography; quantitative analysis; rural development; soil conservation; soil erosion; water management; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tigray	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943570139	Diagnosis of O. volvulus infection via skin exposure to diethylcarbamazine: Clinical evaluation of a transdermal delivery technology-based patch	Awadzi K., Opoku N.O., Attah S.K., Lazdins-Helds J.K., Kuesel A.C.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1122-9	Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Awadzi, K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Opoku, N.O., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Attah, S.K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Lazdins-Helds, J.K., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Kuesel, A.C., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Background: Elimination of onchocerciasis in Africa is now regarded as an achievable goal in many areas. This makes monitoring changes in infection prevalence a key component of control programmes. Monitoring is currently based on determining the presence of O. volvulus microfilariae in skin snips, an invasive, labour-intensive method. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) had established procedures to detect O. volvulus infections via the localized skin reaction induced by killing of microfilariae upon skin exposure to diethylcarbamazine via a patch (OCP-patch). Large scale OCP - patch use is difficult due to labour-intensive patch preparation. At the request of TDR, a manufacturer specialized in transdermal-delivery systems developed a ready-to-use diethylcarbamazine (DEC) containing patch (LTS-2 patch). To qualify this patch for large scale studies of its sensitivity and specificity, this study evaluated its ease of application, ability to detect infection and DEC exposure related adverse reactions compared to the OCP-patch in 30 infected individuals. Methods: Each participant with 0.2-36.8 O. volvulus microfilariae/mg skin received the OCP-patch and 4 days later the LTS-2 patch at the left and right iliac crest, respectively, for 24 h. Presence and characteristics of local skin reactions were assessed at patch removal and 6 h later. Skin reaction and Mazzotti reaction rates were compared with Fisher's exact and a paired t-test, respectively. Results: The LTS-2 patch could be applied within 10 s. Mild itching occured at 63.3 % of OCP-patch (duration 8.9∈±∈11.8 h) and 26.7 % of LTS-2 patch sites (duration 1.0∈±∈2.5 h) and was the most frequent Mazzotti reaction. At patch removal after 24 h, a diagnostic local skin reaction was present under 90 % of OCP-patches and 83 % of LTS-2 patches; 6 h later, it was present at 93 % of OCP-patch and 100 % of LTS-2 patch sites. Conclusions: The data suggest that safety, tolerability and ability to detect infections of the LTS-2 patch are comparable to those of the OCP-patch. They qualify the LTS-2 patch for field studies to determine LTS-2 patch sensitivity, specificity and utility during large scale use and thus to inform use of the LTS-2 patch by onchocerciasis control programmes to determine prevalence of infection. Trial registration: Current controlled Trials ISRCTN76875372. © 2015 World Health Organization; licensee BioMed Central.	Africa; Diagnosis; Diethylcarbamazine patch; Onchocerciasis; Transdermal-delivery	diethylcarbamazine; adult; Article; clinical article; clinical evaluation; drug effect; drug exposure; drug safety; drug tolerability; female; human; human tissue; iliac crest; male; microfilaria (nematode larva); onchocerciasis; pruritus; sensitivity and specificity; skin edema; skin manifestation; transdermal patch	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39849098279	Hydropower-induced land use change in Fincha'a watershed, western Ethiopia: Analysis and impacts	Tefera B., Sterk G.	2008	Mountain Research and Development	28	1	10.1659/mrd.0811	Oromiya Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, PO Box 21118, 1000 Addis Abebe, Ethiopia; Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands	Tefera, B., Oromiya Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, PO Box 21118, 1000 Addis Abebe, Ethiopia; Sterk, G., Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands	The present article analyzes the land use dynamics caused by hydropower dam construction in 1973 in the Fincha'a watershed (1318 km2), a tributary of the Blue Nile, Aerial photos (1957 and 1980) and an ASTER satellite image of 2001 were used to make 3 land use maps of the watershed using ageographic information system (GIS). The 239-km2 water reservoir inundated 100 km2 of grazing land, 120 km2 of swamp, 18 km2 of cropland, and 1.2 km2 of forestland. In 2001, cropland covered 77% of the land potentially available for community use, indicating that there is hardly any free land available for expansion to accommodate new farmers. Relocated communities operate on relatively small parcels of land situated either on steep slopes or in flood-prone areas. Consequently, they exhaustively utilize the trees available on their holdings and convert grassland and bushland to cropland, without applying sufficient soil conservation measures. Farmers resettled at or near bodies of water and swamps, however, are affected by seasonal fluctuations of water levels that very often inundate croplands, grazing land, and homes. The demand for cropland and grazing land is increasing as reservoir and swamp areas expand and new families are created. Soil erosion in steep areas can no longer be reduced in the traditional farming system. These enforced land use changes, combined with a lack of appropriate land management practices, may increase erosion and reservoir sedimentation. This could affect food,security and electrio power production in the near future.	Ethiopia; GIS; Land use change; Remote sensing; Water reservoir	aerial photograph; ASTER; dam construction; farming system; GIS; land management; land use change; remote sensing; satellite imagery; watershed; Africa; Blue Nile [Nile River]; East Africa; Ethiopia; Nile River; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747431938	On-farm performance evaluation of improved traditional small-scale irrigation practices: A case study from Dire Dawa area, Ethiopia	Bekele Z., Tilahun K.	2006	Irrigation and Drainage Systems	20	1	10.1007/s10795-006-5754-y	P.O. Box 843, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Alemaya University, P.O. Box 45, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Bekele, Z., P.O. Box 843, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Tilahun, K., Alemaya University, P.O. Box 45, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Field evaluation of surface irrigation systems play a fundamental role to determine the efficiency of the system as it is being used and to identify management practices and system configurations that can be implemented to improve the irrigation efficiency. This study evaluated the performance of an 'improved' traditional small-scale irrigation practice at Adada, a representative small-scale irrigation practice in Dire Dawa Administrative Council, Eastern Ethiopia. In order to determine numerical values of performance measures, certain parameters were measured/observed before, during and after an irrigation event while farmers are performing their normal irrigation practice. These parameters include: irrigated crop, irrigation method, stream size, cutoff time, soil moisture deficiency, and field size, shape and spacing. The results showed that the irrigation water applied to a farmer's plot during an irrigation event/turn was generally higher than the required depth to be applied per event. Since the irrigation method used was end-dyked, the major cause of water loss was due to deep percolation. The deep percolation loss was 32% in sorghum, 57% in maize, and 70% in tomato and potato fields. The type of irrigation system used, the ridged irrigation practice and the poor irrigation scheduling in the study sites were the main problems identified in the management and operations of the schemes. The following corrective measures are recommended to improve the system: (1) farmers should regulate the depth of irrigation water they apply according to the type of crop and its growth stage, change the field irrigation system and/or configuration especially for shallow rooted row crops, to furrow system, (2) guidance and support to farmers in developing and introduction of appropriate irrigation scheduling, and (3) future development interventions towards improvement of traditional irrigation practices should also focus in improving the on farm irrigation systems in addition to improving physical infrastructure of the scheme. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2006.	Ethiopia; Irrigation scheduling; Performance evaluation; Traditional irrigation	Agriculture; Efficiency; Evaluation; Numerical analysis; Performance; Scheduling; Irrigation scheduling; Surface irrigation systems; Traditional irrigation; Irrigation; Agriculture; Efficiency; Evaluation; Irrigation; Numerical analysis; Performance; Scheduling; irrigation system; percolation; performance assessment; traditional agriculture; Africa; Dire Dawa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Lycopersicon esculentum; Solanum tuberosum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862492644	Self-reported generalised anxiety and psychomotor test performance in healthy South Africans	Van Wijk C.H.	2012	South African Journal of Psychology	42	1	None	P. O. Box 494, Simon's Town, 7995, South Africa	Van Wijk, C.H., P. O. Box 494, Simon's Town, 7995, South Africa	Tests like the Grooved Pegboard may have specific value in South Africa in the context of screening for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. However, there are inconsistent findings on the relationship between self-reported anxiety and neuropsychological performance in healthy adults, and in particular on tests of psychomotor functions such as the Form Board and Grooved Pegboard. Given the potential value, it is important to clarify the relationship between self-reported anxiety and performance on psychomotor tests among South African samples. Two studies are presented here. One sample of 170 young adults (19-30 years) completed the Form Board and Grooved Pegboard, after completing an anxiety scale. A second sample of 1,056 healthy adults (19-49 years) completed the Grooved Pegboard only after completing an anxiety scale. Age, gender, and education have previously been found to confound performance on these tests, and they were thus entered into a Multiple Regression Analysis, together with anxiety. In the first study, anxiety did not contribute significantly to performance variance. In the second study, both gender and anxiety did contribute significantly, and separate gender group regressions were thus done. Anxiety did not have a negative influence on performance in the female group, but it did contribute significantly to reducing performance in the male group. In review of these findings, this study cautions that anxiety may confound psychomotor test performance, and that clinicians need to be aware of its potential influence. © Psychological Society of South Africa.	Form board; Gender differences; Grooved pegboard; Psychomotor performance; Self-reported anxiety	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884940483	Impact of urban effluents on the macroinvertebrates of a Creek in Accra, Ghana	Baa-Poku J., Asante F., Amakye J.S.	2013	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	21	1	None	P. O. Box Os 943 Osu, Accra, Ghana; Koforidua Polytechnic, P. O. Box KF 981, Koforidua Eastern Region, Ghana; CSIR-Water Research Institute (CSIR), P.O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana	Baa-Poku, J., P. O. Box Os 943 Osu, Accra, Ghana; Asante, F., Koforidua Polytechnic, P. O. Box KF 981, Koforidua Eastern Region, Ghana; Amakye, J.S., CSIR-Water Research Institute (CSIR), P.O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana	The impact of effluents on the macroinvertebrate communities of an urban creek in Accra was studied. Five study stations were selected along the reaches of the creek. Water and benthic samples were collected and analyzed between September 2005 and February 2006. The study showed that the effluent discharges caused a significant increase in BOD, COD and NH3 at the stations that received the effluents. The high levels of total and faecal coli forms at the midstream sections of the creek (626.0 x 104 cfu/100 ml and 75.30 x 104 cfu/100 ml, respectively) indicated increased pollution levels compared to the reference stations (446.0 x 103 cfu/100 ml and 133.0 x 103 cfu/100 ml). The Nima Creek showed characteristics of a disturbed urban creek. A total of 19 macroinvertebrate taxa, comprising a total of 11,613 individuals, were collected. Estimated Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H) was low at the midstream section of the creek, H'= 1.14, where the effluents were concentrated than at the upstream H'=1.44 or downstream H'= 1.38 sections of the creek. Chironomini and Physa were the most abundant taxa within the creek, dominated by the genus Chironomus, which is known to be tolerant to pollution, which confirmed the polluted state of the creek. Rigorous and regular assessment and monitoring of effluents from waste treatment plants and other sources that discharge into the creek, with the aim of complying with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines are some of the mitigative measures suggested to protect life in the creek.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919398475	The impact of school subsidies on HIV-related outcomes among adolescent female orphans	Hallfors D.D., Cho H., Rusakaniko S., Mapfumo J., Iritani B., Zhang L., Luseno W., Miller T.	2015	Journal of Adolescent Health	56	1	10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.004	Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Beltsville, MD, United States	Hallfors, D.D., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Cho, H., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Rusakaniko, S., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mapfumo, J., Faculty of Education, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Iritani, B., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Zhang, L., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Luseno, W., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Miller, T., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Beltsville, MD, United States	Purpose We examine effects of school support as a structural HIV prevention intervention for adolescent female orphans in Zimbabwe after 5 years.Methods Three hundred twenty-eight orphan adolescent girls were followed in a clustered randomized controlled trial from 2007 to 2010. The experimental group received school fees, uniforms, and school supplies and were assigned a school-based "helper." In 2011-2012, the control group received delayed partial treatment of school fees only. At the final data point in 2012, survey, HIV, and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) biomarker data were collected from approximately 88% of the sample. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on end point outcomes, controlling for age, religious affiliation, and baseline socioeconomic status.Results The two groups did not differ on HIV or HSV-2 biomarkers. The comprehensive 5-year intervention continued to reduce the likelihood of marriage, improve school retention, improve socioeconomic status (food security), and marginally maintain gains in quality of life, even after providing school fees to the control group.Conclusions Paying school fees and expenses resulted in significant improvements in life outcomes for orphan adolescent girls. Biological evidence of HIV infection prevention, however, was not observed. Our study adds to the growing body of research on school support as HIV prevention for girls in sub-Saharan Africa, but as yet, no clear picture of effectiveness has emerged. © 2015 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.	HIV prevention; Orphan; Randomized Control Trial; Sub-Saharan Africa	biological marker; adolescent; adolescent disease; Article; child; controlled study; female; herpes simplex; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; major clinical study; orphanage; outcome assessment; primary school; quality of life; randomized controlled trial (topic); rural area; school; school subsidy; social status; Zimbabwe	R01HD55838, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886018578	Pre-school children's performance on repeat-pattern tasks	Hutchinson E., Pournara C.	2014	Education as Change	18	1	10.1080/16823206.2013.847015	Parkmore Nursery School, South Africa; University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	Hutchinson, E., Parkmore Nursery School, South Africa; Pournara, C., University of Witwatersrand, South Africa	This study explored the performance of eight pre-school children on a range of tasks involving repeat patterns. Task-based interviews were conducted where children were required to produce their own pattern, to copy and extend a given pattern, and to complete missing parts of a pattern. The findings show that most children were able to copy and extend a repeat pattern, but few could produce their own repeat pattern. While most children tended to focus on 'what comes next', some children paid attention to pattern structure, but were not able to isolate the pattern element. Evidence is provided of inconsistent performance by individual children across tasks, which provides new insights into children's developing sense of repeat patterns. © 2013 © 2013 The University of Johannesburg.	early childhood numeracy; mathematical patterns; pattern element; repeat patterns	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949679202	Improving district facility readiness: A 12-month evaluation of a data-driven health systems strengthening intervention in rural Rwanda	Iyer H.S., Kamanzi E., Mugunga J.C., Finnegan K., Uwingabiye A., Shyaka E., Niyonzima S., Hirschhorn L.R., Drobac P.C.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.28365	Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima, Kigali, Rwanda; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States; Partners In Health, Boston, United States; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States; Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Ariadne Labs, Boston, United States	Iyer, H.S., Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima, Kigali, Rwanda, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States; Kamanzi, E., Partners In Health, Boston, United States; Mugunga, J.C., Partners In Health, Boston, United States; Finnegan, K., Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States; Uwingabiye, A., Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima, Kigali, Rwanda; Shyaka, E., Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima, Kigali, Rwanda; Niyonzima, S., Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Hirschhorn, L.R., Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States, Ariadne Labs, Boston, United States; Drobac, P.C., Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima, Kigali, Rwanda, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States	Background: While health systems strengthening (HSS) interventions are recommended by global health policy experts to improve population health in resource-limited settings, few examples exist of evaluations of HSS interventions conducted at the district level. In 2009, a partnership between Partners In Health (PIH), a non-governmental organization, and the Rwandan Ministry of Health (RMOH) was provided funds to implement and evaluate a district-level HSS intervention in two rural districts of Rwanda. Design: The partnership provided limited funds to 14 health centers for targeted systems support in 2010; six others received support prior to the intervention (reference). RMOH health systems norms were mapped across the WHO HSS framework, scored from 0 to 10 and incorporated into a rapid survey assessing 11 domains of facility readiness. Stakeholder meetings allowed partnership leaders to review results, set priorities, and allocate resources. Investments included salary support, infrastructure improvements, medical equipment, and social support for patients. We compared facility domain scores from the start of the intervention to 12 months and tested for correlation between change in score and change in funding allocation to assess equity in our approach. Results: We found significant improvements among intervention facilities from baseline to 12 months across several domains [infrastructure (+4, p=0.0001), clinical services (+1.2, p=0.03), infection and sanitation control (+0.6, p=0.03), medical equipment (+1.0, p=0.02), information use (+2, p=0.002)]. Composite score across domains improved from 6.2 at baseline to 7.4 at 12 months (p=0.002). Across facilities, 50% had composite scores greater than the average score among reference facilities (7.4) at 12 months compared to none at baseline. Conclusions: Rapid facility surveys, stakeholder engagement, and information feedback can be used for gap analysis and resource allocation. This approach can achieve effective use of limited resources, improve facility readiness, and ensure consistency of facility capacity to provide quality care at the district level. © 2015 Hari S. Iyer et al.	Global health; Health systems strengthening; Impact evaluation; Resource allocation; rural; Rwanda; Sub-Saharan Africa	None	None
None	None	The economic impact of malignant catarrhal fever on pastoralist livelihoods	Lankester F., Lugelo A., Kazwala R., Keyyu J., Cleaveland S., Yoder J.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0116059	Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; School of Economics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States	Lankester, F., Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Lugelo, A., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kazwala, R., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Keyyu, J., Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Cleaveland, S., Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Yoder, J., School of Economics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States	This study is the first to partially quantify the potential economic benefits that a vaccine, effective at protecting cattle against malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), could accrue to pastoralists living in East Africa. The benefits would result from the removal of household resource and management costs that are traditionally incurred avoiding the disease. MCF, a fatal disease of cattle caused by a virus transmitted from wildebeest calves, has plagued Maasai communities in East Africa for generations. The threat of the disease forces the Maasai to move cattle to less productive grazing areas to avoid wildebeest during calving season when forage quality is critical. To assess the management and resource costs associated with moving, we used household survey data. To estimate the costs associated with changes in livestock body condition that result from being herded away from wildebeest calving grounds, we exploited an ongoing MCF vaccine field trial and we used a hedonic price regression, a statistical model that allows estimation of the marginal contribution of a good's attributes to its market price. We found that 90 percent of households move, on average, 82 percent of all cattle away from home to avoid MCF. In doing so, a herd's productive contributions to the household was reduced, with 64 percent of milk being unavailable for sale or consumption by the family members remaining at the boma (the children, women, and the elderly). In contrast cattle that remained on the wildebeest calving grounds during the calving season (and survived MCF) remained fully productive to the family and gained body condition compared to cattle that moved away. This gain was, however, short-lived. We estimated the market value of these condition gains and losses using hedonic regression. The value of a vaccine for MCF is the removal of the costs incurred in avoiding the disease. © 2015 Lankester et al.	None	Africa; age; Article; body constitution; Bovinae; cattle farming; controlled study; economic evaluation; female; gender; heart weight; heifer; high risk population; human; income; infection control; infection risk; livestock; male; malignant catarrhal fever; marketing; milk production; nonhuman; pasture; resource management; vaccination; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890508053	Evaluation of generic medical information accessed via mobile phones at the point of care in resource-limited settings	Goldbach H., Chang A.Y., Kyer A., Ketshogileng D., Taylor L., Chandra A., Dacso M., Kung S.-J., Rijken T., Fontelo P., Littman-Quinn R., Seymour A.K., Kovarik C.L.	2014	Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association	21	1	10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001276	Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Pennsylvania, Biomedical Library, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Botswana Library, Gaborone, Botswana; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Botswana School of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana; Center for Global Health Education, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States	Goldbach, H., Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Chang, A.Y., Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Kyer, A., University of Pennsylvania, Biomedical Library, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Ketshogileng, D., University of Botswana Library, Gaborone, Botswana; Taylor, L., Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Chandra, A., University of Botswana School of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana; Dacso, M., Center for Global Health Education, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Kung, S.-J., University of Botswana School of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Rijken, T., University of Botswana School of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana; Fontelo, P., National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Littman-Quinn, R., Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Seymour, A.K., Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, University of Pennsylvania, Biomedical Library, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Kovarik, C.L., Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States	Objective Many mobile phone resources have been developed to increase access to health education in the developing world, yet few studies have compared these resources or quantified their performance in a resourcelimited setting. This study aims to compare the performance of resident physicians in answering clinical scenarios using PubMed abstracts accessed via the PubMed for Handhelds (PubMed4Hh) website versus medical/drug reference applications (Medical Apps) accessed via software on the mobile phone. Methods A two-arm comparative study with crossover design was conducted. Subjects, who were resident physicians at the University of Botswana, completed eight scenarios, each with multi-part questions. The primary outcome was a grade for each question. The primary independent variable was the intervention arm and other independent variables included residency and question. Results Within each question type there were significant differences in 'percentage correct' between Medical Apps and PubMed4Hh for three of the six types of questions: drug-related, diagnosis/definitions, and treatment/management. Within each of these question types, Medical Apps had a higher percentage of fully correct responses than PubMed4Hh (63% vs 13%, 33% vs 12%, and 41% vs 13%, respectively). PubMed4Hh performed better for epidemiologic questions. Conclusions While mobile access to primary literature remains important and serves an information niche, mobile applications with condensed content may be more appropriate for point-of-care information needs. Further research is required to examine the specific information needs of clinicians in resource-limited settings and to evaluate the appropriateness of current resources in bridging location- and context-specific information gaps.	None	access to information; adult; application service provider; article; comparative study; computer program; female; hospital information system; human; independent variable; male; medical information; mobile phone; outcome assessment; postgraduate student; questionnaire; residency education; resident; decision making; mHealthEd; mobile health; mobile phones; Botswana; Cellular Phone; Computers, Handheld; Health Resources; Humans; Internship and Residency; Point-of-Care Systems; PubMed; Software	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745302574	HIV disclosure and other factors that impact on adherence to antiretroviral therapy: The case of Soweto, South Africa	Skhosana N.L., Struthers H., Gray G.E., McIntyre J.A.	2006	African Journal of AIDS Research	5	1	None	Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa	Skhosana, N.L., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; Struthers, H., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; Gray, G.E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Box 114, Diepkloof, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa	Some authors argue that there are no predictors of adherence to medication, while others proffer indicators of likely adherence. These contextual factors are wide-ranging and may be interdependent. There are few studies of adherence in resource-poor settings. Of these, many were linked to particular trials whose conditions were highly controlled. For instance, the number of participants in the trial was small, the participants were strictly selected and they were offered much adherence support. These conditions will largely fall away with wider access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) such as South Africa is undertaking. Poor adherence remains one of the challenges to scaling-up access to ARVs, and, as such, the likely barriers to adherence need to be understood and countered. This study explores contextual factors - such as disclosure, preparation for treatment, treatment meaning and treatment acceptance - as aspects of lifestyle that can bear on adherence. Those who had disclosed were largely supported at household level, and after initial problems with adherence, participants adjusted and were able to include ARV treatment in their daily repertoire. Although the anticipation of stigma remains an obstacle to wide disclosure, antiretroviral therapy offers new hope and has the potential to impact on stigma. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Clinical trials; Gender; Household; Psychosocial; Stigma; Treatment literacy	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; clinical article; female; health care access; household; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; lifestyle; male; patient attitude; patient compliance; prediction; South Africa; stigma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876133239	Evaluation of 15 varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench to field infestation by flea beetles (Podagrica spp.)	Mohammed I.G., Osipitan A.A., Pitan O.R., Atayese M.	2013	African Entomology	21	1	10.4001/003.021.0120	Pest Management Technology Department, Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Niger State, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, Un	Mohammed, I.G., Pest Management Technology Department, Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Niger State, Nigeria; Osipitan, A.A., Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Pitan, O.R., Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Atayese, M., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	The study evaluated 15 okra varieties to field infestation by flea beetles, Podagrica spp., in the early and late planting seasons of 2009, at the Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria (7°15′N 3°25′E), located in a sub-humid zone. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design, with three replicates. The main plot consisted of spraying regime (sprayed and unsprayed) while the sub-plot consisted of 15 okra varieties: V-35, V2-Oyo, V45-2, NH99/28, NH99/DA NH88/1-8-16-2, Enugu1, Osadep:purple Tall, LD88/1-8-5-2, LD88/1-8-16-2, Ola99/13, Ola3 Local, Olak2005, Short Mouth and Dajofolowo1. Lambda-cyhalothrin was sprayed to the appropriate plots weekly. The results showed that in both early and late seasons, sprayed okra had significantly (P < 0.05) lower number of flea beetles, lower leaf damage per plant, lower number of holes per leaf, wider stem girth, higher total plant dry biomass, higher number of pods compared with unsprayed okra. The sprayed okra had significantly (P < 0.05) higher shoot dry biomass, higher root dry weight, higher total plant dry biomass, wider pods and higher pod weight in the early planting season compared with the late season. Varieties with leaf pubescence, namely NH99/DA, V-35 and Dajofolowo1, had the lowest flea beetle population, leaf damage per plant and number of holes per leaf compared to glaborous varieties. Likewise, the okra varieties NH99/28, V-35 and Dajofolowo1 which have thorny pods had no pod damage at all in both early and late planting seasons. LD88/1-8-5-2 had the highest number of pods per plant, whereas okra variety Ola99/13 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher pod weight during early planting. There was no significant difference in okra pods weight in all varieties evaluated in the late planting season.	Abelmoschus esculentus; planting season; Podagrica spp.; spraying regime	Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus; Alticini; Coleoptera; Podagrica; Siphonaptera (fleas)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844446464	Impact of economic reforms on economics issues: A study of Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan A.M., Iyappan T., Selvam J.	2005	African Development Review	17	1	10.1111/j.1017-6772.2005.00109.x	PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	Sundara Rajan, A.M., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India; Iyappan, T., Department of Economics, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhi - 629 301, India; Selvam, J., PG Department of Economics and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002, India, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia	This paper is an attempt to investigate the impact of economic reforms on the economic issues in Ethiopia. Different economic issues - parameters determining the effectiveness of economic reforms - are separately discussed to measure how far Ethiopia has benefited from the reform policy. A simple and comparative analysis of various economic indicators between the pre-reform and post-reform, that is, between 1985/ 86-1991/92 and 1992/93-2001/02, reveals that those economic reforms have revamped the economy by moving its GDP from its long-standing poor record to a respectful growing state. Nevertheless, the reforms have failed in attaining other direct economic objectives, such as standard of living, external debt, trade balance deficit and current account deficit. Economic reforms have, no doubt, attracted a significant amount of private investment, but its volume started declining within the reform period and so were privatization proceeds. This study suggests that a full-fledged and committed reform is indispensable at the earliest to attaining the full benefits of reform policy. © African Development Bank 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	None	economic reform; Gross Domestic Product; investment; poverty; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874011719	Potent in vivo anti-malarial activity and representative snapshot pharmacokinetic evaluation of artemisinin-quinoline hybrids	Lombard M.C., N'Da D.D., Tran Van Ba C., Wein S., Norman J., Wiesner L., Vial H.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-71	Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa	Lombard, M.C., Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; N'Da, D.D., Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Tran Van Ba, C., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France; Wein, S., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France; Norman, J., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Vial, H., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France	Background: Because Plasmodium falciparum displays increase tolerance against the recommended artemisinin combination therapies (ACT), new classes of anti-malarial drugs are urgently required. Previously synthesized artemisinin-aminoquinoline hybrids were evaluated to ascertain whether the potent low nanomolar in vitro anti-plasmodial activity would carry over in vivo against Plasmodium vinckei. A snapshot pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out on one of the hybrids to obtain an indication of the pharmacokinetic properties of this class of anti-malarial drugs. Methods. In vitro activity of hybrids 2 and 3 were determined against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. Plasmodium vinckei-infected mice were treated with hybrids 1 - 3 for four days at a dosage of 0.8 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip), or orally (per os) with 2.7 mg/kg, 8.3 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg. Artesunate was used as reference drug. A snapshot oral and IV pharmacokinetic study was performed on hybrid 2. Results: Hybrids 1 - 3 displayed potent in vivo anti-malarial activity with ED50 of 1.1, 1.4 and &lt;0.8 mg/kg by the ip route and 12, 16 and 13 mg/kg per os, respectively. Long-term monitoring of parasitaemia showed a complete cure of mice (without recrudescence) at 15 mg/kg via ip route and at 50 mg/kg by oral route for hybrid 1 and 2, whereas artesunate was only able to provide a complete cure at 30 mg/kg ip and 80 mg/kg per os. Conclusions: These compounds provide a new class of desperately needed anti-malarial drug. Despite a short half-life and moderate oral bioavailability, this class of compounds was able to cure malaria in mice at very low dosages. The optimum linker length for anti-malarial activity was found to be a diaminoalkyl chain consisting of two carbon atoms either methylated or unmethylated. © 2013 Lombard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Artemisinin; Hybrid; In vivo activity; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics; Quinoline	aminoquinoline derivative; antimalarial agent; artemisinin; artesunate; antimalarial activity; article; in vitro study; in vivo study; male; mouse; nonhuman; parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vinckei; Plasmodium vinckei infection; Administration, Intravenous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Malaria; Mice; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium; Quinolines; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924617476	Medication safety activities of hospital pharmacists in Ghana; Challenges and perceived impact on patient care	Acheampong F., Bruce E., Anto B.P.	2015	International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine	27	1	10.3233/JRS-150638	Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Acheampong, F., Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Bruce, E., Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Anto, B.P., Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	BACKGROUND: Pharmacists by their training have the competences and skills to promote safe use of medicines which is an essential component of patient safety. This study explored the perceptions of hospital pharmacists' role in medication safety in Ghana, identified their attendant challenges and ways of enhancing such roles in the future. METHOD: A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to 200 pharmacists selected conveniently from the 10 regions of Ghana. Questions in the questionnaire were based on a systematic literature review that had catalogued and summarised all the activities of hospital pharmacists related to medication safety. RESULTS: A total of 176 (88% response rate) questionnaires were completed and returned. Almost all pharmacists (97.7%) believed that they were involved in medication safety activities in their daily routine. The frequently performed activities were counselling of out-patient (91.8%), training pharmacy and other clinical students (72.2%), reporting on medication errors (70%), and reconciling medications (69.2%). The mean weekly time spent on the activities ranged from 6.5 to 19.8 hours. Participants who had clinical pharmacy related additional qualifications (χ2 = 37.749; p = 0.049) and worked in tertiary care hospitals (χ2 = 26.6; p = 0.377) undertook more medication safety activities than those without. The cited challenges faced by participants included inadequate time available (62.7%), spending most time in managerial activities (47.3%), lack of formal structures of engagement (43.8%), lack of motivation by superiors (34.9%), and no formal schedule by supervisor (32%). Only 7.7% stated they lack interest in performing those activities. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists undertake many medication safety activities routinely that they perceive to have impact on patient care outcomes. Restructuring of their managerial roles will contribute to freeing time for pharmacists to engage more in those activities. © 2015 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.	error reporting; Ghana; hospital; patient safety; Pharmacist	Article; cross-sectional study; drug safety; female; Ghana; hospital pharmacy; human; male; medication error; motivation; outpatient; patient care; patient counseling; perception; pharmacist; questionnaire	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846848105	Evaluation of Athrixia bush tea for cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, caffeine content and presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids	McGaw L.J., Steenkamp V., Eloff J.N.	2007	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	110	1	10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.029	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	McGaw, L.J., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Steenkamp, V., Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	In South Africa, Athrixia phylicoides DC. (bush tea) is widely used as a beverage, cough remedy and purgative. The commercialization of this tea in a similar vein to rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), is being considered. Traditional infusions and decoctions, as well as water and ethanol extracts, were prepared and screened. A related species, Athrixia elata Sond. (daisy tea), was included in many of the assays as a comparison. Extracts of Athrixia phylicoides and Athrixia elata were tested for toxic effects to brine shrimp larvae and the Vero kidney cell line. In both assays, the traditional preparations and aqueous extracts had little effect, but the ethanol extracts were relatively toxic. Antioxidant activity comparable to that found in rooibos was established. No detectable levels of caffeine were present in the Athrixia extracts following analysis using TLC and I/HCl spray reagent. Neither screening using spectrophotometry nor confirmation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed evidence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Athrixia phylicoides. Although a wider range of studies needs to be conducted prior to commercialization, these results support the development of bush tea as a healthy alternative to caffeine-containing beverages. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antioxidant; Asteraceae; Athrixia; Caffeine; Cytotoxicity; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids	antioxidant; Athrixia extract; berberine; caffeine; cytotoxic agent; podophyllotoxin; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; Artemia; article; Asteraceae; Athrixia; Athrixia elata; Athrixia phylicoides; drug cytotoxicity; drug isolation; nonhuman; Vero cell; Animals; Antioxidants; Artemia; Beverages; Caffeine; Cell Line; Drug Toxicity; Humans; Kidney; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; Solvents; South Africa; Artemia; Aspalathus linearis; Asteraceae; Athrixia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71349084009	Evaluation of several tree species for activity against the animal fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus	Suleiman M.M., McGaw L.J., Naidoo V., Eloff J.N.	2010	South African Journal of Botany	76	1	10.1016/j.sajb.2009.07.001	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Permanent Address: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Suleiman, M.M., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Permanent Address: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; McGaw, L.J., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Naidoo, V., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Aspergillus fumigatus causes severe problems in poultry production systems. Seven South African tree species were selected from the database of the Phytomedicine Programme based on its antifungal activity against the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. The acetone leaf extracts of the selected species had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.16 mg/ml and lower in the preliminary screening. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol extracts of the leaves were determined using a two-fold serial microdilution method against a range of commonly encountered animal pathogenic fungi (A. fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. neoformans, Microsporum canis and Sporothrix schenckii) and four nosocomial bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The plant species investigated were Combretum vendae (A.E. van Wyk) (Combretaceae), Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl. (Burseraceae), Khaya anthotheca (Welm.) C.DC (Meliaceae), Kirkia wilmsii Engl. (Kirkiaceae), Loxostylis alata A. Spreng. ex Rchb. (Anacardiaceae), Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. (Ochnaceae) and Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). All the extracts had activity against at least one of the test organisms over an incubation period of 24 or 48 h. The MIC values of the non-polar and intermediate polarity extracts of O. natalitia, K. anthotheca, C. vendae, C. harveyi, and P. longifolia had MICs as low as 0.08 mg/ml against at least one of the tested bacteria. Furthermore, the acetone extracts of L. alata, K. wilmsii, O. natalitia and C. vendae had antifungal activities with MIC values ranging from 0.04 to 0.08 mg/ml against at least one of the tested fungi. The average MIC values of the plant extracts against the different bacteria ranged from 0.17 to 2.11 mg/ml, while the range was 0.23-1.98 mg/ml for fungi. The Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) were more susceptible to the plant extracts than the Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). E. faecalis was the most susceptible microbe and C. vendae extracts were the most active against nearly all the bacteria tested. The acetone extract of L. alata was the most active against fungal pathogens, with activity against at least 3 fungal organisms. L. alata was selected for further work to isolate compounds active against A. fumigatus and other fungal pathogens. © 2009 SAAB.	Antibacterial; Antifungal; Medicinal plants; Microdilution assay; Minimum inhibitory concentration	acetone; antimicrobial activity; concentration (composition); dilution; fungus; medicinal plant; pathogen; plant extract; poultry; Anacardiaceae; Animalia; Aspergillus fumigatus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Burseraceae; Candida albicans; Combretaceae; Combretum; Commiphora; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Filobasidiella neoformans; Fungi; Khaya anthotheca; Kirkia wilmsii; Kirkiaceae; Loxostylis alata; Meliaceae; Microsporum canis; Negibacteria; Ochna; Ochnaceae; Posibacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sporothrix schenckii; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927928924	Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on mastitis and culling on a large-scale dairy farm in Kenya	Lyons N.A., Alexander N., Stärk K.D.C., Dulu T.D., Rushton J., Fine P.E.	2015	Veterinary Research	46	1	10.1186/s13567-015-0173-4	Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Private Bag, Kabete, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya	Lyons, N.A., Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Alexander, N., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Stärk, K.D.C., Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Dulu, T.D., State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Private Bag, Kabete, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya; Rushton, J., Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Fine, P.E., Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom	Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible viral infection of cloven hooved animals associated with severe economic losses when introduced into FMD-free countries. Information on the impact of the disease in FMDV-endemic countries is poorly characterised yet essential for the prioritisation of scarce resources for disease control programmes. A FMD (virus serotype SAT2) outbreak on a large-scale dairy farm in Nakuru County, Kenya provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of FMD on clinical mastitis and culling rate. A cohort approach followed animals over a 12-month period after the commencement of the outbreak. For culling, all animals were included; for mastitis, those over 18 months of age. FMD was recorded in 400/644 cattle over a 29-day period. During the follow-up period 76 animals were culled or died whilst in the over 18 month old cohort 63 developed clinical mastitis. Hazard ratios (HR) were generated using Cox regression accounting for non-proportional hazards by inclusion of time-varying effects. Univariable analysis showed FMD cases were culled sooner but there was no effect on clinical mastitis. After adjusting for possible confounders and inclusion of time-varying effects there was weak evidence to support an effect of FMD on culling (HR = 1.7, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.88-3.1, P = 0.12). For mastitis, there was stronger evidence of an increased rate in the first month after the onset of the outbreak (HR = 2.9, 95%CI 0.97-8.9, P = 0.057). © 2015 Lyons et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	None	Animalia; Bos; Foot-and-mouth disease virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899627264	Evaluation of reference genes for accurate normalization of gene expression for real time-quantitative PCR in Pyrus pyrifolia using different tissue samples and seasonal conditions	Imai T., Ubi B.E., Saito T., Moriguchi T.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0086492	Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Biotechnology Research and Development Centre, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Graduate School of Life and Environment	Imai, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Ubi, B.E., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Biotechnology Research and Development Centre, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Saito, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Moriguchi, T., Plant Physiology and Fruit Chemistry Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan	We have evaluated suitable reference genes for real time (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). We tested most frequently used genes in the literature such as β-Tubulin, Histone H3, Actin, Elongation factor-1α, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, together with newly added genes Annexin, SAND and TIP41. A total of 17 primer combinations for these eight genes were evaluated using cDNAs synthesized from 16 tissue samples from four groups, namely: flower bud, flower organ, fruit flesh and fruit skin. Gene expression stabilities were analyzed using geNorm and NormFinder software packages or by ΔCt method. geNorm analysis indicated three best performing genes as being sufficient for reliable normalization of RT-qPCR data. Suitable reference genes were different among sample groups, suggesting the importance of validation of gene expression stability of reference genes in the samples of interest. Ranking of stability was basically similar between geNorm and NormFinder, suggesting usefulness of these programs based on different algorithms. ΔCt method suggested somewhat different results in some groups such as flower organ or fruit skin; though the overall results were in good correlation with geNorm or NormFinder. Gene expression of two cold-inducible genes PpCBF2 and PpCBF4 were quantified using the three most and the three least stable reference genes suggested by geNorm. Although normalized quantities were different between them, the relative quantities within a group of samples were similar even when the least stable reference genes were used. Our data suggested that using the geometric mean value of three reference genes for normalization is quite a reliable approach to evaluating gene expression by RT-qPCR. We propose that the initial evaluation of gene expression stability by ΔCt method, and subsequent evaluation by geNorm or NormFinder for limited number of superior gene candidates will be a practical way of finding out reliable reference genes. © 2014 Imai et al.	None	actin; annexin; beta tubulin; complementary DNA; elongation factor 1alpha; glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; histone H3; membrane protein; protein SAND; protein TIP41; unclassified drug; 3' untranslated region; animal cell; animal tissue; article; controlled study; gene amplification; gene expression; gene locus; gene targeting; genetic analysis; genetic stability; molecular cloning; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; plant development; plant gene; plant genetics; plant structures; PpCBF2 gene; PpCBF4 gene; Pyrus; Pyrus pyrifolia; quantitative analysis; real time polymerase chain reaction; seasonal variation; 3' Untranslated Regions; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Open Reading Frames; Organ Specificity; Pyrus; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA Stability; Seasons	JSPS, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950625251	The issue of personal safety on dolomite: A probability-based evaluation with respect to single-storey residential houses	Kirsten H.A.D., Heath G.J., Venter I.S., Trollip N.Y.G., Oosthuizen A.C.	2009	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	51	1	None	PO Box 17, Fontainebleau, 2032, France; Private Bag X112, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; PO Box 36114, Menlo Park, 0102, United States; PO Box 604, Fourways, 2055, South Africa	Kirsten, H.A.D., PO Box 17, Fontainebleau, 2032, France; Heath, G.J., Private Bag X112, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Venter, I.S., PO Box 36114, Menlo Park, 0102, United States; Trollip, N.Y.G., PO Box 604, Fourways, 2055, South Africa; Oosthuizen, A.C., Private Bag X112, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	In refining the principles supporting the safe and judicious use of land, the Council for Geoscience (CGS) is researching the use of a risk-based evaluation of the influence of development density on personal safety. This paper considers single-storey dwelling houses and is the first in a series that will also consider multi-storey and mixed-use developments. In much the same way that rainfall statistics are used to calculate flood events in order to control development by restricting it to above a fixed return period flood line, is it proposed to expand and apply the frequencies of sinkhole occurrence in order to arrive at a more rigorous expression of acceptable development densities for the eight "Inherent Risk Classes". A number of probability concepts are used in determining the development density. Depending on the incidence of each probability, it has been possible to determine the risk associated with development on dolomite for a single-storey dwelling. Recommended population densities are proposed for each Inherent Risk Class, with the exceptions of Risk Classes 6, 7 and 8, where no residential development is catered for, in line with industry standards.	Coincidence; Dolomite; Probability; Residential; Sinkhole	Coincidence; Development density; Flood event; Geosciences; In-line; Industry standards; Inherent risk; Personal safety; Population densities; Probability concepts; Rainfall statistics; Residential development; Residential house; Return periods; Risk class; Risk-based evaluation; Apartment houses; Buildings; Land use; Rain; Regional planning; Standardization; Risks	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42649098883	Lost opportunities and constraints in producing rigorous evaluations of USAID Health Projects, 2004-7	Teller C.H.	2008	IDS Bulletin	39	1	None	Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC, United States; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Teller, C.H., Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC, United States, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Impact evaluation is offen seen as a central building block of results-based management. But in USAID rigorous impact evaluations have been crowded out by the drive to outcome-monitoring in the name of the results agenda. Other constraints on adopting quantitatively well-designed impact evaluation designs have included a lack of the required technical skills amongst those charged with conducting evaluations, the lack of incentives to produce quality studies - including the desire to avoid uncovering weak performance - and hence a lack of political will to expand the impact evaluation programme. The article proposes a new evaluation agenda to address these deficiencies. © Institute of Development Studies.	None	development aid; project assessment; project design; North America; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939857564	Evaluating the impact of health system strengthening on HIV and sexual risk behaviors in Nigeria	Eluwa G.I., Adebajo S., Idogho O., Fajemisin O., Anyanti J., Ahonsi B.	2015	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	70	1	10.1097/QAI.0000000000000701	Population Council, HIV/AIDS Division, Abuja, Nigeria; Society for Family Health, HIV/AIDS Division, Abuja, Nigeria; United Nations Population Fund, Accra, Ghana; Population Council, 16, Mafemi Crescent, Abuja, Nigeria	Eluwa, G.I., Population Council, HIV/AIDS Division, Abuja, Nigeria, Population Council, 16, Mafemi Crescent, Abuja, Nigeria; Adebajo, S., Population Council, HIV/AIDS Division, Abuja, Nigeria; Idogho, O., Society for Family Health, HIV/AIDS Division, Abuja, Nigeria; Fajemisin, O., Society for Family Health, HIV/AIDS Division, Abuja, Nigeria; Anyanti, J., Society for Family Health, HIV/AIDS Division, Abuja, Nigeria; Ahonsi, B., United Nations Population Fund, Accra, Ghana	Background: We evaluated the impact of health system strengthening (HSS) on HIV prevalence and sexual risk behaviors in Nigeria. Design: Impact of HSS was evaluated in a cross-sectional analysis using 2 rounds of HIV biobehavioral surveys. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of the HSS program on HIV and risk behaviors. Setting: Study was conducted between 2007 and 2012 in 16 states in Nigeria. Subjects: Using a multistage selection criterion for households, a total of 4856 and 11,712 respondents were surveyed in 2007 and 2012, respectively. Intervention: HSS for state agencies for the control of AIDS was conducted in 7 states. Results: Overall change in HIV prevalence between 2007 and 2012 was 6·3% vs. 5·3% (P 0·113) and 3·0% vs. 5·1% (P < 0·001) in the HSS and non-HSS states, respectively. When controlled for age, gender, HSS intervention, location (rural vs. urban), and year (2007 vs. 2012), respondents in the HSS states were less likely to have acquired HIV (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63 to 0.96), more likely to have comprehensive HIV knowledge (AOR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.54), and to use a condom consistently in the past 3 months with boy/girlfriends (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.79). Conclusions: HIV prevalence decreased in HSS states between 2007 and 2012. Respondents in HSS states were more likely to have lower HIV prevalence and reduced sexual risk behaviors. There seems to be progress in mitigating the burden of HIV by the reduction of HIV-related risk behaviors through HSS. Thus, HSS intervention needs to be sustained and replicated to achieve a wider impact and coverage. © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.	health system strengthening; HIV/AIDS; impact evaluation; Nigeria; sexual risk behaviors	Article; condom use; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; health care; health impact assessment; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection risk; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; priority journal; sexual behavior; behavior therapy; health service; health services research; high risk behavior; HIV Infections; physiology; prevalence; procedures; sexual behavior; Behavior Therapy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Services Administration; Health Services Research; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885027002	Evaluation of Fourier transform-NIR spectroscopy for integrated external and internal quality assessment of Valencia oranges	Magwaza L.S., Opara U.L., Terry L.A., Landahl S., Cronje P.J.R., Nieuwoudt H.H., Hanssens A., Saeys W., Nicolaï B.M.	2013	Journal of Food Composition and Analysis	31	1	10.1016/j.jfca.2013.05.007	Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom; Citrus Research International, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Institute for Wine Biotechnology and Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium	Magwaza, L.S., Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Opara, U.L., Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Terry, L.A., Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom; Landahl, S., Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom; Cronje, P.J.R., Citrus Research International, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Nieuwoudt, H.H., Institute for Wine Biotechnology and Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Hanssens, A., MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Saeys, W., MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Nicolaï, B.M., MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium	Diffuse reflectance near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was explored as a non-destructive method to detect external and internal quality of Valencia oranges. The study compared three different Fourier transform NIR acquisition methods, namely, a fibre-optic probe for solid samples (SP), an integrating sphere (IS) and an emission head (EH). Fruit quality attributes measured included mass, colour index, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index expressed as TSS:TA ratio and vitamin C. Partial least squares regression was applied to spectral data to develop prediction models for each quality attribute and by randomly dividing the data into calibration and independent validation sets. To test robustness, a set of fruit harvested from another location was used for external validation. Fruit mass, colour index, TSS and vitamin C were predicted with significant accuracy showing RPD-values of 3.53, 1.99, 1.87 and 1.33, respectively. The spectral acquisition method had a significant influence on the calibration regression statistics and accuracy of prediction. The models developed using the EH gave the best prediction statistics for mass ( R= 0.96, RMSEP = 10.45. g), colour index ( R= 0.83, RMSEP = 0.82) and vitamin C ( R= 0.66, 8.01. mg/100. mL), while the IS gave the best prediction for TSS ( R= 0.83, RMSEP = 0.58). The model parameters remained fairly constant when the models were validated using fruit from another location, indicating high level of model robustness. Good prediction statistics observed when using EH demonstrated the potential of this spectrometer as a non-destructive tool to holistically evaluate external and internal quality parameters. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	Citrus fruit; Citrus sinensis L.; Food composition; FT-NIR; Integrated non-destructive food analysis techniques; Near infrared spectroscopy; NIR; Valencia orange; Vitamin C	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650792456	Determinants of family employee work performance and compensation in family businesses	Van Der Merwe S.P.	2009	South African Journal of Business Management	40	1	None	Potchefstroom Business School, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa	Van Der Merwe, S.P., Potchefstroom Business School, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa	This study highlighted the importance of establishing clear work roles and responsibilities in the family business, the measurement of family employee work performance and regular feedback on their performance and fair and market-based compensation of family employees in family businesses. An Oblimin oblique rotation was performed on the principal components of the exploratory factor analysis. In this study three factors describing the theoretical dimensions of family employee work performance, clear work roles and responsibilities and family employee compensation in family businesses were extracted. Although statistical significant differences were found between the perceptions of male and female as well as between senior and younger generation family employees regarding the constructs, these differences were not practically significant. This study, however, confirms the important role that an effective family employee work performance management and compensation strategy plays to ensure harmonious family relationships and at the end the sustainability of the family business. Practical recommendations are suggested to improve the effectiveness of family employee work performance and compensation in family businesses. Recommendations are also offered to utilise the questionnaire as a diagnostic tool.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930683698	Cost and impact of scaling up interventions to save lives of mothers and children: Taking South Africa closer to MDGs 4 and 5	Chola L., Pillay Y., Barron P., Tugendhaft A., Kerber K., Hofman K.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.27265	PRICELESS - MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South Africa National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Chola, L., PRICELESS - MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pillay, Y., South Africa National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Barron, P., School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tugendhaft, A., PRICELESS - MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kerber, K., Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Hofman, K., PRICELESS - MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: South Africa has made substantial progress on child and maternal mortality, yet many avoidable deaths of mothers and children still occur. This analysis identifies priority interventions to be scaled up nationally and projects the potential maternal and child lives saved. Design: We modelled the impact of maternal, newborn and child interventions using the Lives Saved Tools Projections to 2015 and used realistic coverage increases based on expert opinion considering recent policy change, financial and resource inputs, and observed coverage change. A scenario analysis was undertaken to test the impact of increasing intervention coverage to 95%. Results: By 2015, with realistic coverage, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) can reduce to 153 deaths per 100,000 and child mortality to 34 deaths per 1,000 live births. Fifteen interventions, including labour and delivery management, early HIV treatment in pregnancy, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and handwashing with soap, will save an additional 9,000 newborns and children and 1,000 mothers annually. An additional US$370 million (US$7 per capita) will be required annually to scale up these interventions. When intervention coverage is increased to 95%, breastfeeding promotion becomes the top intervention, the MMR reduces to 116 and the child mortality ratio to 23. Conclusions: The 15 interventions identified were adopted by the National Department of Health, and the Health Minister launched a campaign to encourage Provincial Health Departments to scale up coverage. It is hoped that by focusing on implementing these 15 interventions at high quality, South Africa will reach Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 soon after 2015 and MDG 5 several years later. Focus on HIV and TB during early antenatal care is essential. Strategic gains could be realised by targeting vulnerable populations and districts with the worst health outcomes. The analysis demonstrates the usefulness of priority setting tools and the potential for evidence-based decision making in the health sector. © 2015 Lumbwe Chola et al.	Child health; Cost and cost analysis; Maternal health	None	None
None	None	Over-diagnosis of malaria by microscopy in the Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania: An evaluation of the utility and cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests	Harchut K., Standley C., Dobson A., Klaassen B., Rambaud-Althaus C., Althaus F., Nowak K.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-159	Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; IST Clinic, PS Box 2651, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4051, Switzerland	Harchut, K., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Standley, C., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Dobson, A., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Klaassen, B., IST Clinic, PS Box 2651, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Rambaud-Althaus, C., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4051, Switzerland; Althaus, F., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4051, Switzerland; Nowak, K., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Background: Early and accurate diagnosis of febrile patients is essential to treat uncomplicated malaria cases properly, prevent severe malaria, and avert unnecessary anti-malarial treatments. Improper use of anti-malarials increases the risk of adverse drug reaction and the evolution of drug/parasite resistance. While microscopy is the most common form of malaria diagnosis, concerns over its accuracy have prompted the incorporation of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) into many national malaria control programmes. Methods. Over a three-month period, a direct comparison between microscopy and RDTs was made in a rural, private dispensary in the Kilombero Valley, Morogoro District, southern Tanzania, with the aim of estimating the extent of malaria over-diagnosis and over-treatment with anti-malarials. The study cohort was made up of patients referred by the dispensary's clinician for malaria testing. One hundred percent of patients approached agreed to participate in this study and were then tested using both microscopy and RDTs. Using the results from the comparison of the two tests at this dispensary, the potential cost effectiveness of introducing RDTs to a neighbouring public health centre was estimated on the basis of this centre's past malaria records spanning December 2007 to August 2011. Results: At the private dispensary, the apparent prevalence of malaria was 78% based on microscopy whereas the true prevalence, calculated using RDTs as the gold standard, was estimated at 14%. This discrepancy indicates that when using microscopy as the sole diagnostic test, malaria is being over-diagnosed by approximately a factor of five in this setting. At the public clinic, apparent malaria prevalence based on microscopy was 74%. If similar rates of over-diagnosis are assumed, 5,285 patients of the 6,769 patients positively diagnosed with malaria using microscopy were likely given unnecessary anti-malarials, and their true cause of illness was not addressed. The introduction of RDTs to the public clinic would be highly cost-efficient, with an estimated net saving of over 96 USD/month. Conclusions: Compared with RDTs, microscopy led to almost four out of five patients being over-diagnosed with malaria in this rural part of Tanzania. A policy that encompasses both the private and public sectors of health care is needed to ensure quality diagnostic testing for febrile patients. With estimated prevalence at 14%, RDT introduction is recommended given WHO findings that RDTs are predicted to be cost-effective in prevalence areas of less than 20%. The use of RDTs in malaria diagnosis would not only reduce government spending but would prove beneficial to ensuring appropriate care and treatment of febrile illness. © 2013 Harchut et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	artemether plus benflumetol; metakelfin; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; adolescent; adult; article; child; clinical evaluation; cohort analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; diagnostic test; female; health care utilization; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; prevalence; public health; rural area; school child; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimalarials; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diagnostic Errors; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rural Population; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928400347	Triple return on investment: The cost and impact of 13 interventions that could prevent stillbirths and save the lives of mothers and babies in South Africa	Michalow J., Chola L., McGee S., Tugendhaft A., Pattinson R., Kerber K., Hofman K.	2015	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	15	1	10.1186/s12884-015-0456-9	Priority Cost-Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening-South Africa (PRICELESS SA), Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transition Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pretoria, South Africa; Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa	Michalow, J., Priority Cost-Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening-South Africa (PRICELESS SA), Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transition Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chola, L., Priority Cost-Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening-South Africa (PRICELESS SA), Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transition Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; McGee, S., Priority Cost-Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening-South Africa (PRICELESS SA), Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transition Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tugendhaft, A., Priority Cost-Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening-South Africa (PRICELESS SA), Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transition Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pattinson, R., Medical Research Council Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pretoria, South Africa; Kerber, K., Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa; Hofman, K., Priority Cost-Effective Lessons for Systems Strengthening-South Africa (PRICELESS SA), Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transition Research Unit (Agincourt), Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: The time of labor, birth and the first days of life are the most vulnerable period for mothers and children. Despite significant global advocacy, there is insufficient understanding of the investment required to save additional lives. In particular, stillbirths have been neglected. Over 20 000 stillbirths are recorded annually in South Africa, many of which could be averted. This analysis examines available South Africa specific stillbirth data and evaluates the impact and cost-effectiveness of 13 interventions acknowledged to prevent stillbirths and maternal and newborn mortality. Methods: Multiple data sources were reviewed to evaluate changes in stillbirth rates since 2000. The intervention analysis used the Lives Saved tool (LiST) and the Family Planning module (FamPlan) in Spectrum. LiST was used to determine the number of stillbirths and maternal and neonatal deaths that could be averted by scaling up the interventions to full coverage (99%) in 2030. The impact of family planning was assessed by increasing FamPlan's default 70% coverage of modern contraception to 75% and 80% coverage. Total and incremental costs were determined in the LiST costing module. Cost-effectiveness measured incremental cost effectiveness ratios per potential life years gained. Results: Significant variability exists in national stillbirth data. Using the international stillbirth definition, the SBR was 17.6 per 1 000 births in 2013. Full coverage of the 13 interventions in 2030 could reduce the SBR by 30% to 12.4 per 1 000 births, leading to an MMR of 132 per 100 000 and an NMR of 7 per 1 000 live births. Increased family planning coverage reduces the number of deaths significantly. The full intervention package, with 80% family planning coverage in 2030, would require US$420 million (US$7.8 per capita) annually, which is less than baseline costs of US$550 million (US$10.2 per capita). All interventions were highly cost-effective. Conclusion: This is the first analysis in South Africa to assess the impact of scaling up interventions to avert stillbirths. Improved coverage of 13 interventions that are already recommended could significantly impact the rates of stillbirth and maternal and neonatal mortality. Family planning should also be prioritized to reduce mortality and overall costs. © 2015 Michalow et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Child health; Cost analysis; Maternal health; South Africa; Stillbirths	magnesium sulfate; tetanus toxoid; antibiotic therapy; Article; case management; child care; corticosteroid therapy; cost effectiveness analysis; delivery; early diagnosis; family planning; health care cost; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunization; intrauterine growth retardation; labor; maternal care; maternal diabetes mellitus; maternal hypertension; mortality; newborn; newborn death; obstetric procedure; preeclampsia; prematurity; prenatal care; resuscitation; South Africa; stillbirth; syphilis; third trimester pregnancy	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751607947	Establishing and maintaining an online community of academics: Longitudinal evaluation of a virtual conference series	Thatcher A., Straker L., Pollock C.	2011	International Journal of Web Based Communities	7	1	10.1504/IJWBC.2011.038129	Psychology Department, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050, South Africa; School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; School of Psychology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia	Thatcher, A., Psychology Department, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050, South Africa; Straker, L., School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; Pollock, C., School of Psychology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia	Initiated in 1996, the CybErg international conference series is the only online conference series in the field of ergonomics. Using virtual settlement theory and a model of online community evolution, this article reports on a 12-year longitudinal investigation of the five conferences in the conference series and whether they have been effective in establishing an online academic community and in internationalising the dissemination of knowledge and dialogue of this online community. The results suggest that the conference series is indeed a good example of an online community in an engaged state and has been largely successful in encouraging equality in the international distribution of contributors. This article concludes with new possibilities to enhance the conduct, knowledge production, dialogue, and processes of future online academic conferences. Copyright © 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Computer-supported cooperative work collaboration; Engagement; Knowledge transfer; Online community evolution; Online conferencing; Virtual settlement theory	Academic community; Academic conferences; Engagement; Knowledge production; Knowledge transfer; Online communities; Virtual settlement theory; Ergonomics; Groupware; Knowledge management; Online systems; Online conferencing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925228378	Development of a flow cytometric bead immunoassay and its assessment as a possible aid to potency evaluation of enterotoxaemia vaccines	Buys A., Macdonald R., Crafford J., Theron J.	2014	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	85	1	10.4102/jsava.v85i1.977	Quality Control Department, Onderstepoort Biological Products, South Africa; Department Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Buys, A., Quality Control Department, Onderstepoort Biological Products, South Africa; Macdonald, R., Quality Control Department, Onderstepoort Biological Products, South Africa; Crafford, J., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Theron, J., Department Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Enterotoxaemia, an economically important disease of sheep, goats and calves, is caused by systemic effects of the epsilon toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens type D. The only practical means of controlling the occurrence of enterotoxaemia is to immunise animals by vaccination. The vaccine is prepared by deriving a toxoid from the bacterial culture filtrate and the potency of the vaccine is tested with the in vivo mouse neutralisation test (MNT). Due to ethical, economic and technical reasons, alternative in vitro assays are needed. In this study an indirect cytometric bead immunoassay (I-CBA) was developed for use in vaccine potency testing and the results were compared with those obtained using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and the MNT. Sera were collected from guinea pigs immunised with three different production batches of enterotoxaemia vaccine and the levels of anti-epsilon toxin antibodies were determined. Although the intra- and inter-assay variability was satisfactory, epsilon antitoxin levels determined by both the I-ELISA and indirect cytometric bead immunoassay (I-CBA) tests were higher than those of the MNT assay. In contrast to the MNT, all of the serum samples were identified as having antitoxin levels above the required minimum (not less than 5 U/mL). These results indicate that the respective in vitro tests in their current formats are not yet suitable alternatives to the in vivo MNT. The growing demand for a more humane, cost-effective and efficient method for testing the potency of enterotoxaemia vaccines, however, provides a strong impetus for further optimisation and standardisation of the I-CBA assay but further analytical research is required. © 2014. The Authors.	None	antitoxin; bacterial vaccine; enterotoxemia vaccine; toxin antibody; unclassified drug; bacterial toxin; bacterial vaccine; Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin; anaerobic bacterium; Article; bacterium culture; Clostridium perfringens; Clostridium perfringens type d; drug potency; drug screening; enterotoxemia; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; flow cytometry; guinea pig; immunoassay; in vitro study; in vivo study; mouse; nonhuman; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; vaccination; vaccine production; animal; enterotoxemia; flow cytometry; immunoassay; immunology; procedures; randomization; serodiagnosis; veterinary; Animalia; Bacteria (microorganisms); Capra hircus; Cavia; Clostridium perfringens; Ovis aries; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Vaccines; Clostridium perfringens; Enterotoxemia; Flow Cytometry; Guinea Pigs; Immunoassay; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Random Allocation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650907952	Comparative evaluation of the roche cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 version 2 test using the TaqMan 48 analyzer and the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay	Van Rensburg E.J., Tait K., Watt A., Schall R.	2011	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	49	1	10.1128/JCM.01285-10	Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Alba Campus, Rosebank, Livingston EH54 7EG, United Kingdom; Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Quintiles Biostatistics and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Van Rensburg, E.J., Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Alba Campus, Rosebank, Livingston EH54 7EG, United Kingdom; Tait, K., Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Watt, A., Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Schall, R., Quintiles Biostatistics and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Acceptable precision was achieved in a comparison study of the Abbott RealTime (RT) and Roche CAP/ CTM-48 V2 HIV-1 assays, but viral load quantification was under- and overestimated, respectively, compared to the 2nd HIV-1 WHO International Standard. The same quantification patterns were observed for patient cohorts from Africa and the United States. Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	Africa; analyzer; article; cohort analysis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; intermethod comparison; international standard unit; priority journal; quantitative analysis; United States; virus detection; virus load; world health organization; Africa; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; United States; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650744045	Improvement of performance efficiency of a hydrocyclone with design modification by suppressing air core	Sripriya R., Suresh N., Chakraborty S., Meikap B.C.	2011	Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering	28	1	10.1007/s11814-010-0344-y	R and D Division, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur 831003, India; Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India 826004 Jharkhand, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharaghpur 721302, India; School of Chemical Engineering, Howard College, University of Kwazulu-Natal, King George Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa	Sripriya, R., R and D Division, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur 831003, India; Suresh, N., Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India 826004 Jharkhand, India; Chakraborty, S., Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharaghpur 721302, India; Meikap, B.C., Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharaghpur 721302, India, School of Chemical Engineering, Howard College, University of Kwazulu-Natal, King George Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa	Hydrocyclones have been used for beneficiation of coal and mineral in coal washeries and mineral process industries. To enhance the efficiency of hydrocyclone, it is very essential to quantify the presence or absence of air core within the hydrocyclone. In the present study, for the first time, a new hydrocyclone design has been conceptualized and tested for its efficiency in separation of particles based on gravity. Experimental investigations have been carried out using design of experiments and the results have been analyzed statistically. The results have shown that suppressing the air core improves the separation efficiency of the hydrocyclone. Efforts have been made to explain the concept through fundamentals of fluid flow in hydrocyclone. The air core has a significant effect on particle separation as the relative density of the particles approach to the fluid density. The results will be used in the development of a new design of dense medium hydrocyclone at industrial scale that will improve the separation efficiency of the hydrocyclones by separating the near gravity particles more efficiently. © 2010 Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers, Seoul, Korea.	Air Core; Dense Medium Cyclone; Density Tracers; Hydrocyclone; Particle Separation; Separation Efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927556441	C.H. Dodd’s framework for understanding the Gospel according to John: An evaluation [C.H. Dodd se verstaansraamwerk vir die Johannesevangelie: ’n evaluasie]	van der Watt J.G.	2013	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies	69	1	10.4102/hts.v69i1.1341	Radboud University, Netherlands; Research Institute for Theology and Religion, University of South Africa, South Africa	van der Watt, J.G., Radboud University, Netherlands, Research Institute for Theology and Religion, University of South Africa, South Africa	During the previous century Dodd was one of the most significant and influential interpreters of the Gospel of John. His views on the symbolic nature of the Gospel formed the basis of his hermeneutical program for understanding the Gospel. He understood the Johannine symbols in the light of what he regarded as the relevant background material. Theologically he interprets the symbols within a Platonic-like structure, arguing that the symbols in John function as hermeneutical bridges between the background material and the theological formation of the Gospel of John. In subsequent literary studies this approach was and still is questioned. © 2013. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862162307	Calibration and performance testing of sodium iodide, NaI (Tl), detector at the food and environmental laboratory of the radiation protection institute of the Ghana atomic energy commission	Faanu A., Emi-Reynolds G., Darko E.O., Awudu R., Glover E.T., Adukpo O.K., Otoo F., Kpeglo D.O., Lawluvi H.	2012	West African Journal of Applied Ecology	19	1	None	Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana	Faanu, A., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Emi-Reynolds, G., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Darko, E.O., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Awudu, R., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Glover, E.T., National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Adukpo, O.K., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Otoo, F., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Kpeglo, D.O., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Lawluvi, H., Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana	The performance testing of a newly acquired sodium iodide detector (NaI), (Tl)) at Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC) was investigated by carrying out energy and efficiency calibration on the detector, as well as validation of its calibration. The energy and efficiency calibrations were performed using mixed radionuclides standard containing 241Am, 109Cd, 57Co, 137Cs and 60Co in the energy range of 60-1333 keV. The energy and efficiency calibration curves obtained compare well with what is available in the literature. Results of the validation of the calibration showed that there were no significance differences between the measured and the calculated activities of the standard radionuclides with activity ratios in the range of 0.90-0.98 and the corresponding percentage deviation in a range of 1.43-10.47%. The average MDA of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs from background counting rates were estimated to be 0.099 ± 0.055 Bq, 0.061 ± 0.037 Bq, 0.727 ± 0.300 Bq and 0.014 ± 0.006 Bq, respectively.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650304104	Impact of tuberculosis cotreatment on viral suppression rates among HIV-positive children initiating HAART	Zanoni B.C., Phungula T., Zanoni H.M., France H., Feeney M.E.	2011	AIDS	25	1	10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833f9e04	Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Zanoni, B.C., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Phungula, T., Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Zanoni, H.M., Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; France, H., Sinikithemba Clinic and Philani Program, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Feeney, M.E., Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, United States, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Objective: To evaluate the association between treatment of HIV-tuberculosis (TB) coinfection and primary virologic failure among children initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. Design: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 1029 children initiating antiretroviral therapy at two medical centers in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, a region of very high TB incidence. Methods: Data were extracted from electronic medical records and charts and the impact of TB cotreatment on viral suppression at 6 and 12 months was assessed using logistic regression. Results: The overall rate of virologic suppression (<400 HIV RNA copies/ml) was 85% at 6 months and 87% at 12 months. Children who received concurrent treatment for TB had a significantly lower rate of virologic suppression at 6 months (79 vs. 88%; P = 0.003). Those who received nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART had similar rates of viral suppression regardless of whether they received concurrent TB therapy. In contrast, children who received protease inhibitor-based HAART had significantly lower viral suppression rates at both 6 and 12 months if treated concurrently for TB (P = 0.02 and 0.03). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that age at initiation, protease inhibitor therapy, and TB coinfection were each independently associated with primary virologic failure. Conclusion: Concurrent treatment for TB is associated with lower rates of viral suppression among children receiving protease inhibitor-based HAART, but not among those receiving nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART. Guidelines for the care of young HIV-TB coinfected infants should be continually evaluated, as protease inhibitor-based antiviral therapy may not provide optimal viral suppression in this population. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	children; HAART; HIV; resource-limited setting; tuberculosis	antiretrovirus agent; ethionamide; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; proteinase inhibitor; pyrazinamide; rifampicin; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; virus RNA; article; child; cohort analysis; extrapulmonary tuberculosis; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; nonhuman; patient care; priority journal; recommended drug dose; retrospective study; South Africa; tuberculosis; tuberculous meningitis; virus inhibition; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antitubercular Agents; Female; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; RNA, Viral; South Africa; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952411003	Evaluation of the kinetics and mechanism of drug release from econazole nitrate nanosponge loaded carbapol hydrogel	Sharma R., Walker R.B., Pathak K.	2011	Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research	45	1	None	Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, National Highway #2 P.O. Chhattikara, Mathura Uttar Pradesh 281001, India; Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Sharma, R., Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, National Highway #2 P.O. Chhattikara, Mathura Uttar Pradesh 281001, India; Walker, R.B., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Pathak, K., Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, National Highway #2 P.O. Chhattikara, Mathura Uttar Pradesh 281001, India	The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of release of econazole nitrate (EN) nanosponges loaded hydrogel and to compare it with EN hydrogel so as to develop an extended release topical drug delivery system of EN. Nanosponges of EN were prepared using ethyl cellulose and PVA by emulsion solvent evaporation method. On the basis of pharmacotechnical evaluation nanosponges with least particle size of 230.1 nm and good rheological properties were formulated as hydrogel (F1 - F7). In vitro drug release data of EN nanosponges loaded hydrogels in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and 7.4 when analysed by GraphPad Prism software version 4.0 San Diego, USA best fitted the Makoid-2 Banakar model (R value greater than 0.98). The Korsmeyer-Peppas release exponent (n) ranged between 0.331 - 0.418, which confirmed diffusion as the principle mechanism of drug release. The release mechanism was further confirmed by calculating the ratio of exponents A/B ratio derived from the Kopcha model.	Hydrogel; Kopcha model; Korsmeyer-peppas model; Makoid-banakar; Nanosponge	carbopol 934; econazole; ethyl cellulose; nanomaterial; nanosphere; nanosponge; unclassified drug; article; controlled study; drug administration route; drug delivery system; drug formulation; emulsion; flow kinetics; hydrogel; in vitro study; nanoanalysis; nanofabrication; nanopharmaceutics; particle size; patient attitude; pH measurement; scanning electron microscopy; surface property; sustained drug release	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939789783	Impact of patient-selected care buddies on adherence to HIV care, disease progression, and conduct of daily life among pre-antiretroviral HIV-infected patients in Rakai, Uganda: A randomized controlled trial	Nakigozi G., Makumbi F.E., Bwanika J.B., Atuyambe L., Reynolds S.J., Kigozi G., Nalugoda F., Chang L.W., Kiggundu V., Serwadda D., Wawer M.J., Gray R.H., Kamya M.R.	2015	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	70	1	10.1097/QAI.0000000000000710	Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Makumbi, F.E., School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Bwanika, J.B., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Atuyambe, L., School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Chang, L.W., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kiggundu, V., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Serwadda, D., School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Wawer, M.J., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Data are limited on effects of household or community support persons ("care buddies") on enrollment into and adherence to pre-antiretroviral HIV care. We assessed the impact of care buddies on adherence to HIV clinic appointments, HIV progression, and conduct of daily life among pre-antiretroviral therapy (pre-ART) HIV-infected individuals in Rakai, Uganda. Methods: A total of 1209 HIV-infected pre-ART patients aged ≥15 years were randomized to standard of care (SOC) (n 604) or patient-selected care buddy (PSCB) (n 605) and followed at 6 and 12 months. Outcomes were adherence to clinic visits, HIV disease progression, and self-reported conduct of daily life. Incidence and prevalence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess outcomes in the intent-to-treat and as-treated analyses. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable. In the intent to treat analysis, both arms were comparable with respect to adherence to CD4 monitoring visits [adjusted prevalence risk ratio (adjPRR), 0.98; 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.04; P 0.529], and ART eligibility (adjPRR, 1.00; 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.31; P 0.946). Good conduct of daily life was significantly higher in the PSCB than the SOC arm (adjPRR, 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.13; P 0.001). More men (61%) compared with women (30%) selected spouses/partners as buddies (P < 0.0001). Twenty-two percent of PSCB arm participants discontinued use of buddies. Conclusions: In pre-ART persons, having care buddies improved the conduct of daily life of the HIV-infected patients but had no effect on HIV disease progression and only limited effect on clinic appointment adherence. © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.	HIV; patient-selected care buddy; pre-ART; randomized controlled trial; Uganda	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; CD4 antigen; cotrimoxazole; adolescent; adult; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; crossover procedure; daily life activity; disease course; female; follow up; health care quality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intention to treat analysis; major clinical study; male; medication compliance; middle aged; patient care; patient selected care buddy; patient selection; prevalence; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; self report; Uganda; disease course; health service; high risk behavior; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; pathology; patient compliance; psychology; social support; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Disease Progression; Female; Health Services Administration; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Risk-Taking; Social Support; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922093345	Orofacial cleft outreach in rural Ghana: any positive impact on the community?	Agbenorku P., Agbenorku M., Klutsey E., Aboah K., Agamah G., Amevor E., Hoyte-Williams P.-E., Abude F., Sefenu R., Osei D., Kofitsey M., Fiifi-Yankson P.K.	2014	European Journal of Plastic Surgery	38	1	10.1007/s00238-014-1025-6	Reconstructive Plastic Surgery & Burns Unit, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Health Education Unit, Global Evangelical Mission Hospital, Apromase, Ghana; Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Health Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Surgery, St Martins de Porres Hospital, Agomanya, Ghana; Department of Nursing, Nurses Training College, Ho, Ghana; Department of Surgery, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Department of Anaesthesia, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana	Agbenorku, P., Reconstructive Plastic Surgery & Burns Unit, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Agbenorku, M., Health Education Unit, Global Evangelical Mission Hospital, Apromase, Ghana; Klutsey, E., Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Health Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Aboah, K., Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana; Agamah, G., Department of Surgery, St Martins de Porres Hospital, Agomanya, Ghana; Amevor, E., Department of Nursing, Nurses Training College, Ho, Ghana; Hoyte-Williams, P.-E., Reconstructive Plastic Surgery & Burns Unit, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Abude, F., Department of Surgery, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Sefenu, R., Department of Surgery, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Osei, D., Department of Anaesthesia, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Kofitsey, M., Department of Anaesthesia, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Fiifi-Yankson, P.K., Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana	Background: Orofacial clefts (OFC) are common congenital malformations in humans. They impact negatively on the life of the affected and often regarded as stigma in the society especially among the rural folks. The aim of this study was to analyze retrospectively the cases managed by a Ghanaian indigenous plastic surgery outreach team and prospectively outline the social impacts on the lives of those treated and their communities.Methods: The study reviewed the medical records of patients treated during OFC outreaches in rural Ghana from January 2003 to December 2012 (10 years). This involved visiting and interviewing patients and their parents/relatives, as well as the community leaders comprising chiefs, assemblymen, church leaders, etc., using structured pretested questionnaires within 5 days (September 1–5, 2013) in communities in southeast of Ghana.Results: A total of 32 outreach services were handled over the 10-year period, treating 303 OFC patients (among other pathologies), comprising 175 (57.8 %) males and 128 (42.2 %) females. Out of the 303, 159 (52.5 %) were located and interviewed; also, 65 community/opinion leaders/relatives were interviewed. Sixty-one percent (61 % = 35 patients) of the females and 48 % (n = 49) of the males got married after the surgery; 83 % (n = 45) of the school-going-age patients continued and completed basic schools.Conclusions: OFC outreaches help to restore the lives and dignity of cleft patients and their families improving their quality of life. Stigmatization and psychological effects on them were removed; they were well accepted in their societies and family gatherings.Level of Evidence: Level III, risk-prognostic study. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Community impact; Orofacial clefts; Outreach services; Psychological effects; Stigmatization	adolescent; adult; Article; child; cleft lip; cleft lip palate; cleft palate; community; female; Ghana; Ghanaian; human; interview; major clinical study; male; married man; married woman; medical record review; mouth malformation; orofacial cleft; parent; plastic surgery; priority journal; program impact; relative; retrospective study; rural area; structured questionnaire; treatment outcome; unilateral cleft lip	None
WoS	WOS:000294754600003	Potential sociological impacts of unfair treatment of seafarers	Manuel, Michael Ekow	2011	MARITIME POLICY &amp; MANAGEMENT	38	1	10.1080/03088839.2010.533714	Reg Maritime Univ	None	World trade is dependent on shipping. The ships which facilitate this trade are crewed by thousands of men and women from many different nations. In light of recent incidents/accidents which have drawn adverse media attention to the industry, there has been increased focus on international shipping via various legislative and administrative measures. One consequence of the adverse attention seems to be the way that individuals who crew the ships are being treated in various jurisdictions. This paper discusses some potential sociological impacts of what is often perceived to be the unfair treatment of seafarers and how such sociological impacts may have more technical consequences (impacts) related to risk. It generates some hypothetical positions for the purposes of discussion and is not based on empirical findings.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73149090995	The chairman's statements and annual reports: Are they reporting the same company performance to investors?	Bhana N.	2009	Investment Analysts Journal	70	1	None	Regent Business School, PO Box 10686, Marine Parade, Durban 4056, South Africa; University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom	Bhana, N., Regent Business School, PO Box 10686, Marine Parade, Durban 4056, South Africa, University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom	This paper analyses the chairman's statements of the top 50 and bottom 50 companies listed on the JSE ranked by percentage change in profit before taxation. The research examines whether companies with improving and declining performance report good and bad news in different ways. The findings are in line with expectations and both groups of companies show a preference to emphasise the positive aspects of their performance. Furthermore, both groups prefer to take credit for good news themselves, while blaming the external environment for bad news. Managers use accounting narratives in a self-serving manner, rather than reporting performance objectively. The research in this paper has implications for the current state of financial reporting whereby auditors do not formally audit but instead review the chairman's statement to ascertain its consistency with the financial statements.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78149466944	Impact of communal land use and conservation on woody vegetation structure in the Lowveld savannas of South Africa	Wessels K.J., Mathieu R., Erasmus B.F.N., Asner G.P., Smit I.P.J., van Aardt J.A.N., Main R., Fisher J., Marais W., Kennedy-Bowdoin T., Knapp D.E., Emerson R., Jacobson J.	2011	Forest Ecology and Management	261	1	10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.012	Remote Sensing Research Unit, CSIR-Meraka Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; Ecosystem, Earth Observation, CSIR-Natural Resource and Environment, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institute of Science, CA, United States; Kruger National Park Scientific Services, Skukuza, South Africa; Centre for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States	Wessels, K.J., Remote Sensing Research Unit, CSIR-Meraka Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; Mathieu, R., Ecosystem, Earth Observation, CSIR-Natural Resource and Environment, Pretoria, South Africa; Erasmus, B.F.N., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Asner, G.P., Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institute of Science, CA, United States; Smit, I.P.J., Kruger National Park Scientific Services, Skukuza, South Africa; van Aardt, J.A.N., Centre for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States; Main, R., Ecosystem, Earth Observation, CSIR-Natural Resource and Environment, Pretoria, South Africa; Fisher, J., Ecosystem, Earth Observation, CSIR-Natural Resource and Environment, Pretoria, South Africa, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marais, W., Remote Sensing Research Unit, CSIR-Meraka Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institute of Science, CA, United States; Knapp, D.E., Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institute of Science, CA, United States; Emerson, R., Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institute of Science, CA, United States; Jacobson, J., Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institute of Science, CA, United States	Millions of people rely on savannas for ecosystem services, such as the provision of grazing and fuel wood, so it is important to determine the extent to which utilization affects woody vegetation resources. Using airborne LiDAR from the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO), we quantified and compared tree canopy cover and height distributions between areas of contrasting management in the Lowveld savanna region of South Africa - a region connecting communal landscapes with heavy utilization (especially fuel wood harvesting) to fully protected public (Kruger National Park - KNP) and private reserves (SabiSand Game Reserve - SSGR) that conserve biodiversity. Differences in total woody vegetation cover and cover within functional height classes (1-2. m, 2-3. m, 3-5. m, 5-7. m and >7. m) were investigated between 7 sites located within (i) conservation areas (in KNP, SSGR), (ii) communal rangelands or (iii) cultivated fields in communal areas. The impact of human utilization on wood resources in the communal areas varied widely between sites. Heavy utilization on gabbro substrate greatly reduced total woody cover of the rangelands, while two other communal rangelands that were presumably less intensively utilised had double the total woody cover of conservation areas. Rangelands and fields in most of the communal sites had more vegetation cover in the 5-7. m and >7. m classes than most of the conservation sites, presumably due to the absence of elephants in communal rangelands and the active preservation of large fruiting trees. On granite substrates, which account for the majority of the study area, there was a 50% reduction in woody cover below 5. m in communal rangelands. Although large trees were clearly being conserved in communal rangelands and fields, there was a relatively low cover of vegetation below 5. m, which raise doubts about recruitment and long-term sustainability of the tree resources. These results in conjunction with other studies based on the CAO LiDAR data for experimental burn plots and large mammal exclosures in KNP, suggest that communal land use on granite substrates have a higher impact on the woody cover below 5. m than both elephants and fire. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Communal land use; Fuel wood; Kruger National Park; LiDAR; Savanna; Woody vegetation structure	Communal land use; Fuel wood; LiDAR; National parks; Savanna; Woody vegetation; Biodiversity; Ecosystems; Fuels; Granite; Land use; Number theory; Optical radar; Parks; Substrates; Wood; Vegetation; airborne survey; biodiversity; canopy; ecosystem service; elephant; fuelwood; grazing; height; land use; lidar; observatory; rangeland; savanna; substrate; sustainability; vegetation cover; vegetation structure; veld; Biodiversity; Ecosystems; Forests; Fuels; Granite; Land Use; Plantations; Radar; Wood; Kruger National Park; South Africa; Elephantidae; Mammalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84933035582	Earth observation in support of malaria control and epidemiology: MALAREO monitoring approaches	Franke J., Gebreslasie M., Bauwens I., Deleu J., Siegert F.	2015	Geospatial Health	10	1	10.4081/gh.2015.335	Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Baierbrunn, Germany; School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Nazka mapps bvba, Hever, United Kingdom; EUROSENSE, Wemmel, Belgium; Biology Department II, GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany	Franke, J., Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Baierbrunn, Germany; Gebreslasie, M., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Bauwens, I., Nazka mapps bvba, Hever, United Kingdom; Deleu, J., EUROSENSE, Wemmel, Belgium; Siegert, F., Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Baierbrunn, Germany, Biology Department II, GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany	Malaria affects about half of the world’s population, with the vast majority of cases occuring in Africa. National malaria control programmes aim to reduce the burden of malaria and its negative, socioeconomic effects by using various control strategies (e.g. vector control, environmental management and case tracking). Vector control is the most effective transmission prevention strategy, while environmental factors are the key parameters affecting transmission. Geographic information systems (GIS), earth observation (EO) and spatial modelling are increasingly being recognised as valuable tools for effective management and malaria vector control. Issues previously inhibiting the use of EO in epidemiology and malaria control such as poor satellite sensor performance, high costs and long turnaround times, have since been resolved through modern technology. The core goal of this study was to develop and implement the capabilities of EO data for national malaria control programmes in South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique. High- and very high resolution (HR and VHR) land cover and wetland maps were generated for the identification of potential vector habitats and human activities, as well as geoinformation on distance to wetlands for malaria risk modelling, population density maps, habitat foci maps and VHR household maps. These products were further used for modelling malaria incidence and the analysis of environmental factors that favour vector breeding. Geoproducts were also transferred to the staff of national malaria control programmes in seven African countries to demonstrate how EO data and GIS can support vector control strategy planning and monitoring. The transferred EO products support better epidemiological understanding of environmental factors related to malaria transmission, and allow for spatio-temporal targeting of malaria control interventions, thereby improving the cost-effectiveness of interventions. © Copyright M. Eckardt et al.	Disease monitoring; Health; Malaria risk; Remote sensing; Vector control	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549181205	Evaluation of pneumococcal polysaccharide immunoassays using a 22F adsorption step with serum samples from infants vaccinated with conjugate vaccines	Poolman J.T., Frasch C.E., Käyhty H., Lestrate P., Madhi S.A., Henckaerts I.	2010	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	17	1	10.1128/CVI.00289-09	Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, Rixensart B-1330, Belgium; Frasch Biologics Consulting, Martinsburg, WV, United States; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Research Council Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, University of the Witswaterand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Poolman, J.T., Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, Rixensart B-1330, Belgium; Frasch, C.E., Frasch Biologics Consulting, Martinsburg, WV, United States; Käyhty, H., National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Lestrate, P., Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, Rixensart B-1330, Belgium; Madhi, S.A., Medical Research Council Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, University of the Witswaterand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Henckaerts, I., Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, Rixensart B-1330, Belgium	The history of the pneumococcal polysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is characterized by a continuous search for increased specificity. A third-generation ELISA that uses 22F polysaccharide inhibition has increased the specificity of the assay, particularly at low antibody concentrations. The present work compared various 22F ELISAs and non-22F ELISAs. The comparisons involved three different laboratories, including a WHO reference laboratory, and included sera from subjects from different geographic areas immunized with different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, including the licensed 7-valent Prevenar vaccine and the 10-valent Synflorix vaccine. All comparisons led to the same conclusion that the threshold defined as 0.35 μg/ml for the WHO non-22F ELISA is lower when any 22F ELISA is used. The use of highly purified polysaccharides for coating further improved the specificity of the assay. In conclusion, we confirm that the 22F ELISA can be recommended as a reference method for the determination of antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharides. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	diphtheria pertussis poliomyelitis tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type b hepatitis B vaccine; diphtheria pertussis poliomyelitis tetanus hepatitis B vaccine; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; hepatitis B vaccine; Meningococcus vaccine; oral poliomyelitis vaccine; Pneumococcus vaccine; synflorix; unclassified drug; adsorption; antibody blood level; antigen specificity; article; blood sampling; clinical article; conjugate; controlled study; diphtheria; drug adsorption; drug screening; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; geography; Haemophilus infection; hepatitis B; human; immunoassay; infant; laboratory; meningococcosis; pertussis; pneumococcal infection; poliomyelitis; priority journal; tetanus; world health organization; Adsorption; Antibodies, Bacterial; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Infant; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71349084283	In vitro cytotoxic and mutagenic evaluation of thirteen commercial herbal mixtures sold in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Ndhlala A.R., Anthonissen R., Stafford G.I., Finnie J.F., Verschaeve L., Van Staden J.	2010	South African Journal of Botany	76	1	10.1016/j.sajb.2009.09.010	Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa; Toxicology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium	Ndhlala, A.R., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa; Anthonissen, R., Toxicology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Stafford, G.I., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa; Finnie, J.F., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa; Verschaeve, L., Toxicology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Van Staden, J., Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa	Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of thirteen commercial herbal mixtures sold in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were evaluated using the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay and the Ames test. The herbal mixtures tested included Umzimba omubi, Umuthi wekukhwehlela ne zilonda, Mvusa ukunzi, Umpatisa inkosi, Imbiza ephuzwato, Vusa umzimba, Ingwe® muthi mixture, Ibhubezi™, Supreme one hundred™, Sejeso herbal mixture Ingwe®, Lion izifozonke Ingwe®, Stameta™ BODicare® and Ingwe® special muti. The relative cytotoxicity of the herbal mixtures was established by determining their NI50 values (50% inhibition of neutral red uptake). The test revealed that the most toxic herbal mixture was Umpatisa inkosi with an NI50 value of 0.016 mg/mL and the least toxic mixture was Stameta™ BODicare® with an NI50 value of 28.00 mg/mL. The herbal mixtures showed no mutagenic effects against Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 when the assay was done without S9 metabolic activation. However, four herbal mixtures, Umpatisa inkosi, Imbiza ephuzwato, Vusa umzimba and Stameta™ BODicare® showed mutagenic effects against TA98 but not the rest of the tester strains after using S9 metabolic activation. Umpatisa inkosi also exhibited weak mutagenic activity against TA1535 after metabolic activation. The remaining mixtures did not show mutagenic effects against all the tester strains after S9 metabolic activation. The cytotoxic and mutagenic results reported here offer a step toward determining the safety of commercial herbal mixtures in South Africa. Herbal mixtures showing higher cytotoxic and mutagenic effects need to be further investigated for their possible effects on humans. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ames test; Cytotoxicity; HepG2; Herbal mixtures; Mutagenicity; Neutral Red Uptake	antimicrobial activity; bacterium; health impact; metabolism; mutagenicity; plant product; toxicity test; Salmonella typhimurium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930014569	Some impacts of south African FDI flows on the current account balance	De Beer B., Rangasamy L.	2015	Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics	39	1	None	Research Department, South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria, South Africa; International Economic Relations and Policy Department, South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Mafikeng, University of North-West, Mafikeng campus and Trade Research Niche Area, Campus, South Africa	De Beer, B., Research Department, South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria, South Africa; Rangasamy, L., International Economic Relations and Policy Department, South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria, South Africa, University of Mafikeng, University of North-West, Mafikeng campus and Trade Research Niche Area, Campus, South Africa	There has been a significant surge in capital flows to emerging market economies over the last decade. This paper analyses South Africa’s experience with FDI flows. The paper highlights the South African experience in an international comparative context. The results indicate that South Africa has performed below-par (on-par) with comparator countries in terms of FDI inflows (outflows). Since 2004, the South African economy has become increasingly dependent on capital inflows to finance the widening current account deficit. While FDI inflows have been much smaller than portfolio flows, net dividend payments on FDI flows (non-fdi flows) made up 36 per cent (15 per cent) of the current account deficit for the period 2004 to 2012. Unless there is a significant rise (decline) in the exports (imports) of goods and services, the South African economy will be dependent on foreign capital inflows to offset the investment income repayments and the current account deficit. The policy challenge is to promote FDI that enhances exports production and economic growth. In this regard, the nature of the FDI, the manner in which it is funded and the impact on the current account and economic growth are important characteristics that warrant special attention when devising policies to promote FDI inflows. © 2015 Universiteit Stellenbosch. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84955664781	The language issue and academic performance at a South African University	van Rooy B., Coetzee-Van Rooy S.	2015	Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies	33	1	10.2989/16073614.2015.1012691	Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	van Rooy, B., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa; Coetzee-Van Rooy, S., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	Academic performance at universities in South Africa is a cause of concern. It is widely acknowledged that there are a variety of factors that contribute to poor academic performance, but language is regarded as one of the most important issues in this discussion. In this article, the relationship between language and academic performance at a South African university for the first-year group in 2010 (n = 900) is investigated, taking their performance in their second (2011) and third (2012) year into account. The authors review: (a) the relationships between measures of language ability (matric scores, and scores on university placement tests like the NBT and TALL/TAG); and (b) the relationship between these language measures, performance in courses offered by universities to support students and general academic success indicators to investigate the language issue and academic performance at university. The main findings of the study are: (a) matric average results above 65% are useful to predict academic success at university; matric average results below 65% cannot be used with confidence to predict success at university; (b) language measures (e.g. matric language marks, and scores on academic literacy tests used by some universities) are not good predictors of academic success at university; (c) there are strong positive relationships between the academic literacy components in the NBT and TALL/TAG; and (d) scores achieved in academic literacy modules are good predictors of academic success. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of strategic decisions that academic managers should consider when they reflect on the language issue and its impact on academic performance at South African universities. © 2015, NISC (Pty) Ltd.	None	None	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-72649090190	The risk-adjusted performance of responsible investment funds in South Africa	Viviers S., Bosch J.K., Smit E.M., Buijs A.	2008	Investment Analysts Journal	68	1	None	Respectively Department of Business Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, University of Stellenbosch Business School and University of Utrecht, Netherlands	Viviers, S., Respectively Department of Business Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Bosch, J.K., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, University of Stellenbosch Business School and University of Utrecht, Netherlands; Smit, E.M., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, University of Stellenbosch Business School and University of Utrecht, Netherlands; Buijs, A., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, University of Stellenbosch Business School and University of Utrecht, Netherlands	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950666829	The impact of land use conversion on a residential district in Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ayotamuno A., Gobo A.E., Owei O.B.	2010	Environment and Urbanization	22	1	10.1177/0956247810363529	Rivers State Polytechnic Bori, PMB 20, Bori, Nigeria; Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST), PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ayotamuno, A., Rivers State Polytechnic Bori, PMB 20, Bori, Nigeria; Gobo, A.E., Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST), PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Owei, O.B., Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST), PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	This paper examines the changes in land use and economic activities between 1986 and 2005 in a residential development in Port Harcourt that was originally developed for senior civil servants and military personnel. It shows how land ownership has changed and also the rapid expansion of commercial activities within what was exclusively a residential development. With no enforcement of land use regulations, this has led to a decline in the quality of life for the residents. © 2010 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).	Land use conversion; Land use management; Land use regulations; Nigeria; Port Harcourt	land use change; land use planning; landownership; quality of life; regulatory approach; residential development; residential location; Nigeria; Port Harcourt; Rivers	None
None	None	Child mortality patterns in rural tanzania: An observational study on the impact of malaria control interventions	Alba S., Nathan R., Schulze A., Mshinda H., Lengeler C.	2014	International Journal of Epidemiology	43	1	10.1093/ije/dyt231	Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland	Alba, S., Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Nathan, R., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Schulze, A., Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; Mshinda, H., Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lengeler, C., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland, Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland	Background: Between 1997 and 2009, a number of key malaria control interventions were implemented in the Kilombero and Ulanga Districts in south central Tanzania to increase insecticide-treated nets (ITN) coverage and improve access to effective malaria treatment. In this study we estimated the contribution of these interventions to observed decreases in child mortality. Methods: The local Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) provided monthly estimates of child mortality rates (age 1 to 5 years) expressed as cases per 1000 person-years (c/1000py) between 1997 and 2009. We conducted a time series analysis of child mortality rates and explored the contribution of rainfall and household food security. We used Poisson regression with linear and segmented effects to explore the impact of malaria control interventions on mortality. Results: Child mortality rates decreased by 42.5% from 14.6 c/1000py in 1997 to 8.4 c/1000py in 2009. Analyses revealed the complexity of child mortality patterns and a strong association with rainfall and food security. All malaria control interventions were associated with decreases in child mortality, accounting for the effect of rainfall and food security. Conclusions: Reaching the fourth Millenium Development Goal will require the contribution of many health interventions, as well as more general improvements in socio-environmental and nutritional conditions. Distinguishing between the effects of these multiple factors is difficult and represents a major challenge in assessing the effect of routine interventions. However, this study suggests that credible estimates can be obtained when high-quality data on the most important factors are available over a sufficiently long time period. © The Author 2013.	Child mortality; Food security; Malaria; Malaria control interventions; Mortality impact; Rainfall	chloroquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; rain; antimalarial agent; child health; data set; disease control; food security; insecticide; malaria; mortality; observational method; rural area; article; bed net; child; childhood mortality; controlled study; food security; health impact assessment; household; human; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; observational study; preschool child; priority journal; rural area; Tanzania; time series analysis; catering service; female; health care delivery; intervention study; malaria; male; mosquito; nutritional status; procedures; rural population; season; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; utilization; Tanzania; Antimalarials; Child; Child Mortality; Female; Food Supply; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Intervention Studies; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Nutritional Status; Rural Population; Seasons; Socioeconomic Factors; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892454034	Validation of public health competencies and impact variables for low- and middle-income countries	Zwanikken P.A.C., Alexander L., Huong N.T., Qian X., Valladares L.M., Mohamed N.A., Ying X.H., Gonzalez-Robledo M.C., Linh L.C., Wadidi M.S.E.A., Tahir H., Neupane S., Scherpbier A.	2014	BMC Public Health	14	1	10.1186/1471-2458-14-55	Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Capetown, South Africa; Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Demography, Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Human Resource Development, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands	Zwanikken, P.A.C., Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Alexander, L., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Capetown, South Africa; Huong, N.T., Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Qian, X., School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Valladares, L.M., National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Mohamed, N.A., Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Ying, X.H., School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Gonzalez-Robledo, M.C., National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Linh, L.C., Department of Demography, Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Wadidi, M.S.E.A., Human Resource Development, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Tahir, H., University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; Neupane, S., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Capetown, South Africa; Scherpbier, A., Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands	Background: The number of Master of Public Health (MPH) programmes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is increasing, but questions have been raised regarding the relevance of their outcomes and impacts on context. Although processes for validating public health competencies have taken place in recent years in many high-income countries, validation in LMICs is needed. Furthermore, impact variables of MPH programmes in the workplace and in society have not been developed. Method. A set of public health competencies and impact variables in the workplace and in society was designed using the competencies and learning objectives of six participating institutions offering MPH programmes in or for LMICs, and the set of competencies of the Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice as a reference. The resulting competencies and impact variables differ from those of the Council on Linkages in scope and emphasis on social determinants of health, context specificity and intersectoral competencies. A modified Delphi method was used in this study to validate the public health competencies and impact variables; experts and MPH alumni from China, Vietnam, South Africa, Sudan, Mexico and the Netherlands reviewed them and made recommendations. Results: The competencies and variables were validated across two Delphi rounds, first with public health experts (N = 31) from the six countries, then with MPH alumni (N = 30). After the first expert round, competencies and impact variables were refined based on the quantitative results and qualitative comments. Both rounds showed high consensus, more so for the competencies than the impact variables. The response rate was 100%. Conclusion: This is the first time that public health competencies have been validated in LMICs across continents. It is also the first time that impact variables of MPH programmes have been proposed and validated in LMICs across continents. The high degree of consensus between experts and alumni suggests that these public health competencies and impact variables can be used to design and evaluate MPH programmes, as well as for individual and team assessment and continuous professional development in LMICs. © 2014 Zwanikken et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Impact; Low- and middle-income countries; Master of Public Health; Public health competencies	article; China; Delphi study; developing country; education; human; Mexico; professional competence; program evaluation; public health; public health service; South Africa; standard; Sudan; validation study; Viet Nam; China; Delphi Technique; Developing Countries; Humans; Mexico; Professional Competence; Program Evaluation; Public Health; Public Health Administration; South Africa; Sudan; Vietnam	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745437665	Impact of AIDS on rural livelihoods in Benue State, Nigeria	Hilhorst T., van Liere M.J., Ode A.V., de Koning K.	2006	Sahara J	3	1	None	Royal Tropical Institute, PO Box 95001, 1090 HA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Health Department, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands; DFID Nigeria, Nigeria; Department of Development, Policy and Practice, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Hilhorst, T., Royal Tropical Institute, PO Box 95001, 1090 HA Amsterdam, Netherlands; van Liere, M.J., Health Department, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ode, A.V., DFID Nigeria, Nigeria; de Koning, K., Department of Development, Policy and Practice, KIT, Amsterdam, Netherlands	This study addresses the socio-economic impact of AIDS on rural livelihoods in Benue State, Nigeria, where HIV prevalence is 9.3% but the number of AIDS cases is still relatively low. About 6% of the study households had experienced illness and death classified as AIDS, and reported high costs in terms of expenditures and time spent on care, funerals and mourning. These demands on time affected income and productivity, while the diversion of resources had implications for investments and savings. Coping strategies varied between households, mainly as a reflection of asset levels, which were often related to the gender of the household head. Reported coping strategies also differed between ethnic groups. First-line relatives were the most important source of support for households under pressure. Erosive coping strategies that undermined the sustainability of livelihoods were used by more vulnerable households following multiple cases of illness and death. Mourning practices, rules of inheritance and stigma tended to increase a household's vulnerability. Currently, Benue State is facing growing adult morbidity and mortality because of HIV infections. A context-specific study of its possible impact in a setting with a still relatively low number of AIDS cases is therefore important for informing local policy development and for building advocacy.	HIV/AIDS; Impact assessment; Livelihoods; Nigeria	agriculture; article; caregiver; cost of illness; economics; family size; grief; health care cost; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Nigeria; posthumous care; rural population; social support; socioeconomics; time; vulnerable population; Agriculture; Caregivers; Cost of Illness; Family Characteristics; Funeral Rites; Grief; Health Expenditures; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Rural Population; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Vulnerable Populations	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905924294	Outcome and impact of Master of Public Health programs across six countries: Education for change	Zwanikken P.A.C., Huong N.T., Ying X.H., Alexander L., Wadidi M.S.E.A., Magan&tild;a-Valladares L., Gonzalez-Robledo M.C., Qian X., Linh N.N., Tahir H., Leppink J., Scherpbier A.	2014	Human Resources for Health	12	1	10.1186/1478-4491-12-40	Royal Tropical Institute, PO Box 95001, HA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Hanoi School of Public Health, 138 Giang Vo, Kim Ma, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Box 175, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Human Resource Development, Federal Ministry of Health, PO Box 303, Khartoum, Sudan; National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa Mari´a Ahuacatitla´n, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Research Centre in Health Systems, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa Mari´a Ahuacatitla´n, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; MPH Programme, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, PO Box 12810, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands	Zwanikken, P.A.C., Royal Tropical Institute, PO Box 95001, HA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Huong, N.T., Hanoi School of Public Health, 138 Giang Vo, Kim Ma, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Ying, X.H., School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Box 175, Shanghai, China; Alexander, L., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Wadidi, M.S.E.A., Human Resource Development, Federal Ministry of Health, PO Box 303, Khartoum, Sudan; Magan&tild;a-Valladares, L., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa Mari´a Ahuacatitla´n, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Gonzalez-Robledo, M.C., Research Centre in Health Systems, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa Mari´a Ahuacatitla´n, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Qian, X., School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Box 175, Shanghai, China; Linh, N.N., Hanoi School of Public Health, 138 Giang Vo, Kim Ma, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Tahir, H., MPH Programme, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, PO Box 12810, Khartoum, Sudan; Leppink, J., Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands; Scherpbier, A., Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands	Background: The human resources for health crisis has highlighted the need for high-level public health education to add specific capacities to the workforce. Recently, it was questioned whether Master of Public Health (MPH) training prepared graduates with competencies relevant to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aims to examine the influence of the MPH programs geared towards LMICs offered in Vietnam, China, South Africa, Mexico, Sudan, and the Netherlands on graduates' careers, application of acquired competencies, performance at the workplace, and their professional contribution to society.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to graduates from six MPH programs. Frequency distributions of the answers were calculated, and a bivariate analysis and logistic regression of certain variables was performed.Results: The response rate was 37.5%. Graduates reported change in leadership (69%), in technical position (69%), acquiring new responsibilities (80%), and increased remuneration (63%); they asserted that MPH programs contributed significantly to this. Graduates' attribution of their application of 7 key competencies 'substantially to the MPH program' ranged from 33% to 48%. Of the 26 impact variables, graduates attributed the effect they had on their workplace substantially to the MPH program; the highest rated variable ranged from 31% to 73% and the lowest ranged from 9% to 43%. Of the 10 impact variables on society, graduates attributed the effect they had on society substantially to the MPH program; for the highest rated variable (13% to 71%); for the lowest rated variable (4% to 42%). Candidates' attribution of their application of acquired competencies as well as their impact at the workplace varied significantly according to institution of study and educational background.Conclusions: This study concludes that these MPH programs contribute to improving graduates' careers and to building leadership in public health. The MPH programs contribute to graduates' application of competencies. MPH programs contribute substantially towards impact variables on the workplace, such as development of research proposals and reporting on population health needs, and less substantially to their impact on society, such as contributing equitable access to quality services. Differences reported between MPH programs merit further study. The results can be used for curriculum reform. © 2014 Zwanikken et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Evaluation; Graduate; Impact; Low-and middle-income countries; Master of public health; Outcome	adult; developing country; education; female; human; income; international cooperation; leadership; male; medical education; middle aged; multivariate analysis; professional competence; public health; questionnaire; salary and fringe benefit; statistical model; Adult; Developing Countries; Education, Public Health Professional; Female; Humans; Income; Internationality; Leadership; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Professional Competence; Public Health; Questionnaires; Salaries and Fringe Benefits	None
None	None	The impact of different sprayable surfaces on the effectiveness of indoor residual spraying using a micro encapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin against Anopheles gambiae s.s.	Mutagahywa J., Ijumba J.N., Pratap H.B., Molteni F., Mugarula F.E., Magesa S.M., Ramsan M.M., Kafuko J.M., Nyanza E.C., Mwaipape O., Rutta J.G., Mwalimu C.D., Ndong I., Reithinger R., Thawer N.G., Ngondi J.M.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-0795-4	RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Sengerema Health Institute, Sengerema, Tanzania; United States Agency for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria; School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; RTI InternationalNC, United States; RTI International, Washington, DC, United States	Mutagahywa, J., RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Ijumba, J.N., Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Pratap, H.B., Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar Es Salaam, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Molteni, F., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Dar es salaam, Tanzania, National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Mugarula, F.E., Sengerema Health Institute, Sengerema, Tanzania; Magesa, S.M., RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Ramsan, M.M., RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Kafuko, J.M., United States Agency for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Nyanza, E.C., School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mwaipape, O., RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Rutta, J.G., RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Mwalimu, C.D., National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Ndong, I., RTI InternationalNC, United States; Reithinger, R., RTI International, Washington, DC, United States; Thawer, N.G., RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Ngondi, J.M., RTI International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania	Background: The type of sprayable surface impacts on residual efficacy of insecticide used in indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, there is limited data on common types of wall surfaces sprayed in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania where IRS began in 2006 and 2007 respectively. The study investigated residual efficacy of micro-encapsulated lambda-cyhalothrin sprayed on common surfaces of human dwellings and domestic animal shelters in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. Methods: An experimental hut was constructed with different types of materials simulating common sprayable surfaces in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. Surfaces included cement plastered wall, mud-daub, white-wash, wood, palm-thatch, galvanized iron-sheets, burnt-bricks, limestone and oil-paint. The World Health Organization (WHO) procedure for IRS was used to spray lambda-cyhalothrin on surfaces at the dose of 20-25 mg/m2. Residual efficacy of insecticide was monitored through cone bioassay using laboratory-reared mosquitoes; Kisumu strain (R-70) of Anopheles gambiae ss. Cone bioassay was done every fortnight for a period of 152 days. The WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) threshold (80% mortality) was used as cut-off point for acceptable residual efficacy. Results: A total of 5,800 mosquitoes were subjected to contact cone bioassay to test residual efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin. There was a statistically significant variation in residual efficacy between the different types of wall surfaces (r =-0.24; p < 0.001). Residual efficacy decreased with increasing pH of the substrate (r =-0.5; p < 0.001). Based on WHOPES standards, shorter residual efficacy (42-56 days) was found in wall substrates made of cement, limestone, mud-daub, oil paint and white wash. Burnt bricks retained the residual efficacy up to 134 days while galvanized iron sheets, palm thatch and wood retained the recommended residual efficacy beyond 152 days. Conclusion: The study revealed a wide variation in residual efficacy of micro encapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin across the different types of wall surfaces studied. In areas where malaria transmission is bimodal and wall surfaces with short residual efficacy comprise > 20% of sprayable structures, two rounds of IRS using lambda-cyhalothrin should be considered. Further studies are required to investigate the impact of sprayable surfaces on residual efficacy of other insecticides commonly used for IRS in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. © 2015 Mutagahywa et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Anopheles gambiae ss; Indoor residual spraying; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Mainland Tanzania; Wall surfaces; Zanzibar	cyhalothrin; Anopheles gambiae; Article; bioassay; building material; concentration (parameters); cone bioassay; controlled study; female; indoor residual spraying; microencapsulation; nonhuman; pH; surface property; Tanzania; Animalia; Anopheles gambiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942436098	Immunization routes in cattle impact the levels and neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced against S. aureus immune evasion proteins	Boerhout E., Vrieling M., Benedictus L., Daemen I., Ravesloot L., Rutten V., Nuijten P., Van Strijp J., Koets A., Eisenberg S.	2015	Veterinary Research	46	1	10.1186/s13567-015-0243-7	Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute Part, Edelhertweg 15,Wageningen UR PO box 65, Lelystad, Netherlands	Boerhout, E., Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Vrieling, M., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Benedictus, L., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Daemen, I., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Ravesloot, L., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands; Rutten, V., Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Nuijten, P., Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer, Netherlands; Van Strijp, J., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, PO G04.614,Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Netherlands; Koets, A., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute Part, Edelhertweg 15,Wageningen UR PO box 65, Lelystad, Netherlands; Eisenberg, S., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, Netherlands	Vaccines against S. aureus bovine mastitis are scarce and show limited protection only. All currently available vaccines are applied via the parenteral (usually intramuscular) route. It is unknown, however, whether this route is the most suitable to specifically increase intramammary immunity to combat S. aureus at the site of infection. Hence, in the present study, immunization via mucosal (intranasal; IN), intramuscular (triangle of the neck; IM), intramammary (IMM) and subcutaneous (suspensory ligament; SC) routes were analyzed for their effects on the quantity of the antibody responses in serum and milk as well as the neutralizing capacity of the antibodies within serum. The experimental vaccine comprised the recombinant S. aureus immune evasion proteins extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) and the leukotoxin subunit LukM in an oil-in-water adjuvant combined with a hydrogel and alginate. The highest titer increases for both Efb and LukM specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels in serum and milk were observed following SC/SC immunizations. Furthermore, the harmful effects of Efb and leukotoxin LukMF' on host-defense were neutralized by serum antibodies in a route-dependent manner. SC/SC immunization resulted in a significant increase in the neutralizing capacity of serum antibodies towards Efb and LukMF', shown by increased phagocytosis of S. aureus and increased viability of bovine leukocytes. Therefore, a SC immunization route should be considered when aiming to optimize humoral immunity against S. aureus mastitis in cattle. © 2015 Boerhout et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876592052	Injector Fouling Performance and Solubility of GTL Diesel Dosed with Zinc	Velaers A.J., de Goede S., Woolard C., Burnham R.	2013	SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants	6	1	None	Sasol Fuels Technology, South Africa; University of Cape Town, South Africa	Velaers, A.J., Sasol Fuels Technology, South Africa; de Goede, S., Sasol Fuels Technology, South Africa; Woolard, C., Sasol Fuels Technology, South Africa; Burnham, R., University of Cape Town, South Africa	The success of modern diesel passenger cars is, to some extent, attributable to the advent of common rail diesel injection technology. Today almost all new diesel engines use this technology which is characterised by high fuel injection pressure and very small diameter nozzle holes. The industry rapidly developed a new test procedure to assess a fuel's propensity to cause injector fouling and also to assess the ability of additives to clean and to keep such injectors clean. The CEC F-98-08 DW10 test procedure was approved in March 2008 by the CEC and is now considered an industry standard test method. The test method requires 1ppm zinc to be dosed into all test fuels in order to accelerate injector fouling. This paper presents DW10 test results for gas-to-liquids (GTL) diesel. A similar test method, using a different engine, was developed in-house and showed good correlation with the DW10 test. The results confirm a significantly different response with GTL diesel compared to regular diesel when both have been dosed with zinc. A series of chemical laboratory test work investigated the solubility of zinc in GTL. The results reveal that, when compared to EN590 diesel, zinc more readily drops out of a GTL-zinc solution, prepared in a similar way to that used in the DW10 test. It was also found that zinc is less readily taken up into solution with GTL from solid zinc components than it is by EN590 diesel. The lower solvency of GTL diesel results in greater injector deposit formation due to zinc drop-out in the DW10 test method. Zinc pick-up tests, however, demonstrate that GTL diesel is less likely to pick up zinc in the logistic chain in the market. It is shown that various deposit control additives are very effective in preventing deposit formation in a GTL-zinc solution and have the ability to clean up zinc-fouled injectors. © 2013 SAE International.	None	Deposit control; Deposit formation; Diesel injection; Diesel passenger cars; Good correlations; Industry standards; Injection pressures; Test procedures; Diesel engines; Drops; Fouling; Jet pumps; Passenger cars; Solubility; Zinc	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41249100615	Evaluation of a Novel Slow-Release Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent With a Bioabsorbable Polymeric Surface Coating	Jabara R., Chronos N., Conway D., Molema W., Robinson K.	2008	JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions	1	1	10.1016/j.jcin.2007.11.009	Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States; DISA Vascular Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa	Jabara, R., Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States; Chronos, N., Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States; Conway, D., DISA Vascular Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa; Molema, W., DISA Vascular Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa; Robinson, K., Saint Joseph's Cardiovascular Research Institute/Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta, GA, United States	Objectives: We sought to evaluate a new second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES), comprising a slow-release biodegradable polylactide coglycolide (PLGA) polymer and low-dose paclitaxel on a thin-strut cobalt chromium stent platform, in a clinically relevant animal model. Background: Our previous work demonstrated subacute vascular toxicity and necrosis triggering late excess neointima in pig coronaries, with a moderate paclitaxel dose eluted from an erodible polymer. The use of slower-releasing absorbable polymers with lower doses of paclitaxel is expected to minimize such adverse outcomes. Methods: Three types of stents were implanted in pig coronary arteries using quantitative coronary angiography to optimize stent apposition: bare-metal stents (BMS); absorbable, slow-release polymer-coated-only stents (POLY); and absorbable polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents (PACL). The dose density of paclitaxel was 0.15 μg/mm2 with in vitro studies demonstrating a gradual elution over the course of 12 to 16 weeks. Animals underwent angiographic restudy and were terminated at 1 and 3 months for complete histopathologic and histomorphometric analyses. Results: At 1 month, intimal thickness varied significantly according to stent type, with the lowest level for the PACL group compared with the BMS and POLY groups (0.06 ± 0.02 mm vs. 0.17 ± 0.07 mm, 0.17 ± 0.08 mm, respectively, p &lt; 0.001); histological percent area stenosis was 18 ± 4% for PACL compared with 27 ± 7% for BMS and 30 ± 12% for POLY, respectively (p = 0.001). At 3 months, PACL showed similar neointimal thickness as BMS and POLY (0.09 ± 0.05 mm vs. 0.13 ± 0.10 mm and 0.11 ± 0.03 mm respectively, p = 0.582). Histological percent area stenosis was 23 ± 8% for PACL versus 23 ± 11% for BMS and 23 ± 2% for POLY, respectively (p = 1.000). Conclusions: This study shows favorable vascular compatibility and efficacy for a novel DES that elutes paclitaxel in porcine coronary arteries. These results support the notion that slowing the release rate and lowering the dose of paclitaxel favorably influences the vascular biological response to DES implant, decreasing early toxicity and promoting stable healing while still suppressing neointima formation. © 2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation.	None	acetylsalicylic acid; chromium; clopidogrel; cobalt; heparin; metal; paclitaxel; polyglactin; polymer; acute toxicity; angiocardiography; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; artery intima proliferation; article; biocompatibility; biodegradability; biological activity; bleeding; blood vessel compliance; controlled drug release; controlled study; coronary artery; drug efficacy; drug eluting stent; elution; heart catheterization; heparinization; histopathology; in vitro study; low drug dose; material coating; morphometrics; nonhuman; preoperative care; priority journal; quantitative analysis; stenosis; vascular necrosis; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Coronary Disease; Coronary Vessels; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Carriers; Drug-Eluting Stents; Lactic Acid; Paclitaxel; Polyglycolic Acid; Prosthesis Design; Swine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928542223	The economic and pricing impact of authorized generic medicines in South Africa	McGee S.-A.M.	2015	International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing	9	1	10.1108/IJPHM-11-2013-0059	Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Johannesburg, South Africa	McGee, S.-A.M., Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Johannesburg, South Africa	Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether authorized generics (AGs) have influenced prices and market shares in markets for molecules facing generic competition in South Africa. AGs (clones), which are identical to the originator brands, offer a solution for originator companies to protect their markets from independent generic (IG) competition. IG competitors have claimed that AGs have a negative impact on pricing and competition. Design/methodology/approach – In a retrospective analysis, pricing and quantity data for 24 months post generic entry were extracted for oral solid dosage form products which experienced generic entry into their markets between 2005 and 2011, divided into “Authorized generic affected” and “no authorized generic” markets. A series of indices was calculated, as well as market shares of competing originator and generic products, and the number of generic competitors determined. Indices and market share data for clone affected and unaffected groups were tested at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months using unmatched t-tests, at a 95 per cent significance level. Findings – None of the evaluated pricing indices showed a consistently significant difference existing between AG-affected and no-AG samples. The only variable for which the two samples consistently differed was market shares, with originator brands experiencing significantly more market share erosion in AG-affected markets. Pricing levels of generics and originator products as well as growth of numbers of generic competitors were similar in both AG-affected and no-AG groups. Originality/value – A study of this nature on the impacts of AGs in the South African generics has not been previously published and reflects the situation particular to the country. © 2015, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Authorized generic; Clone; Generic; Market share; Medicines; Prices	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860338955	Performance of two Pinus patula hybrids in southern Africa	Kanzler A., Payn K., Nel A.	2012	Southern Forests	74	1	10.2989/20702620.2012.683639	Sappi Forest Research, PO Box 473, Howick, 3290, South Africa; Mondi South Africa, PO Box 12, Hilton, 3245, South Africa	Kanzler, A., Sappi Forest Research, PO Box 473, Howick, 3290, South Africa; Payn, K., Mondi South Africa, PO Box 12, Hilton, 3245, South Africa; Nel, A., Sappi Forest Research, PO Box 473, Howick, 3290, South Africa	Two Pinus patula hybrids, P. greggii × P. patula and P. patula × P. tecunumanii, were planted across a number of sites in southern Africa. The growth and survival for each species/taxon was assessed at either 5 or 8 years of age at each site and compared to the respective parental species. Pinus greggii, as a pure species, has greater drought tolerance and is better adapted to harsher sites than P. patula. At 8 years the P. greggii × P. patula hybrid had similar survival and was more productive than P. patula at the two sites where it was tested. Furthermore, the performance of the hybrid was better than pure species on the site with average poorer growth suggesting that this hybrid could be planted on poorer, more marginal sites not well suited to P. patula. Pinus tecunumanii is a productive species with good tolerance to the pitch canker fungus (PCF). Previous work has shown that the P. patula × P. tecunumanii hybrid is more tolerant to PCF after field inoculations. The latter hybrid was assessed at 5 years on three sites and compared to both parent species. The hybrid had similar survival and was more productive than both parent species. Large variation in performance between individual P. patula × P. tecunumanii families suggests that comprehensive testing and selection should be conducted in tandem with any operational deployment of this hybrid. © 2012 Copyright NISC (Pty) Ltd.	hybrid performance; Pinus greggii; Pinus tecunumanii	Fungi; Pinus greggii; Pinus patula; Pinus tecunumanii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444426126	Pollen morphological features and impact of temperature on pollen germination of various Pinus species	Nel A., Van Staden J.	2005	South African Journal of Botany	71	1	None	Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Nel, A., Sappi Forests Research, Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick 3290, South Africa; Van Staden, J., Res. Ctr. Plant Growth and Devmt., School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	The aim of this study was to determine if differences in pollen morphology and response to temperature treatments were apparent among seven Pinus species used in an inter-specific hybridisation programme. The seven species included were: P. caribaea, P. elliottii, P. greggii, P. oocarpa, P. patula, P. radiata and P. tecunumanii. This study showed that pollen from the seven Pinus species displays the structure typical of the Pinaceae, having no visibly distinguishing structural characteristics. Differences in pollen grain diameter, measured across the distal region of the grain, were found among species and among different clones of Pinus patula. The mean grain diameters ranged from 42μm (P. patula) to 50μm (P. radiata). Within P. patula they ranged between 42μm and 47μm. Different species responded differently to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated germinating pollen. Pollen stored at low humidity (below 10%) could tolerate relatively high temperatures up to 80°C, and still maintain some level of viability. P. caribaea and P. greggii maintained viability of 19 and 33%, respectively, after treatment at 80°C. The 90°C treatment resulted in zero viability for the three species investigated: P. caribaea, P. greggii and P. patula. In contrast to dry-stored pollen, re-hydrated pollen germinated in vitro at different temperatures, had lower levels of tolerance. Optimal germination occurred at 32°C and steadily declined for all species as the temperature was increased until 44°C at 2°C increments. P. caribaea, P. patula and P. tecunumanii still germinated, albeit at low levels at 40°C, but no germination occurred above 42°C. Differences in pollen tube length were observed between different species incubated at 30°C for 72h. P. caribaea displayed the longest tube length (242μm) while some clones of P. patula had the shortest pollen tubes (92μm). Morphological features cannot be used to distinguish among the species studied, but there were differences in tolerance levels to temperature treatments of dry-stored and re-hydrated pollen among these species. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	coniferous tree; pollen; temperature effect; Pinaceae; Pinus caribaea; Pinus elliottii; Pinus greggii; Pinus oocarpa; Pinus patula; Pinus radiata; Pinus tecunumanii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15944398699	Assessment of pepper seed performance using desiccation sensitivity	Modi A.T.	2005	Seed Science and Technology	33	1	None	Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Modi, A.T., Sch. of Agric. Sci. and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	During priming, seeds are subjected to hydration followed by dehydration and re-hydration is resumed during germination. It is postulated that the ability of seeds to withstand the effects of hydration and dehydration could be used to determine seed quality. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds from different production seasons (1998, 2000 and 2002) were hydroprimed for 2 h and then desiccated for 72 h over saturated salt solutions at 12% RH (20°C), 33% RH (23°C) and 52% RH (23°C). Seed membrane integrity was determined by a comparison of desiccated seeds with non-desiccated seeds, with respect to cation (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) content of steep water after imbibition. Seed desiccation sensitivity was determined by the total germination of desiccated seeds relative to control seeds that were neither hydrated nor desiccated over saturated salts. Desiccation sensitivity increased with the lowering of desiccation relative humidity. This effect was correlated with an increase in electrolyte leakage and reduction in seed germination, emergence and stand establishment. Fresh seeds were more resistant to desiccation than older seeds. A better correlation between desiccation sensitivity and seed quality compared with seed germination suggested that desiccation sensitivity could be used as a seed vigour test.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951854168	The impact of a 10-week physical activity intervention programme on selective metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents	Zeelie A., Moss S.J., Kruger H.S., Van Rooyen J.M.	2009	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	31	1	None	School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Zeelie, A., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Moss, S.J., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Kruger, H.S., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Van Rooyen, J.M., School for Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 10-week physical activity (PA) intervention on selective metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents. All available adolescents (194 subjects), boys and girls, in the grade 9 class (15-19 years) attending a secondary school were recruited for the experimental group. A control group consisting of 57 adolescents from grade 9 of another secondary school in the same area was also recruited. The experimental group participated in a 10-week PA intervention. Body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Windkessel arterial compliance (Cw), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and waist circumference were measured. After the 10-week PA intervention, adolescents from the control group had a significantly lower DBP compared to the intervention group (p=0.00005) and adolescents from the intervention group had a significantly lower SBP compared to the control group (p=0.000061). There was also a tendency towards a higher Cw and lower HOMA-IR in the intervention group compared to the control group. The findings of this study suggest that black adolescents had significantly lower SBP and a trend of lower HOMA-IR after a 10-week PA intervention.	Adolescents; Metabolic syndrome; Physical activity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48749098025	The performance of electric fences as elephant barriers in Amboseli, Kenya	Kioko J., Muruthi P., Omondi P., Chiyo P.I.	2008	South African Journal of Wildlife Research	38	1	10.3957/0379-4369-38.1.52	School for Field Studies, Centre for Wildlife Management Studies, Box 27743, Nairobi, Kenya; African Wildlife Foundation, Box 48177, Nairobi, Kenya; Species Program, Kenya Wildlife Service, Box 40241, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, United States	Kioko, J., School for Field Studies, Centre for Wildlife Management Studies, Box 27743, Nairobi, Kenya; Muruthi, P., African Wildlife Foundation, Box 48177, Nairobi, Kenya; Omondi, P., Species Program, Kenya Wildlife Service, Box 40241, Nairobi, Kenya; Chiyo, P.I., Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, United States	Electric fencing is increasingly used as a tool for elephant (Loxodonta africana) conservation in human-dominated landscapes and there are few empirical studies to demonstrate that electrified barriers are effective in deterring elephants from raiding crops. The factors determining the effectiveness of electric fences are not fully understood. We assessed the performance of Namelok and Kimana fences in reducing human-elephant conflict by comparing the frequency of crop-raiding by elephants and the perceptions of farmers on the effect of the fences in reducing elephant crop-raiding within fenced and adjacent unfenced farmlands. We also examined the effect of intact fence wires, presence of currentand amount of voltage on fence breakage by elephants. Electric fencing reduced elephant crop-raiding and other forms of human-elephant conflicts. Namelok fence was not broken by elephants whereas Kimana fence was broken several times probably because it borders Kimana Sanctuary which provided cover where elephants could retreat after crop-raiding. The mere presence of current did not minimize fence breakage by elephants. Elephants entered fenced areas more frequently when the fence wires were broken than when wires were intact. Our results suggest that, location of fences in relation to landscape factors, maintenance of effective non-electrified fences and proximity of fences to areas of high elephant concentration are significant determinants of fence performance in mitigating elephant crop-raiding.	Crop-raiding; Elephants; Fencing; Human elephant conflicts	agricultural land; barrier (equipment); crop damage; elephant; empirical analysis; nature conservation; performance assessment; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa; Elephantidae; Loxodonta africana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644441793	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. II. Stand establishment, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Seed coating is commonly used to supply fungicides and micronutrients to enhance seed quality. The primary reason for using mineral elements in seed priming is to regulate water absorption. Osmopriming and seed coating were compared for their effect on crop stand establishment, seedling chlorophyll fluorescence and seed yield in six green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ('Imbali', 'Sodwana', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua'). Three calcium salts (CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2) at five molarities (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM) were also compared as constituents of the priming solutions and seed coatings. Control seeds were not primed or coated. Osmopriming and seed coating improved crop stand establishment, reduced seedling stress as determined by chlorophyll fluorescence, and resulted in increased seed yield. However, seed coating was a better seed enhancement technique than osmopriming, regardless of calcium salt used. Both stand establishment and reduction of seedling stress were better with CaSO4 compared to CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 seed coating, which did not significantly differ. Crop yield, however, showed an equal response to CaSO4 and Ca(NO3)2), which was better than the response to CaCl2- Significant differences between cultivars were observed. However, no clear evidence was found to suggest that cultivar differences were not merely genotype related. It is suggested that the molarity of calcium salts in osmopriming and seed coating should not exceed 50 mM.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Osmopriming; Seed; Stand establishment	fungicide; seedling emergence; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20644465197	Comparison of osmopriming and seed coating with calcium salts for green bean performance under field conditions. I. Cotyledonal cracking	Mazibuko T.G., Modi A.T.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	1	None	School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Mazibuko, T.G., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa; Modi, A.T., School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Crop Science Discipline, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville 3209, South Africa	Cotyledonal cracking is a physiological disorder, which appears as one or a few transverse fissures across legume seed cotyledons early during seed germination or seedling emergence. The fissures hinder translocation of nutrients to the developing seedling and cause stunted seedling growth and low yield. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of calcium, applied as a seed coat or priming osmoticum, on cotyledonal cracking in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions. Seeds of six green bean cultivars ('Imbali', 'Elangeni', 'Tongati', 'Sodwana', 'Tokai' and 'Outeniqua') were primed or coated with CaSO4, CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 solutions (1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mM). Control seeds were not primed or coated. Dried (∼ 10% moisture content on fresh mass basis) seeds were planted in the field at three sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A significant reduction in cotyledonal cracking occurred in response to increased calcium molarity, however, no effect of the anions of the calcium salts was observed. Coated seeds performed significantly better than primed seeds with respect to reduction of cotyledonal cracking. Cultivars differed significantly in their sensitivity to cotyledonal cracking. Hence, across all sites, cultivar response to calcium treatments was also correlated to the extent of cotyledonal cracking. There were no significant differences between sites with respect to cotyledonal cracking or calcium effects. This study provided evidence that cotyledonal cracking on green beans can be alleviated by seed calcium treatment.	Calcium; Coating; Green bean; Priming; Seeds	seedling emergence; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923551169	Toward an analytical framework for understanding complex socialecological systems when conducting environmental impact assessments in South Africa	Bowd R., Quinn N.W., Kotze D.C.	2015	Ecology and Society	20	1	10.5751/ES-07057-200141	School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, United Kingdom	Bowd, R., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Quinn, N.W., Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, United Kingdom; Kotze, D.C., School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Consideration of biophysical impacts has historically dominated environmental impact assessment (EIA) practice. Despite the emergence of social impact assessment, the consideration of socioeconomic impacts in EIA is variable, as is the extent of their integration in EIA findings. There is growing recognition for the need to move EIA practice toward sustainability assessment, characterized by comprehensiveness, i.e., scope of impacts, integration, i.e., of biophysical and socioeconomic impacts, and a greater strategic focus. This is particularly the case in developing regions and in countries like South Africa, which have statutory requirements for the full consideration of socioeconomic impacts in EIA. We suggest that EIA practice could benefit from incorporating evolving theory around social-ecological systems (SES) as an effective way of moving toward sustainability assessment. As far as we are aware, our study constitutes the first attempt to apply and formalize SES constructs to EIA practice within a regulated procedure. Our framework goes beyond conventional scoping approaches reliant on checklists and matrices by requiring the EIA practitioner to cocreate a conceptual model of the current and future social-ecological system with the implicated communities. This means social and biophysical impacts are assessed integratively, and that communities participate meaningfully in the EIA process, thereby helping address two of the most common shortfalls of EIA practice. The framework was applied in two case studies, establishment of communitybased accommodation linked to existing tourism infrastructure (Eastern Cape, South Africa), and a proposed wine estate (KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa). The framework revealed impacts, which would not be considered in a biophysically-oriented EIA, and helped identify development synergies and institutional and governance needs that are equally likely to have been overlooked. We suggest the framework has value as a counterpoint to established approaches and could contribute to improving the quality of EIAs with respect to the complex SESs that characterize the developing world. © 2015 by the author(s).	Ecosystem services; Environmental impact assessment (EIA); Framework; Participation; Social-ecological system (SES); Sustainability assessment	analytical framework; developing world; ecosystem service; environmental impact assessment; participatory approach; sustainability; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929150627	How serious is the impact of type II diabetes in rural Kenya?	El-Busaidy H., Dawood M., Kasay A., Mwamlole C., Koraya N., Parpia H.	2014	Open Dermatology Journal	8	1	None	University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya	El-Busaidy, H., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Dawood, M., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Kasay, A., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwamlole, C., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Koraya, N., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Parpia, H., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya	Over 50% of all adult hospital admissions and 55% of hospital deaths in Kenya are non-communicable, of which diabetes is among the leading. We aimed to describe the impact of type II diabetes at a rural community in Kenya. 200 healthy adult patients underwent random blood sucrose (RBS) testing after ethical approval by the Isiolo County Hospital. Diabetes was defined as RBS ≥11.1 mmol/l. A thorough history, physical examination and dipstick urinalysis for urine protein was done to identify risk factors and/or evidence of end organ damage. 32 patients (16%) had RBS ≥11.1 mmol/l. 12 patients (37.5%) never knew they were diabetic and those who knew 63% were not taking any medication. The most common risk factors were high fat diet (59.4%), sedentary lifestyle (46.8%) and family history of diabetes in first degree relative (37.5%). 43.7% of patients (n=14) had abdominal obesity while 21.9% (n=7) had various foot abnormalities. 8 patients (25%) had proteinuria of ≥ +1 on dipstick urinalysis. The 16% diabetes prevalence is among the highest recorded for a community living on ≤ 1 dollar/day. Further, evidence of end organ damage as depicted by massive proteinuria warrants urgent attention to this underprivileged group. It is hoped the results will form basis for future screening of diabetic nephropathy and other diabetes-related end organs involvement in this part of the world. © El-busaidy et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.	Impact; Risk factors; Rural Kenya; Type II diabetes mellitus	glucose; protein; abdominal obesity; adult; aged; Article; body mass; diabetic nephropathy; family history; female; glucose blood level; glucosuria; hematuria; human; hypertension; Kenya; ketonuria; lipid diet; major clinical study; male; mass screening; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; prevalence; priority journal; proteinuria; sedentary lifestyle; urinalysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960962281	Effect of cropping arrangements and rainfall on the performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) in bauchi state, Nigeria	Ahmed B.I., Yusuf S.R., Garba A.A., Mustapha S.	2006	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	18	1	None	School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria	Ahmed, B.I., School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Yusuf, S.R., School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Garba, A.A., School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Mustapha, S., School of Agriculture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria	Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria during the farming seasons of 1997-1999. The objective of the experiments was to establish the effects of cropping arrangements and rainfall on the performance of two varieties of okra plant (Indian long white and short local varieties) in terms of flower and fruit initiation as well as height and yield. Twenty four experimental plots were demarcated and arranged into eight treatment plots. Each treatment was replicated three times and the size of each of the plots was 4.2m x 3.6m. Results of the experiments clearly indicated that when the two varieties were independently grown with cotton, cowpea and groundnut at a ratio of one to one (1:1) per plot, performance of the plant especially in terms of height, flower, fruit initiation and yield was greatly enhanced. It is therefore, recommended that farmers should under rainfall condition practice growing okra particularly the two varieties tested (ILWV & SLV) with other plants such as cotton, cowpea or groundnut in order to increase the growth, development and yield of okra.	Cropping arrangements; Okra; Rainfall and performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864842516	Preliminary assessment of the impact of long-term fire treatments on in situ soil hydrology in the Kruger National Park	Riddell E.S., Khan A., Mauck B., Ngcobo S., Pasi J., Pickles A., Pickles J., Sithole Z., Lorentz S.A., Govender N.	2012	Koedoe	54	1	10.4102/koedoe.v54i1.1070	School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, South Africa	Riddell, E.S., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Khan, A., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Mauck, B., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Ngcobo, S., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Pasi, J., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Pickles, A., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Pickles, J., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Sithole, Z., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Lorentz, S.A., School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Govender, N., Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, South Africa	There has been significant attention focused on the impacts of fire frequency and season of burn on ecological processes in the Kruger National Park (KNP). Whilst there has been some examination of these fire effects on soil properties, the explicit linkages of these effects to the hydrology of soils in burnt areas has remained a gap in our understanding. During August 2010, a field scoping campaign was undertaken to assess the impacts, if any, of long-term fire treatments on the hydrology of soils on the experimental burn plots (EBPs) in the KNP. Using various hydrometric and soil physical characterisation instruments soil, hydraulic conductivity and soil strength variations were determined across the extreme fire treatment on the EBPs, the annual August (high fire frequency) plots and the control (no burn) plots, on both the granite and basalt geologies of Pretoriuskop and Satara, respectively. It was found that there were soil hydrological and structural differences to fire treatments on the basalt burn plots, but that these were not as clear on the granite burn plots. In particular, hot, frequent fires appeared to reduce the variation in soil hydraulic conductivity on the annual burn plots on the basalts and led to reduced cohesive soil strength at the surface. The KNP burn plots are one of the longest running and well studied fire experiments on African savannahs. However, The impacts of fire management on hydrological processes in these water-limited ecosystems remains a gap in our understanding and needs to be considered within the context of climate and land-use changes in the savannah biome. © 2012. The Authors.	None	biome; cohesive soil; experimental study; fire management; hydraulic conductivity; hydrology; land use change; savanna; soil; soil management; soil strength; soil surface; Kruger National Park; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931396021	Bovine tuberculosis in Rwanda: Prevalence and economic impact evaluation by meat inspection at Société des Abattoirs de Nyabugogo-Nyabugogo Abattoir, Kigali	Habarugira G., Rukelibuga J., Nanyingi M.O., Mushonga B.	2014	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	85	1	10.4102/jsava.v851i1.1062	School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, South Africa	Habarugira, G., School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rukelibuga, J., United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kigali, Rwanda; Nanyingi, M.O., Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya; Mushonga, B., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, South Africa	Despite the significant public health burden of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Rwanda, the prevalence of bTB is poorly documented. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bTB in cattle using gross examination of granulomatous lesions, to identify mycobacteria species in suspected samples, and to evaluate the economic impact of meat condemnation based on bTB-like lesions in the meat industry in Rwanda. Routine meat inspection was conducted at Société des Abattoirs de Nyabugogo (SABAN)-Nyabugogo Abattoir. Tissue samples including 31 lymph nodes, 3 lungs and 2 livers were obtained from cattle of different ages with gross tuberculous lesions. Mycobacterium bovis was identified using microscopy with Kinyoun staining and isolation of mycobacterial species in culture on Löwenstein-Jensen and Colestos media, further identified using biochemical tests. Our findings, based on culture and postmortem results, show that the prevalence of bTB is 0.5% (0.587*148/16753), with an overall gross tuberculous lesion prevalence of 0.9% (148/16753). The presence of lesions were higher in cattle aged 2 years and older (1.6% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.05) and higher in females than in males (1.4% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.05). Of the 36 samples tested, 26 (72.2%) were positive by microscopic examination with Kinyoun staining while M. bovis was culture-confirmed in 21 (58.7%) cases. Bovine tuberculosis caused condemnation of 1683.5 kg of meat, resulting in an estimated loss of $4810. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of bTB in Rwanda is significant, and that bTB is a major cause of meat condemnation requiring continued implementation of surveillance and control measures. Furthermore, the results from this study also show important variations in sensitivity of the different tests that were used to determine the prevalence of bTB in cattle in Rwanda. © 2014. The Authors.	None	animal tissue; Article; bacterium culture; bacterium isolation; bovine tuberculosis; controlled study; economic evaluation; female; granulomatous inflammation; liver; lung; lymph node; male; meat; meat industry; microscopy; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium bovis; nonhuman; prevalence; Rwanda; slaughterhouse; Bos; Bovinae; Corynebacterineae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876870201	Cytoskeletal and biochemical events during early imbibition of maize embryonic axes and the impact of cryostorage	Mycock D.J., Isaacs C.	2013	Seed Science and Technology	41	1	None	School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Mycock, D.J., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Isaacs, C., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	The caryopses of a Zea mays hybrid grown in South Africa could not withstand direct immersion in liquid nitrogen for cryopreservation. This was due to the size of the seed and the consequent uneven freezing and thawing of the component tissues. Isolation of the embryonic axes and their culture in vitro after cryopreservation overcame this problem. However, isolation of the axes from the air-dry seed was both damaging and difficult. Short imbibition periods were therefore used to soften the testa of the caryopses. Axes isolated from seed which had been imbibed for 5.5 and 6.5 hours although viable after cryopreservation did not produce roots (shoots were formed), whereas axes from seeds imbibed for shorter periods (0.5 - 4.5 hours) produced fully functional in vitro plantlets albeit at a slower rate than the unfrozen controls. Measurement of selected biomolecules in the embryonic axes and in the leachate obtained during imbibition revealed that the combined concentrations of the amino acids (including proline) and glucose were sufficiently high to act as cryoprotectants. The microfilament and microtubule components of the cytoskeleton became progressively more organised during imbibition however, they were disrupted by cryopreservation. The requirement for the repair and re-assembly of the cytoskeleton is thus considered to be, in part, related to the reduced vigour of the cryopreserved material. At and after 5.5 hours of imbibition, specific cytoskeletal arrays were identifiable (e.g. the actin nuclear basket) but these were completely disintegrated by the cryo-treatment. Since that material did not develop roots in vitro, it is suggested that cryopreservation had compromised the repair processes including those associated with the re-assembly of the cytoskeleton. The transition from desiccation tolerance to sensitivity has been linked with the resumption of metabolic activity. The present data imply that the root meristematic region of the 0.5 - 4.5 hours-imbibed material still retained desiccation tolerance (and hence cryostorability) but this was lost at 5.5 hours imbibition. It also suggests that in maize the root meristem loses desiccation tolerance before the shoot meristem.	None	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871529178	The propagation and dispersal of misinformation in ecology: Is there a relationship between citation accuracy and journal impact factor?	Drake D.C., Maritz B., Jacobs S.M., Crous C.J., Engelbrecht A., Etale A., Fourie M.J., Furniss D.G., Scott S.L., Parusnath S., Tye D.R.	2013	Hydrobiologia	702	1	10.1007/s10750-012-1392-6	School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Drake, D.C., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maritz, B., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Jacobs, S.M., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Crous, C.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Engelbrecht, A., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Etale, A., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fourie, M.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Furniss, D.G., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Scott, S.L., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Parusnath, S., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tye, D.R., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	accuracy assessment; dispersal; ecological impact; vegetative propagation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83055188191	Sustainable architecture evaluation method in an African context: Transgressing discipline boundaries with a systems approach	Sanya T.	2012	Sustainability Science	7	1	10.1007/s11625-011-0137-1	School of Architecture Housing and Geomatics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Sanya, T., School of Architecture Housing and Geomatics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	This paper presents a method for poverty-inclusive evaluation of architectural sustainability. Existing evaluation tools largely ignore poverty-an omission that renders them inadequate for use in a developing country context. Methodological challenges arise from the complexity due to inclusion of poverty alongside numerous other sustainability aspects. Moreover, the shared transdisciplinary nature of architecture and sustainability coupled with inherent scale polarities add to the complexity. The evaluation method discussed here adopts concepts from systems theory to develop a framework that addresses the above challenges. It yields credible results in a developing country context with a dearth of research precedents and databases. The method was applied in an empirically based study of the sustainability performance of earth walling techniques in Uganda. The study showed that, from a sustainability viewpoint, wattle-and-daub performs best, followed by adobe, whereas the most popular brick was only better than compressed earth blocks. In their transparency, the evaluation method and results here presented can stand conventional academic scrutiny. But the conclusions point to the need for greater acceptance of transdisciplinary approaches to knowledge conceptualism if the holistic disposition of sustainability, architecture and sustainable architecture is to be accommodated. © 2011 Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, United Nations University, and Springer.	Architecture; Multi-attribute utility technique; Poverty; Sustainability evaluation; Systems theory	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78249247420	In situ feeding rates and grazing impact of Mesopodopsis africana O. Tattersall in the St Lucia Estuary, South Africa	Carrasco N.K., Perissinotto R.	2010	Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology	396	1	10.1016/j.jembe.2010.09.008	School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, P. Bag X5 4001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Carrasco, N.K., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, P. Bag X5 4001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Perissinotto, R., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, P. Bag X5 4001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Mesopodopsis africana is an important mysid in southern African coastal zooplankton and a key species in the St Lucia estuarine lake, which is currently undergoing severe desiccation owing to freshwater deprivation. M. africana populations through much of the system are consequently under severe environmental stress. This study investigates the grazing dynamics of this mysid species, in relation to autotrophic food availability and other environmental constraints in two contrasting areas of the St Lucia Estuary, Charters Creek, heavily affected by the desiccation process and the Mouth, virtually under unchanged conditions. Gut evacuation experiments were conducted once each during the day and the night. Evacuation rates were consistently higher during the night, ranging from 0.27 to 0.33h-1 at Charters Creek and from 1.13 to 1.24h-1 at the Mouth. Ingestion rates were, therefore, higher at the Mouth resulting in population grazing impacts of 2.5% of the total microalgal biomass, while the grazing impact at Charters Creek was only 0.5%. The spatial variation in ingestion rates could be attributed to seasonal differences in gut evacuation rates, differences in the mean size of mysids used, or the physicochemical conditions present at the two stations. It is suggested that mysid populations at Charters Creek are predominantly driven by bottom-up forces, initiated by the harsh environmental conditions. Despite the lower ingestion rates exhibited at Charters Creek, results indicate that these mysids are capable of meeting all their energetic requirements from a microalgal diet alone, although they may also utilise a heterotrophic diet. © Elsevier B.V.	Feeding; Grazing impact; Mesopodopsis africana; Salinity; St Lucia Estuary; Turbidity	bioenergetics; biomass; body size; crustacean; diet; environmental constraint; environmental stress; estuarine ecosystem; experimental study; feeding behavior; food availability; freshwater; grazing; ingestion rate; microalga; physicochemical property; seasonal variation; spatial variation; turbidity; zooplankton; KwaZulu-Natal; Saint Lucia Estuary; South Africa; Mesopodopsis africana; Mysida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874444327	Impacts of forest management on liana abundance and liana-tree relationships in a tropical forest in Malaysia and implications for conservation	Addo-Fordjour P., Rahmad Z.B., Asyraf M.	2013	International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystems Services and Management	9	1	10.1080/21513732.2012.714798	School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana	Addo-Fordjour, P., School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Rahmad, Z.B., School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia; Asyraf, M., School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia	This study analysed the impact of the Malayan Uniform management System (MUS) on liana abundance and their relationship with trees in the Bukit Panchor Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Two types of MUS-treated forest, medium-term MUS (M-MUS) and long-term MUS (L-MUS), were identified based on the management time span (19 and 42 years, respectively). Trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm were identified and examined for liana presence (diameter ≥ 2 cm) in ten 40 m × 40 m plots within each forest. Tree seedling and sapling abundance were also determined in a randomly selected 20 m × 20 m subplot within each plot. Liana abundance and infestation rates were significantly higher in the untreated forest than under the M-MUS, although they did not differ from those under the L-MUS. Tree diameter related significantly with liana load and basal area in all the forests except the M-MUS, which contained relatively more uniform diameter trees. Reduction in liana abundance and infestation in the treated forests favoured natural regeneration of the trees. Liana cutting was effective in reducing liana abundance and infestation in the medium term but not in the long term. Therefore, further liana cutting in the long term may be needed to control lianas. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	abundance; forest management; infestation rates; liana-tree relationships; silvicultural treatment	abundance; cutting; deciduous forest; forest management; long-term change; sapling; seedling; silviculture; tropical forest; Malaysia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149090323	Potential impacts of climate change on the climatically suitable growth areas of Pinus and Eucalyptus: Results from a sensitivity study in South Africa	Warburton M.L., Schulze R.E.	2008	Southern Forests	70	1	10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.1.5.515	School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Warburton, M.L., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Schulze, R.E., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Global average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.74°C over the most recent 100-year period. At a regional level in South Africa, detectable changes in both the rainfall and temperature patterns have occurred in the past 50 years. Climate change has become a reality that can no longer be ignored. Given the relatively long timescales of plantto-harvest rotations in the commercial production forestry sector in South Africa, and the significant investment implied, climate change has the potential to have substantial impacts on forestry productivity and profitability. Under climate change conditions the climatically optimum areas for specific forest species are hypothesised to shift, with optimum areas changing in extent and location between and within provinces. This paper focuses on the Eucalyptus and Pinus genera. From the ICFR Forestry Productivity Toolbox, climate criteria for three Pinus species plus one hybrid, and four Eucalyptus species plus one hybrid, were used in combination with gridded maps of present mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall to assess climatically optimum, moderate- and high-risk growth areas, as well as unsuitable growth areas over southern Africa. The temperature and rainfall variables were then perturbed through plausible ranges of projected future climates to determine the potential impacts of climate change on the climatically optimum, moderate and unsuitable growth areas of the Pinus and Eucalyptus families. For both families, rising temperatures may slightly increase the optimum growth area in Mpumalanga and the Eastern Cape, whereas in KwaZulu-Natal the area may reduce. The Pinus species showed less sensitivity to rising temperatures than eucalypts. The two hybrids exhibited less sensitivity than other species of their genera. The hybrid Pinus ExC emerged as least sensitive to increasing temperature. Declining rainfall concomitant with rising temperature will have an especially negative effect on total area of optimal growth. An increase in rainfall will, however, offset all negative impacts of temperature and increase total optimum growth area for both families. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Climate change; Eucalyptus; Pinus; Sensitivity analysis; Site suitability	Eucalyptus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935025949	Development and performance evaluation of a novel immunofluorescence chromatographic assay for histidine-rich protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum	Kang K., Dzakah E.E., Huang Y., Xie M., Luo X., Li W., Wang J.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0740-1	School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Guangdong, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Kang, K., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Guangdong, China, National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Dzakah, E.E., Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Huang, Y., National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Xie, M., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Guangdong, China; Luo, X., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Guangdong, China; Li, W., National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Wang, J., National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China	Background: The low sensitivity and specificity of Plasmodium falciparum diagnostic tests pose a serious health threat to people living in endemic areas. The objective of the study was to develop a rapid assay for the detection of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) of P. falciparum in whole blood by immunofluorescence chromatographic technology. Methods: A total of 1163 positive and negative blood samples were screened. The double-antibody sandwich assay was used to establish the kit and its performance was evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, stability, and clinical effectiveness. Results: The cut-off level of detection of the kit was 25 parasites/μl. Common interfering substances in human blood specimens, such as bilirubin, triglyceride and cholesterol had no significant effect on HRP2 antigen detection. The precision of the kit was run with different concentration of standard calibrators and the values were less than 10 %. The performance of this diagnostic kit in the detection of the calibrators has shown that a shelf life of about 12 months gives a more reliable result. Among clinical samples tested, the HRP2 test kit and the reference products had good coincidence rate in a parallel experiment and this test kit had a more sensitive detecting level to the target protein than the reference kits used in this study. The specificity and sensitivity for this test were 99.6 % (800/803) and 99.7 % (1160/1163), respectively. Conclusions: A novel HRP2 immunofluorescence detection method was developed in this study. Overall performance evaluation indicated that the kit has a rapid, high sensitivity and on-spot method for detecting P. falciparum. © 2015 Kang et al.	Histidine-rich protein 2; Immunofluorescence chromatographic assay; Plasmodium falciparum; Rapid diagnostic test	bilirubin; cholesterol; histidine; histidine rich 2 protein; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; accuracy; Article; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; cross reaction; diagnostic kit; immunofluorescence; limit of detection; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; protein analysis; protein targeting; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904077609	Comparative performance of aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase rapid diagnostic tests in Plasmodium vivax detection	Wang J., Dzakah E.E., Kang K., Ni C., Tang S., Wang J.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-272	School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China	Wang, J., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Dzakah, E.E., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China; Kang, K., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China, National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China; Ni, C., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Tang, S., National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China; Wang, J., National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China	Background: Misdiagnosis of malaria by commercial rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is a major cause of concern in the diagnosis of malaria. This retrospective study was aimed at assessing the relative performance of four RDTs with emphasis on the detection of two Plasmodium vivax antigens: aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Methods. Three commercially available Plasmodium LDH or aldolase antigen detection kits (One Step Malaria P.f/P.v, ParaHit Total ver. 1.0, SD Bioline Malaria) and an anti-P. vivax aldolase-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) pair 1C3-12 F10 were evaluated with P. vivax positive as well as non-P. vivax samples and healthy samples using blood smear examination as standard. Each test was read according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results: MAb 1C3-12 F10 pair targeting P. vivax-specific aldolase exhibited very good specificity and sensitivity of 100 and 97.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100 and 99.5%, respectively, were also observed. The anti-P. vivax LDH in the One-Step Malaria P.f/P.v test showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 93.5, 98.0, 88.9 and 98.8%, respectively. ParaHit Total ver. 1.0 targeting the pan-aldolase antigen showed sensitivity, specificity of 97.4 and 99.6%, respectively. PPV and NPV were both 99.5%. SD Bioline had sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 93.5, 100, 100 and 98.8%, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of all four RDTs were acceptable, especially for the aldolase detection tests. Five (6.5%) of the P. vivax-positive samples (n = 77) that were confirmed by microscopic examination as well as the two aldolase detection RDTs (mAb 1C3-12 F10 and ParaHit Total ver.1.0) were undetected by the two LDH detection RDTs (One Step Malaria P.f/P.v and SD Bioline). Similarly, two positive samples (2.6%) that were positively confirmed by the LDH detection RDTs were also undetected by the aldolase detection test kits. Conclusion: Aldolase and LDH antigens perform differently in different P. vivax samples; hence there is a high risk of misdiagnosis when monoclonal antibodies are used against only one particular antigen in the test. A combination of both aldolase and LDH in RDTs for the rapid diagnosis of P. vivax will enhance the sensitivity of the assay and reduce misdiagnosis. © 2014 Dzakah et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Aldolase; Antigen; Malaria; Misdiagnosis; Plasmodium vivax	fructose bisphosphate aldolase; lactate dehydrogenase; monoclonal antibody; monoclonal antibody 1C3 12 F10; unclassified drug; fructose bisphosphate aldolase; lactate dehydrogenase; monoclonal antibody; parasite antigen; protozoon antibody; antigen detection; article; blood smear; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria rapid test; microscopy; nonhuman; parasite identification; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; predictive value; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity; blood; comparative study; diagnostic test; diagnostic use; evaluation study; hospital information system; immunoassay; Malaria, Vivax; procedures; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Protozoan; Antigens, Protozoan; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Humans; Immunoassay; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Malaria, Vivax; Point-of-Care Systems; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37849019619	Performance optimization of a membrane assisted passive sampler for monitoring of ionizable organic compounds in water	Chimuka L., Nemutandani T., Cukrowska E., Tutu H.	2008	Journal of Environmental Monitoring	10	1	10.1039/b713072d	School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa	Chimuka, L., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Nemutandani, T., School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa; Cukrowska, E., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Tutu, H., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa	A thin-walled silicone rubber hollow fibre membrane has been developed as a passive sampler. The inside of the tube is filled with an aqueous solution at an appropriate pH. The tube is sealed at both ends and then immersed in a water sample. In order for the ionizable permeating compounds to be trapped in the aqueous receiving phase, the pH is adjusted such that the compounds are ionized and trapped. The major advantages are its simplicity, low cost and high selectivity, since only ionizable organic compounds are trapped. Additionally, the sampler uses no organic solvent. By adjusting the pH of the acceptor phase, it is possible to control the extraction process and whether the sampler is used in the kinetic or equilibrium regime. Since it is very selective, no further clean-up of the extract is required. The membrane assisted passive sampler has been tested for extraction of chlorophenols under laboratory conditions. The extraction process was found to be linear over a 72 h sampling period. Selectivity of the passive sampler in river water was demonstrated and the extraction process was independent of sample concentration, even at lower concentration levels of analytes. However, the sample matrix in some river water samples led to incomplete trapping, thereby reducing the amount trapped in the acceptor phase. Detection limits (three times signal to noise ratio) were dependant on sample matrix and type of detection system and ranged from 0.05 μg L-1 to about 1 μg L-1 with a UV photodiode detector in water samples from one river and 1.0 μg L-1 to 20 μg L-1 in another but with an ordinary UV detector. The enrichment factors in river water were 28 for 2-chlorophenol and 44 for 2,4-dichlorophenol over a 72 h sampling period. 4-chlorophenol was poorly extracted and its enrichment factor was 3. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	2,4 dichlorophenol; 4 chlorophenol; organic compound; river water; aqueous solution; article; extraction; pH; pollution monitoring; priority journal; sampler; water contamination; water pollutant; water pollution; water sampling; Chlorophenols; Environmental Monitoring; Rivers; Silicone Elastomers; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876910469	Optical detectors for integration into a low cost radiometric device for in-water applications: Hydrow performance test at Loskop dam	Chetty N., Ramkilowan A., Griffith D.J., Lysko M.D.	2013	European Journal of Remote Sensing	46	1	10.5721/EuJRS20134620	School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, S, South Africa; Defence, Peace, Safety and Security, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, S, South Africa	Chetty, N., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, S, South Africa; Ramkilowan, A., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, S, South Africa; Griffith, D.J., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 Pietermaritzburg, S, South Africa; Lysko, M.D., Defence, Peace, Safety and Security, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, S, South Africa	South Africa's fresh water resources are under threat by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). A comprehensive and cost effective method for wide area detection and monitoring of HABs is therefore needed to manage and where possible circumvent the negative impact HABs may have on the country's aquatic ecosystems. Current commercial radiometers used for such applications are often too costly to purchase in numbers. This study focuses on the performance of a low cost, in-house developed prototype radiometer, Hyperspectral Device for Radiometric Observations in Water (HyDROW). HyDROW's performance has been evaluated against data registered with a commercially available Hyperspectral Tethered Spectral Radiometer Buoy (HyperTSRB) during a field campaign at Loskop Dam in South Africa. The Loskop Dam is at risk for HABs and has been selected given its diverse environments from an optical perspective. Measurements were made at five optically diverse test points. The maximum percentage difference between the HyperTSRB and HyDROW were ~8% in the blue, ~19% in the green and ~24% in the red bands of the spectrum. The correlation coefficients between the radiometers range from 0.97 at the most turbid of test sites, to better than 0.99 in clearer waters.	Hydrow; Low-cost radiometers; Optical detectors; Performance testing; Radiometers	Correlation coefficient; Cost-effective methods; Fresh water resources; Harmful algal blooms; Hydrow; Hyperspectral tethered spectral radiometer buoy (hyper-TSRB); Optical detectors; Performance testing; Detectors; Radiometry; Water resources; Radiometers; algae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-59449110080	Comparison of T-SPOT. TB assay and tuberculin skin test for the evaluation of young children at high risk for tuberculosis in a community setting	Nicol M.P., Davies M.-A., Wood K., Hatherill M., Workman L., Hawkridge A., Eley B., Wilkinson K.A., Wilkinson R.J., Hanekom W.A., Beatty D., Hussey G.	2009	Pediatrics	123	1	10.1542/peds.2008-0611	School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom; Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Nicol, M.P., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Davies, M.-A., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, K., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Hatherill, M., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Workman, L., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Hawkridge, A., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Eley, B., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Wilkinson, K.A., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom; Wilkinson, R.J., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom, Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Hanekom, W.A., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa; Beatty, D., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Hussey, G., School of Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa	OBJECTIVE. We wished to compare the sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (T-SPOT.TB; Oxford Immunotec, Oxford, United Kingdom) and the tuberculin skin test for the detection of tuberculosis infection in very young children being evaluated for active tuberculosis in a rural community setting. METHODS. Children with a history of exposure to tuberculosis and children presenting to a local clinic or hospital with symptoms suggesting tuberculosis were admitted to a dedicated case verification ward. T-SPOT. TB testing was performed, and children were evaluated with a clinical examination, a tuberculin skin test, chest radiographs, and cultures of induced sputum and gastric lavage specimens. The diagnosis was determined by using a clinical algorithm. RESULTS. A total of 243 children (median age: 18 months) were recruited, of whom 214 (88%) had interpretable T-SPOT.TB results. Children ≥12 months of age were more likely than younger children to have positive T-SPOT. TB results, whereas tuberculin skin test results were unaffected by age. The sensitivity of the T-SPOT. TB was no better than that of the tuberculin skin test for culture-confirmed tuberculosis (50% and 80%, respectively) and was poorer for the combined group of culture-confirmed and clinically probable tuberculosis (40% and 52%, respectively). For the 50 children clinically categorized as not having tuberculosis, the specificity of both the T-SPOT.TB and the tuberculin skin test was 84%. CONCLUSIONS. For young children presenting in a community setting after exposure to tuberculosis or with symptoms suggesting tuberculosis, T-SPOT. TB cannot be used to exclude active disease. The sensitivity of this assay may be impaired for very young children. Copyright © 2009 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.	Children; Enzyme-linked immunospot assay; Mantoux test; T-SPOT.TB; Tuberculosis	gamma interferon; article; child; childhood disease; clinical examination; controlled study; enzyme linked immunospot assay; female; human; human tissue; infant; infection risk; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; preschool child; priority journal; rural population; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; stomach lavage; symptom; thorax radiography; tuberculin test; tuberculosis; virus detection; age; comparative study; demography; diagnostic test; enzyme immunoassay; evaluation; isolation and purification; metabolism; methodology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; risk factor; standard; tuberculosis; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Infant; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846573779	Performance of push-in pressure cells in overconsolidated Clay	Richards D.J., Clark J., Powrie W., Heymann G.	2007	Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering	160	1	10.1680/geng.2007.160.1.31	School of Civil Engineering and the Environmental, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Gifford Formerly School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Richards, D.J., School of Civil Engineering and the Environmental, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Clark, J., Gifford Formerly School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Powrie, W., School of Civil Engineering and the Environmental, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Heymann, G., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Low-profile push-in pressure cells (spade cells) are commonly used to measure total horizontal stresses in both normally and overconsolidated clays. It is known that spade cells over-read the in situ stress in such deposits as a result of the complex localised stresses created during installation. Previous investigations into the magnitude of over-read are limited in number and have produced scattered results. During construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link at Ashford, Kent, a spade cell was installed horizontally in an overconsolidated clay, aligned to measure initial vertical stress, and the change in vertical stress due to excavation of material above the cell. The results of this experiment are presented and interpreted with reference to a finite element analysis and a comparison of spade cell and self-boring pressuremeter test data of horizontal stresses at the same site, to assess the performance of this type of spade cell in the Atherfield Clay.	Field testing & monitoring; Geotechnical engineering	Consolidation; Excavation; Geotechnical engineering; Monitoring; Pressure effects; Stresses; Field testing; Horizontal stresses; Overconsolidation; Vertical stresses; Clay; clay; earth pressure; finite element method; geotechnical engineering; in situ stress; overconsolidation; performance assessment; site characterization; stress measurement; tunneling; underground construction; Ashford; England; Eurasia; Europe; Kent; United Kingdom; Western Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859239041	Environmental impact of landfill on groundwater quality and agricultural soils in Nigeria	Akinbile C.O.	2012	Soil and Water Research	7	1	None	School of Civil Engineering, University Sains Malaysia (USM), Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Akinbile, C.O., School of Civil Engineering, University Sains Malaysia (USM), Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Physical, chemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out of water samples from three boreholes located near a landfill, and or soil samples at Akure, Nigeria, to ascertain the effect of the dumpsite on the groundwater and soil quality. The samples from borehole locations with radial distances of 50, 80, and 100 m, respectively, away from the landfill and twelve soil samples collected at distances 0 (dump centre), 10, 20, and 30 m away from the refuse dump were analysed. The parameters determined were the turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total iron, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, calcium and heavy metals like copper, zinc, and lead. Most of these parameters indicated pollution but were below the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for consumption. The pH ranged from 5.7 to 6.8 indicating toxic pollution, the turbidity values were between 1.6 and 6.6 NTU, and the temperature ranged from 26.5°C to 27.5°C. The concentrations of iron, nitrate, nitrite and calcium ranged from 0.9 to 1.4, 30 to 61, 0.7 to 0.9, and 17 to 122 mg/l, respectively. Out of heavy metals, zinc ranged between 3.3 and 5.4 mg/l and lead ranged from 1.1 to 1.2 mg/l. Soil water holding capacity, porosity, pH, organic matter, organic carbon and organic nitrogen ranged from 38 to 54, 44 to 48, 6.9-7.5, 2.44-4.27, 1.42-2.48, and 0.12-0.21%, respectively. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences at 95% level. The results showed that all the boreholes were not strongly polluted but require treatment before use while the soil is absolutely unsuitable for the crop production. Re-designing of sanitary landfills to prevent leachate from getting to the water table, adoption of clean technology for recycling greenhouse gases and a sustainable land management programme for reclamation are recommended.	Chemical land use; Parameters; Pollution; Wastes; Water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953252832	Modelling the impact of acute infection dynamics on the accumulation of HIV-1 mutations	Shiri T., Welte A.	2011	Journal of Theoretical Biology	279	1	10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.03.011	School of Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Shiri, T., School of Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, South African Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Welte, A., School of Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, South African Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Events over the past year have brought hope and have re-energized the interest in targeting pre-infection or early infection period with preventative or therapeutic interventions such as vaccines and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In breakthrough infections, the incidence, long term prognosis and clinical significance of early infection events is not well understood but it is possible that these early events may be crucial in determining the subsequent course of disease. We use a branching process model in a deterministically varying environment to explore how the dynamics of early infection affects the accumulation of mutations which lay the seeds for long term evolution of drug resistance and immune system evasion. We relate this exploration to regimes of impact, on diversity, of tropical interventions strategies such as PrEP and vaccines. As a metric of diversity we compute the probability of existence of particular genomes which potentially arise. Using several model scenarios, we demonstrate various regimes of 'response' of evolution to 'intervention'. Transient effects of therapeutic interventions early in infection that impose a fitness cost on early viruses can significantly reduce the probability of diversity later during the chronic state of infection. This stands in contrast to the concern that early selective pressure may increase the probability of later existence of drug resistance mutations, for example. The branching process paradigm offers the ability to efficiently compute important indicators of viral diversity, in a framework with a modest number of simplifying assumptions, without simulating the full range of individual level scenarios. These models may be useful to illustrate the impact of vaccines and PrEP on viral evolution in the case of breakthrough infection. They also suggest that new measures of viral diversity which correlate to prognosis should be sought in trials for PrEP and vaccines. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Branching process; Diversity; Effective reproductive number; PrEP; Vaccine	emtricitabine; Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine; tenofovir disoproxil; drug resistance; genome; human immunodeficiency virus; modeling; mutation; vaccine; antiviral resistance; article; chronicity; early intervention; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; immunoprophylaxis; infection control; infection prevention; infection risk; mathematical model; microbial diversity; molecular dynamics; molecular evolution; nonhuman; priority journal; probability; prognosis; risk reduction; virus genome; virus mutation; virus replication; virus strain; virus transmission; wild type; AIDS Vaccines; Basic Reproduction Number; Computer Simulation; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Models, Biological; Mutation; Stochastic Processes; Virus Replication; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896259051	The impact of organisational structure on enterprise architecture deployment	Iyamu T., Mphahlele L.	2014	Journal of Systems and Information Technology	16	1	10.1108/JSIT-04-2013-0010	School of Computer Science and Informatics, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia; Tshwane University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa	Iyamu, T., School of Computer Science and Informatics, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia; Mphahlele, L., Tshwane University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa	Purpose: In many organisations, the alignment between information technology (IT) and business is viewed as an important catalyst for the organisation's effectiveness and efficiency towards achieving a competitive advantage. Yet, a shared understanding between business and IT (the EA included) remains an issue in many organisations. The organisational structure affects the alignment between business and IT units. Conversely, a lack of alignment of both components (IT and business units) impedes organisations' capacity to increase and improve their productivity. Many studies have been conducted in the area of IT, EA and the organisational structure. There is, however, little evidence of work conducted in exploring the interface between organisational structure and EA prior to this study. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach: A case-study research approach was employed to investigate the impact of organisational structure in the deployment of EA in organisations. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structure technique. The analysis was carried out, using structuration theory. Findings: The magnified data revealed some of unforeseen factors impeding the success of the EA deployment in the organisation. Originality/value: The work is original, and it has not been submitted or published anywhere else. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Deployment; Enterprise architecture; Human interaction; Organisational structure; Structuration theory	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896348149	Automating fault tolerance in high-performance computational biological jobs using multi-agent approaches	Varghese B., McKee G., Alexandrov V.	2014	Computers in Biology and Medicine	48	1	10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.02.005	School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom; Faculty of Computing and IT, Baze University, Nigeria; Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Spain	Varghese, B., School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom; McKee, G., Faculty of Computing and IT, Baze University, Nigeria; Alexandrov, V., Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Spain	Background: Large-scale biological jobs on high-performance computing systems require manual intervention if one or more computing cores on which they execute fail. This places not only a cost on the maintenance of the job, but also a cost on the time taken for reinstating the job and the risk of losing data and execution accomplished by the job before it failed. Approaches which can proactively detect computing core failures and take action to relocate the computing core[U+05F3]s job onto reliable cores can make a significant step towards automating fault tolerance. Method: This paper describes an experimental investigation into the use of multi-agent approaches for fault tolerance. Two approaches are studied, the first at the job level and the second at the core level. The approaches are investigated for single core failure scenarios that can occur in the execution of parallel reduction algorithms on computer clusters. A third approach is proposed that incorporates multi-agent technology both at the job and core level. Experiments are pursued in the context of genome searching, a popular computational biology application.Result: The key conclusion is that the approaches proposed are feasible for automating fault tolerance in high-performance computing systems with minimal human intervention. In a typical experiment in which the fault tolerance is studied, centralised and decentralised checkpointing approaches on an average add 90% to the actual time for executing the job. On the other hand, in the same experiment the multi-agent approaches add only 10% to the overall execution time. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Biological jobs; Checkpoint; Fault tolerance; High-performance computing; Multi-agents; Seamless execution	Bioinformatics; Core levels; Experiments; Fault tolerance; Multi agent systems; Biological jobs; Checkpoint; High-performance computing; Multi agent; Seamless execution; Fault tolerant computer systems; algorithm; article; automation; biology; computer; computer analysis; cost; decision making; experiment; genome; intelligence; priority journal; risk; simulation; technology; work; algorithm; computer program; human; theoretical model; Algorithms; Computational Biology; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Software	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897906615	Measurement of ordinary heterotrophic organism active biomass in activated sludge mixed liquor: Evaluation and comparison of the quantifying techniques	Lee B.J., Wentzel M., Ekama G., Choi Y.Y., Choi J.W.	2014	Environmental Engineering Research	19	1	10.4491/eer.2014.19.1.091	School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, South Korea; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Lee, B.J., School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, South Korea; Wentzel, M., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Ekama, G., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Choi, Y.Y., School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, South Korea; Choi, J.W., School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, South Korea	Ordinary heterotrophic organism (OHO) active biomass plays key roles in biological wastewater treatment processes. However, due to the lack of measurement techniques, the OHO active biomass exists hypothetically within the design and simulation of biological wastewater treatment processes. This research was purposed to develop a quick and easy quantifying technique for the OHO active biomass applying a modified batch aerobic growth test. Two nitrification-denitrification activated sludge systems, with 10- and 20-day sludge ages, were operated to provide well-cultured mixed liquor to the batch tests. A steady state design model was firstly applied to quantify the "theoretical" OHO active biomass concentration of the two parent systems. The mixed liquor from the parent systems was then inoculated to a batch growth test and a batch digestion test to estimate the "measured" OHO active biomass concentration in the mixed liquor. The measured OHO active biomass concentrations with the batch growth test and the batch digestion test were compared to the theoretical concentrations of the parent system. The measured concentrations with the batch growth test were generally smaller than the theoretical concentrations. However, the measured concentrations with the batch aerobic digestion tests showed a good correlation to the theoretical concentrations. Thus, a different microbial growth condition (i.e., a higher food/biomass ratio) in the batch growth test, compared to the parent system or the batch digestion test, was found to cause underestimation of the OHO active biomass concentrations. © 2014 Korean Society of Environmental Engineers.	Activated sludge system; Active biomass; Endogenous respiration; Growth; Heterotrophic; Models	Activated sludge systems; Active biomass; Biological wastewater treatment process; Design and simulation; Endogenous respiration; Heterotrophic; Measurement techniques; Nitrification-denitrification; Activated sludge process; Biomass; Growth (materials); Models; Wastewater treatment; Ecology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749184301	'This is where we buried our sons': People of advanced old age coping with the impact of the AIDS epidemic in a resource-poor setting in rural Uganda	Seeley J., Wolff B., Kabunga E., Tumwekwase G., Grosskurth H.	2009	Ageing and Society	29	1	10.1017/S0144686X08007605	School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Seeley, J., School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Wolff, B., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabunga, E., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Tumwekwase, G., Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Grosskurth, H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Much research on the impact of HIV and AIDS on older people fails to differentiate between age groups, and treats those aged from 50 years to the highest ages as homogeneous. The 'oldest old' or those aged over 75 years may be particularly vulnerable through declining health and independence as a result of the AIDS epidemic, which has forced some to take on roles that younger relatives would have performed had they lived. In this paper we describe the past and current experience of eight people in advanced old age living in rural Uganda who were informants for an ethnographic study of the impact of HIV and AIDS on households during 1991-92 and again in 2006-07. The aim of the study was to understand how they had coped with the impacts of the epidemic. From the eight case studies, it is concluded that family size, socio-economic status and some measure of good fortune in sustained good health enabled these people to live to an advanced age. While we recommend that targeted social protection is important in helping the poorest among the oldest, we suggest that sustaining respect for age and experience, and ensuring that older people do not feel discarded by family and society are as important as meeting their practical needs. © 2008 Cambridge University Press.	Impact of HIV and AIDS; Older people; Oldest old; Uganda	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; elderly population; epidemic; human immunodeficiency virus; low income population; rural area; socioeconomic conditions; Africa; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877102385	The impacts of complementary information technology resources on the service-profit chain and competitive performance of South African hospitality firms	Cohen J.F., Olsen K.	2013	International Journal of Hospitality Management	34	1	10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.005	School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Cohen, J.F., School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Olsen, K., School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	The potential of information technology (IT) resources to empower employees, to shape customer service and contribute to the competitive performance of hospitality firms has received much attention. Yet empirical evidence has been lacking. This study draws on the resource-based view of the firm and the service-profit chain framework to develop and test a model of the effects of a complementary system of tangible and intangible IT resources on employee and customer service outcomes and on competitive performance. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 112 hospitality establishments operating in South Africa. Results revealed that the complementary system of IT resources has significant direct effects on competitive performance whilst its effect on customer service outcomes is fully mediated by employee outcomes. Results support the contention that hospitality service is information intensive. In addition to employees, tangible and intangible IT resources demand the attention of hospitality managers and their role in competitive strategy must be considered. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Competitiveness; Customer service; Hospitality; Information technology; Resource complementarity; Service-profit chain	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898732271	Corporate social responsibility and firm performance in South Africa	Demetriades K., Auret C.J.	2014	South African Journal of Business Management	45	1	None	School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Wits, 2050, South Africa	Demetriades, K., School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Wits, 2050, South Africa; Auret, C.J., School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Wits, 2050, South Africa	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be viewed from two different perspectives: that of the business; and that of the individual investor (Socially Responsible Investing, SRI). In this study regression analysis as well as an event study was used to examine the link between CSR and firm performance. The results suggested that in the short-term there were no significant price effects on the SRI shares. In contrast, the returns of SRI portfolios over the sample period seemed to be superior to those of conventional firms. The regression analysis found that generally the SRI coefficients were insignificant; however using one of the models during the fifteen year sample period, SRI constituents attained a ROE that was 11.18% higher (as well as a ROA that was 1.824% lower) than conventional firms. When the period was restricted to 2004-2009 it was found that social performance was positively - and sometimes significantly - correlated with ROE.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23844464835	The impact of health on poverty: Evidence from the south African integrated family survey	Godlonton S., Keswell M.	2005	South African Journal of Economics	73	1	None	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Godlonton, S., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Keswell, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of health status on poverty status, accounting for the endogeneity of health status. Using exogenous measures of health status from the South African Integrated Health Survey, we instrument for health status while allowing for covariation among the unobservables influencing both health and household poverty status. Health status, as captured by the body mass index, is shown to strongly influence poverty status. Households that contain more unhealthy individuals are 60 per cent more likely to be income poor than households that contain fewer unhealthy individuals, and this finding appears invariant to the choice of poverty line. © 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.	Economic development; Health production; Poverty	health status; health survey; income; poverty determinant; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61549097533	Macroeconomic performance and inequality: Brazil, 1983-94	Bittencourt M.	2009	Developing Economies	47	1	10.1111/j.1746-1049.2009.00075.x	School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Bittencourt, M., School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	We examine how poor macroeconomic performance, mainly in terms of high rates of inflation, affected earnings inequality in the 1980s and early 1990s in Brazil. The results, based initially on aggregate time series, and then on sub-national panel time-series data and analysis, show that the extreme inflation, combined with an imperfect process of financial adaptation and incomplete indexation coverage, had a regressive and significant impact on inequality. The implication of the results is that sound macroeconomic policies, which keep inflation low and stable in the long run, should be a necessary first step of any policy package implemented to alleviate inequality in Brazil. © Journal compilation © 2009 Institute of Developing Economies.	Brazil; Financial adaptation; Indexation; Inequality; Inflation	financial system; inflation; macroeconomics; time series analysis; Brazil; South America	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954840022	Integrating group-self evaluation in open and distance learning system	Ajunwa O.U.S.	2010	Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education	11	1	None	School Of Education, National Open University of Nigeria, 14-16 Ahmadu Bello Way, Victoria Island. Lagos, Nigeria	Ajunwa, O.U.S., School Of Education, National Open University of Nigeria, 14-16 Ahmadu Bello Way, Victoria Island. Lagos, Nigeria	Every instructional process involves a strategic assessment system for a complete teaching leaning circle. Any assessment system which is seriously flawed, should call for a change, a rethink or a repackaging for sustainability, and to be a part of teaching and learning. Assessment should be meaningful to both the assessors and the assessees. The learners who are the assessees in this case should not be left out in the process of assessment. This is an era of democratization and liberalization of the educational opportunities through the use of Open and Distance Learning. Therefore the components of the educational system, including assessment and evaluation should also be democratized through the group-self evaluation of learning outcomes in the Open and Distance Learning system. This paper takes a look at the benefits of the group-self evaluation, the concept of Open and Distance Learning, characteristics of learners in Open and Distance Learning and integrating group-self evaluation in the Open and Distance Learning system.	Assessment; Distance education; Group-self evaluation; Open and distance learning; Open learning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902148090	Performance management: The neglected imperative of accountability systems in education	Mosoge M.J., Pilane M.W.	2014	South African Journal of Education	34	1	None	School of Education, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	Mosoge, M.J., School of Education, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; Pilane, M.W., School of Education, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	The first aim of this paper is to clarify the concept "performance management" as an aspect of the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS). The second is to report on an exploration into the experiences and perceptions of management teams in the implementation of performance management. As part of the qualitative research design, the individual interview was selected for use in this research. Fifteen participants drawn randomly from 24 schools were interviewed. The findings revealed the weakness of integrating development with appraisal since it leads to the neglect of development in favour of appraisal which is linked to incentives. A lack of knowledge and expertise on the IQMS processes such as mentoring, coaching, and monitoring was found to hamper the zeal to implement performance management. Teachers, as co-developers of education policy on the ground, act as a driving force behind the actualisation of transformation in education. The development of teachers is therefore crucial in an education system that is in the grips of transformation.	Academic achievement; Assessment; Development; Evaluation; Management; Performance; Performance management; School management teams; Training	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649537783	New students' in South African higher education: Institutional culture, student performance and the challenge of democratisation	Cross M.	2009	Perspectives in Education	27	1	None	School of Education, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Cross, M., School of Education, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	South African universities confront a situation that most advanced countries face: the increasing enrollment of the so-called 'new students' ("non-traditional" in SA) from disadvantaged milieus, less prepared for the requirements of the traditional university culture. They are urged to respond to this challenge within a moral system that upholds justice, equality and solidarity, while confronted with a neo-liberal discourse that emphasises efficiency, performance, competition, and individualism. The university practice thus reflects a tension between two hardly reconcilable logics, the logic of performance and the logic of competence, which renders difficult the adjustment of 'new students', the work of the lecturers, often guided by the logic of performance. Lecturers and students are subject to these contradictory logics, characterised by ambivalences and lack of clarity about expectations and what constitutes good academic practice - source of misunderstandings and frustrations. Most institutions strive to articulate both perspectives, constrained however by their peculiar histories. With reference to the University of the Witwatersrand, I seek to unpack how higher education addresses the problems arising out of the increasing intake of students from the historically disadvantaged social groups and the insufficiency of results they achieve, particularly the processes of learners' affiliation to the university culture, and the difficulties associated with their academic success or failure.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50649087055	The impact of closed-loop power flow control strategies on power system stability characteristics in a single generator system	Ally A., Rigby B.S.	2006	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	97	1	None	School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Ally, A., School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Rigby, B.S., School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	This paper presents a theoretical study into the influence of closed-loop control of ac power flow on the small signal and transient stability characteristics of a single-generator study system. Both the constant power and constant angle modes of power flow control are examined for a range of controller response times. The results indicate that the effect of a power flow controller on system stability is dependent on both the mode of the controller and its response time. Copyright © 2004 IEEE.	Power flow control; Small-signal stability; Thyristor controlled series capacitor; Transient stability	AC power flow; Closed-loop; Closed-loop control; Constant power; Generator systems; Power flow controllers; Power flow controls; Power system stability; Response time; Small signal; Small signal stability; Theoretical study; Thyristor controlled series capacitor; Transient stability; Capacitance; Capacitors; Closed loop control systems; Control system stability; Controllers; Electric switchgear; Flow control; Heterojunction bipolar transistors; Response time (computer systems); Thyristors; System stability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891815451	Statistical evaluations of sugarcane quality, deterioration and the impacts of weekend logistics in a commercial sugarcane supply chain	Sibomana M.S., Bezuidenhout C.N.	2013	Zuckerindustrie	138	1	None	School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Sibomana, M.S., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, C.N., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Crop quality can be used for monitoring the supply chain in agro-industries, although, sugarcane quality also varies naturally and is affected by climate, nutrition, pests and diseases, cane variety and water availability. Harvest-to-crush logistics affect sugarcane quality and present a significant impact on milling efficiency. This research studied commercial sugarcane quality parameters over six years at a large commercial sugar mill in South Africa, f(sucrose content expressed as a percentage of fiber content) was derived as a new parameter that consistently flagged poor quality deliveries during the early part of the week. This is a strong indicator of increased cane deterioration over weekends as a result of logistics inefficiencies. Shewhart quahty control charts (X̄ charts) and a non-para-metric statistic confirmed significantly inferior cane qualities after weekends. Statistical techniques were also able, with 95% significance, to identify growers with systemic deterioration of delivered cane. A large number of growers who were exposed to weekend logistics problems were also experiencing significant systemic deterioration problems. These results may enable the generation of a grower performance index that will allow stakeholders to improve operations. The study shows that, although notorious for its variability, commercial cane quahty data can be used to drive efficiency improvements in the supply chain, if used appropriately.	Post harvest deterioration; Quality control; Sugarcane; Supply chain	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941166830	Malaria impact of large dams in sub-Saharan Africa: maps, estimates and predictions	Kibret S., Lautze J., McCartney M., Wilson G.G., Nhamo L.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0873-2	School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; International Water Management InstitutePretoria, South Africa; International Water Management InstituteVientiane, Laos	Kibret, S., School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Lautze, J., International Water Management InstitutePretoria, South Africa; McCartney, M., International Water Management InstituteVientiane, Laos; Wilson, G.G., School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Nhamo, L., International Water Management InstitutePretoria, South Africa	Background: While there is growing recognition of the malaria impacts of large dams in sub-Saharan Africa, the cumulative malaria impact of reservoirs associated with current and future dam developments has not been quantified. The objective of this study was to estimate the current and predict the future impact of large dams on malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: The locations of 1268 existing and 78 planned large dams in sub-Saharan Africa were mapped against the malaria stability index (stable, unstable and no malaria). The Plasmodium falciparum infection rate (PfIR) was determined for populations at different distances (<1, 1-2, 2-5, 5-9 km) from the associated reservoirs using the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) and WorldPop databases. Results derived from MAP were verified by comparison with the results of detailed epidemiological studies conducted at 11 dams. Results: Of the 1268 existing dams, 723 are located in malarious areas. Currently, about 15 million people live in close proximity (<5 km) to the reservoirs associated with these dams. A total of 1.1 million malaria cases annually are associated with them: 919,000 cases due to the presence of 416 dams in areas of unstable transmission and 204,000 cases due to the presence of 307 dams in areas of stable transmission. Of the 78 planned dams, 60 will be located in malarious areas and these will create an additional 56,000 cases annually. The variation in annual PfIR in communities as a function of distance from reservoirs was statistically significant in areas of unstable transmission but not in areas of stable transmission. Conclusion: In sub-Saharan Africa, dams contribute significantly to malaria risk particularly in areas of unstable transmission. Additional malaria control measures are thus required to reduce the impact of dams on malaria. © 2015 Kibret et al.	Dam; Malaria; Reservoir-shoreline; Stable; Sub-Saharan Africa; Unstable	Africa south of the Sahara; Article; community; dam (barrier); epidemiological data; geographic mapping; human; malaria falciparum; morbidity; population risk; prediction; prevalence	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866358359	Open-top chambers to study air pollution impacts in South Africa. Part I: Microclimate in open-top chambers	Heyneke E., Smit P.R., Van Rensburg L., Krüger G.H.J.	2012	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	29	1	10.1080/02571862.2012.688372	School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Heyneke, E., School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Smit, P.R., School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Van Rensburg, L., School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Krüger, G.H.J., School of Environmental Science and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	South Africa's large industrial growth has created an obvious need to extend, improve and evaluate air pollution impacts on plants in order to assess present-day and future impacts of air pollutants on crop yields. In order to provide guidelines for policy-making and the imposition of air quality guidelines, there is a need to quantify effects and to develop dose-response relationships for crops. Plant responses to define such exposure-response relationships could include physiological, biochemical, growth and yield parameters measured in plants grown under different pollutant levels using controlled fumigation techniques. The experimental tool that has been regarded as the most acceptable for dose-response research is open-top chambers (OTC). Open-top chambers provide a compromise between free air fumigation, which is generally regarded as expensive, and closed growth chambers, which are considered artificial. This paper reports on the design and operation of Africa's first OTC facility, which consists of 12 chambers, each having a volume of 5 m3. Evaluation of the OTC microclimate during the summer of 2007 revealed light transmission of more than 90% photosynthetically active radiation. Effective ventilation at about 2.5 air changes per minute limited the chamber temperature to a maximum temperature elevation of 4.2 °C at 12:00 in summer, 1 °C at night and a overall mean increases of 2.3 °C. The relative humidity in the OTCs showed a 20% decrease at 12:00. The SO2 and O3 concentrations could be controlled accurately in the ppb range as is often recorded near power stations in South Africa. Copyright © Combined Congress Continuing Committee.	Data registration; Design and aeration; Microclimate and fumigation control; SO2 and O3 fumigation	air quality; assessment method; atmospheric pollution; concentration (composition); crop yield; dose-response relationship; fumigation; microclimate; open-top chamber; ozone; photosynthetically active radiation; plant; policy making; pollution effect; relative humidity; sulfur dioxide; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866362253	Open-top chamber facility to study air pollution impacts in South Africa. Part II: SO2-drought interactions on yield, photosynthesis and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean	Heyneke E., Strauss A.J., Strasser R.J., Krüger G.H.J.	2012	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	29	1	10.1080/02571862.2012.688373	School of Environmental Science and Development, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Bioenergetics Laboratory, University of Geneva, CH-1254 Jussy-Geneva, Switzerland	Heyneke, E., School of Environmental Science and Development, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Strauss, A.J., School of Environmental Science and Development, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Strasser, R.J., Bioenergetics Laboratory, University of Geneva, CH-1254 Jussy-Geneva, Switzerland; Krüger, G.H.J., School of Environmental Science and Development, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	South Africa has an extremely energy-intensive economy, resulting in substantial air pollution through its coal-fired power stations. Modelled sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations on the central Highveld mostly range between 10 and 50 ppb, exceeding 50 ppb in source areas. Well-watered and drought-stressed soybean (Glycine max) plants were exposed to different SO 2 concentrations in open-top chambers to study the physiology of SO2 injury by measuring in parallel growth, biomass accumulation, photosynthetic gas exchange (as a function of internal CO 2 concentration and photon flux density), chlorophyll a fluorescence, in vitro Rubisco activity and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. A strong concentration-dependent SO 2-induced inhibition was displayed in all variables. After fumigation for only 7 d, photosynthesis was reduced without any accompanying visual injury symptoms, even at the 50 ppb treatment level. Exposure to SO2 also resulted in large decreases in biomass accumulation of both well-watered and droughtstressed plants. Seed yield reduction of up to 57% occurred in plants exposed to the highest SO2 concentration and simultaneously subjected to drought stress. Root nodule ureide content was lowered at all treatment levels, but was lowered more in the SO2-treated plants subjected to drought stress. The photosynthetic gas exchange data showed a severe decrease in carboxylation and quantum efficiency pointing at increasing mesophyll limitation. The chlorophyll a fluorescence data, pointing at impaired electron transport and formation of end electron acceptors as well as the in vitro activity of Rubisco, supported the gas exchange data. Inhibition of photosynthesis proved to be the main constraint imposed by SO2. SO2 stress was aggravated by simultaneous drought stress. Copyright © Combined Congress Continuing Committee.	Biomass; Chlorophyll fluorescence; CO2 response; JIP-test; Rubisco activity; SO2-drought interaction; Ureide content	atmospheric pollution; bioaccumulation; biomass; carbon dioxide; coal-fired power plant; concentration (composition); drought stress; economic analysis; enzyme activity; fluorescence; gas exchange; inhibition; nitrogen fixation; numerical model; open-top chamber; photosynthesis; pollutant source; pollution exposure; soybean; sulfur dioxide; symbiosis; South Africa; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894245776	Strengthening impact assessment: A call for integration and focus	Morrison-Saunders A., Pope J., Gunn J.A.E., Bond A., Retief F.	2014	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	32	1	10.1080/14615517.2013.872841	School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA6150, Australia; School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Integral Sustainability, P.O. Box 79, South Fremantle, WA6162, Australia; Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA6102, Australia; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7T0A9, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NorfolkNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom	Morrison-Saunders, A., School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA6150, Australia; Pope, J., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa, Integral Sustainability, P.O. Box 79, South Fremantle, WA6162, Australia, Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA6102, Australia; Gunn, J.A.E., Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7T0A9, Canada; Bond, A., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NorfolkNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Retief, F., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	We suggest that the impact assessment community has lost its way based on our observation that impact assessment is under attack because of a perceived lack of efficiency. Specifically, we contend that the proliferation of different impact assessment types creates separate silos of expertise and feeds arguments for not only a lack of efficiency but also a lack of effectiveness of the process through excessive specialisation and a lack of interdisciplinary practice. We propose that the solution is a return to the basics of impact assessment with a call for increased integration around the goal of sustainable development and focus through better scoping. We rehearse and rebut counter arguments covering silo-based expertise, advocacy, democracy, sustainability understanding and communication. We call on the impact assessment community to rise to the challenge of increasing integration and focus, and to engage in the debate about the means of strengthening impact assessment. © 2014 © 2014 IAIA.	focus; integration; inter-disciplinarity; proliferation; scoping; silo-based expertise	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66349134266	The cost of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in South Africa	Retief F., Chabalala B.	2009	Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management	11	1	10.1142/S1464333209003257	School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Centre for Environmental Management, North West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Retief, F., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Chabalala, B., Centre for Environmental Management, North West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	The wide adoption of EIA internationally is implicitly or explicitly based on the assumption that the benefits of EIA outweigh the costs. However, there has been surprisingly little empirical research conducted on the "cost" of EIA. The latter has been mostly because of the difficult methodological challenges it presents, which include the difficulties associated with clarifying terminology and disentangling what is meant by "cost". South Africa has been a leading developing country in terms of the introduction of EIA. However, almost a decade of mandatory EIA practice has raised serious questions about unjustified and unnecessary time delays and monetary costs and a desperate need for improved efficiency and effectiveness. In light of the latter the urgent need to gain a better understanding of the "cost" of EIA is evident. This paper presents preliminary results of an empirical study on the "direct EIA cost" in relation to "overall project cost" in South Africa. The data was obtained from a detailed survey of 148 EIAs conducted in the Free State, North West and the Northern Cape Provinces. The research suggests that the average direct cost of EIA within this region of South Africa is particularly low compared to international EIA systems. However, as a percentage of total project cost, EIA in South Africa compares with the higher spectrum of international practice. The latter suggests that within the South African context a large number of EIAs are being conducted for relatively small scale projects and that the main cost burden is placed on small and medium economic enterprise. In conclusion the overall profile of EIA cost in the South African context is described in relation to four broad project categories. To take the debate forward and to allow for regional comparative analysis, it is proposed that the research be expanded to include other provinces. © Imperial College Press.	Cost of EIA; Direct EIA costs; Indirect EIA costs	developing world; empirical analysis; environmental impact assessment; environmental planning; methodology; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744431924	Evaluation of the efficiency of various commercial products for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil	Claassens S., Van Rensburg L., Riedel K.J., Bezuidenhout J.J., Van Rensburg P.J.J.	2006	Environmentalist	26	1	10.1007/s10669-006-5358-y	School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Claassens, S., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Van Rensburg, L., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Riedel, K.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, J.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Van Rensburg, P.J.J., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Bioremediation has become an important method for the treatment of terrestrial oil spills and is often favoured over strictly physical-chemical methods. In this study, enzymatic analyses and signature lipid biomarkers were employed to evaluate the efficacy of selected bioremediation products on control and oil contaminated soil plots. It is envisioned that these biological indicators may be used as possible adjuncts to the strictly physical-chemical criteria most commonly employed. The application of the enzymatic and signature biomarker methods for product evaluation proved successful. The enzymatic assays provided a valuable insight into shifts in the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities resultant from the various treatments. Stimulation or inhibition of the microbial communities as a result of the various treatments was also demonstrated, particularly with regards to dehydrogenase activity. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles proved sufficiently sensitive to allow differentiation between products and resultant microbial communities that corresponded to satisfactory and unsatisfactory petroleum hydrocarbon removal. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.	Bioremediation; Enzymatic activity; Hydrocarbon; PLFA; Soil	bioremediation; hydrocarbon; soil pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928565834	What is the role of impact assessment in the long term?	Bond A.	2015	Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management	17	1	10.1142/S1464333215500064	School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom), South Africa	Bond, A., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom, Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom), South Africa	This short paper makes the case that most impact assessment (IA) has sustainable development as the stated goal, but that it doesn't deliver sustainable outcomes. A key pillar of sustainable development is equity, both intra-generational (defined after Lamorgese and Geneletti (2013, p.119) as ensuring "equity of opportunity for everyone, particularly the poorest and most vulnerable members of the community and seek to create a good quality of life for everyone") and inter-generational equity (defined after Gibson et al. (2005, p. 235) as favouring "present options and actions that are most likely to preserve or enhance the opportunities and capabilities of future generations to live sustainably"). Notwithstanding the importance of intra-generational equity, this paper focuses on the problem that inter-generational equity presents to IA both because of the prevalence of short-term planning, and because approaches developed to deal with inherent uncertainty associated with impacts considered in the long term are overly resource intensive and therefore impractical. A research focus on IA processes that can deal with inter-generational impacts cost effectively might provide the basis on which to develop an IA tool that actually delivers on its stated goal and fits in with current decision-making norms. © 2015 Imperial College Press.	cost effectiveness; impact assessment; Inter-generational equity; long-term prediction; sustainable development	cost-benefit analysis; decision making; environmental impact assessment; sustainable development; uncertainty analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549115074	Multi-dimensional evaluation for module improvement: A mathematics-based case study	Ellery K.	2006	Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education	31	1	10.1080/02602930500262445	School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Memorial Tower Building, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa	Ellery, K., School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Memorial Tower Building, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa	Due to a poor module evaluation, mediocre student grades and a difficult teaching experience in lectures, the Data Analysis section of a first year core module, Research Methods for Social Sciences (RMSS), offered at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, was completely revised. In order to review the effectiveness of these changes in terms of student learning, a wide range of formative and summative evaluation methods were implemented. These indicated that module revision had largely been successful, although a number of areas for further improvement were highlighted. An analysis of the nature of the feedback of each method emphasised the importance of using a multi-dimensional approach as a means of obtaining reliable, authentic and valid data. Based on the findings of the study a procedural framework for module evaluation that considers issues such as purpose, sources of information, timing, methods, resource availability, implementation, action and critical reflection, is proposed. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897961258	Effect of Pretreatments and Drying Methods on Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Oyster Mushroom (Pluerotus Oestreatus) Powder and Soup	Muyanja C., Kyambadde D., Namugumya B.	2014	Journal of Food Processing and Preservation	38	1	10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00794.x	School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-engineering, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, 7062, Uganda	Muyanja, C., School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-engineering, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, 7062, Uganda; Kyambadde, D., School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-engineering, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, 7062, Uganda; Namugumya, B., School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-engineering, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, 7062, Uganda	In Uganda, mushrooms constitute a very important nutritious food that is prepared in different ways. The aim of the work was to determine the effects of pretreatments and drying methods on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of oyster mushrooms (Pluerotus oestreatus). Blanching had no significant (P=0.10) effect on protein content but resulted in decreases in ash and increases in the carbohydrate content. Brining decreased protein, moisture content and increased ash content. The drying methods had no significant (P=0.06) effect on the carbohydrate content. The treatments did not significantly affect the iron and zinc content of mushrooms. No significant difference in taste (P=0.37) and flavor (P=0.10) of the prepared soups was observed. Soups prepared from sun-dried powders had the highest overall acceptability scores. Blanching maintained the color of mushrooms and combined with brining for 60min could be used to produce dried oyster mushrooms of acceptable quality. Practical Applications: The growing of oyster mushroom is increasing in Uganda. Mushrooms are highly perishable because of their moisture content and fragile cell structure; hence they need preservation by drying to extend the shelf life. Drying of mushrooms and production of dried mushrooms and their powders is a practical approach where farmers can add value to mushrooms and enhance their incomes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	None	Blanching; Brining; Carbohydrates; Drying; Moisture determination; Molluscs; Powders; Sensory perception; Shellfish; Carbohydrate content; Chemical compositions; Drying methods; Overall acceptability; Oyster mushroom; Protein contents; Sensory characteristics; Sensory evaluation; Fungi; Basidiomycota; Pleurotus ostreatus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927521520	Impact of socioeconomic status and medical conditions on health and healthcare utilization among aging Ghanaians	Saeed B.I., Xicang Z., Yawson A.E., Nguah S.B., Nsowah-Nuamah N.N.N.	2015	BMC Public Health	15	1	10.1186/s12889-015-1603-y	School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Mathematics and Statistics Department, Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Accra, Ghana; Paediatric Department, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana	Saeed, B.I., School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China, Mathematics and Statistics Department, Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana; Xicang, Z., School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Yawson, A.E., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Accra, Ghana; Nguah, S.B., Paediatric Department, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Nsowah-Nuamah, N.N.N., Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana	Background: This study attempts to examine the impact of socioeconomic and medical conditions in health and healthcare utilization among older adults in Ghana. Five separate models with varying input variables were estimated for each response variable. Methods: Data (Wave 1 data) were drawn from the World Health Organization Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) conducted during 2007-2008 and included a total of 4770 respondents aged 50+ and 803 aged 18-49 in Ghana. Ordered logits was estimated for self-rated health, and binary logits for functional limitation and healthcare utilization. Results: Our results show that the study provides enough grounds for further research on the interplay between socioeconomic and medical conditions on one hand and the health of the aged on the other. Controlling for socioeconomic status substantially contributes significantly to utilization. Also, aged women experience worse health than men, as shown by functioning assessment, self-rated health, chronic conditions and functional limitations. Women have higher rates of healthcare utilization, as shown by significantly higher rates of hospitalization and outpatient encounters. Conclusion: Expansion of the national health insurance scheme to cover the entire older population- for those in both formal and informal employments- is likely to garner increased access and improved health states for the older population. © 2015 Saeed et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Aged Ghanaians; Functioning assessment; Healthcare utilization; Socioeconomic status; Subjective health	adolescent; adult; age; aged; chronic disease; female; geriatric assessment; Ghana; health care delivery; health disparity; health status; health survey; hospitalization; human; male; middle aged; patient attitude; social class; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; utilization; world health organization; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Chronic Disease; Delivery of Health Care; Female; Geriatric Assessment; Ghana; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; World Health Organization; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894078924	International perspectives on the strengthening of impact assessment through integration and focus	Retief F., Bond A., Gunn J.A.E., Pope J., Morrison-Saunders A.	2014	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	32	1	10.1080/14615517.2014.885638	School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Integral Sustainability, South Fremantle, Australia; Curtin University, Sustainability Policy Institute, Perth, Australia; Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia	Retief, F., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Bond, A., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Gunn, J.A.E., Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Pope, J., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, Integral Sustainability, South Fremantle, Australia, Curtin University, Sustainability Policy Institute, Perth, Australia; Morrison-Saunders, A., School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, Integral Sustainability, South Fremantle, Australia, Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia	This paper consolidates international responses to the argument that there is a need to strengthen impact assessment (IA) through greater integration and focus. It is based on invited reflections by various international authors in the field of IA. The main conclusions are that power and context are important underlying reasons for the diversity of IA types; that in certain instances IA legislation works against achieving integration and focus; and that there is a pressing need to be able to measure and demonstrate added value and effectiveness in practice. The paper concludes by setting a research agenda reflecting the need to better understand why diversity exists in IA, what stakeholders expect from the process and how to improve practice based on greater understanding of what the various types of IA deliver. © 2014 © 2014 IAIA.	focus; integration; inter-disciplinarity; proliferation; scoping; silo-based expertise	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861556100	On the burrowing impacts of ice rats Otomys sloggetti robertsi at a wetland fringe in the Afro-alpine zone, Lesotho	Grab S.	2012	South African Geographical Journal	94	1	10.1080/03736245.2012.678174	School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa	Grab, S., School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa	Recent work has indicated that the southern African ice rat (Otomys sloggetti robertsi) is responsible for negative habitat change due to its foraging and burrowing activities in the Lesotho Highlands. Previous work has only focused on short-term (≤1 year) monitoring and thus the impact of such rodent activity over longer temporal scales remains unknown. To this end, the current study evaluates vegetation cover and O. s. robertsi's burrowing over a 10-year period (1998-2009) across a portion of a wetland fringe/wetland in eastern Lesotho. A 6m × 11m plot was established in 1998 and marked out with permanent stakes. Percentage cover and number of tunnels were recorded, with repeat measurements taken in 2001, 2005 and 2009. The findings indicate an overall 69.2% increase in vegetation cover and associated 71% decrease in burrow densities between 1998 and 2009. The area monitored closest to the wetland fringe recorded the most substantial burrow density decrease (by 80%) and vegetation recovery (by 43%) within a three-year period from 1998 to 2001. With a slight shift of burrow density increases towards the wetland centre, particularly between 2001 and 2005, the standard deviation of burrow density (per m 2) from the wetland periphery towards the wetland centre had decreased from 1.25 to 0.32 over the 10-year period. It is proposed that the environmental influence of O. s. robertsi may be less dramatic at some landscape and longer temporal (i.e. years rather than months) scales due to spatial shifts of colonies, bioengineering and rapid vegetation recovery at abandoned, formerly 'degraded' burrow sites. © 2012 Society of South African Geographers.	burrowing; cover change; ice rat; Lesotho	burrowing organism; environmental degradation; environmental impact; environmental monitoring; foraging behavior; habitat structure; rodent; vegetation cover; wetland; Lesotho; Otomys sloggetti; Rattus; Rodentia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51549092291	Environmental resources and recent impacts in the Awassa collapsed caldera, Main Ethiopian Rift	Alemayehu Abiye T.	2008	Quaternary International	189	1	10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.006	School of Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Alemayehu Abiye, T., School of Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The Awassa closed basin is formed by collapsed caldera of acidic volcano and is located within the Main Ethiopian Rift whose center is occupied by freshwater lake called Lake Awassa and big swampy area of Shalo. The basin is endowed with various natural resources such as water, vegetation, birds, etc. It is rich in fresh groundwater resource, which contains a lot of fluoride. Consequently, it is not suitable for drinking. There is thermal manifestation (Wondo Genet and Gara Quhe) in different parts of the caldera, which is characteristic feature of caldera collapse of shallow rooted acidic volcanoes. To characterize the basin water resources major ion chemistry, total coliform, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand analyses were performed for selected surface and ground water samples. The physical and chemical data collected for this study showed that the natural resources are affected by human incursion since the establishment of the Awassa town. The surface and subsurface drainage is towards the lake and therefore, the lake is the main destination for any type of contaminants generated from urban activity and the caldera rim. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.	None	biochemical oxygen demand; caldera; dissolved oxygen; environmental impact; groundwater resource; natural resource; water resource; Africa; East Africa; East African Rift; Ethiopia; Ethiopian Rift; Lake Awasa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69949095265	Level of maternal education and performance of Black, South African infants on the 1996 Griffiths Mental DevelopmentScales	Cockcroft K., Amod Z., Soellaart B.	2008	African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa)	11	1	None	School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Cockcroft, K., School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Amod, Z., School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Soellaart, B., School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Objective: The study compared the performance on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales of Black, South African infants with mothers who had twelve or more years of education and who were professionally employed with infants of mothers with fewer than twelve years of education and who were employed in non-professional jobs. Method: The sample consisted of 40 infants (aged 13-16 months), to whom the Griffiths Mental Development Scales was administered. Results: The infants with professional mothers performed significantly better than their counterparts with non-professional mothers on the General Quotient, as well as on the Locomotor Scale. While maternal level of education did not appear to distinguish between infants in terms of social, fine motor, language, hearing, processing speed or practical reasoning, it did discriminate in terms of gross-motor functioning. Conclusion: It is suggested that, as the infant develops, the skills assessed by the Griffiths Scales, which are initially differentiated, become increasingly interrelated. Consequently, poor gross-motor skills, which may be more likely in infants from a low socio-economic status, may have far-reaching implications. Thus, it is important to consider maternal level of education and the socio-economic status background of the infant, as this may influence overall performance on the Scales.	Developmental assessment; Griffiths mental development scales; Maternal level of education	academic achievement; Africa south of the Sahara; article; auditory system function; child; child development; controlled study; educational status; female; Griffith Mental Development Scale; human; intelligence quotient; language ability; male; mental development; mental performance; mother child relation; motor performance; rating scale; social behavior; social status; thinking	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547226519	Home-based care for parents with AIDS: Impact on children's psychological functioning	Gwandure C.	2007	Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health	19	1	None	School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Gwandure, C., School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Objective: This study explored the concept of home-based care for people living with full-blown AIDS and the impact of this on their children's psychological functioning. There were 30 children in the study whose parents had full-blown AIDS. The comparison group comprised 30 children. The parents of the children in the comparison group reported that they did not have full-blown AIDS and were not registered as AIDS patients with their community home-based care group. Method: The children's psychological functioning and performance on cognitive tasks were examined, using the Impact of Event Scale - Revised, the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), the Stress Symptoms Checklist, the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), the British Ability Scales and Daniel and Diack's Graded Spelling Test. Result: The results of the study showed that children whose parents had full-blown AIDS showed mental distress and low cognitive performance on numerical and spelling skills. Conclusion: The findings of the study seem to suggest that although the home-based care concept is a noble and global idea, it should be accompanied by psychological support mechanisms to mitigate the effects of traumatic stress that normally follow exposure to a traumatic event. Suggestions for further research on the topic are discussed. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; caregiver; child advocacy; child behavior; child care; cognition; controlled study; fear; health program; home care; human; infection risk; memory; mental disease; mental performance; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychologic assessment; rating scale; risk factor; socioeconomics; symptom; task performance; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903301490	Efficacy evaluation of a leadership development assessment centre for managers	Jorgensen L.I., Els B.	2013	Journal of Psychology in Africa	23	1	10.1080/14330237.2013.10820603	School of Human Resource Management Sciences, Workwell Research Unit, Economic and Management Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	Jorgensen, L.I., School of Human Resource Management Sciences, Workwell Research Unit, Economic and Management Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Els, B., School of Human Resource Management Sciences, Workwell Research Unit, Economic and Management Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa	This study evaluated the efficacy of a leadership development intervention using an assessment centre approach. Participants were 72 managers and peer workers (50%) with a steel manufacturing organisation from the Gauteng province of South Africa (females = 17% and males = 83%). A randomised group design was used to evaluate the programme. The intervention involved a leadership development assessment centre which included simulations to develop a leader. Pre-post intervention data were collected using the New Leadership Behaviour Inventory - Version 2 (LBI - 2). The results indicate that the leadership development intervention was effective in developing the key competencies of a leader. The most significant increase was found between the pre- and post-test for the competency, and articulating vision. Leaders should have a vision for themselves and the company and should share a dream and direction which their subordinates and peers wish to share and follow.	Development assessment centre; Efficacy; Intervention; Leadership; Manager	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859358368	Wavelets for ICU monitoring	Salatian A., Adepoju F.	2012	International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology	4	1	None	School of Information Technology and Communications, American University of Nigeria, Yola Bypass PMB 2250, Yola, Nigeria	Salatian, A., School of Information Technology and Communications, American University of Nigeria, Yola Bypass PMB 2250, Yola, Nigeria; Adepoju, F., School of Information Technology and Communications, American University of Nigeria, Yola Bypass PMB 2250, Yola, Nigeria	The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) bedside monitors present the medical staff with large amounts of continuous data which can create a number of challenges. If the data is transmitted as part of a telemedicine system then the large volume of data can put pressure on bandwidth and affect the quality of service of the network. Another challenge is that the large volume of data has to be interpreted by medical staff to make a patient state assessment. In this paper we propose a time series analysis technique called data wavelets to derive trends in the data-this acts as a form of data compression for telemedicine and improves the quality of service of a network and also facilitates clinical decision support in the form of qualitative reasoning for patient state assessment. Our approach has been successfully applied to cardiovascular data from a neonatal ICU.	Clinical decision support; Data compression; Data wavelets; Quality of service; Telemedicine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900853903	Subtitles and eye tracking: Reading and performance	Kruger J.-L., Steyn F.	2014	Reading Research Quarterly	49	1	10.1002/rrq.59	School of Languages, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Statistical Consultation Services, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Kruger, J.-L., School of Languages, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Steyn, F., Statistical Consultation Services, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	This article presents an experimental study to investigate whether subtitle reading has a positive impact on academic performance. In the absence of reliable indexes of reading behavior in dynamic texts, the article first formulates and validates an index to measure the reading of text, such as subtitles on film. Eye-tracking measures (fixations and saccades) are expressed as functions of the number of standard words and word length and provide a reliable index of reading behavior of subtitles over extended audiovisual texts. By providing a robust index of reading over dynamic texts, this article lays the foundation for future studies combining behavioral measures and performance measures in fields such as media psychology, educational psychology, multimedia design, and audiovisual translation. The article then utilizes this index to correlate the degree to which subtitles are read and the performance of students who were exposed to the subtitles in a comprehension test. It is found that a significant positive correlation is obtained between comprehension and subtitle reading for the sample, providing some evidence in favor of using subtitles in reading instruction and language learning. The study, which was conducted in the context of English subtitles on academic lectures delivered in English, further seems to indicate that the number of words and the number of lines do not play as big a role in the processing of subtitles as previously thought but that attention distribution across different redundant sources of information results in the partial processing of subtitles. © 2013 International Reading Association.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846269648	The effect of breathing an ambient low-density, hyperoxic gas on the perceived effort of breathing and maximal performance of exercise in well-trained athletes	Ansley L., Petersen D., Thomas A., St Clair Gibson A., Robson-Ansley P., Noakes T.D.	2007	British Journal of Sports Medicine	41	1	10.1136/bjsm.2006.026989	School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, United Kingdom; National Hyperbarics, Fairfield Suites, Kingsbury Hospital, Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom	Ansley, L., School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, United Kingdom; Petersen, D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Thomas, A., National Hyperbarics, Fairfield Suites, Kingsbury Hospital, Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa; St Clair Gibson, A., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Robson-Ansley, P., Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; Noakes, T.D., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: The role of the perception of breathing effort in the regulation of performance of maximal exercise remains unclear. Aims: To determine whether the perceived effort of ventilation is altered through substituting a less dense gas for normal ambient air and whether this substitution affects performance of maximal incremental exercise in trained athletes. Methods: Eight highly trained cyclists (mean SD) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) = 69.9 (7.9) (mlO2/kg/min) performed two randomised maximal tests in a hyperbaric chamber breathing ambient air composed of either 35% O2/65% N2 (nitrox) or 35% O 2/65% He (heliox). A ramp protocol was used in which power output was incremented at 0.5 W/s. The trials were separated by at least 48 h. The perceived effort of breathing was obtained via Borg Category Ratio Scales at 3-min intervals and at fatigue. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE) were monitored continuously. Results: Breathing heliox did not change the sensation of dyspnoea: there were no differences between trials for the Borg scales at any time point. Exercise performance was not different between the nitrox and heliox trials (peak power output = 451 (58) and 453 (56) W), nor was VO2max (4.96 (0.61) and 4.88 (0.65) I/ min) or maximal VE (157 (24) and 163 (22) l/min). Between-trial variability in peak power output was less than either VO2max or maximal VE. Conclusion: Breathing a less dense gas does not improve maximal performance of exercise or reduce the perception of breathing effort in highly trained athletes, although an attenuated submaximal tidal volume and VE with a concomitant reduction in VO2 suggests an improved gas exchange and reduced O2 cost of ventilation when breathing heliox.	None	heliox; nitrogen; oxygen; adult; article; athlete; breathing mechanics; controlled study; dyspnea; exercise; exhaustion; fatigue; human; human experiment; oxygen consumption; training; Adult; Anaerobic Threshold; Analysis of Variance; Bicycling; Ergometry; Exercise Test; Helium; Humans; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Respiration; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892394385	Prioritisation of performance indicators in air cargo demand management: An insight from industry	May A., Anslow A., Wu Y., Ojiako U., Chipulu M., Marshall A.	2014	Supply Chain Management	19	1	10.1108/SCM-07-2013-0230	School of Management, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Cargo Systems Development, Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd, Crawley, United Kingdom; University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Southampton Management School, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom	May, A., School of Management, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Anslow, A., Cargo Systems Development, Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd, Crawley, United Kingdom; Wu, Y., University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Ojiako, U., University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chipulu, M., School of Management, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Marshall, A., Southampton Management School, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom	Purpose: Real operational data are used to optimise the performance measurement of air cargo capacity demand management at Virgin Atlantic Cargo by identifying the best KPIs from the range of outcome-based KPIs in current use. Design/methodology/approach: Intelligent fuzzy multi-criteria methods are used to generate a ranking order of key outcome-based performance indicators. More specifically, KPIs used by Virgin Atlantic Cargo are evaluated by experts against various output criteria. Intelligent fuzzy multi-criteria group making decision-making methodology is then applied to produce rankings. Findings: A useful ranking order emerges from the study albeit with the important limitation that the paper looked solely at indices focussing exclusively on outcomes while ignoring behavioural complexity in the production of outcomes. Originality/value: This paper offers a practical overview of the development of performance measures useful for air cargo capacity demand management. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Air cargo; Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision; KPIs; Logistics; Modelling; Revenue management	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893452308	The Impact of Gender on Start-up Capital: A Case of Women Entrepreneurs in South Africa	Derera E., Chitakunye P., O'Neill C.	2014	Journal of Entrepreneurship	23	1	10.1177/0971355713513355	School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Derera, E., School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Chitakunye, P., School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; O'Neill, C., School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	In South Africa, women entrepreneurs do not enjoy the same opportunities as men in accessing start-up capital due to a number of discriminatory practices embedded in lending models. This study seeks to understand the gender-specific barriers to raising start-up capital, and adopts a mixed methods approach that includes semi-structured interviews with experts and a survey of women entrepreneurs. All participants were from the small business sector in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The findings revealed the gendered nature of start-up capital for women entrepreneurs in South Africa, and the difficulty women face in venturing into non-traditional industries. The findings build on previous research by focusing on the intersection between women's contribution to the economy and their production activities in the informal and domestic context. This study calls for the activities of women entrepreneurs in these sectors of the economy to be recognised within lending models, and as constituting a valuable area of economic growth. © 2014 Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India.	gender; South Africa; start-up capital; women entrepreneurs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859880383	On employees' performance appraisal: The impact and treatment of the raters' effect	Zewotir T.	2012	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	15	1	None	School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Zewotir, T., School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	By putting in place a performance appraisal scheme, employees who improve their work efficiency can then be rewarded, whereas corrective action can be taken against those who don't. The aim of this paper is to develop a technique that helps to measure the subjective effect that a given rater's assessment will have on the performance appraisal of a given employee, assuming that an assessment of one's work performance will have to be undertaken by a rater and that this rating is essentially a subjective one. In particular, a linear mixed modelling approach will be applied to data that comes from a South African company which has 214 employees and where an annual performance evaluation has been run. One of the main conclusions that will be drawn from this study, is that there is a very significant rater's effect that needs to be properly accounted for when rewarding employees. Without this adjustment being done, any incentive scheme, whether its motive is reward based or penalty based, will ultimately fail in its intended purpose of improving employees' overall performance.	Best linear unbiased predictor; Fixed effect; Mixed model; Model diagnostics; Performance appraisal; Raters' effect	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881296638	The performance of mixture refrigerant R134a/R152a in a novel gas engine-driven heat pump system	Wu X., Yang Z., Liu H., Huan Z., Wang W.	2014	International Journal of Green Energy	11	1	10.1080/15435075.2013.769877	School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin,300072, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pretoria Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Wu, X., School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin,300072, China; Yang, Z., School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin,300072, China; Liu, H., School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin,300072, China; Huan, Z., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pretoria Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Wang, W., School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin,300072, China	In the present article, a novel gas engine-driven heat pump (GEHP) which could independently provide heating, cooling, and hot water for the buildings with its autonomous power supply system was presented, and the cooling performance characteristics of GEHP using mixture refrigerant R134a/R152a were investigated experimentally. The thermophysical properties and flammability of this proposed mixture refrigerant were analyzed and experimented to approve that it could be used safely in GEHP. The experimental results indicated that the cooling capacity, waste heat recovered from cylinder jacket and exhaust gas, gas engine energy consumption, and compressor power increased with the increase of the gas engine speeds and evaporator water inlet flow rate, but changed in a small range with the increase of the evaporator water inlet temperature except cooling capacity. The generator power remained about 4.90 kW in different operating conditions. Furthermore, the coefficient of performance (COP) and the primary energy ratio (PER) of GEHP also increased with the increase of the evaporator water inlet flow rate and temperature, but decreased with the increase of gas engine speeds. Finally, maximum COP and PER with mixture refrigerant R134a/R152a has been estimated with 8.88 and 1.69 in the aforementioned conditions. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Flammability limits; Gas engine-driven heat pump; Operating characteristics; Primary energy ratio; R134a/R152a	Flammability limits; Gas engine driven heat pumps; Operating characteristics; Primary energy ratios; R134a/R152a; Cooling; Cooling systems; Electric power systems; Energy utilization; Evaporators; Flow rate; Gas engines; Inlet flow; Mixtures; Refrigerants; Speed; Thermodynamic properties; Waste heat; Heat pump systems; cooling; electronic equipment; energy use; performance assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927132794	Bioconversion of wastes (Khat leaf leftovers and eucalyptus twigs) into vermicompost and assessing its impact on potato yield	Mekonnen E., Argaw A.	2015	Journal of Agronomy	14	1	10.3923/ja.2015.37.42	School of Natural Resources Managemen and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 337, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Mekonnen, E., School of Natural Resources Managemen and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 337, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Argaw, A., School of Natural Resources Managemen and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 337, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	The major rural land use system in Eastern Ethiopia is cultivation of khat (Catha edulis Forsk), which is the main perennial cash crop in the region for its stimulant leaf. Due to its financial attractiveness, farmers mostly cultivate the crop on cost of soil nutrient depletion as the marketing practice involves harvesting its fresh leaves throughout the year, wrapping with Eucalyptus twigs to retain its freshness during transportation to the local market, where they are dumped as municipal waste. Such routine activity disrupts the nutrient cycle out of its agro ecosystem. This study was conducted to assess fertilizer value of these wasted materials in the form of vermicompost and also to evaluate impacts of the vermicompost when it replenish soil in smallholder agriculture under rainfed condition. The khat and Eucalyptus wastes were collected, chopped and filled into 5 cemented pits of 1.5 m3. Treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, which was designed as 100% khat leftover; 70% khat leftover mixed with 30% Eucalyptus twig and inoculated with red earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which feed and ultimately produce the vermicomposts. Its quality analysis showed that both forms of vermicompost are rich with essential plant nutrients. They were bulked and applied into a soil with rate of 0,15 and 301 ha-1 with or without half dose of recommended nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. The rate below 151 ha-1 of vermicompost plus half dose of the recommended fertilizer resulted highest marketable tuber yield. It implies that these forms of vermicomposts can be effective source of organic fertilizer in smallholder agriculture, potato cultivation in particular. © 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Bioconversion; Ethiopia; Municipal waste; Potato; Vermicompost	Catha edulis; Eisenia fetida; Eucalyptus; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83655183603	Evaluation of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas spp. effect on soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)) in Assossa area	Argaw A.	2012	Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology	14	1	None	School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Argaw, A., School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	An experiment was conducted at Assossa Agricultural Research Center (AARC) station during 2008 cropping season in order to study the effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (TAL-378 and TAL-379) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Pseudomonas spp.), and conventional farmers' fertilizer level (combined and individual application of 46N kg ha-1 and 46 P2O5 kg ha-1) on nodulation, seed yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)). Analyses of variance indicated that most of the parameters measured were significantly (P≥0.05) affected by the treatments. Accordingly, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB significantly increased plant height at harvest, number of nodules per plant, nodule volume per plant, nodule fresh weight per plant, and shoot height at late flowering and early pod setting compared to the other treatments. Similarly, co-inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB, and dual fertilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers significantly increased number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod per plant and seed yield ha-1 compared to the other treatments. Analysis of plant tissue also indicated that dual inoculation of TAL-379 and PSB yielded the highest total N whereas the lowest was recorded for the negative control. Likewise, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB and the positive control gave the highest plant P compared to all other treatments. The data revealed that, there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) in days required for emergence, flower bearing and maturity, number of seeds per pod, 300 seeds weight and root length among the investigated treatments. Thus, the dual inoculation of TAL-378 and PSB is recommended to achieve maximum seed yield of soybean in Assossa area.	Assossa; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB); Soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957707822	Evaluation of a protocol to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a surgical cardiac intensive care unit	Kindness K., Brysiewicz P.	2010	Southern African Journal of Critical Care	26	1	None	School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Kindness, K., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Brysiewicz, P., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major health care problem in intensive care units. Purpose. To evaluate how nurses implement the methicillin-resistant S. aureus protocol (MRSAP) in a surgical cardiac intensive care unit (SCICU), and to evaluate the change in MRSA infection rates after implementation of the protocol. Methods. The knowledge of nursing staff and their compliance to the MRSAP were assessed with a survey questionnaire and by conducting observations in the unit. Screening compliance and the reduction in infection rates were investigated using a retrospective records review. Results. There was an 88% (23 respondents) awareness of the MRSAP, but knowledge of the detailed content was variable. The staff were satisfied with the existing standards of infection control in the SCICU (85%, 22), and 64% (142) of the observed nurse-patient contacts complied with routine hygiene measures, such as hand hygiene. Few actual cases of MRSA infection were identified during the study period. Owing to the small number of cases it was not possible to test for the significance of this difference at SCICU level, but a chi-square test on the hospital MRSA cases for the same period demonstrated a highly significant reduction (χ2=6.2×10-41, df=1, p&lt;0.0001). Conclusions. There was evidence to support efficacy of the MRSAP in the reduction of MRSA infections.	None	article; awareness; chi square test; coronary care unit; hospital hygiene; human; infection control; infection rate; medical record review; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection; nurse patient relationship; nursing protocol; nursing staff; questionnaire; retrospective study; screening	None
None	None	Solar electricity generation: Issues of development and impact on ICT implementation in Africa	Paul D.I., Uhomoibhi J.	2014	Campus-Wide Information Systems	31	1	10.1108/CWIS-05-2013-0018	The Open University of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom	Paul, D.I., The Open University of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Uhomoibhi, J., University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss, in-depth, how solar electricity can be developed and used to tackle grid electricity-related problems in African countries suffering from unreliable and inadequate grid electricity. Design/methodology/approach: The paper discusses in depth the current status of grid electricity in Africa continent and suggested solar electricity as an alternative cost-effective method to the existing grid electricity problem in remote areas. An extensive analysis of the major contribution of solar electricity in various sectors such as economic, health, communication, social and environmental benefits is provided. The paper concludes with a discussion on how solar power generation can be developed. Findings: The paper shows that in developed countries where ICT has been applied extensively, ICT offers increased opportunities for sustainable economic development and plays a critical role in rapid economic growth, productive capacity improvements, education, government, agriculture and international competitiveness enhancement. The paper has pointed out that ICT has yet to make significant impact in most African countries due to lack of reliable and adequate electricity. Solar electricity has been seen as the most cost-effective way of generating electricity, especially in remote rural areas, for ICT devices. For the widespread of solar power generation in Africa, various strategies have been identified which include training of qualified solar engineers and technicians, establishing PV markets and business modes, introduction of solar energy education in schools and universities, political leaders appreciating solar electricity as one of the major energy component, lowering initial cost of the PV technology, availability of finance mechanisms for rural communities, import tax exemption and African countries regarding rural electricity as one of the basic needs. Practical implications: The paper shows that the problems of lack of qualified solar technicians and established PV markets and business modes (especially in remote areas), lack of solar energy education in schools have to be addressed before the benefits of ICT in Africa can be seen. Other issues include African countries appreciating solar electricity as one of the major energy component, lowering initial cost of the PV technology, availability of finance mechanisms for customers, import tax exemption and African countries regarding rural electricity as one of the basic needs like food, shelter and clothing. Overhaul of existing systems needs to take place in order to provide the means to deal with some of these issues. Originality/value: Availability of reliable electrical energy remains crucial for development of ICT in rural African countries. Solar electricity is clearly one of the most promising prospects to the grid electricity problem in African countries because most African countries lie in the sunshine belt. The paper raises awareness about this in a unique way and suggests some novel measures about increasing the availability of solar systems for solar power generation. It is anticipated that the increases in solar power generation, especially in remote areas, will increase the use and application of ICT in various sectors. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Information and communication technology; Problems facing African countries; Remote rural areas; Solar electricity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30944468171	Evaluation of the buffering capacity of powdered cow's, goat's and soy milk and non-prescription antacids in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia	Lutchman D., Pillay S., Naidoo R., Shangase N., Nayak R., Rughoobeer A.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	1	None	School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Lutchman, D., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, S., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Shangase, N., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Nayak, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rughoobeer, A., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background. Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is the term most commonly used to describe a heterogeneous and often ill-defined group of dyspepsia patients whose symptoms of upper abdominal pain, discomfort or nausea persist in the absence of identifiable cause. Treatment choice commonly includes over-the-counter medicines and home remedies, e.g. milk. Objective. To determine the relative buffering capacity of goat's, cow's and soy milk, non-prescription antacid drugs and combinations thereof. Methods. The buffering capacities of 25 ml aliquots of each of the powdered milk products, the antacids alone and the combination of antacid and milk were determined. Statistical analysis was used to determine any significant differences in buffering capacity. Results. When the antacids were examined alone, significant differences in buffering capacity were observed. When powdered milk products were examined alone, cow's milk had a significantly higher buffering capacity than either goat's or soy milk. There was no significant difference between goat's and soy milk. In the combination of cow's milk with each of the antacids, brand A and B had a similar buffering capacity, significantly higher than that observed with brand C. Conclusions. The combination with best observed buffering capacity was brand A with cow's milk, and the weakest buffering capacity was observed with brand C with soy milk. The results obtained can be attributed to the chemical constituents of the antacids and the milk products.	None	alginic acid; aluminum hydroxide; aluminum hydroxide plus magnesium trisilicate; antacid agent; bicarbonate; buffer; calcium; calcium carbonate; magnesium carbonate; magnesium trisilicate; milk protein; non prescription drug; phosphate; article; artificial milk; cow; drug determination; drug efficacy; drug formulation; drug mechanism; dyspepsia; goat; nonhuman; pH measurement; soybean milk; statistical analysis; stomach pH; Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Antacids; Buffers; Drugs, Non-Prescription; Dyspepsia; Goats; Humans; Milk; Powders; Soy Milk; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861894251	Impact of pharmacists' intervention on the knowledge of HIV infected patients in a public sector hospital of KwaZulu-Natal	Govender S., Esterhuizen T., Naidoo P.V.	2011	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	3	1	10.4102/phcfm.v3i1.258	School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Programme of Biostatistics, Research Ethics and Medical Law, College of Health Sciences, South Africa	Govender, S., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Esterhuizen, T., Programme of Biostatistics, Research Ethics and Medical Law, College of Health Sciences, South Africa; Naidoo, P.V., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: The study site started its roll-out of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention of mother-to-child transmission in 2006. All patients were counselled by trained counsellors, before seeing a doctor. At the pharmacy the medicines were collected with no intense counselling by a pharmacist as the patients would have visited the trained counsellors first. Subsequently it was found that there were many queries regarding HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Thus a dedicated antiretroviral pharmacy managed by a pharmacist was established to support the counsellors. Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a pharmacist intervention on the knowledge gained by HIV and AIDS patients with regard to the disease, antiretroviral drug use (i.e. how the medication is taken, its storage and the management of side effects) as well as adherence to treatment. Method: This study was undertaken at a public sector hospital using anonymous structured questionnaires and was divided into three phases: pre-intervention, intervention and postintervention phases. After obtaining patient consent the questionnaires were administered during the first phase. A month later all patients who visited the pharmacy were counselled intensely on various aspects of HIV and antiretroviral medication. Thereafter patients who participated in Phase 1 were asked to participate in the second phase. After obtaining their consent again, the same questionnaire was administered to them. Quantitative variables were compared between pre-intervention and post-intervention stages by using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. Categorical variables were compared using McNemar's Chisquare test (Binary) or McNemar-Bowker test for ordinal variables. Results: Overall the mean knowledge score on the disease itself had increased significantly (s.d. 6.6%), (p < 0.01), after the pharmacists' intervention (pre-intervention was 82.1% and post-intervention was 86.3%). A significant improvement was noted in the overall knowledge score with regard to medicine taking and storage (p < 0.05) and the management of the side effects. There was a non-significant difference between the adherence in pre-intervention and in post-intervention (p = 0.077). Conclusion: Pharmacists' intervention had a positive impact on HIV infected patients' HIV and AIDS knowledge on both the disease and on the antiretroviral drug use and storage. © 2011. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928723410	Impact of repeated NeemAzal®-treated blood meals on the fitness of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes	Dembo E.G., Abay S.M., Dahiya N., Ogboi J.S., Christophides G.K., Lupidi G., Chianese G., Lucantoni L., Habluetzel A.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-0700-1	School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, Naples, Italy; Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia	Dembo, E.G., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Abay, S.M., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dahiya, N., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Ogboi, J.S., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Christophides, G.K., Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Lupidi, G., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Chianese, G., Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, Naples, Italy; Lucantoni, L., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy, Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia; Habluetzel, A., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy	Background: Herbal remedies are widely used in many malaria endemic countries to treat patients, in particular in the absence of anti-malarial drugs and in some settings to prevent the disease. Herbal medicines may be specifically designed for prophylaxis and/or for blocking malaria transmission to benefit both, the individual consumer and the community at large. Neem represents a good candidate for this purpose due to its inhibitory effects on the parasite stages that cause the clinical manifestations of malaria and on those responsible for infection in the vector. Furthermore, neem secondary metabolites have been shown to interfere with various physiological processes in insect vectors. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of the standardised neem extract NeemAzal® on the fitness of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi following repeated exposure to the product through consecutive blood meals on treated mice. Methods: Batches of An. stephensi mosquitoes were offered 5 consecutive blood meals on female BALB/c mice treated with NeemAzal® at an azadirachtin A concentration of 60, 105 or 150 mg/kg. The blood feeding capacity was estimated by measuring the haematin content of the rectal fluid excreted by the mosquitoes during feeding. The number of eggs laid was estimated by image analysis and their hatchability assessed by direct observations. Results: A dose and frequency dependent impact of NeemAzal® treatment on the mosquito feeding capacity, oviposition and egg hatchability was demonstrated. In the 150 mg/kg treatment group, the mosquito feeding capacity was reduced by 50% already at the second blood meal and by 50 to 80% in all treatment groups at the fifth blood meal. Consequently, a 50-65% reduction in the number of eggs laid per female mosquito was observed after the fifth blood meal in all treatment groups. Similarly, after the fifth treated blood meal exposure, hatchability was found to be reduced by 62% and 70% in the 105 and 150 mg/kg group respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study, taken together with the accumulated knowledge on neem open the challenging prospects of designing neem-based formulations as multi-target phytomedicines exhibiting preventive, parasite transmission-blocking as well as anti-vectorial properties. © 2015 Dembo et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Anti-vectorial; Azadirachtin; Malaria; Neem; Transmission-blocking; Vectors	Azadirachta indica extract; azadirachtin; hematin; animal experiment; animal model; Anopheles stephensi; Article; blood; body fluid; comparative study; controlled study; egg laying; feeding behavior; female; fitness; image analysis; malaria; meal; mouse; nonhuman; Anopheles stephensi; Azadirachta indica; Hexapoda; Mus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79751484409	The impact of herbal remedies on adverse effects and quality of life in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy	Bepe N., Madanhi N., Mudzviti T., Gavi S., Maponga C.C., Morse G.D.	2011	Journal of Infection in Developing Countries	5	1	None	School of Pharmacy, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Center of Excellence, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States	Bepe, N., School of Pharmacy, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Madanhi, N., School of Pharmacy, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudzviti, T., School of Pharmacy, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gavi, S., Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Maponga, C.C., School of Pharmacy, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Center of Excellence, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Morse, G.D., Center of Excellence, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States	Introduction: Use of herbal remedies among HIV-infected individuals in Africa increased in the past decade, mainly due to traditional beliefs and at times inconsistent access to antiretroviral drugs. In Zimbabwe, accessibility and availability of antiretroviral drugs has increased in recent years; however, the use of herbal remedies remains high. This study was conducted to determine the impact of concomitant use of herbal remedies with antiretroviral drugs on adverse events and on quality of life. Methodology: A convenient sample of HIV positive patients at Parirenyatwa group of hospitals' Family Care Clinic (Harare, Zimbabwe) was enrolled. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the adverse event experiences of the patients using herbal remedies for their HIV, as well as the types of herbal remedy used. Quality of life index was measured using an HIV/AIDS targeted quality of life (HAT-QOL) tool developed by the World Health Organization. Results: Abdominal pain (odds ratio = 2.7, p-value = 0.01) and rash (odds ratio = 2.5, p-value = 0.02) had significant associations with using herbal remedies during antiretroviral therapy. Improved quality of life index was not significantly associated with herbal remedy use during antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: There is evidence to suggest that some traditional herbal remedies used in Zimbabwe may increase incidence of certain types of adverse events when used in combination with antiretroviral drugs. Use of herbal drugs in combination with antiretroviral therapy does not significantly improve quality of life index in comparison to antiretroviral drug use only. © 2011 Noorali et al.	Adverse drug reactions; Antiretrovirals; Herbal therapies; Quality of life	herbaceous agent; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus stavudine; stalanev; unclassified drug; abdominal pain; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; anorexia; antiviral therapy; article; constipation; diarrhea; dizziness; drowsiness; family counseling; fatigue; female; fever; headache; herbal medicine; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; insomnia; major clinical study; male; nausea and vomiting; nonhuman; peripheral neuropathy; quality of life; questionnaire; rash; world health organization; Zimbabwe; Adult; Africa; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Female; Herbal Medicine; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878360910	Total building performance approach in building evaluation: Case study of an office building in Singapore	Oyedele L.O., Tham K.W., Fadeyi M.O., Jaiyeoba B.E.	2012	Journal of Energy Engineering	138	1	10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000056	School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen's Univ. Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom; Dept. of Building, School of Design and Environment, National Univ. of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive,	Oyedele, L.O., School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen's Univ. Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom; Tham, K.W., Dept. of Building, School of Design and Environment, National Univ. of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Singapore; Fadeyi, M.O., Faculty of Engineering, British Univ. in Dubai, P.O. Box 345015, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Jaiyeoba, B.E., Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Design and Management, Obafemi Awolowo Univ., Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Although the individual building system has been designed to meet the specific performance criteria, the way people will perceive and react to a total office environment is only known after it is in use and subjected to diagnostic. Evaluation of office space has gone beyond looking at a single building requirement. There exists the need to look at the interrelationship of performance mandates to provide healthy buildings for building occupants and most importantly, to reduce energy consumption during the construction and operation of buildings. This study aims to demonstrate the use of total building performance (TBP) evaluation and diagnostic to assess the performance of an existing office building in Singapore. Two floors of the evaluated high-rise commercial building have been evaluated by using the TBP paradigm. Objective measurements and observations (walkthrough) coupled with occupant survey (subjective measurement) has been conducted. The analysis demonstrates that there is concurrence between the objective and subjective measures, and that the holistic approach of TBP elicited the interrelationships between the performance's mandates and constitutes a sound basis for diagnostics and sustainability improvement. This study is significant because it provides an evaluation tool for ensuring sustainable buildings. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.	Building diagnostics; Carbon emission reduction; Office building; Performance mandates; Singapore; Sustainability; Total building performance	Building performance; Carbon emission reductions; Existing office buildings; Objective and subjective measures; Performance mandates; Reduce energy consumption; Singapore; Subjective measurements; Energy utilization; Intelligent buildings; Sustainable development; Office buildings	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645003520	The impact of intragenic recombination on phylogenetic reconstruction at the sectional level in Eucalyptus when using a single copy nuclear gene (cinnamoyl CoA reductase)	Poke F.S., Martin D.P., Steane D.A., Vaillancourt R.E., Reid J.B.	2006	Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution	39	1	10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.016	School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa	Poke, F.S., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Martin, D.P., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Steane, D.A., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Vaillancourt, R.E., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Reid, J.B., School of Plant Science, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia	Low copy number nuclear genes have been found to be useful for phylogenetic reconstruction at different taxonomic levels. This study investigated the utility of a single copy gene, cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR), for resolving phylogenetic relationships at the sectional level within Eucalyptus. The monophyly of sections Exsertaria and Latoangulatae was explored, using section Maidenaria as an outgroup, and the impact of intragenic recombination on phylogenetic reconstruction examined. Phylogenetic analysis did not resolve monophyletic groups. Latoangulatae and Maidenaria were polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Exsertaria species formed a clade but included a single Latoangulatae species (E. major). Recombination analysis identified two intragenic recombination events that involved species from different sections, which have probably been facilitated by inter-sectional hybridisation. One of the events most likely occurred prior to speciation, with several Latoangulatae species having the recombinant allele. The other event may have occurred after speciation, since only one of two E. globulus samples possessed the recombinant allele. This is the first detailed report of intragenic recombination in both CCR and Eucalyptus, and between species of different sections of a plant genus. The occurrence of intragenic recombination may explain the anomalous positions of some species within the phylogenetic tree, and indicates that phylogenetic analysis of Eucalyptus using nuclear genes will be problematic unless recombination is taken into account. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	CCR; Hybridisation; Lignin; Nuclear DNA; Phylogeny; RDP2	aldehyde dehydrogenase; cinnamoyl CoA reductase; article; cell nucleus; classification; enzymology; Eucalyptus; gene dosage; genetic recombination; genetics; hybridization; molecular evolution; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Base Sequence; Cell Nucleus; Eucalyptus; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Dosage; Hybridization, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus globulus; Maidenaria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30144437818	Experimental study of oblique impacts with initial spin	Dong H., Moys M.H.	2006	Powder Technology	161	1	10.1016/j.powtec.2005.05.046	School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Dong, H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa; Moys, M.H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	An experiment to measure the properties of the impacts between of a 44.5 mm steel ball and a steel flat surface is reported. The apparatus can release the ball with and without initial spin. The steel target can be inclined 0-60°. The impact event is recorded with a digital video camera. The video analysis is computer based and all the distortions of image are calibrated. The impact properties measured are expressed as coefficient of normal restitution e n, coefficient of tangential restitution e t, impulse ratio or dynamic coefficient of friction f, angular velocity, and rebound angle of the contact point. It is found that the measurement of oblique impact without initial spin shows close agreement with recent published results and complies with rigid body theory. However, the experimental results of oblique impact with pre-impact spin do not agree to the collision models in rolling or micro-slip regime in particular. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Image analysis; Impact; Video processing	Calibration; Computer simulation; Contact angle; Friction; Image analysis; Mathematical models; Rolling; Video cameras; Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Impact; Video processing; Steel; steel; powder; acceleration; article; calibration; computer analysis; friction; image analysis; velocity; videorecording	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65749089418	Facilitating health-enabling social contexts for youth: Qualitative evaluation of a family-based HIV-prevention pilot programme	Paruk Z., Petersen I., Bhana A.	2009	African Journal of AIDS Research	8	1	10.2989/AJAR.2009.8.1.7.720	School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa; Child, Youth and Family Development, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Paruk, Z., School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa; Petersen, I., School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa; Bhana, A., Child, Youth and Family Development, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa	This paper reports on a post-intervention qualitative evaluation of the pilot intervention of the AmaQhawe Family Project, in South Africa, which is a cartoon-based, manualised intervention delivered to multiple family groups over 10 sessions, aimed at preventing HIV in adolescents through strengthening the adult protective shield. Semi-structured interviews with nine women who had participated in the pilot intervention were used to understand participants' perceptions of how the family-based HIV-prevention programme had assisted in addressing the issues identified in a pre-intervention exploratory study. Analysis of the data was informed by community health psychology and social capital theory. The findings indicate that at an individual level, the women interviewed had experienced an improved sense of empowerment, both as parents and as women. They also reported increased social support for effective parenting. At a collective level, the women reported that the programme had helped them to exert better informal social controls within the community, as well as to increase their social leverage and participation in community organisations. The findings suggest that HIV interventions involving families can strengthen the adult protective shield to facilitate health-enabling social contexts for youth. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	Community programmes; Health interventions; HIV/AIDS; Parents; Social capital; Social determinants; Social psychology; South Africa	article; attitude to health; child parent relation; community; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; juvenile; psychology; semi structured interview; social capital; social control; social environment; social support; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69849099187	Impact of social stigma on the process of obtaining informed consent for genetic research on podoconiosis: A qualitative study	Tekola F., Bull S., Farsides B., Newport M.J., Adeyemo A., Rotimi C.N., Davey G.	2009	BMC Medical Ethics	10	1	10.1186/1472-6939-10-13	School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Sussex, United Kingdom; Centre for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States; Ethox Center, Division of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Oxford, United Kingdom	Tekola, F., School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Sussex, United Kingdom, Centre for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States; Bull, S., Ethox Center, Division of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Farsides, B., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Sussex, United Kingdom; Newport, M.J., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Sussex, United Kingdom; Adeyemo, A., Centre for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States; Rotimi, C.N., Centre for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States; Davey, G., School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background. The consent process for a genetic study is challenging when the research is conducted in a group stigmatized because of beliefs that the disease is familial. Podoconiosis, also known as 'mossy foot', is an example of such a disease. It is a condition resulting in swelling of the lower legs among people exposed to red clay soil. It is a very stigmatizing problem in endemic areas of Ethiopia because of the widely held opinion that the disease runs in families and is untreatable. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of social stigma on the process of obtaining consent for a study on the genetics of podoconiosis in Southern Ethiopia. Methods. We adapted a rapid assessment tool validated in The Gambia. The methodology was qualitative involving focus-group discussions (n = 4) and in-depth interviews (n = 25) with community members, fieldworkers, researchers and staff of the Mossy Foot Treatment and Prevention Association (MFTPA) working on prevention and treatment of podoconiosis. Results. We found that patients were afraid of participation in a genetic study for fear the study might aggravate stigmatization by publicizing the familial nature of the disease. The MFTPA was also concerned that discussion about the familial nature of podoconiosis would disappoint patients and would threaten the trust they have in the organization. In addition, participants of the rapid assessment stressed that the genetic study should be approved at family level before prospective participants are approached for consent. Based on this feedback, we developed and implemented a consent process involving community consensus and education of fieldworkers, community members and health workers. In addition, we utilized the experience and established trust of the MFTPA to diminish the perceived risk. Conclusion. The study showed that the consent process developed based on issues highlighted in the rapid assessment facilitated recruitment of participants and increased their confidence that the genetic research would not fuel stigma. Therefore, investigators must seek to assess and address risks of research from prospective participants' perspectives. This involves understanding the issues in the society, the culture, community dialogues and developing a consent process that takes all these into consideration. © 2009 Tekola et al.	None	adult; aged; article; community medicine; consensus; controlled study; Ethiopia; fear; female; field work; Gambia; genetics; health care personnel; health education; human; informed consent; major clinical study; male; medical research; medical society; motivation; patient decision making; patient participation; perception; podoconiosis; qualitative research; risk assessment; stigma; clay; community care; confidentiality; economics; elephantiasis; ethics; genetic predisposition; information processing; middle aged; patient selection; psychological aspect; questionnaire; research subject; risk factor; social psychology; soil; trust; verbal communication; aluminum silicate; Adult; Aged; Aluminum Silicates; Community Health Services; Confidentiality; Elephantiasis; Ethiopia; Female; Focus Groups; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Research; Humans; Informed Consent; Male; Middle Aged; Narration; Patient Selection; Qualitative Research; Questionnaires; Research Subjects; Risk Factors; Soil; Stereotyping; Trust	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930745983	Evaluation of malaria treatment practice of health extension workers (Community health workers): A qualitative study conducted in Damot Gale district, southern Ethiopia	Gidebo K.D., Mavundla T.R.	2015	Indian Journal of Community Health	27	1	None	School of Public Health, College of Health sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa	Gidebo, K.D., School of Public Health, College of Health sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Mavundla, T.R., Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, UNISA, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: The Ethiopian government introduced the Health Extension Program which is a community-based health care delivery system aimed at accessing essential health services such as malaria diagnosis and treatment through health extension workers (HEWs). Involvement of HEWs in prescribing and dispensing antimalarial drugs improved community access to antimalarial drugs. However, the HEWs compliance to malaria treatment guidelines was not evaluated. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the HEWs malaria treatment practice based on malaria treatment guidelines. Material and Methods: In-depth interview to 20 HEWs, seven focus discussion with malaria treated patients, and 400 malaria patients medical records review were conducted. Results: The majority of HEWs correctly responded how to diagnose malaria patients using signs and symptoms, and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Most of malaria-treated patients indicated that they prefer HEWs to other health workers for malaria treatment. Patient record data from patient registration books indicated that about 92% (368) of patients received appropriate drugs in appropriate dose and duration. But some patients (8%, 32) were prescribed with drugs not in line with the guideline. The two main reasons indicated by the HEWs for inappropriate prescription are: the shortage of chloroquine, and patient pressure to take coartem. About 8% (32) and 11% (44) of patients do not know the consequences of not completing antimalarial drugs and what to do after vomiting respectively. Conclusion: The most of HEWs adequately treat malaria patients and the communication with patients is adequate. Improving resource availability, patient education and in-service training are needed to improve malaria treatment practice of the HEWs. © 2015, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine. All rights reserved.	Antimalarial drugs; Community health workers; Community support; Ethiopia; Guidelines; Health extension program; Health extension workers; Malaria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884476512	Evaluation of facilitative supervision visits in primary health care service delivery in Northern Ghana	Aikins M., Laar A., Nonvignon J., Sackey S., Ikeda T., Woode G., Nang-Beifubah A., Nyonator F.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-358	School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Ghana Office, Accra, Ghana; Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Upper West Region, Accra, Wa, Ghana; Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana	Aikins, M., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Laar, A., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Nonvignon, J., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Sackey, S., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ikeda, T., Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Ghana Office, Accra, Ghana; Woode, G., Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Ghana Office, Accra, Ghana; Nang-Beifubah, A., Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Upper West Region, Accra, Wa, Ghana; Nyonator, F., Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana	Background: In Ghana's health delivery services, facilitative supervisory visit (FSV) as a system of management is new. This paper presents the standard evaluation results of FSV, which formed an integral part of the community-based health planning services (CHPS) initiative. Methods. The study was conducted in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The Project developed guidelines and tools for FSV for four different health system levels - regional, district, sub-district and community levels. Electronic data from all four levels representing quarterly results were compiled into their annual equivalents, and summarized graphically for comparison. Results: The data show that all the nine districts embraced the FSV concept even though they differed markedly with regard to the degree of adherence to some set benchmarks. Three DHMTs (Wa Municipal, Lawra and Jirapa) were graded as good while the remaining six DHMTs were adjudged as fair in relation to management of supplies, transport and equipment, information, meeting, and technical support. Conclusions: The data further suggest that there is much to gain both individually and institutionally from FSVs. Generally, FSVs are crucial to the delivery of primary health care services in especially rural areas. © 2013 Aikins et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Facilitative supervision visit; Ghana; Primary health care; Service delivery	article; community care; evaluation study; Ghana; health care delivery; health care planning; human; methodology; organization and management; primary health care; standard; Community Health Services; Delivery of Health Care; Ghana; Humans; Primary Health Care; Regional Medical Programs	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17644389229	Evaluation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) for utilisation in energy production in developing countries	Fobil J.N., Carboo D., Armah N.A.	2005	International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management	5	1	10.1504/IJETM.2005.006508	School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana; UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	Fobil, J.N., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana, Legal Resources Centre (LRC), Ghana; Carboo, D., Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Ghana; Armah, N.A., UESP Capacity-Building and Training, Min. of Loc. Govt. and Rural Devmt., Ministries, PMB, Accra, Ghana, Waste Management Department (WMD), Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra, Ghana	In countries such as Ghana, which are still undergoing restructuring in their economies, low-cost energy supplies are most vital for development initiatives and may not only be the main constraint to their economic growth, but a principal source of conflicts in this century. But whether a meaningful and sustainable economic growth would be achieved or not rests exclusively on the removal of these energy constraints either by way of substitution for increasingly expensive conventional energy sources or new discoveries of cheaper alternatives that would power their industries. Such alternative sources should not only be cheap with great capability of promoting viable economies of scale, but also should be eco-efficient. Today, the traditional energy sources such as hydroelectric power, wood fuel, and oils are increasingly less attractive with a grown knowledge of their effects on the natural environment. This paper discusses research experiences gathered during a study that was undertaken in Accra, Ghana, to explore the potential for utilising municipal solid waste (MSW) for energy generation in a low-income economy and at the same time, address worsening MSW problems in the major cities. The results show that MSW in a typical low-income country is wet with low calorific values between 14 MJ/kg and 20 MJ/kg and an average energy recovery efficiency of about 40%. Copyright © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Conventional energy sources; Eco-efficient; Low-cost; Low-income economy; Scale of economies; Standing crop	Economic growth; Low-cost energy; Municipal solid wastes (MSW); Restructuring; Cost effectiveness; Energy utilization; Industrial economics; Municipal engineering; Social aspects; Sustainable development; Solid wastes; economy of scale; electricity supply; municipal solid waste; power generation; Accra; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ghana; Greater Accra; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937415854	Evaluation of the HIV lay counselling and testing profession in South Africa	Mwisongo A., Mehlomakhulu V., Mohlabane N., Peltzer K., Mthembu J., Van Rooyen H.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-0940-y	School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Health Consortium-Clinical HIV Research Unit (CHRU), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Department of Research and Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa; ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Madidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand	Mwisongo, A., School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Wits Health Consortium-Clinical HIV Research Unit (CHRU), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mehlomakhulu, V., HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Mohlabane, N., HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Peltzer, K., HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, Department of Research and Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa, ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Madidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand; Mthembu, J., HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Van Rooyen, H., HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	Background: With the launch of the national HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) campaign in South Africa (SA), lay HIV counsellors, who had been trained in blood withdrawal, have taken up the role of HIV testing. This study evaluated the experiences, training, motivation, support, supervision, and workload of HIV lay counsellors and testers in South Africa. The aim was to identify gaps in their resources, training, supervision, motivation, and workload related to HCT services. In addition it explored their experiences with providing HIV testing under the task shifting context. Methods: The study was conducted in eight of South Africa's nine provinces. 32 lay counsellors were recruited from 67 HCT sites, and were interviewed using two questionnaires that included structured and semi-structured questions. One questionnaire focused on their role as HIV counsellors and the other on their role as HIV testers. Results: Ninety-seven percent of counsellors reported that they have received training in counselling and testing. Many rated their training as more than adequate or adequate, with 15.6 % rating it as not adequate. Respondents reported a lack of standardised counselling and testing training, and revealed gaps in counselling skills for specific groups such as discordant couples, homosexuals, older clients and children. They indicated health system barriers, including inadequate designated space for counselling, which compromises privacy and confidentiality. Lay counsellors carry the burden of counselling and testing nationally, and have other tasks such as administration and auxiliary duties due to staff shortages. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that HCT counselling and testing services in South Africa are mainly performed by lay counsellors and testers. They are challenged by inadequate work space, limited counselling skills for specific groups, a lack of standardised training policies and considerable administrative and auxiliary duties. To improve HCT services, there needs to be training needs with a standardised curriculum and refresher courses, for HIV counselling and testing, specifically for specific elderly clients, discordant couples, homosexuals and children. The Department of Health should formally integrate lay counsellors into the health care system with proper allocation of tasks under the task shifting policy. © 2015 Mwisongo et al.	HIV Counselling and Training (HCT); HIV testing; Lay counsellors; Training; Workspace	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942933120	An evaluation of a community-based food supplementation for people living with HIV in Ghana: Implications for community-based interventions in Ghana Public Health	Mensah K.A., Okyere P., Doku P.N.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1511-3	School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Mensah, K.A., School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Okyere, P., School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Doku, P.N., Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Background: Community-based care and support services are limited in sub-Saharan Africa and as a result a high number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) are not getting the required care and support services. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of food supplementation services for PLHIV in Ghana on weight gained and factors associated with weight gained. Methods: The study employed mixed methods study design involving quantitative and qualitative techniques. These were structured questionnaire administered to 200 PLHIV selected through simple random sampling and a qualitative component consisting of 14 semi-structured interviews with purposefully selected stakeholders and eight focus group discussions with the beneficiaries. Results: The analysis of the quantitative data showed on average, beneficiaries had gained weight [mean difference in weight was 2 kg with 95 % CI (1.1, 2.9), P value <0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that the support group to which the beneficiary belonged was the most important determinant of gaining weight. Through the qualitative interviews, beneficiaries indicated that the anti-retroviral drugs were making them hungry and the food helped to alleviate that effect. Notwithstanding, they indicated that the food was nutritious, made them healthy and strong, contributed to their weight gain and was their main sources of hope at home when they had no money. Conclusions: A broad strategy of food supplementation for PLHIV should be implemented in different ways for different support groups taking into account the differences between different support groups when planning such an intervention. © 2015 Mensah et al.	Community-based care; Food supplementation; HIV/AIDS; Programme evaluation; Stakeholders; Support groups; Weight gained	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749194120	Is the Western Cape at risk of an outbreak of preventable childhood diseases? Lessons from an evaluation of routine immunisation coverage	Corrigall J., Coetzee D., Cameron N.	2008	South African Medical Journal	98	1	None	School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Discipline of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Corrigall, J., School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Coetzee, D., Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cameron, N., Discipline of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa	Objective. To determine the routine immunisation coverage rates in children aged 12-23 months in the Western Cape. Design. Cross-sectional Household Survey using an adaptation of the '30 by 7' cluster survey technique. Setting. Households across the Western Cape. Subjects. A total of 3 705 caregivers of children aged 12-23 months who had been living in the Western Cape for at least 6 months. Outcome measures. Vaccination status (1 = fully vaccinated; 0 = partially vaccinated) as recorded on a Road-to-Health card or by history. Reasons for not vaccinating were established from a questionnaire. Results. The immunisation coverage was 76.8% for vaccines due by 9 months and 53.2% for those due by 18 months. The reasons given for not being immunised were clinic-related factors (47%), lack of information (27%), caregiver being unable to attend the clinic (23%), and lack of motivation (14%). Of the clinic factors cited, the two commonest ones were missed opportunities (34%) and being told by clinic staff to return another time (20%). Conclusion. While the coverage indicates that a great deal of good work is being done, the coverage is insufficient to prevent outbreaks of measles and other common childhood conditions, including polio. The coverage is too low to consider not running periodic mass campaigns for measles and polio. It will need to be sustainably improved before introducing rubella vaccine as part of the Expanded Programme on Immunisations (EPI) schedule. The reasons given by caregivers for their children not being immunised are valuable pointers as to where interventions should be focused.	None	BCG vaccine; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; rubella vaccine; adult; article; caregiver; childhood disease; epidemic; female; health program; health survey; household; human; major clinical study; male; measles; medical information; medical record; motivation; poliomyelitis; preschool child; prevalence; preventive health service; questionnaire; risk assessment; rubella; South Africa; tuberculosis; vaccination; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Infant; Infection Control; Male; Population Surveillance; South Africa; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908498374	Comparing a paper based monitoring and evaluation system to a mHealth system to support the national community health worker programme, South Africa: An evaluation	Neupane S., Odendaal W., Friedman I., Jassat W., Schneider H., Doherty T.	2014	BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making	14	1	10.1186/1472-6947-14-69	School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Seed Trust, Durban, South Africa; Health Systems Trust, Durban, South Africa	Neupane, S., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Odendaal, W., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Friedman, I., Seed Trust, Durban, South Africa; Jassat, W., Health Systems Trust, Durban, South Africa; Schneider, H., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Doherty, T., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: In an attempt to address a complex disease burden, including improving progress towards MDGs 4 and 5, South Africa recently introduced a re-engineered Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy, which has led to the development of a national community health worker (CHW) programme. The present study explored the development of a cell phone-based and paper-based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system to support the work of the CHWs.Methods. One sub-district in the North West province was identified for the evaluation. One outreach team comprising ten CHWs maintained both the paper forms and mHealth system to record household data on community-based services. A comparative analysis was done to calculate the correspondence between the paper and phone records. A focus group discussion was conducted with the CHWs. Clinical referrals, data accuracy and supervised visits were compared and analysed for the paper and phone systems.Results: Compared to the mHealth system where data accuracy was assured, 40% of the CHWs showed a consistently high level (>90% correspondence) of data transfer accuracy on paper. Overall, there was an improvement over time, and by the fifth month, all CHWs achieved a correspondence of 90% or above between phone and paper data. The most common error that occurred was summing the total number of visits and/or activities across the five household activity indicators. Few supervised home visits were recorded in either system and there was no evidence of the team leader following up on the automatic notifications received on their cell phones.Conclusions: The evaluation emphasizes the need for regular supervision for both systems and rigorous and ongoing assessments of data quality for the paper system. Formalization of a mHealth M&E system for PHC outreach teams delivering community based services could offer greater accuracy of M&E and enhance supervision systems for CHWs. © 2014Neupane et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community based services; Community health workers; mHealth; Monitoring and evaluation	comparative study; evaluation study; health auxiliary; human; medical record; public health; South Africa; standards; telemedicine; Community Health Workers; Humans; Medical Records; National Health Programs; South Africa; Telemedicine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84958778137	Moving towards integrated policy formulation and evaluation: The green economy model	Bassi A.M.	2015	Environmental and Climate Technologies	16	1	10.1515/rtuect-2015-0009	School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; KnowlEdge Srl, 35, via Col Di Lana, Castellanza, Italy	Bassi, A.M., School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa, KnowlEdge Srl, 35, via Col Di Lana, Castellanza, Italy	The mainstreaming of concepts related to the Green Economy, an action-oriented approach to reach sustainable development, has increased demands for integrated models that can shed light on the complex relations existing across social, economic and environmental indicators. A gap exists, whereby our thinking is rapidly evolving, but the tools available are still in the vast majority of cases sectorial, leading to planning processes taking place in silos. To avoid the emergence of side effects, and anticipate future threats and opportunities, a more systemic approach is needed. The Green Economy Model (GEM) was created taking into account four main capitals and their interconnections: physical capital, human capital, social capital and natural capital. The application of GEM in 10 countries has shown its capability to coherently represent reality and generate results that can more effectively inform decision making. © 2015 Andrea M. Bassi.	Green economy; Model; Natural capital; Policy; Simulation; System dynamics	None	None
None	None	The negative impact of land acquisition on indigenous communities' livelihood and environment in Tanzania	Kusiluka M.M., Kongela S., Kusiluka M.A., Karimuribo E.D., Kusiluka L.J.M.	2011	Habitat International	35	1	10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.03.001	School of Real Estate Studies, Ardhi University, P.O. Box 35176, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy, Tanzania; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania	Kusiluka, M.M., School of Real Estate Studies, Ardhi University, P.O. Box 35176, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kongela, S., School of Real Estate Studies, Ardhi University, P.O. Box 35176, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kusiluka, M.A., Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy, Tanzania; Karimuribo, E.D., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; Kusiluka, L.J.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania	This paper examines the negative impact of land acquisition programmes on the indigenous communities' livelihood and environment. The paper presents the key findings of a study which was carried out in Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania. The study was carried out in four wards covering the peripheries of Morogoro Municipality and some sections of Uluguru Mountains forest reserve. A combination of Participatory Urban Appraisal (PUA) techniques and direct researchers' observations were used to collect primary data for the study. Published and grey literature was the main source of secondary data. Findings show that land acquisition programmes in the study area have a negative impact on the livelihood of indigenous people and the environment. Some of the problems noted include loss of land, loss of means of livelihood, disruption of economic activities, persistent land-related conflicts, and relocations to poorly developed areas, inadequate and late compensation, and environmental degradation. Disagreement over the implementation of the provisions of the land acquisition legislation was noted to be one of the main sources of land acquisition related disputes. Low level of education and ignorance of the law by the majority of the indigenous people was another cause of land-related disputes. To address the problems, the paper advances some recommendations. These include the carrying out of adequate consultation and sensitization prior to land acquisition exercises, payment of full, fair and prompt compensation to the affected people, promoting conservation agriculture on the mountain slopes, strengthening awareness programmes on the land laws and policies, and improving ordinary people's access to .formal institutions responsible for the provision of justice. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Environment; Indigenous communities; Land acquisition; Tanzania	indigenous population; land use planning; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56949097859	Subpixel monitoring of the seasonal snow cover with MODIS at 250 m spatial resolution in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: Methodology and accuracy assessment	Sirguey P., Mathieu R., Arnaud Y.	2009	Remote Sensing of Environment	113	1	10.1016/j.rse.2008.09.008	School of Surveying, University of Otago. PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; CSIR-NRE Earth Observation Research Group, Building 33, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; IRD-Great Ice, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres cedex, France	Sirguey, P., School of Surveying, University of Otago. PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Mathieu, R., School of Surveying, University of Otago. PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, CSIR-NRE Earth Observation Research Group, Building 33, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Arnaud, Y., IRD-Great Ice, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres cedex, France	This study describes a comprehensive method to produce routinely regional maps of seasonal snow cover in the Southern Alps of New Zealand (upper Waitaki basin) on a subpixel basis, and with the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The method uses an image fusion algorithm to produce snow maps at an improved 250 m spatial resolution in addition to the 500 m resolution snow maps. An iterative approach is used to correct imagery for both atmospheric and topographic effects using daily observations of atmospheric parameters. The computation of ground spectral reflectance enabled the use of image-independent end-members in a constrained linear unmixing technique to achieve a robust estimation of subpixel snow fractions. The accuracy of the snow maps and performance of the algorithm were assessed carefully using eight pairs of synchronic MODIS/ASTER images. 'Pixel-based' metrics showed that subpixel snow fractions were retrieved with a Mean Absolute Error of 6.8% at 250 m spatial resolution and 5.1% after aggregation at 500 m spatial resolution. In addition, a 'feature-based' metric showed that 90% of the snowlines were depicted generally within 300 m and 200 m of their correct position for the 500-m and 250-m spatial resolution snow maps, respectively. A dataset of 679 maps of subpixel snow fraction was produced for the period from February 2000 to May 2007. These repeated observations of the seasonal snow cover will benefit the ongoing effort to model snowmelt runoff in the region and to improve the estimation and management of water resources. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Image fusion; MODIS; Mountainous terrain; Snow; Spectral unmixing; Subpixel snow fraction	Agglomeration; Atmospherics; Conformal mapping; Data fusion; Fusion reactions; Hydraulic models; Image fusion; Maps; Optical projectors; Spectrometers; Water management; Water resources; Accuracy assessments; Atmospheric parameters; Comprehensive methods; End-members; Fusion algorithms; Iterative approaches; Linear unmixing; Mean absolute errors; Moderate resolution imaging spectro radiometers; MODIS; MODIS/ASTER; Mountainous terrain; New zealand; Regional maps; Robust estimations; Seasonal snow covers; Snowmelt runoffs; Spatial resolution.; Spatial resolutions; Spectral reflectances; Spectral unmixing; Sub pixels; Subpixel snow fraction; Topographic effects; Precipitation (meteorology); accuracy assessment; algorithm; alpine environment; environmental monitoring; mapping method; MODIS; pixel; snow cover; spatial resolution; Australasia; New Zealand; South Island; Southern Alps	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919837780	Impact of culture on perceptions of landscape names	Zhang C., Gursoy D., Deng Z., Gao J.	2015	Tourism Geographies	17	1	10.1080/14616688.2014.959991	School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Hospitality Business Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Zhang, C., School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Gursoy, D., School of Hospitality Business Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States, School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Deng, Z., School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Gao, J., School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China	This study examines the impact of culture on landscape-name perceptions of tourists from China, United States, and Europe utilizing both Hofstede's and Hall's cultural typologies. Data for this study were collected from visitors to two national parks in China. Culture is found to have a significant impact on both sub-dimensions of understanding (legibility and coherence) and involvement (mystery and diversity). Findings suggest that tourists from different cultures are likely to interpret landscape names differently. Those from cultures with a high power distance and low individualism would prefer landscape names that are mystical, dreamy, fictive, ingenious, original, and poetic, while those from cultures with a lower power distance and high individualism would prefer names that simply describe the landscape. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	cultural difference; destination branding; destination image; high context vs. low context; landscape naming; landscape perceptions; landscape preferences	culture; landscape; perception; tourist destination; China; Europe; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928103565	The impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) service scale-up on mechanisms of accountability in zambian primary health centres: A case-based health systems analysis	Topp S.M., Black J., Morrow M., Chipukuma J.M., Van Damme W.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-0703-9	Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, United States; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, PO Box 30338, Lusaka, Zambia; Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC, Australia; University of Lusaka, Plot No 37413, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia; Public Health and Health Policy Unit, ITM-Antwerp, Sint-Rochusstraat 2, Antwerpen, Belgium; School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, South Africa	Topp, S.M., Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, United States, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, PO Box 30338, Lusaka, Zambia, Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Black, J., Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Morrow, M., Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Chipukuma, J.M., University of Lusaka, Plot No 37413, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia; Van Damme, W., Public Health and Health Policy Unit, ITM-Antwerp, Sint-Rochusstraat 2, Antwerpen, Belgium, School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, South Africa	Background: Questions about the impact of large donor-funded HIV interventions on low- And middle-income countries' health systems have been the subject of a number of expert commentaries, but comparatively few empirical research studies. Aimed at addressing a particular evidence gap vis-à-vis the influence of HIV service scale-up on micro-level health systems, this article examines the impact of HIV scale-up on mechanisms of accountability in Zambian primary health facilities. Methods: Guided by the Mechanisms of Effect framework and Brinkerhoff's work on accountability, we conducted an in-depth multi-case study to examine how HIV services influenced mechanisms of administrative and social accountability in four Zambian primary health centres. Sites were selected for established (over 3 yrs) antiretroviral therapy (ART) services and urban, peri-urban and rural characteristics. Case data included provider interviews (60); patient interviews (180); direct observation of facility operations (2 wks/centre) and key informant interviews (14). Results: Resource-intensive investment in HIV services contributed to some early gains in administrative answerability within the four ART departments, helping to establish the material capabilities necessary to deliver and monitor service delivery. Simultaneous investment in external supervision and professional development helped to promote transparency around individual and team performance and also strengthened positive work norms in the ART departments. In the wider health centres, however, mechanisms of administrative accountability remained weak, hindered by poor data collection and under capacitated leadership. Substantive gains in social accountability were also elusive as HIV scale-up did little to address deeply rooted information and power asymmetries in the wider facilities. Conclusions: Short terms gains in primary-level service accountability may arise from investment in health system hardware. However, sustained improvements in service quality and responsiveness arising from genuine improvements in social and administrative accountability require greater understanding of, and investment in changing, the power relations, work norms, leadership and disciplinary mechanisms that shape these micro-level health systems. ©2015 Vo et al.	Accountability; Health systems; HIV service scale-up; Primary health centres	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549172109	Assessing the impacts of climate change and land transformation on Banksia in the South West Australian Floristic Region	Yates C.J., McNeill A., Elith J., Midgley G.F.	2010	Diversity and Distributions	16	1	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00623.x	Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Yates, C.J., Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; McNeill, A., Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; Elith, J., School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Midgley, G.F., South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Aim To determine the potential combined effects of climate change and land transformation on the modelled geographic ranges of Banksia. Location Mediterranean climate South West Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR). Methods We used the species distribution modelling software Maxent to relate current environmental conditions to occurrence data for 18 Banksia species, and subsequently made spatial predictions using two simple dispersal scenarios (zero and universal), for three climate-severity scenarios at 2070, taking the impacts of land transformation on species' ranges into account. The species were chosen to reflect the biogeography of Banksia in the SWAFR. Results Climate-severity scenario, dispersal scenario, biogeographic distribution and land transformation all influenced the direction and magnitude of the modelled range change responses for the 18 species. The predominant response of species to all climate change scenarios was range contraction, with exceptions for some northern and widespread species. Including land transformation in estimates of modelled geographic range size for the three climate-severity scenarios generally resulted in smaller gains and larger declines in species ranges across both dispersal scenarios. Including land transformation and assuming zero dispersal resulted, as expected, in the greatest declines in projected range size across all species. Increasing climate change severity greatly increased the risk of decline in the 18 Banksia species, indicating the critical role of mitigating future emissions. Main conclusions The combined effects of climate change and land transformation may have significant adverse impacts on endemic Proteaceae in the SWAFR, especially under high emissions scenarios and if, as expected, natural migration is limiting. Although these results need cautious interpretation in light of the many assumptions underlying the techniques used, the impacts identified warrant a clear focus on monitoring across species ranges to detect early signs of change, and experiments that determine physiological thresholds for species in order to validate and refine the models. © 2009 Western Australian Government.	Biodiversity hotspot; Climate change; Habitat fragmentation; Maxent; Mediterranean-type ecosystem; Species distribution model	biodiversity; climate change; climate effect; dispersal; evergreen tree; floristics; habitat fragmentation; landscape change; physiology; phytogeography; population distribution; range size; software; Australia; Banksia; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857839731	Large herbivore population performance and climate in a South African semi-arid savanna	Seydack A.H., Grant C.C., Smit I.P., Vermeulen W.J., Baard J., Zambatis N.	2012	Koedoe	54	1	10.4102/koedoe.v54i1.1047	Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa; Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa	Seydack, A.H., Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa; Grant, C.C., Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa; Smit, I.P., Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa; Vermeulen, W.J., Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa; Baard, J., Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa; Zambatis, N., Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, South Africa	Long-term population performance trends of eight large herbivore species belonging to groups of disparate foraging styles were studied in the semi-arid savanna of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Over the past century the number of bulk feeders (buffalo, waterbuck, blue wildebeest and plains zebra) had increased towards comparatively high population densities, whereas population numbers of selectively feeding antelope species (sable antelope, roan antelope, tsessebe and eland) declined progressively. Detailed analyses revealed that population numbers of buffalo and waterbuck fluctuated in association with food quantity determined by rainfall. Population performance ratings (1944-2003) of the species for which forage quality was important (blue wildebeest, zebra and selective grazers) were correlated negatively with minimum temperature and positively with dry-season rainfall. Interpretation according to a climate-vegetation response model suggested that acclimation of forage plants to increasing temperature had resulted in temperature-enhanced plant productivity, initially increasing food availability and supporting transient synchronous increases in population abundance of both blue wildebeest and zebra, and selective grazers. As acclimation of plants to concurrently rising minimum (nocturnal) temperature (T min) took effect, adjustments in metabolic functionality occurred involving accelerated growth activity at the cost of storage-based metabolism. Growth-linked nitrogen dilution and reduced carbon-nutrient quality of forage then resulted in phases of subsequently declining herbivore populations. Over the long term (1910-2010), progressive plant functionality shifts towards accelerated metabolic growth rather than storage priority occurred in response to T min rising faster than maximum temperature (T max), thereby cumulatively compromising the carbonnutrient quality of forage, a key resource for selective grazers. The results of analyses thus revealed consistency between herbivore population trends and levels of forage quantity and quality congruent with expected plant metabolic responses to climate effects. Thus, according to the climate-vegetation response model, climate effects were implicated as the ultimate cause of large herbivore population performance in space and over time. Conservation implications: In its broadest sense, the objective of this study was to contribute towards the enhanced understanding of landscape-scale functioning of savanna systems with regard to the interplay between climate, vegetation and herbivore population dynamics. © 2012. The Authors.	None	abundance; foraging behavior; herbivore; population density; population growth; savanna; semiarid region; vegetation; Kruger National Park; South Africa; Connochaetes taurinus; Equus burchellii; Equus subg. Hippotigris; Hippotragus; Kobus ellipsiprymnus; Tragelaphus oryx	None
None	None	Does the spectrum model accurately predict trends in adult mortality? Evaluation of model estimates using empirical data from a rural HIV community cohort study in north-western Tanzania	Michael D., Kanjala C., Calvert C., Pretorius C., Wringe A., Todd J., Mtenga B., Isingo R., Zaba B., Urassa M.	2014	Global Health Action	7	1	10.3402/gha.v7.21783	Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States	Michael, D., Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kanjala, C., Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Calvert, C., Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Pretorius, C., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Wringe, A., Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Todd, J., Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Mtenga, B., Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Isingo, R., Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zaba, B., Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Urassa, M., Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom	Introduction: Spectrum epidemiological models are used by UNAIDS to provide global, regional and national HIV estimates and projections, which are then used for evidence-based health planning for HIV services. However, there are no validations of the Spectrum model against empirical serological and mortality data from populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Serologic, demographic and verbal autopsy data have been regularly collected among over 30,000 residents in north-western Tanzania since 1994. Five-year age-specific mortality rates (ASMRs) per 1,000 person years and the probability of dying between 15 and 60 years of age (45Q15,) were calculated and compared with the Spectrum model outputs. Mortality trends by HIV status are shown for periods before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (1994-1999, 2000-2005) and the first 5 years afterwards (2005-2009). Results: Among 30-34 year olds of both sexes, observed ASMRs per 1,000 person years were 13.33 (95% CI: 10.75-16.52) in the period 1994-1999, 11.03 (95% CI: 8.84-13.77) in 2000-2004, and 6.22 (95% CI; 4.75- 8.15) in 2005-2009. Among the same age group, the ASMRs estimated by the Spectrum model were 10.55, 11.13 and 8.15 for the periods 1994-1999, 2000-2004 and 2005-2009, respectively. The cohort data, for both sexes combined, showed that the 45Q15 declined from 39% (95% CI: 27-55%) in 1994 to 22% (95% CI: 17- 29%) in 2009, whereas the Spectrum model predicted a decline from 43% in 1994 to 37% in 2009. Conclusion: From 1994 to 2009, the observed decrease in ASMRs was steeper in younger age groups than that predicted by the Spectrum model, perhaps because the Spectrum model under-estimated the ASMRs in 30-34 year olds in 1994-99. However, the Spectrum model predicted a greater decrease in 45Q15 mortality than observed in the cohort, although the reasons for this over-estimate are unclear. © 2014 Denna Michael et al.	Adult mortality; Cohort; HIV; Spectrum model	adolescent; adult; adult mortality; age; article; cohort; cohort analysis; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; mortality; retracted article; rural population; Spectrum model; statistical model; statistics; Tanzania; young adult; adult mortality; cohort; HIV; Spectrum model; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Mortality; Rural Population; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29444446963	Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Cleome viscosa and Gmelina asiatica	Sudhakar M., Rao Ch.V., Rao P.M., Raju D.B.	2006	Fitoterapia	77	1	10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.003	Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India; National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001 U.P., India; Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia	Sudhakar, M., Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India; Rao, Ch.V., National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001 U.P., India; Rao, P.M., Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia; Raju, D.B., Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202 A.P., India	The ethanolic extracts of the leaves and flowers of Cleome viscosa and roots of Gmelina asiatica were tested for antimicrobial activity. The two plants exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, particularly significative against Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaf extract of C. viscosa showed moderate activity against pathogenic fungi. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antimicrobial activity; Cleome viscosa; Gmelina asiatica	cleome viscosa extract; Gmelina asiatica extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antifungal activity; antimicrobial activity; article; Cleome; cleome viscosa; controlled study; drug activity; drug screening; Escherichia coli; flower; Gmelina asiatica; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; priority journal; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Verbenaceae; Anti-Infective Agents; Aspergillus niger; Bacillus subtilis; Candida albicans; Cleome; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Flowers; Lamiaceae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhizopus; Staphylococcus aureus; Cleome; Cleome viscosa; Escherichia coli; Fungi; Gmelina asiatica; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Verbenaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952343117	The impact of private label brands on customer loyalty and product category profitability	Pepe M.S., Abratt R., Dion P.	2011	Journal of Product and Brand Management	20	1	10.1108/10610421111107996	Siena College, Ballston Lake, NY, United States; Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States; Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Weis School of Business, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, United States	Pepe, M.S., Siena College, Ballston Lake, NY, United States; Abratt, R., Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States, Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dion, P., Weis School of Business, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, United States	Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of private label resources possessed by a supermarket retailer on the shopping behavior of loyal customers. The study examines whether or not private label products can help in the overall enhancement of product category performance. Design/methodology/approach: The paper examines the performance of a supermarket retailer in the Northeast United States that operates over 100 stores and generates a total yearly sales volume in excess of $3 billion. Data obtained from the Supermarket's point of sale information were used. The paper then developed a research model from the literature review and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data. Findings: The findings show that overall dollars spent by loyal customers significantly impacted overall profitability. Research limitations/implications: The data collected pertained to the supermarket's grocery department that is comprised of center store dry grocery products, frozen food products, and refrigerated dairy products. Perishable departments such as deli, seafood, meat, bakery, floral, general merchandise, health and beauty care, etc. were not researched in this study. Also, data obtained were from one individual supermarket chain. Practical implications: Although private label products may represent increased profitability for retailers, consumers prefer a full assortment of merchandise; an over emphasis on private label brands may result in diminishing category performance. Originality/value: The paper examines the performance of a supermarket retailer in the Northeast United States that operates over 100 stores and generates a total yearly sales volume in excess of $3 billion. The use of scanner data has value as it measures actual shopping behavior. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Brands; Customer loyalty; Labelling; Profits; Retailing; United States of America	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878690444	Participatory evaluation of adaptability and morpho-agronomic performance of released and on pipeline high land maize technologies	Ayalneh T., Tesfaye L., Abinasa M., Amare B.	2013	International Journal of Agricultural Research	8	1	10.3923/ijar.2013.49.54	Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia	Ayalneh, T., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, L., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Abinasa, M., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Amare, B., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia	Adaptability and agronomic performance test across environments are important in plant breeding. The current study was conducted with the objective to generate information on adaptability and morpho-agronomic performance of maize genotypes through participatory breeding. The experiment were conducted using released and on pipeline maize genotypes with one local check in six different environments (Shanaka, Agarfa, Shallo, Hissu, Gassera and Sinana) in 2005 and 2006 main season. From the two years pooled mean grain yield performance, BH-660 (8.3 ton ha-1) and BH-670 (7.6 ton ha-1) gave, relatively the highest yield, ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively in both years while Kuleni gave the lowest yield and ranked least in both years. The analysis of variance of mean grain yield (ton ha-1) of seven varieties and one local check tested in six environments showed that 39.0, 40.2 and 20.8% of the total sum of squares were attributed to environment, genotype and genotype X environment interaction effects, respectively. From the AMMI analysis results, the lowest Principal Components Analysis-1 (PCA1) scores were observed in genotype G4 (0.03), followed by G1 (0.10) and G2 (0.12) but in case of Interaction Principal Components Analysis-2 (IPCA2) the lowest score showed by G6 (0.13), followed by G5 (0.17) and G8 (0.31). In general, the study showed the importance of participatory plant breeding, genotype adaptation test across environment and the effects of environments. © 2013 Academic Journals Inc.	Adaptability; Additive main effect and multiplication interaction; Environment; Genotypes; Interaction; Maize	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951842460	The anthropometric vault item performance determinants of young female gymnasts [Die antropometriese sprongitem-prestasiedeterminante Van Jong dogtergimnaste]	Bester A., Coetzee B.	2009	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	31	1	None	Skool Vir Biokinetika, Rekreasie en Sportwetenskap, Noordwes-Universiteit, Bussie 494, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Bester, A., Skool Vir Biokinetika, Rekreasie en Sportwetenskap, Noordwes-Universiteit, Bussie 494, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Coetzee, B., Skool Vir Biokinetika, Rekreasie en Sportwetenskap, Noordwes-Universiteit, Bussie 494, Potchefstroom, South Africa	The purposes of this study were firstly to determine the anthropometric variables that differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) between successful and less successful young, South-African (SA), female gymnasts in the vault item and secondly, to determine the anthropometric variables that contribute to the performance of young SA female gymnasts in the vault item. Twelve young, female gymnasts (13.39 ± 2.14 years) from a gymnastics club in the North-West Province of South Africa participated in this study. Only gymnasts who participated at level 6-9 and junior as well as at the senior Olympic level were selected to participate in this study. Sixty-one anthropometric variables were measured on the dominant side of the body according to the methods of Norton et al. (1996). Independent t-tests and effect sizes revealed that the gymnasts who obtained the highest points (top 5) during the execution of the vault item during the South African Gymnastics Championships had statistical and practical significantly larger relaxed and flexed upper arm, wrist and ankle circumferences as well as higher mesomorphy values than the less successful gymnasts. The cluster analysis-reduced variables were used to perform a forward, stepwise multiple regression analysis, which showed that flexed upper arm circumference (53.93%), midstillion dactillion length (12.38%), foot length (11.50%), fat percentage (8.93%), trochanterion-tibial lateral length (5.77%), chest circumference (3.69%), ectomorphy (1.96%), bideltoied breadth (1.54%), triceps skinfold (0.23%) and iliospinal box height (0.07%) contributed 100% to the variance in gymnasts' vault performances. Therefore the conclusion that can be drawn is that larger upper arm and upper body circumferences; hand, foot, upper leg and total leg lengths; triceps skinfold and fat percentage as well as a higher ectomorphy value are important anthropometric vaulting performance determinants for young, South African, female gymnasts and should be included in the sport-scientific testing protocols of gymnasts.	Anthropometry; Female; Girls; Gymnastics; Performance; Vault	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951800779	China's impact on South African trade and inflation	Rangasamy L., Swanepoel J.A.	2011	Development Southern Africa	28	1	10.1080/0376835X.2011.545175	South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria, and Graduate School of Business, University of the North-West, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa; Economist, Research Department logan, South Africa	Rangasamy, L., South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria, and Graduate School of Business, University of the North-West, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa, Economist, Research Department logan, South Africa; Swanepoel, J.A., South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria, and Graduate School of Business, University of the North-West, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa	There has been much controversy about the impact of Chinese growth on the rest of the world. It is generally accepted that China has a dampening effect on global inflation through the supply of cheap products. On the other hand, imports from China could displace domestic production and hence have adverse effects on economic growth and employment. Thus, the question of whether a country benefits from trading with China is a country-specific issue. The results in this paper indicate that limited short-term costs have resulted from the strengthening of trade relations between South Africa and China. As far as inflation is concerned, the paper does not find convincing empirical evidence at the aggregate level for inflation in China leading to domestic price changes. At the disaggregate level, however, there appear to be stronger sector-specific linkages between prices in China and South Africa. ©2011 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	China; Inflation; Prices; South africa; Trade	economic growth; employment; inflation; international trade; trade flow; trade performance; trade relations; China; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880107907	Supplementation of meal concentrate on growth and subsequent reproductive performances of Woyto-Guji goats	Berhanu T., Thiengtham J., Tudsri S., Abebe G., Prasanpanich S.	2013	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	47	1	None	Southern Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 06, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Agronomy, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Animal and Range Science, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Berhanu, T., Southern Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 06, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Thiengtham, J., Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Tudsri, S., Department of Agronomy, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Abebe, G., Department of Animal and Range Science, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Prasanpanich, S., Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	The growth and subsequent reproductive performance of Woyto-Guji goats was evaluated under varying levels of meal concentrate supplementation in the hot to warm semiarid environments of southwestern Ethiopia. Forty five primiparous Woyto-Guji goats aged 14.3 ± 0.49 mth, with 15.0 ± 2.9 kg mean bodyweight (BW) and mean body condition score (BCS) of 2.9 ± 0.05 were allotted in a completely randomized design to three treatment groups-no concentrate (T0, control), 200 g per goat daily (T1) and 400 g per goat daily (T2). Concentrate was fed for 90 d before mating and during the last 2 mth of pregnancy. Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana) was fed ad libitum to all goats. Supplementation significantly increased the feed intake, BW and BCS of the goats. The final average BW observed was 15.0, 18.1 and 20.2 kg and average daily gain (ADG) values were 2.7, 33.5 and 54.7 g.d-1 for the T20, T1 and T2 treatment groups, respectively. The supplemented groups mated and kidded earlier (within 4 and 3 d, respectively, from the first mating and kidding of goats) compared to the control (mated and kidded within 12 and 10 d, respectively, from the first mating and kidding of goats). Compared to the control, the pregnancy rate and kidding rate of goats were improved by 17% (T1) and 29% (T2) and by 71% (T1) and 83% (T2), respectively. The concentrate supplement may offer benefits in promoting growth, pregnancy, kidding rates and early mating and kidding of Woyto-Guji goats before the subsequent hot dry season of southwestern Ethiopia.	Growth; Reproduction; Supplementation; Woyto-Guji goats	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869465291	Athletic performance and risk of injury: Can genes explain all?	Tucker R., Collins M.	2012	Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine	17	1	None	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa	Tucker, R., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, South Africa, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Collins, M., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, South Africa, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa	Sporting success is the result of the combination of innumerable genetic and environmental factors, and there is no single path to becoming a champion athlete. Susceptibility to injuries is also a multifactorial phenotype and is a less acknowledged contributor in determining elite athletic ability. The relative importance of deliberate practice, other environmental factors, and genetic factors in molding champions is a constant area of debate. We review two models, the "Practice Sufficiency" and "Genetic Ceiling" models that explain expert performance development and injury risk. We conclude that although the deliberate training and other environmental factors are critical for achieving elite performance, the "Practice Sufficiency Model" does not adequately explain performance. The "Genetic Ceiling Model," on the other hand, acknowledges both nurture and nature and is a more accurate theory. © 2012 LLS SAS.	Elite athlete; Musculoskeletal; Nature; Nurture; Polymorphism; Training	article; athletic performance; genetic association; genetic ceiling model; genetic model; genetic trait; genetic variability; heritability; human; practice sufficiency model; skill; sport injury; training	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36348978770	Effect of substrate to piezoceramic layer thickness ratio on the performance of a C-shape piezoelectric actuator	Mtawa A.N., Sun B., Gryzagoridis J.	2008	Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical	141	1	10.1016/j.sna.2007.07.031	Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	Mtawa, A.N., Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Sun, B., Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Gryzagoridis, J., Smart Devices, Structures and MEMS Research Group and Laboratory, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa	This paper is focused on the influence of the thickness ratio between substrate and piezoceramic layers on the displacement and force output of a C-shape actuator. The ratio of substrate/PZT layers thickness is one of the parameters that can be used for the optimization of performance of a C-shape actuator. Experimental and Finite Element software (MSC Marc) was used for validation of the theoretical results. The results show that with a fixed piezoceramic layer thickness, the thickness, hence the stiffness of the substrate layer can be varied to obtain a range of values of displacement and force. With increasing thickness of substrate, the free displacement reaches a maximum value after which it decreases. The possible causes for this behaviour are discussed. This information is a useful guide to designers enabling the selection of appropriate material and geometry for a C-shape actuator, depending on whether the primary requirement is large force or large displacement. The information is also useful when deciding on the required number of individual C-shape actuators in series or parallel. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	C-shape actuator; Curved actuator; Lightweight actuator; Piezocomposite actuator; Piezoelectric actuator	Computer software; Finite element method; Optimization; Piezoelectric actuators; Thickness measurement; Curved actuators; Lightweight actuators; Piezoceramic layers; Piezocomposite actuators; Piezoelectric ceramics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052764350	Protected area performance and tourism in Ghana	Jachmann H., Blanc J., Nateg C., Balangtaa C., Debrah E., Damma F., Atta-Kusi E., Kipo A.	2011	South African Journal of Wildlife Research	41	1	10.3957/056.041.0112	SNV-Ghana, Airport Residential, KIA Accra, Mankata Close 6, Ghana; P.O. Box 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, PO. Box M239, Accra, Ghana	Jachmann, H., SNV-Ghana, Airport Residential, KIA Accra, Mankata Close 6, Ghana; Blanc, J., P.O. Box 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Nateg, C., Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, PO. Box M239, Accra, Ghana; Balangtaa, C., Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, PO. Box M239, Accra, Ghana; Debrah, E., Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, PO. Box M239, Accra, Ghana; Damma, F., Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, PO. Box M239, Accra, Ghana; Atta-Kusi, E., Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, PO. Box M239, Accra, Ghana; Kipo, A., Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, PO. Box M239, Accra, Ghana	Performance and adaptive management systems were introduced in all protected areas in Ghana to stop the decline in wildlife and the further loss of biodiversity. The competitive management system resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of wildlife at seven sites where the system had been in operation for 4 years (2004-2008). We examined the relationships between wildlife-based tourism and park management, and key factors that may influence tourism. First, we scrutinized the relationship between the relative abundance of illegal activity and numbers of visitors, the relative abundance of wildlife, and road network. Poaching declined with increasing numbers of tourists that acted as a deterrent, whereas poaching increased with a higher relative abundance of wildlife. Second, we examined the relationship between the numbers of visitors and the relative abundance of wildlife, species richness, distances from Accra, regional capitals and the nearest hotel; the road network on site, and the numbers of alternative tourist attractions. Increasing numbers of alternative tourist attractions, and shorter distances to the nearest hotel attracted higher numbers of visitors. An important additional factor that influenced the flow of tourists to protected areas was the presence of unique site attractions.	performance and adaptive management systems; poaching; protected areas; tourists	adaptive management; biodiversity; ecotourism; park management; poaching; population decline; protected area; relative abundance; species richness; tourist attraction; wild population; wildlife management; Accra; Ghana; Greater Accra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916939044	Impact of Varroa destructor on honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) colony development in South Africa	Strauss U., Pirk C.W.W., Crewe R.M., Human H., Dietemann V.	2015	Experimental and Applied Acarology	65	1	10.1007/s10493-014-9842-7	Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Research Station, Bern, Switzerland	Strauss, U., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Pirk, C.W.W., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Crewe, R.M., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Human, H., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Dietemann, V., Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Research Station, Bern, Switzerland	The devastating effects of Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman on European honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) have been well documented. Not only do these mites cause physical damage to parasitised individuals when they feed on them, they also transmit viruses and other pathogens, weaken colonies and can ultimately cause their death. Nevertheless, not all honeybee colonies are doomed once Varroa mites become established. Some populations, such as the savannah honeybee, A. m. scutellata, have become tolerant after the introduction of the parasite and are able to withstand the presence of these mites without the need for acaricides. In this study, we measured daily Varroa mite fall, Varroa infestation rates of adult honeybees and worker brood, and total Varroa population size in acaricide treated and untreated honeybee colonies. In addition, honeybee colony development was compared between these groups in order to measure the cost incurred by Varroa mites to their hosts. Daily Varroa mite fall decreased over the experimental period with different dynamics in treated and untreated colonies. Varroa infestation rates in treated adult honeybees and brood were lower than in untreated colonies, but not significantly so. Thus, indicating a minimal benefit of treatment thereby suggesting that A. m. scutellata have the ability to maintain mite populations at low levels. We obtained baseline data on Varroa population dynamics in a tolerant honeybee over the winter period. Varroa mites appeared to have a low impact on this honeybee population, given that colony development was similar in the treated and untreated colonies. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Apis mellifera scutellata; Honeybee; Infestation; Mite; Tolerance; Varroa destructor	Acari; Apis mellifera; Apis mellifera scutellata; Varroa; Varroa destructor; acaricide; animal; bee; drug effects; growth, development and aging; parasitology; physiology; season; South Africa; time; Varroidae; Acaricides; Animals; Bees; Seasons; South Africa; Time Factors; Varroidae	NRF, National Research Foundation of Korea; UP, National Research Foundation of Korea
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947168167	The impact of neighbourhood-level factors on children's everyday lives, well-being and identity: A qualitative study of children living in Ocean View, Cape Town	Moses S.	2006	Social Dynamics	32	1	10.1080/02533950608628721	Social Surveys Unit (SSU), Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Moses, S., Social Surveys Unit (SSU), Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Drawing on qualitative data generated overfifteen months by children aged six to eighteen, this article explores the ways in which neighbourhood and community spaces of Ocean View impact on the lives of children living there. The article draws particular attention to the way in which the legacy of Ocean View's particular socio-political history continues to impact on children, through the interaction of physical, social and economic features which limit their everyday lives to the spaces and people within Ocean View. This affects children's access to resources, hampers integration, and impacts on their self and collective-efficacy. Children's individual preferences, skills and personalities are shown to affect how they cope with difficulties and respond to available opportunities and supports. The article draws attention to how children generate their social environment and attach meaning to physical spaces around them, emphasising the variety and creativity of the tactics they employ to negotiate their everyday environments. Finally the article argues that by failing to recognise the specific and dynamic processes in which children's social networks are embedded, traditional approaches to understanding neighbourhood effects(such as social capital and social disorganisation theories) over-simplify and over-generalise the operation of social dynamics. I argue for moving away from focussing on the impact of discrete neighbourhood features to a focus on the environmental processes that benefit children. This requires a broader approach to researching 'neighbourhood effects' which encompasses children's perceptions and agency, internal and external power dynamics, and the interaction of socio-political, physical, and economic aspects of children's environments.	None	None	None
None	None	Early performance of Azadirachta indica provenances at Mkundi and Chamwino, Tanzania	Mugasha A.G., Chamshama S.A.O., Singo K.I., Mgangamundo M.A.	2005	Journal of Tropical Forest Science	17	1	None	Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; National Tree Seed Programme, P.O. Box 373, Morogoro, Tanzania	Mugasha, A.G., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chamshama, S.A.O., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Singo, K.I., National Tree Seed Programme, P.O. Box 373, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mgangamundo, M.A., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Fac. of Forest. and Nat. Conserv., Department of Forest Biology, P.O. Box 3010, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Two trials to evaluate the performance of 20 provenances and one land race of Azadiracnia indica A. Juss (neem) from 10 countries were established in January 1996 at two contrasting sites in Tanzania. Assessments were carried out at the ages of 17 and 53 months after field planting. Both assessments involved survival, root-collar diameter (RCD) and height while branch number, leaf mass, foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and contents were assessed at 17 months only. At all assessment occasions except for survival, significant (p < 0.05) variation among the provenances was detected for the tested parameters. Overall, the Ban Nong (Thailand), Vietianne (Vietnam), Ban Bo (Thailand), Ramanaguda (India) and Doi Tao (Thailand) were the best performing provenances for Chamwino site while for Mkundi site, the best performers were Doi Tao (Thailand), Ban Bo (Thailand), Ban Nong (Thailand), Ghaati (India) and Vietianne (Vietnam) provenances. These provenances should be used as seed sources and for the establishment of pilot plantations in the respective sites and other areas with similar environmental conditions.	Genetic variation; Nutrient content; Root-collar diameter; Survival	Agriculture; Diseases; Environmental engineering; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Plants (botany); Sawdust; Timber; Foliar nitrogen; Genetic variation; Nutrient content; Root-collar diameter (RCD); Forestry; Agriculture; Azadirachta; Forestry; Forests; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sawing; Survival; Azadirachta indica; Azadirachta juss	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897471182	Evaluation of desmodium uncinatum, fagopyrum esculentum and brachiaria humidicola as potential green manure crops for nematode management in sugarcane	Rhodes R., Berry S.D., Ramouthar P.V., Rutherford R.S.	2014	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	31	1	10.1080/02571862.2014.880136	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa; School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Rhodes, R., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa; Berry, S.D., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa; Ramouthar, P.V., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa; Rutherford, R.S., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Plant-parasitic nematodes remain a challenge to sugarcane growers in South Africa, and alternatives to chemical control are desirable. This project aimed to determine the impact of green manure crops Desmodium uncinatum, Fagopyrum esculentum and Brachiaria humidicola on nematodes and subsequent sugarcane yield. A pot trial examined the growth of these crops and their effect on plant-parasitic nematodes and subsequent sugarcane growth. Brachiaria produced the greatest biomass (to the detriment of the succeeding sugarcane crop) and significantly reduced the numbers of Pratylenchus nematodes in soil and roots. In a subsequent field trial, plots were planted to these same three green manure crops, with control plots either planted to sugarcane or left as a bare fallow. Four months later, sugarcane was replanted over the whole area. There were no significant differences between treatments in sugarcane growth or yield after growing these crops, and changes in selected nematode genera at different stages during the crop cycle were inconsistent across nematode genera and treatment. Further work is needed to investigate the nematode control potential of these crops before the system can be adopted at the field scale. © 2014 © Southern African Plant and Soil Sciences Committee.	brachiaria; buckwheat; desmodium; nematodes; sugarcane	biomass; chemical control; cover crop; fallow; growth rate; host-parasite interaction; manure; nematode; pest control; sugar cane; yield; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33748526514	The influence of catalyst layer morphology on the electrochemical performance of DMFC anode	Wang Z., Liu Y., Linkov V.M.	2006	Journal of Power Sources	160	1	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.056	South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Wang, Z., South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Liu, Y., South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, V.M., South Africa Institute for Advanced Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	The anodes with different morphology for DMFC were prepared, and the influences of the microstructure of anode catalyst layer on their electrochemical performance were investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and electrochemical methods, respectively. The surface morphology of catalyst layer was observed by SEM, and the elements dispersion status and its distribution of activity intensity on electrode catalyst layer were mapped by PIXE and SECM, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and anode polarization experiment were employed to analyze the electrochemical properties of anode. The results reveal that the anode with a relative smooth surface of catalyst layer and less cracks shows good interfacial properties and the lower resistance on the electrode reaction of methanol, and its maximum power of MEA as a single cell was about 178 mW cm-2 at 70 °C. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Catalyst; DMFC; EIS; SECM	Anodes; Electrochemistry; Fuel cells; Scanning electron microscopy; Spectroscopy; X ray analysis; DMFC; Electrode reaction; Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM); Catalysts	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881290608	Will woody plant encroachment impact the visitor experience and economy of conservation areas?	Gray E.F., Bond W.J.	2013	Koedoe	55	1	10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1106	South African Environmental Observation Network Fynbos Node, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Gray, E.F., South African Environmental Observation Network Fynbos Node, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Bond, W.J., Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Woody plant encroachment into savannas is a globally prevalent phenomenon and impacts ecosystem goods and services such as biodiversity, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, grazing and hydrology. The direct ecological and economic consequences for rangelands have been fairly well studied, but, to our knowledge, the economic impact on conservation efforts has not been investigated. African savannas are important as conservation areas because they support large numbers of the world's remaining megafauna. This study used visitor surveys and long-term mammal distribution data to investigate how an increase in tree density might affect the visibility of animals in a conservation area, which could reduce the satisfaction of visitors to the area. We found that apparent herd sizes and density of animals were much reduced in woody areas, suggesting that visibility is negatively impacted. Visitor surveys determined that a large fraction (almost half) of potential future visitors to the park may be lost if animals became more difficult to see and that the majority of these would be the higherspending visitors. Responses differed depending on the origin of visitors, with international visitors being more interested in seeing animals, whilst local visitors were more content with just being away from the city. The results suggest that woody plant encroachment may have significant impacts on visitor numbers to savanna conservation areas, whilst animal numbers and densities may also be significantly impacted. Conservation implications: The results pointed to potentially significant economic consequences for conservation efforts as visitors become less satisfied with their experience. Perceptions of visitors are important for management decisions as park fees contribute significantly to conservation efforts. This could ultimately result in a reduced capacity for African conservation areas to conserve their biodiversity effectively. The results suggest that management may need to re-evaluate their approach to controlling woody plant encroachment. © 2013. The Authors.	None	biodiversity; economic impact; ecosystem service; fauna; nature conservation; rangeland; savanna; woody plant; Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958518519	Evaluation of selected South African ethnomedicinal plants as mosquito repellents against the Anopheles arabiensis mosquito in a rodent model	Maharaj R., Maharaj V., Crouch N.R., Bhagwandin N., Folb P.I., Pillay P., Gayaram R.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-301	South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa; Biosciences, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; South African National Biodiversity Institute, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea Road 4007, Durban 4041, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Maharaj, R., South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa; Maharaj, V., Biosciences, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Crouch, N.R., South African National Biodiversity Institute, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea Road 4007, Durban 4041, South Africa; Bhagwandin, N., South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Folb, P.I., South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Pillay, P., Biosciences, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Gayaram, R., South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa	Background. This study was initiated to establish whether any South African ethnomedicinal plants (indigenous or exotic), that have been reported to be used traditionally to repel or kill mosquitoes, exhibit effective mosquito repellent properties. Methods. Extracts of a selection of South African taxa were tested for repellency properties in an applicable mosquito feeding-probing assay using unfed female Anopheles arabiensis. Results. Although a water extract of the roots of Chenopodium opulifolium was found to be 97% as effective as DEET after 2 mins, time lag studies revealed a substantial reduction in efficacy (to 30%) within two hours. Conclusions. None of the plant extracts investigated exhibited residual repellencies >60% after three hours. © 2010 Maharaj et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Alepidea amatymbica extract; Aloe ferox extract; Aloe greatheadii extract; Artemisia absinthium extract; Bidens pilosa extract; celery extract; Chenopodium ambrosioides extract; Chenopodium opulifolium extract; Chromolaena odorata extract; Croton pseudopulchellus extract; Dichrostachys cinerea extract; diethyltoluamide; Eclipta prostrata extract; essential oil; ginger extract; insect repellent; Leucas martinicensis extract; Litogyne gariepina extract; lonchocarpus capassa extract; Melia azedarach extract; Mentha longifolia extract; Moschosma polystachyum extract; Mundulea sericea extract; Nuxia floribunda extract; Philenoptera violacea extract; plant extract; Plectranthus laxiflorus extract; Rosmarinus officinalis extract; Spirostachys africana extract; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; insect repellent; Alepidea amatymbica; Aloe ferox; Aloe greatheadii; Anopheles arabiensis; Artemisia absinthium; article; Bidens pilosa; celery; Chenopodium ambrosioides; Chenopodium opulifolium; Chromolaena odorata; Croton pseudopulchellus; Dichrostachys cinerea; drug activity; drug efficacy; Eclipta prostrata; feeding; ginger; Leucas martinicensis; Litogyne gariepina; Lonchocarpus capassa; medicinal plant; Mentha longifolia; Moschosma polystachyum; mosquito; Mundulea sericea; nonhuman; Nuxia floribunda; Philenoptera violacea; Plectranthus laxiflorus; rosemary; Sida cordifolia; South Africa; Spirostachys africana; traditional medicine; treatment duration; animal; Anopheles; chemistry; drug effect; feeding behavior; female; goosefoot; isolation and purification; Murinae; plant; plant root; Animals; Anopheles; Chenopodium; Feeding Behavior; Female; Insect Repellents; Murinae; Plant Roots; Plants; Plants, Medicinal; South Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000341887000001	Evaluation of record linkage of mortality data between a health and demographic surveillance system and national civil registration system in South Africa	Bradshaw, Debbie,Gomez-Olive, Francesc Xavier,Joubert, Jane D.,Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa W.,Kahn, Kathleen,Lopez, Alan D.,Mee, Paul,Rao, Chalapati,Tollman, Stephen,Tuoane-Nkhasi, Maletela,Vos, Theo	2014	POPULATION HEALTH METRICS	13	1	10.1186/s12963-014-0023-z	South African Medical Research Council, Umea University, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland, University of Washington, University of Washington Seattle, University of Witwatersrand, INDEPTH Network, Stat South Africa	"Bradshaw, Debbie: South African Medical Research Council","Gomez-Olive, Francesc Xavier: University of Witwatersrand","Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa W.: University of Witwatersrand","Lopez, Alan D.: University of Melbourne","Rao, Chalapati: University of Queensland","Vos, Theo: University of Washington","Vos, Theo: University of Washington Seattle",	Background: Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) collect independent mortality data that could be used for assessing the quality of mortality data in national civil registration (CR) systems in low- and middle-income countries. However, the use of HDSS data for such purposes depends on the quality of record linkage between the two data sources. We describe and evaluate the quality of record linkage between HDSS and CR mortality data in South Africa with HDSS data from Agincourt HDSS. Methods: We applied deterministic and probabilistic record linkage approaches to mortality records from 2006 to 2009 from the Agincourt HDSS and those in the CR system. Quality of the matches generated by the probabilistic approach was evaluated using sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) calculated from a subset of records that were linked using national identity number. Matched and unmatched records from the Agincourt HDSS were compared to identify characteristics associated with successful matching. In addition, the distribution of background characteristics in all deaths that occurred in 2009 and those linked to CR records was compared to assess systematic bias in the resulting record-linked dataset in the latest time period. Results: Deterministic and probabilistic record linkage approaches combined linked a total of 2264 out of 3726 (60.8%) mortality records from the Agincourt HDSS to those in the CR system. Probabilistic approaches independently linked 1969 (87.0%) of the linked records. In a subset of 708 records that were linked using national identity number, the probabilistic approaches yielded sensitivity of 90.0% and PPV of 98.5%. Records belonging to more vulnerable people, including poorer persons, young children, and non-South Africans were less likely to be matched. Nevertheless, distribution of most background characteristics was similar between all Agincourt HDSS deaths and those matched to CR records in the latest time period. Conclusion: This study shows that record linkage of mortality data from HDSS and CR systems is possible and can be useful in South Africa. The study identifies predictors for death registration and data items and registration system characteristics that could be improved to achieve more optimal future matching possibilities.	"Agincourt HDSS","Civil registration system","death registration","Health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS)",MORTALITY,"RECORD LINKAGE","SOUTH AFRICA","AGINCOURT HEALTH",CARE,DEATH,DISEASE,EPIDEMIOLOGY,"GLOBAL BURDEN",IDENTIFIERS,POPULATION,VALID	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651482518	Impacts of urbanization in a biodiversity hotspot: Conservation challenges in Metropolitan Cape Town	Rebelo A.G., Holmes P.M., Dorse C., Wood J.	2011	South African Journal of Botany	77	1	10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.006	South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch, Cape Town 7735, South Africa; Biodiversity Management Branch, Environmental Resource Management Department, PO Box 11, Maitland Abattoir Buldg., Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7405, South Africa	Rebelo, A.G., South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch, Cape Town 7735, South Africa; Holmes, P.M., Biodiversity Management Branch, Environmental Resource Management Department, PO Box 11, Maitland Abattoir Buldg., Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7405, South Africa; Dorse, C., Biodiversity Management Branch, Environmental Resource Management Department, PO Box 11, Maitland Abattoir Buldg., Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7405, South Africa; Wood, J., Biodiversity Management Branch, Environmental Resource Management Department, PO Box 11, Maitland Abattoir Buldg., Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7405, South Africa	The City of Cape Town (City) covers 2460km2 in the southwestern corner of the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot. Established in 1654, by 1700 there were no animals larger than 50kg within 200km of the City. However, apart from an appreciation that timber and firewood were becoming scarce, it was only in the 1930s that the first farm near Cape Point was set aside for conservation. Table Mountain was declared a National Monument in 1958, while it was largely covered by pine and gum plantations. Conservation of the montane areas thereafter expanded, whereas the lowlands were largely ignored, except for a few bird sanctuaries. Only in 1982 was the plight of the lowlands highlighted. Although ad hoc conservation planning was undertaken subsequently, 1997 saw the first priority categorization and conservation plan. The current situation is perilous: a huge effort will be required to meet basic conservation targets for the lowland vegetation types and threatened species. Local and international partners and funders will be key to achieving this. In eight of the City's 19 national vegetation types the minimum conservation targets are not achievable. Of the 3250 plant species estimated to occur in the City, 13 are extinct and 319 are threatened according to the IUCN Red List: this is 18% of the threatened Red List species in South Africa. Now for the first time, implementation is being attempted holistically across the metropole with discussion between internal City and external stakeholders to implement the conservation plan. However, the interim plans towards achieving this - that 60% of the unproclaimed target is secured by 2014, requires that over 40km2 be conserved per annum. This leaves 340km2 that should be secured by 2020 when projections from City spatial growth indicate that the last critical remnants will be urbanized. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Conservation planning and implementation; Ecosystem transformation and threats; Lowland fynbos and renosterveld; Red List threatened species	biodiversity; Cape Floristic Region; conservation planning; habitat conservation; holistic approach; hot spot; lowland environment; Red List; stakeholder; urbanization; vegetation type; Cape Town; South Africa; Western Cape; Animalia; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959618835	Evaluation of Themeda triandra as an indicator for monitoring theeffects of grazing and firein the Bontebok National Park	Novellie P., Kraaij T.	2010	Koedoe	52	1	10.4102/koedoe. v52i1.977	South African National Parks, Conservation Services, Pretoria, South Africa; South African National Parks, Scientific Services, Sedgefield, South Africa	Novellie, P., South African National Parks, Conservation Services, Pretoria, South Africa; Kraaij, T., South African National Parks, Scientific Services, Sedgefield, South Africa	Up until 2004, the burning regime applied in the Bontebok National Park was aimed at maintaining grazing conditions suitable for bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus pygargus). It was, however, not suitable for maintaining plant species diversity, an increasingly urgent conservation priority for the park. Accordingly, the burning regime was changed in 2004 to increase the interval between fires. A possible unintended outcome of the new burning regime is the spread of grazing lawns which is likely to be deleterious for maintaining the diversity of rare plants. Red grass, Themeda triandra, a species often locally abundant in areas preferred by bontebok, is potentially a good indicator of the anticipated change because, although it persists with moderate grazing, it is sensitive to localised intense grazing and will decrease on grazing lawns. To gauge the potential of this indicator, the canopy spread cover, degree of defoliation and inflorescence production of T. triandra was determined at 13 permanently marked sites in November 2005. The results are compared with a survey conducted 20 years previously (October-November 1984 and October-November 1985) using similar methodology. The results suggest that T. triandra remained abundant over the previous 20 years' application of the prior burning regime. In 1984-1985, defoliation of T. triandra was high within 1 year after a fire but declined quickly thereafter. In 2005, the tendency for the defoliation level to decline with increasing time after a fire was still apparent, but it was much less marked than in the previous survey period. A likely cause of this was the fact that Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) and red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama) were present in 2005 but absent in 1984-1985 and these taller-grass grazers would have contributed to the use of the older veld. Provided it is interpreted together with other monitoring programmes, the use of T. triandra cover and defoliation intensity appears promising as an efficient indicator of some of the potentially deleterious outcomes of the interactions between herbivory and the new burning regime. Conservation implications: The conservation objectives of maintaining (1) large mammal herbivory as an ecological process and (2) plant species diversity may be difficult to reconcile with each other in the highly fragmented renosterveld and lowland fynbos ecosystems. This paper explores a rapid approach to monitoring impacts of bontebok and other grazing ungulates. © 2010. The Authors. Licensee.	Defoliation; Fynbos; Grass cover; Heterogeneity; Renosterveld; Threshold of potential concern	bioindicator; defoliation; forest fire; grass; grazing; heterogeneity; nature conservation; plant; species diversity; ungulate; Bontebok National Park; South Africa; Western Cape; Alcelaphus buselaphus; Alcelaphus buselaphus caama; Damaliscus pygargus dorcas; Damaliscus pygargus pygargus; Equus zebra; Equus zebra zebra; Mammalia; Themeda triandra; Ungulata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920937508	Influence of cathode shape on vacuum arc thruster performance and operation	Lun J., Law C.	2015	IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science	43	1	10.1109/TPS.2014.2361439	South African National Space Agency, Hermanus, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lun, J., South African National Space Agency, Hermanus, South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Law, C., School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Vacuum arc thrusters (VATs) are a potentially useful technology for use as microthrusters, given their simplicity, low mass, and low-power requirements. However, further development is still needed to improve and mature their performance and operation. In an effort to improve thruster characteristics, we investigate the use of conically shaped convergent cathode surface profiles in a low-power coaxial VAT design. Experimental measurements of ion current density distribution, thrust, and erosion rate were taken for a range of cathode profiles and materials. Results show that modifying the profile of the cathode face can affect the plasma jet's plume distribution and even improve thrust production in certain cases. One likely cause of the thrust improvement is speculated to be increased charge exchange collisions resulting in a lower average ion charge state of the ejecting plasma. © 1973-2012 IEEE.	Cathode; diagnostics; ion charge state; ion current density distribution (ICDD); microthruster; plasma jet; propulsion; pulsed power; thrust stand; Vacuum arc thruster (VAT).	Cathodes; Charge transfer; Electrodes; Ion exchange; Ions; Plasma diagnostics; Plasma jets; Plasma sources; Propulsion; Vacuum applications; Vacuum technology; Ion charge state; Ion current density; Microthruster; Pulsed-power; Thrust stand; Vacuum arc thruster; Pulsed plasma thrusters	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957468295	Evaluation of contact fungicide spray regimes for control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in southern ethiopia using potato cultivars with different levels of host resistance	Mekonen S., Alemu T., Kassa B., Forbes G.	2011	Tropical Plant Pathology	36	1	10.1590/S1982-56762011000100003	Southern Agricultural Research Institute - SARI, Awassa Research Center, P.O. Box 06, Awassa, Ethiopia; Department of Plant and Horticultural Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Awassa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centro Internacional de la Papa - CIP, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru	Mekonen, S., Southern Agricultural Research Institute - SARI, Awassa Research Center, P.O. Box 06, Awassa, Ethiopia; Alemu, T., Department of Plant and Horticultural Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Awassa, Ethiopia; Kassa, B., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Forbes, G., Centro Internacional de la Papa - CIP, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru	Late blight is an important disease of potato in Ethiopia, causing up to 100% loss in susceptible cultivars. In this study, two putatively resistant cultivars of relatively recent introduction (Jalenie and Gudenie) and a widely grown susceptible cultivar (White Flower) were evaluated for late blight severity and yield under five different contact fungicide (mancozeb) regimes and in unsprayed plots. Trials were carried out at two major potato production locations in southern Ethiopia: Awassa and Kokate, located at 1700 and 2156 meters above sea level, respectively. Greater disease pressure occurred at Awassa but the three cultivars performed consistently based on relative disease severity levels at the two locations. While White Flower was assigned a susceptibility score of 8 (highly susceptible) in both sites, Jalenie had scores between 1 and 0, and Gudenie had scores of 3 and 4, in Awassa and Kokate, respectively. With Jalenie, one application of contact fungicide was sufficient in both trials, while for Gudenie, two sprays appeared more appropriate as little or no gain was clear with three or more sprays. With the susceptible White Flower, four sprays were beneficial but little benefit was evident with the fifth spray. © the Brazilian Phytopathological Society.	Oomycetes; Plant disease control; Reduced fungicide; Resistant varieties; Resource poor farmers	Oomycetes; Phytophthora infestans; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924964442	Impact of remittances on economic growth in Nigeria: Further evidence	Oshota S.O., Badejo A.A.	2015	Economics Bulletin	35	1	None	Southwestern University Nigeria, Okun-Owa, Ogun State, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Oshota, S.O., Southwestern University Nigeria, Okun-Owa, Ogun State, Nigeria; Badejo, A.A., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	This paper investigated the relationship between remittances and economic growth in Nigeria, using an error correction modeling approach for the period 1981 to 2011. Our result revealed that remittances positively impact on the economic growth of Nigeria. We have found that a 1 percent increase in remittances would lead to a 0.19 percent increase in the RGDP in the long run. However, remittances show a significant negative relationship with output in the short run. Also, while foreign aid as an external source of capital can have both short and long term significant influence on economic growth in Nigeria, its counterpart FDI can only exert positive impact on RGDP in the short run. Our result also affirmed the significant positive role of trade in promoting economic growth, suggesting that the more open the economy, the more stimuli it has on RGDP both in short run and long run.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649725936	Evaluation of a recombinant rift valley fever virus subunit nucleocapsid protein as an immunogen in mice and sheep	van Vuren P.J., Tiemessen C.T., Paweska J.T.	2010	Open Vaccine Journal	3	1	10.2174/1875035401003010114	Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cell Biology/AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa	van Vuren, P.J., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tiemessen, C.T., Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Cell Biology/AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Paweska, J.T., Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	The possible role of the most abundant structural protein of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), the nucleocapsid protein (NP), in inducing protective immune responses has only been evaluated preliminarily in mice but not in any natural host species. In this study we demonstrate that a soluble recombinant RVFV subunit NP in combination with adjuvants (ISA50, Alhydrogel, TiterMax Gold or SaponinQ) is highly immunogenic in mice and sheep but the level of clinical protection and virus replication in mice after lethal challenge was dependent on the adjuvant used. Immunization with NP in combination with Alhydrogel conferred 100% protection against morbidity, mortality and viral replication in mice, but sterilizing immunity could not be achieved in sheep with any NP/adjuvant combinations used. Although this is the first study showing that sterilizing immunity can be elicited in mice immunized with a RVFV subunit nucleocapsid protein, our findings seem to suggest that mice might not be the best animal model for studying the protective ability of RVF subunit vaccines. The results of our study also emphasize the importance of adjuvant selection when evaluating subunit RVF vaccines. © 2010 Bentham Open.	Adjuvants; Immunization; Mice; Nucleocapsid; Rift valley fever virus; Sheep	aluminum hydroxide; immunological adjuvant; isa 50; placebo; recombinant protein; recombinant Rift Valley fever virus subunit nucleocapsid protein; saponin q; titermax gold; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; drug dose comparison; drug efficacy; drug megadose; female; immune response; immunogenicity; low drug dose; morbidity; mortality; mouse; nonhuman; passive immunization; priority journal; protection; Rift Valley fever; sheep; survival rate; Vero cell; virus load; virus neutralization; virus replication	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899789616	How serious is the impact of type II diabetes in rural Kenya?	El-Busaidy H., Dawood M., Kasay A., Mwamlole C., Koraya N., Parpia H.	2014	Open Diabetes Journal	7	1	10.2174/1876524601407010001	University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya	El-Busaidy, H., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Dawood, M., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Kasay, A., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwamlole, C., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Koraya, N., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya; Parpia, H., University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya	Over 50% of all adult hospital admissions and 55% of hospital deaths in Kenya are non-communicable, of which diabetes is among the leading. We aimed to describe the impact of type II diabetes at a rural community in Kenya. 200 healthy adult patients underwent random blood sucrose (RBS) testing after ethical approval by the Isiolo County Hospital. Diabetes was defined as RBS ≥11.1 mmol/l. A thorough history, physical examination and dipstick urinalysis for urine protein was done to identify risk factors and/or evidence of end organ damage. 32 patients (16%) had RBS ≥11.1 mmol/l. 12 patients (37.5%) never knew they were diabetic and those who knew 63% were not taking any medication. The most common risk factors were high fat diet (59.4%), sedentary lifestyle (46.8%) and family history of diabetes in first degree relative (37.5%). 43.7% of patients (n=14) had abdominal obesity while 21.9% (n=7) had various foot abnormalities. 8 patients (25%) had proteinuria of ≥ +1 on dipstick urinalysis. The 16% diabetes prevalence is among the highest recorded for a community living on ≤ 1 dollar/day. Further, evidence of end organ damage as depicted by massive proteinuria warrants urgent attention to this underprivileged group. It is hoped the results will form basis for future screening of diabetic nephropathy and other diabetes-related end organs involvement in this part of the world. © El-busaidy et al.	Impact; Risk factors; Rural kenya; Type II diabetes mellitus	sucrose; abdominal obesity; adult; aged; article; family history; female; foot disease; hematuria; human; hypertension; income; Kenya; lipid diet; major clinical study; male; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; organ injury; prevalence; priority journal; proteinuria; risk factor; sedentary lifestyle; urinalysis	None
None	None	The effect of environmental regulations on financial performance in Tanzania: A survey of manufacturing companies quoted on the Dar Es Salaam stock exchange	Naila D.L.	2013	International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues	3	1	None	ST Augustine University of Tanzania, Tanzania	Naila, D.L., ST Augustine University of Tanzania, Tanzania	There has been environmental pollution across the globe. Environmental activists are condemning manufacturing companies of environmental pollution. This has led to the establishment of environmental regulations and standards by government authorities across the globe. In complying with environmental regulations companies have found themselves incurring additional cost when compared to those companies which do not comply. However, the effect of compliance to environmental regulations on the financial performance is not clear. This study explores the effects of environmental compliance on the financial performance for listed manufacturing companies in Tanzania. Five listed manufacturing companies were surveyed to obtain data used for the purpose of this study. Specifically, the study intended to establish: the relationship between environmental compliance and financial performance and the effect of environmental compliance on the financial performance. Regression analysis was done to establish the relationship between environmental compliance and financial performance. Findings suggest that there is no significant relationship between environmental compliance and financial performance among listed manufacturing firms in Tanzania. This study concludes that environmental compliance has no significant effect on the financial performance for listed manufacturing firms in Tanzania. © 2013, Econjournals. All rights reserved.	Dar es Salaam stock exchange; Environmental regulations; Financial performance	None	None
None	None	Midwives' intrapartum monitoring process and management resulting in emergency referrals in Tanzania: A qualitative study	Shimoda K., Leshabari S., Horiuchi S., Shimpuku Y., Tashiro J.	2015	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	15	1	10.1186/s12884-015-0691-0	St. Luke's International University, 10-1, Akashi-cho, Tokyo, Chuo-ku, Japan; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Nursing, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; St. Luke's Birth Clinic, Tokyo, Japan	Shimoda, K., St. Luke's International University, 10-1, Akashi-cho, Tokyo, Chuo-ku, Japan; Leshabari, S., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Nursing, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Horiuchi, S., St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan, St. Luke's Birth Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Shimpuku, Y., St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Tashiro, J., St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan	Background: In the United Republic of Tanzania, the maternal mortality ratio, and neonatal mortality rate have remained high for the last 10years. It is well documented that many complications of pregnancy are avoidable by providing skilled midwifery care during and immediately after childbirth. However, there have been delays in providing timely and necessary obstetric interventions, most likely due to lack of proper monitoring during labor. Yet, there has been little research concerning how midwives monitor the process of childbirth. Therefore, this study aimed to describe how midwives monitored and managed the process of childbirth to achieve early consulting and timely referral to obstetricians. Methods: The design was qualitative and descriptive, using data from comprehensive semi-structured interviews of midwives. The interviews were conducted at one hospital and one health center in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. Eleven participants were purposively recruited and interviewed about their experiences managing complicated intrapartum cases. After the interviews, data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Derived from the data were three activity phases: initial encounter, monitoring, and acting. During these phases, midwives noticed danger signs, identified problems, revised and confirmed initial problem identification, and organized for medical intervention or referral. The timing of taking action was different for each midwife and depended on the nature of the prolonged and obstructed labor case. Conclusions: For the majority of midwives, the processing of assessments and judgments was brief and without reflection, and only a few midwives took time to continue to monitor the labor after the initial identification of problems and before taking actions. To make a final judgment that the labor was becoming prolonged or obstructed, midwives should consider taking time to review and synthesize all their findings. © 2015 Shimoda et al.	Childbirth; Clinical judgment; Decision making; Developing countries; Emergency referral; Quality of care; Tanzania	Article; childbirth; clinical decision making; controlled study; educational status; emergency care; health care quality; human; intrapartum care; labor management; maternal care; maternal mortality; midwife attitude; midwifery education; patient monitoring; patient referral; personnel shortage; problem identification; professional knowledge; qualitative research; semi structured interview; Tanzania; work experience	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874074709	Policy development, implementation and evaluation by the AIDS control program in Uganda: A review of the processes	Tumwesigye B.T., Nakanjako D., Wanyenze R., Akol Z., Sewankambo N.	2013	Health Research Policy and Systems	11	1	10.1186/1478-4505-11-7	STD/AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health Uganda, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; School of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Tumwesigye, B.T., STD/AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health Uganda, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Nakanjako, D., School of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Wanyenze, R., School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Akol, Z., STD/AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health Uganda, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Sewankambo, N., School of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Background: The AIDS Control Program (ACP) in Uganda has spearheaded the national health sector HIV response for the last three decades. ACP has developed, revised and implemented various HIV prevention, care and treatment policies in order to keep interventions relevant to the changing dynamics of the HIV epidemic. However, the ACP team and partners remain concerned about the lengthy policy development processes. This study documented the policy development and revision processes to identify strengths and weaknesses in order to inform adjustments as Uganda embraces the move to 'zero' HIV infections.Methods: Data was collected through a review of the relevant policy documents and key informant interviews with the five program officers involved in the recently developed Safe Male Circumcision (SMC) policy and the recently revised HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) policy. Qualitative data was analyzed manually using pre-determined themes.Results: Development and revision of the SMC and HCT policies followed similar processes that included a series of meetings between senior management and a selected technical working group. However, the gaps included: i) inadequate awareness of the existence of national policy development and management guidelines; ii) limited engagement of the policy analysis unit in the policy development/revision processes; iii) inadequate tracking and evaluation of the policies before revision or development of new related policies; iv) lack of specific protocols/standard operating procedures (SOPs); and, v) limited indigenous funding for the entire policy development processes which contributed to non-adherence to the anticipated timelines.Conclusions: Policy development and revision of the SMC and HCT policies followed similar processes. Gaps identified included lack of protocols/SOPs for the processes and limited indigenous funding to support adherence to anticipated timelines. We recommend active involvement of the policy analysis unit in all policy processes. Specific protocols/SOPs for development, analysis, revision, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment processes should be developed prior to commencement of the activities. © 2013 Tumwesigye et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Health policy; Policy development; Policy processes; Policy revision	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; health care planning; health care policy; health care quality; health program; human; infection control; patient counseling; Uganda; Circumcision, Male; Counseling; Group Processes; Health Policy; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Policy Making; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Uganda	None
WoS	WOS:000261208700006	Evaluation of a South African university's language policy	Leibowitz, Brenda,van Deventer, Idilette	2007	EDUCATION AS CHANGE	11	1	None	Stellenbosch University	"Leibowitz, Brenda: Stellenbosch University","van Deventer, Idilette: Stellenbosch University"	There are strong calls for the use of the first language and for a multilingual approach to language in higher education in South Africa. There are a variety of reasons why it is a highly complex exercise to devise and implement a language policy at an institutional level, especially if it is based on unitary notions of language and groups of people. A policy emphasizing the value of multilingualism and endorsing the value of Afrikaans as default language of learning and teaching was implemented at Stellenbosch University in 2004. This article reports on a formative evaluation study of the experience of its first-year The research design was multileveled focusing on responses of lecturers, administrative staff first year students and faculty learning and teaching committee members. The study made use mainly of the survey approach. The analysis of the results showed a varied response to the policy, with strong endorsement for the use of Afrikaans, especially amongst the first-year students. The various responses were shown to vary strongly according to biographical indicators for respondents. The case study questions the dominance of linguistic rights and the human right of participation in educational processes. The research considers whether it is reasonable to expect one policy to be able to deliver to a wide spectrum of interest groups, with a widely varying set of priorities. It presents a principled approach to multilingualism as a useful approach for the future.	evaluation,"HIGHER EDUCATION",LANGUAGE,POLICY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000261308200006	Improving success rates of first-year Economics students by means of a summer school programme - an evaluation	Horn, P. M.,Jansen, A. I.	2008	EDUCATION AS CHANGE	12	1	None	Stellenbosch University	"Horn, P. M.: Stellenbosch University","Jansen, A. I.: Stellenbosch University"	The high failure rate of first-year Economics students has become a concern at most South African universities. It affects the throughput of students and has financial implications for the institution as well as the students. At academic departmental level it may impact on the number of students who consider continuing their studies in Economics. At the beginning of 2007, Stellenbosch University (in the Western Cape, South Africa) launched a pilot summer school with the aim of improving students' learning outcomes and pass rates. Techniques used were geared towards actively involving the students in their own learning process. Various authors indicate the importance of active learning for student performance. This may include techniques such as in-class experiments and the writing of assignments. The case study presented in this paper investigates these techniques. The summer school programme combined traditional lectures and interactive learning approaches, primarily co-operative learning (through small tutorial sessions) and writing tasks, thereby ensuring active participation by students. The results achieved in the summer school (a pass rate of 89%) provide a justification to explore the success of this structured approach for future applications.	"ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE","Economics first-year students","Summer School","teaching and learning techniques",ATTENDANCE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864340602	Estimation of the maximum end buffer impact force for a given level of reliability	Haas T.N., Maingon P., Dunaiski P.E.	2012	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	54	1	None	Stellenbosch University, Department of Civil Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; MARINTEK, SINTEF Marine, Otto Nielsens veg 10, Trondheim, Norway	Haas, T.N., Stellenbosch University, Department of Civil Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Maingon, P., MARINTEK, SINTEF Marine, Otto Nielsens veg 10, Trondheim, Norway; Dunaiski, P.E.	The first paper in this set of two, titled The effect of parameters on the end buffer impact force history of the crane (see page 55), examined the effect of a change in the magnitude of the parameter on the end buffer impact force history. This paper investigates to what degree a change in the magnitude of the parameter alters the impact force history. This was accomplished through a sensitivity analysis performed by individually varying the magnitude of the parameter in the FE model. For each case individual maximum impact forces were obtained. The maximum impact force could not simply be selected by choosing the greatest value from the sensitivity study. A constraint optimisation technique for a given level of reliability (β) using the FE simulation data was used to determine the maximum impact force. A comparison between the constraint optimisation and codified results showed that SABS 0160-1989 underestimates the impact force by 18%, while SANS 10160-2010 substantially overestimates the impact force by 64% for a level of reliability of β = 3. If the relevant clauses of SANS 10160-6 that pertain to end stop design are used in their present form, this will result in a conservative design, whereas SABS 0160 has a probability of 2.3% of being exceeded.	Constraint optimisation; Crane; Impact force	Effect of parameters; FE model; FE-simulation; Impact force; Impact force history; Optimisations; Sensitivity studies; Cranes; Finite element method; Optimization; Reliability	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864334280	The effect of parameters on the end buffer impact force history of the crane	Haas T.N., Maingon P., Dunaiski P.E.	2012	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	54	1	None	Stellenbosch University, Department of Civil Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; MARINTEK, SINTEF Marine, Otto Nielsens veg 10, Trondheim, Norway	Haas, T.N., Stellenbosch University, Department of Civil Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Maingon, P., MARINTEK, SINTEF Marine, Otto Nielsens veg 10, Trondheim, Norway; Dunaiski, P.E.	An overarching investigation was conducted to provide engineers with guidelines for designing crane supporting structures. The focus of this study was to determine whether the identified parameters had an effect on the end buffer impact force history when the electric overhead travelling crane collides with the end stops of the supporting structure. Seven design codes which were reviewed do not consider the crane and its supporting structure as a coupled system. This simplification ignores some of the parameters which have a significant influence on the impact force, which could lead to the codified estimates being sometimes unconservative. During the experimental tests it was discovered that some of the parameters could not be accurately controlled and/or monitored. This led to the development of a finite element (FE) model of the full-scale experimental configuration which was used to conduct advanced simulations. The FE model considered the crane and the supporting structure as a coupled system, in which the parameters were individually varied to obtain its effect on the impact force history. The results showed that some of the individual parameters do have a significant effect on the impact force history.	Crane; End buffer force; Fe	Advanced simulation; Coupled systems; Design codes; Effect of parameters; Electric overhead travelling; End buffer force; Experimental test; FE model; Finite element models; Identified parameter; Impact force; Impact force history; Supporting structure; Civil engineering; Iron; Cranes	None
WoS	WOS:000331390500014	Monitoring and Evaluation of African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD): An Exemplar of Managing for Impact in Development Evaluation	Brandon, Paul R.,Noordeloos, Marco,Ofir, Zenda,Smith, Nick L.	2014	AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EVALUATION	35	1	10.1177/1098214013509876	Stellenbosch University, Syracuse University, University of Hawaii Manoa, University of Hawaii System, African Women Agr Res & Dev	"Brandon, Paul R.: University of Hawaii Manoa","Brandon, Paul R.: University of Hawaii System","Ofir, Zenda: Stellenbosch University","Smith, Nick L.: Syracuse University",	None	Africa,"development evaluation","monitoring and evaluation","theory of change","WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880162469	Resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs: Impact on multidrug-resistant TB outcomes	Falzon D., Gandhi N., Migliori G.B., Sotgiu G., Cox H.S., Holtz T.H., Hollm-Delgado M.-G., Keshavjee S., DeRiemer K., Centis R., D'Ambrosio L., Lange C.G., Bauer M., Menzies D., Ahuja S.D., Ashkin D., Avendaño M., Banerjee R., Bauer M., Becerra M.C., Bene	2013	European Respiratory Journal	42	1	10.1183/09031936.00134712	Stop TB Dept., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY; Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate; Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/STD Research Program, Bangkok, Thailand; Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC; Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Long Island City, NY, United States; Lantana, FL, United States; Toronto, ON, Canada; Rochester, MN, United States; Montreal, QC, Canada; Boston, MA, United States; Albuquerque, NM, United States; Tradate, Italy; Denver, CO, United States; Taipei City, Taiwan; Cape Town, South Africa; Haren, Netherlands; Davis, CA, United States; Paris, France; Geneva, Switzerland; Fajara, Gambia; Richmond, CA, United States; Bronx, NY, United States; Cuernavaca, Mexico; Atlanta, GA, United States; San Francisco, CA, United States; Seoul, South Korea; Pretoria, South Africa; Borstel, Germany; Upeslejas, Latvia; Hong Kong, Hong Kong; New York, NY, United States; Seattle, WA, United States; London, United Kingdom; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Masan City, South Korea; Madrid, Spain; Aguascalientes, Mexico; Mexico City, Mexico; Makati, Philippines; Tygerberg, South Africa; Tokyo, Japan; Sassari, Italy; Tehran, Iran; Groningen, Netherlands; Tallinn, Estonia	Falzon, D., Stop TB Dept., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Gandhi, N., Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY; Migliori, G.B., Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sotgiu, G., School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Cox, H.S., World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate; Holtz, T.H., Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Hollm-Delgado, M.-G., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Keshavjee, S., US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/STD Research Program, Bangkok, Thailand; DeRiemer, K., Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Davis, CA, United States; Centis, R., Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; D'Ambrosio, L., Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Lange, C.G., Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC; Bauer, M., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Menzies, D., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Ahuja, S.D., Long Island City, NY, United States; Ashkin, D., Lantana, FL, United States; Avendaño, M., Toronto, ON, Canada; Banerjee, R., Rochester, MN, United States; Bauer, M., Montreal, QC, Canada; Becerra, M.C., Boston, MA, United States; Benedetti, A., Montreal, QC, Canada; Burgos, M., Albuquerque, NM, United States; Centis, R., Tradate, Italy; Chan, E.D., Denver, CO, United States; Chiang, C.Y., Taipei City, Taiwan; Cobelens, F., Cape Town, South Africa; Cox, H., Cape Town, South Africa; D'Ambrosio, L., Tradate, Italy; De Lange, W.C.M., Haren, Netherlands; Enarson, D., Paris, France; Falzon, D., Geneva, Switzerland; Flanagan, K.L., Fajara, Gambia; Flood, J., Richmond, CA, United States; Gandhi, N., Bronx, NY, United States; Garcia-Garcia, M.L., Cuernavaca, Mexico; Granich, R.M., Geneva, Switzerland; Hollm-Delgado, M.G., Montreal, QC, Canada; Holtz, T.H., Atlanta, GA, United States; Hopewell, P., Denver, CO, United States; Iseman, M.D., Denver, CO, United States; Jarlsberg, L.G., San Francisco, CA, United States; Keshavjee, S., Boston, MA, United States; Kim, H.R., Seoul, South Korea; Koh, W.J., Seoul, South Korea; Lancaster, J.L., Pretoria, South Africa; Lange, C., Borstel, Germany; Leimane, V., Upeslejas, Latvia; Leung, C.C., Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Li, J., New York, NY, United States; Menzies, D., Montreal, QC, Canada; Migliori, G.B., Tradate, Italy; Mitnick, C.D., Boston, MA, United States; Narita, M., Seattle, WA, United States; Nathanson, E., London, United Kingdom; Odendaal, R., London, United Kingdom; O'Riordan, P., London, United Kingdom; Pai, M., Montreal, QC, Canada; Palmero, D., Buenos Aires, Argentina; Park, S.K., Masan City, South Korea; Pasvol, G., London, United Kingdom; Pena, J.M., Madrid, Spain; Pérez-Guzmán, C., Aguascalientes, Mexico; Ponce-De-Leon, A., Mexico City, Mexico; Quelapio, M.I.D., Makati, Philippines; Quy, H.T., Upeslejas, Latvia; Riekstina, V., Upeslejas, Latvia; Robert, J., Paris, France; Royce, S., San Francisco, CA, United States; Salim, M., Tygerberg, South Africa; Schaaf, H.S., Tygerberg, South Africa; Seung, K.J., Boston, MA, United States; Shah, L., Montreal, QC, Canada; Shean, K., Seoul, South Korea; Shim, T.S., Seoul, South Korea; Shin, S.S., Boston, MA, United States; Shiraishi, Y., Tokyo, Japan; Sifuentes-Osornio, J., Mexico City, Mexico; Sotgiu, G., Sassari, Italy; Strand, M.J., Denver, CO, United States; Sung, S.W., Tehran, Iran; Tabarsi, P., Tehran, Iran; Tupasi, T.E., Makati, Philippines; Vargas, M.H., Mexico City, Mexico; Van Altena, R., Groningen, Netherlands; Van Der Walt, M.L., Pretoria, South Africa; Van Der Werf, T.S., Groningen, Netherlands; Viiklepp, P., Tallinn, Estonia; Westenhouse, J., Richmond, CA, United States; Yew, W.W., Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Yim, J.J., Seoul, South Korea	A meta-analysis for response to treatment was undertaken using individual data of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin) patients from 26 centres. The analysis assessed the impact of additional resistance to fluoroquinolones and/or second-line injectable drugs on treatment outcome. Compared with treatment failure, relapse and death, treatment success was higher in MDR-TB patients infected with strains without additional resistance (n=4763; 64%, 95%CI 57-72%) or with resistance to second-line injectable drugs only (n=1130; 56%, 95%CI 45-66%), than in those having resistance to fluoroquinolones alone (n=426; 48%, 95%CI 36-60%) or to fluoroquinolones plus second-line injectable drugs (extensively drug resistant (XDR)-TB) (n=405; 40%, 95%CI 27-53%). In XDR-TB patients, treatment success was highest if at least six drugs were used in the intensive phase (adjusted OR 4.9, 95%CI 1.4-16.6; reference fewer than three drugs) and four in the continuation phase (OR 6.1, 95%CI 1.4-26.3). The odds of success in XDR-TB patients was maximised when the intensive phase reached 6.6-9.0 months duration and the total duration of treatment 20.1-25.0 months. In XDR-TB patients, regimens containing more drugs than those recommended in MDR-TB but given for a similar duration were associated with the highest odds of success. All data were from observational studies and methodologies varied between centres, therefore, the bias may be substantial. Better quality evidence is needed to optimise regimens. Copyright © ERS 2013.	None	amikacin; aminosalicylic acid; capreomycin; ciprofloxacin; cycloserine; ethambutol; ethionamide; gatifloxacin; isoniazid; kanamycin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; pyrazinamide; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; rifampicin; sparfloxacin; streptomycin; terizidone; amikacin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; azithromycin; capreomycin; clarithromycin; clofazimine; imipenem; kanamycin; levofloxacin; linezolid; macrolide; protionamide; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; rifampicin; roxithromycin; streptomycin; thioacetazone; unindexed drug; adult; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterial strain; cause of death; disease association; dose response; drug effect; drug treatment failure; extensively drug resistant tuberculosis; female; human; low drug dose; major clinical study; male; meta analysis; multicenter study (topic); multidrug resistant tuberculosis; priority journal; relapse; secondary health care; treatment duration; treatment outcome; Article; death; drug megadose; drug response; extensively drug resistant tuberculosis; methodology; multidrug resistance; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; observational study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71649088273	Biomethanol production from gasification of non-woody plant in South Africa: Optimum scale and economic performance	Amigun B., Gorgens J., Knoetze H.	2010	Energy Policy	38	1	10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.020	Sustainable Energy Futures, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Process Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa	Amigun, B., Sustainable Energy Futures, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Process Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Gorgens, J., Process Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Knoetze, H., Process Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa	Methanol production from biomass is a promising carbon neutral fuel, well suited for use in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), as transportation fuel and as chemical building block. The concept used in this study incorporates an innovative Absorption Enhanced Reforming (AER) gasification process, which enables an efficient conversion of biomass into a hydrogen-rich gas (syngas) and then, uses the Mitsubishi methanol converter (superconverter) for methanol synthesis. Technical and economic prospects for production of methanol have been evaluated. The methanol plants described have a biomass input between 10 and 2000 MWth. The economy of the methanol production plants is very dependent on the production capacity and large-scale facilities are required to benefit from economies of scale. However, large-scale plants are likely to have higher transportation costs per unit biomass transported as a result of longer transportation distances. Analyses show that lower unit investment costs accompanying increased production scale outweighs the cost for transporting larger quantities of biomass. The unit cost of methanol production mostly depends on the capital investments. The total unit cost of methanol is found to decrease from about 10.66 R/l for a 10 MWth to about 6.44 R/l for a 60 MWth and 3.95 R/l for a 400 MWth methanol plant. The unit costs stabilise (a near flat profile was observed) for plant sizes between 400 and 2000 MWth, but the unit cost do however continue to decrease to about 2.89 R/l for a 2000 MWth plant. Long term cost reduction mainly resides in technological learning and large-scale production. Therefore, technology development towards large-scale technology that takes into account sustainable biomass production could be a better choice due to economic reasons. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Gasification; Methanol; Syngas	Biomass productions; Capital investment; Carbon neutral fuel; Chemical building blocks; Economic performance; Economic prospects; Economies of scale; Fuel cell vehicles; Gasification process; Hydrogen-rich gas; Investment costs; Large-scale production; Long term; Methanol plants; Methanol production; Methanol synthesis; Mitsubishi; Per unit; Plant size; Production capacity; Production scale; South Africa; Syn-gas; Technological learning; Technology development; Transportation cost; Transportation distance; Transportation fuels; Unit cost; Woody plants; Biomass; Costs; Economics; Forestry; Fuel cells; Gas absorption; Gas generators; Gasification; Investments; Methanol; Synthesis gas manufacture; Technological forecasting; Cost benefit analysis; alternative fuel; biomass power; economy of scale; fuel; methanol; production cost; sustainable development; technological development; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051821083	The impacts of biodiesel feedstock production systems in South Africa: An application of a Partial Equilibrium Model to the Eastern Cape Social Accounting Matrix	Adeyemo O., Wise R., Brent A.	2011	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	22	1	None	Sustainable Energy Futures, Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, South Africa; Environmental Resource Economics, Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, South Africa; Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Adeyemo, O., Sustainable Energy Futures, Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, South Africa; Wise, R., Environmental Resource Economics, Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, South Africa; Brent, A., Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	In this paper the impacts of biodiesel feedstock production in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa is assessed through the application of a Partial Equilibrium Model to the Eastern Cape Social Accounting Matrix, using canola production in the Province as an 'external shock'. Six economic indicators were estimated. The results show that investment in biodiesel production in the Eastern Cape will generate, in 2007 terms, an additional GDP of R18.1 million and 410 employment opportunities per annum, R24.3 million per annum over an assumed lifetime of 20 years in capital formation, R2.1 million additional income generated in low income households, increase in government revenue, and a positive balance of payment. These indicators imply that, given the parameters that are accounted for in a Partial Equilibrium Model, every Rand invested in canola projects in the Eastern Cape will, overall, be of socio-economic advantage to the Province. It is envisaged that further applications of such models may lead to a better understanding of the implications of biofuels in the South African economy, and thereby inform decision- and policy-making in terms of the sustainability of biofuels production systems in general.	Biodiesel; Biofuels; Economic modelling; External shock; Indicators; Partial equilibrium; Social accounting matrix	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885012115	The role of AFB microscopy training in improving the performance of laboratory professionals: Analysis of pre and post training evaluation scores	Reji P., Aga G., Abebe G.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-392	TB CARE I/ Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Oromia Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Reji, P., TB CARE I/ Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aga, G., Oromia Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains major cause of morbidity and mortality due to any one of infectious agent worldwide. In low income countries, Ziehl-Neelsen sputum smear microscopy is the only cost-effective tool for diagnosis and monitoring of patients on treatment. In order to have efficient AFB microscopy centers, it is imperative to have continuous refresher training for laboratory professionals and strong External Quality Assessment (EQA) system). However, very little data exists as to the effect of in-service training on performance of laboratory personnel in Ethiopia.The objective of this study was to investigate the role of AFB microscopy refresher training on the performance of laboratory professionals. Methods. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted to appraise theoretical and practical performance of laboratory professionals before and after AFB microscopy training. Theoretical assessment was based on standard questions while practical assessment was based on smear reading of 10 standard slides. Data on eight rounds of a five days training at Adama regional laboratory on AFB microscopy in 2009 was obtained and analyzed using SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Result: The pre-training mean score of the theoretical knowledge and practical skills were 61.8% and 75.7%, respectively. The post training mean scores were 84.2% and 89.2% for theoretical knowledge and practical skills, respectively. The increase in mean score of both theoretical and practical assessment was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Post training mean score of theoretical knowledge was higher among diploma holders trainees than the BSc degree counter parts (p = 0.001). The mean scores on practice before and after training was dependent on participation in previous AFB microscopy trainings (p < 0.0001). Proportions of trainees with both major and minor errors were found to decrease after they were trained. Trainees who have had previous training were found to commit less errors than those who were not participated in previous training (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Training has improved theoretical and practical performance of laboratory professionals. Pre-placement and continuous training irrespective of lab professionals qualification and service year and sustainable EQA are highly recommended to ensure quality of AFB microscopy service. © 2013 Reji et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	AFB; Refresher training; Scores; Tuberculosis	article; education; female; human; laboratory personnel; lung tuberculosis; male; medical error; microbiology; microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; statistics; total quality management; Educational Measurement; Female; Humans; Laboratory Personnel; Male; Medical Errors; Microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Quality Improvement; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927563435	Policies to promote household based plantation forestry and their impacts on livelihoods and the environment: Cases from Ethiopia, China, Vietnam and Sweden	Sandewall M., Kassa H., Wu S., Khoa P.V., He Y., Ohlsson B.	2015	International Forestry Review	17	1	10.1505/146554815814725059	Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Resource Management, Umeå, Sweden; Centre for International Forestry Research, Forests and Livelihoods Program, Ethiopia Office, P.O Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dong Xiaofu 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, China; Forestry University of Vietnam, Xuan Mai, Chuong My, Ha Noi, Viet Nam	Sandewall, M., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Resource Management, Umeå, Sweden; Kassa, H., Centre for International Forestry Research, Forests and Livelihoods Program, Ethiopia Office, P.O Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wu, S., Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dong Xiaofu 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, China; Khoa, P.V., Forestry University of Vietnam, Xuan Mai, Chuong My, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; He, Y., Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dong Xiaofu 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, China; Ohlsson, B., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Resource Management, Umeå, Sweden	The growing economies in the South, market globalization, population growth, social conflicts and climate change increase the strain on land and forest resources, and require a cost effective and ecologically sound production of goods and services to meet public needs. Based on global assessment data, four country level (Ethiopia, China, Vietnam, Sweden) and six local case studies and using a multi-scale approach, this paper examines trends and drivers in household based plantation forestry and reviews how policies affecting forest plantation and land use are interpreted and implemented at the local level. It discusses how sustainable forestry systems and policies can be developed which provide industrial supplies, promote environmental objectives and support the livelihoods of people. Besides reflecting characteristics and diversity of current trends in plantation forestry, the paper illustrates that local landscape studies could help in explaining trends revealed by national inventories in a way relevant to policy and research.	Change assessment; household based forestry; land use; multi-scale approach; trends	diversity index; environmental impact; forest resource; forestry policy; land use; plantation forestry; trend analysis; China; Ethiopia; Sweden; Viet Nam	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744520712	Ultrasensitive quantitative HIV-1 p24 antigen assay adapted to dried plasma spots to improve treatment monitoring in low-resource settings	Knuchel M.C., Tomasik Z., Speck R.F., Lüthy R., Schüpbach J.	2006	Journal of Clinical Virology	36	1	10.1016/j.jcv.2005.12.005	Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss AIDS Care International, Harare, Zimbabwe	Knuchel, M.C., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Tomasik, Z., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Speck, R.F., Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Lüthy, R., Swiss AIDS Care International, Harare, Zimbabwe; Schüpbach, J., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland	Background: Our group has previously developed a quantitative and ultrasensitive HIV-1 p24 antigen assay that is inexpensive, easy-to-perform, and can be carried out in low-resource settings. Since antiretroviral therapies are becoming more accessible in resource-constrained countries, methods to assess HIV-1 viraemia are urgently needed to achieve a high standard of care in HIV-1 management. Objectives: To adapt our quantitative assay to dried plasma spots (DPS), in order to further simplify this test and make it more accessible to resource-constrained countries. Study design: DPS from 47 HIV-seropositive, treated or untreated adult individuals and 30 healthy individuals were examined. Results: A specificity of 100% was observed when p24 antigen was measured using DPS, and no differences of p24 concentration could be seen between DPS and venous plasma. The correlation between DPS and venous plasma p24 was excellent (R = 0.93, CI95% = 0.88-0.96, p &lt; 0.0001). Similarly, p24 antigen concentrations using DPS were well correlated with RNA viral load (R = 0.53, CI95% = 0.27-0.72, p = 0.0002). Conclusions: This quantitative p24 antigen test has similar sensitivity and specificity using DPS and venous plasma, and has the potential to improve health care delivery to HIV-affected individuals in resource-constrained countries. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dried plasma spots; HIV-1; Low-resource setting; p24 antigen; Treatment monitoring; Viral load	antigen p24; virus RNA; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Gag protein; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; article; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; nonhuman; priority journal; quantitative analysis; virus identification; virus load; adult; blood; case control study; chemistry; child; comparative study; cost; economics; evaluation; heat; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; methodology; protein denaturation; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; treatment outcome; virology; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Case-Control Studies; Child; Costs and Cost Analysis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Evaluation Studies; Heat; HIV Antibodies; HIV Antigens; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Protein Denaturation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
None	None	Environmental impacts of cage culture in Lake Victoria: the case of Shirati Bay-Sota, Tanzania	Kashindye B.B., Nsinda P., Kayanda R., Ngupula G.W., Mashafi C.A., Ezekiel C.N.	2015	SpringerPlus	4	1	10.1186/s40064-015-1241-y	Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 475, Mwanza, Tanzania; Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 46, Sota, Shirati, Mara region, Tanzania	Kashindye, B.B., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 475, Mwanza, Tanzania; Nsinda, P., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 46, Sota, Shirati, Mara region, Tanzania; Kayanda, R., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 475, Mwanza, Tanzania; Ngupula, G.W., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 475, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mashafi, C.A., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 475, Mwanza, Tanzania; Ezekiel, C.N., Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P. O. Box 475, Mwanza, Tanzania	The experimental cage culture was conducted at Shirati bay, Lake Victoria from February to August 2013, to investigate the impacts of the small scale cage culture on the environment. Three locations along the cages, at the intermediate and one in the offshore (control) were sampled for water quality parameters, phytoplankton and macro invertebrates. A notable increase in nutrient concentration was observed after the set of cages among the stations. However DO, pH, and water transparency showed no major changes and was within the recommended ranges. Cyanophytes an indicator of inorganic pollution dominated before and after the set of cages, an increase in phytoplankton numerical abundance was observed after stocking of fish in cages. In addition there was an increase in the invertebrate community especially bivalves and gastropods. In conclusion we found no consistent environmental change caused by cage culture, and therefore it can be allowed in Lake Victoria, Tanzania part, with close monitoring of its impacts. © 2015, Kashindye et al.	Cage culture; Nutrient enrichment; Waste food; Water quality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65549105937	Impact of solar photovoltaic lighting on indoor air smoke in off-grid rural Ghana	Obeng G.Y., Akuffo F.O., Braimah I., Evers H.-D., Mensah E.	2008	Energy for Sustainable Development	12	1	10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60419-6	Technology Consultancy Centre, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana; Mechanical Engineering Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana; Center for Development Research, Zentrum fuer Entwickungsforschung (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana	Obeng, G.Y., Technology Consultancy Centre, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana; Akuffo, F.O., Mechanical Engineering Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana; Braimah, I., Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana; Evers, H.-D., Center for Development Research, Zentrum fuer Entwickungsforschung (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Mensah, E., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Kumasi, Ghana	Nearly 75% of the rural households in Ghana depend on kerosene lanterns as the main source of lighting after sunset. However, concerns are being expressed on indoor air smoke and heat as well as fire hazards associated with the use of kerosene lanterns. Largely as a result of socio-economic and environmental benefits, public solar photovoltaic (PV) electrification projects have been implemented to provide alternative lighting in off-grid communities in Ghana. The purpose of this paper was to assess the impacts of solar PV lighting on indoor air smoke in rural households. Using the with/without comparison method, 209 solar-electrified and non-electrified households were surveyed to assess impacts. The study results indicated that solar PV lighting is likely to reduce the proportion of household members being affected by indoor smoke from kerosene lanterns by 50%. Furthermore, solar PV lighting is likely to reduce the proportion of household members who get blackened nostrils from soot associated with kerosene lanterns by nearly a third. This paper maintains that, though the effects identified by this study may be short-term, further research is needed to investigate both the medium- and long-term effects on human health. Given the low income levels of the rural poor and the costs involved in maintaining PV systems, effective policies and incentives for low-income earners are fundamental steps toward improvement in quality of life and widening of access. © 2008 International Energy Initiative, Inc.	None	accessibility; atmospheric pollution; crude oil; health impact; health risk; incentive; indoor air; lightning; low income population; photovoltaic system; public health; quality of life; rural area; rural population; smoke; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144408765	Geophysical evidence for a pre-impact Sudbury dome, southern Superior Province, Canada	Prevec S.A., Cowan D.R., Cooper G.R.J.	2005	Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences	42	1	10.1139/E04-097	Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa; Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Prevec, S.A., Terrestrial Impact Cratering Res., Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa, Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Cooper, G.R.J., Department of Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	New filtering of aeromagnetic images of the Sudbury area indicates the existence of a large, elliptical feature that appears to underlie the deformed Sudbury Structure in the region of the exposed Levack Gneiss Complex, such that the two features have long axes which are significantly orthogonal to one another. A north-south-oriented ellipse appears to be crosscut by that of the Sudbury Structure and does not correspond to known local lithological or structural trends. The magnetic images, combined with existing tectonic, petrological, geothermometric and geobarometric, and geochronological data, are used to suggest the existence of a pre-impact crustal dome in the southernmost Abitibi subprovince,probably related to ca.2450 Ma rifting and magmatism in the area. This is consistent with existing petrological and tectonic evidence from a variety of sources. Although the doming is itself unrelated to the ca. 1850 Ma Sudbury event, it may have affected the thermal regime existing at the time of impact, which would have profound implications for the subsequent evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. © 2005 NRC Canada.	None	Earth sciences; Geochronology; Geophysical prospecting; Lithology; Petrology; Tectonics; Aeromagnetic images; Crustal domes; Geothermometry; Magmatism; Domes; aeromagnetic survey; dome; geological structure; Canada; North America; Ontario; Sudbury Structure; Western Hemisphere; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75149175506	Monitoring the commitment and child-friendliness of governments: A new approach from Africa	Bequele A.	2010	Child Abuse and Neglect	34	1	10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.08.007	The African Child Policy Forum, P.O. Box 1179, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Bequele, A., The African Child Policy Forum, P.O. Box 1179, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Objective: The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is generally viewed from an ethical perspective, specifically for its influence and impact on our ethos and the place of children in society. A recent ground-breaking report prepared by The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF) shows conceptually and empirically how the CRC can be used as a tool for planning national action and for monitoring government performance and compliance. This paper reports on the methodology followed, the philosophical and legal foundations, the results of the application and the policy lessons. Method: This work is based on a methodology, the Child-Friendliness Index (CFI), developed by ACPF to analyse and monitor the performance of all 52 African governments. The index is inspired by the CRC's three core principles-Protection, Provision and Participation-and based on over forty policy and child-outcome indicators. Results: The methodology was applied to organise data, assess performance and score and rank all 52 African governments at a point in time and over time. On this basis, the study identifies which governments are child-friendly and which ones are not and why, and what it is that poorly performing governments can do to comply with their international obligations. Conclusions: Two important conclusions emerge from this exercise. The first is the beauty and power of simplicity. Much analysis of government obligations is hampered by the tedious task of having to scan voluminous information and bulky reports. But this CRC-inspired and CRC-based methodology provides a simple but powerful, transparent and objective framework for policy analysis and comparison. Secondly, the African experience confirms that three things matter on the policy front: politics that put children at the centre of public policy; Laws that protect them; and Budgets that provide for their basic needs and full development. Practical implications: ACPF's work provides an approach that governments, advocacy groups and treaty bodies can use to monitor government compliance, to identify areas for progress and to formulate effective pro-children policies. The approach is important and relevant for other regions of the world as it is for Africa. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child; Budgeting; Child rights; Child wellbeing; Child-friendliness; Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); Governments; Poverty; Protection	Africa; article; bioethics; budget; child advocacy; child rights; child welfare; criminal justice; data analysis; government; health care planning; health care policy; human; human rights; information processing; law enforcement; medicolegal aspect; methodology; scoring system; Africa; Child; Child Abuse; Child Welfare; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developing Countries; Government Regulation; Humans; Public Policy; Social Conditions; Social Problems; Social Values; United Nations	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876767101	Impact of antioxidative supplementation on semen quality according to MSOME criteria: Improvement of semen parameters by dietary supplement	Ajayi R., Okhowat J., Spitzer D., Schechinger B., Herbert Zech N.	2013	Jornal Brasileiro de Reproducao Assistida	17	1	None	The Bridge Clinic, Lagos, Nigeria; IVF Centers Prof Zech, Austria; IVF Center Prof. Zech, Bregenz, Austria	Ajayi, R., The Bridge Clinic, Lagos, Nigeria; Okhowat, J., IVF Centers Prof Zech, Austria; Spitzer, D., IVF Centers Prof Zech, Austria; Schechinger, B., IVF Centers Prof Zech, Austria; Herbert Zech, N., IVF Centers Prof Zech, Austria, IVF Center Prof. Zech, Bregenz, Austria	Purpose: To investigate the influence of an oral antioxidative and micronutrient supplementation on semen quality assessed by MSOME (motile sperm organelle morphology examination) criteria in a collective of in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients. Methods: Sperm analysis of 160 IVF patients was evaluated 2-12 months before undergoing IVF/IMSI (intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection) cycle. The following parameters were analyzed: semen volume, sperm concentration, motility and morphology according to MSOME criteria. Patients were grouped according to the WHO criteria into normozoos-permic, oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (OAT) oligo-and asthenozoospermic men, respectively. Between first and second semen analysis, patients were treated orally with a dietary antioxidative supplement. The Student's t-test was used to evaluate the significance of data. Results: In the total number of patients we found a significant reduction in the percentage of immotile sperms and a highly significant increase of total sperm motility after antioxidative therapy. We also observed substantial improvement of motility, the sperm concentration as well as sperm morphology (according to MSOME criteria) in the semen of oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic and OAT patients. For normozoospermic patients, we found almost no significant increase in sperm parameters. Conclusions: The results display a considerable improvement in semen quality, such as motility, sperm concentration and morphology after dietary supplementation, notably in IVF patients with poor semen quality. Amelioration of sperm quality of IVF patients can have a crucial impact in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Our findings suggest that micronutrient supplementation might be generally beneficial for semen quality in men undergoing ART, but mostly in those with a higher grade of alterations in their sperm parameters. The suggested mode of action is probably due to a decline of oxidative stress. © Todos os direitos reservados a.	Antioxidative supplementation; ART; Assisted reproductive technologies; IMSI; IVF; Male infertility; Morphology; MSOME; Oxidative stress; Semen quality; Spermatozoa	antioxidant; adult; article; diet supplementation; human; infertility therapy; major clinical study; male; male infertility; morphology; oxidative stress; semen analysis; spermatogenesis; spermatozoon density; spermatozoon motility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64549135729	Performance of a water defluoridation plant in a rural area in South Africa	Schoeman J.J.	2009	Water SA	35	1	None	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	The fluoride concentration of a borehole water supply in a rural area (Madibeng Local Municipality, North West Province, South Africa) varies between 5 and 6 mg/ℓ. This water is therefore not suitable for potable purposes because the high fluoride concentration may cause mottling of tooth enamel in children and fluorosis in adults. Therefore, the fluoride concentration should be reduced to less than 1.5 mg/ℓ to make the water suitable for potable purposes. The activated alumina and reverse osmosis processes are both processes that can be very effectively applied for water defluoridation. The activated alumina process, however, is considered to be a more simple and robust process for water defluoridation, especially in a rural area. Therefore, the activated alumina process was selected for water defluoridation. An activated alumina plant was designed, constructed and commissioned in the rural area. Fluoride in the feed water is removed from 6 to 8 mg/ℓ to less than 1.5 mg/ℓ. No reduction in plant output was experienced over 6 service cycles. Therefore, it appears that fouling of the activated alumina should not be a problem. Plant output varied between 940 and 1 296 m3 to a fluoride breakthrough of approximately 2.0 mg/ℓ. No significant operational problems were experienced during commissioning and the plant is performing satisfactorily. Spent regenerant is disposed of into evaporation ponds. It was demonstrated that a 1st world technology could be effectively applied in a rural area with proper training and supervision of the operators. The capital and operational costs of the 200 m3/d defluoridation plant are estimated at approximately R1.2m. and R0.7/m3 treated water.	Activated alumina; Costs; Plant performance; Water defluoridation	Bore-hole waters; Defluoridation; Feed waters; Fluoride concentrations; In plants; NO reductions; Operational costs; Operational problems; Plant outputs; Plant performance; Service cycles; South Africa; Water defluoridation; Personnel training; Potable water; Reverse osmosis; Rural areas; Tooth enamel; Water supply; Activated alumina; aluminum oxide; concentration (composition); drinking water; fluoride; health risk; performance assessment; pollutant removal; rural area; water quality; water supply; water treatment; Africa; North West Province; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873517903	Monitoring of Mass Distribution Interventions for Trachoma in Plateau State, Nigeria	Cromwell E.A., King J.D., McPherson S., Jip F.N., Patterson A.E., Mosher A.W., Evans D.S., Emerson P.M.	2013	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	7	1	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001995	The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; The Carter Center Nigeria, Jos, Nigeria	Cromwell, E.A., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; King, J.D., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; McPherson, S., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jip, F.N., The Carter Center Nigeria, Jos, Nigeria; Patterson, A.E., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Mosher, A.W., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Evans, D.S., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emerson, P.M., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States	Mass drug administration (MDA) with antibiotics is a key component of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Guidelines recommend that where MDA is warranted the whole population be targeted with 80% considered the minimum acceptable coverage. In other countries, MDA is usually conducted by salaried Ministry of Health personnel (MOH). In Plateau State, Nigeria, the existing network of volunteer Community Directed Distributors (CDD) was used for the first trachoma MDA. We conducted a population-based cluster random survey (CRS) of MDA participation to determine the true coverage and compared this to coverage reported from CDD registers. We surveyed 1,791 people from 352 randomly selected households in 24 clusters in three districts in Plateau State in January 2011, following the implementation of MDA. Households were enumerated and all individuals present were asked about MDA participation. Household heads were questioned about household-level characteristics and predictors of participation. Individual responses were compared with the CDD registers. MDA coverage was estimated as 60.3% (95% CI 47.9-73.8%) by the survey compared with 75.8% from administrative program reports. CDD registration books for comparison with responses were available in 19 of the 24 clusters; there was a match for 658/682 (96%) of verifiable responses. CDD registers did not list 481 (41.3%) of the individuals surveyed. Gender and age were not associated with individual participation. Overall MDA coverage was lower than the minimum 80% target. The observed discrepancy between the administrative coverage estimate from program reports and the CRS was largely due to identification of communities missed by the MDA and not reported in the registers. CRS for evaluation of MDA provides a useful additional monitoring tool to CDD registers. These data support modification of distributor training and MDA delivery to increase coverage in subsequent rounds of MDA. © 2013 Cromwell et al.	None	azithromycin; tetracycline; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; female; health education; health program; health survey; household; human; interview; major clinical study; male; mass drug administration; monitoring; Nigeria; patient participation; preschool child; prevalence; register; sample size; school child; trachoma; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy; Drug Utilization; Female; Health Services Research; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Trachoma; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857117291	Urine heme dipsticks are useful in monitoring the impact of Praziquantel treatment on Schistosoma haematobium in sentinel communities of Delta State, Nigeria	Emukah E., Gutman J., Eguagie J., Miri E.S., Yinkore P., Okocha N., Jibunor V., Nebe O., Nwoye A.I., Richards F.O.	2012	Acta Tropica	122	1	10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.01.002	The Carter Center, Plot R/60 GRA, Off High Court Road, Box 4034, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; The Carter Center, 1 Jeka Kadima Street,	Emukah, E., The Carter Center, Plot R/60 GRA, Off High Court Road, Box 4034, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Gutman, J., Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Eguagie, J., The Carter Center, 1 Jeka Kadima Street, Box 7772, Jos, Nigeria; Miri, E.S., The Carter Center, 1 Jeka Kadima Street, Box 7772, Jos, Nigeria; Yinkore, P., Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, No. 1 Onyeka Close, Off Delta Broadcasting Service Road, Near LGSC, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Okocha, N., Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, No. 1 Onyeka Close, Off Delta Broadcasting Service Road, Near LGSC, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Jibunor, V., Primary Health Care Development Agency, Ministry of Health, No. 1 Onyeka Close, Off Delta Broadcasting Service Road, Near LGSC, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Nebe, O., Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Secretariat Phase 3, Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Nwoye, A.I., Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Secretariat Phase 3, Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Richards, F.O., The Carter Center, One Copenhill Avenue NE, Atlanta, GA 30307-1406, United States	Nigeria is highly endemic for infection with Schistosoma haematobium, which most commonly manifests itself with blood in urine. To monitor the impact of annual mass drug administration (MDA) with Praziquantel for S. haematobium in Delta State, Nigeria, cross-sectional hematuria surveys of school children were conducted in 8 sentinel villages (SVs) at baseline (n= 240) and after two annual doses (n= 402). We assessed the comparability of three assessments of hematuria (child's reported history, nurse visual diagnosis (NVD) and dipstick) to determine the need for mass treatment. Dipstick was considered to be the gold standard. Prior to treatment, history and NVD each identified only the 3 most highly prevalent SVs, and overall this represented just 37.5% of the 8 SVs in need of treatment. Following treatment, after dipstick prevalence decreased by 88.5% (p< 0.001), and history and NVD identified only one of two villages still needing treatment. The study suggests that dipsticks should be the recommended method for launching and monitoring mass treatment for S. haematobium. © 2012.	Hematuria; Mass treatment; Monitoring; Nigeria; Praziquantel; Schistosomiasis	praziquantel; baseline survey; biomonitoring; child health; comparative study; disease prevalence; disease treatment; drug; endemic species; infectivity; schistosomiasis; village; adolescent; analytic method; article; child; community; cross-sectional study; drug monitoring; female; health survey; hematuria; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; preschool child; prevalence; schistosomiasis haematobia; school child; urine heme dipstick; Adolescent; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Monitoring; Female; Heme; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Praziquantel; Prevalence; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Schools; Urine; Delta; Nigeria; Schistosoma haematobium	None
None	None	Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: A KDIGO summary (Part 1)	Kellum J.A., Lameire N., Aspelin P., Barsoum R.S., Burdmann E.A., Goldstein S.L., Herzog C.A., Joannidis M., Kribben A., Levey A.S., Macleod A.M., Mehta R.L., Murray P.T., Naicker S., Opal S.M., Schaefer F., Schetz M., Uchino S.	2012	Critical Care	17	1	10.1186/cc11454	The Crisma Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 604 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent B9000, Belgium; Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Cairo University, Egypt; University of São Paulo, Brazil; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, United States; Hennepin County Medical Center, MN, United States; Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Tufts University, MA, United States; University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; University College Dublin, Ireland; University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Brown University, RI, United States; Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; University of Leuven, Belgium; Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan	Kellum, J.A., The Crisma Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 604 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Lameire, N., Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent B9000, Belgium; Aspelin, P., Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Barsoum, R.S., Cairo University, Egypt; Burdmann, E.A., University of São Paulo, Brazil; Goldstein, S.L., Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, United States; Herzog, C.A., Hennepin County Medical Center, MN, United States; Joannidis, M., Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; Kribben, A., University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Levey, A.S., Tufts University, MA, United States; Macleod, A.M., University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Mehta, R.L., University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Murray, P.T., University College Dublin, Ireland; Naicker, S., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Opal, S.M., Brown University, RI, United States; Schaefer, F., Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Schetz, M., University of Leuven, Belgium; Uchino, S., Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan	Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious problem affecting millions and causing death and disability for many. In 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes completed the first ever, international, multidisciplinary, clinical practice guideline for AKI. The guideline is based on evidence review and appraisal, and covers AKI definition, risk assessment, evaluation, prevention, and treatment. In this review we summarize key aspects of the guideline including definition and staging of AKI, as well as evaluation and nondialytic management. Contrast-induced AKI and management of renal replacement therapy will be addressed in a separate review. Treatment recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant trials. Appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Limitations of the evidence are discussed and a detailed rationale for each recommendation is provided. © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albumin; amiloride plus hydrochlorothiazide; aminoglycoside; amphotericin; contrast medium; creatinine; dopamine; fenoldopam mesilate; furosemide; hetastarch; hypertensive factor; insulin; interleukin 18; mannitol; nesiritide; noradrenalin; rolofylline; theophylline; creatine; diuretic agent; glucose blood level; vasoconstrictor agent; vasodilator agent; acute kidney failure; article; blood cell count; burn; contrast induced nephropathy; creatinine blood level; disease severity; fluid resuscitation; follow up; glycemic control; heart surgery; human; hyperglycemia; insulin treatment; kidney function; oxygenation; practice guideline; priority journal; prognosis; renal protection; renal replacement therapy; risk assessment; sepsis; shock; urea nitrogen blood level; urine volume; Acute Kidney Injury; analysis; blood; decision support system; fluid therapy; glucose blood level; nutritional support; off pump coronary surgery; practice guideline; urine; Acute Kidney Injury; Blood Glucose; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump; Creatine; Decision Support Techniques; Diuretics; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Nutritional Support; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Assessment; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilator Agents	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874405623	The impact of crime on inbound tourism to South Africa: An application of the bounds test	Moyo B., Ziramba E.	2013	African Security Review	22	1	10.1080/10246029.2012.737815	The Department of Economics, The University of South Africa, South Africa; The Department of Economics, The University of Namibia, Namibia	Moyo, B., The Department of Economics, The University of South Africa, South Africa; Ziramba, E., The Department of Economics, The University of Namibia, Namibia	The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of various types of crimes on tourist inflows to South Africa using an ARDL bounds test approach. We used monthly data for the period March 2003 to April 2011 and found that crime in the form of car hijackings, sexual crimes, murder and kidnapping have a long run and short run negative impact on tourist visits to South Africa. World income and lagged tourist visits were found to have a positive effect on tourist inflows suggesting that tourism is a luxury good and the experience that visitors have about the country is important. These results call for the government and players in the tourism sector, as well as other crime prevention units in the country, to come up with strategies for dealing with crime. Beefing up security systems and personnel and ensuring police visibility in all places, particularly at these tourist attractions, should be considered. Information should be provided to tourists, warning them about dangerous or crime-prone areas that should be avoided at all costs, as ensuring the safety and comfort of visitors is not only important for encouraging more visitations but also for ensuring sustainable tourism growth, employment creation and poverty alleviation. © 2013 Institute for Security Studies.	Bounds test; Inbound tourism; Violent crimes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947573910	Factors influencing the choice of property portfolio diversification evaluation techniques in Nigeria	Olaleye A., Aluko B.T., Ajayi C.	2007	Journal of Property Investment and Finance	25	1	10.1108/14635780710720153	The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria	Olaleye, A., The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria; Aluko, B.T., The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria; Ajayi, C., The Department of Estate Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-fe, Nigeria	Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that haveinfluenced the use of implicit (naïve) techniques in property portfolio diversification evaluation in the Nigeria property market. This is necessitated by the need to look at the ways by which the property portfolio diversification evaluation practice in the market could be made to improve and adjust to ever changing global trends in this area. Design/methodology/approach - The authors of this paper administered questionnaires, backed up with interviews, on 28 institutional property investors and 128 real estate practitioners in three locations (commercial nerve centres) of the country, namely, Lagos, Abuja and Port-Harcourt metropolitan areas. Data were analysed with the use of frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation measures, relative importance index and Pearson Chi-Square test. Findings - The results of the study in this paper revealed, among others, that lack of time series data and the small size of many of the investors' portfolios in Nigeria encouraged the use of implicit analysis in their property portfolio evaluation techniques. The study also showed that investors and practitioners detest complex calculations and were using traditional evaluation techniques because they considered the methods as needing no pre-requisite knowledge before they could be used. Practical implications - The study in the paper concluded that there isthe need for a restructuring of the Nigerian real estate education and portfolio evaluation practice and the use of a micro-real estate specific data derived from local market information to develop property performance indices towards building up functional real estate indices at the regional and national levels. Originality/value - This paper is a pioneering attempt at establishing the factors that influenced the use of implicit techniques in property portfolio diversification evaluation in emerging property markets like Nigeria.	Diversification; Nigeria; Real estate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916920152	Participatory evaluation of chicken health and production constraints in Ethiopia	Sambo E., Bettridge J., Dessie T., Amare A., Habte T., Wigley P., Christley R.M.	2015	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	118	1	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.10.014	The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom; International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Sambo, E., The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom; Bettridge, J., The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dessie, T., International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Amare, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Habte, T., Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Wigley, P., The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom; Christley, R.M., The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Chicken production has a major role in the economy of developing countries and backyard production is particularly important to women. Several programmes, in Ethiopia and elsewhere, have attempted to improve chicken production as a means to reduce poverty. A key constraint to chicken production identified by farmers is disease. This study used participatory rural appraisal methods to work with chicken-keepers in order to prioritise chicken diseases, place these within the context of other production constraints, and to explore perceptions of disease risk factors and biosecurity measures. The study, focused on Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, included 71 poultry keepers (41 backyard and 30 semi-intensive chicken producers). Although women played an important role in backyard production systems, semi-intensive farms were more likely to be controlled by men. Participants identified 9 constraints to production: 7 of 8 groups of backyard producers and 15/31 semi-intensive producers ranked diseases as the most important constraint to chicken production. In contrast to previous reports, farmers in both groups had considerable knowledge of diseases and of factors affecting disease risk. Both groups, but particularly semi-intensive producers, highlighted access to feed as a constraint. Many of the challenges faced by both groups were associated with difficulty accessing agricultural and veterinary inputs and expertise. Whilst many of the constraints identified by farmers could be viewed as simply technical issues to be overcome, we believe it is important to recognise the social factors underpinning what are, in reality, relatively modest technical challenges. The low involvement of women in semi-intensive production needs to be recognised by poultry development schemes. Provision needs to be made to allow access to inputs for a wide range of business models, particularly for those, such as women, who have limited access to the capital to allow them to make the jump from backyard to semi-intensive producer, and require support to slowly build up a flock into a profitable venture. © 2014 The Authors.	Perceived disease risk factors; Poultry diseases; Poultry production constraints	animal; animal husbandry; attitude to health; chicken; Disease Outbreaks; economics; Ethiopia; female; health care delivery; human; information processing; male; Poultry Diseases; procedures; risk factor; rural population; veterinary; veterinary medicine; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Chickens; Disease Outbreaks; Ethiopia; Female; Focus Groups; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Poultry Diseases; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Veterinary Medicine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69149107469	Factors influencing the breeding performance of the Augur Buzzard Buteo augur in southern Lake Naivasha, Rift Valley, Kenya	Virani M.Z., Harper D.M.	2009	Ostrich	80	1	10.2989/OSTRICH.2009.80.1.2.760	The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, United States; Department of Biology, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya	Virani, M.Z., The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, United States, Department of Biology, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom, Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya; Harper, D.M., Department of Biology, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom	The breeding performance of the Augur Buzzard Buteo augur in 1995-1998 was compared between three different areas south of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. These were: (1) a national park (Hell's Gate), (2) an undisturbed Acacia woodland-pasture (Mundui) and (3) an intensively farmed horticultural area (Sulmac-Oserian). Augur Buzzards in Mundui had the most optimal nesting habitat, produced the most fledglings (1.6 chicks per year), enjoyed an abundant food supply as their land was not heavily grazed, and suffered the least persecution. In contrast, Augur Buzzards in Hell's Gate produced the fewest fledglings (0.5 chicks per year). Their food supply was not abundant and their nests were confined to cliffs and short shrubs making them vulnerable to predation. Augur Buzzards in Sulmac-Oserian performed intermediately, producing 0.8 chicks per year and suffering the highest adult mortalities (12%) from human persecution. Height of grass in fields within a pair's territory was the most important variable in predicting whether Augur Buzzards attempted to breed or not. Mean annual adult mortality was lowest at Mundui (4.8%) and highest at Sulmac-Oserian (12%). Adult mortality and the success of previous breeding attempts were the most important predictors in determining breeding performance. © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	Acacia; Buteo augur	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860857343	Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya	Kioko J., Kiringe J.W., Seno S.O.	2012	Journal of Arid Land	4	1	10.3724/SP.J.1227.2012.00029	The School for Field Studies, Center for Wildlife Management Studies, Nairobi 27743 - 00506, Kenya; School of Natural Resources Management, Narok University College, Narok 861-20500, Kenya	Kioko, J., The School for Field Studies, Center for Wildlife Management Studies, Nairobi 27743 - 00506, Kenya; Kiringe, J.W., The School for Field Studies, Center for Wildlife Management Studies, Nairobi 27743 - 00506, Kenya; Seno, S.O., School of Natural Resources Management, Narok University College, Narok 861-20500, Kenya	The dynamics of most rangelands in Kenya remain to be poorly understood. This paper provides baseline information on the response of a semiarid rangeland under different livestock grazing regimes on land inhabited by the Massai people in the east side of Amboseli National Park in Kenya. The data were collected from grasslands designated into four types: (1) grassland from previous Massai settlements that had been abandoned for over twenty years; (2) grassland excluded from livestock grazing for eight years; (3) a dry season grazing area; and (4) a continuous grazing area where grazing occurred throughout all seasons. Collected data included grass species composition, grass height, inter-tuft distance, standing grass biomass and soil characteristics. The results indicated that continuous grazing area in semiarid rangelands exhibited loss of vegetation with negative, long-term effects on grass functional qualities and forage production, whereas grassland that used traditional Maasai grazing methods showed efficiency and desirable effects on the rangelands. The results also showed that abandoned homestead sites, though degraded, were important nutrient reservoirs.	Dry season grazing; Grass species composition; Kenya; Livestock grazing; Soil nutrients	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649133322	Organizational culture, innovativeness, market orientation and firm performance in South Africa: An interdisciplinary perspective	Farley J.U., Hoenig S., Ismail Z.	2008	Journal of African Business	9	1	10.1080/15228910802052385	The Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa	Farley, J.U., The Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Hoenig, S., Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Ismail, Z., School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa	For a sample of South African firms, this paper analyzes the relationships of firm performance and a set of organizational measures which includes organizational culture and climate, market orientation and innovativeness. These organizational measures are drawn from three different disciplines-organizational behavior, strategy and economics. The replicative study is framed in an extended model of competing organizational values which have been used in 13 countries including three transition economies (Vietnam, China and Russia). The work has also been done under a variety of conditions-for example, the US in a period of study growth, Thailand during the Asian Crisis and Hong Kong after the handover to China. Comparisons are made between South African results and those of firms from a group of five industrial countries. Market Orientation is the most important explainer of performance of the South African firms, and Innovativeness is also important. Specific elements of Organizational Culture are apparently less important in South Africa than elsewhere. © 2008 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.	Business-to-business markets; Firm performance; Innovativeness; Market orientation; Organizational culture and climate; South Africa	business development; cultural influence; firm size; industrial performance; innovation; interdisciplinary approach; market system; market transition; Africa; Asia; China; Eurasia; Far East; Russian Federation; South Africa; Southeast Asia; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Thailand; Viet Nam	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923109943	The impact of governance on state owned enterprises (SOEs) in Africa	Edoun E.I.	2015	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	6	1	10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1p352	The University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Edoun, E.I., The University of Johannesburg, South Africa	The creation and strengthening of credible institutions is instrumental for any development initiative. Once these institutions are put in place, transparency and accountability become the tools for good governance to achieve socio-economic development. This article therefore set out to explore the impact that governance has on the developmental role of Public Enterprises in Africa. Public enterprises are created in Africa to contribute to socio-economic development. This study is therefore important in that, it thrives to explore why public enterprises have not over the years played the role for which they were created. However initial findings revealed that, the above failure is related to lack of leadership, maladministration and corruption which are the enemies of good governance, the State and of National Development Plan (NDP) as these impede any development initiative. This paper is divided into five major parts. The first part introduces the problematic of the research; the second part argues about the concept of governance, the third part discusses public enterprises reforms and the justification for decentralisation as a tool for the sustainability of public enterprises. The fourth part explains the methodological approach, data analysis and findings in using the Case of Cameroon. The Fifth part concludes and presents a set of recommendations for future research © 2015 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. All rights received.	Accountability; Decentralisation; Governance; Maladministration; State owned enterprises; Transparency	None	None
WoS	WOS:000336837700001	MEASURING PROGRESS OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION APPROACH	Afful-Dadzie, Anthony,Afful-Dadzie, Eric,Oplatkova, Zuzana Kominkova	2014	APPLIED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE	28	1	10.1080/08839514.2014.862770	Tomas Bata University Zlin, University of Ghana	"Afful-Dadzie, Anthony: University of Ghana","Afful-Dadzie, Eric: Tomas Bata University Zlin","Oplatkova, Zuzana Kominkova: Tomas Bata University Zlin"	The United Nations' target date to achieve its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to free people from extreme poverty and multiple deprivations is 2015. As the date approaches, several attempts have been made to evaluate the performance of the set goals, targets, and indicators. Although the methodology used to measure the performance of member countries has been questioned by many, the fiercest criticism so far has been the apparent lack of data with which to measure progress. The subjectivity of the MDGs further increases the complexity of the evaluation systems, but an effective measurability of each MDG is key to the overall success. This study applies a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM) in evaluating the performance of individual member countries with regard to the MDGs. The result shows how, in the absence of data, the FCEM can be used to evaluate performance of member countries involved in the MDG project.	,SUCCESS,TARGETS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857544257	Geostatistical inversion for 3D confidence evaluation of facies prediction: A Gulf of Guinea example	Araman A., Cadoret T., Pernia L., Minken D., Moyen R.	2011	SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts	30	1	10.1190/1.3627539	Total E and P, France; Total Upstream Nigeria Limited, Nigeria; CGG Veritas, France	Araman, A., Total E and P, France; Cadoret, T., Total E and P, France; Pernia, L., Total E and P, France; Minken, D., Total Upstream Nigeria Limited, Nigeria; Moyen, R., CGG Veritas, France	We use lithoseismic classification on geostatistical inverted seismic data to access multiple realizations of lithofacies attribute cubes. We study the variability of predicted lithofacies values to compute in 3D a confidence attribute cube. This confidence cube helps the interpreter to evaluate the robustness of a predicted lithofacies value at any point for further reservoir model building. As a result, a case study on a Gulf of Guinea dataset led to a probabilistic characterization of the connectivity between producing intervals. © 2011 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.	Africa; Inversion; Lithology; Reservoir characterization; Statistical	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44649186822	Evaluation of different adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing all the SAT serotypes	Cloete M., Dungu B., Van Staden L.I., Ismail-Cassim N., Vosloo W.	2008	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	75	1	None	Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Onderstepoort Biological Products, Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa	Cloete, M., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Dungu, B., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Onderstepoort Biological Products, Private Bag X07, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Van Staden, L.I., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Ismail-Cassim, N., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Vosloo, W., Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa	Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is primarily controlled by vaccination of susceptible animals and movement restrictions for animals and animal-derived products in South Africa. Vaccination using aluminium hydroxide gel-saponin (AS) adjuvanted vaccines containing the South African Territories (SAT) serotypes has been shown to be effective both in ensuring that disease does not spread from the endemic to the free zone and in controlling outbreaks in the free zone. Various vaccine formulations containing antigens derived from the SAT serotypes were tested in cattle that were challenged 1 year later. Both the AS and ISA 206B vaccines adjuvanted with saponin protected cattle against virulent virus challenge. The oil-based ISA 206B-adjuvanted vaccine with and without stimulators was evaluated in a field trial and both elicited antibody responses that lasted for 1 year. Furthermore, the ISA 206 adjuvanted FMD vaccine protected groups of cattle against homologous virus challenge at very low payloads, while pigs vaccinated with an emergency ISA 206B-based FMD vaccine containing the SAT 1 vaccine strains were protected against the heterologous SAT 1 outbreak strain.	Adjuvant; Cattle; Control strategies; Foot-and-mouth disease; Pigs; South Africa; Vaccines	aluminum hydroxide; immunological adjuvant; oil; saponin; virus antibody; virus vaccine; animal; animal disease; article; blood; cattle; cattle disease; foot and mouth disease; Foot and mouth disease virus; immunology; safety; serotyping; sheep; sheep disease; South Africa; swine; swine disease; vaccination; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aluminum Hydroxide; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Oils; Safety; Saponins; Serotyping; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; South Africa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Animalia; Bos; Suidae	None
None	None	Longitudinal evaluation of Ocimum and other plants effects on the feeding behavioral response of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the field in Tanzania	Kweka E.J., Mosha F.W., Lowassa A., Mahande A.M., Mahande M.J., Massenga C.P., Tenu F., Lyatuu E.E., Mboya M.A., Temu E.A.	2008	Parasites and Vectors	1	1	10.1186/1756-3305-1-42	Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; KCM College of Tumaini University, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Field Station, P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan	Kweka, E.J., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania, KCM College of Tumaini University, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Mosha, F.W., KCM College of Tumaini University, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Lowassa, A., Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; Mahande, A.M., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania, KCM College of Tumaini University, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Mahande, M.J., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Massenga, C.P., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Tenu, F., National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Field Station, P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Lyatuu, E.E., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Mboya, M.A., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Temu, E.A., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan	Background. The use of repellent materials from plants against nuisance insects is common with great potential to compliment existing malaria control programmes and this requires evaluation in the field. Ocimum plant species, Ocimum suave (Willd) and O. kilimandscharicum (Guerke) materials and their essential oils extracted by steam distillation were evaluated in the field and experimental huts for repellence, exophily and feeding inhibition effects against three mosquito species, Anopheles arabiensis (Patton), An. gambiae ss (Giles) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). The protective effect of essential oils from Ocimum plants were compared with N, N-diethly-3- methylbenzamide (DEET), a standard synthetic repellent. Also, the protective effect of fumigation by burning of repellent plants; Ocimum suave, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globules and Lantana camara were tested in experimental huts and selected local houses. Results. In the field, protection by Ocimum plants from mosquito bites was high and there was small variation among different mosquito species. Protection efficiency was 93.4%, 91.98% and 89.75% for An. arabiensis while for Cx. quinquefaciatus it was 91.30%, 88.65% and 90.50% for DEET, Ocimum suave and O. kilimandscharicum respectively. In the experimental hut, deterrence induced by burning of Ocimum and other plants ranged from 73.1.0% to 81.9% for An. arabiensis and 56.5% to 67.8% for Cx. quinquefaciatus, while feeding inhibition was 61.1% to 100% for An. arabiensis and 50% to 100% for Cx. quinquefaciatus. Evaluations under field conditions confirmed high protective efficacy, enhanced feeding inhibition and house entry inhibition (Deterrence). Conclusion. This study shows the potential of Ocimum suave and Ocimum kilimandscharicum crude extracts and whole plants of Ocimum suave, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globules and Lantana camara for use in protecting against human biting while the burning of plants reduces significantly the indoor resting mosquitoes.	None	Ocimum basilicum extract; Anopheles; anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; article; basil; Culex quinquefasciatus; feeding behavior; infection control; Tanzania; Anopheles arabiensis; Azadirachta indica; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; Culicidae; Diptera; Eucalyptus; Hexapoda; Lantana camara; Ocimum; Ocimum kilimandscharicum; Ocimum suave	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of four mosquitoes sampling methods in rice irrigation schemes of lower moshi, northern Tanzania	Kweka E.J., Mahande A.M.	2009	Malaria Journal	8	1	10.1186/1475-2875-8-149	Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Mabogini Field Station, Moshi, Tanzania	Kweka, E.J., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Mahande, A.M., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Mabogini Field Station, Moshi, Tanzania	Background. Adult malaria vector sampling is the most important parameter for setting up an intervention and understanding disease dynamics in malaria endemic areas. The intervention will ideally be species-specific according to sampling output. It was the objective of this study to evaluate four sampling techniques, namely human landing catch, pit shelter, indoor resting collection and odour-baited entry trap. Methodology. These four sampling methods were evaluated simultaneously for thirty days during October 2008, a season of low mosquitoes density and malaria transmission. These trapping methods were performed in one village for maximizing homogeneity in mosquito density. The cattle and man used in odour-baited entry trap were rotated between the chambers to avoid bias. Results. A total of 3,074 mosquitoes were collected. Among these 1,780 (57.9%) were Anopheles arabiensis and 1,294 (42.1%) were Culex quinquefasciatus. Each trap sampled different number of mosquitoes, Indoor resting collection collected 335 (10.9%), Odour-baited entry trap-cow 1,404 (45.7%), Odour-baited entry trap-human 378 (12.3%), Pit shelter 562 (18.3%) and HLC 395 (12.8%). General linear model univariate analysis method was used, position of the trapping method had no effect on mosquito density catch (DF = 4, F = 35.596, P = 0.78). Days variation had no effect on the collected density too (DF = 29, F = 4.789, P = 0.09). The sampling techniques had significant impact on the caught mosquito densities (DF = 4, F = 34.636, P < 0.0001). The Wilcoxon pair-wise comparison between mosquitoes collected in human landing catch and pit shelter was significant (Z = -3.849, P < 0.0001), human landing catch versus Indoor resting collection was not significant (Z = -0.502, P = 0.615), human landing catch versus odour-baited entry trap-man was significant (Z = -2.687, P = 0.007), human landing catch versus odour-baited entry trap-cow was significant (Z = -3.127, P = 0.002). Conclusion. Odour-baited traps with different baits and pit shelter have shown high productivity in collecting higher densities of mosquitoes than human landing catch. These abilities are the possibilities of replacing the human landing catch practices for sampling malaria vectors in areas with An. arabiensis as malaria vectors. Further evaluations of these sampling methods need to be investigated is other areas with different species. © 2009 Kweka and Mahande; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	animal trapping; Anopheles; article; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; disease transmission; intermethod comparison; irrigation (agriculture); malaria; malaria control; nonhuman; Tanzania; animal; cattle; comparative study; Culex; disease carrier; environmental monitoring; epidemiology; human; instrumentation; methodology; mosquito; odor; rice; season; Animals; Anopheles; Cattle; Culex; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Odors; Oryza sativa; Sampling Studies; Seasons; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929153772	Using theory and formative research to design interventions to improve community health worker motivation, retention and performance in Mozambique and Uganda	Strachan D.L., Källander K., Nakirunda M., Ndima S., Muiambo A., Hill Z., Meek S., Tibenderana J., Castel-Branco A.C., Kertho E., Strachan D., Kirkwood B., Soremekun S., Lingam R., Vassal A., Kasteng F.	2015	Human Resources for Health	13	1	10.1186/s12960-015-0020-8	UCL Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford St., London, United Kingdom; Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Malaria Consortium Uganda, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, P.O.Box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium Mozambique, Rua Joseph Ki-Zerbo 191, PO Box 3655, Coop, Maputo, Mozambique; Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; UCL Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Strachan, D.L., UCL Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford St., London, United Kingdom; Källander, K., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Nakirunda, M., Malaria Consortium Uganda, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, P.O.Box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; Ndima, S., Malaria Consortium Mozambique, Rua Joseph Ki-Zerbo 191, PO Box 3655, Coop, Maputo, Mozambique; Muiambo, A., Malaria Consortium Mozambique, Rua Joseph Ki-Zerbo 191, PO Box 3655, Coop, Maputo, Mozambique; Hill, Z., UCL Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford St., London, United Kingdom, UCL Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom; Meek, S., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Tibenderana, J., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Castel-Branco, A.C., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Kertho, E., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Strachan, D., UCL Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom; Kirkwood, B., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Soremekun, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Lingam, R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Vassal, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Kasteng, F., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly being used in low-income countries to address human resources shortages, yet there remain few effective, evidence-based strategies for addressing the enduring programmatic constraints of worker motivation, retention and performance. This paper describes how two interventions were designed by the Innovations at Scale for Community Access and Lasting Effects (inSCALE) project to address these constraints in Uganda and Mozambique drawing on behavioural theory and formative research results. Methods: A review of the work motivation and CHW motivation literature-incorporating influences on retention and performance-was conducted on articles sourced through electronic web searches. Formative research with a focus on the barriers and facilitators to CHW motivation, retention and performance was conducted with community health workers and key stakeholders in Uganda and Mozambique. An analytical induction approach to the thematic analysis of transcripts from 98 in-depth interviews and 26 focus group discussions was adopted across the country settings. Results: From the theoretical review, it was determined that the interventions should promote CHWs as members of a collective by highlighting a sense of shared experience, focus on alignment between worker and programme goals, and emphasise the actions that lead to good performance. The Social Identity Approach was selected as the theory most likely to lead to the development of effective, scalable and sustainable interventions by addressing the identified gap in the literature of the influence of CHW working context. The formative research indicated that CHWs value feedback and feeling connected to the health system and their community, are motivated by status and community standing, and want to be provided with the necessary tools to perform. Two interventions based on these results were developed: a participatory, local community approach and an information communication technology (ICT) approach. Conclusions: Drawing on contextual data and theory that is sensitive to context can potentially lead to the development of appropriate and effective interventions when aiming to improve the motivation, retention and performance of CHWs in Uganda and Mozambique and other comparable settings. Evaluation of the developed interventions is crucial to assess this potential. © 2015 Strachan et al.	Community health workers; Human resources for health; Motivation; Mozambique; Performance; Retention; Social identity approach; Uganda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650892194	Measurement error associated with performance testing in well-trained cyclists: Application to the precision of monitoring changes in training status	Lamberts R.P., Swart J., Woolrich R.W., Noakes T.D., Lambert M.I.	2009	International SportMed Journal	10	1	None	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, South Africa; High Performance Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, South Africa	Lamberts, R.P., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, South Africa; Swart, J., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, South Africa; Woolrich, R.W., High Performance Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Boundary Road, Newlands, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Newlands, South Africa	Small changes in performance, as low as 1%, are regarded as meaningful in well-trained cyclists. Being able to detect these changes is necessary to fine tune training and optimise performance. The typical error of measurement (TEM) in common performance cycle tests is about 2-3%. It is not known whether this TEM is lower in well-trained cyclists and therefore whether small changes in performance parameters are detectable. In this research, after familiarisation, 17 well-trained cyclists each completed three Peak Power Output (PPO) tests (including VO2max) and three 40km time trials (40km TT). All tests were performed after a standardised warm-up at the same relative intensity and under a strict testing-protocol. TEM within the PPO-test was 2.2% for VO2max and 0.9% for PPO, while TEM for the 40km TT was 0.9%. In conclusion, measurement of PPO and 40km TT time, after a standardised warm-up, has sufficient precision in well-trained cyclists to detect small meaningful changes.	Cycling; High performance; Meaningful differences; Monitoring; Precision; Testing	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858307644	Impact of a community-based programme for motor development on gross motor skills and cognitive function in preschool children from disadvantaged settings	Draper C.E., Achmat M., Forbes J., Lambert E.V.	2012	Early Child Development and Care	182	1	10.1080/03004430.2010.547250	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Draper, C.E., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Achmat, M., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Forbes, J., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	The aims of the studies were to assess the impact of the Little Champs programme for motor development on (1) the gross motor skills, and (2) cognitive function of children in the programme. In study 1, 118 children from one Early Childhood Development Centre (ECDC) were tested using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, and in study 2, 83 children were tested from six ECDCs using the Herbst Early Childhood Development Criteria test. The results showed that children exposed to eight months of Little Champs had significantly better overall scores for locomotor (p < 0.005) and object control (p < 0.01) skills compared to the control group. There was a statistically significant improvement in the cognitive scores of children who participated regularly in the programme (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that even limited exposure to a low intensity programme for motor development can positively impact gross motor skills and cognitive function in disadvantaged preschoolers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	cognitive; community-based programme; disadvantaged; gross motor; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30344451058	Evaluation of maximal exercise performance, fatigue, and depression in athletes with acquired chronic training intolerance	St. Clair Gibson A., Grobler L.A., Collins M., Lambert M.I., Sharwood K., Derman E.W., Noakes T.D.	2006	Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine	16	1	10.1097/01.jsm.0000188044.06545.e5	UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	St. Clair Gibson, A., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Sport Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Grobler, L.A., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Collins, M., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Sharwood, K., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Derman, E.W., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., UCT/MRC Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Objective: This study compared differences in maximal strength and aerobic capacity and symptoms of fatigue and depression in athletes with acquired training intolerance (ATI) and control athletes (CON) matched for age and current training volume who did not have symptoms of excessive or chronic fatigue associated with their sporting activity. Setting: University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa. Participants: Twenty ATI and 10 CON athletes participated in the trial. Although the ATI athletes reported symptoms of excessive fatigue during exercise, or symptoms of fatigue that occurred at rest and during activities of daily living, they did not fulfill the criteria for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Main Outcome Measures: A training and comprehensive medical history was recorded from all subjects. The Beck Depression Inventory Short Form (BDI-SF) was used to assess levels of depression in both ATI and control subjects. Maximal force output during a 5-second isometric voluntary knee extensor muscle contraction, and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and maximal blood lactate concentrations during a treadmill running test were measured in all subjects. Results: There were no differences in maximal isometric force output, peak treadmill running speed, VO2max, HRmax, or blood lactate concentration at rest or after maximal exercise testing between the ATI and CON athletes. However, the BDI-SF scores were higher in the ATI (7.7 ± 6.6 arbitrary units) than in the CON athletes (1.7 ± 1.5 arbitrary units; (P = 0.0052). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the symptoms of excessive fatigue and acquired training intolerance described by these ATI athletes do not affect their maximal isometric and maximal aerobic capacity, and may be associated with psychologic depression in these athletes. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Aerobic; Depression; Exercise performance; Isometric	adult; aerobic capacity; anamnesis; article; athlete; Beck Depression Inventory; chronic fatigue syndrome; controlled study; daily life activity; depression; exercise intensity; exercise test; extensor muscle; female; heart rate; human; knee function; lactate blood level; male; muscle force; muscle isometric contraction; muscle strength; priority journal; rest; South Africa; sport; symptomatology; training; treadmill exercise; velocity; voluntary movement; Adult; Chronic Disease; Depression; Exercise Tolerance; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Weakness; Oxygen Consumption; Sports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903304326	Psychological well-being and resilience as predictors of first-year students' academic performance	Kotzé M., Kleynhans R.	2013	Journal of Psychology in Africa	23	1	10.1080/14330237.2013.10820593	UFS Business School, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa	Kotzé, M., UFS Business School, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa; Kleynhans, R., UFS Business School, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa	This study investigated aspects of psychological well-being (burnout and engagement) and resilience as predictors of the academic performance of a group of first-year students at a higher education institution. Participants included 789 first-year students at a South African university (females = 43%, majority ethnicity Black African = 58%). They completed measures of burnout, engagement and resilience. Data were analysed using stepwise multiple regression to determine whether burnout, engagement and resilience were statistically significant predictors of first year students' academic performance. The results indicated that burnout (specifically Emotional Exhaustion and Cynicism) and resilience (specifically Religion) were statistically significant predictors of academic performance. Students with lower levels of cynicism, who are emotionally and cognitively more involved in their studies, seem to perform better. Surprisingly, students who reported being emotionally more exhausted performed well in their studies. Those students who seem to have strong spiritual/religious beliefs also fared better with regard to academic performance than those of lower religious faith. Strong spiritual/religious anchors and continuous cognitive and emotional involvement in academic work are valuable resources to students in their academic performance.	Burnout in students; Engagement; First-year students; Psychological well-being; Resilience	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951547384	Evaluation of interceptor long-lasting insecticidal nets in eight communities in Liberia	Banek K., Kilian A., Allan R.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-84	Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; MENTOR Initiative, La Prade, 11150 Villasavary, France	Banek, K., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Kilian, A., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; Allan, R., MENTOR Initiative, La Prade, 11150 Villasavary, France	Background. By 2008, the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) recommended five long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for the prevention of malaria: Olyset®, PermaNet 2.0®, Netprotect®, Duranet® and Interceptor®. Field information is available for both Olyset® and PermaNet®, with limited data on the newer LLINs. To address this gap, a field evaluation was carried out to determine the acceptability and durability of Interceptor® LLINs. Methods. A one-year prospective field study was conducted in eight rural returnee villages in Liberia. Households were randomized to receive Interceptor® LLINs or conventionally treated nets (CTNs). Primary outcomes were levels of residual alpha-cypermethrin measured by HPLC and participant utilization/acceptability of the ITNs. Results. A total of 398 nets were analysed for residual alpha-cypermethrin. The median baseline concentrations of insecticide were 175.5 mg/m2 for the Interceptor® LLIN and 21.8 mg/m2 for the CTN. Chemical residue loss after a one year follow-up period was 22% and 93% respectively. Retention and utilization of nets remained high (94%) after one year, irrespective of type, while parasitaemia prevalence decreased from 29.7% at baseline to 13.6% during the follow up survey (p = < 0.001). Interview and survey data show perceived effectiveness of ITNs was just as important as other physical attributes in influencing net utilization. Conclusion. Interceptor® LLINs are effective and desirable in rural communities in Liberia. Consideration for end user preferences should be incorporated into product development of all LLINs in the future, in order to achieve optimum retention and utilization. © 2010 Banek et al.	None	insecticide; cipermethrin; pesticide residue; pyrethroid; article; bed net; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; follow up; health survey; high performance liquid chromatography; human; Liberia; major clinical study; malaria; outcome assessment; parasitemia; randomized controlled trial; semi structured interview; adult; consumer; family size; female; infant; information processing; male; methodology; mosquito; patient attitude; preschool child; prospective study; risk; rural population; statistics; Adult; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Consumer Participation; Family Characteristics; Female; Focus Groups; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Liberia; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pesticide Residues; Prospective Studies; Pyrethrins; Risk; Rural Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250327238	The impact of helminths on the response to immunization and on the incidence of infection and disease in childhood in Uganda: Design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial of deworming interventions delivered in pregnancy and e	Elliott A.M., Kizza M., Quigley M.A., Ndibazza J., Nampijja M., Muhangi L., Morison L., Namujju P.B., Muwanga M., Kabatereine N., Whitwortha J.A.G.	2007	Clinical Trials	4	1	10.1177/1740774506075248	Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford University, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Elliott, A.M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kizza, M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Quigley, M.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford University, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ndibazza, J., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Nampijja, M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Muhangi, L., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Morison, L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Namujju, P.B., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Muwanga, M., Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabatereine, N., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Whitwortha, J.A.G., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Helminths have profound effects on the immune response, allowing long-term survival of parasites with minimal damage to the host. Some of these effects "spill-over", altering responses to non-helminth antigens or allergens. It is suggested that this may lead to impaired responses to immunizations and infections, while conferring benefits against inflammatory responses in allergic and autoimmune disease. These effects might develop in utero, through exposure to maternal helminth infections, or through direct exposure in later life. Purpose: To determine the effects of helminths and their treatment in pregnancy and in young children on immunological and disease outcomes in childhood. Methods: The trial has three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventions at two times, in two people: a pregnant woman and her child. Pregnant women are randomized to albendazole or placebo and praziquantel or placebo. At age 15 months their children are randomized to three-monthly albendazole or placebo, to continue to age five years. The proposed designation for this sequence of interventions is a 2 × 2(×2) factorial design. Children are immunized with BCG and against polio, Diphtheria, tetanus, Pertussis, Haemophilus, hepatitis B and measles. Primary immunological outcomes are responses to BCG antigens and tetanus toxoid in whole blood cytokine assays and antibody assays at one, three and five years of age. Primary disease outcomes are incidence of malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, measles, vertical HIV transmission, and atopic disease episodes, measured at clinic visits and twice-monthly home visits. Effects on anaemia, growth and intellectual development are also assessed. Conclusion: This trial, with a novel design comprising related interventions in pregnant women and their offspring, is the first to examine effects of helminths and their treatment in pregnancy and early childhood on immunological, infectious disease and allergic disease outcomes. The results will enhance understanding of both detrimental and beneficial effects of helminth infection and inform policy. © Society for Clinical Trials 2007.	None	albendazole; BCG vaccine; cytokine; diphtheria pertussis poliomyelitis tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type b hepatitis B vaccine; measles vaccine; placebo; praziquantel; antiparasitic agent; anemia; article; atopy; child growth; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; factorial analysis; female; helminthiasis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; immunization; immunoassay; infant; infection rate; informed consent; major clinical study; malaria; mental development; outcome assessment; pregnant woman; preschool child; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; research ethics; sample size; single drug dose; tuberculosis; animal; child; helminth; immunology; incidence; male; methodology; parasitology; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; Uganda; Albendazole; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Humans; Immunization; Incidence; Male; Praziquantel; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Randomized Controlled Trials; Research Design; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859031576	Got it clipped? The effect of tail clipping on tail gripping performance in chameleons	Herrel A., Measey G.J., Vanhooydonck B., Tolley K.A.	2012	Journal of Herpetology	46	1	10.1670/10-301	UMR 7179, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France; Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Herrel, A., UMR 7179, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France; Measey, G.J., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Vanhooydonck, B., Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium; Tolley, K.A., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Toe and tail clipping are commonly used methods for permanent marking of animals and for obtaining tissue samples for genetic analyses. Although it has been tested whether toe clipping affects locomotor performance (and thus potentially the fitness of an individual), little is known about the effect of tail clipping. Tails are important organs in many amphibians and reptiles and are used for balance or stability during locomotion or as prehensile organs. Effects of tail autotomy or the removal of large parts of the tail have previously been demonstrated. Here, we test whether the removal of a small part (<5 mm) of the distal tail in chameleons affects their ability to cling to branches of different diameters by measuring gripping strength using of a force platform. Our data show no significant or directional effect of tail clipping on the maximal forces that can be generated by the tail and, thus, suggest that tail clipping can be used as a method for tissue collection. © 2012 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.	None	Amphibia; Animalia; Chamaeleonidae; Reptilia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873123830	Biological evaluation of Trans-African highways	Adamatzky A., Kayem A.V.D.M.	2013	European Physical Journal: Special Topics	215	1	10.1140/epjst/e2013-01714-6	Unconventional Computing Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Adamatzky, A., Unconventional Computing Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Kayem, A.V.D.M., Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	The Trans-African highway network is a unique concept of integrated development of transport corridors spanning all African countries and providing landlocked countries access to seaports. The planned road system is still maturing and just partially complete, thus giving us a chance to play with different scenarios of its growth and to consider potential alternative transport networks. We study the evolving transport network in the African continent with a groundbreaking technique of imitating growing transport networks with slime mould Physarum polycephalum. We represent the major urban areas of Africa with a source of nutrients, inoculate a piece of the slime mould in Cairo and allow the mould to span all urban areas with its network of protoplasmic tubes. We then compare the slime mould networks with existing and planned highway corridors. We found that slime mould provides a good approximation of the Trans-African highway network, with some roads of Eastern Africa delineated by P. polycephalum in a larger number of laboratory experiments. We demonstrate direct matches between protoplasmic tubes and Trans-Sahelian as well as Lagos-Mombasa corridors. Finally we analyse the bio-logic of transport network development in families of generalised Physarum graphs. © 2013 EDP Sciences and Springer.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930627593	The impact of banks and stock market development on economic growth in South Africa: An ARDL-bounds testing approach	Nyasha S., Odhiambo N.M.	2015	Contemporary Economics	9	1	10.5709/ce.1897-9254.161	UNISA, Department of Economics, South Africa	Nyasha, S., UNISA, Department of Economics, South Africa; Odhiambo, N.M., UNISA, Department of Economics, South Africa	This paper examines the impact of both bank- and market-based financial development on economic growth in South Africa during the period from 1980 to 2012. Unlike some previous studies, the current study employs means-removed average to construct both bank- and market-based financial development indices. The study uses the newly developed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine this linkage. The empirical results of this study show that there is a positive relationship between bank-based financial development and economic growth in South Africa. The results, however, fail to find any relationship between market-based financial development and economic growth in South Africa. The results apply irrespective of whether the regression analysis is conducted in the short run or in the long run. These results imply that it is bank-based financial development rather than market-based financial development that plays a pivotal role in propelling South Africa’s real sector. © 2015, Wyzsza Szkola Finansow i Zarzadzania w Warszawie. All rights reserved.	Bank-based financial development; Economic growth; Market-based financial development; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-81355160660	Techno-economic evaluation of a nuclear-assisted coal-to-liquid facility	Chiuta S., Blom E.	2012	Progress in Nuclear Energy	54	1	10.1016/j.pnucene.2011.08.004	Unit for Energy Systems, Postgraduate School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2531, South Africa	Chiuta, S., Unit for Energy Systems, Postgraduate School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2531, South Africa; Blom, E., Unit for Energy Systems, Postgraduate School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2531, South Africa	The production of synthetic fuels (synfuels) in Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) facilities has contributed to global warming due to the enormous carbon dioxide (CO2) emission footprint of the process. This corresponds to inefficient carbon conversion, a problem growing in importance particularly given the severe consequences concomitantly posed by global warming and the rapid depletion of coal reserves. This paper seeks to address these simultaneous challenges of environmental and energy sustainability associated with CTL facilities. To reduce the environmental impact and improve the carbon conversion of CTL facilities, we propose and apply the concept of a nuclear-assisted synthesis gas (syngas) plant to a reference syngas plant in a CTL facility consisting of 36 dry fixed-bed gasifiers. In this kind of plant, a Hybrid Sulphur (HyS) plant powered by 10 high-temperature nuclear reactors (HTR's) splits water to produce nuclear hydrogen and oxygen. The nuclear hydrogen supplements the hydrogen-poor syngas from the Rectisol and the oxygen becomes part of the gasifier feed. The nuclear-assisted syngas plant concept that we have developed is entirely based on the premise that the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction is minimised by operating a dry fixed-bed gasifier under steam-lean conditions. A mass-analysis model of the syngas plant described in this paper demonstrates that the WGS reaction contributes 68% to the CO2 emission output. The consequent benefits of eliminating the WGS reaction include reductions in the CO2 emissions and gasification coal requirement of 75% and 40%, respectively, all to achieve the same syngas output as the conventional syngas plant. In addition, we have developed an economic model for use as a strategic decision analysis tool that compares the relative syngas manufacturing costs for conventional and nuclear-assisted syngas plants. Our model predicts that syngas manufactured in the nuclear-assisted CTL plant would cost 21% more to produce when the average cost of producing nuclear hydrogen is US$3/kg H2. The model also evaluates the cost of CO 2 avoided, which at the average hydrogen cost is $58/t CO 2. Sensitivity analyses performed on the costing model reveal, however, that the cost of CO2 avoided is zero at a hydrogen production cost of $2/kg H2 or at a delivered coal cost of $128/t coal. The economic advantages of the nuclear-assisted syngas plant are lost above the threshold cost of $100/t CO2. However, the cost of CO2 avoided in our model is below the threshold for the range of critical assumptions considered in the sensitivity analyses. Consequently, this paper demonstrates the practicality, feasibility and economic attractiveness of the nuclear-assisted CTL plant. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Carbon dioxide; Coal gasification; Global warming; HTR; Nuclear hydrogen; Synthesis gas	Average cost; Carbon conversions; Coal reserves; Costing model; Economic advantages; Economic models; Energy sustainability; Fixed-bed; Fixed-bed gasifiers; Gasifiers; High temperature; HTR; Hybrid sulphur; Hydrogen costs; Manufacturing cost; Nuclear hydrogen; Strategic decision analysis; Syn-gas; Techno-economic evaluation; Water-gas-shift reactions; WGS reactions; Carbon; Carbon dioxide; Coal; Coal gasification; Costs; Environmental impact; Global warming; High temperature reactors; Hydrogen; Hydrogen production; Liquids; Oxygen; Proven reserves; Sensitivity analysis; Sulfur; Sustainable development; Synthesis (chemical); Synthesis gas; Synthetic fuels; Cost benefit analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879665343	Effects and impact of witchcraft on Sotho Reformed Churches and the biblical view of witchcraft	Semenya D.K., Letsosa R.	2013	Verbum et Ecclesia	34	1	10.4102/ve.v34i1.676	Unit for Reformed Theology, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	Semenya, D.K., Unit for Reformed Theology, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; Letsosa, R., Unit for Reformed Theology, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	The aim of this article is to analyse the effects and impact of witchcraft on members of the Basotho Reformed Church who ascribe to witchcraft. From the literature, it is clear that some members of the Basotho Reformed Church practise various forms of witchcraft. Some Christians do not directly involve themselves with practices linked to witchcraft but do participate in healing practices. This article highlights a number of such instances and provides a number of guidelines to churchgoers who are adhering to practices of witchcraft. These guidelines should be relevant to them when they are reflecting on their relationship with the Lord with the aim to live in obedience to God's Word. © 2013. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899117323	The impact of clinical research activities on communities in rural Africa: The development of the Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN) in Burkina Faso	Tinto H., Valea I., Sorgho H., Tahita M.C., Traore M., Bihoun B., Guiraud I., Kpoda H., Rouamba J., Ouédraogo S., Lompo P., Yara S., Kabore W., Ouédraogo J.-B., Guiguemdé R.T., Binka F.N., Ogutu B.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-113	Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale (IRSS/DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (INSSA), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; INDEPTH-Network, Accra, Ghana	Tinto, H., Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale (IRSS/DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Valea, I., Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Sorgho, H., Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale (IRSS/DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Tahita, M.C., Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale (IRSS/DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Traore, M., Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale (IRSS/DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Bihoun, B., Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Guiraud, I., Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Kpoda, H., Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Rouamba, J., Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Ouédraogo, S., Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Lompo, P., Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Yara, S., Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Kabore, W., Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Ouédraogo, J.-B., Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale (IRSS/DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Guiguemdé, R.T., Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (INSSA), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Binka, F.N., INDEPTH-Network, Accra, Ghana; Ogutu, B., INDEPTH-Network, Accra, Ghana	Background: The opportunities for developing new drugs and vaccines for malaria control look brighter now than ten years ago. However, there are few places in sub-Saharan Africa with the necessary infrastructure and expertise to support such research in compliance to international standards of clinical research (ICH-GCP). The Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN) was founded in 2008 to provide a much-needed GCP-compliant clinical trial platform for an imminent large-scale Phase 3 malaria vaccine trial. A dynamic approach was used that entailed developing the required infrastructure and human resources, while engaging local communities in the process as key stakeholders. This provided a better understanding and ownership of the research activities by the local population. Case description. Within five years (2008-2013), the CRUN set up a fully and well-equipped GCP-compliant clinical trial research facility, which enabled to attract 25 grants. The research team grew from ten health workers prior to 2008 to 254 in 2013. A Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), which covers a total population of about 60,000 people in 24 villages was set up in the district. The local community contributed to the development of the facility through the leadership of the king and the mayor of Nanoro. As a result of their active advocacy, the government extended the national electrical grid to the new research center, and later to the entire village. This produced a positive impact on the community's quality of life. The quality of health care improved substantially, due to the creation of more elaborate clinical laboratory services and the acquisition of state-of-the-art equipment. Conclusion: Involving the community in the key steps of establishing the centre provided the foundation for what was to become the CRUN success story. This experience demonstrates that when clinical trials research sites are carefully developed and implemented, they can have a positive and powerful impact on local communities in resource-poor settings, well beyond the task of generating expected study data. © 2014 Tinto et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	achievement; article; Burkina Faso; clinical research; clinical trial (topic); community trial; health care facility; health care personnel; health care quality; human; multicenter study (topic); phase 3 clinical trial (topic); quality of life; rural area; Biomedical Research; Burkina Faso; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Rural Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931269148	Phytochemistry, antimicrobial and antiradical activities evaluation of essential oils, ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves of eucalyptus citriodora hook from benin	Koudoro Y.A., Agbangnan Dossa C.P., Yèhouénou B.B., Tchobo F.P., Alitonou G.A., Avlessi F., Sohounhloué D.C.K.	2014	Scientific Study and Research: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Food Industry	15	1	None	Unité de Recherche sur les Interactions Moléculaires, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Unité de Recherche en Génie Enzymatique et Alimentaire, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Unité de Recherche sur les Extraits Végétaux, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa	Koudoro, Y.A., Unité de Recherche sur les Interactions Moléculaires, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Agbangnan Dossa, C.P., Unité de Recherche en Génie Enzymatique et Alimentaire, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Yèhouénou, B.B., Unité de Recherche sur les Interactions Moléculaires, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Tchobo, F.P., Unité de Recherche sur les Extraits Végétaux, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Alitonou, G.A., Unité de Recherche sur les Interactions Moléculaires, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Avlessi, F., Unité de Recherche sur les Interactions Moléculaires, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa; Sohounhloué, D.C.K., Unité de Recherche en Génie Enzymatique et Alimentaire, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Cotonou, South Africa	The precipitation and coloration reactions implemented in this study revealed in the leaves of E. citriodora (Myrtaceae) of Benin the presence of polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, mucilages, anthraquinones, leucoanthocyanins, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, proteins, sterols and triterpenes. The essential oil from the leaves of this plant was extracted with a yield of 3% and then analyzed by GC/MS. Nine compounds, representing 94.46% of the chemical composition of the oil, were identified, three among them being majority: citronellal (65.45%), citronellol (13.5%) and isopulegol (10.33%). The contents of polyphenolic compounds of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts were respectively 4.52 mg EAG.g-1 and 4.38 mg EAG.g-1 for total polyphenols, 78.76 mg EC.g-1 and 81.56 mg EC.g-1 for total flavonoids and 62.62 mg EC.g-1 and 67.09 mg EC.g-1 for condensed tannins. The radical scavenging activity of hydroethanolic extract (IC<inf>50</inf>=0.23 mg.mL-1) was more pronounced than that of ethanolic extract (IC<inf>50</inf>=0.42 mg.mL-1) and essential oil (IC<inf>50</inf>=0.9 mg.mL-1). Regarding antimicrobial activity, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were sensitive to hydroethanolic extract of E. citriodora leaves while Escherichia coli developed resistance against this extract. As for the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora it showed fungicidal activity against Candida albicans and bacteriostatic with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. © 2014 ALMA MATER Publishing House, “VASILE ALECSANDRI” University of Bacău. All rights reserved.	Candida albicans; Escherichia coli; Essential oil; Polyphenolic compounds; Radical scavenging	Bacteria; Candida; Chemical compounds; Escherichia coli; Flavonoids; Ketones; Microorganisms; Plants (botany); Polyphenolic compounds; Tannins; Yeast; Anti-microbial activity; Antiradical activities; Candida albicans; Chemical compositions; Fungicidal activity; Radical scavenging; Radical scavenging activity; Staphylococcus aureus; Essential oils	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951796580	The impact of cash transfers on household welfare in Namibia	Levine S., van der Berg S., Yu D.	2011	Development Southern Africa	28	1	10.1080/0376835X.2011.545169	United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Windhoek, Namibia, South Africa	Levine, S., United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Windhoek, Namibia, South Africa; van der Berg, S., United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Windhoek, Namibia, South Africa; Yu, D., United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch, Windhoek, Namibia, South Africa	Namibia has a long history of providing a universal and non-contributory old age pension, child grants using means testing and quasi-conditionalities, and other cash transfers. Multivariate analysis presented in this paper confirms that these transfers play an important role in alleviating poverty, especially for the very poor. The poverty-reducing effects of the child grants are likely to increase further as access is being rapidly expanded. However, the impact in terms of reducing Namibia's extremely high inequality is limited. The targeting of the cash transfers towards the poorest groups takes place through two main channels. For the child grant, targeting occurs as a result of the orphan status eligibility criteria, as orphans are over-represented in lowerincome households. For the universal social pension, it appears that some of the relatively less poor do not receive it even if they are eligible. Means testing of child grants appears ineffective, even without considering administrative costs. ©2011 Development Bank of Southern Africa.	Child grant; Disability grant; Namibia; Old age pension; Sub-saharan Africa	child welfare; disability; elderly population; orphan; pension system; poverty alleviation; welfare impact; welfare provision; Namibia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948783370	Monitoring maternal, newborn, and child health interventions using lot quality assurance sampling in Sokoto State of northern Nigeria	Abegunde D., Orobaton N., Shoretire K., Ibrahim M., Mohammed Z., Abdulazeez J., Gwamzhi R., Ganiyu A.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.27526	United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Jhpeigo - Targeted States High Impact Project Nigeria, Bauchi, Nigeria	Abegunde, D., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Orobaton, N., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Shoretire, K., Jhpeigo - Targeted States High Impact Project Nigeria, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ibrahim, M., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Mohammed, Z., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Abdulazeez, J., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Gwamzhi, R., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Ganiyu, A., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria	Background: Maternal mortality ratio and infant mortality rate are as high as 1,576 per 100,000 live births and 78 per 1,000 live births, respectively, in Nigeria's northwestern region, where Sokoto State is located. Using applicable monitoring indicators for tracking progress in the UN/WHO framework on continuum of maternal, newborn, and child health care, this study evaluated the progress of Sokoto toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 by December 2015. The changes in outcomes in 2012-2013 associated with maternal and child health interventions were assessed. Design: We used baseline and follow-up lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) data obtained in 2012 and 2013, respectively. In each of the surveys, data were obtained from 437 households sampled from 19 LQAS locations in each of the 23 local government areas (LGAs). The composite state-level coverage estimates of the respective indicators were aggregated from estimated LGA coverage estimates. Results: None of the nine indicators associated with the continuum of maternal, neonatal, and child care satisfied the recommended 90% coverage target for achieving MDGs 4 and 5. Similarly, the average state coverage estimates were lower than national coverage estimates. Marginal improvements in coverage were obtained in the demand for family planning satisfied, antenatal care visits, postnatal care for mothers, and exclusive breast-feeding. Antibiotic treatment for acute pneumonia increased significantly by 12.8 percentage points. The majority of the LGAs were classifiable as low-performing, high-priority areas for intensified program intervention. Conclusions: Despite the limited time left in the countdown to December 2015, Sokoto State, Nigeria, is not on track to achieving the MDG 90% coverage of indicators tied to the continuum of maternal and child care, to reduce maternal and childhood mortality by a third by 2015. Targeted health system investments at the primary care level remain a priority, for intensive program scale-up to accelerate impact. © 2015 Dele Abegunde et al.	Lot quality assurance sampling; Maternal; Monitoring and evaluation; Newborn and child health; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40749116957	The genus Hyalomma koch, 1844: V. re-evaluation of the taxonomic rank of taxa comprising the H. (Euhyalomma) marginatum koch complex of species (Acari: Ixodidae) with redescription of all parasitic stages and notes on biology	Apanaskevich D.A., Horak I.G.	2008	International Journal of Acarology	34	1	None	United States National Tick Collection, Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056, United States; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Apanaskevich, D.A., United States National Tick Collection, Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056, United States; Horak, I.G., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	The systematic morphology of species within the Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) marginatum Koch complex of ticks is illustrated and their relationships within this assemblage are discussed. Traditionally this group comprises the extremely polymorphic species Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) marginatum Koch, 1844 subdivided into four subspecies, namely H. (E.) marginatum marginatum Koch, 1844; H. (E.) marginatum rufipes Koch, 1844; H. (E.) marginatum isaaci Sharif, 1928 and H. (E.) marginatum turanicum Pomerantzev, 1946. A fifth member of the association, namely H. (E.) glabrum Delpy, 1949, has recently been re-instated as a full species. The taxonomic rank of the first mentioned four ticks is herein raised to species level. Details on the repositories of type specimens, synonyms, descriptions, variability, hosts, geographic distribution, and disease relationships of these four ticks are provided, and all their developmental stages are illustrated.	Acari; Female; Geographic distribution; H (E.) isaaci sharif; H (E.) turanicum pomerantzev; H. (E.) marginatum koch; H. (E.) rufipes koch; Hyalomma (euhyalomma) marginatum koch complex; Ixodidae; Larva; Male; Nymph; Systematics	Acari; Hyalomma; Hyalomma marginatum; Hyalomma marginatum marginatum; Hyalomma marginatum rufipes; Hyalomma rufipes; Ixodida; Ixodidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644828010	Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance	Havemann L., West S.J., Goedecke J.H., Macdonald I.A., St Clair Gibson A., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V.	2006	Journal of Applied Physiology	100	1	10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005	Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Dept. of Human Biology, Univ. of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa	Havemann, L., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; West, S.J., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Goedecke, J.H., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Dept. of Human Biology, Univ. of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa; Macdonald, I.A., School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; St Clair Gibson, A., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Noakes, T.D., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, E.V., Univ. of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa	The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) followed by 1 day of carbohydrate (CHO) loading on substrate utilization, heart rate variability (HRV), effort perception [rating or perceived exertion (RPE)], muscle recruitment [electromyograph (EMG)], and performance during a 100-km cycling time trial. In this randomized single-blind crossover study, eight well-trained cyclists completed two trials, ingesting either a high-CHO diet (HCD) (68% CHO energy) or an isoenergetic HFD (68% fat energy) for 6 days, followed by 1 day of CHO loading (8-10 g CHO/kg). Subjects completed a 100-km time trial on day 1 and a 1-h cycle at 70% of peak oxygen consumption on days 3, 5, and 7, during which resting HRV and resting and exercising respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured. On day 8, subjects completed a 100-km performance time trial, during which blood samples were drawn and EMG was recorded. Ingestion of the HFD reduced RER at rest (P < 0.005) and during exercise (P < 0.01) and increased plasma free fatty acid levels (P < 0.01), indicating increased fat utilization. There was a tendency for the low-frequency power component of HRV to be greater for HFD-CHO (P = 0.056), suggestive of increased sympathetic activation. Overall 100-km time-trial performance was not different between diets; however, 1-km sprint power output after HFD-CHO was lower (P < 0.05) compared with HCD-CHO. Despite a reduced power output with HFD-CHO, RPE, heart rate, and EMG were not different between trials. In conclusion, the HFD-CHO dietary strategy increased fat oxidation, but compromised high intensity sprint performance, possibly by increased sympathetic activation or altered contractile function. Copyright © 2006 the American Physiological Society.	Endurance exercise; Fat oxidation; Heart rate variability; Muscle recruitment; Rating of perceived exertion	fatty acid; adult; article; blood sampling; carbohydrate absorption; controlled study; electromyogram; energy resource; exercise intensity; fat body; fatty acid blood level; heart rate variability; human; human experiment; lipid diet; lung gas exchange; male; motor performance; muscle contraction; muscle function; normal human; priority journal; adaptation; carbohydrate diet; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; crossover procedure; endurance; exercise; exercise test; fat intake; heart rate; metabolism; oxygen consumption; physiology; psychomotor performance; randomized controlled trial; running; single blind procedure; skeletal muscle; Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Exercise Test; Exertion; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Psychomotor Performance; Running; Single-Blind Method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955997199	Investigating the impact of positive resource interdependence and individual accountability on students' academic performance in cooperative learning [Investigación del impacto de la interdependencia de recursos positivos y rendición de cuentas en los alu	Sarfo F.K., Elen J.	2011	Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology	9	1	None	Universidad de Educación, Winneba, Kumasi Campus, Ghana; Universidad Católica de Lovaina, Belgium	Sarfo, F.K., Universidad de Educación, Winneba, Kumasi Campus, Ghana; Elen, J., Universidad Católica de Lovaina, Belgium	Introduction: This study addresses two major issues with respect to cooperative learning. The study aims at experimentally investigating the function of positive resource interdependence and individual accountability on academic performance of individuals in cooperative learning. Method: To achieve the purpose a two by two randomized post-test experimental study was conducted. Descriptive statistics and two way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results: Interestingly, the results of the study reveal that working on the full content of the information before group discussion results in better academic performance than when each member in the group works on part (positive resource interdependence) of the content before group discussion. Furthermore, it is shown that when members in cooperative learning group are informed that after group work a student will be called randomly from a group for examination and the student's score will be the score for the rest of the group members and the score will be part of the final grade, it strengthens individual and group accountability and consequently facilitates learning. The results show no interaction effect of positive resource interdependence and individual accountability on the academic performance of students under cooperative learning. Conclusion: The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. © Education & Psychology I+D+i and Editorial EOS (Spain).	Cognitive load theory; Cooperative learning; Individual accountability; Positive resource interdependence; Split-attention effect	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054720467	Global assessment of the fishing impacts on the Southern Benguela ecosystem using an EcoTroph modelling approach	Gasche L., Gascuel D., Shannon L., Shin Y.-J.	2012	Journal of Marine Systems	90	1	10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.07.012	Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR Agrocampus Ouest/INRA Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; IRD, UMR 212 Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Gasche, L., Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR Agrocampus Ouest/INRA Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Gascuel, D., Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR Agrocampus Ouest/INRA Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Shannon, L., Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Shin, Y.-J., IRD, UMR 212 Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités, University of Cape Town, Zoology Department, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	'We show that the EcoTroph model based on trophic spectra is an efficient tool to build ecosystem diagnoses of the impact of fishing. Using the Southern Benguela case study as a pretext, we present the first thorough application of the model to a real ecosystem. We thus review the structure and functioning of EcoTroph and we introduce the user to the steps that should be followed, showing the various possibilities of the model while underlining the most critical points of the modelling process. We show that EcoTroph provides an overview of the current exploitation level and target factors at the ecosystem scale, using two distinct trophic spectra to quantify the fishing targets and the fishing impact per trophic level. Then, we simulate changes in the fishing mortality, facilitating differential responses of two groups of species within the Southern Benguela ecosystem to be distinguished. More generally, we highlight various trends in a number of indicators of the ecosystem's state when increasing fishing mortality and we show that this ecosystem is moderately exploited, although predatory species are at their MSY. Finally, trophic spectra of the fishing effort multipliers EMSY and E0.1 are proposed as tools for monitoring the ecosystem effects of fishing. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Ecosystem indicators; EcoTroph; Fishing impact; Overfishing; Southern Benguela; Trophic modelling	Ecosystem indicators; EcoTroph; Fishing impact; Overfishing; Southern Benguela; Trophic modelling; Fisheries; Ecosystems; assessment method; environmental monitoring; exploitation; fishing effort; fishing mortality; numerical model; predator; spectral analysis; trophic level; Atlantic Ocean; Benguela Current	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919926483	Outdoor ventilation performance of various configurations of a layout of two adjacent buildings under isothermal conditions	Ayo S.A., Mohd-Ghazali N., Mansor S.	2015	Building Simulation	8	1	10.1007/s12273-014-0195-2	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria	Ayo, S.A., Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Mohd-Ghazali, N., Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Mansor, S., Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia	This paper explores the pedestrian-level wind environment around two buildings of unequal heights for the effects of ratio of height of upwind building to that of downwind building, referred to as buildings height ratio, spacing distance between the buildings, and direction of ambient wind, on the outdoor air ventilation. The objective is to propose appropriate spacing distances for various configurations of this type of buildings layout in a suburban area of Kuala Lumpur, which would enable harnessing the full ventilation potential of the local wind conditions. A three-dimensional numerical technique employing computational fluid dynamics simulation of continuity and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations was used to study the turbulent flow field around the full-scale sizes of the buildings. Results indicate the influence of spacing distance between buildings, relative heights of the buildings and direction of ambient wind on outdoor ventilation. Results also show that 3-D turbulent flow processes such as lateral and secondary flows play significant roles in defining the wind flow pattern and ventilation availability. The perpendicular wind direction presents remarkable adverse effects compared to the inclined direction, while a higher upwind building height which would ordinarily be expected to proportionally obstruct wind flow could be of advantage, at low values of building height ratios, in enhancing outdoor ventilation. The findings established the need to give consideration to climatic factors such as wind flow and direction in planning urban cities, as it affects buildings to be situated in close proximity, especially when there is height difference. © 2014, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	appropriate spacing distance; computational fluid dynamics; height ratio; outdoor air ventilation; two-building layout; wind direction	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876574772	Impact of protected forests on rural households' fuel tree planting in Chiro District, Eastern Ethiopia	Admasu B., Jema H., Chisholm N., Enright P.	2013	International Forestry Review	15	1	10.1505/146554813805927228	University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Haramaya University, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Admasu, B., University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Jema, H., Haramaya University, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Chisholm, N., University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Enright, P., University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	This study aims at exploring the potential impact of forest protection on rural households' private fuel tree planting in Chiro district of eastern Ethiopia. It attempts to evaluate whether or not forest protection interventions improve rural households' private fuel wood production and indirectly contribute to reforestation and restoration of endangered wildlife. The study results revealed a robust and significant positive impact of the intervention on farmers' decisions to produce private household energy by growing fuel trees on their farm. As participation in private fuel tree planting is not random, the study confronts a methodological issue in investigating the causal effect of forest protection intervention on rural farm households' private fuel tree planting through non-parametric propensity score matching (PSM) method. The protection intervention on average has increased fuel tree planting by 4 633 (1 725%) compared to open access areas and indirectly contributed to slowing down the loss of biodiversity in the area.	Chiro; deforestation; forest protection intervention; Nyala sanctuary; PSM	biodiversity; deforestation; forest management; fuelwood; household energy; protected area; reforestation; rural area; tree planting; Chiro; Ethiopia; Tragelaphus angasii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938831483	Evaluation of the use of University Library resources and services by the students of Paul University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria	Nkamnebe E.C., Udem O.K., Nkamnebe C.B.	2014	Library Philosophy and Practice	2014	1	None	University Library, Paul University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department Of Library And Information Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria	Nkamnebe, E.C., University Library, Paul University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria; Udem, O.K., Department Of Library And Information Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria; Nkamnebe, C.B., University Library, Paul University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria	This study evaluated the use of library resources and services by students of Paul University, Awka in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey research method and employed a structured questionnaire and observations as instruments for data collection. The entire population of 276 students of Paul University Awka was involved in the study. The study was guided by 6 research questions. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics which include percentages, frequencies and mean rating. Findings revealed that students fairly use the library for their studies. Observation shows that they use the library most during examination periods. It also revealed that resources currently available are fairly adequate and fairly accessible to the students. Furthermore, the study revealed that users are satisfied with the services and facilities provided by the library. Problems militating against effective use of the University Library by the students were identified and solutions were proffered. It was recommended among others that the habit of using the Library should be inculcated into students through avenues such as organizing library display, library exhibition, library orientation, and inclusion of use of library as a course in the University's curriculum so as to attract students to the Library.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000248904000009	Setting priorities for safe motherhood programme evaluation: A participatory process in three developing countries	Achadi, Endang,Arhinful, Daniel Kojo,D'Ambruoso, Lucia,Hounton, Sennen,Hussein, Julia,Madi, Banyana Cecilia	2007	HEALTH POLICY	83	1	10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.01.006	University of Aberdeen, University of Ghana, IMMPACT Ctr Muraz	None	A participatory approach to priority setting in programme evaluation may help improve the allocation and more efficient use of scarce resources especially in low-income countries. Research agendas that are the result of collaboration between researchers, programme managers, policy makers and other stakeholders have the potential to ensure rigorous studies are conducted on matters of local priority, based on local, expert knowledge. This paper describes a process involving key stakeholders to elicit and prioritise evaluation needs for safe motherhood in three developing countries. A series of reiterative consultations with safe motherhood stakeholders from each country was conducted over a period of 36 months. In each country, the consultation process consisted of a series of participatory workshops; firstly, stakeholder's views on evaluation were elicited with parallel descriptive work on the contexts. Secondly, priorities for evaluation were identified from stakeholders; thirdly, the evaluation-priorities were refined; and finally, the evaluation research questions, reflecting the identified priorities, were agreed and finalised. Three evaluation-questions were identified in each country, and one selected, on which a full scale evaluation was undertaken. While there is a great deal written about the importance of transparent and participatory priority setting in evaluation; few examples of how such processes could be implemented exist, particularly for maternal health programmes. Our experience demonstrates that the investment in a participatory priority-setting effort is high but the process undertaken resulted in both globally and contextually-relevant priorities for evaluation. This experience provides useful lessons for public health practitioners committed to bridging the research-policy interface. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	"participatory priority setting","programme evaluation","safe motherhood",REFORMS,"REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH-SERVICES"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940843187	Selection and performance of village health teams (VHTs) in Uganda: Lessons from the natural helper model of health promotion	Turinawe E.B., Rwemisisi J.T., Musinguzi L.K., de Groot M., Muhangi D., de Vries D.H., Mafigiri D.K., Pool R.	2015	Human Resources for Health	13	1	10.1186/s12960-015-0074-7	University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Turinawe, E.B., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Rwemisisi, J.T., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Musinguzi, L.K., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; de Groot, M., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Muhangi, D., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; de Vries, D.H., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Mafigiri, D.K., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Pool, R., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Background: Community health worker (CHW) programmes have received much attention since the 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata, with many initiatives established in developing countries. However, CHW programmes often suffer high attrition once the initial enthusiasm of volunteers wanes. In 2002, Uganda began implementing a national CHW programme called the village health teams (VHTs), but their performance has been poor in many communities. It is argued that poor community involvement in the selection of the CHWs affects their embeddedness in communities and success. The question of how selection can be implemented creatively to sustain CHW programmes has not been sufficiently explored. In this paper, our aim was to examine the process of the introduction of the VHT strategy in one rural community, including the selection of VHT members and how these processes may have influenced their work in relation to the ideals of the natural helper model of health promotion. Methods: As part of a broader research project, an ethnographic study was carried out in Luwero district. Data collection involved participant observation, 12 focus group discussions (FGDs), 14 in-depth interviews with community members and members of the VHTs and four key informant interviews. Interviews and FGD were recorded, transcribed and coded in NVivo. Emerging themes were further explored and developed using text query searches. Interpretations were confirmed by comparison with findings of other team members. Results: The VHT selection process created distrust, damaging the programme's legitimacy. While the Luwero community initially had high expectations of the programme, local leaders selected VHTs in a way that sidelined the majority of the community's members. Community members questioned the credentials of those who were selected, not seeing the VHTs as those to whom they would go to for help and support. Resentment grew, and as a result, the ways in which the VHTs operated alienated them further from the community. Without the support of the community, the VHTs soon lost morale and stopped their work. Conclusion: As the natural helper model recommends, in order for CHW programmes to gain and maintain community support, it is necessary to utilize naturally existing informal helping networks by drawing on volunteers already trusted by the people being served. That way, the community will be more inclined to trust the advice of volunteers and offer them support in return, increasing the likelihood of the sustainability of their service in the community. © Turinawe et al.	Community health workers; Natural helpers; Village health teams	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876871899	Re-evaluation of the kinematics of victoria block using continuous GNSS data	Fernandes R.M.S., Miranda J.M., Delvaux D., Stamps D.S., Saria E.	2013	Geophysical Journal International	193	1	10.1093/gji/ggs071	University of Beira Interior, IDL, R. Marques d'Avila e Bolama, Covilha, Portugal; Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, TU Delft, Kluyverweg, 1, Delft, Netherlands; Instituto Portugues do Mar e Atmosfera IDL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Royal Museum for Central Africa, B3080 Tervuren, Belgium; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States	Fernandes, R.M.S., University of Beira Interior, IDL, R. Marques d'Avila e Bolama, Covilha, Portugal, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, TU Delft, Kluyverweg, 1, Delft, Netherlands; Miranda, J.M., Instituto Portugues do Mar e Atmosfera IDL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Delvaux, D., Royal Museum for Central Africa, B3080 Tervuren, Belgium, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Stamps, D.S., Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Saria, E., Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States	The divergent boundary between the Somalia and Nubia plates is a complex tectonic domain where extensional processes are localized along narrow rift structures, isolating small blocks imbedded within the East African Rift. One of these tectonic units is the Victoria Block, which is the subject of this study. Here we process space-geodetic data for 37 permanent GNSS stations distributed along Nubia, Somalia and Victoria to (1) compute the motion of the three tectonic units in the ITRF2008 reference frame and (2) deduce the relative motion of Victoria with respect to its neighbouring plates. The Nubia Plate motion is computed from a set of 25 stations, the Somalia Plate motion from a set of 7 stations and the Victoria motion from a set of 5 stations. Although the number and distribution of the used stations is still not optimal, the good adjustment between observed and predicted motions confirms that Victoria acts as a rigid tectonic block. The instantaneous relative Euler poles for the Nubia-Victoria and Somalia-Victoria pairs are now evaluated as 10.66oN, 32.98Eo, 0.120o Myr-1 and 8.02oS, 32.29oE, 0.159o Myr-1, respectively. The computation of the relative interplate velocities along Victoria's boundary is straightforward in most situations because the western and northeastern boundary segments correspond towell-developed rift basins,where extension ismostly normal to rift basin flanks and seismicity concentrates along narrow structures. This is particularly evident on the Western Branch between Victoria and Nubia. The southeastern limit of the Victoria Block is poorly defined, and geodetic data indicate that differential motion between Somalia and Victoria may be accommodated by a complex boundary area, which roughly encompasses the Masai Terrain. Geodetic observations of the Victoria-Somalia boundary along the Eastern Branch, particularly in the Manyara Rift, reveal highly oblique horizontal extension. In this region seismicity is sparse which suggests that strain is accommodated by magmatic processes. © The Authors 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.	Africa; Continental neotectonics; Plate motions; Satellite geodesy	Africa; Boundary segments; Continental neotectonics; East African Rift; Geodetic observation; Magmatic process; Plate motions; Satellite geodesy; Geodetic satellites; Tectonics; Plates (structural components); continental crust; extensional tectonics; geodesy; GNSS; kinematics; neotectonics; plate motion; satellite data; seismicity; East African Rift; Manyara; Nubia; Somalia; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906568108	Impact of primary user emulation attacks on cognitive radio networks	Orumwense E., Oyerinde O., Mneney S.	2014	International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation	4	1	None	University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada	Orumwense, E., University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Oyerinde, O., ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Mneney, S., University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada	In this paper, we study the effects of Primary user emulation attacks (PUEA) in a cognitive radio network consisting of a single primary transmitter and a set of co-operating secondary or cognitive users. The primary transmitter communicates with primary receivers within an area called the primary exclusive region (PER). Inside the PER, no cognitive users may transmit so as to guarantee a certain performance for the primary receivers in the region. Outside the PER, cognitive users are uniformly distributed and allowed to transmit provided they are at a distance from the primary receiver. We present an analysis to calculate the powers and probability density function (PDF) of both malicious users and good secondary users and compare it with the simulated results. The PDF is used in Neyman-Pearsons composite hypothesis test to study the impact of PUEA in the network. Results show that the number of malicious users in the system can significantly increase the probability of false alarm in the network. © 2014 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.	Cognitive radio; Cognitive radio network; Primary exclusive region; Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA); Probability Density Function (pdf)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46949087683	The impact of post-matriculation examination screening on reported cases of examination malpractice in a Nigerian University: A preliminary analysis	Owie I.	2008	European Journal of Social Sciences	6	1	None	University of Benin, Faculty of Education, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Owie, I., University of Benin, Faculty of Education, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
None	None	Introducing payment for performance in the health sector of Tanzania- the policy process	Chimhutu V., Tjomsland M., Songstad N.G., Mrisho M., Moland K.M.	2015	Globalization and Health	11	1	10.1186/s12992-015-0125-9	University of Bergen, Department of Health Promotion and Development, P.O Box 7807, Bergen, Norway; University of Bergen, Faculty of Social Sciences, P.O Box 7802, Bergen, Norway; Ifakara Health Institute, P.O Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University of Bergen, Centre for International Health, P.O Box 7804, Bergen, Norway	Chimhutu, V., University of Bergen, Department of Health Promotion and Development, P.O Box 7807, Bergen, Norway; Tjomsland, M., University of Bergen, Department of Health Promotion and Development, P.O Box 7807, Bergen, Norway; Songstad, N.G., University of Bergen, Faculty of Social Sciences, P.O Box 7802, Bergen, Norway; Mrisho, M., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Moland, K.M., University of Bergen, Centre for International Health, P.O Box 7804, Bergen, Norway	Background: Prompted by the need to achieve progress in health outcomes, payment for performance (P4P) schemes are becoming popular policy options in the health systems in many low income countries. This paper describes the policy process behind the introduction of a payment for performance scheme in the health sector of Tanzania illuminating in particular the interests of and roles played by the Government of Norway, the Government of Tanzania and the other development partners. Methods: The study employed a qualitative research design using in-depth interviews (IDIs), observations and document reviews. Thirteen IDIs with key-informants representing the views of ten donor agencies and government departments influential in the process of introducing the P4P scheme in Tanzania were conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Oslo, Norway. Data was collected on the main trends and thematic priorities in development aid policy, countries and actors perceived to be proponents and opponents to the P4P scheme, and P4P agenda setting in Tanzania. Results: The initial introduction of P4P in the health sector of Tanzania was controversial. The actors involved including the bilateral donors in the Health Basket Fund, the World Bank, the Tanzanian Government and high level politicians outside the Health Basket Fund fought for their values and interests and formed alliances that shifted in the course of the process. The process was characterized by high political pressure, conflicts, changing alliances, and, as it evolved, consensus building. Conclusion: The P4P policy process was highly political with external actors playing a significant role in influencing the agenda in Tanzania, leaving less space for the Government of Tanzania to provide leadership in the process. Norway in particular, took a leading role in setting the agenda. The process of introducing P4P became long and frustrating causing mistrust among partners in the Health Basket Fund. © 2015 Chimhutu et al.	Health systems; Health worker motivation; Low-income contexts; Maternal and child health; Partnership; Payment for performance (P4P); Results-based financing (RBF); Tanzania	child health; finance; health policy; health services; low income population; maternal health; partnership approach; performance assessment; state role; Article; child health; consensus development; fee; government; health care cost; health care policy; health care system; human; maternal welfare; medical documentation; Norway; observational study; payment for performance; politics; priority journal; qualitative analysis; Tanzania; Norway; Tanzania	None
WoS	WOS:000288278500004	Responses of rural households to the impacts of population and land-use changes along the Eastern Escarpment of Wello, Ethiopia	Bantider, Amare,Hurni, Hans,Zeleke, Gete	2011	NORSK GEOGRAFISK TIDSSKRIFT-NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY	65	1	10.1080/00291951.2010.549954	University of Bern, Avallo Int Res & Dev, Dilla Univ	"Hurni, Hans: University of Bern",	The article analyses the effects of changes in land cover and land use changes together with population changes on the livelihood of rural households, and also farming households' responses to these changes, in typical rural settings of north-eastern Ethiopia. The study shows that the immediate impact of shrubland and forest increase since the late 1970s, coupled with population increase, is an exponential fall of per capita cropland and grazing land, which are the principal physical assets of livelihoods of the rural farming community in the area. Furthermore, the study reveals that the scarcity of cultivated land in the area neither brings about agricultural intensification nor leads to diversification into non-farm activities, and farmers did not respond to the scarcity of cultivated land through large out-migration. In general, the Boserupian assumption of land-use intensification through improved labour and land productivity did not happen in the region. Rather, the Malthusian thesis seems appropriate. The majority of farming households are destitute, unable to satisfy their own food demands, and live in absolute poverty. This situation has been brought about not only due to population pressure but also as a result of the policies that have been applied in all systems since the 1950s.	ETHIOPIA,"land cover change","livelihood of rural households","population change",ENVIRONMENT,INCOME	None	None
WoS	WOS:000226082700001	Knowledge base system for human resource evaluation in a university environment	Akinyokun, OC,Uzoka, FME	2005	JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION	33	1	None	University of Calgary, Fed Univ Technol Akure	None	The statutory objectives of a university include teaching. research. and community development. The major assets employed in the attainment of these objectives include mail, money, materials, and time, Man, who serves as the major driver of the other assets, has three components, namely academic staff, administrative staff, and technical staff. An essential management function is the evaluation of the academic staff of the university in order to determine their contributions to the aims and objectives of the university. In this study, a knowledge base system has been developed for the evaluation of the performance of human resources in a university environment, with emphasis on the academic staff component. The system, christened HURES. is developed in a Microsoft Access and Visual Basic 6.0 environment. A case study of the academic staff of a university community is carried out in order to demonstrate the practicality of the system.	"ACADEMIC STAFF","cognitive filter","emotional filter",evaluation,"HUMAN RESOURCES","INFERENCE ENGINE","KNOWLEDGE BASE",UNIVERSITY	None	None
None	None	Board Composition and Outreach Performance of Microfinance Institutions: Evidence from East Africa	Mori N., Golesorkhi S., Randøy T., Hermes N.	2015	Strategic Change	24	1	10.1002/jsc.2000	University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Tanzania; Norwegian Center for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Norway; Faculty of Business and Law, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Kristiansand School of Business, University of Agder, Norway; Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands	Mori, N., University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Tanzania, Norwegian Center for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Norway; Golesorkhi, S., Faculty of Business and Law, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Randøy, T., Kristiansand School of Business, University of Agder, Norway; Hermes, N., Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Netherlands	The attributes of microfinance's board members have an impact on attainment of their social objectives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000270095200001	Evaluation of Berhane Hewan: A Program To Delay Child Marriage in Rural Ethiopia	Erulkar, Annabel S.,Muthengi, Eunice	2009	INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH	35	1	None	University of California Los Angeles, University of California System	"Muthengi, Eunice: University of California Los Angeles","Muthengi, Eunice: University of California System",	CONTEXT. Early marriage limits girls' opportunities and compromises their health, yet in Sub-Saharan Africa many girls ore married before the age of 18, and few programs have sought to increase the age at marriage on the continent. METHODS: Berhane Hewan was a two-year pilot project conducted in 2004-2006 that aimed to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in rural Ethiopia, through a combination of group formation, support for girls to remain in school and community awareness. A quasi-experimental research design with baseline and endline surveys was used to measure changes in social and educational participation, marriage age, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models and logistic regressions were conducted to assess changes associated with the project. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with considerable improvements in girls' school enrollment, age at marriage, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Particularly among girls aged 10-14, those exposed to the program were more likely than those in the control area to be in school at the endline survey (odds ratio, 3.0) and were less likely to have ever been married (0.1). However, among girls aged 75-19, those in the intervention area had an elevated likelihood of having gotten married by the endline (2.4). Sexually experienced girls exposed to the intervention had elevated odds at endline of having ever used contraceptives (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Berhane Hewan program, one of the first rigorously evaluated interventions to delay marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that well-designed and effectively implemented programs can delay the earliest marriages until later adolescence. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2009,35(1):6-14	,HIV,YOUNG-WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926137605	Benchmarking health system performance across districts in Zambia: A systematic analysis of levels and trends in key maternal and child health interventions from 1990 to 2010	Colson K.E., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Achoki T., Fullman N., Schneider M., Mulenga P., Hangoma P., Ng M., Masiye F., Gakidou E.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0308-5	University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), Berkeley, CA, United States; University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Ministry of Health of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; USAID, Washington, DC, United States; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Bergen, Department of Economics, Bergen, Norway; University of Zambia, Department of Economics, Lusaka, Zambia	Colson, K.E., University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), Berkeley, CA, United States; Dwyer-Lindgren, L., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Achoki, T., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States, Ministry of Health of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Fullman, N., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Schneider, M., USAID, Washington, DC, United States; Mulenga, P., Clinton Health Access Initiative, Lusaka, Zambia; Hangoma, P., University of Bergen, Department of Economics, Bergen, Norway, University of Zambia, Department of Economics, Lusaka, Zambia; Ng, M., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Masiye, F., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States, University of Zambia, Department of Economics, Lusaka, Zambia; Gakidou, E., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Achieving universal health coverage and reducing health inequalities are primary goals for an increasing number of health systems worldwide. Timely and accurate measurements of levels and trends in key health indicators at local levels are crucial to assess progress and identify drivers of success and areas that may be lagging behind. Methods: We generated estimates of 17 key maternal and child health indicators for Zambia's 72 districts from 1990 to 2010 using surveys, censuses, and administrative data. We used a three-step statistical model involving spatial-temporal smoothing and Gaussian process regression. We generated estimates at the national level for each indicator by calculating the population-weighted mean of the district values and calculated composite coverage as the average of 10 priority interventions. Results: National estimates masked substantial variation across districts in the levels and trends of all indicators. Overall, composite coverage increased from 46% in 1990 to 73% in 2010, and most of this gain was attributable to the scale-up of malaria control interventions, pentavalent immunization, and exclusive breastfeeding. The scale-up of these interventions was relatively equitable across districts. In contrast, progress in routine services, including polio immunization, antenatal care, and skilled birth attendance, stagnated or declined and exhibited large disparities across districts. The absolute difference in composite coverage between the highest-performing and lowest-performing districts declined from 37 to 26 percentage points between 1990 and 2010, although considerable variation in composite coverage across districts persisted. Conclusions: Zambia has made marked progress in delivering maternal and child health interventions between 1990 and 2010; nevertheless, substantial variations across districts and interventions remained. Subnational benchmarking is important to identify these disparities, allowing policymakers to prioritize areas of greatest need. Analyses such as this one should be conducted regularly and feed directly into policy decisions in order to increase accountability at the local, regional, and national levels. © Colson et al.	Coverage; Indicators; Inequalities; Maternal and child health; Subnational benchmarking; Zambia	Rotavirus vaccine; BCG vaccine; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; Article; BCG vaccination; breast feeding; child; child health; controlled study; female; health care system; human; immunization; malaria control; maternal welfare; measles vaccination; poliomyelitis; population research; prenatal care; quality control; scale up; social status; spatiotemporal analysis; task performance; Zambia; child welfare; family; health service; infant; information processing; maternal welfare; pregnancy; public health; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; child health care; diphtheria; geographic distribution; health care disparity; health care policy; health care quality; health survey; integrated health care system; maternal care; measles; pertussis; poliomyelitis; public health service; quality control; systematic review; tetanus; traditional birth attendant; trend study; tuberculosis; vaccination; Benchmarking; Child; Child Welfare; Data Collection; Family; Female; Humans; Infant; Maternal Health Services; Maternal Welfare; National Health Programs; Pregnancy; Socioeconomic Factors; Zambia	None
WoS	WOS:000246542000007	A multivariate evaluation of mainstream and academic development courses in first-year microeconomics	Edwards, Lawrence,Smith, Leonard	2007	SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS	75	1	None	University of Cape Town	None	This paper analyses the impact of the University of Cape Town's first-year microeconomics academic development course on performance in examinations. The paper makes two advances to existing empirical literature in this area. Firstly, we compare performance with a control group drawn from the mainstream economic course. Secondly, we evaluate performance in subsequent courses in first-year macroeconomics and second-year microeconomics. The results suggest that the academic development course has a major impact on students' performance in the structured/essay questions, relative to the control group, in first- and second-year microeconomics, and for the multiple-choice questions in first-year macroeconomics. Matriculation results, mathematics, English first language, physical science and gender are also important determinants of performance.	"ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT","economic education","SOUTH AFRICA","student performance",ACHIEVEMENT,"COLLEGE PRINCIPLES",DETERMINANTS,EDUCATION,GENDER,"HIGH-SCHOOL ECONOMICS",IMPACT,"MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES","STUDENT PERFORMANCE"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76149135713	Chest radiograph reading and recording system: Evaluation for tuberculosis screening in patients with advanced HIV	Dawson R., Masuka P., Edwards D.J., Bateman E.D., Bekker L.-G., Wood R., Lawn S.D.	2010	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	14	1	None	University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Dawson, R., University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Masuka, P., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Edwards, D.J., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Bateman, E.D., University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Lawn, S.D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	SETTING: An antiretroviral treatment (ART) service in Gugulethu township, Cape Town, South Africa. OBJECTIVE: To assess the inter-observer agreement when using the chest radiographic reading and reporting system (CRRS) to detect radiographic abnormalities in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated immunodeficiency being actively screened for tuberculosis (TB). Second, to assess the associated performance characteristics of radiology as a routine screening test for detection of culture-confirmed pulmonary TB. DESIGN: Radiographs from a study in which patients were actively screened for TB just before starting ART were independently reported by two CRRS-certified readers blinded to clinical status. RESULTS: Good kappa statistic agreements between observers were found when reporting any radiological abnormality consistent with TB among all patients (n = 203, κ = 0.63, 95%CI 0.52-0.73) and among those with culture-confirmed TB (n = 53, κ = 0.61, 95%CI 0.40-0.83). However, in comparison with sputum culture, the sensitivity (0.68, 95%CI 0.54-0.79) and specificity (0.53, 95%CI 0.45-0.61) of radiology in this patient group were low. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of the good inter-observer agreement using the CRRS standardised reporting methodology when used among patients with advanced HIV-associated immunodeficiency and a high prevalence of culture-proven pulmonary TB. The utility of radiology as a screening test for TB in this patient group, however, remains limited. ©2010 The Union.	Antiretroviral; CRRS; HIV; Radiology; Screening; Tuberculosis	adult; article; bacterium culture; confidence interval; controlled study; evaluation; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; image analysis; immune deficiency; kappa statistics; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; methodology; performance measurement system; priority journal; screening; sensitivity analysis; sputum culture; thorax radiography; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Observer Variation; Radiography, Thoracic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Single-Blind Method; South Africa; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946730555	Evaluation of a Cape Town safety intervention as a model for good practice: A partnership between researchers, community and implementing agency	Cassidy T., Ntshingwa M., Galuszka J., Matzopoulos R.	2015	Stability	4	1	10.5334/sta.fi	University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa; Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Not-for-profit Company, South Africa; University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Medical Research Council Burden of Disease Research Unit, South Africa	Cassidy, T., University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa; Ntshingwa, M., Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Not-for-profit Company, South Africa; Galuszka, J., Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Not-for-profit Company, South Africa; Matzopoulos, R., University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Medical Research Council Burden of Disease Research Unit, South Africa	VPUU has a wealth of experience to share and is engaged with broader national and international policymakers and implementing agencies. Researchers are grappling with the difficulty of providing a rigorous project evaluation for these collaborations which could identify project elements that work with a view to their replication. This paper traces the evolution of an evidence-based approach to violence prevention in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU) project in Cape Town uses such an approach, and relies on a ‘whole-of-society’ methodology as well. The project and the difficulty of its evaluation are discussed. A partnership between VPUU, researchers, the community and local government has revealed both opportunities and obstacles, which are the subjects of a case study described here. © 2015 The Author(s).	Evaluation; Informal settlements; Urban upgrading; Violence; Violence prevention	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70450255099	The impact of AIDS on intergenerational support in South Africa: Evidence from the cape area panel study	Ardington C., Case A., Islam M., Lam D., Leibbrandt M., Menendez A., Olgiati A.	2010	Research on Aging	32	1	10.1177/0164027509348143	University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States	Ardington, C., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Case, A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Islam, M., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Lam, D., Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States; Leibbrandt, M., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Menendez, A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Olgiati, A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States	This study uses panel data from Cape Town to document the role played by aging parents in caring for grandchildren who lose parents due to illnesses such as AIDS. The authors quantify the probabilities that older adults and their adult children provide financial support to orphaned grandchildren. The authors find significant transfers of public and private funds to older adults caring for orphans. Perhaps because of these transfers the authors find no differences in expenditure patterns between households with orphans and other older adult households. They also find no impact of either the death of a child or taking in orphaned grandchildren on adult well-being as measured by ability to work, depression, or self-reported health. Findings suggest that the combined public and private safety net in South Africa mitigates many of the consequences older adults could suffer when an adult child dies and leaves behind grandchildren needing care. © The Author(s) 2010.	AIDS; Intergenerational support; Orphans; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897893535	FAITH-INSPIRED HEALTH CARE PROVISION IN GHANA: MARKET SHARE, REACH TO THE POOR, AND PERFORMANCE	Olivier J., Shojo M., Wodon Q.	2014	Review of Faith and International Affairs	12	1	10.1080/15570274.2013.876735	University of Cape Town, Health Policy and Systems Division, South Africa; Department of the South Asia Region, World Bank, United States; Education Department of the Human Development Network, World Bank, United States	Olivier, J., University of Cape Town, Health Policy and Systems Division, South Africa; Shojo, M., Department of the South Asia Region, World Bank, United States; Wodon, Q., Education Department of the Human Development Network, World Bank, United States	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924569405	Conceptualizing the impacts of dual practice on the retention of public sector specialists - evidence from South Africa	Ashmore J., Gilson L.	2015	Human Resources for Health	13	1	10.1186/1478-4491-13-3	University of Cape Town, Observatory, Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Annex, Medical Campus, Cape Town, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Ashmore, J., University of Cape Town, Observatory, Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Annex, Medical Campus, Cape Town, South Africa; Gilson, L., University of Cape Town, Observatory, Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Annex, Medical Campus, Cape Town, South Africa, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: 'Dual practice', or multiple job holding, generally involves public sector-based health workers taking additional work in the private sector. This form of the practice is purported to help retain public health care workers in low and middle-income countries' public sectors through additional wage incentives. There has been little conceptual or empirical development of the relationship between dual practice and retention. Methods: This article helps begin to fill this gap, drawing on empirical evidence from a qualitative study focusing on South African specialists. Fifty-one repeat, in-depth interviews were carried out with 28 doctors (predominantly specialists) with more than one job, in one public and one private urban hospital. Results: Findings suggest dual practice can impact both positively and negatively on specialists' intention to stay in the public sector. This is through multiple conceptual channels including those previously identified in the literature such as dual practice acting as a 'stepping stone' to private practice by reducing migration costs. Dual practice can also lead specialists to re-evaluate how they compare public and private jobs, and to overworking which can expedite decisions on whether to stay in the public sector or leave. Numerous respondents undertook dual practice without official permission. Conclusions: The idea that dual practice helps retain public specialists in South Africa may be overstated. Yet banning the practice may be ineffective, given many undertake it without permission in any case. Regulation should be better enforced to ensure dual practice is not abused. The conceptual framework developed in this article could form a basis for further qualitative and quantitative inquiry. © 2015 Ashmore and Gilson.	Health worker distribution; Loyalty; Migration; Multiple job holding; Public private mix; Retention	None	None
WoS	WOS:000287165400017	The contribution of South African curricula to prepare health professionals for working in rural or under-served areas in South Africa: A peer review evaluation	Cakwe, M.,CHEER,Reid, S. J.	2011	SAMJ SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL	101	1	None	University of Cape Town, University of Kwazulu Natal	"Cakwe, M.: University of Kwazulu Natal","Reid, S. J.: University of Cape Town"	Setting. The Collaboration for Health Equity through Education and Research (CHEER) was formed in 2003 to examine strategies that would increase the production of health professionals who choose to practise in rural and under-served areas in South Africa. Objectives. We aimed to identify how each faculty is preparing its students for service in rural or under-served areas. Methods. Peer reviews were conducted at all nine participating universities. A case study approach was used, with each peer review constituting its own study but following a common protocol and tools. Each research team comprised at least three reviewers from different universities, and each review was conducted over at least 3 days on site. The participating faculties were assessed on 11 themes, including faculty mission statements, resource allocation, student selection, first exposure of students to rural and under-served areas, length of exposure, practical experience, theoretical input, involvement with the community, relationship with the health service, assessment of students and research and programme evaluation. Results. With a few exceptions, most themes were assessed as inadequate or adequate with respect to the preparation of students for practice in rural or under-served areas after qualification, despite implicit intentions to the contrary at certain faculties. Conclusions. Common challenges, best practices and potential solutions have been identified through this project. Greater priority must be given to supporting rural teaching sites in terms of resources and teaching capacity, in partnership with government agencies.	,CHOICE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61649120830	Impact of terrorism and security measures on global business transactions: Some international business guidelines	Jain S.C., Grosse R.	2009	Journal of Transnational Management	14	1	10.1080/15475770802698540	University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Standard Bank, Johannesburg, South Africa	Jain, S.C., University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Grosse, R., Standard Bank, Johannesburg, South Africa	Terrorism is likely to continue well into the future, presenting a new type of risk for companies that engage in international business transactions. Worldwide, government policymakers have introduced a variety of security measures to contain terrorism while trying not to reduce/distract global trade and investment. For international business (IB) scholars, this opens a new field of inquiry. This paper outlines different streams of research relative to terrorism, related security measures, and international business. Suggestions are made regarding the unique role that multinational enterprises can play in abating terrorism, for example, by taking steps to reduce global poverty and hatred, directly negotiating with terrorists, and developing new technology to counter terrorism.	Role of MNCs in countering terrorism; Security and global business; Terrorism	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649247964	Computer efficacy, use and phobia: Contributions to Nigerian undergraduates' academic performance in a computer graphics course	Agbatogun A.O., Banjo B.O.	2010	Meridian	13	1	None	University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University of Lagos, Nigeria; Instructional Technology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria; University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria	Agbatogun, A.O., University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Instructional Technology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria; Banjo, B.O., University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria	This study investigated the extent to which computer efficacy, computer use, and computer phobia predicted the level of students' academic performance in a Computer Graphics course. One hundred eighty-nine undergraduates of the Faculty of Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria, served as the sample for this study. The study sample responded to four instruments: Computer Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES), Computer Use Scale (CUS), Computer Phobia Scale (CPS) and Computer Performance Test (CPT). Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Multiple Regression and Analysis of Variance statistical tools were used to investigate the predictive capacity of the independent on the dependent variables. The findings revealed the three independent variables, when taken together, were effective in predicting students' academic performance in a Computer Graphics course. Meanwhile, each of the variables also contributed to the prediction of students' academic performance in a Computer Graphics course with computer use making the highest and a significant contribution to the prediction of the outcome measure (students' academic performance in a Computer Graphics course). On the basis of these findings, it was suggested higher education institutions in developing countries should make a major paradigm shift from the traditional instructional environment to promoting paperless classrooms and facilitate students' intense use of computer technologies by making assignments and projects writing, seminar presentations, display of course outlines and reference materials, and academic enquiries more computer-oriented.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892515673	The impact of government spending on economic growth: Case South Africa	Chipaumire G., Ngirande H., Method M., Ruswa Y.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	1	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p109	University of Fort Hare, Department of Economics, Private Bag x9083, East London, 5200, South Africa; University of Limpopo, Department of Business Management, School of Economics and law, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; University of Fort Hare, Department of Economics, Private Bag x9083, East London, 5200, South Africa; University of Western Cape, Department of Economics and Management Science, Robert Sebukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Chipaumire, G., University of Fort Hare, Department of Economics, Private Bag x9083, East London, 5200, South Africa; Ngirande, H., University of Limpopo, Department of Business Management, School of Economics and law, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; Method, M., University of Fort Hare, Department of Economics, Private Bag x9083, East London, 5200, South Africa; Ruswa, Y., University of Western Cape, Department of Economics and Management Science, Robert Sebukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa	This study investigates the validity of the Keynesian macroeconomic framework and the Classical perspective of a long run relationship and causality between government expenditure and economic growth in South Africa using the quarterly data from 1990-2010. A specific country study was used to investigate the long-run relationship between the former and the later on nation's output. Testing for unit roots and co-integration was performed first before we engage in ganger causality for testing the causality relationship between government spending and growth. Unit root tests were conducted so as to avoid the generation of the spurious regression results and co-integration determines the existence of a long run relationship among the variables. ADF(Augmented-Dickey Fuller) and the Philips-Perron tests techniques were engaged to test for stationarity. This study applies the Johansen Maximum Likelihood test techniques using both the trace technique and the more powerful eigen maximum value test. Both procedures found that certainly a long run relationship exists between government spending and growth in South Africa. Using the results obtained from the study, increased government spending in South Africa has not led to a meaningful development of the economy of the country which is inconsistent of the Keynesian stance.	Classical perspective; Economic growth; Government expenditure; Inefficiency; Keynesian framework; Long-run relationship	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957912393	The Manto Tshabalala-Msimang affair: On the responsibility and impact of the press	Blatchford M.	2010	English Academy Review	27	1	10.1080/10131751003755971	University of Fort Hare, South Africa	Blatchford, M., University of Fort Hare, South Africa	It is suggested that in order to interpret a necessarily biased press, it is necessary to know what that bias is. However, sometimes the press not only refuses to acknowledge bias, but conceals the bias, and is able to avoid any negative consequences even when the bias becomes evident. An example from elsewhere is the case of Judith Miller's articles promoting war with Iraq in the New York Times. A local example, possibly less significant but even more problematic in some ways, is the case of the accusations of corruption and alcoholism made against Health Minister, Tshabalala-Msimang, in the Sunday Times. It is noted that in both cases there was a broad structural failure to encourage accurate journalism. In the local case, the truth was not available (even though many behave as if it were) and few seem to have considered this a problem. It is pointed out that when it is impossible to assess the source of bias of a newspaper, it becomes difficult to interpret the texts involved. Such developments may be making the press less socially usefulunless intricate methods of analysis prove effective in overcoming the bias(es) involved. © The English Academy of Southern Africa.	health care; Judith Miller; media freedom; Sunday Times; truth; Tshabalala-Msimang	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650330818	Do export status and export intensity increase firm performance?	Abor J.	2011	Thunderbird International Business Review	53	1	10.1002/tie.20386	University of Ghana Business School, Legon; and Researcher, African Economic Research Consortium, Ghana	Abor, J., University of Ghana Business School, Legon; and Researcher, African Economic Research Consortium, Ghana	This study examines the effects of export status and export intensity on the performance of firms in Ghana. Our measures of performance include productivity and profitability. Using the Regional Project on Enterprise Development (RPED) dataset covering the period 1991-2002, the results of this study indicate that export status and export intensity have positive effects on productivity, confirming the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. Competition on the international market exposes exporting firms to new technologies, and this has the potential of increasing their productivity. Thus, economic policy initiatives should be directed at encouraging firms to enter the export market. Existing exporters should also be motivated to intensify their exporting efforts by exporting more of their output to foreign markets. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880612922	Quality versus quantity: The use of observation by early childhood educators in improving the performance of children enrolled in preschool programs in ghana	Tackie-ofosu V., Bentum K.	2013	Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood	14	1	10.2304/ciec.2014.14.1.99	University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Northwest Special Education Cooperative, Freeport, IL, United States	Tackie-ofosu, V., University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Bentum, K., Northwest Special Education Cooperative, Freeport, IL, United States	In the current study, the authors explored how early childhood educators used observation to support children in the learning environment. The objectives set were to find out the observation methods teachers used, ascertain their understanding of child observation, find out activities children undertook, and how teachers documented what children did and said during play activities. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussion and photography, was considered appropriate for this research. Three main themes emerged in this study: Teachers or Playmates?, Observation as in Supervision, and Observation or Resources? The results of the study revealed that supervision of activities that children engaged in was equated to observation. Lack of observational skills, resources, and poor record keeping emerged as areas of concern. Implications for child development are rooted in the need for teachers to recognize the educational needs of children via observation and to develop appropriate strategies to address identified needs.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926163030	Evaluation of elastix-based propagated align algorithm for VOI- and voxel-based analysis of longitudinal 18F-FDG PET/CT data from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	Kerner G.S.M.A., Fischer A., Koole M.J.B., Pruim J., Groen H.J.M.	2015	EJNMMI Research	5	1	10.1186/s13550-015-0089-z	University of Groningen and Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Philips Technologie GmbH Innovative Technologies, Postfach 40, Philipstr. 8, Aachen, Germany; University of Groningen and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Cape Town, South Africa	Kerner, G.S.M.A., University of Groningen and Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Fischer, A., Philips Technologie GmbH Innovative Technologies, Postfach 40, Philipstr. 8, Aachen, Germany; Koole, M.J.B., University of Groningen and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Pruim, J., University of Groningen and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Cape Town, South Africa; Groen, H.J.M., University of Groningen and Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands	Background: Deformable image registration allows volume of interest (VOI)- and voxel-based analysis of longitudinal changes in fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) tumor uptake in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study evaluates the performance of the elastix toolbox deformable image registration algorithm for VOI and voxel-wise assessment of longitudinal variations in FDG tumor uptake in NSCLC patients. Methods: Evaluation of the elastix toolbox was performed using 18F-FDG PET/CT at baseline and after 2 cycles of therapy (follow-up) data in advanced NSCLC patients. The elastix toolbox, an integrated part of the IMALYTICS workstation, was used to apply a CT-based non-linear image registration of follow-up PET/CT data using the baseline PET/CT data as reference. Lesion statistics were compared to assess the impact on therapy response assessment. Next, CT-based deformable image registration was performed anew on the deformed follow-up PET/CT data using the original follow-up PET/CT data as reference, yielding a realigned follow-up PET dataset. Performance was evaluated by determining the correlation coefficient between original and realigned follow-up PET datasets. The intra- and extra-thoracic tumors were automatically delineated on the original PET using a 41% of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) adaptive threshold. Equivalence between reference and realigned images was tested (determining 95% range of the difference) and estimating the percentage of voxel values that fell within that range. Results: Thirty-nine patients with 191 tumor lesions were included. In 37/39 and 12/39 patients, respectively, thoracic and non-thoracic lesions were evaluable for response assessment. Using the EORTC/SUVmax-based criteria, 5/37 patients had a discordant response of thoracic, and 2/12 a discordant response of non-thoracic lesions between the reference and the realigned image. FDG uptake values of corresponding tumor voxels in the original and realigned reference PET correlated well (R2=0.98). Using equivalence testing, 94% of all the voxel values fell within the 95% range of the difference between original and realigned reference PET. Conclusions: The elastix toolbox impacts lesion statistics and therefore therapy response assessment in a clinically significant way. The elastix toolbox is therefore not applicable in its current form and/or standard settings for PET response evaluation. Further optimization and validation of this technique is necessary prior to clinical implementation. © 2015, Kerner et al.; licensee Springer.	Elastix; Image deformation; NSCLC; PET/CT	fluorodeoxyglucose f 18; adult; aged; algorithm; Article; clinical article; computer assisted emission tomography; correlation coefficient; data analysis software; drug tumor level; female; follow up; human; male; middle aged; non small cell lung cancer; priority journal; quality control; signal noise ratio; statistics; thorax tumor; tumor necrosis; voxel based morphometry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849165400	Preoperative evaluation and triage of women with suspicious adnexal masses using risk of malignancy index	Enakpene C.A., Omigbodun A.O., Goecke T.W., Odukogbe A.-T., Beckmann M.W.	2009	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research	35	1	10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00869.x	University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Enakpene, C.A., University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Omigbodun, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Goecke, T.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany; Odukogbe, A.-T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Beckmann, M.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Aims: To test the accuracy of risk of malignancy index (RMI) in preoperative prediction of malignancy and treatment of adnexal masses. Methods: A total of 302 women with ultrasound diagnosed adnexal masses, and serum measurement of cancer-associated antigen CA-125 levels, were studied. They all had surgical exploration between October 2001 and September 2005 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany. The RMI was based on menopausal status, ultrasound morphology of adnexal masses and absolute level of serum CA-125. A cut-off of 250 was chosen as the threshold for determining the type of surgical operations (laparotomy versus laparoscopy) and the skill of the surgeons (gynecological oncologist versus general gynecologist). The data obtained were analyzed for baseline characteristics using χ2 test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). P &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant. The various testing methods were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Results: The best individual performance was found in RMI at a cut-off of 250 with a sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 74.3%, positive predictive value of 71.3% and negative predictive value of 90%. When RMI was used to triage patient treatment, 81.5% of patients who had laparoscopy had histological diagnosis of benign ovarian tumor and 7.5% had malignant tumor. In contrast, 74.4% of patients who had laparotomy had histological diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumor and 16% had benign tumor. Conclusion: Risk of malignant index is a reliable, cheap, readily available and cost-effective method of preoperative discrimination of benign from malignant adnexal masses. It is also helpful in triaging patients to different treatment groups. © 2008 The Authors.	Preoperative evaluation; Risk of malignancy index; Suspicious adnexal masses; Triage	CA 125 antigen; adnexa disease; adnexal mass; adolescent; adult; aged; article; benign tumor; controlled study; emergency health service; female; Germany; histopathology; human; human tissue; laparoscopy; laparotomy; major clinical study; malignant neoplastic disease; menopause; ovary tumor; physician; preoperative evaluation; risk assessment; risk of malignancy index; sensitivity and specificity; ultrasound; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Algorithms; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Triage; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856151365	Impact of career growth prospects and formal mentoring on organisational citizenship behaviour	Okurame D.	2012	Leadership and Organization Development Journal	33	1	10.1108/01437731211193124	University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Okurame, D., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Purpose: This study seeks to examine the impact of career growth prospect (CGP) and formal mentoring support (FMS) on overall organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and its five dimensions. Design/methodology/approach: Data were obtained from 72 supervisors and 182 of their subordinates in branches of a bank located in a city in South-western Nigeria. Findings: Results indicate that CGP accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in overall OCB (β=0.46, p<0.001), predicting three dimensions: sportsmanship, conscientiousness and civic virtue. Contrary to hypothesis, FMS did not predict overall OCB, but significantly influenced three OCB dimensions: sportsmanship, courtesy and altruism, predicting "sportsmanship" (β=0.26, p<0.001) to be better than CGP (β=0.22, p<0.01). Research limitations/implications: Although generalisation is limited in a study of a single organisation, the findings of the study imply that CGP and FMS have differential relevance in OCB. Practical implications: Altering negative perceptions of CGP among employees engenders OCB but FMS needs to be complemented with other interventions to foster overall OCB. Originality/value: Although career growth prospects and formal mentoring support are projected to foster OCB in the Nigerian banking sector, no research has investigated this expectation. The extant literature shows that research on the impact of career growth prospects on OCB is virtually absent. Again, the absence of African perspectives on research issues such as OCB, has limited comparative studies and the global scope of most reference journals. This study narrows these gaps in literature and contributes empirical information that equips management to deal more strategically with the integrated approach to OCB. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Banking sector; Behaviour; Career growth prospects; Mentor support; Mentoring; Nigeria; Organizational citizenship	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927746312	Building resilience to climate change impacts after the 2011 flood disaster at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Adewole I.F., Agbola S.B., Kasim O.F.	2015	Environment and Urbanization	27	1	10.1177/0956247814547679	University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Adewole, I.F., University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Agbola, S.B., Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Kasim, O.F., Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	This paper describes how the University of Ibadan has sought to build greater resilience to flooding, through its response to the devastating flood in 2011. This included both structural and non-structural components, as well as measures to address the increased risk levels that climate change is bringing or may bring in the future. The paper also draws out some lessons that have wide relevance for other universities. © 2014 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)	climate change adaptation; community-based adaptation; disaster response; disaster risk; flooding; resilience; University of Ibadan; urban floods	adaptive management; climate change; climate effect; disaster management; flooding; university sector; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845615301	Methodological issues in importance - Performance analysis: Resolving the ambiguity	Olujide J.O., Mejabi O.V.	2006	European Journal of Social Sciences	4	1	None	University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Olujide, J.O., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Mejabi, O.V., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	As a tool for assessing perceptions of service quality and for developing marketing strategies to enhance customer satisfaction, importance - performance (IP) analysis has been found to be easily understood and effective for managerial action. However, there continues to be debate as to whether decisions regarding methodological procedures and interpretations from the analysis can affect the conclusions drawn and whether this is desirable or not. The issues so debated and reviewed in this paper, include the determination of what attributes to measure, how to obtain unbiased measures of importance and performance, what measure of central tendency to adopt, the construction of the IP grid crosshairs (or line of distinction), and interpretation of IP analysis outcome. Through application of service quality data collected from consumers at a teaching hospital in Nigeria, a case is made in this paper for the use of attribute data means for plotting the data in the conventional 4-Quadrant IP analysis, while overall attribute median values is recommended for the line of distinction. Also, an approach to the interpretation of the IP outcome, called "difference-based IP analysis", is outlined, and is recommended for the unbiased information that it provides.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000244468900009	The evaluation of an intervention programme for reception learners who experience barriers to learning and development	Rossi, June,Stuart, Anita	2007	SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION	27	1	None	University of Johannesburg	None	It is believed that learners who experience barriers to learning and development are at risk for formal education and that stimulation can offset these barriers, ensuring that learners are able to actualise their potential. An intervention programme was designed with the aim of improving abilities in learners who had not yet attained the learning outcomes in the areas of fine-motor and/or language development. Although many research studies support educational intervention, to date insufficient attention has been paid to researching programmes of this kind. This programme of intervention was effective in improving the Eye and Hand Co-ordination and Personal-Social subscales of the Griffiths Scales and the Draw-a-Person test scores of all the learners who experienced barriers in their fine-motor and/or language development. In male learners, improved scores on the Eye and Hand Co-ordination and Hearing and Speech subscales of the Griffiths Scales and the Draw-a-Person test were shown. The female learners improved on the Eye and Hand Co-ordination subscale of the Griffiths Scales and the Draw-a-Person test.	DEVELOPMENT,INTERVENTION,LEARNING,"reception learners"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000207829600007	Budget Monitoring and Control in South African Township Schools Democratic Governance at Risk	Mestry, Raj,Naidoo, Gans	2009	EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATION &amp; LEADERSHIP	37	1	10.1177/1741143208098166	University of Johannesburg	"Mestry, Raj: University of Johannesburg"	This article investigates budget monitoring and control in township schools in South Africa. The enactment of the Schools Act 1996 revolutionized school financial management in South Africa, making it part of the drive for democratic school governance. School governing bodies had to be established, whose responsibility it became to manage finances at school. Schools were allowed to raise funds over and above the departmental allocations, which to township schools were increased in order to redress past imbalances. However, most of these school governors lacked the necessary financial knowledge, skills and competencies required to effectively manage large sums of cash, and as a result many schools experienced financial difficulty. This study investigated the way in which a group of township schools in South Africa monitor and control their budgets. The findings revealed that the level of education plays a significant role in the way in which budget monitoring and control is perceived. It was concluded that, if applied conscientiously, the schools can remain liquid in terms of cash flow and operate within the confines of the approved budget.	"BUDGET PROCESS",CONTROL,"democratic governance",MONITORING,"school funds"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000290651400010	An evaluation of the literature on integrated sugarcane production systems A scientometrical approach	Baier, T. J. A.,Bezuidenhout, C. N.	2011	OUTLOOK ON AGRICULTURE	40	1	10.5367/oa.2011.0025	University of Kwazulu Natal	"Baier, T. J. A.: University of Kwazulu Natal","Bezuidenhout, C. N.: University of Kwazulu Natal"	Logistically, the sugarcane supply and processing chain up to the raw sugar stage is driven by biophysical push factors rather than market-related pull factors. Sugarcane systems do not align fully with lean and agile supply chain thinking. This paper synthesizes a range of issues governing the sugarcane supply and processing chain. This synthesis was achieved through scientometrical analyses of a worldwide collection of publications. The aim was to develop a conceptual sugarcane supply chain framework and to evaluate research trends, knowledge gaps and limitations. Key system properties were identified from the literature and co-word analyses were carried out. Several exploratory exercises were executed on the co-occurrence matrix using the PAJEK software. The literature generally focuses on material handling issues in isolation from other factors, such as collaboration, information sharing and innovation. Impacts of harvesting on downstream processes remain a pertinent research topic. Also, emerging alternative products impose new complexities on the supply chain. Conflicting grower miller relationships still suppress collaboration in most parts of the world. Mathematical modelling is a popular technique to produce innovative system improvements. Models, however, tend towards finding long-term solutions and lack the development of operational short-term applications. Production risk is an area that needs more focus. Researchers need to consider the supply chain more holistically, not only with respect to different dimensions in the chain (such as profitability, innovation, information and collaboration), but also within the local commercial socioeconomic regime.	COLLABORATION,INFORMATION,SUGARCANE,"supply chain","value chain","CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT","CO-WORD ANALYSIS","GUITANG GROUP","INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS",INNOVATION,MANAGEMENT,MILL,SIMULATION-MODEL,SUPPLY-CHAIN,TRANSPORT	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247356897	Factors impacting on career choices of Technikon students from previously disadvantaged high schools	Bojuwoye O., Mbanjwa S.	2006	Journal of Psychology in Africa	16	1	None	University of Kwazulu Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa	Bojuwoye, O., University of Kwazulu Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa; Mbanjwa, S., University of Kwazulu Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa	Career development is a socially constructed process involving complex interactions among different structures, forces, and systems all constituting spheres of Influence. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence career decisions. Eighty respondents (40 males and 40 females with mean age of 22 years) participated in the study. Results revealed that family variables of parental high expectations of children and appropriate communications within the family, as well as factors such as prestige statuses of some occupations, school curricular subjects, academic performance, teacher influences, and peer pressure had strong positive influences on career choices. Barriers to career choices identified included finance, lack of appropriate information, poor academic performance, and unsatisfactory career counseling services. Results suggest need for a better approach to career education in schools and counseling services that are adaptive to social, economic, and cultural contexts.	Barriers to career choice; Career choices; Career decision making; Career status; Family variables; Guidance and counseling programs; School influences	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956741731	Measuring quality performance of cadastral survey and deeds registration work processes	Chimhamhiwa D., Mutanga O., van der Molen P.	2011	Land Use Policy	28	1	10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.04.007	University of KwaZulu Natal, Land Information Management Programme, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; University of Twente, Faculty of Geo Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500AA Enschede, Netherlands	Chimhamhiwa, D., University of KwaZulu Natal, Land Information Management Programme, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Mutanga, O., University of KwaZulu Natal, Land Information Management Programme, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD), Private Bag X 01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; van der Molen, P., University of Twente, Faculty of Geo Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500AA Enschede, Netherlands	When land parcel boundaries are surveyed for purposes of registration in most southern African countries, the cadastral survey records and diagrams prepared have to be examined and approved by the Surveyor General first before they can be registered in the Deeds Registries. For such records to be approved, their quality must conform to requirements stipulated in relevant acts and regulations. Where regulatory requirements are not met, the records are rejected and returned for corrections and resubmission. From a cross-organizational context, poor quality documents lodged upstream have the effect of congesting examination processes downstream as records are rejected and returned backwards due to quality failure. The paper proposes a quality performance measurement model to analyze quality performance in land administration work processes. The developed model is tested on 2 survey examination and approval sites and 3 deeds registration sites in Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Based on below expected quality results obtained at one of the sites, a root cause analysis was conducted to establish recurring and underlying causal factors upon which quality improvement strategies can be built on. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Cadastral survey examination; Deeds examination; Process yield; Quality performance; Root causes	administration; cadastre; land registration; quality control; surveying; Namibia; South Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349094974	Socioeconomic performance of West African fleets that target Atlantic billfish	Brinson A.A., Die D.J., Bannerman P.O., Diatta Y.	2009	Fisheries Research	99	1	10.1016/j.fishres.2009.04.010	University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Cooperative Unit for Fisheries Education and Research, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Fisheries Department, Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture, PO Box BT 62, Tema, Ghana; Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Ch. A. Diop, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Bp 206, Dakar, Senegal	Brinson, A.A., University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Cooperative Unit for Fisheries Education and Research, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Die, D.J., University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Cooperative Unit for Fisheries Education and Research, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States; Bannerman, P.O., Fisheries Department, Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture, PO Box BT 62, Tema, Ghana; Diatta, Y., Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Ch. A. Diop, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Bp 206, Dakar, Senegal	Managing marine resources is a contentious and complicated process. There are various users with competing objectives, especially in the case of artisanal and recreational fisheries management. Managers must consider not only the biological sustainability of the resources, but also account for the socioeconomic objectives of the fishery users, particularly in developing countries. In-person surveys were implemented with artisanal fishers that target billfish in Ghana and with recreational charter boat anglers that target billfish in Senegal. Data from the survey were used to compile financial performance indicators that describe the sustainability of the operations. In addition social and resource management perception data were collected in each location. The results of the study indicate that both fleets exhibit positive profit levels. Although fishers in both study locations perceived a declining billfish resource, they were largely unwilling to accept management measures to improve the resource. If management measures were to be considered for the artisanal fleet, managers should simultaneously introduce mechanisms to improve the technological storage capacity of harvested fish and training on saving schemes for artisanal fishers. Managers should also monitor the number of recreational vessels and their effort in Senegal. Performance indicators such as these are applicable and appropriate for quantitatively assessing the profitability of fishing fleets.	Artisanal; Billfish; Fisheries management; Performance indicators; Recreational; Socioeconomic; West Africa	Xiphiidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650113627	South African Law of evidence as it applies to the child witness: A Critical evaluation	Whitear-Nei N.	2009	Journal of Psychology in Africa	19	1	None	University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Faculty of Law, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P.O. Box X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Whitear-Nei, N., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Faculty of Law, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P.O. Box X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	This article examines aspects of the South African criminal justice system which are of particular relevance to the child witness, and the reception of testimony by the court. The author focuses on: 1) the need to prepare the child witness for the experience in court, 2) establishing the competence of the child witness, 3) the procedure for swearing In a child who does not understand the religious sanctity of the oath, 4) the use of an intermediary to convey the child's testimony to court, 5) circumstances in which the child does not have to enter the court room to testify, 6) the admissibility of pre recorded videotaped statements of the child witness, 7) the evaluation of the child's evidence, and 8) whether the adversarial model of criminal justice is appropriate In the context of the child witness. The article concludes by suggesting that reform is needed in these areas. Copyright © 2009 Journal of Psychology in Africa.	Child witness; Evaluation; Law of evidence; South africa	None	None
None	None	Yield performance and adaptation of four sorghum cultivars in Igunga and Nzega districts of Tanzania	Bucheyeki T.L., Shenkalwa E.M., Mapunda T.X., Matata L.W.	2010	Communications in Biometry and Crop Science	5	1	None	University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Tumbi Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 306, Tabora, Tanzania	Bucheyeki, T.L., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Shenkalwa, E.M., Tumbi Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 306, Tabora, Tanzania; Mapunda, T.X., Tumbi Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 306, Tabora, Tanzania; Matata, L.W., Tumbi Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 306, Tabora, Tanzania	Sorghum plays a significant role for the smallholder farmers of Tanzania. It is the chief source of food and income for majority of Tanzanians but yields are low and crop management lacking leading to smallholder food and income insecurity. An experiment was conducted in the Nzega and Igunga districts of Tabora to compare improved cultivars Tegemeo, Pato and Macia to the commonly used landrace Wilu for adaptation and yield, assess farmers' preferences, and assess the economic potential of improved sorghum cultivars. Cultivar performance was measured for three seasons in a randomized complete block design with three replications per location. Tegemeo out-yielded other cultivars and had high average yields (2580 kg ha -1). Wilu had the lowest yield (1460 kg ha -1) but had consistent yields across environments. Ninety farmers developed seven criteria for cultivars assessments. Results of the farmers' rankings indicated Tegemeo was the best cultivar and recommended it be grown in the area. An economic analysis indicated the potential of doubling sorghum grain yield from 1000 to 2000 kg ha -1 and income from 525,600 to 928,800 TSh ha -1. The combined statistical, farmers assessment and economic analysis showed changing order of importance of some cultivars which draws attention to breeders and policy makers on the importance of farmer's indigenous technical knowledge acknowledgement and participatory plant breeding in cultivars selection. © CBCS 2010.	Adaptation; Economic analysis; Farmer's assessment; Sorghum bicolour; Yield	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899154644	Bio evaluation of different crude extracts of Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp.rotundata [Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp.rotundata farkli{dotless} ham özütlerinin biyodeǧerlendirilmesi]	Kommidi D.R., Kandappa H.R., Moodley B., Koorbanally N.A., Govender P.	2014	Turkish Journal of Biochemistry	39	1	10.5505/tjb.2014.84755	University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa	Kommidi, D.R., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Kandappa, H.R., Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa; Moodley, B., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Koorbanally, N.A., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Govender, P., Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa	Aim: This communication describes the in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidative evaluation results of the different extracts of leaves, stem and roots of Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Asteraceae) for the first time. Materials and Method: Leaves, stem and roots of the plant were used for extraction by using distilled n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol. These fractions were tested for their in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidative activities using standard protocols like micro broth dilution method for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal, DPPH radical scavenging and H2O2 scavenging activity methods for anti-oxidative activity. Results: The investigations resulted fractions with good anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidative activities which were tabulated. Conclusions: Based on the results it was concluded that these fractions with good bioactivity may be further researched for the pure compounds. © TurkJBiochem.com.	Bioactivity; Chrysanthimoides monilifera Subsp; DPPH radical scavenging; Rotundata	Chrysanthimoides monilifera extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antibacterial activity; antibacterial susceptibility; antifungal activity; antifungal susceptibility; antioxidant activity; article; biological activity; broth dilution; comparative study; DPPH radical scavenging assay; drug sensitivity; hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; plant stem	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051530331	Beyond the school: Gender of household head and children's educational performance in Lagos State	Bammeke F.	2008	International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences	3	1	None	University of Lagos, Nigeria	Bammeke, F., University of Lagos, Nigeria	The lives of children are intricately tied to the ability of the household head to provide for them. The quality of life in a household may also be tied to whether or not the household head is a man or woman. This study seeks to ascertain the veracity of the assumption that children in female-headed households tend to have poorer educational performance than children in male-headed households. To achieve this objective, tests were administered on children selected from public schools in Mainland and Badagry local government areas of Lagos State who were also followed up to their households. The study found no significant statistical difference in the mean scores of children in both households. It however found that certain support factors infuenced children's educational performance. These were parents' education, children's access to books and regularity at school. Others were adults' supervision of children's school work, parents' ability to pay fees and time available for children to do homework. The study underscores the importance of mothers' education and suggests state support for children in households where support factors are lacking. © Common Ground.	Children; Educational performance; Gender; Household head	None	None
WoS	WOS:000285629200014	Scaling up Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Interventions Through Existing Government Systems? A Detailed Process Evaluation of a School-Based Intervention in Mwanza Region in the Northwest of Tanzania	Andrew, Bahati,Changalucha, John,Kimaryo, Michael,Kishamawe, Coleman,Medard, Lemmy,Obasi, Angela,Renju, Jenny R.	2011	JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH	48	1	10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.05.007	University of Liverpool	"Obasi, Angela: University of Liverpool",	Purpose: There is little evidence from the developing world of the effect of scale-up on model adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) programmes. In this article, we document the effect of scaling up a school-based intervention (MEMA kwa Vijana) from 62 to 649 schools on the coverage and quality of implementation. Methods: Observations of 1,111 students' exercise books, 11 ASRH sessions, and 19 peer-assistant role plays were supplemented with interviews with 47 ASRH-trained teachers, to assess the coverage and quality of ASRH sessions in schools. Results: Despite various modifications, the 10-fold scale-up achieved high coverage. A total of 89% (989) of exercise books contained some MEMA kwa Vijana 2 notes. Teachers were enthusiastic and interacted well with students. Students enjoyed the sessions and scripted role plays strengthened participation. Coverage of the biological topics was higher than the psycho-social sessions. The scale-up was facilitated by the structured nature of the intervention and the examined status of some topics. However, delays in the training, teacher turnover, and a lack of incentive for teaching additional activities were barriers to implementation. Conclusions: High coverage of participatory school-based reproductive health interventions can be maintained during scale-up. However, this is likely to be associated with significant changes in programme content and delivery. A greater emphasis should be placed on improving teachers' capacity to teach more complex-skills-related activities. Future intervention scale-up should also include an increased level of supervision and may be strengthened by underpinning from national level directives and inclusion of behavioral topics in national examinations. (C) 2011 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.	ADOLESCENTS,"scaling up","school based interventions","sexual and reproductive health",COMMUNITY-RANDOMIZED-TRIAL,DESIGN,IMPACT,IMPLEMENTATION,KENYA,NEEDS,PROGRAM,QUALITY,"RURAL TANZANIA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904413764	The impact of gender difference on entrepreneurship inclinations in Nigeria	Unruh J., Adewusi A., Boolaky M.	2014	International Journal of Business and Globalisation	13	1	10.1504/IJBG.2014.063391	University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 16203, Two Rivers, AK 99716, United States; University of Liverpool/Laureate, 34, Eric Moore Rd, Iganmu, Lagos, Nigeria; University of Liverpool/Laureate, 36 A Swami Sivanandah Avenue, Floreal, Mauritius	Unruh, J., University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 16203, Two Rivers, AK 99716, United States; Adewusi, A., University of Liverpool/Laureate, 34, Eric Moore Rd, Iganmu, Lagos, Nigeria; Boolaky, M., University of Liverpool/Laureate, 36 A Swami Sivanandah Avenue, Floreal, Mauritius	This paper explores gender differences attributed to the motivators a group of entrepreneurs in a Nigerian city have in opting to run their own business. It uses the existing theoretical framework of push and pull factors to determine the motivation for male and female entrepreneurs to be in business and explore the potential gender differences that may exist within the entrepreneurial motivations. Empirical data collected from semi-structured interviews used a convenience sample of 60 entrepreneurs, 30 males and 30 females. Most of the administered survey questions were presented using a Likert format to determine the characteristics of each group. The resultant data were inferentially analysed to develop conclusions about significant differences from mean scores. The study found that males were significantly different from females in their reasons for starting a business; as one example, more female entrepreneurs expected to enjoy their jobs compared with the men even though many of them expressed that they do not have other satisfying jobs. The results of this research work identified some differences which are peculiar to only Nigerian entrepreneurs; they should not be used to infer equivalent gender differences in other countries except where these studies are replicated. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Customer orientation; Entrepreneur education; Entrepreneurs; Female; Gender; Job preferences; Male; Own boss	None	None
WoS	WOS:000274138000015	Evaluating Different Dimensions of Programme Effectiveness for Private Medicine Retailer Malaria Control Interventions in Kenya	Abuya, Timothy O.,Akhwale, Willis S.,Amin, Abdinasir A.,Fegan, Greg,Marsh, Vicki,Noor, Abdisalan M.,Snow, Robert W.	2010	PLOS ONE	5	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0008937	University of London, University of Oxford, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Minist Hlth	None	Background: Private medicine retailers (PMRs) are key partners in the home management of fevers in many settings. Current evidence on effectiveness for PMR interventions at scale is limited. This study presents evaluation findings of two different programs implemented at moderate scale targeting PMRs for malaria control in the Kisii and Kwale districts of Kenya. Key components of this evaluation were measurement of program performance, including coverage, PMR knowledge, practices, and utilization based on spatial analysis. Methodology/Principal Findings: The study utilized mixed quantitative methods including retail audits and surrogate client surveys based on post-intervention cross-sectional surveys in intervention and control areas and mapping of intervention outlets. There was a large and significant impact on PMR knowledge and practices of the program in Kisii, with 60.5% of trained PMRs selling amodiaquine medicines in adequate doses compared to 2.8% of untrained ones (OR; 53.5: 95% CI 6.7, 428.3), a program coverage of 69.7% targeted outlets, and a potential utilization of about 30,000 children under five. The evaluation in Kwale also indicates a significant impact with 18.8% and 2.3% intervention and control PMRs selling amodiaquine with correct advice, respectively (OR; 9.4: 95% CI 1.1, 83.7), a program coverage of 25.3% targeted outlets, and a potential utilization of about 48,000 children under five. A provisional benchmark of 7.5 km was a reasonable threshold distance for households to access PMR services. Conclusions/Significance: This evaluation show that PMR interventions operationalized in the district level settings are likely to impact PMR knowledge and practices and lead to increased coverage of appropriate treatment to target populations. There is value of evaluating different dimensions of public health programs, including quality, spatial access, and implementation practice. This approach strengthens the potential contribution of pragmatic study designs to evaluating public health programs in the real world.	,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,DISTRICTS,DRUG,"HOME TREATMENT",KNOWLEDGE,MANAGEMENT,PUBLIC-HEALTH,"RURAL KENYA",SERVICES,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60249099900	Corporate social and environmental reporting and the impact of internal environmental policy in South Africa	Mitchell C.G., Hill T.	2009	Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management	16	1	10.1002/csr.179	University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, Farmington, ME, United States; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Geography, School of Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, 270 Main Street, Farmington, ME 04938, United States	Mitchell, C.G., University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, Farmington, ME, United States, University of Maine, Farmington, Business Department, 270 Main Street, Farmington, ME 04938, United States; Hill, T., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Geography, School of Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa	The paper investigates the development and use of corporate social and environmental reporting by businesses within a large municipality in South Africa. There is a strong call for improved CSR, and a greater degree of accountability and transparency by business. The survey was conducted through the use of interviews following a structured questionnaire with the Global Reporting Initiative used as an appropriate framework. This approach allowed us to determine the challenges businesses face in implementing a comprehensive CSR system in the South African context and why, other than companies which are part of a group, businesses are unable or unwilling to increase external reporting. We suggest that implementation of a comprehensive and externally controlled and certified standard, such as ISO 14001 would not only reduce environmental impacts, but facilitate increased CSR. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000313110000001	A call for parental monitoring to improve condom use among secondary school students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Jimba, Masamine,Mbwambo, Jessie K. K.,Mlunde, Linda B.,Otsuka, Keiko,Poudel, Krishna C.,Sunguya, Bruno F.,Ubuguyu, Omary,Yasuoka, Junko	2012	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	12	1	10.1186/1471-2458-12-1061	University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of Massachusetts System, University of Tokyo, Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci	"Jimba, Masamine: University of Tokyo","Mlunde, Linda B.: University of Tokyo","Otsuka, Keiko: University of Tokyo","Poudel, Krishna C.: University of Massachusetts Amherst","Poudel, Krishna C.: University of Massachusetts System","Sunguya, Bruno F.: University of Tokyo","Yasuoka, Junko: University of Tokyo",	Background: The number of people newly infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been decreasing in sub-Saharan Africa, but prevalence of the infection remains unacceptably high among young people. Despite the alarming pervasiveness of the virus, young people in this region continue to engage in risky sexual behaviors including unprotected sexual intercourse. In developed countries, parents can play important roles in protecting young people from such behaviors, but evidence regarding the impact of parental involvement is still limited in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, we conducted this study to examine the magnitude of risky sexual behaviors and the association of parental monitoring and parental communication with condom use at last sexual intercourse among secondary school students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: We conducted this cross-sectional study among 2,217 male and female students aged 15 to 24 years from 12 secondary schools in Dar es Salaam. From October to November 2011, we collected data using a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of parental monitoring and parental communication with condom use at last sexual intercourse, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 665 (30.3%) secondary school students reported being sexually active within the year prior to data collection. Among them, 41.7% had multiple sexual partners, 10.5% had concurrent sexual partners, and 41.1% did not use a condom at last sexual intercourse. A higher level of parental monitoring was associated with increased likelihood of condom use at last sexual intercourse among male students (AOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05-2.32; p = 0.03) but not among female students (AOR: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.71-3.37; p = 0.28). The association between parental communication and condom use at last sexual intercourse among both male and female students was not statistically significant. Conclusions: A high level of parental monitoring is associated with more consistent condom use among male students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania -many of whom have engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors such as multiple sexual partnerships, concurrent sexual partnerships, and unprotected sexual intercourse in the past one year. Interventions should thus be strengthened to reduce multiple sexual partnerships, concurrent sexual partnerships, and to improve parental monitoring among such students toward increasing condom use.	"CONDOM USE","parental monitoring","SEXUAL BEHAVIORS",Tanzania,"YOUNG PEOPLE","ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH",AFRICA,COMMUNICATION,HIV,INTERVENTIONS,PREVALENCE,PREVENTION,"PROTECTIVE FACTORS","RISKY SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR","TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939883925	Experiences and Unmet Needs of Women Undergoing Pap Smear Cervical Cancer Screening: Impact on Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening in South Eastern Nigeria	Chigbu C.O., Onyebuchi A.K., Egbuji C.C., Ezugwu E.C.	2015	Journal of Cancer Education	30	1	10.1007/s13187-014-0691-1	University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Chigbu, C.O., University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Onyebuchi, A.K., Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Egbuji, C.C., Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Ezugwu, E.C., University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria	The burden of cervical cancer is on the increase in sub-Saharan Africa mainly due to inadequate provision and utilisation of cervical cancer prevention services. Several evidence-based strategies have been deployed to improve cervical cancer screening uptake without much success. However, patients’ experiences and satisfaction with service provision has not been adequately studied. Inefficiencies in service delivery and less fulfilling experiences by women who attend cervical cancer screening could have considerable impact in future voluntary uptake of cervical cancer screening. Six hundred and eighty women who underwent Pap smear screening in three health care facilities in two states in south eastern Nigeria were interviewed to evaluate their satisfaction, willingness to undertake future voluntary screening, unmet needs and correlation between satisfaction level and willingness to undergo future screening. Satisfaction with Pap smear screening correlated positively with willingness to undertake future voluntary screening (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.78, P = 0.001). The mean satisfaction score was significantly higher among participants handled by nurses than those handled by the physicians (3.16 ± 0.94 vs 2.52 ± 0.77, P = 0.001). ‘Scrapping discomfort’ of the spatula was reported as the most dissatisfying aspect of Pap smear experience. The need for less invasive screening procedures was the most unmet need. It was concluded that improving the Pap smear screening experience of women and providing less invasive methods of cervical cancer screening with immediate results could improve uptake of cervical cancer screening in south eastern Nigeria. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Cervical cancer screening; Experiences; Nigeria; Unmet needs; Uptake	None	None
WoS	WOS:000265364500010	EVALUATION OF "CARE OF THE FOOT" AS A RISK FACTOR FOR DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION: THE ROLE OF INTERNAL PHYSICIANS	Odenigbo, C. U.,Oguejiofor, O. C.,Oli, J. M.	2009	NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE	12	1	None	University of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univ	"Oli, J. M.: University of Nigeria",	Background and Objectives: Several risk factors predispose the diabetic patient to foot ulceration, including "inadequate care of the foot". This risk factor for foot ulceration has not been previously evaluated among Nigeria diabetic patients and is the objective of this study. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and twenty (120) diabetic patients with and without symptoms of peripheral neuropathy receiving care at the medical outpatient department (MOPD) and the diabetic clinic of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi were recruited consecutively as they presented. They were administered structured questionnaires to assess some variables concerning care of their feet as provided to them by their physicians. Results: Among the 120 diabetic participants, 83(69.2%) had neuropathic symptoms (the symptomatic participants) while 37(30.8%) were asymptomatic (the asymptomatic participants). Eighty (80; 96.4%) of the symptomatic vs 36(97.3%) of the asymptomatic participants had never had their feet examined by their physician. Also, 26(31.3%) of the symptomatic vs 12(32.4%) of the asymptomatic participants had never received any form of advice on how to take special care of their feet by their physician, and 26(31.3%) of the symptomatic vs 6(16.2%) of the asymptomatic participants walked unshod most times in their immediate surroundings. Conclusion: Physicians do not provide adequate care to the feet of their diabetic patients irrespective of the presence or absence of neuropathic symptoms, making this variable a critical risk factor for diabetic foot ulceration and amputation. Continuing medical education to health care providers emphasizing adequate "care of the foot" of the diabetic patient, will reduce avoidable loss of limbs to diabetes.	"diabetic foot ulceration","PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY","United Kingdom Screening Test",EPIDEMIOLOGY,MELLITUS,PREVALENCE,"SENSORY NEUROPATHY"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927726983	Impact of gender stereotype on secondary school students’ self-concept and academic achievement	Igbo J.N., Onu V.C., Obiyo N.O.	2015	SAGE Open	5	1	10.1177/2158244015573934	University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Igbo, J.N., University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Onu, V.C., University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Obiyo, N.O., University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of gender stereotype as a predictor of secondary school students' selfconcept and academic achievement. The study was guided by four purposes, four research questions, and four hypotheses. The study adopted ex post facto design. The research sample was drawn from eight government/public senior secondary schools in Udi education zone. Nine schools were randomly selected from the 227 schools. A total of 342 senior secondary II school (SSII) students made up the sample of the study. A 20-item students' stereotype self-concept questionnaire (SSSCQ) was adapted from Marsh's Self Descriptive Questionnaire II (SDQII), and a 10-item students' mathematics achievement test (SMAT) was developed by the researchers after reviewing related literature. This was done with the help of experts in the areas. The instruments were face and content validated and used for the collection of data. In analyzing the data, mean and standard deviation were used in answering the research questions while a ttest was used in testing the four hypotheses. The findings of the study indicate that gender stereotype has significant influence on students' self-concept and academic achievement in favor of the male students. On the other hand, school location has significant influence on academic achievement of students but has no significant influence on students' self-concept. © The Author(s) 2015.	Academic achievement; Gender; Gender stereotype; Self-concept	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953085277	Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of aqeous leaf extract of Swietenia mahogani (Maliaceae) in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats	Udem S., Nwaogu I., Onyejekwe O.	2011	Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences	4	1	10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0154	University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; University of Nigeria, Veterinary Anatomy, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria	Udem, S., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; Nwaogu, I., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Anatomy, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; Onyejekwe, O., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria	Aim: This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous leaf extract of Swietenia mahogany (Maliaceae) in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Material and Methods: The animals were given increasing concentrations (10% ethanol (v/v) in water for 1week, 20% (v/v) for another 2 weeks and 30% (v/v) for 9 weeks) per os daily. Treatment with the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) was instituted 6 h after given the alcohol for the same period the alcohol intake lasted. Thereafter, the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were assayed in the serum. The levels of other biochemical markers of organ damage such as total bilirubin and creatinine, as well as pentobarbitone sleeping time were determined. Histological examination of the liver was also performed. Results: The extract at all doses significantly (P<0.05) reduced the serum activities of ALT, AST, AP, serum levels of bilirubin and creatinine in comparison with the negative control that received only alcohol. The duration of pentobarbital induced hypnosis was also significantly shortened. The histopathological result showed significant (P<0.05) protection in the extract treated groups when compared with the group that received alcohol alone. Conclusion: The extract displayed significant (P<0.05) hepatoprotective activity in the model used in this study. © 2011 Udem S.	Aminotransferases; Biochemical markers of organ damage; Hepatoprotection; Histopathology; S. mahogani	alanine aminotransferase; alcohol; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; pentobarbital; plant extract; Swietenia mahogani extract; unclassified drug; alcohol consumption; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; bilirubin blood level; controlled study; creatinine blood level; female; histopathology; hypnosis; liver injury; liver protection; male; medicinal plant; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; sleep time; Swietenia mahogani	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859588001	'Unconditional aid': Assessing the impact of China's development assistance to Zimbabwe	Hodzi O., Hartwell L., de Jager N.	2012	South African Journal of International Affairs	19	1	10.1080/10220461.2012.670435	University of Osnabrueck, Germany; Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Political Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Hodzi, O., University of Osnabrueck, Germany; Hartwell, L., Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; de Jager, N., Department of Political Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	China's development assistance to Africa has attracted varied criticisms from academics, Western governments and international donor organisations. The main criticisms have been directed at the lack of good governance conditions on its development assistance to African governments and its dealings with countries under sanction or isolation from the international community, owing to poor governance, human rights abuses and/or corruption. Using the case of Zimbabwe in the current period, the impact of China's development assistance on its prospects for sustainable development is assessed. Since 2000 Zimbabwe has experienced a crisis of governance leading to socio-economic and political decline. This crisis has arguably been exacerbated by China's varied assistance to the Robert Mugabe regime, as well as China's protection of the regime in the United Nations Security Council. It is argued that without encouraging good governance, and managing this relationship for the benefit of Zimbabwe, Harare will not see the gains from development assistance that will lead to the sustainable development of Zimbabwe as a whole. © 2012 The South African Institute of International Affairs.	Aid; China; Development; Governance; MDC-T; Transition; ZANU-PF; Zimbabwe	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856647364	Conceptual and procedural approaches to mathematics in the engineering curriculum: Student conceptions and performance	Engelbrecht J., Bergsten C., Kågesten A.	2012	Journal of Engineering Education	101	1	None	University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden	Engelbrecht, J., University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Bergsten, C., Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Kågesten, A., Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden	BACKGROUND Demands by engineering faculties of mathematics departments have traditionally been for teaching computational skills while also expecting analytic and creative knowledge-based skills. We report on a project between two institutions, one in South Africa and one in Sweden, that investigated whether the emphasis in undergraduate mathematics courses for engineering students would benefit from being more conceptually oriented than the traditional more procedurally oriented way of teaching. PURPOSE (HYPOTHESIS) We focus on how second-year engineering students respond to the conceptual-procedural distinction, comparing performance and confidence between Swedish and South African groups of students in answering conceptual and procedural mathematics problems. We also compare these students' conceptions on the role of conceptual and procedural mathematics problems within and outside their mathematics studies. DESIGN/METHOD An instrument consisting of procedural and conceptual items as well as items on student opinions on the roles of the different types of knowledge in their studies was conducted with groups of second-year engineering students at two universities, one in each country. RESULTS Although differences between the two countries are small, Swedish students see procedural items to be more common in their mathematics studies while the South African students find both conceptual and procedural items common; the latter group see the conceptually oriented items as more common in their studies outside the mathematics courses. CONCLUSIONS Students view mathematics as procedural. Conceptual mathematics is seen as relevant outside mathematics. The use of mathematics in other subjects within engineering education can be experienced differently by students from different institutions, indicating that the same type of education can handle the application of mathematics in different ways in different institutions. © 2012 ASEE.	Conceptual and procedural thinking; Confidence; Mathematics	Computational skills; Conceptual and procedural thinking; Confidence; Engineering curriculum; Engineering faculty; Mathematics course; South Africa; Undergraduate mathematics course; Engineering education; Knowledge based systems; Mathematical techniques; Societies and institutions; Students	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80755139509	Two dimensional fluidised bed reactor: Performance of a novel multi-vortex distributor	Brink H.G., Saayman J., Nicol W.	2011	Chemical Engineering Journal	175	1	10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.077	University of Pretoria, Department Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria Main Campus, Corner Lynwood and Roper Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Brink, H.G., University of Pretoria, Department Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria Main Campus, Corner Lynwood and Roper Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Saayman, J., University of Pretoria, Department Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria Main Campus, Corner Lynwood and Roper Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Nicol, W., University of Pretoria, Department Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria Main Campus, Corner Lynwood and Roper Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	The influence of the distributor configuration on interphase mass transfer, gas axial dispersion and bubble size was studied in a pseudo 2-D fluidised bed reactor for two types of distributor configurations; a novel multi-vortex (MV) distributor with tubes directed vertically and horizontally at different heights and a standard perforated plate distributor (baseline). The linear inlet velocity (U0) ranged between 0.1m/s and 0.35m/s, with air as fluidising medium at ambient conditions. The ozone decomposition reaction over Fe2O3 impregnated FCC catalyst was used as an indirect measure for the performance of the FBR and it was found that the MV distributor causes a significant improvement (15% average) in the conversion efficiencies at all velocities tested. Bubble size measurements (using two separate techniques) indicated larger bubbles for the MV distributor, while the visual bubbling to turbulent transition boundary (Uc) for the MV distributor was found to be lower than the baseline distributor. The interphase bubble-emulsion mass transfer was quantified using the model derived by Thompson et al. [32] and was found to be 52% higher for the MV distributor than the baseline distributor. In addition the MV distributor exhibited near plug flow characteristics at velocities exceeding Uc, while this was not the case for the baseline distributor. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	Interphase mass transfer quantification; Multi-vortex distributor; Ozone decomposition reaction; Two dimensional fluidized bed reactor	Ambient conditions; Axial dispersions; Bubble size; Bubble size measurement; Different heights; FCC catalysts; Fluidised bed; Indirect measure; Inlet velocity; Inter-phase mass transfer; Multi-vortex distributor; Ozone decomposition; Ozone decomposition reaction; Plug flow; Thompson; Turbulent transition; Chemical reactors; Conversion efficiency; Emulsification; Fluid catalytic cracking; Fluidization; Mass transfer; Ozone; Perforated plates; Two dimensional; Vortex flow; Fluidized beds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893394044	Metacognitive monitoring and learning gain in foundation chemistry	Mathabathe K.C., Potgieter M.	2014	Chemistry Education Research and Practice	15	1	10.1039/c3rp00119a	University of Pretoria, Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa	Mathabathe, K.C., University of Pretoria, Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Pretoria, South Africa; Potgieter, M., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa	The ability to make realistic judgements of one's performance is a demonstration of the possession of strong metacognitive skills. In this study we investigate the relationship between accuracy of self-evaluation as an expression of metacognitive skill, and learning gain in stoichiometry. The context is an academic development programme at a South African University offered for under-prepared students enrolled for science and engineering. These students generally exhibit unrealistically high levels of confidence in performance and this could potentially place them at risk by negatively affecting decisions regarding time management and self-regulation. We investigated whether overconfidence before instruction is corrected upon exposure to teaching. A three-tier stoichiometry test was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data before and after instruction. Findings indicate that the majority of the students were overconfident in the evaluation of their performance in both the pre- and posttests. Overconfidence was not a debilitating disposition when demonstrated in the pretest provided that it was corrected during teaching and learning. The most vulnerable students were those that judged their performance or lack thereof realistically in the pretest but became overconfident during the teaching and learning of stoichiometry. Our results suggest that under-prepared students are slow in developing accurate metacognitive monitoring skills within a classroom environment that did not include instruction focused on the development of such skills. We recommend a proactive and constructive response by educators which may reduce the incidence of failure and preserve the positive contribution of confidence, albeit excessively positive. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894582678	Non-performance of constitutional obligations and the demise of the water tribunal - Access to justice denied?	Olivier N., Olivier N.	2014	Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg	None	1	None	University of Pretoria, South Africa	Olivier, N., University of Pretoria, South Africa; Olivier, N., University of Pretoria, South Africa	[No abstract available]	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000318584000008	The Impact of Accreditation Exercise on University Libraries in Kenya	Ngulube, Patrick,Odera-Kwach, Beatrice Achieng'	2013	AFRICAN JOURNAL OF LIBRARY ARCHIVES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE	23	1	None	University of South Africa, Commiss Higher Educ	"Ngulube, Patrick: University of South Africa",	This paper is the result of an exploratory study of the impact of accreditation - a process of external quality assurance on university libraries in Kenya. The paper also sought the perceptions of university librarians regarding external quality assurance. The mixed research method was used for data collection. The population of the study constituted all the universities in Kenya recognised by the Commission for Higher Education. The sample frame was drawn from the list of private universities authorised to award degrees in Kenya. Based on the findings from the questionnaire survey, four purposively selected heads of university libraries were interviewed. A total of 22 (92%) out of 24 potential university librarians completed and returned the questionnaire. The results show that university librarians were aware of the purpose of accreditation as it pertains to licensing, while conformity to standards was the greatest strength of accreditation. The university librarians suggested ways of improving the accreditation process. The findings show that there were positive and negative perceptions about the accreditation process. The findings reveal that despite the differences in the universities, majority of the librarians were positive that the accreditation process had brought about significant changes in their institutions. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for improvement of the accreditation process.	"ACADEMIC LIBRARIES",ACCREDITATION,"external quality assurance","IMPACT ASSESSMENT",KENYA,"MIXED METHODS RESEARCH"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58049200662	The impact of a home visitation programme on household hazards associated with unintentional childhood injuries: A randomised controlled trial	Odendaal W., van Niekerk A., Jordaan E., Seedat M.	2009	Accident Analysis and Prevention	41	1	10.1016/j.aap.2008.10.009	University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, PO Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa	Odendaal, W., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Jordaan, E., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Seedat, M., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, MRC-UNISA Crime, PO Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa	Background: The continued high mortality and morbidity rates for unintentional childhood injuries remain a public health concern. This article reports on the influence of a home visitation programme (HVP) on household hazards associated with unintentional childhood injuries in a South African low-income setting. Methods: A randomised controlled trial (n = 211 households) was conducted in a South African informal settlement. Community members were recruited and trained as paraprofessional visitors. Four intervention visits were conducted over 3 months, focusing on child development, and the prevention of burn, poison, and fall injuries. The HVP, a multi-component intervention, included educational inputs, provision of safety devices, and an implicit enforcement strategy. The intervention effect (IE) was measured with a standardised risk assessment index that compared post-intervention scores for intervention and control households. Results: A significant reduction was observed in the hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances, as well as in hazards related to poisoning. Non-significant changes were observed for burn safety household practices and fall injury hazards. Conclusions: This study confirmed that a multi-component HVP effectively reduced household hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances and poisoning among children in a low-income South African setting. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Home visitation; Multi-component intervention; Paraprofessional home visitors; Randomised controlled trial; Unintentional childhood injuries	Hazards; Health risks; Paraffin waxes; Paraffins; Risk assessment; Risk management; Home visitation; Multi-component intervention; Paraprofessional home visitors; Randomised controlled trial; Unintentional childhood injuries; Health hazards; adolescent; article; child; child welfare; clinical trial; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dangerous goods; home accident; human; infant; mortality; newborn; preschool child; professional practice; randomized controlled trial; risk assessment; risk reduction; safety; South Africa; statistics; Accidents, Home; Adolescent; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Hazardous Substances; House Calls; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Risk Assessment; Risk Reduction Behavior; Safety; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953530121	Historical perspective on Zimbabwe's economic performance: A tale of five lost decades	Makina D.	2010	Journal of Developing Societies	26	1	10.1177/0169796X1002600105	University of South Africa, PO. Box 392, Pretoria 003, South Africa	Makina, D., University of South Africa, PO. Box 392, Pretoria 003, South Africa	The paper presents a chronological unravelling of the political economy of Zimbabwe. It commences by giving an analysis of economic performance within a framework of four periods, namely, (i) the pre-independence period, (ii) the post-independence period of controls, (iii) the economic liberalization period and (iv) the economic crisis period. It proceeds to discuss the deterioration in economic performance emanating from inappropriate macroeconomic policies followed post-independence. The role of the monetary policy regime in exacer-bating macroeconomic instability is also highlighted. Furthermore, the system of governance is noted to be another significant contributory factor to economic decline. One important insight from the analysis is that the economy had been operating sub-optimally throughout the post-independence period, a factor which is often ignored in research on Zimbabwe. Furthermore, if we take into account the lacklustre performance during the pre-independence period when it was under international sanctions, Zimbabwe could be said to have had 'five lost decades' -the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s, the 1990s and the decade commencing in the year 2000. © 2010 SAGE Publications.	Deregulation; Dollarization; Foreign exchange; Governance; Hyperinflation; Liberalization; Macroeconomic; Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ); Stabilization	chronology; cost-benefit analysis; deregulation; economic history; financial crisis; governance approach; historical geography; liberalization; macroeconomics; monetary policy; political economy; real exchange rate; stabilization; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954241978	Developing and validating a measure of monitoring and evaluation for the South Africa skills development context	Tshilongamulenzhe M.C.	2015	Foundations of Management	7	1	10.1515/fman-2015-0039	University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Tshilongamulenzhe, M.C., University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	As nations around the world grapple with the deepening challenge of skills crunch, policies, strategies and interventions are being devised to develop and retain a competitive workforce. South Africa is not spared from the global talent war, and the persistence of skills shortages across most economic sectors makes the country vulnerable economically and socially. Legislative instruments and strategies were formulated and implemented to ameliorate the situation, but scientific evidence suggests a looming crisis due to poor monitoring and evaluation systems regarding the success of these instruments and strategies. This study develops and validates a monitoring and evaluation (ME) scale for the South African skills development context. A quantitative nonexperimental cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from 557 participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software (version 23.0). The findings show that the ME scale is scientifically valid and reliable and can be used with confidence in the South African skills development context. The findings provide scope for a validation study on an independent sample, and an evaluation of structural invariance of the ME scale across sample subgroups.	Apprenticeship; Evaluation; Learnership; Monitoring; Occupational learning; Skills development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941049306	Examining the relationship between ceo remuneration and performance of major commercial banks in South Africa	Khumalo M., Masenge A.	2015	Corporate Ownership and Control	13	1	None	University of South Africa, South Africa; University of Pretoria, South Africa	Khumalo, M., University of South Africa, South Africa; Masenge, A., University of Pretoria, South Africa	The relationship between CEO remuneration and firm performance continues to receive much attention. Although the focus of most of the studies is across sectors, attention is increasingly being directed towards the banking industry. At the same time, controversy around what is deemed excessive remuneration of CEOs in the light of not so impressive firm performance across sectors continues. The 2008 global financial crisis and subsequent problems in the banking industry have increased interest in the dynamics of CEO remuneration and bank performance. This study, which examines the relationship between CEO remuneration and bank performance in South Africa, aims to bring a new perspective to the on-going research and debate. The data used is for the years 2008-2013, and a purposive sampling method was employed to select a sample frame that consists of five major commercial banks in South Africa. The results suggest that not all measurement instruments used confirmed that a relationship between CEO remuneration and bank performance existed. In the overall, the results of the study do show that the remuneration of the CEO in the banking industry is such that it does have a significant influence on the performance of a bank. © 2015, Virtus Interpress. All rights reserved.	Bank performance; CEO remuneration; Regression; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951259985	Characterisation of South African equity unit trusts using the active share measure as a performance indicator	Hirschel P., Krige J.D.	2010	Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics	34	1	None	University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Hirschel, P., University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Krige, J.D., University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa	This study investigates the relationship between the active share, tracking error and investment performance of South African general equity and large cap unit trusts for the period 2003 to 2007. Active share reflects the amount of deviation of a unit trust's equity holdings from a benchmark. The development of active share over time amongst unit trusts is investigated, as well as the relationship between active share, tracking error, fund size, number of equities in a unit trust and systematic risk as measured by beta. It was found that outperformance, as measured by Jensen's α and the Omega ratio, was statistically significant for unit trusts in the highest active share quintiles. The relationship between tracking error quintiles and performance was less consistent. A slight increase with time in the active share value was observed-possibly as a result of a move away from resources and large cap shares, which are concentrated in the JSE indices. High active share was found to be associated with a larger number of active positions, a beta against the benchmark of less than one and low numbers of stocks. No relationship between active share and size was found.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877064067	Investigating the sources of performance in South African general equity unit trusts	Fox M.A., Krige J.D.	2013	Investment Analysts Journal	77	1	None	University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Fox, M.A.; Krige, J.D., University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa	The objective of this study is to analyse the sources of performance in South African domestic equity unit trusts during the period 2002 to 2011. The study was based on Sharpe's (1992) study of the asset allocation of mutual funds in the United States (US). Five sectors were selected to determine returns due to sector allocation: large-cap resources stocks, large-cap industrial stocks, large-cap financial stocks, mid-cap stocks and small-cap stocks. The study shows that a large part of active returns was due to sector allocation in the case of general and growth equity unit trusts. The contribution of stock selection was negative in most cases. However, in the case of value unit trusts the converse is true. It was also observed that sector allocations were modified frequently in the case of the top-performing unit trusts to capitalize on the relative performance of the different major sectors from time to time.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50949099697	The drivers influencing the relationship between sales representatives and customers and the impact this relationship has on sales volume within Coca-Cola's Western Cape region	Herbst F.J., Forrest C.L.	2008	South African Journal of Business Management	39	1	None	University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Franchise Manager Forbes Group (Western Cape), Coca-Cola South Africa (Pty) Ltd., Western Cape, South Africa	Herbst, F.J., University of Stellenbosch Business School, PO Box 610, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Forrest, C.L., Franchise Manager Forbes Group (Western Cape), Coca-Cola South Africa (Pty) Ltd., Western Cape, South Africa	Companies within the FMCG sector are continually trying to create value from their brands by increasing their margins and/or selling more of their products. Taking cost out of the value chain gives the company a competitive advantage, but this advantage is short lived as competitors also reduce costs. Differentiating a product through enhanced features and benefits also provides a competitive advantage, but is also subject to imitation by rivals. As competition increases, companies are looking for new avenues to differentiate themselves. Relationship marketing has, as a result, increased its prevalence as a competitive tool to provide that point of difference. This research investigated the factors that influence the relationships between a Coca-Cola sales representative and his/her customers within the Cape Town region. This article was developed after studying literature as it pertained to customer relationship marketing. From the literature the foundation blocks in developing buyer-seller relationships were studied. The research methodology tested the impact of certain factors on the ability to build a relationship between buyer and seller and then tested the validity of those answers using underlying determinants of a relationship. These determinants included the ability to communicate, the ability to trust, the degree of loyalty and the ability to influence a customer. The response to the questionnaires was extremely high (over 95%) and provided for a robust evaluation of data. The research showed that there was a positive correlation between the profile of a sales representative and a customer. It is easier for a sales representative to build a relationship with a customer who is a similar age. It is however easier for the sales representative to influence a younger customer. Gender plays no role in a sales representative's ability to build a relationship. With respect to education, a stronger relationship exists between a customer and sales representative of a similar education. Again it is easier for a representative to influence a customer who has a lower level of education. Race does have an impact on the ability to build relationships. The research showed that an African sales representative should service an African customer. There was a positive link between matching sales representatives and customers who come from similar areas and have the same religion. There was no correlation between the degree of the relationship that a Coca-Cola sales representative in the Western Cape region has with a customer and the sales growth within the outlets. This final conclusion must be read in the context of the relative high market share that the Coca-Cola Company has in the Western Cape.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878248759	Poke me, I'm a journalist: The impact of Facebook and Twitter on newsroom routines and cultures at two South African weeklies	Jordaan M.	2013	Ecquid Novi	34	1	10.1080/02560054.2013.767421	University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Jordaan, M., University of Stellenbosch, South Africa	Despite initial misgivings about the credibility of the information disseminated on social media, mainstream journalists have gradually started to adopt these media as professional tools. This study explores whether the professional use of Facebook and Twitter influences the processes and cultures of news selection and presentation in newspaper newsrooms. According to most of the journalists from Rapport and the Mail & Guardian, the professional use of social media has not significantly altered their processes of news selection and presentation. The researcher, however, came to the conclusion that the journalists are not as immune to social media as they might think. © 2013 iMasa.	Facebook; Newspaper journalism; Newsroom culture; Newsroom routines; Newsroom study; Social constructionism; Social media; Twitter	None	None
WoS	WOS:000301948600010	The implementation and evaluation of a resiliency programme for children	de Villiers, Marisa,van den Berg, Henriette	2012	SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY	42	1	None	University of the Free State	"de Villiers, Marisa: University of the Free State","van den Berg, Henriette: University of the Free State"	Children moving from middle childhood to adolescence experience challenges that require effective skills to cope with the increasing complexity of life. This is particularly true in South Africa where the exposure to violence, poverty and ongoing socio-economic transformation leads to high levels of stress. Accordingly, children need to be resilient to cope with stress and trauma. The goal of this investigation was to develop, implement and evaluate a resiliency programme for 12-year-old children. A total of 161 participants was selected from four schools in the Bloemfontein area and divided into experimental and control groups. The Solomon Four Group Design was used. The following measuring instruments were used to assess the participants' resilience: the Behavioural and Emotional Rating Scale, Resiliency Scales for children and adolescents, and the Fortitude Scale. The intervention programme consisted of 15 sessions presented over a period of three weeks and focused on activities promoting emotional regulation, stress management, interpersonal skills, and problem solving. Two post-test evaluations were conducted: three weeks after the intervention programme and a follow-up three months later. Findings indicated that intrapersonal characteristics such as emotional regulation and self-appraisal increased significantly after the children had been exposed to the resiliency programme; while interpersonal skills and external resources such as family and general social support did not increase significantly. The content of the resiliency programme and the recommendations for interventions are discussed in the article.	CHILDREN,"FAMILY INVOLVEMENT","PERSONAL RESOURCES","programme evaluation","resiliency programme",self-appraisal,PREVENTION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859864105	The concept of masking as a cultural device for Chewa music and dance performances	Nthala G.M.	2011	Journal of the Musical Arts in Africa	8	1	10.2989/18121004.2011.652383	University of the Free State, Odeion School of Music, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Nthala, G.M., University of the Free State, Odeion School of Music, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	In the course of field research various relationships between Chewa masking as a cultural phenomenon and Chewa music and dance became consistently evident. The research focused on the ethnographic study of drumming artistry within major Chewa dances. This resulted in a detailed analysis of Chewa dance organisations and drumming accompaniment from musical, anthropological, theatre, fine art and dance perspectives. In this article two Chewa dances, gulewamkulu and mganda, are used to demonstrate that Chewa music and dance performances display the concept of masking through their organisation, presentation and coordination. As a cultural device, Chewa masking emanates from various historical roots and is applied to music and dance performances culturally, musically, symbolically and aesthetically, making it a key element in the execution of these performances. © 2011 Copyright NISC (Pty) Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77149121798	Employee flow as an integrated and qualitative system: Impact on business-to-business service quality	Lee G.J.	2010	Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing	17	1	10.1080/10517120903000348	University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lee, G.J., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Purpose: This article develops and tests the effect of a complete model of employee flow on business-to-business (B2B) customer service outcomes. Methodology: Employee flow in organizations refers to all inflows, outflows, and internal movements of staff, and is a crucial human resources area. However, research rarely deals with employee flow as a whole. Instead, studies generally limit themselves to individual employee flow aspects, such as employee turnover, and limit outcomes to internal organizational issues. This study employs hierarchical regression and structural equation to model the effect of an integrated and qualitative measure on B2B service quality through the INDSERV scale. Findings: Employee flow, especially net outflows, affects service quality perceptions through various mediated relationships. Employee flow affects outcome quality through potential and soft process quality and impacts hard process quality through potential quality. Relationship frequency, supply chain integration of the customer, and environmental characteristics are significant moderators. Research implications: The introduction of complete employee flow as a predictor variable is a research advance and can be extended to many research settings. Confirmation that INDSERV scales have an internal progression is new and informs future model building. Practical implications: Managers, especially in bigger and service-oriented companies, might employ integrated employee flow indices as a practical management metric. The tendency of B2B processes to separate client and customer staff (e.g., through technological bridges and call centers) is discouraged by the finding that employee flow affects outcomes partly through soft process, relational quality. Managers should attend to frequency and customer integration. Contribution: The use of integrated and qualitative employee flow models in modeling service outcomes, especially in B2B settings, is an original contribution, as is the hitherto untested progression within the subconstructs of the INDSERV B2B service quality scale. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Business-to-business service quality; Customer integration; Employee acquisition; Employee flow; Employee turnover; Frequency; INDSERV; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925503480	Task disengagement and implications for vigilance performance in CCTV surveillance	Donald F.M., Donald C.H.M.	2014	Cognition, Technology and Work	17	1	10.1007/s10111-014-0309-8	University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Leaderware, Sandton, South Africa	Donald, F.M., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Donald, C.H.M., Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia, Leaderware, Sandton, South Africa	This research examines the relationship between behavioural indicators of task disengagement and vigilance performance for closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance operators and novices in a proactive real-world detection task. Seventy-three participants (42 CCTV operators and 31 novices) performed a 90-min CCTV video surveillance task based on asset protection footage in a heavy industry. The study showed a range of individualised responses in managing attention resources in order to deal with vigilance demands. Alternating fluctuations between task engagement and disengagement were found for the majority of participants, indicating efforts to manage attention resources and cope with vigilance demands. Almost a quarter of the sample disengaged during the first 30 min, but a third showed no behavioural indicators of disengagement during the task. Different results were obtained for participants with different types of work exposure (novices and operators from either ‘generalist’ or ‘specialist’ CCTV surveillance operations). Task disengagement was associated with lower detection rates. The implications of task engagement theory and behavioural indictors of task disengagement for the measurement and management of vigilance performance are discussed. © 2014, Springer-Verlag London.	Closed-circuit television (CCTV); Monitoring; Operator performance; Task disengagement; Vigilance	Monitoring; CCTV surveillance; Closed-circuit television (CCTV); Heavy industries; Operator performance; Task disengagement; Video surveillance; Vigilance; Vigilance performance; Security systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902146430	The organisational performance impact of erp systems on selected companies	Hart C.A., Snaddon D.R.	2014	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	25	1	None	University of the Witwatersrand, School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, South Africa; Polytechnic of Namibia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Africa	Hart, C.A., University of the Witwatersrand, School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, South Africa; Snaddon, D.R., Polytechnic of Namibia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Africa	There is a need to determine the performance benefits that firms gain from enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and the factors that contribute to success. Consequently, the central research problem is: To determine the impact of ERP systems on organisational performance by analysing achieved ERP benefits within the framework of a suitable performance measurement system (PMS), and to investigate the association between critical success factors (CSFs) and ERP benefits. A list of expected ERP benefits and CSFs is compiled. Performance measurement models are evaluated, and one model is designed to evaluate ERP impact. ERP experts refine identified ERP benefits and CSFs using structured interviews. These are built into a questionnaire, and used to survey South African (SA) companies in manufacturing, mining, and power generation. Results indicate that business benefits are realised by companies that implement ERP systems. By building benefits into the performance measurement model, a positive impact on organisational performance is observed. Although a core list of CSFs is identified, and three associations are found between CSFs and ERP benefits, further research is needed.	None	Industry; Surveys; Business benefits; Critical success factor; Enterprise resource planning systems; Organisational performance; Performance benefits; Performance measurement system; Performance measurements; Research problems; Enterprise resource planning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60649093491	Examining the implementation of the mathematics strand of the Key Stage 3 Strategy: What are the bases of evaluation?	Venkat H., Brown M.	2009	British Educational Research Journal	35	1	10.1080/01411920802041665	University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; King's College London, United Kingdom; Marang Centre for Maths and Science Education, Education Campus, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa	Venkat, H., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, Marang Centre for Maths and Science Education, Education Campus, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa; Brown, M., King's College London, United Kingdom	This article presents findings from a comparative case study examining the implementation of the mathematics strand of the Key Stage 3 Strategy in two contrasting schoolsone using setting and whole-class teaching, the other incorporating mixed-ability grouping and individualised learning. A number of 'outcomes' of implementation are considered, including teachers' and students' experiences, changes in pedagogic practice and students' attainment. Whilst both schools achieved highly in relation to similar schools, higher attainment gains between Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 in the school using setting/whole-class teaching were associated with increasing student disaffection and dependence on teachers. In contrast, the attainment gains at the school using individualised learning were associated with increasing enthusiasm and independence. The mixed picture of outcomes and their complex interconnections suggest that evaluations of implementation resting on attainment-based outcomes are problematic in terms of longer-term aims of increasing the proportions of students choosing to study mathematics and developing the skills of independent learning.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50449095291	The socioeconomic impact of antiretroviral treatment on individuals in Soweto, South Africa	Chhagan V., Luiz J., Mohapi L., McIntyre J., Martinson N.	2008	Health Sociology Review	17	1	None	University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa	Chhagan, V., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Luiz, J., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Mohapi, L., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; McIntyre, J., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Martinson, N., University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa	This research explores the short-term socioeconomic effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV positive patients attending the Perinatal HIV Research Unit clinics in Soweto, South Africa. An overall increase in mean personal and household income following commencement of ART was noted. Mean personal income rose 53% over baseline income. A decrease in the number of meals missed in households was noted in 10% of the sample. The leading themes regarding income were change in employment status and social grants. Antiretroviral treatment increased the capacity to seek employment and unemployed individuals were actively searching for work. Patients noted an improvement in well-being, with fewer to no episodes of illness, and improved quality of life from three months after starting ART. The empirical evidence suggests that individuals gain substantial benefits from being on ART despite the socioeconomic challenges in South Africa. Copyright © eContent Management Pty Ltd.	Antiretroviral treatment; Health sociology; HIV/AIDS; Socioeconomic impact; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949188463	Benchmarking health system performance across regions in Uganda: A systematic analysis of levels and trends in key maternal and child health interventions, 1990-2011	Roberts D.A., Ng M., Ikilezi G., Gasasira A., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Fullman N., Nalugwa T., Kamya M., Gakidou E.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0518-x	University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; African Leaders Malaria Alliance, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	Roberts, D.A., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Ng, M., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Ikilezi, G., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States, Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Gasasira, A., African Leaders Malaria Alliance, Kampala, Uganda; Dwyer-Lindgren, L., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Fullman, N., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Nalugwa, T., Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M., Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Gakidou, E., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Globally, countries are increasingly prioritizing the reduction of health inequalities and provision of universal health coverage. While national benchmarking has become more common, such work at subnational levels is rare. The timely and rigorous measurement of local levels and trends in key health interventions and outcomes is vital to identifying areas of progress and detecting early signs of stalled or declining health system performance. Previous studies have yet to provide a comprehensive assessment of Uganda's maternal and child health (MCH) landscape at the subnational level. Methods: By triangulating a number of different data sources - population censuses, household surveys, and administrative data - we generated regional estimates of 27 key MCH outcomes, interventions, and socioeconomic indicators from 1990 to 2011. After calculating source-specific estimates of intervention coverage, we used a two-step statistical model involving a mixed-effects linear model as an input to Gaussian process regression to produce regional-level trends. We also generated national-level estimates and constructed an indicator of overall intervention coverage based on the average of 11 high-priority interventions. Results: National estimates often veiled large differences in coverage levels and trends across Uganda's regions. Under-5 mortality declined dramatically, from 163 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 85 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2011, but a large gap between Kampala and the rest of the country persisted. Uganda rapidly scaled up a subset of interventions across regions, including household ownership of insecticide-treated nets, receipt of artemisinin-based combination therapies among children under 5, and pentavalent immunization. Conversely, most regions saw minimal increases, if not actual declines, in the coverage of indicators that required multiple contacts with the health system, such as four or more antenatal care visits, three doses of oral polio vaccine, and two doses of intermittent preventive therapy during pregnancy. Some of the regions with the lowest levels of overall intervention coverage in 1990, such as North and West Nile, saw marked progress by 2011; nonetheless, sizeable disparities remained between Kampala and the rest of the country. Countrywide, overall coverage increased from 40% in 1990 to 64% in 2011, but coverage in 2011 ranged from 57% to 70% across regions. Conclusions: The MCH landscape in Uganda has, for the most part, improved between 1990 and 2011. Subnational benchmarking quantified the persistence of geographic health inequalities and identified regions in need of additional health systems strengthening. The tracking and analysis of subnational health trends should be conducted regularly to better guide policy decisions and strengthen responsiveness to local health needs. © 2015 Roberts et al.	Coverage; Indicators; Inequalities; Maternal and child health; Subnational benchmarking; Uganda; Under-5 mortality	artemisinin; BCG vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; Rotavirus vaccine; tetanus toxoid; Article; bed net; biogeographic region; breast feeding; child health; diarrhea; disease control; educational status; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care facility; health care need; health care policy; health care quality; health care survey; health care system; household; human; indoor residual spraying; live birth; malaria; maternal welfare; measles; mortality; oral rehydration therapy; poliomyelitis; prenatal care; sanitation; tuberculosis; Uganda; underweight; vaccination; water supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40349096731	Using radar charts with qualitative evaluation: Techniques to assess change in blended learning	Kaczynski D., Wood L., Harding A.	2008	Active Learning in Higher Education	9	1	10.1177/1469787407086743	University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	Kaczynski, D., University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensecola, FL 32514-5750, United States; Wood, L., Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Harding, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Maths and Applied Maths, 0002 Pretori, South Africa	When university academics implement changes in learning, such as introducing blended learning, it is conventional practice to examine and evaluate the impact of the resulting curriculum reform. Judging the worth and impact of an educational development is a complex task involving subtle differences in learning. Qualitative methods to explore these deep processes in learning include using interviews, observations and open-ended questionnaires targeting all stakeholders in the process, such as students, teachers, administration and technical staff. These evaluation tasks generate a mass of raw data that many faculty members in higher education are unaccustomed to analyzing. This article provides a framework using radar charts adapted from the field of organizational development. A modified six-zone radar chart was used to assess the extent of blended learning in order to compare changes in the learning environment. Data collection included interviews, classroom observations and electronic records generated during educational delivery over a 1-year period of time. A purposeful sample of online course data was collected by three participating universities in South Africa, Australia, and the United States. © 2008 SAGE Publications.	Blended learning; Curriculum development; Evaluation; Instructional assessment; International education; Qualitative research; Radar chart	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873693798	Occurrence of bovine hydatidosis and evaluation of its risk to humans in traditional communities of Southern Region of Ethiopia	Jones O., Kebede N., Kassa T., Tilahun G., Macias C.	2012	Ethiopian Journal of Health Development	26	1	None	University of Wisconsin-Madision, Madision, WI, United States; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Howard University, United States	Jones, O., University of Wisconsin-Madision, Madision, WI, United States; Kebede, N., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Kassa, T., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Tilahun, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Macias, C., Department of Biology, Howard University, United States	Background: Cystic Echinococcosis/ Hydatid Disease, is an infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, one of the most widespread parasitic zoonoses. Objective: To determine the occurrence, localization and fertility/sterility rates of hydatid cyst in cattle, to determine the prevalence of adult E. granulosus in dogs and asses the risk for human infection in traditional communities. Methods: Postmortem examination, hydatid cyst characterization, questionnaire survey and dog stool sample examination were carried out. Results: Of the total 320 ruminants examined at backyard slaughtering, 151 (47.2%) were found harboring hydatid cysts. The liver and lungs were the two main infected organs, 34.4% and 52.3%, respectively. The majority of the cysts found were small, 54.3%, and medium, 37.7%. From the total number of cysts found, 70.2% were sterile, while 29.8% were fertile. A questionnaire survey revealed that local people were unaware of the life cycle of E. granulosus and the perpetuation of its life cycle by their cultural and traditional practices. Dogs have intimate contact with humans and other domestic animals, share the same house and also dogs do not have access for veterinary care. Stool samples of 62 dogs were collected and analyzed with a 30% prevalence of taenia infection confirmed to be E. granulosus. Conclusion: Because of the high prevalence of E. granulosus infection in dogs and hydatidosis in cattle as well as common practice of backyard slaughtering, the risk of human infection in traditional communities is suspected to be high and requires immediate attention to study the status of cystic ehinococcosis in the human population of the study area.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000238161000006	Psychology and the art of programme evaluation	Potter, C	2006	SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY	36	1	None	University of Witwatersrand	None	This article suggests that psychologists may find value in the literature on programme evaluation, both theoretically and methodologically. Programme evaluation is an eclectic and diverse field and its literature reflects the contributions of persons trained within a variety of disciplines. It draws on a number of fields, which include management and organisational theory, policy analysis, education, sociology, social anthropology and the literature on social change. As such, the literature on programme evaluation may have value for psychologists planning evaluations of social programmes, in providing access to evaluation approaches and models developed within these different traditions. In terms of the breadth of perspectives and research traditions on which the evaluation literature draws, different forms of evaluation research can contribute to a psychology in South Africa which deals with multiple values and issues. On a theoretical level, this article suggests that the issues and debates reflected in the evaluation literature (e.g., those on empowerment) mirror debates that have occurred within the mainstream of psychology over the past 20 years. For this reason, the issues raised in the evaluation literature are relevant to the development of psychology as a discipline. The approaches and models proposed for the evaluation of social programmes are also potentially useful on a methodological level, particularly to those psychologists who work in community settings.	"COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY",EMPOWERMENT,methodology,"programme evaluation","PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY","social programmes",ADVOCACY,SCIENCE,"THEORY-DRIVEN APPROACH",VALIDITY	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898741392	Production and economic performance of F1-crossbred dairy cattle fed non-conventional protein supplements in Zimbabwe	Gusha J., Manyuchi C.R., Imbayarwo-Chikosi V.E., Hamandishe V.R., Katsande S., Zvinorova P.I.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	46	1	10.1007/s11250-013-0481-5	University of Zimbabwe, Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, P.O Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Makoholi Research Station, P Bag 9182, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Animal science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	Gusha, J., University of Zimbabwe, Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, P.O Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Manyuchi, C.R., Makoholi Research Station, P Bag 9182, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Imbayarwo-Chikosi, V.E., Department of Animal science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hamandishe, V.R., Department of Animal science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Katsande, S., University of Zimbabwe, Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, P.O Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zvinorova, P.I., University of Zimbabwe, Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, P.O Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	The effects of supplementing crossbred cows with non-conventional protein sources on dry matter intake, milk yield parameters and economic returns were investigated. Twenty-five lactating F1 Holstein-Mashona crossbreds averaging 115±24 days in milk were used. Five treatments, total mixed ration (TMR), urea-treated maize stover, untreated maize stover, Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro) hay and veld hay, were randomly assigned to cows and replicated five times in a completely randomised design. Nutrient composition, intake, milk yield and economic returns were determined. M. atropurpureum hay, urea-treated maize stover and TMR had equal crude protein content. Daily dry matter intake and yield differed significantly among the treatment diets (P &lt;0.05). Cows on TMR, urea-treated maize stover and M. atropurpureum consumed more (P &lt;0.05) than cows on untreated maize stover and veld hay. Supplementing with TMR, urea-treated maize stover and M. atropurpureum hay increased (P &lt;0.05) milk yields. Mean daily milk yield was highest for cows supplemented with urea-treated maize stover. Percent fat, protein and total solids in milk from cows fed urea-treated stover compared favourably to that of milk for cows supplemented with TMR. Income over supplement cost was highest for cows supplemented with M. atropurpureum hay and urea-treated maize stover. Urea-treated maize stover and M. atropurpureum can therefore be used as a replacer protein supplements for dairy cattle in Zimbabwe. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.	Crossbred cattle; Maize stover; Milk production; Siratro hay; Urea treatment; Zimbabwe	urea; animal; animal disease; animal food; article; cattle; chemistry; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dairying; diet; diet supplementation; economics; Fabaceae; female; lactation; maize; metabolism; physiology; plant stem; protein intake; randomized controlled trial; Zimbabwe; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Fabaceae; Female; Lactation; Plant Stems; Urea; Zea mays; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921029684	Statistical evaluation of CMIP5 climate change model simulations for the Ethiopian highlands	Jury M.R.	2015	International Journal of Climatology	35	1	10.1002/joc.3960	University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico	Jury, M.R., University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa, Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico	This study compares Climate Research Unit version 3 reference observations in the period 1980-2009 with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Five (CMIP5)-simulated climate patterns and trends over the Ethiopian highlands (7-14N, 36-40E) using the rcp6 scenario. Three metrics are used in a stepwise statistical evaluation: (1) mean annual cycle of area-averaged rainfall (R) and maximum temperature (Tx), (2) spatial pattern of R and Tx over Ethiopia and (3) interannual (1.5-6 years) R and Tx variability. Those models passing the first step by simulating a unimodal annual cycle reaching 28 °C in March-May and 9 mm day-1 in July-August are then evaluated for their ability to represent the cool, wet 'island' pattern over the highest elevation. Finally, the models' ability to follow observed area-averaged R and Tx anomalies from 1980 to 2009 is analysed by correlation. The stepwise metrics are designed to improve confidence in the use of CMIP5 models for future resource management and development planning across the Ethiopian highlands. The models with optimal performance in the most categories include the HAD, CCSM and GFDL. © 2014 Royal Meteorological Society.	CMIP5 simulations; Comparison metrics; Ethiopian highlands; Statistical evaluation	Climate change; Rain; Climate change modeling; CMIP5 simulations; Comparison metrics; Coupled Model Intercomparison Project; Development planning; Ethiopian highlands; Resource management; Statistical evaluation; Climate models	None
WoS	WOS:000312313200017	Evaluating Helping Babies Breathe: training for healthcare workers at hospitals in Rwanda	Baribwira, Cyprien,Essen, Birgitta,Musafili, Aimable,Persson, Lars-Ake,Rukundo, Alphonse	2013	ACTA PAEDIATRICA	102	1	10.1111/apa.12034	Uppsala University, Kigali Univ, Rwanda Biomed Ctr, Univ Maryland	"Essen, Birgitta: Uppsala University","Persson, Lars-Ake: Uppsala University",	Aim To evaluate the educational effectiveness of the Helping Babies Breathe programme. Methods Knowledge of trainees from two district hospitals and one tertiary referral hospital was evaluated before and after training in 2010. A postcourse practical skills evaluation was performed on a Neonatalie Newborn Simulator. Participants underwent a re-evaluation after 3 months. Results One hundred eighteen trainees completed the course. The percentages of correct answers on a written test significantly increased from 77 +/- 15% to 91 +/- 9% (p &lt; 0.01) after training. The mean score obtained on a postcourse skill evaluation was 89 +/- 9%; 64% of the trainees achieved passing scores. Retesting 3 months later showed that knowledge remained at the same level, while practical skills decreased to 83 +/- 16%, and the pass rate dropped significantly to 43% (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion Healthcare workers who participate in a Helping Babies Breathe programme can significantly improve their knowledge. While such knowledge is retained for at least 3 months, skills dropped to unsatisfactory levels in that period of time, indicating the need for retraining in the interim or the acquisition of practical experience by such healthcare workers.	EDUCATION,"healthcare workers","Helping Babies Breathe",HOSPITAL,RWANDA,CARDIOPULMONARY-RESUSCITATION,COUNTRIES,"DELIVERY ROOM",KNOWLEDGE,MORTALITY,"NEONATAL RESUSCITATION PROGRAM",RESIDENTS,RETENTION,SETTINGS,"SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38749084212	Impact of food and nutrition interventions on poverty in an informal settlement in the Vaal Region of South Africa	Oldewage-Theron W.H., Slabbert T.J.C.	2008	Proceedings of the Nutrition Society	67	1	10.1017/S002966510800606X	Vaal University of Technology, Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; North-West University, Vaal Campus, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	Oldewage-Theron, W.H., Vaal University of Technology, Institute of Sustainable Livelihoods, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa; Slabbert, T.J.C., North-West University, Vaal Campus, PO Box 1174, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa	UNICEF has stated that urban poverty is primarily found in squatter settlements. At present 13.5% of all South African households live in informal settlements. The major research question is to what extent does poverty influence the food, nutrition and health of informal-settlement dwellers. The purpose of the present study was to determine the depth of poverty in this community and to measure the possible effect that planned food and nutrition interventions may have on eliminating poverty in this area. Pre-tested questionnaires were administered to 340 randomly-selected caregivers. A validated quantified FFQ was administered by trained enumerators as the test measurement for dietary intake and food consumption patterns and 24 h recall was used as the reference measurement, and the data were analysed. A poverty model was used to measure the impact of extra income on the poverty levels of 190 households. Of the respondents 89% lived in Zn shacks and the average household size was 4.9 individuals. The unemployment rate was 94.2% for respondents and 64.9% for their partners. The majority of households (68.8%) had an income of <R 500 (£35) per month and 58.3% spent <R 100 (£6.90) per week on food. The average poverty gap was R 1342.21 (£93) and the poverty gap ratio was 56%. The poverty model showed that an increase of R 500 (£35) in monthly household income results in a poverty gap ratio of 35%. The poverty model confirmed that the impact of food and nutrition interventions on poverty can be measured and that when planning these interventions the model could be used to measure their feasibility. The results indicate that this community is poverty-stricken and has chronic food insecurity, and they will be used to facilitate planning and implementation of sustainable income-generating community-based interventions to promote urban food security and alleviate poverty in this community. © 2008 The Authors.	Household food insecurity; Informal settlements; Malnutrition; Poverty; Socio-demographics	article; caregiver; community care; dietary intake; food intake; health care policy; health care system; health status; health survey; household; human; income; intervention study; malnutrition; nutritional status; poverty; public health problem; quantitative analysis; South Africa; structured questionnaire; unemployment; urban area; Community Health Services; Food Supply; Health Status; Housing; Humans; Malnutrition; Nutrition Physiology; Nutrition Surveys; Poverty; Program Development; Questionnaires; South Africa; Unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-72349091458	Evaluation of the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr against pyrethroid resistant and susceptible Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)	Oliver S.V., Kaiser M.L., Wood O.R., Coetzee M., Rowland M., Brooke B.D.	2010	Tropical Medicine and International Health	15	1	10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02416.x	Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; NRF Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Oliver, S.V., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kaiser, M.L., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wood, O.R., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, NRF Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rowland, M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Brooke, B.D., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, NHLS, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa, Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Objective To evaluate the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr, which has a novel non-neurotoxic mode of action and is a promising alternative to conventional adulticides, against Anopheles funestus. Method The toxicity of a range of concentrations of chlorfenapyr against pyrethroid resistant and susceptible laboratory reared southern African An. funestus was assessed using standard WHO protocols and analysed using probit analysis. Results The pyrethroid resistant strain showed consistently higher LD50 and LD95 values compared to the susceptible strain, but these differences were not statistically significant and the magnitude was twofold at most. The LD50 values recorded for An. funestus are approximately three-fold higher than those reported elsewhere for other species of anopheline. Conclusions Monooxygenase based pyrethroid resistance in An. funestus does not influence the toxic effect of chlorfenapyr. It is unlikely that such a small decrease in susceptibility of An. funestus to chlorfenapyr relative to other anophelines would have any operational implications. Chlorfenapyr is an important addition to insecticides available for malaria vector control, and could be used as a resistance management tool to either circumvent or slow the development of resistance. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Anopheles funestus; Chlorfenapyr; Malaria control; Pyrethroid resistance	insecticide; pyrethroid; pyrrole derivative; unspecific monooxygenase; chemical control; disease control; disease vector; enzyme activity; insecticide; malaria; mosquito; pesticide resistance; resistance management; toxicity; World Health Organization; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; article; controlled study; genetic strain; insecticidal activity; insecticide resistance; LD 50; malaria; malaria control; nonhuman; resistance management; South Africa; toxicity; vector control; world health organization; Animals; Anopheles; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Lethal Dose 50; Pyrethrins; Survival Analysis; Africa; Anopheles funestus; Culicidae; Diptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860389507	Evaluation of the effects of long-term storage of bovine ear notch samples on the ability of 2 diagnostic assays to identify calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus	Khan F., Vorster J.H., van Vuuren M., Mapham P.	2011	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	82	1	None	Vetdiagnostix, Veterinary Pathology Services, PO Box 13624, Cascades, 3202, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Veterinary House Hospital, 339 Prince Alfred Street, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa	Khan, F., Vetdiagnostix, Veterinary Pathology Services, PO Box 13624, Cascades, 3202, South Africa; Vorster, J.H., Vetdiagnostix, Veterinary Pathology Services, PO Box 13624, Cascades, 3202, South Africa; van Vuuren, M., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Mapham, P., Veterinary House Hospital, 339 Prince Alfred Street, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa	Research aimed at optimising diagnostic laboratory procedures is central to the development of effective bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) control programmes. BVDV is a single-stranded RNA virus that crosses the placenta to infect foetuses, resulting in reproductive losses due to foetal death or persistently infected calves that die early in life. Persistently infected animals are widely accepted to be the primary reservoir of BVDV and the largest source of infection. This poses important challenges to overall animal/herd health and can cause major losses to the cattle industry. Long-term storage of bovine ear notch samples from calves persistently infected with BVDV may adversely affect the ability of diagnostic assays to detect the virus efficiently. In order to test this hypothesis, ear notch samples from 7 animals were divided into 2 groups. One set was subjected to prompt formalin fixation and the other set stored either as fresh samples without preservatives at -2 °C, or soaked overnight in phosphate buffered saline followed by freezing of the supernatant fluid at -2 °C. Frozen ear notches and ear notch supernatant yielded positive results with an antigen-capture, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the duration of the study (6 months) and optical density (OD) values remained significantly within range. There was no significant difference between storing fresh ear notch samples or PBS at -2 °C. However, positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining on formalin fixed ear notches started to fade between Day 17 and Day 29 when stored at room temperature. It was concluded that fresh ear notches could safely be stored at -2 °C for a period of 6 months prior to testing for BVD viral antigens.	AC-ELISA; BVDV; Ear notch; Immunohistochemistry; Long-term storage; PBS	formaldehyde; virus antigen; article; bovine viral diarrhea; calf (bovine); ear; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; immunohistochemistry; long term care; nonhuman; optical density; organ preservation; persistent infection; room temperature; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Ear; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Freezing; Immunohistochemistry; Specimen Handling; Tissue Preservation; Animalia; Bos; Bovinae; Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1; RNA viruses	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951173640	Causes and impacts of seasonal migration on rural livelihoods: Case studies from Amhara Region in Ethiopia	Asfaw W., Tolossa D., Zeleke G.	2010	Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift	64	1	10.1080/00291950903557696	Via Malpensada 90, San Bartolomeo, IT-38100 Trento, Italy; College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 150229, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Global Mountain Program, ILRI Campus, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Asfaw, W., Via Malpensada 90, San Bartolomeo, IT-38100 Trento, Italy; Tolossa, D., College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 150229, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zeleke, G., Global Mountain Program, ILRI Campus, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	The article examines the characteristics, motivation factors and impacts of seasonal migration in Ethiopia. The study was underpinned by the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. Both urban and rural areas as places of destination and rural villages as origins of migrants have been considered. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household case studies. Shortage of farmland, debt, lack of viable non-farm activities locally, and the desire to earn additional income are the major reasons for seasonal migration of labour. Social networks and information flows are also important factors in migration. The research found that single men are predominantly involved in migration while the participation of women is negligible. The earnings obtained have allowed rural households to supplement their income from agriculture and indirectly contributed to overcoming the problem of farmland scarcity. The timing of movement which coincides with the agricultural slack season at home makes the impacts of seasonal out-migration on agriculture minimal. Rather than viewing it as a livelihood option of the rural poor which contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of the poor, migration is still perceived negatively, and there has been little awareness of its significance. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Destination; Origin; Rural livelihoods; Seasonal migration	household income; labor migration; population migration; poverty alleviation; questionnaire survey; rural population; seasonality; social network; socioeconomic impact; village; Amhara; Ethiopia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548169083	Evaluation of global clustering patterns and strain variation over an extended ORF26 gene locus from Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus	Zong J.-C., Kajumbula H., Boto W., Hayward G.S.	2007	Journal of Clinical Virology	40	1	10.1016/j.jcv.2007.06.013	Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda	Zong, J.-C., Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States; Kajumbula, H., Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Boto, W., Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Hayward, G.S., Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States	Background: Small 233-bp or 330-bp DNA fragments of the ORF26 gene of human Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) have been used extensively to identify KSHV by PCR in clinical samples; to associate KSHV with novel diseases and to correlate KSHV strain differences with pathogenicity. Objectives: We evaluated the nature, extent and source of nucleotide sequence variability among a large and diverse set of known KSHV-positive DNA samples. Study design: Direct DNA PCR sequencing was carried out on 136 distinct Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma-related samples from different geographic locations. Results: The presence of 26 diagnostic nucleotide polymorphisms across an expanded 965-bp PCR locus define eight distinct ORF26E genotypes, three being of Eurasian origin, one from the Pacific Rim, and five from Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous ambiguities between some genotype patterns in the 330-bp locus data are fully resolved. Conclusions: This analysis provides an expanded database for understanding and evaluating ORF26 polymorphisms. In particular, the eight genotype clusters correlated with specific ethnic and geographic origins of the patients. Furthermore, the very low level of additional sporadic nucleotide variation found permits detection of spurious sequence errors or contamination present in some published data. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Direct PCR sequencing; Multiple KSHV genotypes; Subtype discrimination	article; controlled study; correlation analysis; data base; diagnostic test; DNA polymorphism; DNA sequence; ethnicity; gene cluster; gene deletion; gene locus; gene sequence; genetic analysis; genetic variability; genotype; geography; Herpes virus; human; human cell; Kaposi sarcoma; lymphoma; nucleotide sequence; open reading frame; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; virus strain; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Base Sequence; Cluster Analysis; Demography; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Open Reading Frames; Polymorphism, Genetic; Sarcoma, Kaposi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925957503	Fear of Negative Evaluation as a Mediator of the Relation between Academic Stress, Anxiety and Depression in a Sample of Ghanaian College Students	Nonterah C.W., Hahn N.C., Utsey S.O., Hook J.N., Abrams J.A., Hubbard R.R., Opare-Henako A.	2015	Psychology and Developing Societies	27	1	10.1177/0971333614564747	Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, United States; University of North Texas, Texas, United States; University of Illinois, Chicago, United States; University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Nonterah, C.W., Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, United States; Hahn, N.C., Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, United States; Utsey, S.O., Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, United States; Hook, J.N., University of North Texas, Texas, United States; Abrams, J.A., Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, United States; Hubbard, R.R., University of Illinois, Chicago, United States; Opare-Henako, A., University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	This study examined the mediator effects of the fear of negative evaluation (FNE) on the relation between academic stress and psychological symptoms in a sample of Ghanaian college students (N = 431). A multi-step structural equation modelling (SEM) procedure was used to test the specified mediator model and several fit indices were calculated to assess how well the model fit the data. In addition, path coefficients were calculated to determine whether mediation had been established. The results indicated that the specified model produced a good fit to the data. Moreover, the findings revealed that FNE partially mediated the relation between academic stress and the psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression. Implications for the study’s findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented. © 2015 Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad	academic stress; college students; Culture; fear of negative evaluation; Ghana	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60049099358	Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on reproductive performance of sheep	Mekoya A., Oosting S.J., Fernandez-Rivera S., Tamminga S., Tegegne A., Van der Zijpp A.J.	2009	Livestock Science	121	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.003	Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Mekoya, A., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Oosting, S.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Fernandez-Rivera, S., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tamminga, S., Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Tegegne, A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Van der Zijpp, A.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Two successive experiments were conducted to investigate the long-term effects of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on reproductive performance of Ethiopian Menz sheep. Forty ewes and 40 rams ranging in weight and age between 16-20 kg and 14-15 months respectively were fed a teff straw basal diet and supplemented with two levels of Sesbania (0, and 95% of supplementary protein provided by Sesbania and the rest being provided by concentrates) for 7 months. In experiment 1 (mating period), 4 paired female-male groups (diet of the male with or without Sesbania, and diet of the female with or without Sesbania) consisting of 20 animals each were formed and assigned for mating. Ewes that were mated and did not return to heat in subsequent cycles during the 70 days mating period continued in experiment 2 receiving similar supplementary diets (concentrate alone or Sesbania) for the study of pregnancy and lambing. During the mating period, males and animals supplemented with Sesbania were superior (P < 0.05) in daily feed nutrients intake, whereas daily body weight gain (ADG) was significantly different (P < 0.05) between treatments but not between sex groups. During pregnancy a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed only in nitrogen intake, and ADG of ewes did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Supplementation with Sesbania promoted an increase in testicular size by 13%. Except semen concentration, the other seminal characteristics were not significant (P < 0.05) between treatments. The average oestrus cycle length was 19 ± 4.6 days. Mean progesterone profile for cycling ewes on the day of oestrus was 0.4 ± 0.04 and ranged between undetectable levels to 0.75 ng/ml followed by a rise starting on day 4 (1.7 ± 0.16 ng/ml) through day 7 (2.5 ± 0.29 ng/ml) and day 10 (3.6 ± 0.47 ng/ml) to a peak of 3.9 ± 0.45 ng/ml (plateau phase) on day 14. Supplementation with Sesbania improved the proportion of ewes conceived by 17% over supplementation with concentrates. The average birth weight of lambs, and post partum dam weight of ewes was 1.97 kg and 18.6 kg respectively and differed significantly (P < 0.05) between treatments. We concluded that inclusion of Sesbania up to 30% in the diet of sheep as supplement before and during the period of mating and pregnancy improved testicular growth and semen quality in rams or reproductive performance of ewes without showing negative effects. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Conception rate; Menz sheep; Oestrus; Progesterone; Scrotal circumference; Semen quality	Animalia; Eragrostis tef; Ovis aries; Sesbania; Sesbania sesban	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60349097970	Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on post-weaning growth performance and sexual development of Menz sheep (Ethiopia)	Mekoya A., Oosting S.J., Fernandez-Rivera S., Tamminga S., Tegegne A., Van der Zijpp A.J.	2009	Livestock Science	121	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.012	Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Mekoya, A., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Oosting, S.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Fernandez-Rivera, S., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tamminga, S., Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands; Tegegne, A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Van der Zijpp, A.J., Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, P.O.Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands	Most supplementation experiments with fodder trees including S. sesban have been of short duration and focused mainly on feed intake and growth rate. Long-term studies regarding the effects of feeding S. sesban on reproductive performance of sheep particularly in both sexes are scanty. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of S. sesban on feed intake, post-weaning growth rate, and onset of puberty of male and female lambs. Sixty weaned female and 60 male Ethiopian highland sheep in weight and age ranging between 7.2 and 11.8 kg and 4 and 5 months respectively were evaluated for a period of 9 months supplemented with three levels of S. sesban (0, 47.5 and 95% of supplementary protein provided by S. sesban and the rest being provided by a mix of concentrates). Between sex groups male sheep, and among treatments animals fed with 47.5 and 95% Sesbania in the supplement had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher basal feed, supplement, and total feed intake than those supplemented with concentrate alone. Supplementation with Sesbania resulted in significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher DM, OM and N digestibility than supplementation with sole concentrates. Supplementation with 95% Sesbania elicited higher daily weight gain than supplementation with 47.5% Sesbania and sole concentrates over the growth period. The onset of puberty was at 265 (± 36) and 342 (± 45) days of age and puberty weight was 15.2 and 14.6 kg for ram and ewe-lambs respectively. Ram-lambs fed with 47.5% and 95% Sesbania in the supplement reached puberty by 34 and 21 days earlier and were 1.4 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed concentrates. Ewe-lambs supplemented with 47.5 and 95% Sesbania were faster (P &lt; 0.05) to attain puberty by 43 and 37 days than those supplemented with sole concentrates. The average scrotum circumference gain (SCF) until the onset of puberty was 0.5 (± 0.1) mm- d. Supplementation with Sesbania improved SCF gain but was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. Mean P4 (progesterone) concentrations during the first behavioural oestrus ranged from non-detectable levels to a peak of 4.32 ng/ml at mid-cycle without significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that inclusion of S. sesban as a supplement up to 30% of the ration improved feed intake, growth rate, onset of puberty and sexual development of male and female sheep without adverse effects. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Growth; Menz sheep; Onset of puberty; Sesbania sesban; Teff straw	Animalia; Eragrostis tef; Ovis aries; Sesbania; Sesbania sesban	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650598058	Development Impact of Advocacy Initiatives in Solid Waste Management in Nigeria	Nzeadibe T.C., Ajaero C.K.	2011	Environment, Development and Sustainability	13	1	10.1007/s10668-010-9254-8	Waste Management and Recycling Research Unit, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Nigeria	Nzeadibe, T.C., Waste Management and Recycling Research Unit, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Nigeria; Ajaero, C.K., Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Nigeria	Solid waste management (SWM) in many low- and middle-income countries is sometimes driven by the informal sector. Unfortunately, contributions of the sector to SWM are not acknowledged in many developing countries. This situation often arises from inadequate awareness and lack of advocacy for these development contributions. This article reports on the impact of a study conducted by final-year geography undergraduates on the informal waste management sector in Nsukka urban area, Nigeria. The purposes of this exercise were to stimulate development intervention on behalf of the sector to improve perceptions, attitudes and performance, to impart a range of development research skills and to expose the students to the business opportunities provided by SWM and recycling. Informal waste sector workers and government officials responsible for SWM were interviewed, and some commercial data on recycling operations were collected. Findings of this study indicate that such advocacy initiatives were effective in increasing students' awareness of opportunities and interest in working in the informal waste sector to promote better SWM and development in Nigeria. Lessons from this university case study are also drawn for other developing countries struggling to achieve the poverty reduction and job creation Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Advocacy; Capacity development; Entrepreneurship; Informal waste sector; Millennium development goals; Nigeria; Solid waste management; University	advocacy; developing world; perception; performance assessment; solid waste; state role; urban area; waste management; Enugu [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Nsukka	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893877946	Impact study of the One Million Initiative rural water and sanitation programme in Mozambique	Godfrey S., Van Der Velden M., Muianga A., Vigh M., Gunning J.W., Elbers C.	2014	Waterlines	33	1	10.3362/1756-3488.2014.005	Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; UNICEF Mozambique, Ethiopia; VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands; Department of Economics, Netherlands; Department of Economics and Development Economics, Netherlands	Godfrey, S., Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Van Der Velden, M., UNICEF Mozambique, Ethiopia; Muianga, A., UNICEF Mozambique, Ethiopia; Vigh, M., VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands; Gunning, J.W., VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands, Department of Economics, Netherlands; Elbers, C., VU University, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID), Netherlands, Department of Economics and Development Economics, Netherlands	This paper presents the findings of a longitudinal study that measures the public health impact of a multiple intervention rural water and sanitation programme termed the One Million Initiative in Central Mozambique. Data from a 2008 multiple indicator panel survey baseline is compared with results from the 2010 midline using a random selection of 1,600 households divided over 80 clusters (control and intervention communities). The study reports the impact using two statistical methods: 1) statistical analysis of double differencing; and 2) calculation of DALYs (disability adjusted life years). The results indicate a self-reported reduction from 30 per cent to 14 per cent in cases of waterborne diseases between 2008 and 2010 in the intervention areas. Regression analysis suggests that 3.1 percentage points of this 16 point decline can be attributed to interventions under the programme. Furthermore the paper noted a 2 per cent reduction in DALYs between 2008 and 2010 in the target communities. © Practical Action Publishing, 2014.	DALY; Health impact; Multiple interventions; WASH impact study	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954471412	Wetland craft plants in KwaZulu-Natal: An ecological review of harvesting impacts and implications for sustainable utilization	Traynor C.H., Kotze D.C., Mckean S.G.	2010	Bothalia	40	1	None	Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, P.O. Box 394, 3290 Howick, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, 3209 Scotteville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, P.O. Box 13053, 3202 Cascades, South Africa	Traynor, C.H., Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, P.O. Box 394, 3290 Howick, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Kotze, D.C., Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, 3209 Scotteville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Mckean, S.G., Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, P.O. Box 13053, 3202 Cascades, South Africa	In South Africa, wetland plants have been used for centuries and they continue to be harvested for subsistence and commercial purposes. Fibres for crafts are collected by cutting the aboveground parts. KwaZulu-Natal is one of the major basket-producing regions in southern Africa and at least twenty-two species of wetland plants are harvested for crafts. A literature review of the harvested species revealed that the impacts of cutting have only been extensively investigated for Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. and Juncus kraussii Hochst. The review suggested that, where plants display strong seasonal aboveground productivity patterns, cutting should take place after shoot senescence and before new shoot emergence to minimize damage to plants. Cutting in the short term could increase the density of green stems. However, in the long term in Phragmites australis, it may deplete the rhizome reserves and reduce the density of useable (longer and thicker) culms. The opportunity for sustainable harvests was investigated by considering the geographic distribution, whether species are habitat specific or not, and local population sizes of the craft plants. Juncus kraussii is of the greatest conservation concern. Ecologically sustainable wetland plant harvesting could contribute to the wise use of wetlands, an approach promoted nationally and internationally.	Basketry; Cutting disturbance; Management; Sustainable utilization; Wise use of wetland	Juncus kraussii; Phragmites australis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650844232	Impact of branding and product augmentation on decision making in the b2b market	Alexander N.S., Bick G., Abratt R., Bendixen M.	2009	South African Journal of Business Management	40	1	None	Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 98, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Nova Southeastern University, Wits Business School, 3301 College Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FI22214, United States	Alexander, N.S., Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 98, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Bick, G., Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 98, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Abratt, R., Nova Southeastern University, Wits Business School, 3301 College Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FI22214, United States; Bendixen, M., Nova Southeastern University, Wits Business School, 3301 College Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FI22214, United States	The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the brand and product augmentation on the buyers of industrial tyres. While much has been studied about branding issues in B2C markets, very little research has been conducted in B2B markets. The research method used was a conjoint analysis experiment. The subjects were decision-making unit (DMU) members of open-pit mining companies in South Africa who purchased industrial tyres for mining operations. The results suggest that the brand is very important, followed by durability, and price. Differences of magnitude amongst the members of the DMU occurred. The impact of these findings as well as the implications for buyers and suppliers are discussed.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66049132442	Institutions and economic performance: Implications for African development	Luiz J.M.	2009	Journal of International Development	21	1	10.1002/jid.1472	Wits Business School, University of Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Luiz, J.M., Wits Business School, University of Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	The recent economic performance of Sub Saharan Africa has been very disappointing. Its poverty has many dimensions and causes, both internal and external. This paper focuses on the role of institutions in promoting or hindering economic development in Africa and the implications for doing business on the continent. It questions our understanding of institutions and how they develop and warns against simplistic assumptions in this regard. The paper examines how it is that institutions come to affect economic growth and the characteristics of what makes for good institutions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Africa; Development; Institutions	business; economic development; economic growth; institutional development; poverty; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955019567	The impact of female business leaders on the performance of listed companies in South Africa	Mkhize M., Msweli P.	2011	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences	14	1	None	Wits Business School, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; Graduate School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa, South Africa	Mkhize, M., Wits Business School, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; Msweli, P., Graduate School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa, South Africa	The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of female business leaders in JSE-listed companies on the financial performance of those companies. This is as result of the proposition that women, over and above men, bring unique skills to the workplace. However, it is hypothesized in this study that JSE-listed companies led by a high percentage of women do not outperform similar companies led by a low percentage of women. The Lean Modigliani and France Modigliani measure (M 2) was used to test this hypothesis. Results of this study indicate that companies led by women do not outperform similar companies led by men. As a result, the hypothesis is not rejected. Implications of these results are discussed.	Business women; Employment equity; Female business leaders; Financial performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931260920	Evaluation of the toxicity and repellence of an organic fatty acids mixture (C8910) against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)	Samuel M., Oliver S.V., Wood O.R., Coetzee M., Brooke B.D.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-0930-2	Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa	Samuel, M., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Oliver, S.V., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wood, O.R., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brooke, B.D., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Malaria vector control relies principally on the use of insecticides, especially pyrethroids. Because of the increasing occurrence of insecticide resistance in target vector populations, the development of new insecticides, particularly those with novel modes of action, is particularly important, especially in terms of managing insecticide resistance. The C8910 formulation is a patented mixture of compounds comprising straight-chain octanoic, nonanoic and decanoic saturated fatty acids. This compound has demonstrated toxic and repellent effects against several arthropod species. The aims of this study were to measure the insecticidal effects of C8910 against an insecticide susceptible (FANG) and a pyrethroid resistant (FUMOZ-R) laboratory strain of An. funestus as well as against wild-caught An. funestus material from Zambia (ZamF), and to investigate the repellent effects of two formulations of C8910 against these strains. Methods: Toxicity against adult females was assessed using a range of concentrations based on the CDC bottle bioassay method and repellence of three different C8910 formulations was assessed using standard choice-chamber bioassays. Results: C8910 proved equally toxic to adult females of the FUMOZ-R and FANG laboratory strains, as well as to adult females of the wild-caught (ZamF) sample. None of the C8910 formulations tested gave any conclusive indication of repellence against any of the strains. Conclusion: C8910 is equally effective as an adulticide against pyrethroid resistant and insecticide susceptible An. funestus. However, the formulations tested did not show any consistent repellence against laboratory reared and wild-caught female samples of this species. Nevertheless, C8910 shows potential as an adulticide that can be used for malaria vector control, particularly in those instances where insecticide resistance management is required. © 2015 Samuel et al.	Anopheles funestus; C8910 repellence; C8910 toxicity; malaria vector control	c 8910; decanoic acid; insect repellent; insecticide; nonanoic acid; octanoic acid; pyrethroid; saturated fatty acid; unclassified drug; adult; animal experiment; Anopheles funestus; Article; bioassay; chemical composition; controlled study; evaluation study; female; geographic origin; insecticidal activity; insecticide resistance; malaria control; nonhuman; parasite vector; strain difference; toxicity testing; vector control; wild type; Anopheles funestus; Arthropoda; Culicidae; Diptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84911991008	Gender differences in South African men and women's access to and evaluation of informal sources of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information	Stern E., Cooper D., Gibbs A.	2015	Sex Education	15	1	10.1080/14681811.2014.947363	Women'Health Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; HEARD (Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Stern, E., Women'Health Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cooper, D., Women'Health Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Gibbs, A., HEARD (Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	While much research has documented unsatisfactory sexual and reproductive health (SRH) awareness among young people in South Africa, understanding of gender differences in access to and evaluation of SRH information is limited. This paper concerned itself with men and women's informal sources and content of SRH, and gendered divergences around accessibility, evaluation, and impact of such information. Fifty sexual history narrative interviews and twenty-five narrative interviews with women were conducted with participants purposively sampled from a range of ages, cultural and racial backgrounds, and in urban and rural sites across five provinces in South Africa. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. While young women were more likely to learn about SRH information from family members, they also reported greater regulation concerning their sexuality. This could enhance stigma surrounding women's sexuality and hinder open communication. Men predominantly learned about sex through pornography and peers, which was reported to encourage sexual prowess to the neglect of practising safer sex. Lack of adequate SRH instruction for young people as revealed through the narratives had significant and often negative implications for men and women's early safer sex behaviours. In response to these insights, recommendations are offered to strengthen informal sources of SRH awareness. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	gender; informal sources; sexual and reproductive health; South Africa; young people	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878864105	Lessons from the evaluation of a public out-patient substance abuse treatment programme in the Western Cape	Strebel A., Shefer T., Stacey M., Shabalala N.	2013	Social Work (South Africa)	49	1	None	Women's and Gender Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; SWEAT (Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce), South Africa; Psychology Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Strebel, A., Women's and Gender Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; Shefer, T., Women's and Gender Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; Stacey, M., SWEAT (Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce), South Africa; Shabalala, N., Psychology Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Given the extent of alcohol and substance abuse in South Africa, there is an urgent need for effective, evidence-based interventions. This study reports on process evaluations of a public out-patient treatment programme in the Western Cape conducted over two years. A mainly qualitative methodology was used, involving individual interviews and focus group discussions with staff as well as clients and their families. The programme was generally viewed very positively by both staff and clients, and many of the concerns raised during the first evaluation had received attention a year later. The evaluations identified valuable lessons for enhancing public out-patient substance abuse programmes.	None	alcohol; mental health; public health; social problem; South Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899538845	Conscientious objection and its impact on abortion service provision in South Africa: A qualitative study	Harries J., Cooper D., Strebel A., Colvin C.J.	2014	Reproductive Health	11	1	10.1186/1742-4755-11-16	Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Mellon Mentorship Research Office, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Harries, J., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Cooper, D., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Strebel, A., Mellon Mentorship Research Office, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Colvin, C.J., Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Despite abortion being legally available in South Africa after a change in legislation in 1996, barriers to accessing safe abortion services continue to exist. These barriers include provider opposition to abortion often on the grounds of religious or moral beliefs including the unregulated practice of conscientious objection. Few studies have explored how providers in South Africa make sense of, or understand, conscientious objection in terms of refusing to provide abortion care services and the consequent impact on abortion access. Methods. A qualitative approach was used which included 48 in-depth interviews with a purposively selected population of abortion related health service providers, managers and policy influentials in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: The ways in which conscientious objection was interpreted and practiced, and its impact on abortion service provision was explored. In most public sector facilities there was a general lack of understanding concerning the circumstances in which health care providers were entitled to invoke their right to refuse to provide, or assist in abortion services. Providers seemed to have poor understandings of how conscientious objection was to be implemented, but were also constrained in that there were few guidelines or systems in place to guide them in the process. Conclusions: Exploring the ways in which conscientious objection was interpreted and applied by differing levels of health care workers in relation to abortion provision raised multiple and contradictory issues. From providers' accounts it was often difficult to distinguish what constituted confusion with regards to the specifics of how conscientious objection was to be implemented in terms of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, and what was refusal of abortion care based on opposition to abortion in general. In order to disentangle what is resistance to abortion provision in general, and what is conscientious objection on religious or moral grounds, clear guidelines need to be provided including what measures need to be undertaken in order to lodge one's right to conscientious objection. This would facilitate long term contingency plans for overall abortion service provision. © 2014 Harries et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	abortion; adult; aged; article; emergency care; female; health care delivery; health care personnel; health personnel attitude; human; human experiment; legal aspect; male; maternal welfare; normal human; organization and management; practice guideline; qualitative research; refusal to participate; South Africa; thematic analysis; Article; health care policy; health service; treatment refusal; Abortion, Induced; Attitude of Health Personnel; Family Planning Services; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; South Africa	MRC, Medical Research Council; WHO, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897783112	Comparative evaluation of non-genetic factors affecting milk yield and composition of Red Dane and Jersey cattle in Zimbabwe	Nyamushamba G.B., Halimani T.E., Imbayarwo-Chikosi V.E., Tavirimirwa B.	2014	SpringerPlus	3	1	10.1186/2193-1801-3-88	Women's University in Africa, P.O. Box, MP 1222, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Research and Specialist Services, Matopos Research Institute, P Bag k5137 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Nyamushamba, G.B., Women's University in Africa, P.O. Box, MP 1222, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Halimani, T.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Imbayarwo-Chikosi, V.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tavirimirwa, B., Department of Research and Specialist Services, Matopos Research Institute, P Bag k5137 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	A study was carried out to evaluate non genetic factors affecting milk yield and milk composition in Zimbabwean Red Dane and Jersey cattle cattle. A total of 1004 and 10 986 unedited Red Dane and Jersey 305-day lactation records respectively, were obtained from Livestock Identification Trust (LIT) containing 22 herds (1 Red Dane herd and 21 Jersey herds), with Red Dane calving in the period 2004 to 2009 (giving year of birth from 1998 to 2007) and Jersey cows calving in the period 1996 to 2008 (giving year of birth from 1994 to 2005). The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2004) version 9.1.3 was used to determine the genetic parameters and environmental factors. Calving interval, month of calving, parity and quadratic effects of age at calving fitted as covariates significantly (P < 0.0001) affected the milk, fat and protein yields. Milk, fat and protein yields obtained increased with an increase in calving interval. There was a linear and quadratic relationship between the production traits and age at calving of the Jersey cattle implying that milk, fat and protein yields increase with age of the animal. It is thus important to preadjust data for these environmental factors when carrying out genetic evaluations of production traits in dairy cattle. © 2014 Nyamushamba et al.	Age at calving; Calving interval; Month of calving; Non-genetic factors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872100028	Impact of milieu conditions on the α-lactalbumin glycosylation in the dry state	Cheison S.C., Josten E., Kulozik U.	2013	Journal of Food Engineering	116	1	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.11.003	Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL), Junior Research Group: Bioactive Peptides and Protein Technology, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany; School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Private Bag, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Food Process Engineering and Dairy Technology, ZIEL Technology Section, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany	Cheison, S.C., Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL), Junior Research Group: Bioactive Peptides and Protein Technology, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Private Bag, Kisumu, Kenya; Josten, E., Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL), Junior Research Group: Bioactive Peptides and Protein Technology, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany; Kulozik, U., Department of Food Process Engineering and Dairy Technology, ZIEL Technology Section, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany	Maillard reaction is influenced by protein and sugar properties, water activity (aw) as well as the glycosylation time and temperature. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of environmental parameters on the glycosylation reaction kinetics and to develop a technology platform for protein glycosylation as a possible substrate pre-treatment. The glycosylation reaction of bovine α-lactalbumin (α-La) was performed with lactose and maltodextrin in the dry-state at 40, 50 or 60 °C performed at a w of 0.33, 0.44 or 0.58 for reaction times of 8, 24 or 48 h. The degree of glycosylation (DG) was determined as the loss of lysine using the ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) method. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with Coomassie and glycoprotein staining was also performed. The reaction with lactose reached higher DG values in all cases as compared to reactions with maltodextrin (maximum DG of 85% and 31%, respectively, at aw = 0.58 after 48 h). Lactosylation kinetics showed that the second order rate constants increased with increasing temperature and were highest at aw = 0.58 in all cases. The activation energies were determined as 97.1 ± 37.7, 193.9 ± 9.1 and 136.6 ± 15.6 kJ/mol for aw = 0.33, 0.44 and 0.58, respectively and showed an increasing trend with increasing temperature. Glycosylation of α-La offers a new process for improvement of functional properties as well as being a substrate pre-treatment process to control enzymatic digestion in order to generate tailor-made peptides as food additives with important health benefits like probiotics due to glycoprotein resistance to further enzyme hydrolysis. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	α-Lactalbumin; Glycosylation degree; Glycosylation kinetics; Lactose; Maltodextrin	Dry state; Environmental parameter; Enzymatic digestions; Enzyme hydrolysis; Functional properties; Glycosylation reactions; Health benefits; Lactose; Maillard reaction; Maltodextrins; Ortho-phthalaldehyde; Pre-Treatment; Pretreatment process; Probiotics; Protein glycosylation; SDS-PAGE; Second-order rate constants; Sodium dodecyl sulphate; Technology platforms; Water activity; Activation energy; Amino acids; Electrophoresis; Esterification; Glycoproteins; Kinetics; Polysaccharides; Proteins; Rate constants; Reaction kinetics; Sodium; Sugars; Glycosylation; Bovinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249651997	Impact of commercial salt production on wetland quality and waterbirds on coastal lagoons in Ghana	Gbogbo F.	2007	Ostrich	78	1	10.2989/OSTRICH.2007.78.1.12.56	Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Gbogbo, F., Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana, Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	A comparative study conducted on two saline coastal wetlands that have been developed into saltpans and two others (referred to as 'non-saltpans'), that are also saline but have no saltpans, describes the quality of lagoon water, benthic macroinvertebrates and waterbird communities characterising these wetlands. The wetlands were sampled monthly from September 2005-April 2006. Except for turbidity, which was significantly higher in the non-saltpans, (p < 0.05), all other physico-chemical parameters studied were not significantly different between the two wetland types (p > 0.05). The waterbird communities of the saltpans and non-saltpans, characterised by 48 and 50 species respectively, scored a Sorenson Index value of 0.88, indicating a high similarity. The population density of benthic macroinvertebrates in the saltpans and the non-saltpans was statistically similar (p > 0.05) but the population densities of waterbirds feeding exclusively on benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in the non-saltpans (p < 0.05). Although the shallow ponds created for salt production might be providing more suitable feeding habitats for fish-eating birds, the development of these ponds has also reduced the exploitable area available to the birds feeding exclusively on invertebrates, requiring them to depend largely on the non-saltpans. Birds feeding exclusively on fish had significantly higher population densities in the saltpans (p < 0.05) than in non-saltpans. This was attributed to reduced efficiency of piscivory, due to the high turbidity associated with the non-saltpans. Waterbirds feeding on a wide range of food types showed no significant differences in their population densities (p > 0.05) in the two wetland types. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	Aves; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951773345	The impact of transport costs on new venture internationalisation	Naudé W., Matthee M.	2011	Journal of International Entrepreneurship	9	1	10.1007/s10843-010-0066-6	World Institute for Development Economics Research, United Nations University, Katajanokanlaituri 6b, Helsinki 00160, Finland; School of Economics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa	Naudé, W., World Institute for Development Economics Research, United Nations University, Katajanokanlaituri 6b, Helsinki 00160, Finland; Matthee, M., School of Economics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa	This paper investigates the importance of transport costs in new venture internationalisation, i. e. of firms that start exporting before they are 3 years of age. It does so by merging two large international datasets, on the firm level (covering 49,584 firms) as well as on the country level (covering 154 countries). It is found that transport costs matter significantly for new venture internationalisation, for older firms' decision to export, as well as the extent of the latter's subsequent exports. Export costs, the quality of transport infrastructure and domestic logistics costs affect new venture internationalisation even when controlling for a range of standard determinants. New international ventures behave differently from older firms in two important ways: (1) Transport costs affect the probability that they will export but not the extent of their subsequent exports and (2) their probability of exporting is affected negatively by their networking, domestic success and ISO status, whilst in the case of older firms, these factors have a positive impact. Various recommendations for policy and further research are made. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Exports; International entrepreneurship; Internationalisation; Trade logistics; Transport costs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901256592	PCIA theory in field practice: World vision's pursuit of peace impact and programming quality across sectors	Kamatsiko V.V.	2014	Journal of Peacebuilding and Development	9	1	10.1080/15423166.2014.893168	World Vision East Africa's, South Africa; Peacebuilding Learning Center, United States	Kamatsiko, V.V., World Vision East Africa's, South Africa, Peacebuilding Learning Center, United States	This article provides a critical reflection of World Vision's field practice with Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) related frameworks drawing from experiences in Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan and Uganda. It particularly discusses the value-added of PCIA and its contribution to programming quality. The article examines the uptake of PCIA findings to inform design, monitoring and evaluation, highlighting the importance of influencing as an approach as well as the integrative power of relationship and relationship-building. The article examines important challenges associated with the application of the conventional logical framework. It also discusses promising practices that derive from PCIA, including being informed by complex adaptive systems theories and the importance of community participation and engagement in PCIA processes. It concludes with a discussion of implications for effective PCIA micro- (project) and meso- (programme) level usability. The article suggests that minimum standards for PCIA processes, methodology and content are needed. It makes clear that influencing and relationship-building are core competencies for PCIA practice. It concludes that effective peacebuilding results are achieved when PCIA is internalised by practitioners as a worldview rather than simply deployed as a tool. © Journal of Peacebuilding & Development.	conflictsensitivity; Do no harm; I-PACS; integrating peacebuilding; PCIA, field practice; Peacebuilding Learning Center; World Vision	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952860818	Evaluation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) practice in Western Uganda	Kahangirwe P.	2011	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	29	1	10.3152/146155111X12913679730719	WSS Services Uganda Ltd, PO Box 27755, Kampala, Uganda	Kahangirwe, P., WSS Services Uganda Ltd, PO Box 27755, Kampala, Uganda	The paper presents the results of an evaluation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) practice in Western Uganda with specific reference to the extent of local community consultation. Drawing on experience from Mbarara and Kasese Districts in Western Uganda, a sample of 200 household representatives from the local communities and 20 key informants were interviewed with the help of a questionnaire and an interview guide. The major factors influencing EIA practice appear to be poor engagement with stakeholders, the negative perception of EIA held by developers, lack of capacity for follow-up and enforcement, weak institutional linkages and political interference. This study emphasizes the need for public involvement right from the project inception stage to the decisionmaking stage. It also highlights some positive interventions in achieving effective local community involvement in the EIA process. © IAIA 2011.	Compliance; Decisionmaking; Environmental impact assessment; Local community consultation	compliance; decision making; environmental impact assessment; institutional framework; local participation; perception; questionnaire survey; stakeholder; Kasese; Mbarara; Southern Province [Uganda]; Uganda; Western Province [Uganda]	None
None	None	Challenges for malaria elimination in Zanzibar: Pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and poor performance of long-lasting insecticide nets	Haji K.A., Khatib B.O., Smith S., Ali A.S., Devine G.J., Coetzee M., Majambere S.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-82	Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Cairns Public Health Unit, P.O. Box 1103, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Haji, K.A., Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Khatib, B.O., Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Smith, S., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States; Ali, A.S., Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Devine, G.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Cairns Public Health Unit, P.O. Box 1103, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Coetzee, M., Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Majambere, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual house spraying (IRS) are the main interventions for the control of malaria vectors in Zanzibar. The aim of the present study was to assess the susceptibility status of malaria vectors against the insecticides used for LLINs and IRS and to determine the durability and efficacy of LLINs on the island. Methods. Mosquitoes were sampled from Pemba and Unguja islands in 2010-2011 for use in WHO susceptibility tests. One hundred and fifty LLINs were collected from households on Unguja, their physical state was recorded and then tested for efficacy as well as total insecticide content. Results: Species identification revealed that over 90% of the Anopheles gambiae complex was An. arabiensis with a small number of An. gambiae s.s. and An. merus being present. Susceptibility tests showed that An. arabiensis on Pemba was resistant to the pyrethroids used for LLINs and IRS. Mosquitoes from Unguja Island, however, were fully susceptible to all pyrethroids tested. A physical examination of 150 LLINs showed that two thirds were damaged after only three years in use. All used nets had a significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001) mean permethrin concentration of 791.6 mg/m2 compared with 944.2 mg/m2 for new ones. Their efficacy decreased significantly against both susceptible An. gambiae s.s. colony mosquitoes and wild-type mosquitoes from Pemba after just six washes (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The sustainability of the gains achieved in malaria control in Zanzibar is seriously threatened by the resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids and the short-lived efficacy of LLINs. This study has revealed that even in relatively well-resourced and logistically manageable places like Zanzibar, malaria elimination is going to be difficult to achieve with the current control measures. © 2013 Haji et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; Insecticide resistance; LLINs; Tanzania	pyrethroid; bendiocarb; carbamic acid derivative; cyhalothrin; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; pyrethroid; Anopheles; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; anopheles merus; article; bed net; clinical effectiveness; concentration (parameters); malaria; nonhuman; Tanzania; vector control; world health organization; animal; classification; disease carrier; drug effects; epidemiology; female; geography; human; Insect Bites and Stings; insecticide resistance; malaria; mosquito; time; transmission; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Female; Geography; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Phenylcarbamates; Pyrethrins; Tanzania; Time Factors	None
None	None	Performance of the ALICE VZERO system	Abbas E., Abelev B., Adam J., Adamová D., Adare A.M., Aggarwal M.M., Aglieri Rinella G., Agnello M., Agocs A.G., Agostinelli A., Ahammed Z., Ahmad N., Ahmad Masoodi A., Ahmed I., Ahn S.A., Ahn S.U., Aimo I., Ajaz M., Akindinov A., Aleksandrov D., Alessand	2013	Journal of Instrumentation	8	10	10.1088/1748-0221/8/10/P10016	Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, Egypt; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Bose Institute, Department of Physics, Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India; Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation; California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States; Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Centre de Calcul de lIN2P3, Villeurbanne, France; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy; Chicago State University, Chicago, United States; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy; Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Fachhochschule Köln, Köln, Germany; Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea; Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, (IITI), India; Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, KoŠice, Slovakia; Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India; Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey; Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russian Federation; Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea; Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Rudjer BoŠković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom; SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia; Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; University of Texas at Austin, Physics Department, Austin, TX, United States; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; University of Technology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Vestfold University College, Tonsberg, Norway; V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Fachhochschule Worms, Worms, Germany; M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V.Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland	Abbas, E., Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, Egypt; Abelev, B., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Adam, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Adamová, D., Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Adare, A.M., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Aggarwal, M.M., Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Aglieri Rinella, G., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Fachhochschule Köln, Köln, Germany; Agnello, M., Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Agocs, A.G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Agostinelli, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Ahammed, Z., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Ahmad, N., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Ahmad Masoodi, A., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Ahmed, I., COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Ahn, S.A., Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; Ahn, S.U., Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea; Aimo, I., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Ajaz, M., COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Akindinov, A., Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Aleksandrov, D., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Alessandro, B., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Alexandre, D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Alfaro Molina, R., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Alici, A., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Alkin, A., Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Almaráz Aviña, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Alme, J., Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Alt, T., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Altini, V., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Altinpinar, S., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Altsybeev, I., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Andrei, C., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Andronic, A., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Anguelov, V., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Anielski, J., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Anson, C., Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Antičic, T., Rudjer BoŠković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Antinori, F., Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Antonioli, P., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Aphecetche, L., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Appelshauser, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Arbor, N., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Arcelli, S., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Arend, A., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Armesto, N., Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Arnaldi, R., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Aronsson, T., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Arsene, I.C., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Arslandok, M., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Asryan, A., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Augustinus, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Averbeck, R., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Awes, T.C., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Äystö, J., Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Azmi, M.D., Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Bach, M., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Badalà, A., Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Baek, Y.W., Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Bailhache, R., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bala, R., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Baldisseri, A., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bán, J., Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, KoŠice, Slovakia; Baral, R.C., Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India; Barbera, R., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy; Barile, F., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Barnaföldi, G.G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Barnby, L.S., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Barret, V., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Bartke, J., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Basile, M., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Bastid, N., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Basu, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Bathen, B., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Batigne, G., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Batyunya, B., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Batzing, P.C., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Baumann, C., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bearden, I.G., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Beck, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Behera, N.K., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Belikov, I., Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France; Bellini, F., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Bellwied, R., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Belmont-Moreno, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Bencedi, G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Beole, S., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Berceanu, I., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Bercuci, A., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Berdnikov, Y., Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russian Federation; Berenyi, D., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Bergognon, A.A.E., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Bertens, R.A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Berzano, D., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Betev, L., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bhasin, A., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Bhati, A.K., Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Bhom, J., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Bianchi, L., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Bianchi, N., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Bianchin, C., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Bielčík, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Bielčíková, J., Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic; Bilandzic, A., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bjelogrlic, S., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Blanco, F., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Blanco, F., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Blau, D., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Blume, C., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Boccioli, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Böttger, S., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bogdanov, A., Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Bøggild, H., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bogolyubsky, M., Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Boldizsár, L., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Bombara, M., Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Book, J., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Borel, H., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Borissov, A., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Bossu, F., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Botje, M., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Botta, E., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Braidot, E., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Braun-Munzinger, P., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Bregant, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Breitner, T., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Broker, T.A., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Browning, T.A., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Broz, M., Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Brun, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Bruna, E., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Bruno, G.E., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Budnikov, D., Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Buesching, H., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Bufalino, S., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy, Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Buncic, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Busch, O., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Buthelezi, Z., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Caffarri, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Cai, X., Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Caines, H., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Calvo Villar, E., Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Camerini, P., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Canoa Roman, V., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cara Romeo, G., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Carena, W., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Carena, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Carlin Filho, N., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Carminati, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Casanova Díaz, A., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Castillo Castellanos, J., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Castillo Hernandez, J.F., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Casula, E.A.R., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Catanescu, V., National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; Cavicchioli, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Ceballos Sanchez, C., Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba; Cepila, J., Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Cerello, P., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Chang, B., Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland, Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Chapeland, S., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Charvet, J.L., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Chattopadhyay, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Chattopadhyay, S., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Cherney, M., Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Cheshkov, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Cheynis, B., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Chibante Barroso, V., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Chinellato, D.D., University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Chochula, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Chojnacki, M., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Choudhury, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Christakoglou, P., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Christensen, C.H., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Christiansen, P., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; Chujo, T., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Chung, S.U., Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea; Cicalo, C., Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Cifarelli, L., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Cindolo, F., Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Cleymans, J., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Colamaria, F., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Colella, D., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Collu, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; Conesa Balbastre, G., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Conesa Del Valle, Z., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Connors, M.E., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Contin, G., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Contreras, J.G., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cormier, T.M., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Corrales Morales, Y., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Cortese, P., Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy; Cortés Maldonado, I., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Cosentino, M.R., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Costa, F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Cotallo, M.E., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Crescio, E., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Crochet, P., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Cruz Alaniz, E., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Cruz Albino, R., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico; Cuautle, E., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Cunqueiro, L., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Dainese, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Dang, R., Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Danu, A., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Das, K., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Das, I., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Das, S., Bose Institute, Department of Physics, Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India; Das, D., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Dash, S., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India; Dash, A., Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; De, S., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; De Barros, G.O.V., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; De Caro, A., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; De Cataldo, G., Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; De Cuveland, J., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; De Falco, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy; De Gruttola, D., Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Delagrange, H., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Deloff, A., National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; De Marco, N., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Dénes, E., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; De Pasquale, S., Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Deppman, A., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; D Erasmo, G., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; De Rooij, R., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Diaz Corchero, M.A., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Di Bari, D., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Dietel, T., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Di Giglio, C., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Di Liberto, S., Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy; Di Mauro, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Di Nezza, P., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Divià, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Djuvsland, Ø., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dobrin, A., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Dobrowolski, T., National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; Dönigus, B., Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany, Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Dordic, O., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dubey, A.K., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Dubla, A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Ducroux, L., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Dupieux, P., Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Dutta Majumdar, A.K., Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Elia, D., Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Emschermann, D., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Engel, H., Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Erazmus, B., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Erdal, H.A., Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Eschweiler, D., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Espagnon, B., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Estienne, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Esumi, S., University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Evans, D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Evdokimov, S., Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russian Federation; Eyyubova, G., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Fabris, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Faivre, J., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Falchieri, D., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Fantoni, A., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Fasel, M., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Fehlker, D., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Feldkamp, L., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Felea, D., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Feliciello, A., Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Fenton-Olsen, B., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Feofilov, G., V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Fernández Téllez, A., Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Ferretti, A., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Festanti, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy; Figiel, J., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Figueredo, M.A.S., Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Filchagin, S., Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russian Federation; Finogeev, D., Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Fionda, F.M., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Fiore, E.M., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Floratos, E., Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Floris, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Foertsch, S., Physics Department, University of Cape Town, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa; Foka, P., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Fokin, S., Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Fragiacomo, E., Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Francescon, A., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Frankenfeld, U., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Fuchs, U., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Furget, C., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Fusco Girard, M., Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy; Gaardhøje, J.J., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gagliardi, M., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Gago, A., Sección Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perü, Lima, Peru; Gallio, M., Dipartimento di Fisica, Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy; Gangadharan, D.R., Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Ganoti, P., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; Garabatos, C., Research Division, ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; Garcia-Solis, E., Chicago State University, Chicago, United States; Gargiulo, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Garishvili, I., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States; Gerhard, J., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Germain, M., SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Geuna, C., Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France; Gheata, M., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Gheata, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Ghidini, B., Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy; Ghosh, P., Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India; Gianotti, P., Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy; Giubellino, P., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Gladysz-Dziadus, E., Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland; Glassel, P., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Gomez, R., Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Ferreiro, E.G., Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; González-Trueba, L.H., Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; González-Zamora, P., Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Gorbunov, S., Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Goswami, A., Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Gotovac, S., Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia; Grabski, V., Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Graczykowski, L.K., Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Grajcarek, R., Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Grelli, A., Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Grigoras, C., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grigoras, A., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grigoriev, V., Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation; Grigoryan, A., A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Grigoryan, S., Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russian Federation; Grinyov, B., Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; Grion, N., Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy; Gros, P., Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden; Grosse-Oetringhaus, J.F., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Grossiord, J.-Y., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Grosso, R., European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland; Guber, F., Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Guernane, R., Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Guerzoni, B., Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy; Guilbaud, M., Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Gulbrandsen, K., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gulkanyan, H., A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia; Gunji, T., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Gupta, A., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Gupta, R., Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India; Haake, R., Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Haaland, Ø., Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hadjidakis, C., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France; Haiduc, M., Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania; Hamagaki, H., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Hamar, G., Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Han, B.H., Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; Hanratty, L.D., School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Hansen, A., Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Harmanová-Tothová, Z., Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik	None	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892548336	External debt management techniques: An evaluation of the debt conversion programme on Nigeria economy	Henry O.A.	2013	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	4	10	10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p216	Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Department of Economics, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Nigeria	Henry, O.A., Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Department of Economics, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Nigeria	The study evaluated the various debt conversion programme used by the Federal Government of Nigeria to manage the nation's external debt. It examines the problems and prospects of management techniques with a view to improving on them or possibly suggests new techniques which might be helpful in solving the external debt problem. Therefore, the research is focused on the external debt management techniques in Nigeria, with emphasis on the efforts of the central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the federal ministry of finance (FMF). Generally, the indebtedness of the country becomes a problem when the burden of servicing the debt becomes so heavy and unbearable that it imposes intolerable constraints on the economy and on the development efforts of the authorities. Managing the debt stock without stultifying growth has always has always been the headache of economic planners in Nigeria and other developing countries The pupation of this study constitutes the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF) records and personnel, the sample used is the representative sample. This is because the sample reflects the conditions existing in the population. A total of 20 top management personnel of both the CBN and FMF including 5 top management personnel of the Debt Conversion Committee (DCC) were sampled. In this study, two types of data were collected that is, the secondary data and the primary data. In designing the instrument, care has been taken to ensure its effectiveness, the validity of the research questions were established found reliable at r = 0.82. The result showed that the management of Nigeria's external debt via debt conversion programme is effective(χ2cal 6.545 &gt; χ2tab value of 1.635;df=4; =0.05).Also, the Nigeria's debt conversion programme is realistic. (χ2cal 4.655 &gt; χ2tab 1.635;df=4; =0.05). However, the study revealed that the debt conversion programme is not the final solution to Nigeria's external debt problems. (χ2cal 4.655 &gt; χ2tab 1.635; df=4; =0.05). On the basis of the findings, it is therefore recommended that the debt management should be part of the macroeconomic policies of the month. The nation need not wait until there is a debt crisis before embarking on debt management. Also, accurate information on external debts should be sourced as this aids its efficient management on a day-to-day basis and external borrowing strategies in the planning framework.	Closed system; Commercial debt; Debt conversion; Debt management; Jumbo loan	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957875582	Field evaluation of the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin against bovine tuberculosis in neonatal calves in Ethiopia	Ameni G., Vordermeier M., Aseffa A., Young D.B., Hewinson R.G.	2010	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	17	10	10.1128/CVI.00222-10	Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom	Ameni, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Vordermeier, M., TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Aseffa, A., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Young, D.B., Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Hewinson, R.G., TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom	In developing countries, the conventional test and slaughter strategy for the control of bovine tuberculosis is prohibitively expensive, and alternative control methods such as vaccination are urgently required. In this study, the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for protection against bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was evaluated in Holstein calves under field conditions in Ethiopia. Thirteen neonatally vaccinated and 14 control calves were exposed for 10 to 23 months to skin test reactor cows. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) testing, comparative intradermal tuberculin testing, postmortem examination, and bacteriological culture were used for the evaluation of BCG efficacy. The overall mean pathology score was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in control calves than in vaccinated calves. Culture positivity for Mycobacterium bovis was higher in the control calves than in the vaccinated calves, and significantly more BCG-vaccinated animals would have passed a standard meat inspection (P = 0.021). Overall, the protective efficacy of BCG was between 56% and 68%, depending on the parameters selected. Moreover, by measuring gamma interferon responses to the antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10, which are present in M. bovis but absent from BCG, throughout the experiment, we were able to distinguish between vaccinated animals that were protected against bTB and those animals that were not protected. In conclusion, the present trial demonstrated an encouraging protective effect of BCG against bTB in a natural transmission setting in Ethiopia. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	BCG vaccine; culture filtrate protein 10; early secretory antigenic target 6; gamma interferon; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; bacterium culture; BCG vaccination; bovine tuberculosis; controlled study; disease severity; drug efficacy; Ethiopia; Mycobacterium bovis; newborn; nonhuman; priority journal; tuberculin test; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cattle; Ethiopia; Interferon-gamma; Lymphocytes; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Severity of Illness Index; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis Vaccines; Tuberculosis, Bovine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73949140661	Impact of silica on hydrometallurgical and mechanical properties of RIP grade resins for uranium recovery	Yahorava V., Scheepers J., Kotze M.H., Auerswald D.	2009	Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	109	10	None	Bateman Engineering, South Africa	Yahorava, V.; Scheepers, J.; Kotze, M.H.; Auerswald, D., Bateman Engineering, South Africa	Resin-in-pulp (RIP) technology has recently often been considered for the direct recovery of base metals and uranium from dense pulps. Implementation of RIP will eliminate the requirement for any solid-liquid separation downstream of leaching and has the potential to combine the recovery and purification steps, hence reducing both capital and operating costs. The recovery of the valuable metal is expected to be higher when RIP is used, especially where the leached solids are difficult to settle or filter, and to wash. The main concerns about the use of RIP for uranium recovery from dense pulps are the impact of silica on the resin's metallurgical performance and the operating costs that would be associated with resin loss. Although a number of resin manufacturers have been developing much improved RIP-grade resins, it is critical that the most cost-effective resin be selected. Mintek currently is doing a significant amount of work on silica fouling of RIP-grade strongbase resins in acidic leach liquors and the effect it has on the performance of the resin, including its durability. This paper describes the results of the test work done on silica fouling and its impact on plant design input data. Resin durability test work was done using various laboratory techniques, but durability was also evaluated on a relatively large scale using actual pumps, screens, and mechanical agitation. Based on the results generated, a preliminary economical evaluation was done to estimate the impact of resin loss on the overall economic viability of a specific application. Keywords: resin-in-pulp, silica fouling, resin loss, equilibrium, kinetics, elution, durability, mechanical strength, resistance to attrition. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2009.	None	Base metals; Capital and operating costs; Durability test; Economic viability; Economical evaluation; Laboratory techniques; Leach liquors; Mechanical agitation; Mechanical strength; Metallurgical performance; Plant designs; Solid-liquid separation; Cost reduction; Durability; Leaching; Mechanical properties; Metal refining; Operating costs; Resins; Silica; Transuranium elements; Uranium; Metal recovery	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874092176	Statistical profiling of hospital performance using acute coronary syndrome mortality	Manda S.O.M., Gale C.P., Hall A.S., Gilthorpe M.S.	2012	Cardiovascular Journal of Africa	23	10	10.5830/CVJA-2011-064	Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom	Manda, S.O.M., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Gale, C.P., Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Hall, A.S., Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Gilthorpe, M.S., Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom	Background: In order to improve the quality of care delivered to patients and to enable patient choice, public reports comparing hospital performances are routinely published. Robust systems of hospital 'report cards' on performance monitoring and evaluation are therefore crucial in medical decision-making processes. In particular, such systems should effectively account for and minimise systematic differences with regard to definitions and data quality, care and treatment quality, and 'case mix'. Methods: Four methods for assessing hospital performance on mortality outcome measures were considered. The methods included combinations of Bayesian fixed- and randomeffects models, and risk-adjusted mortality rate, and rankbased profiling techniques. The methods were empirically compared using 30-day mortality in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Agreement was firstly assessed using median estimates between risk-adjusted mortality rates for a hospital and between ranks associated with a hospital's risk-adjusted mortality rates. Secondly, assessment of agreement was based on a classification of hospitals into low, normal or high performing using risk-adjusted mortality rates and ranks. Results: There was poor agreement between the point estimates of risk-adjusted mortality rates, but better agreement between ranks. However, for categorised performance, the observed agreement between the methods' classification of the hospital performance ranged from 90 to 98%. In only two of the six possible pair-wise comparisons was agreement reasonable, as reflected by a Kappa statistic; it was 0.71 between the methods of identifying outliers with the fixedeffect model and 0.77 with the hierarchical model. In the remaining four pair-wise comparisons, the agreement was, at best, moderate. Conclusions: Even though the inconsistencies among the studied methods raise questions about which hospitals performed better or worse than others, it seems that the choice of the definition of outlying performance is less critical than that of the statistical approach. Therefore there is a need to find robust systems of 'regulation' or 'performance monitoring' that are meaningful to health service practitioners and providers.	Bayesian methods; Health provider performance; League tables	acute coronary syndrome; age; article; bayesian fixed model; cardiovascular mortality; case mix; comparative study; electrocardiogram; health care personnel; heart rate; hospital admission; human; kappa statistics; outcomes research; performance; probability; random effect model; rank based profiling; receiver operating characteristic; risk adjusted mortality rate; risk assessment; risk factor; standardized mortality ratio; statistical model; systolic blood pressure; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Bayes Theorem; Delivery of Health Care; Diagnosis-Related Groups; Hospital Mortality; Hospitals; Humans; Models, Statistical; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Quality Improvement; Quality Indicators, Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955279919	Performance of mild steel perforated plates as a blast wave mitigation technique: Experimental and numerical investigation	Langdon G.S., Rossiter I.B., Balden V.H., Nurick G.N.	2010	International Journal of Impact Engineering	37	10	10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.06.001	Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Langdon, G.S., Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Rossiter, I.B., Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Balden, V.H., Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Nurick, G.N., Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	This article presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation into the influence of hole size and thickness on the performance of mild steel perforated plates as a blast wave mitigation technique. Results of the blast tests showed that the perforated plates with small hole sizes reduced the damage imparted to the target plate by reducing the target plate mid-point deflection and increasing the tearing threshold impulse. Ansys Autodyn was used to model the experiments and the perforated plate hole diameter was varied during the simulations. The impulse imparted to the pendulum, target plate and perforated plate deflections compared favourably to the experimental results. The modelling simulations also gave further insight into the interaction between the blast wave and the plates. The simulations showed that the impulse imparted to the target plate was higher than the impulse measured from the experimental pendulum swing and that the difference increased with increasing blockage ratio. The simulations also showed that the total load duration was much longer than the response time of the plate, indicating that a proportion of the impulse does not contribute to the deformation of the target plate. The response time was shown to increase with increasing blockage ratio and decrease with increasing impulse. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Blast loading; Mitigation; Numerical modelling; Perforated plates; Plastic deformation	Blast loading; Blast waves; Blockage ratio; Hole diameter; Hole size; Mild steel; Mitigation; Mitigation techniques; Numerical investigations; Numerical modelling; Perforated plate; Response time; Small Hole; Target plates; Total load; Carbon steel; Computer simulation; Pendulums; Plastic deformation; Targets; Perforated plates	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940825986	Efficient purification of rhG-CSF and its PEGylated forms and evaluation for in vitro activities	Tiwari D., Haque S., Jawed A., Mishra M.K., Govender T., Kruger H.G.	2015	Protein and Peptide Letters	22	10	None	Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rajeev Gandhi International Biotech Park, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Hinjwadi, Pune, India; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India; Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia	Tiwari, D., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Rajeev Gandhi International Biotech Park, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Hinjwadi, Pune, India; Haque, S., Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India, Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Jawed, A., Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Mishra, M.K., Rajeev Gandhi International Biotech Park, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Hinjwadi, Pune, India; Govender, T., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kruger, H.G., Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has commonly been used to help the patients to recover from neutropenia inflicted due to radiotherapy, organ transplants and chemotherapy. As the number of people undergoing these therapies and procedures are increasing world-wide, the need for more economical ways of G-CSF production and improvement in its efficacy has become increasingly crucial. In the present study, recombinant human G-CSF (rhG-CSF) was expressed in E. coli and its purification process was optimized by demonstrating better efficiency and higher recoveries (upto 54%) in a multi-step chromatographic purification process, which is greater than the existing reports. Additionally, the efficacy of rhG-CSF was increased by derivatizing with polyethylene glycol (PEG; upto 85% PEGylation), which increases the plasma clearance time, reduces the immunogenicity and requires less frequent administration to the patient. Overall, the present study suggests a cost-effective purification process of rhG-CSF and also proposes its efficient conjugation with PEG for enhanced efficacy as compared to the existing commercially available forms. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.	Chromatography; Neutropenia; Pegylation; Purification; Rhg-csf	macrogol; recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor; granulocyte colony stimulating factor; macrogol derivative; polyethylene glycol 1000; recombinant protein; Article; cost effectiveness analysis; drug conjugation; drug efficacy; drug formulation; drug purification; drug screening; Escherichia coli; immunogenicity; in vitro study; ion exchange chromatography; nonhuman; plasma clearance; process optimization; protein expression; biosynthesis; chemistry; human; isolation and purification; metabolism; Escherichia coli; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols; Recombinant Proteins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75149191449	Development of a performance-rating scale for a nutrition knowledge test developed for adolescents	Whati L., Senekal M., Steyn N.P., Lombard C., Nel J.	2009	Public Health Nutrition	12	10	10.1017/S1368980008004679	CDL Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa; Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Biostatistics, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Logistics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Whati, L., CDL Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa; Senekal, M., Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Steyn, N.P., CDL Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa; Lombard, C., Biostatistics, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Nel, J., Department of Logistics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Objective The objectives of the present study were to (i) develop and validate a norm-referenced performance-rating scale to interpret a nutrition knowledge test developed for urban adolescents and (ii) develop a prototype for other researchers to follow when developing nutrition knowledge tests.Design For norm development the nutrition knowledge test (questionnaire) was administered to a sample representative of the questionnaire target group, referred to as the norm group. These included 512 adolescents in grades 8 (n 158), 10 (n 149) and 12 (n 205) at three randomly selected schools in Soweto and Johannesburg. The performance scores (in percentages) obtained by the norm group were transformed to Z-scores which were categorised into stanines using established Z-score cut-off points. For validation purposes the questionnaire was completed by 148 volunteers: sixty university dietetics students, nineteen non-nutrition university students and sixty-nine primary-school teachers.Results As required of an ideal norm group, the Z-scores formed a normal distribution (a bell-shaped curve). To facilitate interpretation of the results, the Z-score cut-off points for these categories were transformed back to performance scores (percentages) so that the performance of a testee could be interpreted directly from his/her performance in percentage. As is recommended, the nine stanine categories were reduced to five: very poor, fair/below average, good/average, very good/above average and excellent. The discriminatory validity of the norms was substantiated by showing that groups with known nutrition knowledge levels were rated appropriately and that the performance ratings of these groups differed significantly, with university dietetics students scoring 98.3 %, primary-school teachers 20.3 % and non-nutrition university students 31.6 %.Conclusions The norm-referenced performance-rating scale can be used with confidence to interpret the performance score achieved by a testee on the nutrition knowledge test developed for urban adolescents in South Africa. The methodology used in the study serves as a prototype for other researchers who are developing knowledge tests.	Adolescents; Knowledge questionnaire; Nutrition knowledge; Rating scale	adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; human; normal distribution; nutrition; nutritional science; questionnaire; reference value; South Africa; urban population; validation study; Adolescent; Adult; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Normal Distribution; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Questionnaires; Reference Values; South Africa; Urban Population; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350333894	Impact of alcoholism on sleep architecture and EEG power spectra in men and women	Colrain I.M., Turlington S., Baker F.C.	2009	Sleep	32	10	None	Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Brain Function Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Colrain, I.M., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Turlington, S., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Baker, F.C., Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States, Brain Function Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Study Objectives: To determine the impact of alcoholism on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power spectra in men and women with uncomplicated alcoholism. Design and Participants: 42 alcoholics (27 men) and 42 controls (19 men) screened for medical, psychiatric, and sleep problems participated in a full night of polysomnography following an adaptation night. Data were collected from multiple scalp sites and subjected to power spectral analysis. Sleep architecture and EEG spectral power measures were evaluated for the effects of diagnosis and sex using age as a covariate. Results: Compared with controls, alcoholics had less slow wave sleep and increased proportions of stage 1 and REM sleep. Spectral analysis of NREM sleep showed reduced levels of slow wave activity (SWA, 0.3-4 Hz) and slow θ (theta) power (4-6 Hz) in alcoholics. The differences in SWA extended across the slow band (0.3-1 Hz) and all δ (delta) frequencies and were most prominent over frontal scalp regions. No group differences were seen in the power spectra of REM sleep. Women had more SWA and θ power than men, but there were no sex by diagnosis interactions for any measures, suggesting that alcoholism does not differentially influence men and women. Conclusion: Long-term alcoholism affects sleep even after long periods of abstinence in both men and women. Measures of frontal slow wave activity were particularly sensitive markers of this long-lasting effect. Sleep EEG measures would thus seem to provide a functional correlate of the changes in brain structure seen in frontal cortex of longterm alcoholics.	Alcoholism; Delta; K-complex; N550; Sex; Sleep	adaptation; alcohol consumption; alcoholism; article; clinical article; controlled study; electroencephalogram; female; human; male; mental disease; nonREM sleep; polysomnography; priority journal; REM sleep; scoring system; sex difference; sleep disorder; sleep parameters; slow wave sleep; spectroscopy; Alcoholism; Analysis of Variance; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Polysomnography; Sex Factors; Sleep Disorders; Sleep Stages; Time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926209481	Influence of age and nutritional status on the performance of the tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-Tube in young children evaluated for tuberculosis in Southern India	Jenum S., Selvam S., Mahelai D., Jesuraj N., Cárdenas V., Kenneth J., Hesseling A.C., Doherty T.M., Vaz M., Grewal H.M.S.	2014	Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal	33	10	10.1097/INF.0000000000000399	Center for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway; Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Population Health, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Aeras, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Center, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Pharma, Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Health and Humanities, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway	Jenum, S., Center for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway; Selvam, S., Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Population Health, United States; Mahelai, D., Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Jesuraj, N., Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Cárdenas, V., Aeras, Rockville, MD, United States; Kenneth, J., Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Hesseling, A.C., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Center, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Doherty, T.M., GlaxoSmithKline Pharma, Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark; Vaz, M., Division of Health and Humanities, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Grewal, H.M.S., Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway	Background: Reliable identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or tuberculosis (TB) disease in young children is vital to assure adequate preventive and curative treatment. The tuberculin skin test (TST) and IFNγ-release assays may supplement the diagnosis of pediatric TB as cases are typically bacteriologically unconfirmed. However, it is unclear to what extent the performance of TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT; Cellestis' IFNγ-release assay test) depends on the demographic, clinical and nutritional characteristics of children in whom they are tested. Methods: During a 2-year prospective observational study of 4382 neonates in Southern India, children with suspected TB were investigated and classified by a standard TB diagnostic algorithm. Results: Clinical TB was diagnosed in 13 of 705 children referred for case verification with suspected TB. TST and QFT had a susceptibility for clinical TB of 31% and 23%, respectively, in this group. Children <2 years were more likely to test QFT indeterminate. A height-for-age Z score within the lowest quartile increased the odds ratio (OR) for a positive or indeterminate QFT result [OR 2.46 (1.19-5.06), OR 3.08 (1.10-8.58)], whereas the OR for a positive TST was reduced with a weight-for-height Z score within the lowest quartile [OR 0.17 (0.06-0.47)]. Conclusion: The sensitivities of the TST and QFT for clinical TB in children <3 years of age were equally poor in this population. Stunted children were more susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and more prone to indeterminate QFT results. TST was less reliable in children with wasting. Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Child. multivariate analyses; Interferon gamma release assay; Malnutrition; Tuberculin skin test; Tuberculosis	age; algorithm; Article; child; coughing; demography; diagnostic procedure; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; fever; human; India; infant; infection sensitivity; interferon gamma release assay; major clinical study; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis test kit; newborn; nutritional health; nutritional status; observational study; preschool child; priority journal; prospective study; tuberculin test; tuberculosis; age; comparative study; evaluation study; immunology; interferon gamma release assay; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; procedures; sensitivity and specificity; skin test; tuberculin test; tuberculosis; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; India; Infant; Interferon-gamma Release Tests; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nutritional Status; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Skin Tests; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83455224710	Comparison of the performance, haematology and serum chemistry of Weaner pigs fed palm kernel cake with and without enzyme supplementation	Oluwafemi R.A., Akpodiete O.J.	2011	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	10	10	None	College of Agriculture, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo state, Nigeria; Dept. of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria	Oluwafemi, R.A., College of Agriculture, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo state, Nigeria; Akpodiete, O.J., Dept. of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria	The effects of Palm kernel Cake with or without enzyme supplementation on the performance, haematology and serum chemistry of weaner pigs were compared in a study, which lasted for eighty four days. Thirty weaner pigs of the Large White x Duroc crossbreed with average initial live weight range of 10.5 to 14kg allotted into five groups were used. Five experimental diets in which Palm Kernel cake was used as replacement for maize were formulated as follows: Diet 1 (control) had 0% PKC and no enzyme inclusion, Diet 2 had 40% PKC and with enzyme, Diet 3 had 40% PKC and without enzyme, Diet 4 had 60% PKC with enzyme while Diet 5 had 60% PKC without enzyme. The animals were randomly assigned to the dietary treatments in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The enzyme - Hemicel® was mixed with the PKC portion at the rate of 600g/ton before incorporation into the diets. Performance characteristics measured include: average daily gains (kg), average daily feed intake (kg), feed cost/gain (N), haematological and serological characteristics among others. The results showed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in average daily gain (ADG), average total weight gain (ATWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The Red Blood Cell (RBC) of weaner pigs in treatment 4 (60%PKC + Enzyme) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the others while the mean haemoglobin (Hb) values were significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatment means. The Serum levels of Albumin and the Urea of the experimental animals were not affected by the experimental diets but the total protein was highest (P<0.05) for weaners in treatment 3 (40% PKC without enzyme) than those fed the remaining dietary treatments. There was however no deleterious effect of the dietary treatments on the experimental animals throughout the study period. Therefore up to 60% inclusion level of palm kernel cake with or without enzyme supplementation could be used as replacement for maize in weaner pig's ration.	Enzyme; Haematology; Palm kernel cake; Serum chemistry; Weaner pigs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651240979	The effect of manufacturing and assembling tolerances on the performance of double-ridged horn antennas	Jacobs B., Odendaal J.W., Joubert J.	2010	Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications	24	10	10.1163/156939310791958761	Centre for Electromagnetism, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Jacobs, B., Centre for Electromagnetism, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Odendaal, J.W., Centre for Electromagnetism, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Joubert, J., Centre for Electromagnetism, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Double Ridged Guide Horn antennas are highly sensitive to tolerances in machining and assembly. This study shows that most of the sensitivity problems can be attributed to gaps formed between various subsections in the waveguide launcher assembly. The coaxial feeding section is especially sensitive to manufacturing tolerances. It was found that gaps between the ridges and feeding section causes deep resonances in the on axis gain. Due to the small tolerances involved, a highly detailed broadband simulation model of the antenna that includes a coaxial feeding section as well as an N-type connector had to be used in the investigation. The model is implemented in the electromagnetic simulation software package FEKO, which uses the method of moments (MoM) technique to calculate the electromagnetic fields. Gaps between the subsections of the waveguide launcher were implemented in the simulation model and compared to typical measured results. Excellent agreement between measured and simulated data is obtained. Corrective measures as well as improved designs for the waveguide launcher section are presented. © 2010 VSP.	None	Broadband simulations; Co-axial feeding; Corrective measures; Double-ridged horn; Electromagnetic simulation; Highly sensitive; Manufacturing tolerances; Measured results; Simulated data; Simulation model; Electromagnetic fields; Feeding; Launching; Manufacture; Method of moments; Waveguides; Computer simulation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920517954	Evaluation of a Community-Based Trapping Program to Collect Simulium ochraceum sensu lato for Verification of Onchocerciasis Elimination	Rodríguez-Pérez M.A., Adeleke M.A., Rodríguez-Luna I.C., Cupp E.W., Unnasch T.R.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	10	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003249	Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Public Health Entomology and Parasitology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State	Rodríguez-Pérez, M.A., Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Adeleke, M.A., Public Health Entomology and Parasitology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Rodríguez-Luna, I.C., Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Cupp, E.W., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Unnasch, T.R., Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States	Background:Collection of the black fly vectors of onchocerciasis worldwide relies upon human landing collections. Recent studies have suggested that the Esperanza Window Trap baited with a human scent lure and CO2 had the potential to replace human hosts for the collection of Simulium ochraceum sensu lato in Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico. The feasibility of utilizing these traps in a community-based approach for the collection of S. ochraceum s.l. was evaluated.Methodology/Principal findings:Local residents of a formerly endemic extra-sentinel community for onchocerciasis were trained to carry out collections using the traps. The residents operated the traps over a 60-day period and conducted parallel landing collections, resulting in a total of 28,397 vector black flies collected. None of the flies collected were found to contain parasite DNA when tested by a polymerase chain reaction assay targeting a parasite specific sequence, resulting in a point estimate of infection in the vectors of zero, with an upper bound of the 95% confidence interval 0.13 per 2,000. This meets the accepted criterion for demonstrating an interruption of parasite transmission.Conclusions/Significance:These data demonstrate that Esperanza Window Traps may be effectively operated by minimally trained residents of formerly endemic communities, resulting in the collection of sufficient numbers of flies to verify transmission interruption of onchocerciasis. The traps represent a viable alternative to using humans as hosts for the collection of vector flies as part of the verification of onchocerciasis elimination. © 2014 Rodríguez-Pérez et al.	None	carbon dioxide; animal trapping; Article; disease surveillance; ecological equipment; equipment design; Esperanza window trap; human; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; Onchocerca volvulus; onchocerciasis; parasite transmission; parasite vector; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; Simulium; Simulium ochraceum; vector control; animal; disease carrier; insect control; Mexico; onchocerciasis; procedures; Simuliidae; transmission; Animals; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Mexico; Onchocerciasis; Simuliidae	OPP1017870, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650761334	Evaluation of the effect of temperature on the stability of metal soaps of trichosanthes cucumerina seed oil	Folarin O.M., Enikanoselu O.N.	2010	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	9	10	None	Chemistry Department, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Folarin, O.M., Chemistry Department, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Enikanoselu, O.N., Chemistry Department, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	The thermal behaviour of metal soaps of Trichosanthes cucumerina seed oil at 433, 453 and 473K was investigated and the thermodynamic parameters of the decomposition process determined. The kinetics of the decomposition was studied thermogravimetrically at various temperatures. The rates of the first stage decomposition were used to assess the effect of temperature on the susceptibility of metal soaps of Trichosanthes cucumerina seed oil. The values of rate constant are of the order 10-2min-1 and temperature-dependent. The enthalpy, entropy and free energy of activation for the decomposition of the metal soaps were determined. The thermodynamic values obtained showed that the system is endothermic and that the reaction process is a non-spontaneous one.	Decomposition; Energy of activation; Thermal stability; Thermodynamic parameters	Trichosanthes; Trichosanthes cucumerina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868154293	Performance of Frontloading for Smear Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Referral Hospital in Uganda	Miremba P., Kalyango J.N., Worodria W., Mugerwa H., Nakakawa E., Asiimwe B.B.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	10	10.1371/journal.pone.0048531	Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Miremba, P., Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kalyango, J.N., Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Worodria, W., Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda; Mugerwa, H., Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nakakawa, E., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Asiimwe, B.B., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Objective: To compare the performance of frontloading and the standard WHO method for diagnosis of pulmonary TB at Mulago Hospital in order to validate the technique in this setting. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 229 adult (≥18 years) TB suspects were consecutively enrolled. Suspects submitted three sputum samples as follows: at initial presentation, one hour after the first sample, and the next morning. The first and next morning samples formed the standard WHO method, while the first and the one hour later samples formed the frontloading method. Sample processing was by the standard N-acetyl L-cystein (NALC)-NaOH method, and fluorescent microscopy was done for both methods, while cultures of the first sample on Lowenstein-Jensen slants acted as a gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for the WHO standard and frontloading methods were compared. Results: The sensitivity of both the frontloading and standard schemes was 91.1% while their specificities were 86.2% and 91.7% respectively. There was excellent agreement between the diagnostic capacity of the two methods (kappa statistic = 0.87, P<0.0001). The positive predictive value for the frontloading scheme was 87.2% and that for the standard approach was 91.9%, while the negative predictive values were 90.4% and 90.9%, respectively. Among the HIV positive patients, frontloading identified 59/79 (74.7%) culture positive samples while the standard approach identified 55/79 (69.6%). In the HIV sero-negative category, on the other hand, front-loading identified 48/110 (43.6%) culture positive samples compared to 45/110 (40.9%) by the standard approach. Conclusion: Frontloading based on smear examination of two same-day sputum samples has a similar performance to the current standard method and would not be associated with any significant missed diagnosis. It may therefore be advocated for use in our setting so as to reduce time to completion of diagnosis and patient loss to follow-up. © 2012 Miremba et al.	None	acetylcysteine; sodium hydroxide; adult; article; clinical assessment tool; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; fluorescence microscopy; frontloading; gold standard; human; intermethod comparison; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; microscopy; patient referral; performance; predictive value; sensitivity and specificity; smear; sputum; Uganda; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Referral and Consultation; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55449093312	CD4 stabilization tubes provide improved accuracy of absolute CD4 T-cell counts compared to standard K3 EDTA tubes in human immunodeficiency virus immunologic monitoring in resource-poor settings	Shott J.P., Iga B., Makumbi F., Luswata C., Kagulire C., Nammanda J., Mills L.A., Serwadda D., Quinn T.C., Reynolds S.J.	2008	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	15	10	10.1128/CVI.00176-08	Clinical Mo